Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Gott ist nicht tot

2014-03-31T00:48:17Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 72.71.236.159 (talk) to last revision by 173.20.28.100. (TW)

{{about|the film|the [[Newsboys]] album|God's Not Dead}}
{{Infobox film
| name = God's Not Dead
| image = God's Not Dead.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Harold Cronk]]
| producer =
| writer = Cary Solomon Chuck Konzelman
| based on = {{Based on|''God's Not Dead''|Rice Broocks}}
| starring = [[Shane Harper]] [[Kevin Sorbo]] Jim Gleason [[David A.R. White]] [[Marco Khan]] [[Dean Cain]] Paul Kwo
| music = Will Musser
| cinematography =
| editing = Vance Null
| studio = [[Pure Flix Entertainment]] Red Entertainment Group
| distributor = Pure Flix Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2014|03|21}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $22,028,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godsnotdead.htm|title=God's Not Dead|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
}}
'''''God's Not Dead''''' is a 2014 [[Christian]] film. The film is directed by [[Harold Cronk]], and stars [[Shane Harper]], [[Kevin Sorbo]], Jim Gleason, [[David A.R. White]], [[Marco Khan]] and [[Dean Cain]]. The film was released to theaters on March 21, 2014 by [[Pure Flix Entertainment]].<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/gods-not-dead-film-review-690393 The Hollywood Reporter]</ref>

==Plot==
Josh Wheaton ([[Shane Harper]]), a freshman college student, enrolls in a philosophy class taught by a dogmatic and argumentative atheist. Professor Radisson ([[Kevin Sorbo]]) demands that all of his students must sign a declaration that "God is dead" in order to get a passing grade. Josh refuses and will go to any lengths to defend his belief in God, but he needs to take this class to meet his academic requirements. And so the professor strikes a bargain: Josh must defend his position that "God is Alive" in a series of debates with him in order to stay in the class. If he loses, he flunks. When Josh accepts the challenge, he gets more than he bargained for—jeopardizing his faith, his relationships, and even his future. <ref>[http://godsnotdeadthemovie.com/synopsis Godisnotdeadthemovie.com]</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shane Harper]] as Josh Wheaton
* [[Kevin Sorbo]] as Professor Radisson
* Jim Gleason as Ward Wheaton
* [[David A.R. White]] as Pastor Dave
* [[Marco Khan]] as Misrab
* [[Dean Cain]] as Mark
* Paul Kwo as Martin Yip

The film also includes cameos by Christian pop rock band [[Newsboys]], and [[Willie Robertson]] and Korie Robertson from the television series ''[[Duck Dynasty]]''.

==Production==
The film was shot in [[Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]] from October to November 2012. A concert appearance of the [[Newsboys]] was filmed in [[Houston]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Schoen|first=Taylor|title=Christian movie filming on campus|url=http://www.lsureveille.com/entertainment/film/christian-movie-filming-on-campus/article_37b30f32-32d1-11e2-b1d3-0019bb30f31a.html?mode=story|work=[[The Daily Reveille]]|accessdate=August 30, 2013|date=November 12, 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
The film has been panned by critics, currently holding a score of 16/100 on [[Metacritic]] indicating 'Overwhelming Dislike'.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gods-not-dead Metacritic]</ref> It also holds a 20% favorable rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gods_not_dead/ Rotten Tomatoes]</ref> Writing for ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', Todd VanDerWerff gave the film a D-, saying "Even by the rather lax standards of the Christian film industry, God's Not Dead is a disaster. It's an uninspired amble past a variety of Christian-email-forward boogeymen that feels far too long at just 113 minutes".<ref>[http://www.avclub.com/review/gods-not-dead-mess-even-christian-film-standards-202571? The A.V. Club]</ref> Reviewer Scott Foundas of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote "...even grading on a generous curve, this strident melodrama about the insidious efforts of America's university system to silence true believers on campus is about as subtle as a stack of Bibles falling on your head...".<ref>[http://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-gods-not-dead-1201142881 Variety]</ref> Steve Pulaski of ''[[Influx Magazine]]'', however, was less critical of the film, giving it a C+ and stating "''God's Not Dead'' has issues, many of them easy to spot and heavily distracting. However, it's surprisingly effective in terms of message, acting, and insight, which are three fields Christian cinema seems to struggle with the most".<ref>[http://influxmagazine.com/gods-not-dead/ Influxmagazine.com]</ref>

===Commercial performance===
In its first weekend of release, the film earned $9.2 million domestically from just 780 theaters, causing [[Entertainment Weekly|Entertainment Weekly's]] Adam Markovitz to refer to it as "The biggest surprise of the weekend..."<ref>[http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/03/23/box-office-report-divergent/ Box office report: 'Divergent' heads straight for $56 million win | Inside Movies | EW.com]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://godsnotdeadthemovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|2528814|God's Not Dead}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Films about religion]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harold Cronk]]
[[Category:Films shot in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Texas]]
[[Category:Pure Flix Entertainment films]]

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2012-01-23T14:46:16Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 5 edits by 75.150.121.241 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by ClueBot NG. (TW)

{{pp-move-indef}}

{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = 4/20
|type = secular
|image = 420Louis.jpg
|imagesize = 220px
|caption = Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]], at [[San Rafael High School]].
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = Cannabis [[counterculture]], [[Medical cannabis|medical patients]], [[Legality of cannabis|legal reformers]], [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis|entheogenic spiritualists]]
|significance =
|date = April 20
|observances = [[Cannabis consumption]]
|relatedto =
}}
'''420''', '''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') refers to consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, by extension, a way to identify oneself with cannabis [[subculture]]. Observances based on the number include the time (4:20 {{Smallcaps|p.m.}}) as well as the date ([[April 20]]).<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |archivedate = April 26, 2007}}</ref>

== Origins ==
The earliest use of the term began among a group of teenagers in [[San Rafael, California]] in 1971.<ref name=Snopes>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp|publisher=[[Snopes.com]]|title=420}}</ref><ref name=NYT2009>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html|quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using "420" as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have urged students to just say no. At the University of Colorado, Boulder, where thousands of students regularly use the day to light up in the quad, administrators sent an e-mail message this month pleading with students not to "participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your university and degree."|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> Calling themselves the Waldos, because "their chosen hang-out spot was a wall outside the school,"<ref name=HuffPost2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|title=What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> the group first used the term in connection to a fall 1971 plan to search for an abandoned cannabis crop that they had learned about.<ref name=HuffPost2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html|title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2010|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> The Waldos designated the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue on the grounds of [[San Rafael High School]] as their meeting place, and 4:20 p.m. as their meeting time.<ref name=HuffPost2009/> The Waldos referred to this plan with the phrase "4:20 Louis". Multiple failed attempts to find the crop eventually shortened their phrase to simply "4:20", which ultimately evolved into a codeword the teens used to mean pot-smoking in general.<ref name=HuffPost2010/>

''[[High Times]]'' editor [[Steven Hager]] was the first to track down the Waldos and publish their account of the origins of the term. Hager wrote "Are You Stoner Smart or Stoner Stupid?" (October 1998) in which he called for 4:20 p.m. to be the socially accepted hour of the day to consume cannabis. "I believe 420 is a ritualization of cannabis use that holds deep meaning for our subculture," wrote Hager. "It also points us in a direction for the responsible use of cannabis."

== April 20 observances ==
[[File:Partial View of Hippie Hill in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Partial View of Hippie Hill in San Francisco]]
April 20 (4/20 in U.S. [[Date and time notation by country#United States|date notation]]) has evolved into a [[counterculture]] holiday, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name=UCSC/> Some events have a political nature to them, advocating for the [[decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States]].

===American observance===

==== New York ====
Thousands of people all over the tristate area gather together in Central Park New York City to take part in this day.
==== San Francisco ====
Every year thousands of people flock from all over California to [[San Francisco]]'s Hippie Hill, in [[Golden Gate Park]] near the famous [[Haight-Ashbury]] district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/ |title=A Huge Turn Out for 420 Day on Hippie Hill in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park " San Francisco Citizen |publisher=Sfcitizen.com |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref>

====Tallahassee, Florida====
Named the #2 most pot smoking city in the United States,<ref>{{cite web|author=Written by UrbanTallahassee |url=http://www.urbantallahassee.com/v4/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=810:tallahassee-named-2-pot-smoking-city-in-the-us&catid=47:quality-of-life-spotlight&Itemid=181 |title=Tallahassee named #2 Pot Smoking City in the US |publisher=Urbantallahassee.com |date=2010-05-31 |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref>
thousands observe 4/20 in Tallahassee. Some major places are the [[Florida State University]] and [[Florida A & M University]] campuses, numerous Tallahassee [[greenway (landscape)|greenway]]s, and industrial district (All Saints/[[Railroad Square]]).

==== University of California, Santa Cruz ====
[[File:SantaCruzUCSC.jpg|thumb|Students and others gather to smoke [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] at a meadow near [[Porter College]] on April 20, 2007—"420 Day".]]
A celebration on April 20 takes place every year in the [[Porter College]] meadow at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. The event has grown during recent years after the city of Santa Cruz passed [[Measure K]] in 2006, making marijuana a low-priority crime. Participants in the event are often confronted by religious anti-drug activists, yet these protesters are largely ignored.

==== University of Colorado, Boulder ====
A large celebration is held every year on the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]], with attendance reaching more than 11,000 in 2008, and over 25,000 attendees in 2011. This would make CU Boulder's celebration of the hopeful legalization of marijuana one of the largest such celebrations in the United States.<ref name=point>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html|quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using "420" as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have urged students to just say no. At the University of Colorado, Boulder, where thousands of students regularly use the day to light up in the quad, administrators sent an e-mail message this month pleading with students not to "participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your university and degree."|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 2009 |accessdate=April 20, 2009|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref> University police have tried various methods to prevent the gathering, including photographing students participating in the event,<ref>[http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/434/colorado.shtml Marijuana: University of Colorado Posts Pics of Students at Pot Rally, Offers Reward for Naming Them].</ref> but the crowd has grown every year.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The university and police have taken a more hands-off approach since 2006, emphasizing event safety over possession citations. Recent growth of the medical marijuana industry in Colorado is expected to add momentum to future events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu |title=Medical marijuana expected to give momentum to CU-Boulder 4/20 event - Boulder Daily Camera |publisher=Dailycamera.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref>

On April 15, 2009, the Office of the Chancellor sent an e-mail to all CU students regarding the 2009 celebration of 4/20 stating that the event would debase "the reputation of your university and degree." The CU student newspaper disagreed with the Chancellor's analysis{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}.

No possession tickets were issued at the 2009 event.<ref>[http://www.truthalliance.net/Archive/News/tabid/67/ID/2579/CUs-420-smokeout-draws-10000-No-possession-tickets-issued.aspx No possession tickets issued during CU's 4/20 smokeout].</ref>

{{wide image|420 cannabis event at University of Colorado at Boulder - panorama 1.jpg|900px|Panorama of the 2010 420 cannabis event at University of Colorado at Boulder.}}

===Canadian observance ===
====Ottawa, Ontario====
Annually, on April 20, thousands of activists gather on [[Parliament Hill]] and Major's Hill to look toward the peace tower as they join each other in smoking marijuana when the clock strikes 4:20. Police keep an eye on protesters to make sure the peace is kept within correlation to law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |title=Pot activists to light up on Hill - Canada - Canoe.ca |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409 |title=Ottawa's Parliament Hill just one site for planned 4/20 protest |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref>

==== Montréal, Québec ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2011}}
Every year on April 20, thousands of people gather at [[Mount Royal]] monument to celebrate 4/20. Police don't make arrests, although they do make their presence known.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samesun.com/blog/420-day-cannabis-festival/ |title=420 Day- Cannabis Festival |publisher=samesun.com Samesun Nation Travel Blog|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2011/19/c5308.html|title=Canada's marijuana activists unite against American-style drug laws - 420 vote mobs to be held in over 10 cities across Canada on April 20th|publisher=newswire.ca CNW Group|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref>

==== London, Ontario ====

Each year on 4/20 thousands gather at Victoria Park downtown to celebrate. Over 2,000 people joined the festivities in 2010 that included live music. London police made a presence but announced they were not going to lay any marijuana related charges. London is also the hometown of Canadian cannabis policy reform advocate [[Marc Emery]].

==== Toronto, Ontario ====

Every year on the first Saturday in May (in observance of 4/20), a march takes through the city streets in advocacy of legalizing marijuana. The march ends up at Queen's Park Circle just north of the Ontario Provincial Parliament to celebrate 4/20 where there are both vendors and entertainers. Though the event is police-patrolled, no tickets were issued in 2010 while over 30,000 people participated in the revelry.

There is also a Hashmob sponsored protest on April 20th, normally at Dundas Square, which is timed for 4:20pm.

==== Vancouver, British Columbia ====

On April 20, 2009, an estimated nearly 10,000 people gathered around the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]] to celebrate "420". The police did not attempt to make arrests. This event has taken place in Vancouver annually for many years, and the police are generally tolerant of all marijuana use on April 20, and most other days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Thousands+marijuana+smokers+gather+Vancouver+celebrate/1515882/story.html |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |publisher=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom observance ===
====London====
In [[London]], 420 protests are held every year; with the 2011 4/20 having the highest turnout for a number of years. On April 20, 2011 around 2,000 people attended 420London, situated in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] [[Speakers Corner]]. The event was marked by several speeches, notably from Peter Reynolds of the newly formed [[CLEAR campaign|CLEAR]] (Cannabis law reform) political party. Despite police presence throughout the event, which lasted around 5 hours, there was no police enforcement of cannabis prohibition laws and no arrests. During the peaceful gathering, a smoke cloud hung over Speakers Corner.

=== New Zealand observance ===
====Auckland====
In [[Auckland]], New Zealand a 420 group meets regularly at the [[Daktory]].<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|publisher=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref>

====Dunedin====
In [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, members of [[Otago NORML]] and some students at [[University of Otago]] meet every Wednesday and Friday at 4:20 p.m. under a Walnut tree on the University's Union Lawn to smoke cannabis in defiance of New Zealand's cannabis law. There was considerable media and police interest in the '420' group in 2008, resulting in the arrest of a student and the issuance of trespass notices to members of the public at one of the 4:20 pm meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> The group leader was arrested for cannabis possession at a university Market Day unrelated to the 4:20 meetings,<ref name="ODT_guilty">{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/42645/norml-leader-guilty|title=Norml leader guilty |date=February 10, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref> but was later discharged without conviction on all charges.<ref>{{cite journal | authorlink = Court Reporter
| title = Ex-Norml leader discharged
| journal = The Otago Daily Times
| date = 4 December 2009}}</ref> The group celebrated their 5th anniversary on 11 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73731/fifth-anniversary-420-protests|title=Fifth anniversary of 4:20 protests|last=Gibb|first=John |date=September 12, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Hash Bash]] at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
* [[420 (Family Guy)|420]] ''Family Guy'' episode

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number] by Ryan Grim, ''The Huffington Post'', April 20, 2009
* [http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719 Mom and Dad now know about '4/20'] by Gevevieve Bookwalter, ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'', April 7, 2009
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/30/image/ig-potculture30 Marijuana's New High Life] by ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''
* [http://the.ricethresher.org/opinion/2006/04/14/420potorigins Roll up for the 420 magical mystery origins] by Evan Mintz, ''[[Rice Thresher]]'', April 14, 2006.

{{drug use}}

{{Cannabis resources}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{U.S. Holidays}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]

[[cs:Světový den marihuany]]
[[es:420 (cannabis)]]
[[fr:420 (cannabis)]]
[[ka:420 (მარიხუანა)]]
[[la:420 (fumatio cannabis)]]
[[nl:420 (cannabiscultuur)]]
[[ja:420 (大麻)]]
[[pt:420 (cultura canábica)]]
[[ru:420 (культура употребления марихуаны)]]
[[fi:420 (kannabiskulttuuri)]]

Gebratener Reis

2010-10-11T18:42:10Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 205.215.177.105 identified as vandalism to last revision by 72.68.226.68. (TW)

{{Chinese|t=炒飯|s=炒饭|h=cau fahn|p=chǎofàn|j=caau2 faan6|pic=BCfood10.JPG|piccap=Typical Chinese fried rice}}

'''Fried rice''' is a popular component of [[Asian cuisine]], especially [[Chinese food]]. It is made from [[rice]] stir-fried in a [[wok]] with other ingredients such as [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[vegetable]]s and some kinds of [[meat]]. It is sometimes served as the penultimate dish in Chinese [[banquet]]s (just before [[dessert]]). As a home cooked dish, fried rice typically is made with ingredients left over from other dishes, leading to countless variations.<ref>"Fried rice and noodle dishes with vegetables are likewise ancient. They were typically composed of leftover ingredients and cooked in woks." {{cite web | url = http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodasian.html#friedrice | title = Food Timeline--history notes: Asian-American cuisine | accessdate = 2007-06-05 |date=2006-08-06 | last = Olver | first = Lynne }}</ref>

There are many popular varieties of fried rice, each with its own specific list of ingredients. In Asia, the more famous varieties include [[Yeung Chow fried rice|Yangzhou]] and [[Fujian]] fried rice. Elsewhere, Chinese restaurants catering to non-Chinese clientele have invented their own varieties of fried rice including egg fried rice, Singaporean (spicy) fried rice and the ubiquitous 'special fried rice'.

Fried rice is a common staple in [[American Chinese cuisine]], especially in the form sold at fast-food stands. The most common form of fried rice consists of some mixture of eggs, [[scallions]], and vegetables, with chopped [[meat]] (usually pork or chicken, sometimes beef or shrimp) added at the customer's discretion. Fried rice is also seen in other American restaurants, even in cuisines where there is no native tradition of the dish. The dish is also a staple of Chinese restaurants in the [[United Kingdom]] (both "sit-in" and "takeaway"), and fried rice is very popular in the [[West Africa]]n nations of [[Nigeria]], [[Ghana]] and [[Togo]], both as a restaurant food and as [[street food]].

==Preparation ==
Fried rice is made from cold rice that has already been cooked by boiling. The use of leftover rice and other leftover ingredients is common when cooked at home. The oil may be seasoned with aromatics such as garlic before the rice and other ingredients are stir fried together in a [[wok]]. The non-rice ingredients used in fried rice are greatly varied. They can include [[Egg (food)|egg]]s, [[poultry]] and [[meat]] ([[beef]], [[pork]]), [[vegetable]]s ([[carrot]]s, [[broccoli]], [[mung bean|bean sprouts]], [[celery]], [[peas]], [[maize|corn]]), [[mushrooms]], [[spice]]s and [[Capsicum|pepper]]s, and [[soy sauce]] or sometimes [[oyster sauce]]. It is often stir-fried in a [[wok]] with [[vegetable oil]] or [[animal fat]] to prevent sticking, as well as for flavour. [[Onion]]s, [[scallion]] and [[garlic]] add zest and extra flavor. It is popularly eaten either as an accompaniment to another dish, or as a course by itself.

Popular garnishes include fried [[shallot]]s, sprigs of [[parsley]] or [[coriander]] leaves, [[carrots]] carved into intricate shapes or sliced chili sprinkled on top of the heaped rice. Many food stands found on the streets across [[Southeast Asia]] will serve fried rice on the spot expecting the customer to choose which garnishes to add.

== Common varieties ==
* '''Bai cha''': A [[Khmer people|Khmer]] variation of fried rice that includes diced [[Chinese sausage]], [[garlic]], [[soy sauce]], and [[herbs]] usually eaten with [[pork]].
* '''Canton''' (or '''Mui Fan''') '''fried rice''': A Cantonese dish of fried rice typically dry, Fukien fried rice is usually served "wet", with sauce or gravy on top.
* '''Cha Han''' (チャーハン): Chinese fried rice suited to Japanese tastes, sometimes adding [[katsuobushi]] for flavor.　
* [[Yeung Chow Fried Rice|'''Yangchow''' (or '''Yangzhou''') '''fried rice''']]: A fried rice dish consisting of generous portions of shrimp, scrambled egg, along with barbecued pork. This is the most popular fried rice served in Chinese restaurants, commonly referred to simply as "special fried rice" or "house fried rice".
* '''Yuan yang fried rice''': Fried rice dish topped with two different types of sauce, typically a savory white sauce on one half, and a red tomato-based sauce on the other half. Elaborated versions use the sauce to make a [[Taijitu|taichi]] ("yin-yang") symbol.
* '''[[Thai fried rice]]''' (ข้าวผัด, ''Khao Pad or Khao Phad''): The flavor of this version is radically different from that of common fried rice, mostly due to the use of [[Jasmine rice]] and has various additions not found in Chinese fried rice. It is usually served with sliced cucumber and "Prik nam pla", a spicy sauce made of [[Thai chili]], [[fish sauce]] and chopped garlic.
* '''[[American Fried Rice]]''' (ข้าวผัดอเมริกัน, ''Khao pad Amerigan''): This style of fried rice is actually a Thai invention using hot dogs, fried chicken, eggs as side dishes or mixed into rice fried with ketchup. Apparently, this was served to G.I.s during the Vietnam war, {{Fact|date=January 2008}} but now has become very popular and commonplace all throughout Thailand. The Malaysian counterpart, substituting pork with chicken, is called ''Nasi Goreng USA''.
* '''[[Nasi goreng]]''': A Malay and Indonesian version of fried rice. The main difference compared to fried rice is that it is cooked with sweet soy sauce ([[kecap manis]]). It is often accompanied by additional items such as a fried egg, fried chicken, satay, or keropok. Served in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the southern Philippines, and most of the neighboring countries. Also very popular in the Netherlands.
* '''[[Chifa|Chaufa]]''': A popular version of fried rice in [[Peru]]. Brought by Asian immigrants, it combines the traditional Chinese recipe with a distinct touch of South American flavor.
* '''[[Chaulafan]]''': A popular version of fried rice in [[Ecuador]], brought by Asian immigrants and served for westerners in small Chinese restaurants called Chifas where you can get cheap Chinese food. This dish is characterized by using a kind of soy sauce that is mostly burnt sugar. Ingredients are usually bbq pork, beef, chicken or shrimp.
* '''[[Kimchi bokkeumbap]]''' or kimchi fried rice: A popular variety of fried rice prepared with Korean pickled cabbage, [[kimchi]], and a variable list of other ingredients. Although a wide range of fried rice dishes are frequently prepared in [[Korean cuisine]], often with whichever ingredients are handy, Kimchi Fried Rice is a popular variety.
*'''Sinangag''' or ''Garlic Fried Rice'': A [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] version, only containing garlic (''bawang'') and is often a breakfast fixture. Sinangag is often part of [[tapsilog]].
*'''Curry fried rice''': standard fried rice mixed with curry powder for a spicier flavor.
*'''Hawaiian fried rice''': A common style of fried rice in [[Hawaii]]. Usually contains egg, green onions, peas, cubed carrots, and one or both of [[linguiça|Portuguese sausage]] and [[Spam (food)|Spam]]. Also sometimes available with kimchi added. Normally cooked in sesame oil.
*'''Arroz Frito (Cuban Fried Rice)''': Very similar to "Special Fried Rice", this version of fried rice can be found alongside typical ''criollo'' dishes in many Cuban restaurants. This dish features ham, bbq pork, shrimp, chicken, and eggs along with a variety of vegetables. Some restaurants add ''lechón'' (Cuban-style suckling pig), lobster tails, and/or crab. [[Chinese Cubans]] are responsible for the dish's popularity.
*'''Omelette rice''': also known as [[Omurice]] in Japanese. The fried rice is wrapped inside the egg omelette. The fried rice is generally mixed with a variety of vegetables and meat. [[Ketchup]] is added.

==See also==
* [[Nasi goreng]]
* [[Biryani]]
* [[Pilaf]]
* [[Paella]]
* [[Arroz a la valenciana]]
* [[Arròs negre]]
* [[Jambalaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{cookbook}}
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/database/eggfriedrice_89260.shtml BBC Food recipe]
{{Rice dishes}}
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:American Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Canadian Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indonesian cuisine]]
[[Category:Korean cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian cuisine]]
[[Category:Philippine cuisine]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]
[[Category:Thai cuisine]]

[[ceb:Sinangag]]
[[es:Arroz frito]]
[[fr:Riz cantonais]]
[[ko:볶음밥]]
[[it:Riso cantonese]]
[[ja:チャーハン]]
[[ru:Жареный рис]]
[[tl:Sinangag]]
[[uk:Смажений рис]]
[[ur:چائینیز_چاول]]
[[vi:Cơm chiên]]
[[zh-yue:炒飯]]
[[zh:炒飯]]

Benutzer:Slashme/Frittierter Reis

2010-10-11T18:42:10Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 205.215.177.105 identified as vandalism to last revision by 72.68.226.68. (TW)

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2010-04-20T02:50:34Z

CardinalDan: Reverted to revision 357111899 by Outback the koala; rvv. using TW

[[Image:420Louis.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]], at [[San Rafael High School]].]]
'''420''', '''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') refers to consumption of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, by extension, a way to identify oneself with cannabis [[drug subculture]].<ref name="web.archive.org">[http://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday]</ref><ref name="indybay.org">[http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2009/04/21/18590556.php 420 at UCSC "Gets Bigger Every Year"]</ref>

The term originated from a group of teenagers at [[San Rafael High School]] in [[San Rafael, California]], United States in 1971.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp snopes.com: 420]</ref><ref name=point>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html |quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using “420” as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have urged students to just say no. At the University of Colorado, Boulder, where thousands of students regularly use the day to light up in the quad, administrators sent an e-mail message this month pleading with students not to “participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your university and degree.” |work=[[New York Times]] |date=April 19, 2009 |accessdate=April 20, 2009 }}</ref> The teens would meet after school at 4:20 p.m. to smoke marijuana at the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue.

According to an April 2009 article on the ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', the group called itself the Waldos because its members hung out by a wall after school. Writer [[Ryan Grim]], citing interviews with anonymous Waldos, claims that the group met by the statue at 4:20 p.m. to begin a search for a crop of abandoned cannabis growing near [[Point Reyes]] that they had heard about. They never found the stash, Grim writes, but smoked plenty of marijuana while looking for it.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number]. 04/20/09. ''[[The Huffington Post]]''</ref>

== April 20 observances ==
{{Expand|section|date=April 2010}}

April 20 ("4/20" in U.S. [[Date and time notation by country#United States|date notation]]) has evolved into a [[counterculture]] holiday, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref name="indybay.org"/> In some locations this celebration coincides with [[Earth Day|Earth Week]].<ref>[http://www.guamepa.govguam.net/earthweek/ Earth Week in Guam]</ref><ref>[http://earthweek.ucsd.edu/index.html Earth Week in San Diego]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthwalkvictoria.ca/ Earth Week in Victoria, BC]</ref> At events in the United States, it is common to hear about [[Abraham Lincoln]], one of many [[List of American politicians who admit to cannabis use|American politicians known for past use of cannabis]], who wrote that one of his "favorite things" was "smoking a pipe of sweet hemp".<ref name=RoleModels>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robbie-gennet/on-role-models-and-their_b_164387.html|title=On Role Models and their Bongs|first=Robbie|last=Gennet|work=The Huffington Post|date=February 5, 2009|accessdate=November 21, 2009}}</ref> Some events may have a political nature to them, advocating for the [[decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States]].

===American observance===
==== University of Colorado, Boulder ====

[[File:boulder4202009.jpg|thumb|2009's 420 celebration at [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]].]]

A large celebration is held every year on the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]], with attendance reaching more than 10,000 in 2008. It has been estimated that in 2009 the crowd surpassed the 10,000 attendee mark that was set in 2008. This would make CU Boulder's celebration of the hopeful legalization of marijuana one of the largest such celebrations in the United States.<ref name=point/><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref> University police have tried various methods to prevent the gathering, including photographing students participating in the event,<ref>[http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/434/colorado.shtml Marijuana: University of Colorado Posts Pics of Students at Pot Rally, Offers Reward for Naming Them].</ref> but the crowd has grown every year.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The university and police have taken a more hands-off approach since 2006, emphasizing event safety over possession citations. Recent growth of the medical marijuana industry in Colorado is expected to add momentum to future events.<ref>[http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu].</ref>

On April 15, 2009, the Office of the Chancellor sent an e-mail to all CU students regarding the 2009 celebration of 4/20 stating that the event would debase "the reputation of your university and degree." The CU student newspaper disagreed with the Chancellor's analysis.<ref>[http://www.coloradodaily.com/news/2009/apr/19/university-colorado-boulder-420-cu-email-apology/ Student Voice: CU owes students apology for 4/20 e-mail]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}.</ref>

No possession tickets were issued at the 2009 event.<ref>[http://www.truthalliance.net/Archive/News/tabid/67/ID/2579/CUs-420-smokeout-draws-10000-No-possession-tickets-issued.aspx No possession tickets issued during CU's 4/20 smokeout].</ref>

===Canadian observance ===

====Ottawa, Ontario====
Activists gather in the capital, on [[Parliament Hill]] to consume cannabis.<ref>http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html</ref>

==== Vancouver, British Columbia ====

On April 20, 2009, an estimated nearly 10,000 people gathered around the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]] to celebrate "420". The police did not attempt to make arrests. This event has taken place in Vancouver annually for many years, and the police are generally tolerant of all marijuana use on April 20<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Thousands+marijuana+smokers+gather+Vancouver+celebrate/1515882/story.html |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |publisher=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref>

=== New Zealand observance ===
====Dunedin====
In [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, members of [[Otago NORML]] and some students at [[Otago University]] meet every Wednesday and Friday at 4:20 pm under a Walnut tree on the Otago University Union Lawn to smoke cannabis in defiance of New Zealand's cannabis laws. There was considerable media and police interest in the '420' group in 2008, resulting in the arrest of a student and the issuance of trespass notices to members of the public at one of the 4:20 pm meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> The group leader was arrested for cannabis possession at a university Market Day unrelated to the 4:20 meetings,<ref name="ODT_guilty">{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/42645/norml-leader-guilty|title=Norml leader guilty |date=February 10, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref> but was later discharged without conviction on all charges.<ref>{{cite journal | authorlink = Court Reporter
| title = Ex-Norml leader discharged
| journal = The Otago Daily Times
| date = 4 December 2009}}</ref> The group celebrated their 5th anniversary on September 11, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73731/fifth-anniversary-420-protests|title=Fifth anniversary of 4:20 protests|last=Gibb|first=John |date=September 12, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref>
====Auckland====
In [[Auckland]], New Zealand a 420 group meets regularly at the [[Daktory]]<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|publisher=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref>

=== French observance ===

The 420 symbol is not widely shared within French cannabis users; The 18th of June date is used instead for various manifestations, a wordplay around of the [[appeal of June 18]] (appeal of the 18 Joints), as in French Juin (June) and Joint sound very close.

== See also ==

* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Spiritual use of cannabis]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Jack Herer]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Hash Bash]]
* [[420 (Family Guy)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number] by Ryan Grim, ''The Huffington Post'', April 20, 2009
* [http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719 Mom and Dad now know about '4/20'] by Gevevieve Bookwalter, ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'', April 7, 2009
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/30/image/ig-potculture30 Marijuana's New High Life] by ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''

{{drug use}}

{{Cannabis resources}}

{{use mdy dates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]

[[es:420 (cannabis)]]
[[fr:420 (cannabis)]]
[[ka:420 (მარიხუანა)]]
[[la:4/20]]
[[ja:420 (大麻)]]
[[ru:420 (культура употребления марихуаны)]]
[[fi:420 (kannabiskulttuuri)]]
[[sv:420 (cannabis)]]

Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagoosiraiobaphetraganopterygon

2010-04-03T05:12:20Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 124.188.133.66 identified as vandalism to last revision by TXiKiBoT. using TW

'''Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon''' is a fictional dish mentioned in [[Aristophanes]]' comedy ''[[Assemblywomen]].''<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0030:line=1163 Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusae (ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr.), line 1163]</ref>

It is a [[transliteration]] of the Ancient Greek word [[Wiktionary:λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλλιοκιγκλοπελειολαγῳοσιραιοβαφητραγανοπτερύγων]] in the Greek alphabet (1169–74). [[A Greek-English Lexicon|Liddell & Scott]] translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces."<ref>http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlopadotemaxoselaxogaleokranioleiyanodrimupotrimmato</ref>
{{Wiktionary pipe|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχο...}}

{{Wiktionary pipe|lepadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiotyromelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephaliokinklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetragalopterygon|lepado...}}

The original Greek spelling had 171 characters (something which is not obvious in the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] transcription, depending on the variant) and for centuries it was the [[longest word]] known.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

The dish was a [[fricassée]], with at least 16 sweet and sour ingredients, including the following:<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=EKSHvbY5howC&q=%22longest+word%22+aristophanes&dq=%22longest+word%22 Guinness Book of World Records, 1990 ed, pg. 129] ISBN 0806957905</ref>

*[[Fish]] slices
*Fish of the [[Elasmobranchii]] subclass (a [[shark]] or [[ray]])
*Rotted [[dogfish]] or [[Shark|small shark's]] head
*Generally sharp-tasting dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
*[[Silphion]] "[[laserwort]]," apparently a kind of [[giant fennel]]
*A kind of [[crab]], [[shrimp]], or [[crayfish]]
*[[Honey]] poured down
*[[Wrasse]] (or [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]])
*Was topped with a kind of [[sea fish]] or [[Common Blackbird|Blackbird]]
*[[Wood pigeon]]
*[[Domestic pigeon]]
*[[Chicken]]
*Roasted head of [[Little Grebe|dabchick]]
*[[Hare]], which could be a kind of [[bird]] or a kind of [[sea hare]]
*[[Must|New wine boiled down]]
*[[Wing]] and/or [[fin]]

==See also==
* [[Longest word in English]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Greek words and phrases]]

[[ar:لوبادوتماكوسلاكوغاليوكرانيوليبسانودريميبوتريماتوسيلفيوكارابومليتوكاتاككيمنوكيكلبيكوسيبوباتوبريسترالكتريونوبتوكباليوغكوبليولاغو...]]
[[ca:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterýgōn]]
[[es:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[eo:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[eu:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fr:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[it:Ostrichetrancidipescesalatocagnoligattuccipezzidicefaloinsalsapiccantesilfiooliomieletordimerlicolombaccicolombellegallettilodolearrostocutrettolepiccioniselvaticilepricottenelvinocroccanticantuccini]]
[[he:לופאדוטמאכוס...פטריגון]]
[[hu:Lopadotemakhoszelakho…pterügón]]
[[ja:ありとあらゆる種類の食材を含んだ料理]]
[[no:Lopado…pterygon]]
[[pt:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fi:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilfiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyfofattoperisteralektryonoptokefalliokinklopeleiolagoiosiraiobafetraganopterygon]]

Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagoosiraiobaphetraganopterygon

2010-04-03T05:12:20Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 124.188.133.66 identified as vandalism to last revision by TXiKiBoT. using TW

The X Factor (Vereinigte Staaten)

2010-04-01T18:50:17Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 94.8.149.144 identified as vandalism to last revision by CardinalDan. using TW

{{Infobox television
| show_name = The X Factor
| image =
| caption =
| show_name_2 =
| genre =
| format = Reality TV series
| creator = [[Simon Cowell]]
| developer = Simon Cowell
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges = Simon Cowell
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Simon Cowell
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 60 Minutes
| company = [[Syco#Syco TV|Syco TV]]
| distributor =
| channel = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| picture_format = [[16:9]]
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|9|11}}
| last_aired =
| status = In pre-production
| preceded_by = [[The X Factor (UK)]]
| followed_by =
| related =
| website =
| production_website =
}}
The American version of '''''[[The X Factor (TV series)|The X Factor]]''''' is scheduled to premiere September 11, 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a197970/ntas-cowell-vid.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: Cowell confirms start date for US 'X Factor'|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Neil|last=Wilkes|coauthor=French, Dan|date=January 20, 2010|accessdate=January 20, 2010}}</ref> on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]. The programs will be produced by executive producer [[Simon Cowell]] and his company [[Syco|Syco TV]].<ref name="syco2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a197592/sony-confirms-cowell-green-venture.html|title=Sony confirms Cowell, Green venture|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Alex|last=Wilkes|date=January 19, 2010|accessdate=January 21, 2010}}</ref>

==Pre-Production==
In April 2009 reports surfaced that Cowell was attempting to launch ''The X Factor'' in [[United States|America]] after his contract ends with ''[[American Idol]]'' with the [[American Idol (season 9)|ninth season]].<ref name="American1">{{cite web |author= Hurrel, Will |title= Cowell Hints at US X Factor |url= http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/cowell-hints-at-us-x-factor/2020988.article |publisher= |date=2009-04-22 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> Under the current contract Cowell is forbidden from launching ''The X Factor'' as a rival show to ''Idol''.<ref name="American1" /> In summer 2009 reports surfaced that the American version would launch on [[NBC]], the same broadcaster that airs ''[[America's Got Talent]]''.<ref name="American2">{{cite web |author= Nissim, Mayer |title= Cheryl Cole to host US X Factor |url= http://www.digitalspy.com/xfactor/a163317/cheryl-cole-to-host-us-x-factor.html |publisher= Digital Spy |date=2009-07-03 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref><ref name="American3">{{cite web |author= Kilkelly, Daniel |title= Louis Walsh tipped for US X Factor |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/xfactor/news/a163468/louis-walsh-tipped-for-us-x-factor.html |publisher= Digital Spy |date=2009-07-04 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref><ref name="American4">{{cite web |author= Andreeva, Nellie |title= X Factor Key in Simon Cowell Deal |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i1224fdfbab2618f3c31e00acc93f1587 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> In September of that year [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], the broadcaster of ''American Idol'', was reportedly close to signing a deal to launch the American version with the condition Cowell also returns as a judge for the tenth and eleventh seasons of ''American Idol''.<ref name="American4" />

On January 11, 2010 [[News Corporation]] (through [[Fox News]] in the US and ''[[The Times]]'' in the UK) reported that Cowell will leave ''American Idol'' after [[American Idol (season 9)|season 9]] so he can bring ''The X Factor'' to the United States in September 2011. Cowell, whose contract with "American Idol" expires in May 2010, will become the second judge to exit the series, following Paula Abdul who announced her departure in August 2009 after eight seasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6984481.ece|title=Simon Cowell to quit as American Idol judge|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|work=''[[The Times]]''|last=Ayres|first=Chris|date=2010-01-12|accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref> Cowell told the ''[[Television Critics Association]]'' that he was leaving ''American Idol'' so that in 2011 he can host and executively produce the US version of X Factor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.uk.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=151320909|title=Cowell quits American Idol|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|work=[[MSN]]|last=Cooper|first=Lorna|date=2010-01-11}} Retrieved 2010-01-11.</ref> ''[[The X Factor (UK)|British X Factor]]'' host [[Dermot O'Leary]] is in the running to become the American host.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/news/a189058/oleary-tipped-to-host-us-x-factor.html|title=O'Leary tipped to host US X Factor|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|work=''[[News of the World]]''|last=Rollo|first=Sarah|date=2009-11-29|accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref> New ''American Idol'' judge [[Ellen DeGeneres]] was the first judge to comment publicly about Cowell leaving: "I'm trying not to take it personally. He wanted a change and I wish [him] all the luck in the world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/americanidol/news/a195718/ellen-responds-to-cowells-idol-exit.html|title=Ellen responds to Cowell's idol exit|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|last=Moody|first=Mike|date=2010-01-11|accessdate=2010-01-12}}</ref> Additionally, Cowell signed a longterm business deal with [[Sony]] who already support [[Syco#Syco Music|Syco Music]] artists in the UK and will now be involved with the artists on the U.S. version of the show as well as becoming involved in the production of the show.<ref name="syco2010"/>

==Judges==
Simon Cowell is the only judge confirmed for the show so far<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/americanidol/news/a195683/simon-cowell-quits-american-idol.html|title=Simon Cowell quits American Idol|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|last=Wilkes|first=Neil|date=2010-01-11|accessdate=2010-01-12}}</ref>, however recent rumors have strongly indicated his former colleague on ''[[American Idol]]'', [[Paula Abdul]], is one of the front-runners to join him on the judging panel. She along with [[Cheryl Cole]] from the British version are speculated to become judges of the American version.<ref name="American2">{{cite web |author= Nissim, Mayer |title= Cheryl Cole to host US X Factor |url= http://www.digitalspy.com/xfactor/a163317/cheryl-cole-to-host-us-x-factor.html |publisher= Digital Spy |date=2009-07-03 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref><ref name="American3">{{cite web |author= Kilkelly, Daniel |title= Louis Walsh tipped for US X Factor |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/xfactor/news/a163468/louis-walsh-tipped-for-us-x-factor.html |publisher= Digital Spy |date=2009-07-04 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref><ref name="American4">{{cite web |author= Andreeva, Nellie |title= X Factor Key in Simon Cowell Deal |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i1224fdfbab2618f3c31e00acc93f1587 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref>

On January 15, 2010 Cowell spoke to the ''[[New York Post]]'' about the new show. In the interview he said of the rumors that Cole would join him as a judge on the panel, "I think she would be great over here - Cheryl's a star."<ref name=nypostjan15>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/what_cowell_gave_up_for_2MAHTVyZXbE9q2KUmbj2UP|title=What Simon Cowell gave up for 'X Factor'|publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc.|work=''[[New York Post]]''|date=2010-01-15|accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> Then speaking generally about the judging panel he said, "It's pointless hiring judges who don't know anything about the music business. I'll probably go and find someone who did what I did for a living. I was an A&R guy for 20 years."<ref name=nypostjan15/> He also spoke about the possibility of approaching [[Tommy Mottola]], former head of [[Sony Music Entertainment]] (ex-husband of and the man who discovered [[Mariah Carey]]), describing him as being "very flamboyant and knows what he's talking about."<ref name=nypostjan15/> Finally regarding rumors about [[Paula Abdul]], he refused to confirm or deny whether she would be involved in the show, he simply said, "I've been talking to Paula for a long time. It was always my intention in one way or another to carry on working with her." He also commented that its "important for it to be different. There are going to be some big changes."<ref name=nypostjan15/>

On January 19, 2010 ''[[Britain's Got Talent]]'' and ''[[America's Got Talent]]'' judge, [[Piers Morgan]], said that he would love a role on the show. He said that "I would love to work with Simon on it as we have a laugh on ''Britain's Got Talent''." He also mentions that he is confident the show would be "huge" in the US and that it was time for him and Simon Cowell to be on the same judging panel in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/britain_got_talent/2813930/Britains-Got-Talent-Judge-Piers-Morgan-wants-to-be-US-X-Factor-judge.html#ixzz0dpa47zvW |title=PIERS Morgan says he'd love a role as a judge on the American X Factor. |author= |date=January 19, 2010 |work= |publisher=The Sun |accessdate=January 27, 2010}}</ref>

Later the same month ''[[People Magazine|People]]'' magazine reported that Mottola is in talks with Fox about appearing beside Cowell as a judge on the U.S. X Factor as well as taking over Cowell's judging duties on ''[[American Idol]]''. The magazine also reported that although talks have begun the decision will be made in good time, especially for ''Idol''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/americanidol/news/a199740/tommy-mottola-judges-idol-and-us-factor.html|title=Tommy Mottla Judges Idol and US Factor|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|work=[[People Magazine]]|last=Broverman|first=Aaron|date=2010-01-27|dateaccessed-2010-01-28}}</ref> On January 28, 2010, a report in ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]'' said that Cowell wanted [[Lady Gaga]] to have a role in the show but not necessarily as a judge.<ref>http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/xfactor/news/a199850/cowell-wants-gaga-for-us-x-factor.html</ref> Whilst ''Closer'' magazine reported that [[Mel B]] (formerly of the [[Spice Girls]]) expressed interest in a judging role on the show after previously being linked to a role on the UK version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/xfactor/news/a202357/mel-b-id-love-to-be-us-x-factor-judge.html|title=Mel B "I'd Love to be a US X Factor Judge|publisher=''[[Closer Magazine]]''|work=[[Digital Spy]]|last=Simpson|first=Oli|date=February 9, 2010|accessdate=February 10, 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[American Idol]]
* [[List of television show franchises]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The X Factor series}}
{{Syco}}

[[Category:Upcoming television series]]
[[Category:The X Factor]]
[[Category:2011 television series debuts]]

The X Factor (Vereinigte Staaten)

2010-04-01T18:48:52Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 94.8.149.144 identified as vandalism to last revision by AarcnJBishcp. using TW

Souveräner Staat

2010-02-18T22:50:35Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 218.214.18.108 identified as vandalism to last revision by Outback the koala. using TW

{{TOCright}}
:''This article is about sovereign independent states. For subnational entities called states, see [[State (administrative division)]]. For other uses, see [[State]].''

A '''sovereign state''' (commonly simply referred to as a '''state''') is a political association with effective internal and external [[sovereignty]] over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it hard to exercise full treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations with other sovereign states. For a list of all 203 states, see the [[List of sovereign states]] page.

== Definition ==
Although the term often includes broadly all institutions of [[government]] or rule—ancient and modern—the modern state system bears a number of characteristics that were first consolidated beginning in earnest in the 15th century, when the term "state" also acquired its current meaning. Thus the word is often used in a strict sense to refer only to modern political systems.

In casual usage, the terms "country", "nation", and "state" are often used as if they were [[synonym]]ous; but in a more strict usage they can be distinguished:

* '''''[[Nation]]''''' denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, origins, and history. However, the adjectives ''national'' and ''international'' also refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly ''sovereign states'', as in ''national capital'', ''international law''.

* '''''State''''' refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have [[sovereignty]] over a definite territory and [[population]].

Because terminology has changed over time and past writers often used the word "state" in a different ways it is difficult to accurately define the concept of state. [[Mikhail Bakunin]] used the term simply to mean a governing organization. Other writers used the term "state" to mean any law-making or law-enforcement agency. [[Karl Marx]] defined the state as the institution used by the [[ruling class]] of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. According to [[Max Weber]], the state is an organization with an effective [[monopoly on the use of force|monopoly on the use of legitimate violence]] in a particular geographic area. Fascists and some nationalist ideologies view the state as an organic body synonymous with the cultural construct of the nation.

==Constitutive theory of statehood==
{{Main|Constitutive theory of statehood}}

In 1815 at the [[Congress of Vienna]] the [[Final Act of the Congress of Vienna|Final Act]] only recognised 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result it was firmly established that in future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the [[great powers]].<ref>Kalevi Jaakko Holsti ''Taming the Sovereigns'' [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Jh6gjr-2ho8C&pg=PA128&dq=Final+Act+of+the+Congress+of+Vienna&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1FTkJPODAK8KkyGV5Nz6O-ke9_Ig p. 128]</ref>

The constitutive theory was developed in the 19th century to define what is and is not a state. With this theory, the obligation to obey [[international law]] depends on a entity's recognition by other sovereign governments. Because of this, new states could not immediately become part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognized nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them.<ref name="ctos">{{cite book |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |last=Hillier |first=Tim |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1859410502 |pages=201–2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kr0sOuIx8q8C }}</ref>

One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognize a new entity, but other states do not, a situation the theory does not deal with. [[Hersch Lauterpacht]], one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that it is a state's duty to grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognize another state if it is to their advantage.<ref name="ctos" />

==Declarative theory of statehood==
{{Main|Montevideo Convention}}

One of the criteria most commonly cited by [[micronation]]s with regard to difficulty getting international recognition is the [[Montevideo Convention]]. The Montevideo Convention was signed on December 26 1933 by the [[United States]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]], [[Argentina]], [[Venezuela]], [[Uruguay]], [[Paraguay]], [[Mexico]], [[Panama]], [[Bolivia]], [[Guatemala]], [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Colombia]], [[Chile]], [[Peru]] and [[Cuba]] but it never received international consensus.<ref name="mvc">{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam03.htm |title=Convention on Rights and Duties of States (inter-American); December 26, 1933 |accessdate=2008-11-20 |date=2008-11-17 |work=The Avalon Project |publisher=[[Yale University]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080215090153/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam03.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref> The Montevideo Convention has four conditions that an entity must meet to become a state:

* a permanent [[population]]
* defined territory
* Government
* capacity to enter into relations with other states

==''De facto'' and ''de jure'' states==
Most sovereign states are states ''[[de jure]]'' and ''[[de facto]]'' (i.e. they exist both in law and in reality). However, sometimes states exist only as ''de jure'' states in that an organisation is recognised as having sovereignty over and being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. Many continental European states maintained [[government in exile|governments-in-exile]] during the [[Second World War]] which continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], notwithstanding that their countries were under Nazi occupation. A present day example is the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], which is a [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Permanent international organizations and other entities|United Nations observer]], has bi-lateral diplomatic relations with 104 states, but has no territory other than [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial]] areas (i.e. [[embassies]] and [[consulates]]).<ref>[http://www.orderofmalta.org/attdiplomatica.asp?idlingua=5 Bilateral relations with countries], Retrieved 2009-12-22</ref> Other states may have sovereignty over a territory but lack international recognition, these are ''de facto'' states only. [[Somaliland]] is commonly considered to be such a state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yalejournal.org/article/de-facto-statehood-strange-case-somaliland |title=De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=November 2008 |author=Arieff, Alexis |publisher=Yale Journal of International Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3903 |title=The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=July 2007 |publisher=Foreign Policy Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/content/view/8418/244/ |title=Overview of De-facto States |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=July 2008 |publisher=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesnouvelles.org/P10_magazine/15_grandentretien/15055_mahamudsalahnur_eng.html |title=France recognizes de facto Somaliland |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=April 2008 |author=Wiren, Robert |publisher=Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine}}</ref> For a list of entities that wish to be universally recognized as sovereign states, but do not have complete worldwide [[diplomatic recognition]], see the [[list of states with limited recognition]].

==See also==
*[[State (polity)]], the state in [[sociology]] and [[political science]]
*[[Country]]
*[[Failed state]]
*[[International relations]]
*[[List of sovereign states]] ([[List of sovereign states by formation date|by formation date]])
*[[Montevideo Convention]]
*[[Nation]]
*[[Nation-building]]
*[[Unitary state]]
*[[Federal state]]
*[[Legal status of the Holy See|Status of the Holy See in international law]]
*[[State (administrative division)]]
*[[Violent non-state actor]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign State}}
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Political geography]]

[[als:Staat]]
[[ar:دولة]]
[[an:País]]
[[arc:ܐܬܪܐ]]
[[ast:País]]
[[gn:Tetã]]
[[az:Dövlət]]
[[bn:রাষ্ট্র]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kok-ka]]
[[map-bms:Negara]]
[[ba:Дәүләт]]
[[be:Дзяржава]]
[[be-x-old:Дзяржава]]
[[bs:Država]]
[[br:Stad]]
[[bg:Държава]]
[[ca:Estat]]
[[cv:Патшалăх]]
[[cs:Stát]]
[[cy:Gwladwriaeth]]
[[da:Stat]]
[[de:Staat]]
[[et:Riik]]
[[el:Κράτος]]
[[es:Estado]]
[[eo:Ŝtato]]
[[eu:Estatu]]
[[fa:دولت]]
[[fr:État]]
[[fy:Steat]]
[[ff:Leydi]]
[[ga:Tír]]
[[gl:Estado]]
[[ko:국가]]
[[haw:Moku‘āina]]
[[hi:सार्वभौमिक राष्ट्र]]
[[hr:Država]]
[[io:Stato]]
[[ilo:Pagilian]]
[[id:Negara]]
[[is:Ríki]]
[[it:Stato]]
[[he:מדינה]]
[[kn:ದೇಶ]]
[[ka:სახელმწიფო]]
[[csb:Państwò]]
[[kk:Мемлекет]]
[[kv:Канму]]
[[ht:Peyi]]
[[la:Civitas sui iuris]]
[[lv:Valsts]]
[[lt:Valstybė]]
[[hu:Állam]]
[[mg:Firenena]]
[[mi:Rārangi whenua]]
[[arz:دوله]]
[[ms:Negara (politik)]]
[[mn:Улс]]
[[nl:Staat]]
[[nds-nl:Staot]]
[[ja:国家]]
[[nap:Stato]]
[[no:Stat]]
[[nn:Stat]]
[[nrm:État]]
[[oc:Estat]]
[[km:ប្រទេស]]
[[tpi:Kantri]]
[[pl:Państwo]]
[[pnt:Κράτος]]
[[pt:Estado]]
[[ro:Stat]]
[[rmy:Stato]]
[[qu:Mama llaqta]]
[[ru:Государство]]
[[sah:Ил]]
[[sco:Kintra]]
[[sq:Shteti]]
[[scn:Statu]]
[[si:රජය]]
[[simple:State]]
[[sk:Štát]]
[[sl:Država]]
[[szl:Państwo]]
[[sr:Држава]]
[[sh:Država]]
[[fi:Valtio]]
[[sv:Stat]]
[[tl:Estado]]
[[ta:மாநிலம்]]
[[tt:Дәүләт]]
[[th:รัฐ]]
[[tr:Devlet]]
[[uk:Держава]]
[[ur:ملک]]
[[vec:Stato]]
[[vi:Quốc gia]]
[[fiu-vro:Riik]]
[[zh-classical:國]]
[[war:Estado]]
[[wo:Réew]]
[[yi:שטאט]]
[[zh-yue:國]]
[[zea:Land]]
[[bat-smg:Valstībė]]
[[zh:主权国]]

Ohio State Buckeyes (Footballteam)

2010-01-10T20:59:40Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 76.24.152.74 identified as vandalism to last revision by 71.237.42.9. using TW

{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
{{Infobox NCAA football school
| CurrentSeason = 2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
| TeamName = Ohio State Buckeyes football
| Image = Ohio State Buckeyes logo.svg|150px
| ImageSize = 150px
| Helmet =
| ImageSize2 = 150px
| HeadCoachDisplay = Jim Tressel
| HeadCoachLink = Jim Tressel
| HeadCoachYear = 9th
| HCWins = 94
| HCLosses = 21
| HCTies =
| Stadium = Ohio Stadium
| StadiumBuilt = 1922
| StadCapacity = 102,329
| StadSurface = FieldTurf
| Location = Columbus, Ohio
| ConferenceDisplay= Big Ten
| ConferenceLink = Big Ten Conference
| ConfDivision =
| FirstYear = 1890
| AthlDirectorDisp = Gene Smith
| AthlDirectorLink = Gene Smith (athletic director)
| Radio = Ohio State Football Radio Network
| Announcers = [[Paul Keels]] (Play By Play) [[Jim Lachey]] (Color) [[Marty Bannister]] (Sideline)
| WebsiteName = OhioStateBuckeyes.com
| WebsiteURL = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/
| ATWins = 819
| ATLosses = 308
| ATTies = 53
| ATPercentage = .716
| BowlWins = 19
| BowlLosses = 22
| BowlTies =
| NatlTitles = 7
| ConfTitles = 36 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]:''' 2 '''Big Ten:''' 34
| Heismans = 7
| AllAmericans = {{American college football All-Americans|Ohio St.}}
| uniform = Image:Big10-Uniform-OSU.PNG
| Color1 = Scarlet
| Color1Hex = 990000
| Color2 = Gray
| Color2Hex = 999999
| FightSong =[[Carmen Ohio]] (Alma Mater) [[Across the Field]] and [[Buckeye Battle Cry]]
| MascotDisplay = Brutus Buckeye
| MascotLink = Brutus Buckeye
| MarchingBand = [[TBDBITL]]
| PagFreeLabel =
| PagFreeValue =
| PagFreeLabel = Rivals
| PagFreeValue = [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan Wolverines]] (traditional) [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State Nittany Lions]] [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]]
}}

The '''[[Ohio State Buckeyes]] football team''' is an intercollegiate [[Varsity team|varsity sports]] team of [[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]]. The team is a member of the [[Big Ten Conference]] of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]], playing at the Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|Division I-A]]) level. The team nickname is derived from the [[Floral emblem|state tree]] of [[Ohio]]. The Buckeyes have played their home games in [[Ohio Stadium]] since 1922.

Ohio State has one the most prestigious and tradition-rich football programs of all time. Following the 2008 season, the Buckeyes were ranked #3 in [[ESPN|ESPN's]] Prestige Rankings of all NCAA FBS football programs, dating back to 1936, trailing only the [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma Sooners]] and the [[USC Trojans football|USC Trojans]]. In their 118-year history, the Buckeyes have been consensus [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|Division IA National Champions]] five times, and claim a total of 7 national championships. On September 6, 2008, the Buckeyes defeated [[Ohio University]] 26–14 for their 800th win, becoming the fifth FBS team to reach the mark.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/misc/div_ia_wins.php | title= Division I-A All-Time Wins | accessdate= 2008-05-31}}</ref> [[Jim Tressel]] has been the Buckeyes head coach since 2001.

==Home venues==
*[[Recreation Park (Columbus)]] (1890–1897)
*[[Ohio Field]] (1898–1921)
*[[Ohio Stadium]] (1922–present)

==Championships==
===National championships===
{| border= "0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
!bgcolor=#990000 |Selector
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Big Ten Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Bowl
|-align="center"
| 1942 || [[Paul Brown]] || [[AP Poll|AP]] || 9-1 || 6-1 || -
|-align="center"
| 1954 || [[Woody Hayes]] || [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]], [[United Press International|UPI]], AP || 10-0 || 7-0 || Won [[1955 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 1957 || Woody Hayes || FWAA, UPI ||9-1 ||6-1 || Won [[1958 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 1961 || Woody Hayes || [[National Football Foundation|NFF]], FWAA||8-0-1|| 6-0 || -
|-align="center"
| 1968 || Woody Hayes || AP, UPI FWAA||10-0 || 7-0 || Won [[1969 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 1970 ||Woody Hayes || NFF||9-1 ||7-0|| Lost [[1971 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 2002 || [[Jim Tressel]] || [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]], AP, USA Today/ESPN ||14-0|| 8-0||Won [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''National Championships'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''7'''
|}
|}

Ohio State also has also been awarded titles unrecognized by both the NCAA and the University in:

*1933
*1944
*1969
*1973
*1974
*1975
*1998

===Undefeated seasons===
{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Big Ten Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
|- align="center"
| 1899 || 9-0-1 || -- || [[John B. Eckstorm]]
|- align="center"
| 1916 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1916 || 7-0 || 4-0 || [[John Wilce]]
|- align="center"
| 1917 || 8-0-1 || 4-0 || John Wilce
|- align="center"
| 1944 || 9-0 || 6-0 || [[Carroll Widdoes]]
|- align="center"
| 1954 || 10-0 || 7-0 || [[Woody Hayes]]
|- align="center"
| 1961 || 8-0-1 || 6-0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| 1968 || 10-0 || 7-0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| 1973 ||10-0-1 || 7-0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| 2002 || 14-0 || 8-0 || Jim Tressel
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Undefeated Seasons'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''9'''
|}
|}

===Conference championships===
Ohio State joined the Big Ten in 1912; before that they were a member of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] and won two OAC titles. Ohio State has won a championship in the Big Ten 33 times, second most in the conference and third most conference titles of any school in any conference.

{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 | Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Conference
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Conference Record
|- align="center"
| 1906 || [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]] || [[Albert E. Herrnstein]] || 8-1 || 4-0
|- align="center"
| 1912 || OAC || [[John Richards]] || 6-3 || 4-3
|- align="center"
| 1916 || Big Ten || [[John Wilce]] || 7-0 || 4-0
|- align="center"
| 1917 || Big Ten || John Wilce || 8-0-1 || 4-0
|- align="center"
| 1920 || Big Ten ||John Wilce || 7-1 || 5-0
|- align="center"
| 1935 || Big Ten || [[Francis Schmidt]] || 7-1 || 5-0
|- align="center"
| 1939 || Big Ten || Francis Schmidt || 6-2 || 5-1
|- align="center"
| 1942 || Big Ten || [[Paul Brown]] || 9-1 || 5-1
|- align="center"
| 1944 || Big Ten || [[Carroll Widdoes]] ||9-0 || 6-0
|- align="center"
| 1949 || Big Ten || [[Wes Fesler]] || 7-1-2 ||4-1
|- align="center"
| 1954 || Big Ten || [[Woody Hayes]] || 10-0 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1955 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 7-2 || 6-0
|- align="center"
| 1957 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1961 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 8-0-1 || 6-0
|- align="center"
| 1968 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10-0 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1969 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 8-1 || 6-1
|- align="center"
| 1970 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1972 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1973 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10-0-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1974 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1975 || Big Ten ||Woody Hayes || 11-1 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 1976 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9-2-1 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1977 || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9-3 || 6-2
|- align="center"
| 1979 || Big Ten || [[Earle Bruce]] || 11-1 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 1981 || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 9-3 || 6-2
|- align="center"
| 1984 || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 9-3 || 7-2
|- align="center"
| 1986 || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 10-3 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1993 || Big Ten || [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] || 10-1-1 || 6-1-1
|- align="center"
| 1996 || Big Ten || John Cooper || 11-1 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1998 || Big Ten ||John Cooper || 11-1 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 2002 || Big Ten || [[Jim Tressel]] || 14-0 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 2005 || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 10-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 2006 || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 12-1 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 2007 || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 11-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 2008 || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 10-3 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 2009 || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 11-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Conference Champions'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''36'''
|}
|}

==History==
{{main|History of Ohio State Buckeyes football}}
===1890–1933: beginnings===
In the spring of 1890 George Cole, an undergraduate, persuaded [[Alexander S. Lilley]] to coach a football team at the Ohio State University. The Buckeyes first game, played on May 3, 1890, at [[Delaware, Ohio]], against [[Ohio Wesleyan University]], was a victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Park|title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|isbn= 1-58261-006-1|year=2002|page=10}}</ref>

In the fall, life for many in Columbus revolves around Ohio State University football, from the first kickoff in September to the last play in November. OSU's first home game took place at 2:30 p.m. on November 1, 1890. The Ohio State University played the [[The College of Wooster|University of Wooster]] on this site, which was then called Recreation Park. Just east of historic German Village, the park occupied the north side of Schiller (now Whittier) between Ebner and Jaeger in what is now Schumacher Place. The weather was perfect, and the crowd cheered loudly. Nonetheless, OSU lost to Wooster, 64–0. Wooster, physically fit for the game, showed OSU that training is critical to winning. Thus, the tradition of training continues.

[[File:1916 Ohio Field.jpg|350px|thumb|[[Chic Harley]] runs around the end in the 1916 Big Ten Championship game between Northwestern & Ohio St.]]Over the next eight years, under a number of coaches, the team played to a cumulative record of 31 wins, 39 losses, and 2 ties. The first game against the [[University of Michigan]], in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], was a 34-0 loss in 1897, a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1–7–1 record.

In 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated.<ref name="Spring08">[http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdf/fb/guide/08_Spring_p100to129.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 Ohio State Spring Football 2008 - Part 2], OSU Athletics, Spring 2008.</ref> In 1901, however, [[Center (American football)|center]] John Segrist was fatally injured in a game and the continuation of football at Ohio State was in serious question. Although the school's athletic board let the team decide its future, Eckstorm resigned.<ref>Park, p.28</ref> In 1912 football underwent a number of developments that included joining the [[Big Ten Conference|Western Conference]], making football as part of a new Department of Athletics, and hiring [[Lynn St. John|Lynn W. St. John]] to be [[athletic director]].

====Chic Harley====
[[Chic Harley]] attended East High in Columbus and was one of the greatest players to attend an Ohio high school. Chic did everything at Ohio; He passed, ran, received, punted, kicked and played defense. Harley came to Ohio State in 1916 and Columbus fans instantly fell in love with the Chic. Harley and the Buckeyes won the very first Big Ten championship in school history in 1916 when the Buckeyes finished 7–0. He would repeat in 1917 finshing 8–0–1, giving the Buckeyes a second outright title. In 1918, he left to be a pilot in the air force for [[World War I]]. With Harley's return in 1919, the Buckeyes would only lose one game—to Illinois. Chic Harley left OSU with a career record of 22–1–1. At the time, OSU played at the small [[Ohio Field]] and Harley brought such record crowds it became necessary to open [[Ohio Stadium]] in 1922. The stadium was built entirely on fan donations and several stadium drives around the city where Harley would often appear. In 1951, when the [[College Football Hall of Fame]] opened, Harley was inducted as an inaugural member.

====OSU's first rival====
Ohio State's very first rival was [[Kenyon College]]. The Buckeyes first played them in their first season in 1890 on Nov. 27, Kenyon won the first two meetings; however, Ohio State won 15 in a row and the rivalry diminished. Kenyon made it their season goal to defeat OSU. After the Bucks joined the Big Ten they stopped playing Kenyon. The all time record stands at 18-6, OSU.

===1934–1950: The Rise of a Powerhouse===
In hiring [[Francis Schmidt]] in March 1934 to coach its football team, Ohio State moved its program to a "big-time" level of competition. Schmidt was a well-established coach and an acknowledged offensive innovator. His offensive schemes were a "wide-open" style called "razzle-dazzle" and led him to be the first Buckeye football coach granted a multi-year contract. Schmidt's first four seasons saw victories over archrival Michigan, all by shut-out. The 1935 squad went 7-1, its sole loss was to [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], 18-13, in the first contest between the programs. However Schmidt's remaining seasons were less successful, except in 1939 when the Buckeyes won the Big Ten championship, and his popularity faded for a number of reasons.<ref>Park, p.166.</ref> On December 17, 1940, he resigned.

Ohio State hired the coach of [[Massillon Washington High School]] football team, [[Paul Brown]], to succeed Schmidt. Brown's Tigers had just won their sixth straight state championship. Brown immediately changed Ohio State's style of offense, planned and organized his program in great detail, and delegated to his assistant coaches using highly structured practices. In 1942, Ohio State lost 22 veteran players to military service as the United States joined [[World War II]], and with a team of mostly sophomores went on to lose only once in winning its first national championship. Brown accepted a commission in the [[United States Navy]] in 1944 and directed his assistant Carroll Widdoes to head the team in his absence. The 1944 team fielded 31 [[First year|freshmen]] but went undefeated and untied, including a victory over Paul Brown's Great Lakes Navy team. Ohio State finished second in the national rankings behind [[United States Military Academy#Sports|Army]] and [[Les Horvath]] became the first Buckeye to be awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]]. Also prominent on the 1942–44 teams was the first Buckeye [[African American]] star, [[Bill Willis]].

Brown chose not to return to Ohio State after the war, going into professional football instead. Widdoes, despite having the highest two-year winning percentage of any Buckeye coach, asked to return to an assistant's position. [[Paul Bixler]], an assistant, replaced Widdoes and endured a mediocre 4–3–2 season. Bixler resigned and talk of Ohio State being a "graveyard of coaches" became commonplace, a reputation that lingered for decades.<ref name="SIbix"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/ncaa/specials/preview/2006/teams/ten/ohiost.html| title = 2006 Team previews- Ohio State| work = | publisher = SI.com| accessdate = 20 August 2006}}</ref>

[[Wes Fesler]] became head coach in 1947 but finished last in the Big Ten for the only time in team history. Ohio State improved greatly in 1948, winning 6 and losing 3, then in 1949 enjoyed a successful season due to the play of sophomore [[Vic Janowicz]]. Ohio State received the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] invitation, where they came from behind to defeat [[California Golden Bears|California]]. In 1950 Fesler, rumored to be resigning because of pressures associated with the position and abuse of his family by anonymous critics, returned to coach the Buckeyes, who won six games in a row to move into the top ranking in the AP poll. However the season fell apart as the Buckeyes lost to Michigan during a [[blizzard]], a game that came to be known as the "[[Snow Bowl]]". Two weeks later, citing concerns about his health and family, Fesler resigned.

===1951–1978: The Woody Hayes Era===
[[Woody Hayes|Wayne Woodrow Hayes]] beat out Paul Brown,<ref>Park, p.275</ref> among others, to be named head coach on February 18, 1951. He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it, alienating many players accustomed to Fesler's laid-back style. The 1951 Buckeyes won 4, lost 3, and tied 2, leaving many to question the ability of the new coach. In 1952 the team improved to 6-3, and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years, but after a 1953 loss to Michigan, critics called for the replacement of Hayes.

In 1954 the Buckeyes were picked to finish no higher than 10th in the Big Ten. Hayes, however, had the talents of [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]], and a historic goal-line stand against Michigan propelled Ohio State to a perfect season. Hayes led the powerhouse Buckeyes to a shared national championship (his first and the team's second). In 1955 the team again won the Big Ten, set an attendance record, and won in Ann Arbor for the first time in 18 years, while Hopalong Cassady was securing the Heisman Trophy. Ohio State passed only three times against Michigan (the sole reception was the only completion in the final three games of the year), leading to characterization of Hayes' style of offensive play as "three yards and a cloud of dust".

In a 1955 article in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', Hayes admitted making small personal loans to financially needy players.<ref name="sishaplen"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.buckeye50.com/Drive_Drive_Down_the_field_15_to_11.html| title = #11—Iowa at Ohio State—November 11, 1957| work = | publisher = The Buckeye 50 Yard Line| accessdate = 2 October 2006}}</ref> The article resulted in a furor over possible violations of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] rules, and the faculty council, followed by the Big Ten and NCAA, conducted lengthy investigations. Big Ten Commissioner Kenneth "Tug" Wilson found Hayes and the program guilty of violations and placed it on a year's probation in 1956. In 1957 Ohio State won all of its remaining games after an opening loss to claim the Big Ten championship, win the Rose Bowl over [[University of Oregon|Oregon]], and share a national championship title with [[Auburn University|Auburn]], for which Hayes was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]].

In 1961 the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]] but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State's reputation as a "football school" resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl, resulting in much public protest and debate.<ref>Park, pp. 340 and 342.</ref> Over the next 6 seasons Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd, and had a losing season in 1966, and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as coach grew to its highest point since 1953.

In 1968 Ohio State defeated the number one-ranked [[Purdue Boilermakers]] and continued to an undefeated season including a 50-14 rout of Michigan and a Rose Bowl victory over the [[USC Trojans]] that resulted in the national championship. The Class of 1970 became known as the "super sophomores" in 1968, and might have gone on to three consecutive national championships except for what may have been the bitterest loss in Buckeye history. The winning streak reached 22 games as Ohio State traveled to Michigan. The Buckeyes were 17-point favorites but directed by first-year coach [[Bo Schembechler]], Michigan shocked the Buckeyes in a 24-12 upset.

The 1969 loss to Michigan initiated what came to be known as "The Ten Year War," in which the rivalry, which pitted some of OSU’s and UM’s strongest teams ever, rose to the uppermost level of all sports and the competition between Schembechler and Hayes became legendary.<ref name="maisel"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1667333| title = UM-OSU more than just a game| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 13 October 2006}}</ref> Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. Hayes had the upper hand during the first part of the war, in which Ohio State won the conference championship and went to the Rose Bowl four straight years, while Michigan won the final three.

[[Archie Griffin]] came to Ohio State in 1972, set a new Buckeye single-game rushing record and led the team in rushing for the season. The following season Hayes installed an [[I formation]] attack with Griffin at tailback and the Buckeyes went undefeated with a powerful offense and equally impenetrable defense, the only blemish on their record a 10-10 tie with Michigan. The falloff in success of Hayes' last three years was not great but resulted in growing criticism of Hayes and his methods, particularly his on-the-field fits of temper. His downfall was sudden and shocking when at the 1978 [[Gator Bowl]], Hayes took a swing at [[Clemson Tigers|Clemson]] [[nose guard]] Charlie Bauman in frustration after his 4th-quarter interception sealed a Buckeye loss. Hayes was fired after the game.

===1979–2001: The Bruce and Cooper Years===
Hayes was replaced by a former protegé, [[Earle Bruce]], who inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback [[Art Schlichter]] and returned to the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] with an opportunity once again to be national champions. The Buckeyes lost both by a single point, but Bruce was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]]. His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a "new era".<ref name="earle"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946372-1,00.html| title = Making 'Em Forget Woody| work = | publisher = Time Magazine| accessdate = 11 December 2006}}</ref>

1980, however, saw the start of a trend that eventually brought criticism to Bruce, when Ohio State finished with a 9–3 record. This was the first of six consecutive years at 9-3. While each of these seasons, and a 10–3 season that followed them, culminated in a bowl game, Ohio State did not appear to be any closer to a national championship than during the end of the Hayes era.

In 1986 Bruce received a 3-year contract, the first for the modern program, but the team opened with two losses for the first time in over 90 years. The Buckeyes then won nine in a row before losing to Michigan in a close game. After the season Bruce was offered the position of head coach at the [[University of Arizona]] but was persuaded to stay at his [[alma mater]] by Athletic Director Rick Bay. Hopes for a standout season in 1987 suffered a serious setback when All-American wide receiver [[Cris Carter]] was dropped from the team for signing with an agent. Heading into the Michigan game at the end of the season Ohio State was in the midst of a three game conference losing streak.

On the Monday of Michigan week, after a weekend of rumors and speculation, Ohio State President [[Edward Jennings]] fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season. Jennings aggravated the situation by refusing to provide a reason for the dismissal,<ref>Park, pp. 537-538</ref> but the Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come-from-behind victory over Michigan after the entire team wore [[headband]]s bearing the word "EARLE."

[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] was hired as head coach with a winning record at both [[University of Tulsa|Tulsa]] and [[Arizona State University]] that stood out among his credentials, as did a victory over Michigan in the 1987 Rose Bowl. Cooper's thirteen years as the Buckeye's head coach are largely remembered for a litany of negative statistics associated with him: a notorious 2–10–1 record against Michigan, a 3–8 record in bowl games, a five year losing streak to Illinois, and blowing a 15 point 3rd quarter lead and losing 28-24 against the unranked Michigan State Spartans in '98 after the Buckeyes had been ranked number 1 since the preseason. However, his tenure also included many positives: back-to-back victories over Notre Dame, two second-ranked finishes in the polls, and three Big Ten championships (albeit shared). Cooper also recruited fifteen players who were first-round draft picks in the [[National Football League]].<ref name="coopbio"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/cooper_john01.html| title = John Cooper Profile| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref>

In January 2001, Ohio State University dismissed Cooper for a "deteriorating climate." A loss in the 2000 [[Outback Bowl]] was a factor in his subsequent firing, as was negative publicity regarding player behavior before and during the game. Other contributing factors included his record against Michigan (which was actually considered by most people to be the biggest reason for his firing), his perceived inability to win "big games", the lack of a national championship, the perception of him as an outsider by many alumni, the poor bowl game record, and finally a perceived lack of discipline on the team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E5DB103BF930A35752C0A9679C8B63 |title=COLLEGE FOOTBALL; Cooper Fired at Ohio State |accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref>

===2001–Present: The Tressel Era===
Ohio State quickly sought a replacement for Cooper and after a nationwide search hired Jim Tressel. With four NCAA [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I-AA]] National Championships at [[Youngstown State University|Youngstown State]] Tressel, formerly an assistant coach for Earle Bruce, was an Ohioan who was considered to be appreciative of Buckeye football traditions. Although there were some doubts as to whether or not Tressel could repeat his earlier success at the Division 1A level, most fans and alumni met the coaching change with enthusiasm. On the day of his hiring, Jim Tressel, speaking to fans and students at a Buckeye basketball game, made a prophetic implication that he would lead the Buckeyes to beat Michigan in Ann Arbor the following November.<ref name="310days"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.michigandaily.com/news/2001/07/23/Sports/Tressel.Eyes.Finally.Bucking.The.Wolverines-1408404.shtml | title = Tressel Eyes Finally Bucking the Wolverines| format = | work = | publisher = The Michigan Daily| accessdate = 11 December 2006}}</ref>

[[Image:2006-09 Austin Texas 091.jpg|thumb|200px|<center>Troy Smith in 2006]]Tressel's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7-5 (all but one loss was by a touchdown or less), but he made good on his promise, beating Michigan in Ann Arbor. While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team, most observers were surprised by Ohio State's [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|National Championship]].<ref name="surprised"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.covers.com/articles/articles.aspx?theArt=99132&tid=30| title = BCS National Title Game Bowl preview| format = | work = | publisher = Covers.com| accessdate = 13 January 2007}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author=Paul Keels
| chapter= Chapter 1 Expectations
| title=Paul Keels Tales from the Buckeyes' Championship Season
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| isbn= 1-58261-539-X
| year=2003| page=6}}</ref> Ohio State used strong defense, ball-control play-calling, and field position tactics to win numerous close games, a style of play characterized as "Tresselball",<ref name="tresselball"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1662661| title = Tresselball just keeps winning| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref> and disparaged by detractors as "the Luckeyes".<ref name="luckeyes"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8169824_ITM| title = Ohio State must shake Luckeyes image| format = | work = | publisher = Akron Beacon-Journal| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref> The 2006 and 2007 regular seasons ended with just one combined loss and improbable back-to-back championship game appearances. On January 1, 2010, the Buckeyes defeated the Oregon Ducks in The Rose Bowl Game by a score of 26-17. This ended a 3 game BCS losing streak for Ohio State, having lost 2 National Championships and one Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. Terelle Pryor was named MVP of the contest with 2 touchdown passes for a career-high 266 passing yards. In addition, he had more total yards then the entire Oregon Ducks team.

It was announced on Wednesday, November 4, 2009 that Ohio State would be wearing a Nike-sponsored "throwback" uniform on November 21, 2009 in Ann Arbor, Michigan against their hated rivals, the Michigan Wolverines.

The uniforms are a modern take on the 1954 Buckeye uniforms and according to Ohio State athletic director, Gene Smith, are going to be worn just this once, as a tribute to the 1954 National Champion Buckeyes. No immediate changes to the current uniform are expected according to Smith.

[http://www.elevenwarriors.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/unis.jpg Click here] to see the Ohio State 1954 throwback uniform design.

==Buckeye football traditions==
Ohio State football is rich in traditions, and Coach Tressel has since his hiring made upholding tradition a cornerstone of his program.<ref>Park, p.1</ref> The following are football traditions in chronological order of longevity:
*'''Senior tackle'''
Begun in 1913 by head coach [[John Wilce]], seniors on the team are recognized at the last practice of the season, either before the Michigan game or before departing Columbus to play in a [[bowl game]], and hit the [[Glossary of American football#B|blocking sled]] a final time.<ref name="gameday">{{cite book| author=Todd Lamb, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2002|pages=42–43}}</ref>
*'''[[Illibuck]]'''
The winner of the Ohio State-[[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]] game has been awarded the [[Illibuck]] trophy since 1925.<ref name="gameday"/>. Until 1927 the teams played for a live turtle, now it is made out of wood.
*'''Gold pants'''
A [[gold]] miniature [[Charm bracelet|charm]] depicting a pair of football pants is given to all players and coaches following a victory over the Michigan Wolverines. The tradition began as the result of a comment to reporters by newly hired head coach [[Francis Schmidt]] on March 2, 1934: "How about Michigan? They put their pants on one leg at a time, the same as we do!" The first gold pants, which were a creation of Simon Lazarus (president of the [[Lazarus (department store)|Lazarus]] chain of department stores) and Herbert Levy,<ref>Snook, "Charlie Ream 1934-1937", p.3</ref> were awarded that year for a 34-0 defeat of the Wolverines.<ref>Park, p.141</ref>
*'''Captain's Breakfast'''
1934 also saw the first gathering of former team [[Captain (sports)|captains]] for breakfast on the Sunday following the [[Homecoming]] game. The event began when local businessman Walter Jeffrey invited twenty former captains to the [[Scioto Country Club]] to honor them, and continues to welcome new captains and award them [[mug]]s bearing their names and season.<ref name="gameday"/><ref>Park, p.145</ref>
*'''Buckeye Grove'''
Begun in 1934, each player who wins "first-team [[All-America]]" honors is recognized by the planting of a buckeye tree and installation of a plaque in Buckeye Grove, now located near the southwestern corner of Ohio Stadium next to Morrill Tower. Trees are planted in ceremonies held prior to the Spring Game. All 126 Buckeye All-Americans dating back to 1914 have been so honored.
*'''Michigan Week'''
Since 1935 the annual game against Michigan has been the final meeting of the regular season for both teams. The week prior to "The Game", known as Michigan Week, is characterized by scheduled school spirit and public service events, such as rallies, [[Touch football (American)|touch football]] games, and [[Blood donation|blood drives]];<ref name="offlscumwk"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiounion.osu.edu/bmw/| title = Beat Michigan Week| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University Union| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref> and by massive displays of school colors and banners in much of Ohio. In an unofficial culmination to Michigan Week, since 1990 on the Thursday night before "The Game" students have participated in the "Mirror Lake jump", an unofficial gathering at Mirror Lake, a pond between Pomerene Hall and [[Ohio State University#Campus|The Oval]], in which masses of students jump into the water.<ref name="mirlakjmp"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.bright.net/~beeryde/ref/osuhistory/mirrorlake2.htm| title = How the Mirror Lake Jump Came to Be| work = | publisher = The Lantern 17 Nov 2005| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref>
*'''[[Block O]]'''[[Image:BlockO.JPG|thumb|150px|BLock O in a game in the south stands]]
Since 1938 the registered student organization Block O has been the "Official Cheering Section" of the Buckeyes. ''"Known for spreading spirit, starting cheers and performing card stunts, Block 'O' was founded...by Clancy Isaac ''."<ref name="osufbtrad"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/trads/osu-m-footbl-trad.html| title = Football Traditions| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 27 July 2006}}</ref> They occupy Section 39A in the South [[grandstand]] of [[Ohio Stadium]], next to the band.<ref name="blocko"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://blocko.org.ohio-state.edu/| title = Block "O"| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="tressblocko"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/block_O.asp| title = Tradition-Block O| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref>
*'''Victory Bell'''
The Victory Bell is rung after every Ohio State victory by members of [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a tradition that began after the Bucks beat [[California Golden Bears|California]] October 2, 1954. Reputedly the ringing can be heard five miles away "on a calm day." Located 150 feet high in the southeast tower of Ohio Stadium, the bell was a gift of the classes of 1943, 1944 and 1945, and weighs 2,420 pounds.<ref name="gameday"/>
*'''[[Brutus Buckeye]]'''
Beginning in 1965, Brutus Buckeye has appeared at all Ohio State football games as the live [[mascot]] of the Buckeyes. In 2007 he was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame and is now one of the most recognized mascots in the United States.
*'''''Hang on Sloopy'''''
First played at the [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]] game of October 9, 1965, the [[Rock music|rock]] song ''[[Hang on Sloopy]]'' is now played by the marching band before the start of the fourth quarter, with fans performing an O-H-I-O chant in the intervals between the [[refrain]]s. The song is also played to encourage the team's defensive players when opponents are moving the ball on offense late in a game. This is also played at the end of the third quarter at Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals games.<ref name="gameday"/>
*'''Buckeye leaves'''
Since 1968, the helmets of Ohio State players have been adorned with white decals approximately the size of a [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter]] depicting a [[''Aesculus glabra''|buckeye leaf]], awarded for making significant plays and for consistency of performance.<ref name="gameday"/> In the 1970s, the decals were approximately the size of a [[Silver Dollar]] until the 1979 Season. Most believe that this practice began in 1968 when The Buckeyes switched to their present [[Silver]] Helmet design since the decals have become identified with that helmet.
*'''Mirror Lake'''
Before the Ohio State/Michigan game at the end of the season, OSU students typically jump into [[Mirror Lake (Ohio)|Mirror Lake]], located on campus, the Thursday night before the game. The tradition is thought to bring good luck to the football team the following gameday.<ref>[http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2005/11/17/Campus/How-The.Mirror.Lake.Jump.Came.To.Be-1108362.shtml The Lantern article on the Mirror Lake jump.]</ref>
*'''Tunnel of Pride'''
The Tunnel of Pride began with the 1994 Michigan game when all former players who were in attendance formed a tunnel through which the team ran to take the field, and Ohio State beat its rival that day, 22–6. [[Rex Kern]], quarterback of the [[Rose Bowl (game)|1968 National Championship]] team, and then Director of Athletics [[Andy Geiger]] together used the concept as a means of connecting current Buckeyes with those who played before them. The Tunnel of Pride was next formed for the 1995 [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] game, which the Buckeyes also won. In each home game against Michigan since, the tradition has been repeated.<ref name="gameday"/><ref name="tunpride"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/tunnel_of_pride.asp| title = Tunnel of Pride| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref>
*'''''Carmen Ohio'''''
Instituted by Coach Tressel in 2001, at the conclusion of all home games the coaches, players and cheerleaders gather in the south [[end zone]] next to the marching band to sing the university's alma mater, ''[[Carmen Ohio]]''.<ref name="carmenotrad"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/carmen_ohio.asp| title = Tradition-Carmen Ohio| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref>
*'''The Hive and pre-game circle'''
Tressel brought to the Buckeye football program two pre-game traditions he developed at Youngstown State. Prior to its warmup routine before every football game, the team exits the locker room as a unit in a controlled manner, linked arm-in-arm in a group known as "The Hive". After warmups the team returns to the locker room, and when it next appears, runs onto the field and forms a circle of players around the strength coach, who exhorts the team into a frenzy in which they pummel each other with fists.<ref name="hive"> {{cite web | last = Porentas| first = John| coauthors = | year = | url = http://the-ozone.net/football/2007/MSU/hiveandcircle.htm| title = Roots of Tressel Traditions May be Lost, but the Traditions Carry on at OSU | work = | publisher = The O-Zone | accessdate = 17 October 2007}}</ref>

===Marching band===
{{main|The Ohio State University Marching Band}}
[[Image:ScriptOhio.jpg|thumb|200px|<center>Famous Script Ohio]]The Marching Band, known as "The Best Damn Band In The Land" or by the acronym '''TBDBITL'''<ref>[http://www.tbdbitl.com/ TBDBITL Alumni Club], accessed January 22, 2008.</ref> is the most visible and possibly best-known tradition of Ohio State football.<ref>{{cite book| author=Leeann Parker, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2001|page=45}}</ref> Home games are preceded by three much-anticipated traditions, and a fourth, "dotting the 'i'" of [[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]], enjoys a reputation all its own:<ref name="gameday"/>
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Skull Session|Skull Session]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Ramp entrance|Ramp entrance]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#The Back Bend|The Back Bend]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]]

==Rivalries==
{{main|Michigan-Ohio State rivalry}}
{{main|Illibuck}}
While its rivalry with the University of Michigan is its most renowned and intense, Ohio State has two other series marked by their longevity, both [[Big Ten Conference]] rivals, those of [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]] and [[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]]. The series versus Indiana began as a non-conference matchup, with Indiana going undefeated at 4-0-1. In conference, however, the Buckeyes (despite losing the opening conference game) are 65-8-4 through the 2006 season, the most wins against any opponent. Illinois also began with non-conference games (0-1-1) but became the longest continuous series in 2002 when the schools played in their 89th consecutive year. (That record was tied by Michigan in 2007.) Through 2009 Ohio State's record against the Illini is 62-30-4. In 2007, Ohio State was given their only defeat of the regular season by the Illini.

[[Image:Michigan Stadium opening 3c27311.png|thumb|300px|<center>An early Ohio State-Michigan game]] When Penn State was added to the conference football play in 1993, every member was given two designated rivals, teams to be played every year, with the other conference teams rotated out of the schedule at regular intervals. For geographic convenience, the Big Ten named Penn State as Ohio State's new designated rival in addition to Michigan, and Illinois was set to be paired with in-state rival [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]] and neighboring Indiana, and in doing so undermined Ohio State's historical rivalry with Illinois.

==All-time records==
===All-time coaching records===
All records per OSU Athletics.<ref name="Spring08"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="background: #990000" align="center"
| '''Head Coach''' || '''Period''' || '''W-L-T Record''' || '''Win %''' || '''Conference Championships''' || '''[[NCAA Division I-A national football championship#By year|National Championships]]''' ||'''[[Michigan-Ohio State Rivalry#Results|vs Michigan]]'''
|-
| [[Alexander S. Lilley]] || align=center|1890-1891 || align=center|3-5 || align=center|37.5 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|n/a
|-
| [[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Frederick B. "Jack" Ryder]]|| 1892-95/1898 || align=center|22-22-2 || align=center|50.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|n/a
|-
| [[Charles A. Hickey]]|| align=center|1896 || align=center|5-5-1{{Ref_label|A|a|a}} || align=center|50.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|n/a
|-
| [[David Edwards (coach)|David F. Edwards]]|| align=center|1897 || align=center|1-7-1 || align=center|16.7 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[John B. Eckstorm]]|| align=center|1899-1901 || align=center|22-4-3 || align=center|84.7 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-1-1
|-
| [[Perry Hale]]|| align=center|1902-1903 || align=center|14-5-2 || align=center|71.4 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-2
|-
| [[Edwin Sweetland|Edwin R. Sweetland]]|| align=center|1904-1905 || align=center|14-7-2 || align=center|65.2 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-2
|-
| [[Albert E. Herrnstein]]|| align=center|1906-1909 || align=center|28-10-1 || align=center|73.1 || align=center| 1 || || align=center|0-4
|-
| [[Howard Jones (football coach)|Howard H. Jones]]|| align=center|1910 || align=center|6-1-3 || align=center|75.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-0-1
|-
| [[Harry Vaughn]]|| align=center|1911 || align=center|5-3-2 || align=center|60.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[John Richards (coach)|John R. Richards]]|| align=center|1912 || align=center|6-3 || align=center|66.7 || align=center|1 || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[John Wilce|John W. Wilce]]|| align=center|1913-1928 || align=center|78-33-9 || align=center|68.8 || align=center|3 || || align=center|4-7
|-
| [[Sam Willaman]]|| align=center|1929-1933 || align=center|26-10-5 || align=center|69.5 || || || align=center|2-3
|-
| [[Francis Schmidt|Francis A. Schmidt]]|| align=center|1934-1940 || align=center|39-16-1 || align=center|70.5 || align=center|2 || || align=center|4-3
|-
| [[Paul Brown|Paul E. Brown]] ||align=center|1941-1943 || align=center|18-8-1 || align=center|68.5 || align=center|1 || align=center| 1 || align=center|1-1-1
|-
| [[Carroll Widdoes|Carroll C. Widdoes]] || align=center|1944-1945 || align=center|16-2 || align=center|88.9 || align=center|1 || || align=center|1-1
|-
| [[Paul Bixler]] || align=center| 1946 || align=center|4-3-2 || align=center|55.6 || || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[Wes Fesler|Wesley E. Fesler]] || align=center|1947-1950 || align=center|21-13-3 || align=center|60.8 ||align=center|1 || || align=center|0-3-1
|-
| [[Woody Hayes|W.W. "Woody" Hayes]] || align=center|1951-1978 || align=center|205–61-10 || align=center|76.1 || align=center|13 || align=center| 5 || align=center|16-11-1
|-
| [[Earle Bruce]] || align=center|1979-1987 || align=center|81-26-1 || align=center|75.5 || align=center|4 || || align=center|5-4
|-
| [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] || align=center|1988-2000 || align=center|111-43-4 || align=center|71.5 || align=center|3 || || align=center|2-10-1
|-
| [[Jim Tressel]] || align=center|2001-Current || align=center|94-21 || align=center|81.7 || align=center|6 || align=center|1 || align=center|8-1
|-
| bgcolor=#999999| '''TOTALS'''
| align=center bgcolor=#999999| '''1890-Current'''
| align=center bgcolor=#999999| '''819-308-53'''
| align=center bgcolor=#999999| '''71.7''' 
| align=center bgcolor=#999999| '''34'''
| align=center bgcolor=#999999| '''7''' 
|align=center bgcolor=#999999| '''43-57-6'''
|}

{{Note_label|A|a|a}} Hickey was hired part-way into the season and a student coached the team several games.

===All-time bowl games===
2009/10 Rose— Ohio State 26, Oregon 17

2008/09 Fiesta— Texas 24, Ohio State 21

2007/08 BCS Championship— Louisiana State University 38, Ohio State 24

2006/07 BCS Championship— Florida 41, Ohio State 14 (final #2 ranking)

2005/06 Fiesta— Ohio State 34, Notre Dame 20 (final #4 ranking)

2004/05 Alamo— Ohio State 33, Oklahoma State 7

2003/04 Fiesta— Ohio State 35, Kansas State 28 (final #4 ranking)

2002/03 Fiesta— Ohio State 31, Miami (FL) 24 (2OT) (National Champions)

2001/02 Outback— South Carolina 31, Ohio State 28

2000/01 Outback— South Carolina 24, Ohio State 7

1998/99 Sugar— Ohio State 24, Texas A&M 14 (final #2 ranking)

1997/98 Sugar— Florida State 31, Ohio State 14

1996/97 Rose— Ohio State 20, Arizona State 17 (final #2 ranking)

1995/96 Citrus— Tennessee 20, Ohio State 14

1994/95 Citrus— Alabama 24, Ohio State 17

1993/94 Holiday— Ohio State 28, Brigham Young 21

1992/93 Citrus— Georgia 21, Ohio State 14

1991/92 Hall of Fame— Syracuse 24, Ohio State 17

1990/91 Liberty— Air Force 23, Ohio State 11

1989/90 Hall of Fame— Auburn 31, Ohio State 14

1986/87 Cotton— Ohio State 28, Texas A&M 12

1985/86 Citrus— Ohio State 10, Brigham Young 7

1984/85 Rose— Southern California 20, Ohio State 17

1983/84 Fiesta— Ohio State 28, Pittsburgh 23

1982/83 Holiday— Ohio State 47, Brigham Young 17

1981/82 Liberty— Ohio State 31, Navy 28

1980/81 Fiesta— Penn State 31, Ohio State 19

1979/80 Rose— Southern California 17, Ohio State 16

1978/79 Gator— Clemson 17, Ohio State 15

1977/78 Sugar— Alabama 35, Ohio State 6

1976/77 Orange— Ohio State 27, Colorado 10

1975/76 Rose— UCLA 23, Ohio State 10

1974/75 Rose— Southern California 18, Ohio State 17

1973/74 Rose— Ohio State 42, Southern California 21

1972/73 Rose— Southern California 42, Ohio State 17

1970/71 Rose— Stanford 27, Ohio State 17

1968/69 Rose— Ohio State 27, Southern California 16

1957/58 Rose— Ohio State 10, Oregon 7

1954/55 Rose— Ohio State 20, Southern California 7

1949/50 Rose— Ohio State 17, California 14

1920/21 Rose— California 28, Ohio State 0

{{Ohio State bowl games}}

===All-time Big Ten records===
Source: Ohio State Athletics football page

Over the years, Ohio State has either won outright or shared 34 Big Ten titles. The championship in 2009 was OSU's sixth under Jim Tressel. The Buckeyes also won the title in 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007,and 2008. The '06 '07 and '09 titles were won outright.
As of 2009,Ohio State owns an all time 457-190-28 record against all Big Ten opponents past and present.

Chicago Maroons 10-2-2 
Illinois Fighting Illini 62-30-4 
Indiana Hoosiers 66-12-5 
Iowa Hawkeyes 45-14-3 
Michigan Wolverines 43-57-6 
Michigan State Spartans 27-12 
Minnesota Golden Gophers 42-7 
Northwestern Wildcats 59-14-1 
Penn State Nittany Lions 13-12 
Purdue Boilermakers 37-13-2 
Wisconsin Badgers 53-17-5

==Individual awards and achievements==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;" width="250px"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#990000" | '''Retired football jerseys'''<ref>Lamb, p.61</ref>
|-
| '''Number'''|| '''Player'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<hr>
|-
| align=center|'''45''' || [[Archie Griffin]]
|-
| align=center|'''31''' || [[Vic Janowicz]]
|-
| align=center|'''40''' || [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]]
|-
| align=center|'''22''' || [[Les Horvath]]
|-
| align=center|'''27''' || [[Eddie George]]
|-
| align=center|'''47''' || [[Chic Harley|Charles "Chic" Harley]]
|-
| align=center|'''99''' || [[Bill Willis]]
|-
| align=center|'''WH''' || [[Woody Hayes]]
|}

Through the 2006 season Ohio State players have by a significant margin won more trophies than any other NCAA Division 1A program. Ohio State players have won 34 of the listed major awards, with the next closest being 26 (Oklahoma). Ohio State is the only university to have received each of the awards at least once. Of the five awards created prior to 1980 (Heisman, Lombardi, Maxwell, Outland, and Walter Camp), Ohio State has received the most with 25 (Notre Dame follows with 23).

===Heisman Trophy winners===
Ohio State players have won the [[Heisman Trophy]] seven times, which is tied with Notre Dame and USC for the most awards for any given school. '''Archie Griffin''' is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
* [[Les Horvath]] 1944
* [[Vic Janowicz]] 1950
* [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] 1955
* [[Archie Griffin]] 1974, 1975
* [[Eddie George]] 1995
* [[Troy Smith]] 2006

===Heisman Trophy voting===
{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Name
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Place
!bgcolor=#990000 |Pos.
!bgcolor=#990000 |Class
!bgcolor=#990000 |Points
|- align="center"
| [[Gene Fekete]] || 1942 || 8 || B || SR. || 65
|- align="center"
| [[Les Horvath]] || 1944 || '''1''' || QB/RB || SR. || 412
|- align="center"
| [[Warren Amling]] || 1945 || 8 || G. || SR. || 48
|- align="center"
| [[Vic Janowicz]] || 1950 || '''1''' || RB. || JR. || 633
|- align="center"
| [[Howard Cassady]] || 1954 || 3 || RB. || JR. || 885
|- align="center"
| Howard Cassady || 1955 || '''1''' || RB. || SR. || 2219
|- align="center"
| [[Bob White]] || 1958 || 4 || RB. || SR. || ?
|- align="center"
| [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] || 1961 || 2 || FB. || SR. || 771
|- align="center"
| [[Rex Kern]] || 1969 || 3 || QB. || SO. || 856
|- align="center"
| [[Jim Otis]] || 1969 || 7 || FB. || SR. || 121
|- align="center"
| [[Jack Tatum]] || 1969 || 10 || DB. || SO. || 105
|- align="center"
| [[Rex Kern]] || 1970 || 5 || QB. || SR. || 188
|- align="center"
| [[Jack Tatum]] || 1970 || 7 || DB. || SR. || 173
|- align="center"
| [[John Hicks]] || 1973 || 2 || OT. || SR. || 524
|- align="center"
| [[Randy Gradishar]] || 1973 || 6 || LB. || SR. ||282
|- align="center"
| [[Archie Griffin]] || 1974 || '''1''' || TB. || JR. || 1920
|- align="center"
| [[Archie Griffin]] || 1975 || '''1''' || TB. || SR. || 1800
|- align="center"
| [[Keith Byars]] || 1984 || 2 || TB. || JR. || 1251
|- align="center"
| [[Chris Spielman]] || 1986 || 10 || LB. || SR. || 60
|- align="center"
| [[Eddie George]] || 1995 || '''1''' || RB. || SR. || 1460
|- align="center"
| [[Bobby Hoying]] || 1995 || 10 || QB. || SR. || 28
|- align="center"
| [[Orlando Pace]] || 1996 || 4 || OT. || JR. || 599
|- align="center"
| [[AJ Hawk]] || 2005 || 6 || LB. || SR. || 29
|- align="center"
| [[Troy Smith]] || 2006 || '''1''' || QB. || SR. || 2540
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Hesiman Trophy Winners'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''7'''
|}
|}

===Lombardi Award===
Ohio State players have won the [[Lombardi Award]] six times. '''Orlando Pace''' is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
* [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1970
* [[John Hicks]] 1973
* [[Chris Spielman]] 1987
* [[Orlando Pace]] 1995, 1996
* [[A. J. Hawk]] 2005

===Maxwell Award===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Maxwell Award]]:
* Howard "Hopalong" Cassady 1955
* [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] 1961
* Archie Griffin 1975
* Eddie George 1995

===Outland Trophy===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Outland Trophy]]:
* [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] 1956
* [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1970
* [[John Hicks]] 1973
* Orlando Pace 1996

===Walter Camp Award===
Three Ohio State players have won the [[Walter Camp Award]]:
* Archie Griffin 1974, 1975
* Eddie George 1995
* Troy Smith 2006

===Other awards===
* Eddie George received the '''[[Doak Walker Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Terry Glenn]] received the '''[[Fred Biletnikoff Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 1997
* [[Antoine Winfield]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 1998
* [[LeCharles Bentley]] received the '''[[Dave Rimington Trophy]]''' in 2001
* [[B. J. Sander]] received the '''[[Ray Guy Award]]''' in 2003
* [[Mike Nugent]] received the '''[[Lou Groza Award]]''' in 2004
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Bronko Nagurski Trophy]]''' in 2006
* Troy Smith received the '''[[Davey O'Brien Award]]''' in 2006
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 2007
* [[Malcolm Jenkins]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 2008
* [[James Laurinaitis]] received the '''[[Lott Trophy]] ''' in 2008

===All-American and All-Conference honors===
Through 2006 129 Buckeyes have been named first team All-Americans since 1914. Of those, {{American college football All-Americans|Ohio St.|ref=Y}} have been consensus picks. 234 have been named to the All-Big Ten team, and 15 have won the [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football]], the Big Ten's [[Most Valuable Player]] award, including Troy Smith for 2006. The [[Athletic director|Athletic Directors]] of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George '''Big Ten-[[Jesse Owens]]''' '''Athlete of the Year''' for 1996.

On November 22, 2006, ten Buckeyes were named to either the Coaches or Conference media All-Big Ten First Team selections for the 2006 season, and seven were named to both. [[Troy Smith]] was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year. Four other Buckeyes received Second Team honors.

===List of All-Americans===
All records per OSU Athletics.<ref>[http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300//pdf/fb/m-footbl-all-american.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 Ohio State First-Team All-Americans], OSU Athletics, Spring 2008.</ref>

====1910s====
*1914: Boyd Cherry (E)
*1916: [[Chic Harley]] (B), Robert Karch (T)
*1917: Charles Bolen (E), Harold Courtney (E), Chic Harley (B), Kelley VanDyne (C)
*1918: Clarence MacDonald (E)
*1919: Chic Harley (B), [[Gaylord Stinchcomb]] (B)

====1920s====
*1920: Iolas Huffman (G), Gaylord Stinchcomb (B)
*1921: Iolas Huffman (G), Cyril Myers (E)
*1923: Harry Workman (QB)
*1924: [[Cookie Cunningham|Harold Cunningham]] (E)
*1925: Edwin Hess (G)
*1926: Edwin Hess (G), [[Marty Karow]] (HB), Leo Raskowski (T)
*1927: Leo Raskowski (T)
*1928: [[Wes Fesler]] (E)
*1929: Wes Fesler (E)

====1930s====
*1930: Wes Fesler (E), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1931: Carl Cramer (QB), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1932: Joseph Gailus (G), [[Sid Gillman]] (E), Lew Hinchman (HB), Ted Rosequist (T)
*1933: Joseph Gailus (G)
*1934: Regis Monahan (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1935: [[Gomer Jones]] (C), Merle Wendt (E)
*1936: Charles Hamrick (T), Inwood Smith (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1937: Carl Kaplanoff (T), Jim McDonald (QB), Ralph Wolf (C), [[Gust Zarnas]] (G)
*1939: Vic Marino (G), Esco Sarkkinen (E), [[Don Scott (American football)|Don Scott]] (HB)

====1940s====
*1940: Don Scott (HB)
*1942: [[Bob Shaw (American football)|Robert Shaw]] (E), [[Charles Csuri]] (T), [[Lin Houston]] (G), Paul Sarringhaus (HB), Gene Fekete (E)
*1943: [[Bill Willis]] (T)
*1944: Jack Dugger (E), Bill Willis (T), William Hackett (G), [[Les Horvath]] (QB/HB)
*1945: [[Warren Amling]] (G), [[Ollie Cline]] (FB), Russell Thomas (T)
*1946: Warren Amling (G), Cecil Souders (E)

====1950s====
*1950: Robert Momsen (T), Robert McMullogh (C), [[Vic Janowicz]] (HB)
*1952: Mike Takacs (G)
*1954: Dean Dugger (E), [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady|Howard Cassady]] (HB), Jim Reichenbach (G)
*1955: [[# Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] (G), Howard Cassady (HB)
*1956: Jim Parker (G)
*1957: [[Aurealius Thomas]] (G)
*1958: [[Jim Houston]] (E), [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]] (T), [[Bob White (American football)|Bob White]] (E)
*1959: Jim Houston (E)

====1960s====
*1960: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] (FB)
*1961: Bob Ferguson (FB)
*1964: Jim Davis (T), Ike Kelley (LB), Arnie Chonko (DB)
*1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] (G), Ike Kelley (LB)
*1966: Ray Pryor (C)
*1968: [[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] (OT), [[Rufus Mayes]] (OT)
*1969: [[Jim Stillwagon]] (G), [[Rex Kern]] (QB), [[Jim Otis]] (FB), [[Ted Provost]] (CB), [[Jack Tatum]] (CB)

====1970s====
*1970: Jan White (TE), Jim Stillwagon (MG), [[John Brockington]] (FB), Jack Tatum (CB), [[Mike Sensibaugh]] (S), Tim Anderson (CB)
*1971: [[Tom DeLeone]] (C)
*1972: [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] (OT), [[Randy Gradishar]] (LB)
*1973: John Hicks (OT), Randy Gradishar (LB), [[Archie Griffin]] (TB)
*1974: Van Ness DeCree (DE), Kurt Schumacher (OT), Pete Cusick (DT), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Neal Colzie]] (CB), [[Tom Skladany]] (P)
*1975: Ted Smith (OG), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Tim Fox]] (S), Tom Sklandany (P)
*1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] (DE), [[Chris Ward (American football)|Chris Ward]] (OT), [[Giovanni Strassini (American Football)|Giovanni Strassini]] (TE), Tom Sklandany (P)
*1977: Chris Ward (OT), Aaron Brown (NG), [[Tom Cousineau]] (LB), Ray Griffin (S)
*1978: Tom Cousineau (LB)
*1979: Ken Fritz (OG), [[Art Schlichter]] (QB)

====1980s====
*1982: Marcus Marek (LB)
*1984: [[Jim Lachey]] (OG), [[Keith Byars]] (TB)
*1985: [[Pepper Johnson]] (LB)
*1986: [[Cris Carter]] (SE), [[Chris Spielman]] (LB)
*1987: Chris Spielman (LB), [[Tom Tupa]] (P)
*1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] (C)

====1990s====
*1991: [[Steve Tovar]] (LB)
*1992: Steve Tovar (LB)
*1993: [[Korey Stringer]] (OT), [[Dan Wilkinson]] (DT)
*1994: Korey Stringer (OT)
*1995: [[Eddie George]] (TB), [[Terry Glenn]] (FL), [[Orlando Pace]] (OT), [[Mike Vrabel]] (DE)
*1996: Orlando Pace (OT), [[Shawn Springs]] (CB), Mike Vrabel (DE)
*1997: [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] (LB), [[Rob Murphy (football player)|Rob Murphy]] (OG), [[Antoine Winfield]] (CB)
*1998: [[David Boston]] (SE), [[Damon Moore]] (SS), Rob Murphy (OG), Antoine Winfield (CB)
*1999: [[Na'il Diggs]] (LB)

====2000s====
*2000: [[Mike Doss]] (SS)
*2001: [[LeCharles Bentley]] (C), Mike Doss (SS)
*2002: Mike Doss (SS), [[Andy Groom]] (P), [[Mike Nugent]] (PK), [[Matt Wilhelm]] (LB)
*2003: [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]] (DB)
*2004: Mike Nugent (PK), [[A. J. Hawk]] (LB)
*2005: A. J. Hawk (LB)
*2006: [[Troy Smith]] (QB), [[James Laurinaitis]] (LB), [[Quinn Pitcock]] (DL)
*2007: James Laurinaitis (LB), [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (RB)
*2008: James Laurinaitis (LB), Malcolm Jenkins (CB)

===Team season MVPs===
Voted by players at the end of the season.

* 1930: [[Wes Fesler]] - [[End (American football)|end]] - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1931: [[Robert Haubrich]] - [[Offensive tackle|tackle]]
* 1932: [[Lew Hinchman]] - [[halfback (American football)|halfback]]
* 1933: [[Mickey Vuchinich]] - [[fullback (American football)|fullback]]
* 1934: [[Gomer Jones]] - [[Center (American football)|center]]
* 1935: Gomer Jones - center
* 1936: Ralph Wolf - center
* 1937: Ralph Wolf - center
* 1938: [[Jim Langhurst]] - fullback
* 1939: [[Steve Andrako]] - center
* 1940: Claude White - center
* 1941: [[Jack Graf]] - fullback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1942: [[Charles Csuri|Chuck Csuri]] - [[Offensive tackle|tackle]]
* 1943: [[Gordon Appleby]] - center
* 1944: [[Les Horvath]] - [[quarterback]] - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1945: [[Ollie Cline]] - fullback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1946: [[Cecil Souders]] - [[End (American football)|end]]
* 1947: [[Dave Templeton]] - [[Guard (American football)|guard]]
* 1948: [[Joe Whisler]] - fullback
* 1949: [[Jack Lininger]] - center
* 1950: [[Vic Janowicz]] - halfback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1951: [[Vic Janowicz]] - halfback
* 1952: [[Fred Bruney]] - halfback
* 1953: [[George Jacoby]] - tackle
* 1954: [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] - halfback
* 1955: [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] - halfback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1956: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] - guard
* 1957: [[Bill Jobko]] - guard
* 1958: [[Jim Houston]] - end
* 1959: Jim Houston - end
* 1960: [[Tom Matte]] - quarterback
* 1961: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] - fullback
* 1962: [[Billy Armstrong]] - center
* 1963: [[Matt Snell]] - fullback
* 1964: [[Ed Orazen]] - [[defensive lineman]]
* 1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] - [[Guard (American football)|offensive guard]]
* 1966: [[Ray Pryor]] - center
* 1967: [[Dirk Worden]] - [[linebacker]]
* 1968: [[Mark Stier]] - linebacker
* 1969: [[Jim Otis]] - fullback
* 1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]] - defensive lineman
* 1971: [[Tom DeLeone]]- center
* 1972: [[George Hasenohrl]] - defensive lineman
* 1973: [[Archie Griffin]] - [[running back]] - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1974: [[Archie Griffin]] - tailback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1975: [[Cornelius Greene]] - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] - [[defensive end]]
* 1977: [[Dave Adkins]] - linebacker
* 1978: [[Tom Cousineau]] - linebacker
* 1979: [[Jim Laughlin]] - linebacker
* 1980: [[Calvin Murray]] - tailback
* 1981: [[Art Schlichter]] - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1982: [[Tim Spencer]] - [[running back]]
* 1983: [[John Frank]] - [[tight end]]
* 1984: [[Keith Byars]] - running back - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1985: [[Jim Karsatos]] - quarterback
* 1986: [[Cris Carter]] - [[wide receiver]]
* 1987: [[Chris Spielman]] - linebacker
* 1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] - center
* 1989: [[Derek Isaman]] - linebacker
* 1990: [[Jeff Graham]] - wide receiver
* 1991: [[Carlos Snow]] - tailback
* 1992: [[Kirk Herbstreit]] - quarterback
* 1993: [[Raymont Harris]] - tailback
* 1994: [[Korey Stringer]] - [[offensive tackle]]
* 1995: [[Eddie George]] - tailback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1996: [[Orlando Pace]] - offensive tackle - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1997: [[Antoine Winfield]] - [[defensive back]]
* 1998: [[Joe Germaine]] - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1999: [[Ahmed Plummer]] - defensive back
* 2000: [[Derek Combs]] - tailback
* 2001: [[Jonathan Wells (American football)|Jonathan Wells]] - tailback
* 2002: [[Craig Krenzel]] - quarterback / [[Chris Gamble]] - wide receiver/defensive back
* 2003: [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] - wide receiver
* 2004: [[Mike Nugent]] - [[placekicker]]
* 2005: [[A. J. Hawk]] - linebacker
* 2006: [[Troy Smith]]- quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 2007: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris "Beanie" Wells]] - tailback
* 2008: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris "Beanie" Wells]] - tailback

===All-Century Team===
{{see also|Ohio State Football All-Century Team}}

===Ohio State's All-Time Team===
Chosen in 2001 by Athlon Sports. [http://www.athlonsports.com/college-football/4227/ohio-state-all-time-team]
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Offense''' 
'''WR''' [[Paul Warfield]] 1961-63 
'''WR''' [[Cris Carter]] 1984-86 
'''WR''' [[Terry Glenn]] 1993-95 
'''WR''' [[David Boston]] 1996-98 
'''TE''' [[John Frank]] 1980-83 
'''OL''' [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] 1954-56 
'''OL''' [[Korey Stringer]] 1992-94 
'''OL''' [[Gomer Jones]] 1934-35 
'''OL''' [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] 1970, 72-73 
'''OL''' Orlando Pace 1994-96 
'''QB''' [[Rex Kern]] 1967-1970 
'''RB''' Howard "Hopalong" Cassady 1952-55 
'''RB''' Archie Griffin 1972-75 
'''RB''' Eddie George 1992-95 
'''K''' [[Vlade Janakievski]] 1977-80 
{{col-2}}
'''Defense''' 
'''DL''' Wes Fesler 1928-30 
'''DL''' Bill Willis 1942-44 
'''DL''' [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1968-70 
'''DL''' [[Dan Wilkinson]] 1992-93 
'''DL''' [[Mike Vrabel]] 1993-96 
'''LB''' [[Tom Cousineau]] 1975-78 
'''LB''' [[Chris Spielman]] 1984-87 
'''LB''' [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] 1996-98 
'''LB''' [[Marcus Marek]] 1979-82 
'''LB''' [[Steve Tovar]] 1989-92 
'''DB''' Vic Janowicz 1949-51 
'''DB''' [[Jack Tatum]] 1968-70 
'''DB''' [[Mike Sensibaugh]] 1968-70 
'''DB''' [[Neal Colzie]] 1972-74 
'''DB''' [[Antoine Winfield]] 1995-98 
'''P''' [[Tom Tupa]] 1984-87 
{{col-end}}

===NCAA Coach of the Year===
Three Ohio State head coaches have received the '''[[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award]]''' as NCAA Coach of the Year a total of five times:
* [[Woody Hayes]] 1957, 1968, 1975
* [[Earle Bruce]] 1979
* [[Jim Tressel]] 2002
In addition, two coaches were voted "National Coach of the Year" before the inception of the Bryant Award. [[Carroll Widdoes]], acting head coach after [[Paul Brown]] had entered the [[United States Navy]], was voted the honor in 1944. Brown himself was voted the honor in 1942 for winning the [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|National Championship]] but declined in favor of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]'s [[William Alexander (coach)|Bill Alexander]].

===Academic awards and achievements===
====Rhodes Scholarship====
On December 6, 1985, [[Mike Lanese]] was awarded a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to the [[University of Oxford]].

====College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All-Americans====

'''Academic All-American Hall of Fame'''
*Class of 1992 [[Randy Gradishar]]
'''Academic All-Americans'''

''Academic All-American Player of the Year''
*2003 [[Craig Krenzel]]

'''Academic All-Americans'''
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#990000" align=center |Year
!style="background:#990000" align=center |Player
!style="background:#990000" align=center |Position
|-
||1952 ||[[John Borton]] || Quarterback
|-
|1954 ||[[Dick Hilinski]] || Tackle
|-
|1958 ||[[Bob White (American football)|Bob White]] || Fullback
|-
|1961 ||[[Tom Perdue]] || End
|-
|1965 ||[[Bill Ridder]] || Middle guard
|-
|1966 ||[[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] || Offensive tackle
|-
|1967 ||Dave Foley ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1968 ||Dave Foley ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1968 ||[[Mark Stier]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1969 ||[[Bill Urbanik]] ||Defensive tackle
|-
|1971 ||Rick Simon ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1973 ||[[Randy Gradishar]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1974 ||[[Brian Baschnagel]] ||Running back
|-
|1975 ||Brian Baschnagel ||Running back
|-
|1976 ||[[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] ||Fullback
|-
|1976 ||[[Bill Lukens]] ||Offensive guard
|-
|1977 ||[[Jeff Logan]] ||Running back
|-
|1980 ||[[Marcus Marek]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1980 ||[[John Weisensell]]¹ ||Offensive guard
|-
|1982 ||Joe Smith ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1982 ||[[John Frank]] ||Tight end
|-
|1983 ||John Frank ||Tight end
|-
|1983 ||[[Dave Crecelius]]¹|| Defensive tackle
|-
|1984 ||Dave Crecelius ||Defensive tackle
|-
|1984 ||[[Mike Lanese]] ||Wide receiver
|-
|1984 ||[[Anthony Tiuliani]]¹ ||Defensive tackle
|-
|1985 ||Mike Lanese ||Wide receiver
|-
|1987 ||[[Joe Staysniak]]¹ ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1989 ||Joe Staysniak ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1990 ||Greg Smith¹ ||Defensive line
|-
|1992 ||[[Len Hartman]] ||Offensive guard
|-
|1992 ||Greg Smith ||Defensive line
|-
|1995 ||[[Greg Bellisari]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1996 ||Greg Bellisari ||Linebacker
|-
|1998 ||[[Jerry Rudzinski]]¹ ||Linebacker
|-
|1999 ||[[Ahmed Plummer]] ||Cornerback
|-
|2002 ||[[Craig Krenzel]]¹ ||Quarterback
|-
|2003 ||Craig Krenzel ||Quarterback
|-
|2006 ||[[Anthony Gonzalez]] ||Wide receiver
|-
|2006 ||[[Stan White, Jr]] ||Fullback
|-
|2007 ||[[Brian Robiskie]] ||Wide receiver
|-
|2008||[[Brian Robiskie]] ||Wide receiver
|-
|}
¹2nd team award

====National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame====

'''[[Draddy Trophy|Vincent dePaul Draddy Trophy]]''' ("Academic Heisman")
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*2003 [[Craig Krenzel]]

'''National Scholar-Athlete Awards'''

Ohio State's eighteen NFF Scholar-Athlete Awards rank second only to [[University of Nebraska system|Nebraska]]'s twenty among all college football programs.
*1965 [[Willard Sander]]
*1968 [[David Foley]]
*1970 [[Rex Kern]]
*1973 [[Randy Gradishar]]
*1975 [[Brian Baschnagel]]
*1979 [[Jim Laughlin]]
*1982 Joe Smith
*1983 [[John Frank]]
*1984 [[Dave Crecelius]]
*1985 [[Mike Lanese]]
*1989 [[Joe Staysniak]]
*1990 [[Greg Frey]]
*1992 Greg Smith
*1994 [[Joey Galloway]]
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*1996 [[Greg Bellisari]]
*1999 [[Ahmed Plummer]]

==Individual school records==
{{see also|Ohio State Buckeyes football yearly statistical leaders}}

===Rushing records===
* Most rushing attempts, career: 924, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972-75)
* Most rushing attempts, season: 336, [[Keith Byars]] (1984)
* Most rushing attempts, game: 44, [[Champ Henson]] (November 18, 1972 at [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]])
* Most rushing yards, career: 5,589, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972-75)
* Most rushing yards, season: 1,927, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most rushing yards, game: 314, [[Eddie George]] (November 11, 1995 vs. [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]])
* Most rushing yards against Michigan, game: 222, [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (November 17, 2007)
* Most rushing touchdowns, career: 56, [[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] (1973-76)
* Most rushing touchdowns, season: 25, Pete Johnson (1975)
* Most rushing touchdowns, game: 5, Pete Johnson (September 27, 1975 vs. [[North Carolina Tar Heels football|North Carolina]]) and Keith Byars (October 13, 1984 vs. Illinois)
* Longest run from scrimmage: 89 yards, Gene Fekete (November 7, 1942 vs. [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, career: 34, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972-75)
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, season: 12, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, career: 5 [[Eddie George]] (1992-95)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, season: 3, [[Eddie George]] (1995)

===Passing records===
* Most passing attempts, career: 934, [[Art Schlichter]] (1978-81)
* Most passing attempts, season: 384, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing attempts, game: 52, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]])
* Most passing completions, career: 498, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992-95)
* Most passing completions, season: 230, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing completions, game: 31, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. Florida State) and Joe Germaine (October 31, 1998 at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most passing yards, career: 7,547, Art Schlichter (1978-81)
* Most passing yards, season: 3,330, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing yards, game: 458, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. Florida State)
* Most passing touchdowns, career: 57, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992-95)
* Most passing touchdowns, season: 30, [[Troy Smith]] (2006)
* Most passing touchdowns, game: 5, John Borton (October 18, 1952 vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and twice by [[Bobby Hoying]] (October 22, 1994 vs. [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue]] and September 23, 1995 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
*Longest pass completion: 86 yards, Art Schlichter to Calvin Murray (September 22, 1979 vs. Washington State)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, career: 16, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992-95)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, season: 11, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1995) and Joe Germaine (1998)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, career: 8, [[Joe Germaine]] (1996-98)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, season: 7, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)

===Receiving records===
* Most receptions, career: 191, [[David Boston]] (1996-98)
* Most receptions, season: 85, David Boston (1998)
* Most receptions, game: 14, David Boston (October 11, 1997 at [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]])
* Most receiving yards, career: 2,898, [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] (2000-03)
* Most receiving yards, season: 1,435, David Boston (1998)
* Most receiving yards, game: 253, [[Terry Glenn]] (September 23, 1995 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most touchdown receptions, career: 34, David Boston (1996-98)
* Most touchdown receptions, season: 17, Terry Glenn (1995)
* Most touchdown receptions, game: 4, Bob Grimes (October 18, 1952 vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and Terry Glenn (September 23, 1995 at Pittsburgh)
* Longest pass reception: 86 yards, Calvin Murray from Art Schlichter (September 22, 1979 vs. Washington State)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, career: 14, David Boston (1996-98)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, season: 9, David Boston (1998)
* Yards per Reception: 26.4, [[Jim Houston]] (1957-59)

===Kickoff return records===
* Most kickoff returns, career: 72, Maurice Hall (2001-04)
* Most kickoff returns, season: 31, [[Ken-Yon Rambo]] (1999)
* Most kickoff returns, game: 7, [[Vince Workman]] (November 7, 1987 at [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]])
* Most kickoff return yards, career: 1,642, Maurice Hall (2001-04)
* Most kickoff return yards, season: 653, Ken-Yon Rambo (1999)
* Most kickoff return yards, game: 213, [[Carlos Snow]] (September 17, 1988 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most kickoff return touchdowns, career: 2, Dean Sensanbaugher (1943-47) and Lenny Willis (1974)
* Longest kickoff return: 103 yards, Dean Sensanbaugher (October 9, 1943 at Great Lakes)

===Punt return records===
* Most punt returns, career: 98, [[David Boston]] (1996-98)
* Most punt returns, season: 47, David Boston (1997) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt returns, game: 9, Tom Campana (October 16, 1971 at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most punt return yards, career: 959, David Boston (1996-98)
* Most punt return yards, season: 679, [[Neal Colzie]] (1973) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt return yards, game: 170, Neal Colzie (November 10, 1973 vs. [[Michigan State Spartans football|Michigan State]])
* Most punt return touchdowns, career: 6, [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] (2004-06) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Longest punt return: 90 yards, Brian Hartline (October 13, 2007 vs. [[Kent State Golden Flashes|Kent State]])

==Scoring Records==
Most points, career, Mike Nugent 358
Avrage points per game, Chic Harley 8.4

===Team highs===
* Most points scored, game, 128 v.s Oberlin 1916
* Most offensive yards, game, 714 v.s Mt. Union 1930
* Most team TD, game, 19 v.s Oberlin 1916

==Buckeyes in the NFL==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"
|+ style="font-size: larger;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center|Buckeyes in the NFL
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center|NFL Draft selections
|-
! Total selected:
| align=center|329
|-
! First picks in draft:
| align=center|3
|-
! 1st Round:
| align=center|68
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center| NFL achievements
|-
! Total Players:
| align=center|308
|-
! In the [[Super Bowl]]:
| align=center|54
|-
! [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Famers]]:
| align=center|6
|-
|}
39 former Ohio State players are currently active on rosters of [[National Football League]] teams: [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]], [[Kirk Barton]], [[Alex Boone]], [[Bobby Carpenter (American football)|Bobby Carpenter]], [[Nate Clements]], [[Na'il Diggs]], [[Marcus Freeman]], [[Chris Gamble]], [[Vernon Gholston]], [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]], [[Anthony Gonzalez]], [[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]], [[Brian Hartline]], [[Ben Hartsock]], [[A. J. Hawk]], [[Santonio Holmes]], [[Kevin Houser]], [[Malcolm Jenkins]], [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]], [[James Laurinaitis]], [[Nick Mangold]], [[Donnie Nickey]], [[Orlando Pace]], [[Kenny Peterson]], [[Ryan Pickett]], [[Jay Richardson]], [[Brian Robiskie]], [[Rob Sims]], [[Antonio Smith (cornerback) |Antonio Smith]], [[Will Smith (American football)|Will Smith]], [[Troy Smith]], [[Shawn Springs]], [[Mike Vrabel]], [[Donald Washington]], [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]], [[Donte Whitner]], [[Matt Wilhelm]], [[Antoine Winfield]], and [[Ashton Youboty]].

Former notable NFL players who played at Ohio State include: [[Lou Groza]], [[Dante Lavelli]], [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]], [[Bill Willis]], [[Cris Carter]], [[Paul Warfield]], [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]], [[Jim Houston]], [[Jack Tatum]], [[Randy Gradishar]], [[Dick Schafrath]], [[Jim Lachey]], [[Tom Tupa]], [[Chris Spielman]], [[Robert Smith (football player)|Robert Smith]], [[Korey Stringer]], [[Raymont Harris]], and [[Eddie George]]. Groza, Lavelli, Parker, Warfield, and Willis have been inducted into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]].

In the [[2004 NFL Draft]], 14 Buckeyes were drafted, a record number for any school in a single draft.

===Players selected in NFL Drafts===
With two first-round selections in 2007, the Buckeyes have the second most first-round selections all-time in the history of the [[NFL Draft]], one less than USC (67).<ref name="2007nfl"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/043007aaa.html| title = Eight Buckeyes in NFL Draft| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 1 May 2007}}</ref> The Buckeyes had another first round selection in 2008, and two more in 2009.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2007 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |''''''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|9 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|32 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Anthony Gonzalez]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|18 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Quinn Pitcock]] || Defensive end
|-
| 4 || align=center|107 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Antonio Pittman]] || Running Back
|-
| 5 || align=center|138 || [[Oakland Raiders]] || [[Jay Richardson]] || Defensive tackle
|-
| 5 || align=center|169 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] || [[Roy Hall]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|174 || [[Baltimore Ravens]] || [[Troy Smith]] || Quarterback
|-
| 6 || align=center|198 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] || [[Doug Datish]] || Center
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2008 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |''''''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|6 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Vernon Gholston]] || Defensive Line
|-
| 7 || align=center|214 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|247 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Kirk Barton]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2009 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |''''''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Malcolm Jenkins]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] || Running back
|-
| 2 || align=center|35 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[James Laurinaitis]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|36 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Brian Robiskie]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|102 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Donald Washington]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|108 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Brian Hartline]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|154 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Marcus Freeman (linebacker)|Marcus Freeman]] || Linebacker
|}

==2009 depth chart==
'''Offensive'''
*QB - [[Terrelle Pryor]], So.
*TB - Dan Herron, So.
*WR - Duron Carter, Fr.
*WR - Dane Sanzenbacher, Jr.
*WR - DeVier Posey, So.
*TE - Jake Ballard, Sr.
*LT - Mike Adams, So.
*LG - Justin Boren, Jr.
* C - Michael Brewster, So.
*RG - Bryant Browning, Jr.
*RT - Jim Cordle, Sr.

'''Defense'''
*DE - Thad Gibson, Jr.
*DE - Doug Worthington, Sr.
*DT - Dexter Larimore, Jr.
*DT - Cameron Heyward, Jr.
*LB - Ross Homan, Jr.
*LB - Brian Rolle, Jr.
*LB - Austin Spitler, Sr.
*CB - Chimdi Chekwa, Jr.
*CB - Andre Amos, Sr.
* S - Kurt Coleman, Sr.
* S - Jermale Hines, Sr.

'''Special Teams'''
*LS - Jake McQuaide, Sr.
[http://www.nmnathletics.com/fls/17300/pdf/fb/09-depthchart.pdf?SPSID=87743&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 OSU Depth Chart]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| author=Jack Park
| chapter=
| title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| isbn= 1-58261-006-1
| year=2002| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Jim Tressel
| chapter=
| title=What It Means To Be A Buckeye
| editor=Jeff Snook
| publisher=Triumph Books
| isbn= 1-57243-602-6
| year=2003| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Greenberg, S.; Ratermann, D.
| chapter=
| title=I Remember Woody
| editor=
| publisher=Triumph Books
| isbn= 1-57243-674-3
| year=2004| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Robert Vare
| chapter=
| title=Buckeye: A Study of Coach Woody Hayes and the Ohio State Football Machine
| editor=
| publisher=Harper's Magazine Press
| isbn= 0-06-129150-1
| year=1974| pages=}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/SportSelect.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17300&KEY=&SPID=10408&SPSID=87743 Ohio State Football - Official site]
* [http://www.lostlettermen.com/team/?sport=football&conference=Big+10&school=Ohio+State Ohio State All-Time Letterwinners Database]

{{Ohio State University}}
{{BuckeyesFootballTeams}}
{{Navbox
|navbar = plain
|title = National Championship Navigation Boxes
|liststyle = font-size:100%;
|list1 =
{{1942 Buckeyes}}
{{1954 Ohio State football}}
{{1957 Ohio State football}}
{{1961 Ohio State football}}
{{1968 Ohio State football}}
{{1970 Ohio State football}}
{{2002 Ohio State football}}
}}
{{Big Ten football}}
{{CurrentB10FBCoaches}}
{{Big Ten Football Venues}}
{{Big Ten Marching Bands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohio State Buckeyes Football}}
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football|*]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1890]]

Say Say Say

2009-11-11T20:34:33Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 66.176.220.24 identified as vandalism to last revision by Statmo1921. using TW

{{Infobox single
| Name = Say Say Say
| Cover = SaySaySay.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Michael Jackson]]
| from Album = [[Pipes of Peace]]
| A-side =
| B-side = "Ode to a Koala Bear"
| Released = {{start date|1983|10|9}}
| Format = [[Single (music)|7" single]]
| Recorded = 1982
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] 
| Length = 3:55
| Label = [[Parlophone Records]] / [[Columbia Records]] U.S.
| Writer = [[Michael Jackson]] [[Paul McCartney]]
| Producer = [[George Martin]]
| Certification = [[Recording Industry Association of America|Platinum]]
| Chart position =
| Chronology = Paul McCartney singles
| Last single = "[[The Girl Is Mine]]" (1982)
| This single = "'''Say Say Say'''" (1983)
| Next single = "[[Pipes of Peace (song)|Pipes of Peace]]" (1983)
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Michael Jackson]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)]]" (1983)
| This single = "'''Say Say Say'''" (1983)
| Next single = "[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]" (1983)
}}
{{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Rear cover
| Type = Single
| Cover = Say Say Say rear cover.jpg
}}
}}

"'''Say Say Say'''" is a song by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Michael Jackson]]. The track was written by the duo, and produced by [[George Martin]] for McCartney's fifth solo album, ''[[Pipes of Peace]]'' (1983). The song was the pair's second duet to be released, following "[[The Girl Is Mine]]" for Jackson's ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' (1982), however, it had been recorded one year before, at the same time as McCartney's ''[[Tug of War (album)|Tug of War]]'' (1982) album. The single became Jackson's seventh top ten hit in a year upon its release in October 1983. "Say Say Say" was a number one hit in the US and peaked at number two in the UK. Number one in Canada, Finland, Italy, Norway and Sweden, the single also peaked within the top ten in Australia, Austria and New Zealand.

[[Music recording sales certification|Certified]] platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], the song was promoted with a [[music video]] directed by [[Bob Giraldi]]. The video, filmed in [[Santa Ynez Valley]], [[California]], featured cameo appearances by [[Linda McCartney]], and [[La Toya Jackson]]. The short film centered around two [[con artists]], "Mac and Jack", and introduced dialogue and storylines to music videos. Upon its release, the video was considered too violent by the National Coalition on Television Violence. "Say Say Say" was covered by the Dutch music group [[Hi-Tack]] in early 2006. They took the song to number four on the [[UK singles chart]].

==Recording==
Prior to the release of "Say Say Say", McCartney had collaborated with Jackson on "[[The Girl Is Mine]]", for Jackson's ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' album. In return, Jackson agreed to include "Say Say Say" on McCartney's ''[[Pipes of Peace]]''.<ref>Stephen Thomas Erlewine & William Ruhlmann. [http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/mccartney_paul/artist.jhtml "Paul McCartney biography"]. [[MTV]]. Retrieved on March 3, 2009.</ref> The song was recorded at [[Abbey Road Studios]] from May to September 1981. During this time, McCartney was also recording ''[[Tug of War (album)|Tug of War]]'', his first solo album since splitting from [[Wings (band)|Wings]].<ref name="halstead 268">Halstead, p. 268</ref> Jackson stayed at the home of McCartney and his wife [[Linda McCartney|Linda]] during the recording sessions, becoming friendly with both. One evening whilst at the dining table, McCartney brought out a booklet displaying all the songs to which he owned the publishing rights. "This is the way to make big money", the musician told Jackson. "Every time someone records one of these songs, I get paid. Every time someone plays these songs on the radio, or in live performances, I get paid". McCartney's words later influenced Jackson's purchase of the [[Northern Songs]] song catalogue in 1985.<ref name="tara 333">Taraborrelli, p. 333</ref> The recording of "Say Say Say" was completed in February 1983. [[George Martin]], who had worked with [[The Beatles]], produced "Say Say Say". He said of Jackson, "He actually does radiate an aura when he comes into the studio, there's no question about it. He's not a musician in the sense that Paul is...but he does know what he wants in music and he has very firm ideas".<ref name="halstead 268"/> Upon [[Death of Michael Jackson|Jackson's death]] in June 2009, McCartney commented on his time working with the singer. "I feel privileged to have hung out and worked with Michael. He was a massively talented boy man with a gentle soul. His music will be remembered forever and my memories of our time together will be happy ones."<ref name="Michael Jackson: the best of the tributes">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5656181/Michael-Jackson-the-best-of-the-tributes.html|title=Michael Jackson: the best of the tributes|last=Wardrop|first=Murray|date=June 27, 2009|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=June 27, 2009}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
Following the release of ''Thriller'' and its accompanying singles, "Say Say Say" was released on October 9, 1983.<ref name="halstead 269">Halstead, p. 269</ref> Remaining atop the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'''s Hot 100]] for six weeks, the single was Jackson's seventh top ten hit in a year—breaking a record previously held by The Beatles and [[Elvis Presley]].<ref name="Campbell 68">Campbell, p. 68</ref> It was also Jackson's third single to top the Hot 100; "Say Say Say", "[[Billie Jean]]" and "[[Beat It]]" logged Jackson sixteen combined weeks at the top. Peaking at number two on the [[R&B chart]], "Say Say Say" also reached number three on the [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] chart.<ref name="halstead 269"/><ref name="George 39">George, p. 39</ref> The song had peaked at number ten in the UK and was slowly dropping in the charts. An interview was then held with McCartney, who discussed the song's music video. Screenings of the video on ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' (who only played singles that were rising in the charts and uniquely played this as it was falling), ''[[The Tube (TV series)|The Tube]]'' and [[Noel Edmonds]]' ''[[The Late, Late Breakfast Show]]'' helped propel the song back up to number two on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="Barrow 92">Barrow, p. 92</ref><ref>[http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=11063 Chartstats - "Say Say Say" weekly UK Chart positions]</ref> Reaching number one in Canada, Finland, Italy, Norway and Sweden, the single was also within the top ten of Austria and New Zealand.<ref name="halstead 269"/><ref name="Barrow 92"/><ref name="Austria"/>

"Say Say Say" received mixed reviews from [[music critics]]. The song was named as having the worst lyrics of 1983 by Anthony Violanti of ''[[The Buffalo News]]''.<ref name="Schlock: An Unusually Confused and Nasal Dylan">Violanti, Anthony (August 18, 1996). "Schlock: An Unusually Confused and Nasal Dylan". ''[[The Buffalo News]]''. Retrieved on March 19, 2009.</ref> The ''[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]'' stated that aside from "Say Say Say" and "The Man", "McCartney wastes the rest of the album [''Pipes of Peace''] on bathos and whimsy".<ref name="Paul McCartney's New Album Is Just 'Embarrassing Fluff'">"Paul McCartney's New Album Is Just 'Embarrassing Fluff'". ''[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]''. (January 15, 1983). Retrieved on March 19, 2009.</ref> [[Los Angeles Times]]' Paul Grein claimed that McCartney redeemed himself with the success of the "spunky" song "but plunged back into wimpdom with '[[No More Lonely Nights]]'".<ref name="Hits That Hurt In Some Cases, That Top 10 Smash Can Smash an Artist's Image">Grein, Paul (January 3, 1988). "Hits That Hurt In Some Cases, That Top 10 Smash Can Smash an Artist's Image". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Retrieved on March 19, 2009.</ref> Whitney Pastorek compared the song to McCartney's duet with [[Stevie Wonder]], "[[Ebony and Ivory]]". She asserted that "Say Say Say" was a better song and had a better, "though slightly more nonsensical", video. She added that the song had no "heavy-handed social content".<ref name="This Week in '82">{{cite web|first=Whitney|last=Pastorek|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20037860_2,00.html|title=This Week in '82|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|date=May 3, 2007|accessdate=March 19, 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Collegian (Penn State)|The Daily Collegian]]'' of [[Penn State]] described the track as a good song, despite the [[ad nauseam]] broadcasts of it.<ref name="McCartney and Simon">{{cite web|first=Ron|last=Yeany|url=http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=DCG/1983/11/09&EntityId=Ar01400|title=McCartney and Simon|publisher=''[[The Daily Collegian (Penn State)|The Daily Collegian]]''|date=November 22, 1990|accessdate=March 2, 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Deseret News]]'' noted that the "pleading love song" had a "masterful, catchy hook".<ref name="McCartney, Jackson together again">{{cite web |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DwcPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AIMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7210,1553388&dq=say-say-say+jackson|title=McCartney, Jackson together again|publisher=''[[Deseret News]]''|date=(November 18, 1993)|accessdate=March 7, 2009}}</ref> In a ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' review, the track was described as an "amiable though vapid dance groove". The reviewer, Parke Puterbaugh, added that it was "instantly hit-bound froth-funk that tends, after all, toward banality".<ref name="Pipes of Peace review">{{cite web|first=Parke|last=Puterbaugh|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/212833/review/5945684?utm_source=Rhapsody&utm_medium=CDreview|title=Pipes of Peace review|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|date=January 19, 1984|accessdate=March 7, 2009}}</ref> [[Salon.com]] later described the song as a "sappy duet". They concluded that McCartney had become a "wimpy old fart".<ref name="The ballad of Paul and Yoko">{{cite web|first=Gilbert|last=Garcia|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/music/feature/2003/01/27/paul_yoko/index1.html|title=The ballad of Paul and Yoko|publisher=[[Salon.com]]|date=Jan 27, 2003 |accessdate=March 7, 2009}}</ref> The single was later [[music recording sales certification|certified]] platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], for shipments of at least one million units.<ref name="halstead 269"/> The song was also covered by the Dutch music group [[Hi-Tack]] in early 2006. Hi-Tack took the song, entitled "Say Say Say (Waiting For U), to number four on the UK singles chart.<ref name="halstead 270">Halstead, p. 270</ref>

==Music video==
{{listen|filename=Paul_McCartney_and_Michael_Jackson_Say_Say_Say.ogg|title=Say Say Say|description="Say Say Say" was recorded during Paul McCartney's "''War'' sessions", and was a number one hit for him and Michael Jackson.}}
Directed by [[Bob Giraldi]], who also directed "Beat It", the music video for "Say Say Say" featured cameo appearances by [[Linda McCartney]], [[La Toya Jackson]] and [[Mr. T]].<ref name="halstead 270"/><ref name="Linda McCartney Dies Of Cancer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425543/19980420/beatles.jhtml|title=Linda McCartney Dies Of Cancer|publisher=MTV|date=(April 20, 1998)|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> It was filmed in [[Santa Ynez Valley]], [[California]], and McCartney had to fly out to Jackson; the latter's schedule was busy.<ref name="Campbell 69">Campbell, p. 69</ref> As "Mac and Jack", the duo play a pair of conmen selling a "miracle potion". The salesman (McCartney) offers Jackson the potion, claiming it's "guaranteed to give you the strength of a raging bull". Jackson drinks the potion and challenges a large man, also in on the scam, to arm wrestle. Upon Jackson winning, the crowd surges forward, hoping to buy the magical potion. With the money earned from the scam, Mac and Jack donate it all to an [[orphanage]].<ref name="Campbell 69"/> In their hotel, Jackson enters the bathroom while McCartney is shaving. McCartney playfully dabs shaving foam on Jackson's cheek, despite the fact that Jackson does not need a shave. McCartney and Jackson then star as [[vaudeville]] performers singing and dancing at a bar.<ref name="Curtis 323">Curtis, p. 323</ref> On stage, the duo appear in clown makeup at one point and quickly go through a number of costume changes.<ref name="Lhamon 219">Lhamon, p. 219</ref> Jackson's love interest, with whom he flirts, was played by his sister La Toya.<ref name="Happy birthday MJ">{{cite web|first=Davina|last=Morris|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=14158|title=Happy birthday MJ|publisher=''[[The Voice (newspaper)|The Voice]]''|date=August 24, 2008|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> The video ends with Paul, Linda and Michael driving off into the sunset. La Toya, handed a bunch of flowers by McCartney, is left at the roadside.<ref name="Curtis 323"/> The video cost the singers $500,000 to make.<ref name="Barrow 92"/>

Giraldi said of the duo, "Michael didn't outdance Paul, and Paul didn't outsing Michael". He added that making the video was hard work, "The egos could fill a room".<ref name="SSS Giraldi">{{cite web|first=Guy|last=Garcia|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952263,00.html|title='Say Say Say' - Bob Giraldi|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|date=November 18, 1983|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> The video introduced both dialogue and storyline, an element extended upon in ''[[Thriller (music video)|Thriller]]''.<ref name="Thriller video">{{cite web|first=Ron|last=Sklar|url=http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=DCG/1983/12/07&EntityId=Ar02201|title=Thriller video|publisher=''The Daily Collegian''|date=November 23, 1990|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> Upon its release, the National Coalition of Television Violence classified the music video as too violent to be aired. They also classified ''Thriller'' and more than half of the 200 videos surveyed from [[MTV]] as being overtly violent.<ref name="25 'Thriller' facts">{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=Day|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-web-thrillertrivia12feb12,0,5481196.story?track=rss|title=25 'Thriller' facts|publisher=''Los Angeles Times''|date=February 12, 2008|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Manchester Evening News]]'' later described the video as an "anarchic caper" that "plays out like an [[Emir Kusturica]] feature".<ref name="DVD review: Paul McCartney - The McCartney Years (Warner)">{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Gilliver|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/entertainment/music/s/1025047_dvd_review_paul_mccartney__the_mccartney_years_warner_|title=DVD review: Paul McCartney - The McCartney Years (Warner)|publisher=''[[The Manchester Evening News]]''|date=November 20, 2007|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> [[PopMatters]] stated that the music videos of "Say Say Say" and "[[Goodnight Tonight]]" turned "a pair of otherwise forgettable songs into something worth watching".<ref name="Old rockers go on a DVD roll">{{cite web|first=Terry|last=Lawson|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/old-rockers-go-on-a-dvd-roll|title=Old rockers go on a DVD roll|publisher=[[PopMatters]]|date=November 20, 2007|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> Steven Greenlee of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' reflected that the video was both "horrifying and compelling", while noting the ridiculousness of a potion aiding Jackson in beating somebody at arm wrestling. He added, "It's even harder to believe that the two of them didn't get the pulp beaten out of them in that bar for dressing like a pair of [[Chess King]] employees".<ref name="Back when MTV had videos">{{cite web|first=Steven|last=Greenlee|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/gallery/2008mtv_music_videos?pg=6|title=Back when MTV had videos|publisher=''[[The Boston Globe]]''|date=|accessdate=March 16, 2009}}</ref> The video was later included on the McCartney [[DVD]], ''[[The McCartney Years]]''.<ref name="Jackson and McCartney Will Continue To Thrill">{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Cashmere|url=http://www.undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=3741|title=Jackson and McCartney Will Continue To Thrill|publisher=Undercover.com.au|date=December 31, 2007|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Music DVDs easy on ears and Santa’s aching back">{{cite web|first=Ellis|last=Widner|url=http://www.nwanews.com/adg/Style/210859/|title=Music DVDs easy on ears and Santa’s aching back|publisher=''[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]''|date=December 16, 2007|accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref>

==Track listings==
;7" single
#"Say Say Say"
# "Ode to a Koala Bear"

;12" single
#"Say Say Say" (remix by John "Jellybean" Benitez)
# "Say Say Say" (instrumental)
# "Ode to a Koala Bear"

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Kent Music Report|Australian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 4 <ref name="Australia">{{Cite web|http://www.australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=27159&pages=|title=Australian Chart Archive 1983|accessdate=September 19, 2009|publisher=australian-charts.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 10 <ref name="Austria">{{Cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Paul+McCartney+%26+Michael+Jackson&titel=Say+Say+Say&cat=s|title=Austrian Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=March 3, 2009|publisher=austriancharts.at}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"| 8 <ref name="dutch">{{Cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Paul+McCartney+%26+Michael+Jackson&titel=Say+Say+Say&cat=s|title=Dutch Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=March 3, 2009|publisher=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart
|align="center"| 1 <ref name="halstead 269"/>
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart
|align="center"| 1 <ref name="halstead 269"/>
|-
|align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 1 <ref name="norway">{{Cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Paul+McCartney+%26+Michael+Jackson&titel=Say+Say+Say&cat=s|title=Norwegian Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=March 3, 2009|publisher=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Swedish Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 1 <ref name="sweden">{{Cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Paul+McCartney+%26+Michael+Jackson&titel=Say+Say+Say&cat=s|title=Swedish Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=March 3, 2009|publisher=swedishcharts.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 2 <ref name="switzerland">{{Cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Paul+McCartney+%26+Michael+Jackson&titel=Say+Say+Say&cat=s|title=Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=March 3, 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| [[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 2<ref name="halstead 269"/>
|-
|align="left"| US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"| 1 <ref name="halstead 269"/>
|-
|align="left"| US [[R&B singles chart|R&B Singles Chart]]
|align="center"| 2 <ref name="halstead 269"/>
|}

==Credits==
*Written, arranged and composed by Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney
*Lead and background vocals by Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney
*Produced by George Martin
*Engineered by [[Geoff Emerick]]
*[[Harmonica]] by Chris Smith
*[[Guitar]] by Paul McCartney
*[[Rhythm Guitar]] by David Williams
*[[Bass guitar]] by Paul McCartney
*[[Drums]] by Paul McCartney
*[[Synthesizer]] by Paul McCartney

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Barrow |first=Tony |title=Inside the Music Business |year=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415136601}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Lisa|title=Michael Jackson: The King of Pop|publisher=Branden|year=1993|isbn=082831957X}}
* {{cite book |last=Curtis |first=James M. |title=Rock Eras |year=1987 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=0879723696}}
* {{cite album-notes |title=The Ultimate Collection |albumlink=The Ultimate Collection (Michael Jackson album) |year=2004 |bandname=[[Michael Jackson]] |format=booklet |publisher=[[Sony BMG]] |last=George |first=Nelson |authorlink=Nelson George}}
* {{cite book |last=Halstead |first=Craig |title=Michael Jackson: For the Record |year=2007 |publisher=Authors OnLine |id=ISBN 978-0-7552026-7-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lhamon |first=W.H. |title=Raising Cain |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0674747119}}
* {{cite book |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli |title=The Magic and the Madness |year=2004 |publisher=Headline |location=Terra Alta, WV |id=ISBN 0-330-42005-4}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Night Long (All Night)]]" by [[Lionel Richie]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[December 10]] [[1983]] – [[January 14]] [[1984]]
| after = "[[Owner of a Lonely Heart]]" by [[Yes (band)|Yes]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Michael Jackson}}
{{Michael Jackson singles}}
{{Paul McCartney}}
{{Paul McCartney singles}}

[[Category:1983 singles]]
[[Category:Paul McCartney songs]]
[[Category:Michael Jackson songs]]
[[Category:Parlophone singles]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Italy]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Sweden]]
[[Category:Songs produced by George Martin]]
[[Category:Songs written by Paul McCartney]]
[[Category:Songs written by Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Bob Giraldi]]
[[Category:Vocal duets]]

[[es:Say Say Say]]
[[fr:Say Say Say]]
[[it:Say Say Say]]
[[nl:Say Say Say]]
[[ja:セイ・セイ・セイ]]
[[no:Say Say Say]]
[[pl:Say Say Say]]
[[pt:Say Say Say]]
[[sr:Say Say Say]]
[[sv:Say Say Say]]

Brent Grimes

2009-11-02T22:21:41Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 76.97.100.4 identified as vandalism to last revision by WutFR. using TW

{{Infobox NFLactive
|name=Brent Grimes
|image=Brent Grimes-Hamburg Sea Devils.jpg
|width=200
|caption=Brent Grimes, [[Hamburg Sea Devils]]
|currentteam=Atlanta Falcons
|currentnumber=20
|currentpositionplain=[[Cornerback]]
|birthdate={{birth date and age|1983|7|19}}
|birthplace=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|heightft=5
|heightin=8
|weight=180
|debutyear=2007
|debutteam=Atlanta Falcons
|college=[[Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania#Athletics|Shippensburg University (PA)]]
|undraftedyear=2006
|pastteams=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Atlanta Falcons]] (2006-present)
|status=Active
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* 3x [[All-America]]n (2003-2005)
|nfl=GRI674817
}}
'''Brent Omar Grimes''' (born [[July 19]], [[1983]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]) is an [[American football]] [[cornerback]] for the [[Atlanta Falcons]] of the [[National Football League]]. He was originally signed by the Falcons as an [[undrafted free agent]] in 2006. He played [[college football]] at [[Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania#Athletics|Shippensburg University (PA)]].

==Professional career==
===Atlanta Falcons===
Originally signed as a rookie free agent by the Atlanta Falcons on May 16, 2006. Re-signed by the Falcons on January 10, 2007 and was allocated to the [[Amsterdam Admirals]] of [[NFL Europa]].

Signed to the Falcons practice squad following training camp. Was activated to the 53-man roster on October 29, but was waived and signed back to the practice squad on November 6.

Elevated to Atlanta’s 53-man roster on December 17, 2007

[[Image:Brent Grimes.jpg|thumb|right|Grimes with the Falcons in 2009.]]
Spent the majority of the season on the Falcons practice squad before competing in the final two games of the season.

Led the team in tackles with 11 in his NFL debut against the [[Arizona Cardinals]] (12/23).

==External links==
*[http://www.atlantafalcons.com/People/Players/Active/Brent_Grimes.aspx Atlanta Falcons bio]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grimes, Brent}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American football cornerbacks]]
[[Category:Shippensburg Red Raiders football players]]
[[Category:Undrafted National Football League players]]
[[Category:Atlanta Falcons players]]
[[Category:Amsterdam Admirals players]]
[[Category:Hamburg Sea Devils players]]

Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagoosiraiobaphetraganopterygon

2009-10-29T05:59:38Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by Antidisestablishmentarianism1234567890 identified as vandalism to last revision by 75.67.47.56. using TW

{{pp-move-indef}}

'''Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon''' is a fictional dish mentioned in [[Aristophanes]]' comedy ''[[Assemblywomen]].''<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0030:line=1163 Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusae (ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr.), line 1163]</ref>

It is a [[transliteration]] of the Ancient Greek word [[Wiktionary:λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλλιοκιγκλοπελειολαγῳοσιραιοβαφητραγανοπτερύγων]] in the Greek alphabet (1169-74). Liddell and Scott translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces."

{{Wiktionary pipe|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχο...}}

{{Wiktionary pipe|lepadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiotyromelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephaliokinklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetragalopterygon|lepado...}}

The original Greek spelling had 171 characters (something which is not obvious in the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] transcription, depending on the variant) and for centuries it was the [[longest word]] known.

The dish was a [[fricassée]], with at least 16 sweet and sour ingredients, including the following:<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=EKSHvbY5howC&q=%22longest+word%22+aristophanes&dq=%22longest+word%22 Guinness Book of World Records, 1990 ed, pg. 129] ISBN 0806957905</ref>

*[[Fish]] slices
*Fish of the [[Elasmobranchii]] subclass (a [[shark]] or [[ray]])
*Rotted [[dogfish]] or [[Shark|small shark's]] head
*Generally sharp-tasting dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
*[[Silphion]] "[[laserwort]]," apparently a kind of [[giant fennel]]
*A kind of [[crab]], [[shrimp]], or [[crayfish]]
*[[Honey]] poured down
*[[Wrasse]] (or [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]])
*Was topped with a kind of [[sea fish]] or [[Common Blackbird|Blackbird]]
*[[Wood pigeon]]
*[[Domestic pigeon]]
*[[Chicken]]
*Roasted head of [[Little Grebe|dabchick]]
*[[Hare]], which could be a kind of [[bird]] or a kind of [[sea hare]]
*[[Must|New wine boiled down]]
*[[Wing]] and/or [[fin]]

==See also==
* [[Longest word in English]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Greek words and phrases]]

[[ar:لوبادوتماكوسلاكوغاليوكرانيوليبسانودريميبوتريماتوسيلفيوكارابومليتوكاتاككيمنوكيكلبيكوسيبوباتوبريسترالكتريونوبتوكباليوغكوبليولاغو...]]
[[ca:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterýgōn]]
[[es:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[eo:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fr:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[he:לופאדוטמאכוס...פטריגון]]
[[hu:Lopadotemakhoszelakhogaleokranioleipszanodrimüpotrimmatoszilphiokarabomelitokatakekhümenokikhlepikoszszüphophattoperiszteralektrüonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagóosziraiobaphétraganopterügón]]
[[ja:ありとあらゆる種類の食材を含んだ料理]]
[[no:Lopado…pterygon]]
[[pt:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fi:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilfiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyfofattoperisteralektryonoptokefalliokinklopeleiolagoiosiraiobafetraganopterygon]]

Tweenies

2009-10-29T00:32:13Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by Ilikehistoryandstuff identified as vandalism to last revision by Nsaa. using TW

{{Infobox Television
| show_name = Tweenies
| image =
| caption =
| format = Childrens Comedy
| camera =
| picture_format =
| audio_format = Stereo
| runtime = 20 minutes approx.
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = Kay Benbow Robin Carr [[Iain Lauchlan]] Will Brenton Karl Woolley
| Production = [[BBC]] and [[Entertainment Rights]]
| distributor = [[BBC]]
| executive_producer = Judy Whitfield Clare Elstow
| starring = [[Coleen Daley]] Samantha Dodd [[Justin Fletcher]] Bob Golding Sally Priesig [[Emma Weaver]] Sinead Rushe [[Simon Grover]] [[Jenny Hutchinson]] [[Chris Beck|CJ Beck]] Alan Riley
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| country = {{UK}}
| language = originally [[English language|English]] (see article for dubbings into other languages)
| network = [[BBC]]
| first_run =CBBC
| first_aired = [[1999]]
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes = 390
| website = [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/tweenies]
}}

'''''Tweenies''''' is a [[television]] programme aimed at young children, broadcast on the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]. The programme is set in a [[nursery]] attended by the four Tweenies themselves: Milo, Jake, Bella and Fizz. They are supplemented by two adults, Max and Judy, and two dogs, Doodles and Izzles.

The original prototypes for the Tweenies characters were designed by Sally Priesig of Mimics Productions; they were later re-scaled into two sizes for the characters shown on the series. In addition, Sally also designed the character costumes and was co-constructor/developer for the Tweenies' full-size puppets. The costume fabric comes from the US and was imported and dyed into their present colours; it is about the same thickness as fleece jumpers. <ref>http://www.mimicsproductions.com/details.asp?ID=116&cpage=1</ref>

''Tweenies'' is a production of Tell-Tale Productions (now owned by [[Entertainment Rights]]) in association with the BBC. Animation for the show was produced by A Productions, an animation studio based in [[Bristol]], [[England]], with Ealing Animation providing some animation in a few early episodes. [[Computer animation]] for the series was provided by Clockwork Digital, with Ben Mars animating Mungo, the computer creature who appears in some later episodes.

The show includes a "Tweenie Clock", with five circular lights arranged in a [[pentagonal]] shape with the lights denoting "news time" (orange), "messy time" (blue: art, sticking, painting), "song time" (yellow: generally nursery rhymes or children's classics), "telly time" (green; in some later episodes, this is also used when they use the computer) and "story time" (red). "Surprise Time" is a special time determined when all five lights glow. A button at the centre of the clock is pressed to select the activity that will be undertaken next.

It is currently being shown on [[CBeebies]], the BBC's channel for young children.

Like a number of other CBeebies programmes, a live stage version of the show has toured in the UK. The most recent tour, ''Top of the Tots'', toured the British Isles during 2009, the series' 10th anniversary. In addition, the tour also played several shows in Hong Kong in late September and early October 2009. <ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2009/07_july/tweenies_live_asia.shtml</ref> The Tweenies are also regulars on the annual CBeebies Live tours around the British Isles. Between 2003 and 2006, there was also a live version of ''Tweenies'' shown regularly at [[Alton Towers]] in the Cred Street section aimed at younger children, which was removed in favour of Bob the Builder.

In 2000, ''Tweenies'' won two awards: Best Pre-School Educational Programme ([[Royal Television Society]]) and Best Live Action Pre-School Programme ([[BAFTA Awards]]).
''Tweenies'' was created by Will Brenton and [[Iain Lauchlan]], a pair with a track record of being involved in BBC children's programming. Iain Lauchlan was a presenter on ''[[Play School (UK TV series)|Play School]]'', ''[[Fingermouse]]'' and ''[[Playdays]]'', meeting Brenton, a [[Television director|director]], [[writer]] and also a [[presenter]], during the latter. Together they started producing two of the ''[[Playdays]]'' strands before forming their own production companies Tell-Tale Productions and, more recently, Wish Films.

They also created ''[[The Fun Song Factory]]'', ''[[Boo!]]'', ''BB3B!'', ''Jim Jam and Sunny'', ''Basil Hair The Squirrel'' and ''Entertainment Right's The Magical Lives of Toys''.

==Characters==
The show stars a group of characters called the Tweenies.

Fizz-the main character of the show.

Jake-the hair-sticker in a polka-dotted shirt.

Milo-Jake's best friend with a logo on his shirt.

Bella-Fizz's best friend with yellow dungarees.

Doodles-The Tweenies' pet dog.

Izzles-Another pet of the Tweenies.

Max-The Tweenies' male carer.

Judy-The Tweenies' female carer.

==Tweenies' instruments==
Fizz-cymbals, xylophone, snare drum, triangle, bass drum, bongos

Jake-horn, tuba, trumpet, hip saxophone, trombone

Milo-flute, bassoon, black clarinet, chebolingo, piccolo, oboe, clarinet, English horn

Bella-harp, violin, viola, cello, double bass, piano

==Albums==

Greatest Hits(2001)

The Christmas Album(2002)

Everybody Dance(2003)

Have Fun Go Mad(2004)

Friends Forever(2005)

==Films==

* ''Song Time!'' (1999)
* ''Merry Tweenie Christmas'' (2000)
* ''Party Games, Laughs & Giggles'' (2000)
* ''Song Time is Fab-a-Rooney'' (2001)
* ''The Enchanted Toyshop'' (2001)
* ''Song Time 2'' (2001)
* ''Songs & Surprises'' (2001)
* ''Tweenies Live!'' (2001)
* ''Animal Friends'' (2001)
* ''Colours are Magic'' (2002)
* ''It's Messy Time'' (2002)
* ''Everybody Panto'' (2002)
* ''Doodles' New Friend'' (2002)
* ''Tweenies Live!: The Christmas Present'' (2002)
* ''Night-Time Magic'' (2002)
* ''Party Games, Laughs & Giggles'' (2002)
* ''Music is Pop-a-Rooney!'' (2003)
* ''Let's Play'' (2003)
* ''Jungle Adventure'' (2004)
* ''Let's All Make Music'' (2004)
* ''Fizz!'' (2005)
* ''It's Christmas'' (2005)
* ''Song Time: The Complete Collection'' (2006)
* ''The Ultimate Christmas Collection'' (2006)
* ''Messy Time Magic'' (2008)

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Tweenies episodes}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/tweenies/ ''Tweenies''] at [[bbc.co.uk]].
* {{imdb title|0289832|Tweenies}}

[[Category:BBC children's television programmes]]
[[Category:Television programs featuring puppetry]]

[[nl:Tweenies]]
[[pl:Smyki]]

Beautiful (Christina-Aguilera-Lied)

2009-10-28T19:11:14Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 4 edits by 198.111.164.158 identified as vandalism to last revision by 98.27.72.130. using TW

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Beautiful
| Cover = 02_-_Beautiful.jpg
| Artist = [[Christina Aguilera]]
| Album = [[Stripped (Christina Aguilera album)|Stripped]]
| Released = December 24, 2002 (U.S.) March 3, 2003 (UK)
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" single]], [[CD single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[blue eyed soul]]
| Length = 4:05
| Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]
| Writer = [[Linda Perry]]
| Producer = Linda Perry
| Certification = Platinum ([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]) Gold ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
| Last single = "[[Dirrty]]" (2002)
| This single = "'''Beautiful'''" (2002)
| Next single = "[[Fighter (song)|Fighter]]" (2003)
}}

"'''Beautiful'''" is a song written and produced by [[Linda Perry]] and recorded by American singer-songwriter [[Christina Aguilera]] for her second studio album, ''[[Stripped (Christina Aguilera album)|Stripped]]'' (2002). It is a [[cello]]-driven, [[classical music|classically]]-flavored [[ballad (music)|ballad]] in which its protagonist deals with hurtful statements made against her that cause her to feel insecure and have low self-esteem. She does not let other people's negativity get the best of her. It was released as the album's second [[single (music)|single]] in late 2002 and reached number one in several countries. The song received the award for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[46th Grammy Awards|2004 Grammy Awards]].
==Background==
Perry had written "Beautiful" long before she let anyone hear it. She considered the song very dear and personal to her and was insecure about sharing it with anyone else. At first she had let [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] hear "Beautiful" before anyone else during their ''[[Missundaztood]]'' sessions. Pink was so impressed with the song that she had asked Perry if she could record it for her album, but Perry declined, feeling that she wanted to save it for her own singing career. A few months later, while Aguilera and Perry were recording for the ''Stripped'' session, Perry also let Aguilera listen to the song. Aguilera also very much liked the song that while Perry was playing the piano for it, Aguilera took over the vocals for the song. After that, Aguilera told Perry that she needed this song on her album. Perry was both impressed by Aguilera and confused, because even though she was blown away by her rendition of the song, she still did not want to give it up. After Aguilera continued lobbying for the song, Perry was finally convinced that Aguilera matched the song perfectly and handed it over to her.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/playback/2003/fall/perry.html "Linda Perry, High Priestess of Pop"]. [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]. 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref>

The song was recorded in a single take. Aguilera reportedly expressed concerns that she had hit some notes too flat and some too sharp, but Perry insisted that she leave them in.

Some instruments used in this song include the cello, piano, violin and drums.

As with "[[Genie in a Bottle]]", which was re-recorded as "Genie 2.0" and performed at the [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards]], Aguilera has re-recorded "Beautiful" in an [[electronic music|electronic]] style for inclusion alongside the original version on her [[greatest hits]] album ''[[Keeps Gettin' Better - A Decade of Hits]]'' with the name "You Are What You Are (Beautiful)".

==Music and structure==
"Beautiful" is a gentle ballad composed in the key of [[E-flat major|E♭ major]].<ref name="sheet">Sheet music for "Beautiful". Famous Music. 2002.</ref> It moves at a slow 78 [[beats per minute]].<ref name="sheet"/> Aguilera's [[vocal range]] spans over two octaves from E3 to G5.<ref name="sheet"/> She uses several [[melisma]]s in the song, fitting as many as seven notes in one syllable.<ref name="sheet"/>

==Critical reception==
"Beautiful" received positive reviews from music critics. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' found it to be a highlight of ''Stripped'', finding it "more restrained" than the rest of the album.<ref>Browne, David. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384149~4~0~stripped,00.html "Stripped (Music - Christina Aguilera)"]. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''. October 28, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> ''[[Stylus Magazine]]'' described the song as "a typical ballad that actually tastefully reins in Aguilera's frequent vocal acrobatics".<ref name="stylus">Burns, Todd. [http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/christina-aguilera/stripped.htm "Christina Aguilera - Stripped - Review"]. ''[[Stylus Magazine]]''. January 9, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> "Beautiful" recieved crtitical praise from some critics, appreciating how Aguilera and Perry released an opposite genre than the previous single, "[[Dirrty]]'. "Beautiful" removed Aguilera's [[girl next door]] image, given in her previous work. Some critics felt the change in Aguilera's style was too fast, but most appreciated her toying with her image.

I'm truly proud of that song. To me it almost sounds like a Beatles song. I was trying to write a song that affected everybody -- this almost desperate cry that 'I am beautiful, no matter what you say," Linda Perry once stated in an itnerview. Paul Bryant, music director of influential New York top 40 station Z-100, praised the track, saying "Beautiful' is hands-down a runaway number one record. It's taken her to the next level and given her more respect in the adult community. It's just a classic ballad." <ref>http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,410794~4~0~whychristinaaguilerais,00.html</ref>

==Commercial performance==
[[File:ChristinaAguileraBeautiful.jpg|100px|thumb|Christina Aguilera performing "Beautiful" on the [[Back to Basics Tour]].]]

According to Perry, she and Aguilera's management had recommended "Beautiful" as the [[lead single]] from ''Stripped'' but that Aguilera insisted on releasing "[[Dirrty]]" instead.<ref name="dirrty">Hiatt, Brian. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384172,00.html "Rump Shaken"]. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', issue 680. November 1, 2002. Retrieved June 15, 2007.</ref> [[RCA Records]] stated that it had agreed with Aguilera to release "Dirrty" to attract attention;<ref name="dirrty"/> when the song only reached number forty-eight on the ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'', "Beautiful" was rush-released as the second single.<ref name="stylus"/> The song peaked at number two on the U.S. Hot 100 largely because of its strong radio airplay; it was released as a 12" [[maxi single]] and at the time sales of this format were much lower than those of regular CD and CD maxi singles. "Beautiful" stayed in the U.S. Top Ten for 12 weeks, and topped many other ''Billboard'' magazine charts. It was equally successful elsewhere, and reached number one on the charts in the UK (where it was her fourth number-one single), [[Australia]] (where it was her first) and [[Canada]] (where it was her second). In New Zealand, it peaked at number one too, and with thirteen weeks in the Top 10, it became the sixtieth most successful song of all time there.<ref>[http://charts.org.nz/bestall.asp charts.org.nz - New Zealand charts portal]</ref> "Beautiful" was released in the [[U.S.]] on December 24, [[2002]], and peaked at #2 on Billboard [[Hot 100]], staying on the chart for 27 weeks.

The single proved to be another itnernational phenomenon for Aguilera, entering the Top 5 in almost every [[European]] country it was released in, including [[Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Ireland]], and [[Austria]]. "Beautiful" stayed on the charts in [[Germany]] for 11 weeks, and for 42 weeks in [[Argentina]]'s Top 100 Airplay, at #1. "Beautiful" became Aguilera's third #1 in the [[United Kingdom]].

In the Pacific, "Beautiful" peaked at number one on the [[Australian Singles Chart]], and got a Platinum certification by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] for shipments of 70,000.<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm</ref> In [[New Zealand]], the single also peaked at #1, staying on the chart for 22 weeks. It was eventually certified [[Gold]] there.

In 2004 "Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]], and Linda Perry received a nomination for [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]. The song was ranked number two in the "Readers' Top Ten Singles" list at the 2004 [[Rolling Stone]] Music Awards, and its video was also placed at number two in the "Best Video, Readers' Pick" category. The video was the recipient of the "Popular Female Video" award at the 2003 Channel [V] Thailand Music Video Awards. A [[remix]] of "Beautiful" by [[Peter Rauhofer]] won a 2003 HX Award for "Dance Song of the Year".
 

"Beautiful" still has the success to become one of the most played on radio ballads of the decade, reaching more than 6 [[billion]] audience.<ref>http://www.mmr247.com/mmrweb/Reports/Reg/EMD.asp?SOngID=1245485&NumDays=7</ref>

==Release==
"Beautiful" was released to American radio station on December 24, [[2002]]. The single was released as a 12" single, and released as a CD Single later in late 2003. "Beautiful" was released on March 3, [[2003]] in the [[United Kingdom]] also as a 12" single. Also, the instrumental version of the song were accompanied by a remix of "Beautiful" made by Peter Rauhofer. In addition, another CD Single was released in Europe in late 2003. It included remixes by Peter Rauhofer, Brother Brown, and Tom Mandolini.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year
!align="left"|Ceremony
!align="left"|Award
!align="left"|Result
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|[[Grammy Awards]]
|align="left"|Song of the Year
|align="left"|Nominated
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|[[Grammy Awards]]
|align="left"|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|align="left"|'''Won'''
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|[[Grammy Awards]]
|align="left"|Best Remixed Recording
|align="left"|Nominated
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|HX Awards
|align="left"|Dance Song of the Year
|align="left"|'''Won'''
|-
|}

==Music video==
The song's [[music video]] was directed by [[Jonas Åkerlund]]. The video opens with Aguilera speaking the line "Don't look at me", followed by scenes of her singing alone in a room intercut with [[self image]]-related sequences of other people. An [[underweight]] girl examines herself in a [[mirror]], eventually punching through it; a thin boy stands [[Weight training|lifting weights]] in a room plastered with images of [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]]; and a girl rips out pages of [[list of women's magazines|women's magazines]] and throws them into a fire. In one sequence, a girl is [[bullying|bullied]] by several peers, and in another, a [[punk subculture|punk]] with piercings sits at the back of a bus while several people get up and move. The video also touches on [[LGBT]] issues. One scene features a [[homosexuality|gay]] couple, portrayed by Jordan Shannon and Justin Croft, kissing on a bench and ignoring the stares of people who pass them.<ref name="video">[http://www.glaad.org/media/release_detail.php?id=3283 "Christina Aguilera to be Honored at 14th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by Absolut Vodka in Los Angeles"]. [[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]. February 8, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> Another scene shows a drag queen, played by Robert Sherman, putting on makeup, a wig, and women's clothing.<ref name="video"/>

The music video was successful on video chart programs. It debuted on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' on December 9, 2002 at number two.<ref>[http://www.atrl.net/trlarchive/?s=debuts "The TRL Archive - Debuts"]. ATRL. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> It was unable to reach the top of the countdown but remained on it for fifty days and retired at number six on February 25, 2003.<ref>[http://www.atrl.net/trlarchive/?s=halloffame "The TRL Archive - Hall of Fame"]. ATRL. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> The video topped [[MuchMusic]]'s ''[[Countdown (MuchMusic TV series)|Countdown]]'' for two consecutive weeks and remained on the countdown for fifteen weeks.<ref name="t40c">[http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=5617&sort=chartid "Christina Aguilera Beautiful"]. Top40-Charts.com. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> The video received a Special Recognition award, presented by [[David LaChapelle]], from the [[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] at its [[14th GLAAD Media Awards|14th annual media awards]].<ref name="glaad">[http://www.glaad.org/media/release_detail.php?id=3359 "Eric McCormack, Todd Haynes, Christina Aguilera, The Hours, Six Feet Under Honored at 14th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by Absolut Vodka in Los Angeles"]. [[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]. April 26, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> After an [[a cappella]] performance of the song, Aguilera stated in her acceptance speech that "this song is definitely a universal message that everybody can relate to - anyone that's been [[discrimination|discriminated]] against or unaccepted, unappreciated or disrespected just because of who you are."<ref name="glaad"/>

The video became an instant hit on [[MTV]] and other music video channels.

The music video for "Beautiful" was shot in early 2002, under the direction of [[Jonas Åkerlund]]. The video begins with Aguilera saying, "Don't look at me" and looking away. The settings are different, with Aguilera sitting in a dark room, with the windows covered in newspaper, accompanied by a black chair and a mirror. In the music video, Aguilera wear a black tank top and baggy black pants, barefoot. "Beautiful" is the last video where Aguilera is seen wearing blonde hair with black highlights. After the music video was done being shot, Aguilera died her hair [[black]].

==Live performances==
* Performed on the [[Oprah Winfrey Show]] in 2004.
* Performed on the [[Ellen DeGeneres]] Show in 2004.
* Performed at the CNN Heroes Tribute in 2008.
* Performed at the 2004 [[Grammy Awards]].
* Performed on the [[David Letterman]] Show.
* Performed on the "Today Show".
* Performed on [[Good Morning America]] on November 1st, 2002.

==Cover versions==
* [[Elvis Costello]] covered the song specifically for the ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' episode "[[Autopsy (House)|Autopsy]]".<ref>Bundy, Brill and Porter, Rick. [http://tv.zap2it.com/tveditorial/tve_main/1,1002,271%7c96656%7c1%7c,00.html "Press Tour Tidbits: Brett Ratner 'Loves' Naked Men"]. [[Tribune Media Services]]. July 29, 2005. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref>
* Angy Fernandez sang it in the first season of the Spanish version of ''[[Factor X (Spain)|Factor X]]''.
* It was also covered by [[Gloria Gaynor]] in the British television program ''[[Hit Me Baby One More Time]]'', where she performed a [[disco]] version of the song.
* In addition, guitarists [[Richard Fortus]] and [[Robin Finck]] of [[Guns N' Roses]] covered "Beautiful" instrumentally for the early shows of Guns N' Roses' 2006 tour.
* It was covered by [[Kenny G]] and [[Chaka Khan]] for Kenny G's ''[[At Last...The Duets Album]]''.
* [[Clem Snide]] covered the song as the title track to its 2004 ''[[A Beautiful EP]]''.
* ''[[MADtv]]'' parodied the music video as "Virginal", with [[Christina Moore]] portraying Aguilera. In the video, the public "didn't care to see Aguilera's [[pubic hair]]" in the "Dirrty" video, so Aguilera becomes "virginal".<ref>Episode 815, ''[[MADtv]]'' (15 February, 2003).</ref>
* Alex Parks winner of [[BBC TV]]'s "[[Fame Academy]]" also recorded a version for her 2003 debut album and appeared as a b-side to her first single "[[Maybe That's What It Takes]]".
* ''[[Australian Idol 2006]]'' runner up [[Jessica Mauboy]] performed a cover during the Top 10 show #1 Hits, which received much praise from the judges and audience. She then went on to release a cover of "Beautiful" for her ''Australian Idol: The Journey'' album which was released as a single but never was charted.
* Bob Ricci recorded a parody of the song called "Unhackable" for his 2008 album ''Bob's Gone Wild''.
* In "Believe the Unseen", an episode of ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' that first aired on January 10, 2008, the song is performed a capella by a young girl with [[Leber's congenital amaurosis]].
* The band Hunchback recorded a cover version for their album ''Pray For Scars'' which features Michael Gerald from [[Killdozer (band)|Killdozer]].
* [[The Zutons]] performed a cover of the song for [[BBC Radio 1]]'s [[Live Lounge]].
* [[Daniel Franzese]], who plays Damian in the 2004 teen comedy film ''[[Mean Girls]]'', covered the song in the Christmas talent show scene.
* Israeli punk band Make It Rain often play a cover version in their shows.
* [[David Walliams]] sang it to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], played by [[Anthony Head]], in an episode of ''[[Little Britain]]''.
* The [[Lemonheads]] cover the song on their album ''[[Varshons]]'' (2009).
* [[Suede (band)|Suede]] singer [[Brett Anderson]] performed a version of the song on piano, which was uploaded to his official [[Youtube]] channel.
* [[Krezip]] performed this song as part of their unplugged "PURE" session for music channel The Box. This recording is available on CD and DVD "That'll be unpugged".
<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/suede/25538 "Brett Anderson in Christina Aguilera shock"]. [[NME.com]]. 19 Dec 2006</ref>

==Track listings and formats==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;U.S. 12" single
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer remix)
# "Beautiful" (Al B Rich Next Level mix)
# "Beautiful" (Valentin club mix)

;U.S. digital download
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer radio mix)
# "Beautiful" (Al B Rich radio mix)
# "Beautiful" (Valentin radio mix)
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer short club)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown mixshow)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown Divine mix)
# "Beautiful" (Al B Rich Next Level mix)
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer Beautiful theme)
# "Beautiful" (Valentin club mix)
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer extended club)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown dub)
{{col-2}}
;Australian CD single
# "Beautiful"
# "Dame Lo Que Yo Te Doy"
# "Beautiful" (video)

;Canadian CD single
# "Beautiful"
# "Dame Lo Que Yo Te Doy"

;UK CD single
# "Beautiful (album version)"
# "[[Dirrty]] (MaUVe Mix)"
# "Beautiful" (video)

;UK 12" single
# "Beautiful" (Shanghai Surprise mix)
# "Beautiful" (Tom Mandolini mix)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown mixshow)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown Divine mix)
{{col-end}}

==Official versions and remixes==
;Beautiful Remixes
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* "Beautiful" [Peter Rauhofer Club Mix] - 7:01
* "Beautiful" [Brother Brown Mixshow] - 5:01
* "Beautiful" [Al B Rich Next Level Mix] - 8:33
* "Beautiful" [Beautiful (Club Mix)] - 5:51
* "Beautiful" [Al B Rich Radio Mix] - 4:16
{{col-2}}
* "Beautifull" [Valentin Club Mix] - 5:57
* "Beautiful" [Peter Rauhofer Remix] - 10:35
* "Beautiful" [Brother Brown Divine Mix] - 9:05
* "Beautiful" (Brother Brown Mixshow] - 5:13
* "Beautiful" [Peter Rauhofer Mixshow] - 7:05
* "Beautiful" [Peter Rauhofer Beautiful Theme] - 3:42
* "Beautiful" [Valentin Radio Mix] - 3:58
{{col-end}}

==Credits and personnel==
* Lead vocals: Christina Aguilera
* [[Record producer|Producer]]: Linda Perry
* [[Recording engineer]]: Linda Perry
* [[Bass guitar]]: Linda Perry
* [[Cello]]: Richard Dodd
* [[Drum kit|Drums]]: [[Brian MacLeod]]
* [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboards]]: Damon Fox
* [[Piano]]: Linda Perry
* [[Violin]]: [[Eric Gorfain]]
* [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|Audio mixer]]: Dave Pensado

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Charts (2003)<ref>{{cite web | title=Chart data | publisher=swisscharts.com | date=2002 | url=http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Christina+Aguilera&titel=Beautiful&cat=s | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Ultratop|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Flanders)
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart (Wallonia)
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]]<ref name="billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Singles Chart]] (Physical Sales)
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|French Singles Chart
|align="center"|27
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Irish Singles Chart (Search) | publisher=irishcharts.ie | year=February 27, 2003 | url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Mexican Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[RIANZ|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]<ref>[http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html "Romanian Top 100"] Please see "Issue 15" of the year 2003 </ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkey Top 20
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="billboard">{{cite web | title=Billboard charts | publisher=Allmusic | date=2002 | url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gcfoxqyjldje~T51 | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref name="billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name="billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Country
!align="center"|Certification
!align="center"|Sales/shipments
|-
|align="left"|Australia<ref name="aria">{{cite web | author=Australian Recording Industry Association | title=Australian certification | publisher=aria.com.au | year=2003 | url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2003.htm | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
|align="center"|Platinum
|align="center"|70,000<ref name="riaj">{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of Japan | title=Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries | publisher=riaj.or.jp | date=2005 | url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2005E.pdf | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web| title=New Zealand certification | publisher=Radioscope | year=2007 | url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|7,500<ref>{{cite web | author=Record Industry Association of New Zealand | title= Chart Facts| publisher=RIANZ | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|United States<ref name="ria">{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of America | title=U.S. certification | publisher=riaa.com | year=March 31, 2006 | url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=beautiful&artist=aguilera&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|500,000<ref>{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of America | title=Digital Award Criteria | publisher=riaa.com | date=2005 | url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=30&id=D518ECA3-C7F5-6CDB-F346-A6E9BDEF73C9 | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Year-End Charts====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Country
!align="center"|Position
|-
|align="left"|Australia<ref name="ariayear">{{cite web | author=Australian Recording Industry Association | title=ARIA charts — End of year charts | publisher=aria.com.au | year=2003 | url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2003.htm | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|24
|-
|align="left"|Austria<ref>{{cite web | title=Austrian year-end chart | publisher=austriancharts.at | year=2003| url=http://www.austriancharts.at/2003_single.asp | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|45
|-
|align="left"|Germany<ref>{{cite web | author=Universität Würzburg | title=German year-end chart | publisher=ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de | year=2003 | url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu2003/deu_2003t.html | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|56
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web | author=Record Industry Association of New Zealand | title= Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2003 | publisher=RIANZ | year=2003 | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland<ref>{{cite web | author=Hit Parade | title=Swiss year-end chart | publisher=swisscharts.com | year=2003 | url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2003| accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|66
|-
|align="left"|UK
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|US
|align="center"|16
|}
{{col-2}}

{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rcarecords.com/media/christina_aguilera/audio/11_beautiful_32.ram "Beautiful" audio] ([[RealAudio]] format)

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Lose Yourself]]" by [[Eminem]]
| title = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles in Australia in 2003|number-one single]]
| years = March 2, 2003
| after = "[[Lost Without You]]" by [[Delta Goodrem]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All the Things She Said]]" by [[t.A.T.u.]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)#2003|number-one single]]
| years = March 8, 2003–March 15, 2003
| after = "[[Spirit in the Sky]]" by [[Gareth Gates]] featuring [[The Kumars]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The Ketchup Song]]" by [[Las Ketchup]]
| title = [[Canadian Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = March 15, 2003
| after = "[[I Drove All Night]]" by [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Try It on My Own]]" by [[Whitney Houston]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]] [[number-one dance hits of 2003 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = April 19, 2003
| after = "[[On a High]]" by [[Duncan Sheik]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hijas del Tomate|Kusha las payas]]" by [[Las Ketchup]]
| title = [[Romanian Top 100]] [[Number-one Hits of 2003 (Romania)|number-one single]]
| years = April 21, 2003
| after = "Nina Piensa En Ti" by [[Los Canos]]
}}

{{end box}}

{{Christina Aguilera}}
{{Christina Aguilera singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera Song)}}
[[Category:2000s ballads]]
[[Category:2000s pop songs]]
[[Category:2002 singles]]
[[Category:2003 singles]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Christina Aguilera songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Jonas Åkerlund]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Romania]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Songs written by Linda Perry]]
[[Category:Canadian Singles Chart number-one singles]]

[[cbk-zam:Beautiful]]
[[es:Beautiful]]
[[it:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera)]]
[[he:Beautiful]]
[[nl:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera)]]
[[pl:Beautiful (singel)]]
[[pt:Beautiful]]
[[ru:Beautiful]]
[[simple:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)]]
[[tr:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera şarkısı)]]
[[vi:Beautiful (bài hát của Christina Aguilera)]]

Saw 3D – Vollendung

2009-10-25T06:54:20Z

CardinalDan: Reverted to revision 320023802 by 195.99.190.170; rvv. using TW

{{Infobox Film
|director = [[David Hackl]]
|starring = [[Mark Rolston]]
|country = USA (October 22, 2010), Australia (October 21, 2010)
|language = English
|preceded_by = ''[[Saw V]]''

}}
'''''Saw VII''''' is the SEVENTH installment in the [[Saw (franchise)|''Saw'' franchise]]. After surviving Saw VI, Mark Rolston will star in Saw VII, according to [[Empire]] magazine. This was anounced to be directed by [[David Hackl]] and possibly be in [[3-D film|3-D]]. It will follow it's tradition of being released the Friday before [[Halloween]] week.

Libertyville (Illinois)

2009-10-03T04:38:50Z

CardinalDan: Reverted edits by 70.254.194.104 (talk) to last version by Libertyville

{{for|other places named Libertyville|Libertyville (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Libertyville, Illinois
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = 
|motto = Fortitudine Vincimus, "by endurance we conquer"
[[Image:Libertyville Village Hall.JPG|thumb|right|300 px|Libertyville [[Village hall|Village Hall]]]]
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|flag_size = 250px
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Lake County, Illinois | Lake]]
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|leader_name = Terry Weppler
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|postal_code = 60048
|area_code = [[Area code 847|847]]
|blank_name =
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|website = [http://www.libertyville.com libertyville.com]
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}}
'''Libertyville''' is a northern suburb of [[Chicago]] in [[Lake County, Illinois|Lake County]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]. It is located 5 miles west of Lake Michigan on the [[Des Plaines River]]. The 2000 census population was 20,742; the 2005 estimate was 21,760. (There is also a [[Libertyville Township, Lake County, Illinois|township of the same name]], which includes the village and some surrounding areas.) Located in northeastern [[Illinois]] southwest of [[Waukegan, Illinois|Waukegan]] and west by northwest of [[Lake Forest, Illinois|Lake Forest]], its immediate neighbors are [[Mundelein, Illinois|Mundelein]] to the west, Lake Bluff to the east, Gurnee to the North and [[Vernon Hills, Illinois|Vernon Hills]] to the south.

Terry Weppler was elected mayor of Libertyville on April 8, 2009. Running on a platform of improving Libertyville by removing incompetence, he defeated incumbent Mayor Jeffrey Harger, 71 percent to 29 percent. <ref>http://www.pioneerlocal.com/libertyville/news/1516927,li-mayorfinal-040809-s1.article</ref>

==Geography==
[[Image:Libertyville-Lunch-In-Park.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Lunch In The Park In Libertyville]]

Libertyville is located at {{coord|42|17|3|N|87|57|38|W|city}} (42.284222, -87.960673).{{GR|1}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of 9.1 [[square mile]]s (23.5 [[km²]]), of which 8.8 square miles (22.7 km²) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km²) is water. The total area of Libertyville is 3.20% water.

The [[Des Plaines River]] forms much of the eastern boundary of the village. Other bodies of water include Lake Minear, Butler Lake and Liberty Lake.

Libertyville's main street is [[Milwaukee Avenue (Chicago)|Milwaukee Avenue]] (Illinois Route 21). The main automobile route to Chicago is via [[Interstate 94]] and/or the Edens Expressway; Chicago's [[Chicago Loop|Loop]] is approximately 45 miles away. The Metra train station is slightly north of downtown, the Milwaukee District North Line providing convenient transportation to and from Union Station in downtown Chicago.

==Demographics==
[[Image:Libertyville-Parade-Goose-Dropping.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|Parade balloon advertising the Goose Dropping Festival in Libertyville]]
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 20,742 people, 7,298 households, and 5,451 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was 2,364.5 people per square mile (913.2/km²). There were 7,458 housing units at an average density of 850.2/sq mi (328.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 92% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 5% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] and 1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]]. 0.1% is [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]. About 1% each are classified as belonging to [[Race (United States Census)|other races]] or to [[multiracial|two or more races]]. 3% of the population were [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

While still largely homogeneous compared to the country as a whole, Libertyville has become slightly more integrated than it once was; the 1960 census, for example, found a total of seven non-white residents, making the town 99.9% white.<ref name="ec">[http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/740.html Encyclopedia of Chicago: Libertyville, IL], chicagohistory.org. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref>

There were 7,298 households, out of which 40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25% were non-families. 22% of all households were made up of individuals and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.7 and the average family size was 3.2.

28% of the village's population is under the age of 18, 5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 28% from 45 to 64, and 12% 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median household income was $106,337, and the median income for a family was $127,474.<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US1741742&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US17%7C16000US1741742&_street=&_county=libertyville&_cityTown=libertyville&_state=04000US17&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=</ref> Males had a median income of $72,320 versus $39,455 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $40,426. About 1.9% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.
[[Image:Libertyville Downtown.JPG|thumb|right|300 px|Libertyville Downtown]]

==History==
The land that is now Libertyville was the property of the Illinois River [[Potawatomi]] Indians until August 1829, when economic and resource pressures forced the tribe to sell much of their land in northern Illinois to the U.S. government for $12,000 cash, an additional $12,000 in goods, plus an annual delivery of 50 barrels of salt.<ref>[http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-107.html Potawatomi Treaties and Treaty Rights], mpm.edu. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref>

Pursuant to the treaty, the Potawatomi left their lands by the mid-1830s,<ref>[http://www.19thcircuitcourt.state.il.us/bkshelf/resource/history.htm The Illinois Constitution of 1818], 19thcircuitcourt.state.il.us. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref> and by 1835 the future Libertyville had its first recorded non-indigenous resident, George Vardin. Said to be a "well-educated" [[English people|English]] immigrant with a wife and a young daughter, Vardin lived in a cabin located where the Cook Park branch of the Cook Memorial Public Library District stands today. Though he apparently moved on to the west that same year, the settlement that grew up around his cabin was initially known as Vardin's Grove.<ref name="cook">[http://library.thinkquest.org/12934/nfaboutland.html History of the Cook Property]. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref>

In 1836, during the celebrations that marked the 60th anniversary of the U.S. [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], the community voted to name itself Independence Grove. 1837 brought the town's first practicing physician, Dr. Jesse Foster, chased quickly by its first lawyer, Horace Butler, for whom Butler Lake is named.<ref name=cook/> The professionals needed services, so a post office opened, necessitating a third name change, because another Independence Grove existed elsewhere in the state. On April 16, 1837, the new post office (possibly located in Vardin's former cabin) was registered under the name Libertyville.

The town's name changed again two years later to Burlington when it became the county seat of Lake County. When the county seat moved to Little Fort (now [[Waukegan, Illinois|Waukegan]], which is the Potawatomi word for "Little Fort"), the name reverted to Libertyville, without further changes.<ref name="lbhistory">[http://www.libertyville.com/index.asp?nid=136 Libertyville History], libertyville.com. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref>

Libertyville's most prominent building, the Cook Mansion, was built in 1879 by Ansel Brainerd Cook, very close to the spot where Vardin's cabin was built in the 1830s. Cook, a teacher and stone mason, became a prominent Chicago builder and politician, providing flagstones for the city's sidewalks and taking part in rebuilding after the [[Great Chicago Fire]] of 1871. The two-story [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] mansion served as Cook's summer home as well as the center of his horse farm, which provided animals for Chicago's horsecar lines. The building was remodeled in 1921, when it became the town library, gaining a [[Colonial house|Colonial]]-style facade with a pillared portico.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/12934/index2.htm Ansel B. Cook Victorian Museum]. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref>

The community expanded rapidly with a spur of the [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad|Milwaukee Road]] train line (now a [[Metra]] commuter line) reaching Libertyville in 1881, resulting in the incorporation of the Village of Libertyville in 1882, with John Locke its first village president.<ref name=lbhistory/>

Libertyville's downtown area was largely destroyed by fire in 1895, and the village board mandated brick to be used for reconstruction--resulting in a village center whose architecture is substantially unified by both period and building material.<ref name=ec/> The [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]], which gave Libertyville a Great American Main Street Award, called the downtown "a place with its own sense of self, where people still stroll the streets on a Saturday night, and where the tailor, the hometown bakery, and the vacuum cleaner repair shop are shoulder to shoulder with gourmet coffee vendors and a microbrewery."<ref>[http://awards.mainstreet.org/content.aspx?page=7262&section=22 National Main Street Awards], mainstreet.org. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref>

[[Samuel Insull]], founder of [[Commonwealth Edison]], began purchasing land south of Libertyville in 1906. His eventually acquired 4,445 acres, a holding that he named Hawthorn-Melody Farms. He also bought the Chicago & Milwaukee Electric line (later the Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee), which built a spur from [[Lake Bluff, Illinois|Lake Bluff]] to Libertyville in 1903. When Insull was ruined by the [[Great Depression]], parts of his estate were bought by prominent Chicagoans [[Adlai Stevenson]] and [[Vernon Hills, Illinois#Additional facts|John F. Cuneo]].<ref name=ec/>

==Schools==

'''Elementary Schools'''
*Adler
*Butterfield
*Copeland Manor
*Rockland
*St. Josephs
*Oak Grove
'''Middle Schools'''
*[[Highland Middle School | Highland]]
*St. Josephs
*Oak Grove

=== Hawthorn School District ===
{{Main|Hawthorn Community Consolidated School District 73}}

Students living in the southern-most portions of Libertyville--comprised mainly of the Greentree and Red Top subdivisions and other communities south of Golf Road--attend elementary and middle school in the [[Vernon Hills]]-based [[Hawthorn Community Consolidated School District 73|Hawthorn District 73]].

===Libertyville High School===
{{Main|Libertyville High School}}

Part of [[Community High School District 128]].

==Notable residents ==
*[[Adlai Stevenson]], presidential candidate, known as "The man from Libertyville"
*[[Marlon Brando]], Academy Award-winning actor (See website link below)
*[[David Adler]], architect
*[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II of Yugoslavia]], the only European monarch to be buried on U.S. soil, is buried in Libertyville
*[[Julia Cameron]], writer and artist, most famous for her book ''[[The Artist's Way]]''.
*[[Michael Simpson]], national motivational speaker and author of ''The Sales Cookbook''.
*[[George F. Pond]], [[United States Civil War|Civil War]]-era [[Medal of Honor]] recipient
*[[Mark Suppelsa]], co-anchor of [[WGN-TV]]'s 9:00 news
*[[Mary Morello]], co-founder of the anti-censorship group [[Parents for Rock and Rap]]
*[[Marietta DePrima]], actress (''[[The Hughleys]]'')

===Music===

*[[Tom Morello]], guitarist for the bands [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Audioslave]], and [[The Nightwatchman]]
*[[Adam Jones (musician)|Adam Jones]], guitarist for the band [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
*[[Maureen Herman]], bassist for the band [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes in Toyland]]
*[[Jim Broustis]], guitarist for the band [[X-tal]]
*[[MC Chris]], rapper, voice actor, and improvisational comedian
*[[Ike Reilly]], indie rock musician
*[[William Beckett (singer)|William Beckett]], frontman of the band [[The Academy Is...]]
*[[Christopher Hall]], former lead singer of [[Stabbing Westward]] and current lead singer of [[The Dreaming]].

===Sports===

*[[Mike Marshall (baseball outfielder)|Mike Marshall]], 1984 [[National League]] [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]]
*[[Brett Butler (baseball player)|Brett Butler]], 1991 [[National League]] [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]]
*[[Frank Thomas]], former [[White Sox]] All-Star, two-time MLB [[American League]] MVP
*[[Roberto Garza]], American football guard for the [[Chicago Bears]] of the [[NFL]]

== Sports ==
[[Libertyville High School]]'s football team, the Libertyville Wildcats, won the State Championship in 2004 and was runner-up in 2003.

Libertyville High School Varsity Cheerleading was also a National qualifier and contender, taking 3rd place in the Co-Ed Division in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] during the same academic school year that the Libertyville Varsity Football team won the State Championship.

LHS's boys lacrosse team made it to the state final in 2004, losing to [[Loyola Academy]]. The team is a powerhouse in the state of Illinois, appearing in multiple state final fours.

LHS's wrestling program appeared in the 2008 Dual Team State Finals, taking fourth. This performance was the capstone on a run of nineteen regional championships in twenty years with Team State appearances in 2002, 2005, and 2008.

Libertyville has a youth football organization called [http://www.lbcfootball.org The Libertyville Boys Club]. This includes weight-based football travel teams. The teams play at Butler Lake Park.

The [http://www.libertyvillebaseball.org Libertyville Little League] is a baseball league with a league for every age. Libertyville has a travel team for each age as well, but they are not run by LLL.

Libertyville has a youth basketball league run by the [http://www.libertyvillesportscomplex.com/sportcomplex.htm Libertyville Sports Complex], which hosts many Libertyville events.

The [http://www.glsa.org Greater Libertyville Soccer Association (GLSA)] is a successful organization in Libertyville that includes house and travel teams.

==Library==
Libertyville is one of six communities comprising the [[Cook Memorial Public Library District]]. The Cook Park library, located on Cook and Brainerd streets in Libertyville, is one of the District's two library facilities. The library was originally housed in the Cook Mansion, after resident Ansel B. Cook's wife, Emily, deeded the property to the Village of Libertyville in 1920 for use as a library. <ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/12934/index2.htm Ansel B. Cook Victorian Museum]. Accessed [[2008-01-04]].</ref> In 1968, a 33,000 square foot addition was added, adjacent to the Cook home. By 1984, the library's collection as well as the population, had doubled in size. The Evergreen Interim Library opened in 2003 as a temporary facility at the south end of the District, in [[Vernon Hills, Illinois]]. In 2007, the Library Board adopted plans to add an approximately 10,000 square foot addition to the Cook Park facility. Architects are currently completing the design for the addition.<ref>[www.cooklib.org].</ref>
A website, [http://cooklib.org/Research/Local%20History/libraryhistorysiterevised/libraryhistoryhome.html Cook Memorial Library History] which chronicles the history of the library from its earliest roots in 1894 through present day (2009) was created and added to the library's main website in 2009.

==Newspapers==
The ''Libertyville Review'' published by [[Pioneer Press]], covers Libertyville. Regional newspapers that occasionally contain coverage of Libertyville include ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', ''[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)|Daily Herald]]'' and ''[[News Sun]]''.

== Transportation ==
Libertyville has a [[Prairie Crossing (Metra North Central)|station]] on [[Metra]]'s [[North Central Service]], which provides daily rail service between [[Antioch, Illinois]] and [[Chicago, Illinois]] (at [[Union Station (Chicago)|Union Station]]). It also has two [[Libertyville (Metra)|stations]] along Metra's [[Milwaukee District/North Line]] which provides service between [[Fox Lake, Illinois]] and Union Station, one of which shares a driveway with the station for the North Central Service.

==Drinking water supply==
The Libertyville water supply comes from the Central Lake County Joint Action Water Agency (CLCJAWA) located in [[Lake Bluff, Illinois]]. CLCJAWA purifies water from [[Lake Michigan]].

==Recreation==
===Pools===
*Adler Pool
*Riverside
===Golf Courses===
*Riverside
*The Merit Club

===Lakes===
*Lake Minear
*Butler Lake
*Independence Grove

===Parks===
*Charles Brown Park
*Riverside Park
*Butler Lake Park
*Nicholas Dowden Park
*Sunrise Rotary Park
*Bolander Park
*Adler Park
*Blueberry Hill Park
*Paul Neal Park

==Clubs and Organizations==
*[http://www.libertyvillesunriserotaryclub.org Libertyville Sunrise Rotary]
*[http://www.letip.com Libertyville LeTip Business Networking Group]
*[http://www.libertyvillejuniors.org Libertyville Junior Woman's Club]
*[http://www.lbcfootball.org Libertyville Boys Club]
*[http://www.lakeshorelynx.com Lake Shore Lynx Football]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
*[[St. Sava's Serbian Orthodox Seminary]]

–==External links==
*[http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=arcadia&Product_Code=0738540129 Libertyville History Book]
*[http://www.downtownlibertyville.com Downtown Libertyville]
*[http://www.lhswildcats.org Libertyville High School]
*[http://www.wildcatsfootball.org/ Libertyville High School Football]
*[http://www.libertyville.com/ Village of Libertyville official site]
*[http://cityfisherman.com/chicago/independencegrovefishing.html Independence Grove Fishing]
*[http://www.co.lake.il.us/about/communities/libertyville.asp About Lake County: Libertyville]
*[http://library.thinkquest.org/12934/index2.htm Ansel B. Cook Victorian Museum: About the Land]
*[http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/740.html Encyclopedia of Chicago: Libertyville, IL]
*[http://awards.mainstreet.org/content.aspx?page=7262&section=22 National Main Street Awards: Libertyville, Illinois]
*[http://cdm.digitalpast.org/cdm4/exhibits/GrowingUpInLibertyville/Mainpage.htm ''Growing Up in Libertyville in the Thirties and Forties'' by Murrell "Bud" Boyd (1991)]
*[http://www.clcjawa.com/ Central Lake County Joint Action Water Agency]
*[http://www.debbieandrewhomesonline.com/Libertyville-Subdivisions-Libertyville-Homes.html/ Libertyville Real Estate]
*[http://www.marlonbrandoinlibertyville.com '''Marlon Brando''' - A look at Marlon Brando's life while living in Libertyville]
{{Lake County, Illinois}}
{{Illinois}}
[[Category:Lake County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Villages in Illinois]]
[[Category:Libertyville, Illinois| ]]

[[ht:Libertyville, Ilinwa]]
[[nl:Libertyville (Illinois)]]
[[pt:Libertyville (Illinois)]]
[[vo:Libertyville (Illinois)]]

Join (SQL)

2009-09-25T19:26:34Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 3 edits by 200.3.114.2 identified as vandalism to last revision by Iridiumcao. using TW

An [[SQL]] <code>JOIN</code> clause combines records from two or more [[table (database)|table]]s in a database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sqldatabasetutorial.com/sqltutorial/sqljoin-innerjoin.aspx|title=SQL Inner Join|publisher=www.SQLDatabaseTutorial.com}}</ref> It creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as is. A <code>JOIN</code> is a means for combining fields from two tables by using values common to each. ANSI standard SQL specifies four types of <code>JOIN</code>s: <code>INNER</code>, <code>OUTER</code>, <code>LEFT</code>, and <code>RIGHT</code>. In special cases, a table (base table, view, or joined table) can <code>JOIN</code> to itself in a ''self-join''.

A programmer writes a <code>JOIN</code> [[predicate (computer programming)|predicate]] to identify the records for joining. If the evaluated predicate is true the combined record is then produced in the expected format, for example a record set or a temporary table.

== Sample tables ==

All subsequent explanations on join types in this article make use of the following two tables. The rows in these tables serve to illustrate the effect of different types of joins and join-predicates. In the following tables, <code>Department.DepartmentID</code> is the [[primary key]], while <code>Employee.DepartmentID</code> is a [[foreign key]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:5px"
|+Employee Table
|-
! LastName !! DepartmentID
|-
| Rafferty ||31
|-
| Jones || 33
|-
| Steinberg || 33
|-
| Robinson || 34
|-
| Smith|| 34
|-
| Jasper || {{null result}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-left:5px"
|+Department Table
|-
! DepartmentID !! DepartmentName
|-
| 31 || Sales
|-
| 33 || Engineering
|-
| 34 || Clerical
|-
| 35 || Marketing
|}

 

Note: The "Marketing" Department currently has no listed employees. Also, employee "Jasper" has not been assigned to any Department yet.

== Inner join ==

An '''inner join''' is the most common join operation used in applications, and represents the default join-type. Inner join creates a new result table by combining column values of two tables (A and B) based upon the join-predicate. The query compares each row of A with each row of B to find all pairs of rows which satisfy the join-predicate. When the join-predicate is satisfied, column values for each matched pair of rows of A and B are combined into a result row. The result of the join can be defined as the outcome of first taking the [[Cartesian product]] (or cross-join) of all records in the tables (combining every record in table A with every record in table B) - then return all records which satisfy the join predicate. Actual SQL implementations normally use other approaches where possible, since computing the Cartesian product is very inefficient.

SQL specifies two different syntactical ways to express joins. The first, called "explicit join notation", uses the keyword <code>JOIN</code>, whereas the second uses the "implicit join notation". The implicit join notation lists the tables for joining in the <code>FROM</code> clause of a <code>SELECT</code> statement, using commas to separate them. Thus, it specifies a cross-join, and the <code>WHERE</code> clause may apply additional filter-predicates. Those filter-predicates function comparably to join-predicates in the explicit notation.

One can further classify inner joins as equi-joins, as natural joins, or as cross-joins (see below).

Programmers should take special care when joining tables on columns that can contain [[Null (SQL)|NULL]] values, since NULL will never match any other value (or even NULL itself), unless the join condition explicitly uses the <code>IS NULL</code> or <code>IS NOT NULL</code> predicates.

As an example, the following query joins the Employee and Department tables using the DepartmentID column of both tables. Where the DepartmentID of these tables match (i.e. the join-predicate is satisfied), the query will combine the ''LastName'', ''DepartmentID'' and ''DepartmentName'' columns from the two tables into a result row. Where the DepartmentID does not match, no result row is generated.

Example of an explicit inner join:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

is equivalent to:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee, department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

Explicit Inner join result:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Employee.LastName !! Employee.DepartmentID !! Department.DepartmentName !! Department.DepartmentID
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Jones || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Smith || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Sales || 31
|-
|}

'''Notice''' that the employee "Jasper" and the department "Marketing" do not appear. Neither of these has any matching records in the respective other table: "Jasper" has no associated department and no employee has the department ID 35. Thus, no information on Jasper or on Marketing appears in the joined table. Depending on the desired results, this behavior may be a subtle bug. Outer joins may be used to avoid it.

==== Equi-join ====

An '''equi-join''', also known as an '''equijoin''', is a specific type of comparator-based join, or ''theta join'', that uses only [[equality (mathematics)|equality]] comparisons in the join-predicate. Using other comparison operators (such as <code><</code>) disqualifies a join as an equi-join. The query shown above has already provided an example of an equi-join:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

SQL provides an optional shorthand notation for expressing equi-joins, by way of the <code>USING</code> construct (Feature ID F402):
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department
USING (DepartmentID)
</source>

The <code>USING</code> construct is more than mere [[syntactic sugar]], however, since the result set differs from the result set of the version with the explicit predicate. Specifically, any columns mentioned in the <code>USING</code> list will appear only once, with an unqualified name, rather than once for each table in the join. In the above case, there will be a single <code>DepartmentID</code> column and no <code>employee.DepartmentID</code> or <code>department.DepartmentID</code>.

The <code>USING</code> clause is supported by MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and DB2/400.

==== Natural join ====

A [[natural join]] offers a further specialization of equi-joins. The join predicate arises implicitly by comparing all columns in both tables that have the same column-name in the joined tables. The resulting joined table contains only one column for each pair of equally-named columns.

The above sample query for inner joins can be expressed as a natural join in the following way:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee NATURAL JOIN department
</source>

As with the explicit <code>USING</code> clause, only one DepartmentID column occurs in the joined table, with no qualifier:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! DepartmentID !! Employee.LastName !! Department.DepartmentName
|-
| 34 || Smith || Clerical
|-
| 33 || Jones || Engineering
|-
| 34 || Robinson || Clerical
|-
| 33 || Steinberg || Engineering
|-
| 31 || Rafferty || Sales
|}

With either a <code>JOIN USING</code> or <code>NATURAL JOIN</code>, the [[Oracle database]] implementation of SQL will report a compile-time error if one of the equijoined columns is specified with a table name qualifier: "ORA-25154: column part of USING clause cannot have qualifier" or "ORA-25155: column used in NATURAL join cannot have qualifier", respectively.

==== Cross join ====

A '''cross join''', '''[[cartesian join]]''' or '''[[Product (mathematics)|product]]''' provides the foundation upon which all types of inner joins operate. A cross join returns the [[cartesian product]] of the sets of records from the two joined tables. Thus, it equates to an inner join where the join-condition always evaluates to ''True'' or where the join-condition is absent from the statement.

If A and B are two sets, then the cross join is written as A × B.

The SQL code for a cross join lists the tables for joining (<code>[[From (SQL)|FROM]]</code>), but does not include any filtering join-predicate.

Example of an explicit cross join:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee CROSS JOIN department
</source>

Example of an implicit cross join:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee, department;
</source>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Employee.LastName !! Employee.DepartmentID !! Department.DepartmentName !! Department.DepartmentID
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Sales || 31
|-
| Jones || 33 || Sales || 31
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Sales || 31
|-
| Smith || 34 || Sales || 31
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Sales || 31
|-
| Jasper || {{null result}} || Sales || 31
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Jones || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Smith || 34 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Jasper || {{null result}} || Engineering || 33
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Jones || 33 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Smith || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Jasper || {{null result}} || Clerical || 34
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Marketing || 35
|-
| Jones || 33 || Marketing || 35
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Marketing || 35
|-
| Smith || 34 || Marketing || 35
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Marketing || 35
|-
| Jasper || {{null result}} || Marketing || 35
|}

The cross join does not apply any predicate to filter records from the joined table. Programmers can further filter the results of a cross join by using a <code>WHERE</code> clause.

== Outer joins ==

An [[outer join]] does not require each record in the two joined tables to have a matching record. The joined table retains each record—even if no other matching record exists. Outer joins subdivide further into left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins, depending on which table(s) one retains the rows from (left, right, or both).

(In this case ''left'' and ''right'' refer to the two sides of the <code>JOIN</code> keyword.)

No implicit join-notation for outer joins exists in standard SQL.
=== Left outer join ===

The result of a ''left outer join'' (or simply '''left join''') for table A and B always contains all records of the "left" table (A), even if the join-condition does not find any matching record in the "right" table (B). This means that if the <code>ON</code> clause matches 0 (zero) records in B, the join will still return a row in the result—but with NULL in each column from B. This means that a '''left outer join''' returns all the values from the left table, plus matched values from the right table (or NULL in case of no matching join predicate). If the left table returns one row and the right table returns more than one matching row for it, the values in the left table will be repeated for each distinct row on the right table.

For example, this allows us to find an employee's department, but still shows the employee(s) even when their department does not exist (contrary to the inner-join example above, where employees in non-existent departments are excluded from the result).

Example of a left outer join, with the additional result row italicized:

<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee LEFT OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Employee.LastName !! Employee.DepartmentID !! Department.DepartmentName !! Department.DepartmentID
|-
| Jones || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Sales || 31
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Smith || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| ''Jasper'' || {{null result}} || {{null result}} || {{null result}}
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Engineering || 33
|}

=== Right outer joins ===

A '''right outer join''' (or '''right join''') closely resembles a left outer join, except with the treatment of the tables reversed. Every row from the "right" table (B) will appear in the joined table at least once. If no matching row from the "left" table (A) exists, NULL will appear in columns from A for those records that have no match in A.

A right outer join returns all the values from the right table and matched values from the left table (NULL in case of no matching join predicate).

For example, this allows us to find each employee and his or her department, but still show departments that have no employees.

Example right outer join, with the additional result row italicized:

<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee RIGHT OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Employee.LastName !! Employee.DepartmentID !! Department.DepartmentName !! Department.DepartmentID
|-
| Smith || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Jones || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Sales || 31
|-
| {{null result}} || {{null result}} || ''Marketing'' || ''35''
|}

In practice, explicit right outer joins are rarely used, since they can always be replaced with left outer joins (with the table order switched) and provide no additional functionality. The result above is produced also with a left outer join:

<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM department LEFT OUTER JOIN employee
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

=== Full outer join ===

A '''[[full outer join]]''' combines the results of both left and right outer joins. The joined table will contain all records from both tables, and fill in NULLs for missing matches on either side.

For example, this allows us to see each employee who is in a department and each department that has an employee, but also see each employee who is not part of a department and each department which doesn't have an employee.

Example full outer join:

<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee
FULL OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Employee.LastName !! Employee.DepartmentID !! Department.DepartmentName !! Department.DepartmentID
|-
| Smith || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| Jones || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Robinson || 34 || Clerical || 34
|-
| ''Jasper'' || {{null result}} || {{null result}} || {{null result}}
|-
| Steinberg || 33 || Engineering || 33
|-
| Rafferty || 31 || Sales || 31
|-
| {{null result}} || {{null result}} || ''Marketing'' || ''35''
|}

Some database systems (like MySQL) do not support this functionality directly, but they can emulate it through the use of left and right outer joins and [[Union (SQL)|union]]s. The same example can appear as follows:
<source lang=sql>
SELECT *
FROM employee
LEFT JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
UNION
SELECT *
FROM employee
RIGHT JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
WHERE employee.DepartmentID IS NULL
</source>

SQLite does not support right join, so outer join can be emulated as follows:

<source lang=sql>
SELECT employee.*, department.*
FROM employee
LEFT JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
UNION
SELECT employee.*, department.*
FROM department
LEFT JOIN employee
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
WHERE employee.DepartmentID IS NULL
</source>

== Self-join ==

A self-join is joining a table to itself.<ref>{{Harvnb|Shah|2005|p=165}}</ref> This is best illustrated by the following example.

=== Example ===

A query to find all pairings of two employees in the same country is desired. If you had two separate tables for employees and a query which requested employees in the first table having the same country as employees in the second table, you could use a normal join operation to find the answer table. However, all the employee information is contained within a single large table. <ref> Adapted from {{harvnb|Pratt|2005|pp=115–6}}</ref>

Considering a modified <code>Employee</code> table such as the following:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:5px"
|+Employee Table
|-
! EmployeeID !! LastName !! Country !! DepartmentID
|-
| 123 || Rafferty || Australia || 31
|-
| 124 || Jones || Australia || 33
|-
| 145 || Steinberg || Australia || 33
|-
| 201 || Robinson || United States || 34
|-
| 305 || Smith || United Kingdom || 34
|-
| 306 || Jasper || United Kingdom || {{null result}}
|}
 

An example solution query could be as follows:

<source lang=sql>
SELECT F.EmployeeID, F.LastName, S.EmployeeID, S.LastName, F.Country
FROM Employee F, Employee S
WHERE F.Country = S.Country
AND F.EmployeeID < S.EmployeeID
ORDER BY F.EmployeeID, S.EmployeeID;
</source>

Which results in the following table being generated.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:5px"
|+Employee Table after Self-join by Country
|-
! EmployeeID !! LastName !! EmployeeID !! LastName !! Country
|-
| 123 || Rafferty || 124 || Jones || Australia
|-
| 123 || Rafferty || 145 || Steinberg || Australia
|-
| 124 || Jones || 145 || Steinberg || Australia
|-
| 305 || Smith || 306 || Jasper || United Kingdom
|}
 
For this example, note that:
*<code>F</code> and <code>S</code> are [[alias (SQL)|aliases]] for the first and second copies of the employee table.
*The condition <code>F.Country = S.Country</code> excludes pairings between employees in different countries. The example question only wanted pairs of employees in the same country.
*The condition <code>F.EmployeeID < S.EmployeeID</code> excludes pairings where the <code>EmployeeID</code>s are the same.
*<code>F.EmployeeID < S.EmployeeID</code> also excludes duplicate pairings. Without it only the following less useful part of the table would be generated (for the United Kingdom only shown):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:5px"
! EmployeeID !! LastName !! EmployeeID !! LastName !! Country
|-
| 305 || Smith || 305 || Smith || United Kingdom
|-
| 305 || Smith || 306 || Jasper || United Kingdom
|-
| 306 || Jasper || 305 || Smith || United Kingdom
|-
| 306 || Jasper || 306 || Jasper || United Kingdom
|}
 
Only one of the two middle pairings is needed to satisfy the original question, and the topmost and bottommost are of no interest at all in this example.

== Alternatives ==

The effect of outer joins can also be obtained using [[correlated subquery|correlated subqueries]]. For example

<source lang=sql>
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID, department.DepartmentName
FROM employee LEFT OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
</source>

can also be written as

<source lang=sql>
SELECT employee.LastName, employee.DepartmentID,
(SELECT department.DepartmentName
FROM department
WHERE employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID )
FROM employee
</source>

== Implementation ==

Much work in database-systems has aimed at efficient implementation of joins, because relational systems commonly call for joins, yet face difficulties in optimising their efficient execution. The problem arises because (inner) joins operate both [[commutative]]ly and [[associative]]ly. In practice, this means that the user merely supplies the list of tables for joining and the join conditions to use, and the database system has the task of determining the most efficient way to perform the operation. A [[query optimizer]] determines how to execute a query containing joins. A query optimizer has two basic freedoms:

# '''Join order''': Because joins function commutatively and associatively, the order in which the system joins tables does not change the final result-set of the query. However, join-order '''does''' have an enormous impact on the cost of the join operation, so choosing the best join order becomes very important.
# '''Join method''': Given two tables and a join condition, multiple [[algorithm]]s can produce the result-set of the join. Which algorithm runs most efficiently depends on the sizes of the input tables, the number of rows from each table that match the join condition, and the operations required by the rest of the query.

Many join-algorithms treat their inputs differently. One can refer to the inputs to a join as the "outer" and "inner" join operands, or "left" and "right", respectively. In the case of nested loops, for example, the database system will scan the entire inner relation for each row of the outer relation.

One can classify query-plans involving joins as follows:<ref name=Yu1998>{{Harvnb|Yu|Meng|1998|p=213}}
</ref>

; left-deep : using a base table (rather than another join) as the inner operand of each join in the plan
; right-deep : using a base table as the outer operand of each join in the plan
; bushy : neither left-deep nor right-deep; both inputs to a join may themselves result from joins

These names derive from the appearance of the [[query plan]] if drawn as a [[Tree data structure|tree]], with the outer join relation on the left and the inner relation on the right (as convention dictates).

=== Join algorithms ===

Three fundamental algorithms exist for performing a join operation.

==== Nested loops ====

{{main2|Nested loop join|block nested loop}}

Use of nested loops produces the simplest join-algorithm. For each [[tuple]] in the outer join relation, the system scans the entire inner-join relation and appends any tuples that match the join-condition to the result set. Naturally, this algorithm performs poorly with large join-relations: inner or outer or both. An [[index (database)|index]] on columns in the inner relation in the join-predicate can enhance performance.

The block nested loops (BNL) approach offers a refinement to this technique: for every block in the outer relation, the system scans the entire inner relation. For each match between the current inner tuple and one of the tuples in the current block of the outer relation, the system adds a tuple to the join result-set. This variant means doing more computation for each tuple of the inner relation, but far fewer scans of the inner relation.

==== Merge join====

If both join relations come in order, sorted by the join attribute(s), the system can perform the join trivially, thus:

:# Consider the current "group" of tuples from the inner relation; a group consists of a set of contiguous tuples in the inner relation with the same value in the join attribute.
:# For each matching tuple in the current inner group, add a tuple to the join result. Once the inner group has been exhausted, advance both the inner and outer scans to the next group.

Merge joins offer one reason why many optimizers keep track of the sort order produced by query plan operators—if one or both input relations to a merge join arrives already sorted on the join attribute, the system need not perform an additional sort. Otherwise, the DBMS will need to perform the sort, usually using an [[external sort]] to avoid consuming too much memory.

{{seealso|Sort-Merge Join}}

==== Hash join ====

{{main|Hash join}}

A hash join algorithm can only produce equi-joins. The database system pre-forms access to the tables concerned by building [[hash table]]s on the join-attributes. The lookup in hash tables operates much faster than through index trees. However, one can compare hashed values only for equality, not for other relationships.

== See also ==

* [[Composition of relations]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==

{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
*{{citation
|last= Pratt
|first= Phillip J
|title= A Guide To SQL, Seventh Edition
|publisher= Thomson Course Technology
|year= 2005
|isbn= 9780619216740
}}
*{{citation
|last=Shah
|first= Nilesh
|title= Database Systems Using Oracle - A Simplified Guide to SQL and PL/SQL Second Edition
|edition= International Edition
|publisher= Pearson Education International
|origyear= 2002
|year= 2005
|isbn= 0131911805
}}
*{{citation
|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=aBHRDhrrehYC
|accessdate= 2009-03-03
|title= Principles of Database Query Processing for Advanced Applications
|last = Yu
|first= Clement T.
|last2= Meng
|first2= Weiyi
|year= 1998
|publisher= Morgan Kaufmann
|isbn= 9781558604346
}}

== External links ==
* [http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2009/04/13/sql-server-introduction-to-joins-basic-of-joins/ SQL SERVER - Introduction to JOINs - Basic of JOINs]
* [http://www.sqldatabasetutorial.com/sqltutorial/sqljoin-innerjoin.aspx SQL Inner Join with visual explanation]
* [http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.sybase.help.ase_15.0.sqlug/html/sqlug/sqlug138.htm Sybase ASE 15 Joins]
* [http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/join.html MySQL 5.0 Joins]
* [http://www.oraclepassport.com/OracleJoins.html Oracle Joins - Quick Reference]
* [http://www.postgresqlguide.com/retrieving-data-from-multiple-tables-by-using-sql-join.aspx PostgreSQL Join with Query Explain]
* [http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/tutorial-join.html PostgreSQL 8.3 Joins]
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms191517.aspx Joins in Microsoft SQL Server]
* [http://maxdb.sap.com/currentdoc/45/f31c38e95511d5995d00508b5d5211/content.htm Joins in MaxDB 7.6]
* [http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/queries006.htm Joins in Oracle 11g]
* [http://www.partow.net/programming/databasealgos/index.html Various join-algorithm implementations]
* [http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000976.html A Visual Explanation of SQL Joins]
* [http://www.halfgaar.net/sql-joins-are-easy Another visual explanation of SQL joins, along with some set theory]
* [http://www.gplivna.eu/papers/sql_join_types.htm SQL join types classified with examples]
* [http://weblogs.sqlteam.com/jeffs/archive/2007/04/19/Full-Outer-Joins.aspx An alternative strategy to using FULL OUTER JOIN]
{{databases}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Join (Sql)}}
[[Category:SQL keywords]]
[[Category:Articles with example SQL code]]

[[cs:JOIN]]
[[es:Join]]
[[fr:Jointure (informatique)]]
[[it:Join (SQL)]]
[[no:Join (SQL)]]
[[ru:Алгоритм соединения (СУБД)]]
[[uk:Об'єднання (SQL)]]
[[vi:Join (SQL)]]
[[zh:连接 (SQL)]]

CrossFit

2009-09-24T03:51:09Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 210.8.242.234 identified as vandalism to last revision by 150.212.0.29. using TW

CrossFit is a strength and conditioning fitness methodology. Its stated goal is to create "the quintessential athlete, equal parts [[gymnastics|gymnast,]] Olympic [[weightlifter]],[[sprint]]er, rower and 800meter runner."<ref name=canada>{{cite news|first=Barker|last=Jill|title=Crossfit is fast and furious|url=http://www.canada.com/topics/lifestyle/fitness/story.html?id=a5a28fa9-2973-47c3-a4cc-60ce020f309e&k=19281|publisher=Montreal Gazette|date=2006-02-14|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref> Crossfit is not sport-specific and promotes broad and general overall physical fitness. Its growing popularity has been fueled by a [[virtual community]] Internet model.

==Description==
CrossFit maintains that proficiency is required in each of 10 fitness domains: cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, stamina, strength, flexibility, power, speed, agility, balance, coordination, and accuracy.<ref name=canada /> CrossFit says it increases work capacity and speed in these domains by provoking [[neurologic]] and [[hormonal]]
adaptations across all [[metabolic pathway]]s. The program's weightlifting component includes complex, compound movements with heavy loads. CrossFit also uses [[kettlebells]], [[gymnastics rings]], [[pull-up]] bars and many [[calisthenics]] exercises. CrossFit may call on athletes to run, row, climb ropes, jump up on boxes, flip giant tires, and carry odd objects. They can also bounce [[medicine ball]]s against the floor or a target on a wall.

CrossFit workouts typically call for athletes to work hard and fast, often with no rest. Many CrossFit gyms use scoring and ranking systems, transforming workouts into sport. <ref name=latimes>{{cite news
|first=Roy|last=Wallack
|title=A workout that is fast, furious and not for the faint of heart
|date=[[April 10]], [[2006]]
|work=Los Angeles Times
|url=http://www.crossfitbeachcities.com/latimes.pdf
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref><ref name=BestLife>{{cite web
|accessdate=
|url=http://67.192.124.28/cms/publish/health-fitness/Is_Your_Workout_Wasting_Your_Time.shtml
|work=Best Life Magazine
|date=[[October 23]], [[2007]]
|title=A no-nonsense look at the often nonsensical world of fitness clubs
|author=Scott, Paul
}}</ref>

CrossFit adaptations include programs tailored for children, seniors, football players, military special forces candidates, triathletes and martial artists. Most CrossFit gyms also offer "Boot Camp" or "Elements of CrossFit" introductory classes for beginners.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rebekah|last=Sanderlin|title=
Commando-create workout has cult following|publisher=Fayetteville Observer|url=http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=249629|date=2006-12-18|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref>

==History and growth==
[[Image:2007_CF_Cert_2.JPG#file|thumb|right|CrossFit Trainer Certification, 2007]]
Greg Glassman, a former gymnast{{fact|date=June 2009}}, created the CrossFit training methodology in the 1980s. The program gained the attention of various military and law enforcement agencies. In 1995, Glassman was hired to train the [[Santa Cruz, CA]] police department. The first CrossFit gym opened in Santa Cruz in 1995. The CrossFit website, launched in 2001, now includes an extensive video library of exercise demonstrations and a very active discussion forum. The number of CrossFit-affiliated gyms has grown from 18 in 2005 to 1,000 on March 2, 2009. According to Canada's [[Business News Network]], CrossFit is "one of the fastest growing fitness movements on the planet."<ref name=BNN>{{cite news|accessdate=
|url=http://broadband.bnn.ca/bnn/?vid=21430
|title=Working Out (CrossFit)
|date=[[November 2]], [[2007]]
|format=Video
|publisher=Business News Network}}</ref>

CrossFit's affiliate model rejects franchising and requires few start up expenditures. CrossFit headquarters certifies CrossFit trainers, approves applications for gyms to become affiliates and publishes "The CrossFit Journal", but does not share in revenue from membership fees. Affiliate owners pay either $500, $1,000 or $2,000 annually for affiliation and are then free to develop their own programming, instructional methods and membership fee structure. CrossFit says this de-centralized model, somewhat similar to [[open source]] software projects, allows best practices to emerge from a diversity of approaches. <ref name=BNN>{{cite news|accessdate=
|url=http://broadband.bnn.ca/bnn/?vid=21430
|title=Working Out (CrossFit)
|date=[[November 2]], [[2007]]
|format=Video
|publisher=Business News Network}}</ref> Monthly membership fees generally range from $85 to $300, with $150 a fee often charged. Many affiliates feature small group classes that allow for individual coaching. Classes often include a warm up, a skill development segment, and a high-intensity timed workout that lasts 10 to 20 minutes.

Some Crossfit athletes perform the "Workout of the Day" posted at the CrossFit website and never visit a CrossFit gym. Others formulate their own workouts based on CrossFit's principles.{{fact|date=August 2008}}

In 2007, the [[United States Marine Corps]] began a shift in its physical training program. The emphasis is moving away from aerobic training and toward more combat-oriented "functional fitness training" <ref name=CF_USMCconcept>{{cite web
|accessdate=
|url=http://www.crossfit.com/journal/library/USMCFunctionalFitnessConcept.pdf
|title=A Concept for Functional Fitness
|month=November | year=2006
|format=PDF
|publisher=CrossFit
}}</ref> by incorporating CrossFit principles. Many U.S. and Canadian police and fire departments, [[U.S. Army Special Forces]] and the [[Canadian Forces]] now base some of their physical training on CrossFit principles.<ref name=CrossFit_LGgroup>{{cite web|accessdate=
|url=http://www.crossfit.com/cf-journal/Large-group_CF-training.pdf
|title=Large Group Fitness Training
|author=Rutland, Wade
|work=CrossFit Journal
|month=June | year=2006
|format=PDF
|publisher=CrossFit
}}</ref><ref name=CF_AustereBrief>{{cite web|accessdate=
|url=http://www.crossfit.com/cf-journal/Austere-Result-Brief_Aug-06.pdf
|title=The Canadian Infantry School's Austere AFOP Briefing
|authors=Rutland, Capt L.W., Williams, Capt J.T. and Capt Jeff Bird
|date=[[August 1]], [[2006]]
|format=PDF
|publisher=CrossFit
}}</ref>

CrossFit is also being adopted by a growing number of high school physical education teachers and by teams at both the high school and college level. <ref>{{cite news|accessdate=
|title=UCSC Notebook: Men's rugby getting fit for the season
|author=Stewart, I.A.
|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel
|date=[[December 14]], [[2007]]
|url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/story.php?storySection=Sports&sid=51274
|archiveurl=http://www.scsextra.com/story.php?sid=51274
|archivedate=2007-12-23
}}</ref>

==CrossFit Games==
Since 2007, the CrossFit Games have been held to find the best male and female performers in specific CrossFit workouts. The CrossFit Games consist of two days and anywhere from 4-8 workouts. The workouts are unknown to the competitors until days prior to the Games. These workouts are a grueling test of the athletes' physical and mental fitness. The workouts chosen for the Games are different year to year, which means that a different champion will likely always arise out of the different permutations, since different events inherently favor certain abilities and types of fitness. Performance enhancing drug testing was introduced at the 2009 Games.

==Criticism==
{{criticism-section|date=May 2009}}

CrossFit has been criticized for its perceived "cult-like" mentality.<ref name="canada"/><ref name="NYT2008">{{cite news
|accessdate=|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/magazine/23wwln-medium-t.html?ref=magazine |author=Hefferman, Virginia
|title=God's Workout|work=New York Times|date=March 23, 2008}}</ref> Some fitness professionals<ref name="latimes"/><ref name="GlobeMail2008">{{cite web|accessdate=|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080111.wxlcrossfit11/BNStory/lifeMain/home|title=No puke, no pain - no gain|author=Dube, Rebecca|work=Globe and Mail|date=January 11, 2008|quote=The CrossFit exercise craze promises elite fitness for the masses via the Internet. But while some devotees brag about throwing up from overexertion, others have been hospitalized after tackling their workouts too hard.
}}</ref> and a senior officer who commands the U.S. Navy’s Center for Personal and Professional Development<ref name="MCT_CrossFit">{{cite news|accessdate=2008-08-16|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/08/marine_crossfit_081608w/
|title=Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging|author=Mitchell, Bryan|work=Marine Corps Times|date=[[August 16]], [[2006]]
}}</ref> believe CrossFit workouts are so intense that participants risk injury or even death from [[rhabdomyolysis]]. CrossFit has also been criticized for lax certification standards <ref name=canada/> and oversight of its affiliates. Everyone who pays $1,000 to attend a weekend seminar is certified as a CrossFit trainer; there are no pre-requisites or exams.[http://www.t-nation.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance/question_of_strength_vol_47]
In October 2008, a Virginia jury awarded $300,000 in damages to a man disabled by a workout at a gym that had been CrossFit-affiliated, but was not affiliated at the time of the alleged injury. (The trainer was not certified by Crossfit and CrossFit was not named as a defendant.)<ref name="MCT_CrossFit"/> CrossFit subsequently announced formation of the affiliate-owned CrossFit Risk Retention Group to provide a form of self-insurance and vigorously defend any future lawsuits. CrossFit says its rate of rhabdomyolysis is a small fraction of the rate for many other sports or conventional police and military training. It says that there are actuarial studies proving that claim are forthcoming.

CrossFit responds to criticism that its program is too intense by citing an essential element of its methodology: workouts should always be individually scaled and varied. Critics fault CrossFit's high participant drop out rate (up to 80% at Glassman's Santa Cruz gym).<ref name="latimes"/> CrossFit responds that its high intensity and competitive atmosphere are not for everyone. CrossFit says the drop out rate is also high at conventional gyms — where many clients rely on machines, record few performance gains, and pay in advance for annual memberships they quickly abandon.

==External links==
*[http://www.crossfit.com/ The official website of CrossFit]
*[http://journal.crossfit.com/ CrossFit Journal]
*[http://www.crossfitgames.com/ crossfitgames.com]
*[http://www.board.crossfit.com/ CrossFit Message Board]
*Glassman, Greg, [http://www.crossfit.com/cf-download/Foundations.pdf Crossfit Foundations], Crossfit Journal, 2002.
*Tabata I., Nishimura K., Kouzaki M, Hirai Y., Ogita F., Miyachi M., Yamamoto K., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8897392&dopt=Citation Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training endurance on anaerobic capacity and VO2 max], Med. Sci. Sports Exercise. 1996 Oct. 28(10):1327-30.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Exercise]]

[[no:CrossFit]]
[[sv:Crossfit]]
[http://www.crossfixx.com link title]

Warner Bros. Games

2009-08-11T05:22:43Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 24.184.232.247 identified as vandalism to last revision by 189.221.125.136. using TW

:''For Time Warner's previous video games publishing division, see [[Atari Games]].''
{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Inc.
| company_logo = [[Image:WBIE Entertainment.jpg|200px]]
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]] of [[Time Warner]]
| foundation = 1995 2005 (Warner Bros. Games launched)
| location = {{flagicon|United States}} [[Seattle]], [[Washington]] <ref name="gamasutra.com">http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=15928</ref>
| country =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Interactive entertainment]]
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage = http://www.wbie.com
| parent = [[Time Warner]]
}}

'''Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Inc.''' (WBIE) (also called '''Warner Bros. Games''') is the [[video game]] division of [[Warner Bros.]], part of the entertainment conglomerate [[Time Warner]]. Currently, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment has a five year plan to expand in the [[video game industry]], which includes the acquisition of studios for internal development and the creation of a studio in the [[Seattle]] area that will run all the games [[video game publisher|published]] and [[video game developer|developed]] by the company.<ref name="gamasutra.com" />

In July 2009, Warner Bros. purchased most of the assets of [[Midway Games]], a bankrupt competitor, including Midway's [[Chicago]] and [[Seattle]] studios, as well as rights to the [[Mortal Kombat]] and [[Wheelman]] series.<ref name=July16Report>[http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022080/000095012309022774/c52310e8vk.htm Midway Games, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K,] filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 16, 2009</ref>

==Games==

{{Expand list|date=May 2009}}

*''[[Justice League Heroes]]''
*''[[Justice League Heroes: The Flash]]''
*''[[Enter the Matrix]]''
*''[[The Matrix Online]]''
*''[[300: March to Glory]]''
*''[[Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal]]''
*''[[Looney Tunes: Duck Amuck]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]''
*''[[Batman Begins (video game)|Batman Begins]]''
*''[[Puyo Pop Fever]]''
*''[[Condemned 2: Bloodshot]]'' <ref>{{cite web | title = Turbine Announces Distribution Partnership with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria | work = Turbine Press Release | url = http://www.lotro.com/article/570 | accessdate = 2008-07-31 | date = 2008-07-30}}</ref>
*''[[Guinness World Records: The Video Game]]''
*''[[Speed Racer (2008 video game)|Speed Racer]]''
*''[[LEGO Batman: The Videogame]]''
*''[[Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe]]'' (co-published with [[Midway Games]])
*''[[Tomb Raider: Underworld]]'' (co-distributed with [[Eidos Interactive]])
*''[[F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin]]''
*''[[Watchmen: The End Is Nigh]]''
*''[[Wanted: Weapons of Fate]]''

*''[[Lego Battles]]''
===Upcoming titles===
*''[[Batman: Arkham Asylum]]'' (co-distributed with [[Square Enix Europe|Square Enix]])
*''Scooby Doo: First Frights''
*''[[Scribblenauts]]''
*''[[The Clique: Diss and Make-Up]]''
*''[[Mini Ninjas]]'' (co-distributed with Square Enix)<ref>http://www.joystiq.com/2009/06/01/square-enix-and-eidos-dropping-warner-bros-publishing/</ref>
*''[[Lego Rock Band]]'' (co-published with [[MTV Games]] and [[Electronic Arts]])
*''[[Lego Harry Potter: Years 1-4]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]''
*''[[This is Vegas]]''
*''[[Mortal Kombat 9]]''

===Other games===
*''[[The Golden Compass (video game)|The Golden Compass]]'' (Distributed under the [[New Line Cinema]] brand)
*''[[The Dark Knight (video game)|The Dark Knight]]'' (cancelled)
*''[[Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Advantures]]'' (developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] for [[LucasArts]])
*''[[Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues]]'' (developed by Traveller's Tales for LucasArts)

==Studios==
WBIE acquired the developer [[Monolith Productions]] <ref>http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-matrix-online/538261p1.html</ref> in 2004, followed by [[TT Games]] in 2007 for the amount of £100 million <ref>http://www.joystiq.com/2007/11/12/report-tt-games-sold-to-warner-bros-for-approx-210-million/</ref> and [[Snowblind Studios]] in 2009.

[[Image:Warner Bros Games.png|thumb|right|Logo of the ''Warner Bros. Games'' brand]]

In 2006 Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment bought a 10.3% stake in SCi Entertainment, now named [[Eidos plc]]. In April 2008 Warner increased its stake to 35% gaining distribution right of all Eidos games in the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edge-online.com/news/warner-bros-strengthens-partnership-with-sci |title=Warner Bros. Strengthens Partnership with SCi |publisher=Edge Online |date=2008-04-28 |accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref>

On January 28, 2009, [[The Hollywood Reporter]] reported the deal also gave Warner the rights of the [[Tomb Raider (series)#Movies|''Tomb Raider'' film series]]<ref>http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i85756b4e0ca108bcc0e6cf82b7389501</ref>, previously owned by [[Paramount Pictures]].

On 15 December, Warner acquired a total of 10 million shares, raising its owned amount to 19.92%, after an agreement which prevented Time Warner from acquiring more SCi shared was scrapped one month earlier.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/time-warner-grabs-20-stake-in-eidos/?biz=1 |title=Time Warner has picked up an additional 10 million shares, raising its total stake in Eidos to about 20% percent. |publisher=Game Daily |date=2008-12-15 |accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref>. On 12 February 2009 SQEX Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Square Enix]], announced a takeover offer worth £84.3 million (32p per share) for Eidos plc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hemscott.com/servlet/HsPublic?context=ir.access&ir_option=RNS_NEWS&item=74249248987688&ir_client_id=3144 |title=Offer for Eidos plc |publisher=Square Enix Holdings Co Limited |date=2009-02-12 |accessdatedate=2009-02-12}}</ref> which was backed by Warner Bros. as shareholder <ref>http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=22321</ref>. The takeover was be effective from 22 April, 2009.

Warner Bros. announced on February 4, 2009 it has purchased independent developer [[Snowblind Studios]] <ref>http://www.joystiq.com/2009/02/04/warner-bros-interactive-acquires-snowblind-studios/</ref>. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but the acquisition serves to strengthen the publisher's internal development effort.

In May 2009, Warner offered to purchase most of the assets of American publisher [[Midway Games]], operating under Chapter 11 bankrupcy protection, for more than $33 million dollars. The offer included Midway's studio in Chicago (which is reported to have been rebranded as '''''WB Games Chicago''''' <ref>http://www.joystiq.com/2009/07/27/mortal-kombat-team-sheds-midway-skin-for-wb-games-chicago/</ref>) and [[Surreal Software]] as well as rights to the Joust, Mortal Kombat, Spy Hunter and Wheelman series.<ref>http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3174979</ref> Midway Games had previously worked with Warner Bros. on several games including Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. Midway intended to hold an auction of its assets on June 29, 2009, but no other bids were placed. On July 10, 2009, the sale to Warner was completed for approximately $49 million.<ref name=July16Report/>

==See also==
*[[Batman video games]]
*[[List of video games based on DC Comics]]
*[[List of Looney Tunes video games]]
*[[Superman in other media#Video games|Superman video games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wbie.com/ Company home page]
*[http://www.wbie.com/games_hp.html Game titles]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/company/warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-inc Warner Brother Interactive profile] from [[MobyGames]]

{{WB}}
{{Time Warner}}

[[Category:Video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Video game companies named after film production companies]]

[[it:Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]]
[[pt:Warner Bros. Games]]

Folk Nation

2009-08-06T01:15:02Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 76.214.117.135 identified as vandalism to last revision by Niteshift36. using TW

The '''Folk Nation''' is an alliance of [[street gang]]s, based in the [[Chicago]] area<ref>{{Citation
| last = Florida Department of Corrections
| title = Chicago Based Gangs
| date =
| year =
| url = http://dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/chicago.html
| accessdate = 2009-07-15 }}</ref>, which has since spread throughout the [[United States]] and into [[Canada]], specifically in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]<ref name="FBI122001">[http://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/2001/december2001/dec01p6.htm FBI - Publications - Law Enforcement Bulletin - December 2001]</ref> and the [[Southern United States|South]]<ref>{{Citation
| last = FBI
| first =
| title = The El Paso Division: A Brief History
| url = http://elpaso.fbi.gov/history.htm
| accessdate = 2009-07-15 }}</ref>. They are rivals to the [[People Nation]].<ref name="Kinnear">Kinnear, Karen L. (1996) ''Gangs: A Reference Handbook'' ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California, p. 47, ISBN 0-87436-821-9</ref>

Within the Folk Nation alliance there are many gangs which all have their own unique colors, hand signs and organization. Many of these gangs have signed a charter to join the Folks alliance. It was formed on November 11, 1978, within Illinois Department of Corrections facilities. Soon afterwards, the People Nation was formed to counter the Folks alliance. [[Larry Hoover]], leader of the [[Gangster Disciples]] gang, created the idea for the alliance and persuaded many leaders of large black, white, and Latino gangs from Chicago to join.

After a prosperous beginning in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, the alliance started to break apart in the early 1990s due to wars over money and drugs between fellow Folks gangs.

==Symbols==
Gangs demonstrate their particular alignment by "representing" through symbols, colors, [[graffiti]], [[gang signals|hand signs]] and words. Representing also encompasses the left or right side of the body. Most Folks gangs represent using the [[Star (symbol)|six point star]], pitchforks, and identify to the right side (e.g., they wear hats or bandannas turned to the right). <ref name="Kinnear"/><ref name="sets">[http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/sets4.html "Street Gangs — Chicago Based or Influenced: Folk Nation Sets"] Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness, Florida Department of Corrections</ref><ref name="mcleanGIU">[http://www.mcleancountyil.gov/Sheriff/GangIntelligenceUnit.html McLean County Sheriff - Gang Intelligence Unit]</ref> Folks Nation gangs use the term "All Is One" to greet each other. The six pointed [[Star of David]], a [[Jewish]] religious symbol in honor of [[King David]], is used by the gang in its graffiti. Not all of Folks Nation gangs use the 6 point star, for example the [[Imperial Gangsters]] and Insane [[Spanish Cobras]] do not use it in their symbols. The 6 point star is mainly used by Disciples gangs such as [[Gangster Disciples]],[[Satan Disciples]] & [[Spanish Gangster Disciples]] even the [[Black Disciples]], [[Maniac Latin Disciples]] and [[Young Latino Organization Disciples]] do not use the 6 pointed star in their symbols.<ref name="sets">[http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/sets4.html People and Folk Nation Sets (continued) - Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness]</ref>

== List of past and present Folks alliances ==
*[[Black Disciples]]
*[[North Side Popes]]
*[[Spanish Cobras]]
*[[Gangster Disciples]]
*[[Maniac Latin Disciples]]
*[[La Raza Nation]]
*[[Latin Eagles]]
*[[Simon City Royals]]
*[[Spanish Gangster Disciples]]
*[[Crips]] <ref>{{Citation
| last = Florida Department of Corrections
| title = LA Based Gangs - Bloods and Crips
| date =
| year =
| url = http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/la.html
| accessdate = 2009-07-15 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[People Nation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/sets4.html#folk Folk Nation symbols and organization]

[[Category:Folk Nation]]
[[Category:Gangs in Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Modern street gangs]]
[[Category:Prison gangs]]

[[fi:Folk Nation]]

Nicole Alexander

2009-08-02T19:54:53Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 68.50.0.143 identified as vandalism to last revision by ClueBot. using TW

{{dablink|For other individuals see [[Nicole Alexander (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Nofootnotes|article|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox actor
|image =
|imagesize =
| name = Nicole Alexander
| birthname = Nicole Alexander
| birthplace = [[Detroit, Michigan]], [[United States]]
| occupation = [[Reality television]] contestant, model
| alias = Hoopz, Nikki
| gender = Female
| ethnic = [[African American]], [[Italian people|Italian American]]
| credits = ''[[Flavor of Love]]''
| URL = http://www.hoopzonline.com/
| agent =
}}
'''Nicole "Hoopz" Alexander''' is an [[United States|American]] actress and model. She is best known for winning the competitive [[VH1]] [[reality television]] shows ''[[Flavor of Love (season 1)|Flavor of Love]]'' and ''[[I Love Money (season 1)|I Love Money]]''. She received her nickname, Hoopz, on ''Flavor of Love''.

==Career==
She was the winner of the [[Flavor of Love (season 1)|first season]] of ''[[Flavor of Love]]''.

As of 2007, Alexander continues to model in calendars, magazines, and for modeling agencies EyeCandy Modeling.<ref>[http://www.eyecandymodeling.com/ecm/models/Nikki/ Alexander on EyeCandyModeling.com]</ref>

In 2008, Alexander was a contestant on the VH1 reality show, ''[[I Love Money (season 1)|I Love Money]]''. After defeating Joshua "Whiteboy" Gallander at the final challenge, she was named the $250,000 winner.

==Personal life==
Alexander lives in [[Louisville, Tennessee]] with her boyfriend James "Boo" Jackson, the CBA ALL-Star from the East Kentucky Miners.<ref name=thedailytimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailytimes.com/article/20080903/NEWS/809039997|title=Reality star calls Blount home|last=Herron|first=Sarah|date=September 3, 2008|publisher=Daily Times|accessdate=September 10, 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=2342224|name=Nicole Alexander}}

{{-}}
{{Celebreality}}

{{Lifetime|missing|LIVING|Alexander, Nicole}}
[[Category:Actors from Michigan]]
[[Category:American female models]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:Reality show winners]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[he:תבנית:סאות' פארק]]
[[fi:Nicole Alexander]]

Anthony Sedlak

2009-07-31T15:52:17Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 174.6.9.76 identified as vandalism to last revision by 216.19.186.12. using TW

'''Anthony L. Sedlak''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[chef]], and the host of [[Food Network (Canada)|Food Network Canada's]] ''The Main''.<ref>[http://www.foodtv.ca/themain/ The Main]</ref> He was born in [[Prince George, British Columbia]] and grew up in [[North Vancouver, British Columbia|North Vancouver]].<ref name="evalu8">[http://evalu8.org/staticpage?page=review&siteid=9979 Anthony Sedlak]</ref>

At age 13, Sedlak began bussing at the [[Grouse Mountain]] cafeteria. He was soon promoted to the resort's main kitchen at 14, where he worked as production cook for what was then ''Bar 98''. By 16 he was working at the ''Grouse Nest'' restaurant (now ''The Observatory''). During this time he completed the Culinary Art Program at [[Carson Graham Secondary School]] in North Vancouver, followed by a four-year apprenticeship program at [[Vancouver Community College]].<ref name="evalu8"/>

Following the advice of Sylvain Cuerrier, the executive chef for Grouse Mountain, 20-year-old Sedlak joined the team at '' La Trompette'' restaurant in [[West London]] where he worked under Chef Olivier Couillaud. With the experience and knowledge gained at ''La Trompette'' Sedlak returned to Grouse Mountain Resorts where he was offered the position of sous-chef at ''The Observatory''.<ref name="evalu8"/>

At 22, with the help of Chef Harold Bonkowski, head of the culinary arts department at VCC, Sedlak was selected as Canada's representative for the 2006 Hans Bueschken World Junior Chef Challenge in [[Auckland]].<ref name="evalu8"/> He came away with a silver medal.<ref>[http://www.manitobafoodandwineshow.com/cookingshow.php Anthony Sedlak Winner of Food Network's Superstar Chef Challenge]</ref>

A few months later Sedlak won [[Food Network]]'s ''Superstar Chef Challenge II''.<ref>[http://www.foodtv.ca/superstarchef2/ Superstar Chef Challenge II]</ref> After the win he left ''The Observatory'' to shoot ''The Main'' which premiered on 1 October 2007.<ref>[http://www.straight.com/article-111460/local-chefs-are-camera-ready Local chefs are camera-ready]</ref>

== References ==
# [http://www.manitobafoodandwineshow.com/cookingshow.php See Canada's Hottest New Chef!] Manitoba Food and Wine Show | October 14. Retrieved: 2007-11-18
# [http://www.straight.com/article-111460/local-chefs-are-camera-ready Local chefs are camera-ready] Straight.com, September 27 2007. Retrieved: 2007-11-18
# [http://www.foodtv.ca/BLOG/archive/2007/05/08/on-set-of-superstar-chef-anthony-sedlak-s-new-show.aspx On Set of Superstar Chef Anthony Sedlak's New Show] Food for Thought. May 08, 2007. Retrieved: 2007-11-18
# [http://www.wacs2000.org/aboutus/congress.php Hans Bueschkens Junior Chefs Challenge] WACS.org, Retrieved on 2007 November 18.
# [http://www.evalu8.org/staticpage?page=review&siteid=9971 Canada to be Represented by Young Chef from Grouse Mountain] evalu8.org, 2006-02-09 Retrieved on 2007 November 18.
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.foodtv.ca/ontv/hostdetails.aspx?hostid=41633 Anthony Sedlak] - Hosts - Food Network Canada
*[http://www.foodtv.ca/themain/ The Main]
*[http://www.thecommentary.ca/ontheline/20070928a.html interview with Anthony Sedlak by Joseph Planta] Planta: On the Line

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sedlak, Anthony}}
[[Category:Canadian chefs]]
[[Category:People from Prince George, British Columbia]]

Bleeding Love

2009-06-18T05:49:06Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 6 edits by 202.175.135.151 identified as vandalism to last revision by Europe22. using TW

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Bleeding Love
| Cover = LeonaSingle-250.jpg
| Artist = [[Leona Lewis]]
| Album = [[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]
| B-side = "Forgiveness"
| Released = {{Start date|2007|10|19}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Format = [[CD single]], [[music download|digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:24 (Album Version) 4:00 (Radio Edit)
| Label = [[Syco]], [[J Records|J]], [[Sony BMG]]
| Writer = [[Jesse McCartney]], [[Ryan Tedder]]
| Producer = Ryan Tedder
| Certification = 2× Platinum ([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]) Platinum ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]) Platinum ([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]], [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]], [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]], [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]]) Gold (Belgium, Sweden)
| Chronology = [[Leona Lewis]] singles
| Last single = "[[A Moment Like This#Leona Lewis version|A Moment Like This]]" (2006)
| This single = "'''Bleeding Love'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Better in Time]]"/"[[Footprints in the Sand (song)|Footprints in the Sand]]" (2008)
| Misc =
{{External music video|{{YouTube|sF84pIhP5UM|"Bleeding Love"}}
}}}}
"'''Bleeding Love'''" is a [[pop music|pop]] [[ballad (music)|ballad]] written by [[Jesse McCartney]]<ref name="notes">{{cite album-notes|title= Bleeding Love|bandname = Leona Lewis|year = 2007 |format = CD Single|publisher = Sony BMG|publisherid= 88697175622}}</ref> and [[Ryan Tedder]] produced for [[United Kingdom|British]] singer [[Leona Lewis]]'s debut album, ''[[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]''.<ref name="popjustice">{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis: It also says Breathing love in the song. Basically a press release presented as "news"|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1492&Itemid=9|publisher=Popjustice|date=16 August 2007|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> The song is the album's lead single (Lewis's official second single following "[[A Moment Like This]]"), released in the United Kingdom and the [[Republic of Ireland]] in October 2007.<ref name="hear">{{cite news|title=Hear Bleeding Love!|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/Pages/NewsList.aspx?pageName=news&NewsID=39|date=2007-09-14|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref> "Bleeding Love" became the best-selling single of 2007 in the United Kingdom,<ref name="winehouseandlewis">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm|title= Winehouse and Lewis head charts|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-12-30}}</ref> and, since the single's release, it has become a major international hit as the best-selling single of 2008. The single has reached number one in over 34 countries,<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5bmlv5Kiz Platinum Awards] IFPI. October 2008.</ref> including Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This is the second song to achieve this feat after "[[Candle in the Wind 1997|Candle in the Wind]]". The video aired on 17 October 2007,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bleeding Love video|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/news/7041/|publisher=[[RCA Label Group]]|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> and was uploaded to popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]] on the same day, where it has garnered over 85 million views, making it the 7th most watched video of all-time on the site.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&c=0&l=&b=0</ref>

The track has sold 3,420,000 digital downloads in the [[United States]] alone, and was the second best selling single there in 2008.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles</ref> The song achieved a similar feat in the United Kingdom where it was the best-selling single of 2007.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm</ref> "Bleeding Love" has charted within the UK top 100 singles chart in three different years, in 2007 it peaked at #1, 2008 at #2 and 2009 at #97.<ref>http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=33490</ref> "Bleeding Love" was nominated for [[Record of the Year]] and [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[51st Grammy Awards]].

==History==
In December 2006, Lewis won the [[The X Factor (UK series 3)|third series]] of British reality singing contest, ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', her prize being a £1 million recording contract with [[Sony BMG]], of which [[Simon Cowell]] is an [[A&R]] executive.<ref name="leonacrownedwinner">{{cite news|title = Leona crowned winner of X Factor| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6182453.stm| publisher = [[BBC News]]|date= [[16 December]] [[2006]]| accessdate = 2008-01-28}}</ref> Cowell also mentored Lewis on the show. Cowell wanted Lewis's debut album to be an "incredible record" of original material, using some of the world's best [[record producer]]s and [[songwriter]]s.<ref name="leonatransformation">{{cite news|title=The transformation of Leona Lewis|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2630762.ece|publisher=The Times|date=[[14 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in February 2007, [[OneRepublic]] frontman Ryan Tedder and pop [[singer-songwriter]] Jesse McCartney had written the song "Bleeding Love" for McCartney's third studio album,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pr-inside.com/lewis-claims-mccartney-song-r460911.htm|title=http://www.pr-inside.com/lewis-claims-mccartney-song-r460911.htm|publisher=PR-inside.com|date=[[2008-02-28]]|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> ''[[Departure (Jesse McCartney album)|Departure]]'', however, his record label did not like the song.<ref name="heraldsun"/> Tedder believed it was a "massive" song and the record company were "out of [their] mind". McCartney wanted to keep it for himself as he had a personal attachment to the song, but Tedder realised it would not work for him.<ref name="heraldsun">{{cite news |first=Cameron |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ryan Tedder on the coming of OneRepublic |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23175217-5006024,00.html |work=[[Herald Sun]] |first=Cameron|last=Adams |date=[[7 February]] [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26 }}</ref> Despite his own reality TV background, Tedder had previously made the decision not to work with contestants from the singing competition ''[[American Idol]]'', but he had not heard of ''The X Factor'', and on being shown a website about Lewis, he thought that "her voice just sounded unreal," saying that "from a writer's perspective, this girl — with or without a TV show — has one of the best voices I've ever heard."<ref name="channel4">{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/music/interviews/ryan-tedder-timbaland-leona-lewis-interview.html|title=Timbaland is nowhere to be heard|publisher=[[Channel4.com]]|accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> On hearing that Cowell was looking for songs for Lewis's debut album, Tedder rearranged "Bleeding Love", changed the key and tailored it to suit her voice.<ref name="heraldsun"/> He pitched the song to Cowell, who said it was "the one".<ref name="channel4"/>

==Song structure and lyrics==
"Bleeding Love" is a pop song with R&B undertones set in the key of [[F major]]. It moves at 104 [[Beats per minute|bpm]] and is set in [[4/4]] time. The album version runs for four minutes and twenty-two seconds and the [[radio edit]] runs for four minutes and one second. Lewis performs (A''5'') during the final chorus, and (D4) during each verse. The range of the song for her version is 1 1/2 octaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=mn0063204|title=Bleeding Love Sheet Music<nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|language=English|publisher=[[musicnotes.com]]|date=|accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> "Bleeding Love" is constructed in the common verse-chorus-bridge song pattern. It employs a [[church organ]] which is audible throughout the song until the bridge. Synthesized strings are also prominent throughout the song, which intermittently integrates [[wood block]] [[percussion]] throughout the track. A heavy, distorted marching band-like drum loop backs the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/leonableeding.htm|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love <nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|language=English|publisher=[[about.com]]|date=|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> The song employs an interesting yet subtle harmonic shift beginning at the bridge. A harmonic shift or harmonic variety generally identifies most song bridges. What is special in "Bleeding Love" is that the turn around from the common I, VI, IV, V (F, Dm, Bb, C) [[chord progression|progression]] used exclusively up to the bridge for both verses and choruses shifts to focus on the relative minor: VI, IV, I/V, V (Dm, Bb, F/C, C). The darker quality of superimposing the second half of the verse, as well as the final chorus over this VI chord progression, in addition to [[Resolution (music)|resolving]] the song on this [[relative minor]], enhances the intensity of the pain and pathos of the song.

McCartney wrote the song about his long-term girlfriend, and said: "I kept thinking about being in love so much that it hurts. I was away from my girlfriend for four months at the time and I really wanted to [quit] and fly home. I was so in love that it was painful. It was like bleeding, it cut me open."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/mccartney%20wrote%20bleeding%20love%20about%20girlfriend_1067039|title=JESSE MCCARTNEY - MCCARTNEY WROTE BLEEDING LOVE ABOUT GIRLFRIEND|publisher=Contact Music|date=28 April 2008|accessdate=31 May 2009}}</ref> The song refers to someone in a relationship who is extremely blinded by love. Regardless of the numerous warnings from her friends and the fact that she is emotionally hurt by her lover, she continues to love him and accepts the pain. Metaphorically, this is represented in him "cutting her open". However, all she can do is "bleed love" for him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03jPd5l1xPs|title=Z100 Z Morning Zoo Interview<nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|language=English|publisher=[[Z100.com]]|date=|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>

==Promotion==
The song's first radio play was on the [[BBC Radio 1]] [[BBC Radio 1#Chart Show|Chart Show]] on 16 September 2007,<ref name="hear"/> and was quickly followed by an online exclusive streaming by celebrity blogger [[Perez Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://perezhilton.com/?p=5595|title=At Long Last... Leona Has Arrived!|publisher=[[Perez Hilton]]|date=16 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> It was reported that over 1.5 million people listened to the song online.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=244367&command=displayContent&sourceNode=244365&contentPK=18416899&folderPk=112383&pNodeId=188965|title=Leona set for success?|publisher=thisisnottingham.co.uk|date=20 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-20}}</ref> The song was also [[Scott Mills]]'s record of the week from Monday 24 September to Friday 28 September.<ref>{{cite news|title=X-Factor winner releases
album|url=http://www.penarthtimes.co.uk/news/latestnews/display.var.1718276.0.xfactor_winner_releases_album.php|publisher=Penarth Times|date=28 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref>

Lewis went on a two-day regional UK radio tour to promote the single and album on 11 and 12 October 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Regional radio tour|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/news/7024/|publisher=RCA Label Group|date=10 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> This was followed by an appearance on ''[[This Morning (TV series)|This Morning]]'' on 15 October. Lewis performed the song live on the [[The X Factor (UK series 4)|fourth series]] of ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' on 20 October 2007,<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis: Leona to perform on The X Factor|url=http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/x-factor/x-factor-leona-lewis-will-perform-on-first-live-show/|publisher=Unreality TV|date=16 August 2007|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> and also made appearances on several other TV and radio shows such as [[T4 (Channel 4)|T4]], [[GMTV]] and ''[[Loose Women]]''.

Lewis also performed the song at the [[Festival della canzone italiana]] on 29 February 2008, and on German entertainment show ''[[Wetten, dass..?]]'' on 1 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berlinista.com/en/article/leona-lewis-keeps-you-updated/4481|title=LEONA LEWIS keeps you updated|publisher=Berlinista|date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2008-03-02}}</ref>

Lewis made her US television debut on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', on 17 March 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article886094.ece|title=Leona to be an Oprah singer|publisher=''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]''|date=2008-03-07|accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> where she sang "Bleeding Love". She has also performed on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' on 4 April 2008, ''[[Live With Regis and Kelly]]'' on 8 April 2008, ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' on 11 April 2008, and ''[[The Tyra Banks Show]]'' on 17 April 2008. Lewis performed the song live on the [[American Idol (season 7)|seventh series]] of ''[[American Idol]]'' on Wednesday 23 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.product-reviews.net/2008/01/03/leona-lewis-to-crack-us/|title=Leona Lewis To Crack US|publisher=Product Reviews|date=2008-01-03|accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref>

==Reception==
Critical reaction to the song was mostly positive, with entertainment website Showbiz Spy describing it as "emotionally fuelled", saying, "this track perfectly showcases Leona's impressive vocal prowess and from the moment she opens her mouth we are instantly reminded about her amazing voice, capable of heart stopping intensity and a playful light touch."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.showbizspy.com/2007/09/17/leona-lewis-is-back-with-bleeding-love/|title=Leona Lewis Is Back With "Bleeding Love"|publisher=Showbiz Spy|date=17 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref> [[Digital Spy]]'s review of the song gave it four stars out of five, saying it is "easily the best single to be released by an ''X Factor'' star," and describing it as "a brilliantly smart pop record, managing to offer the lovelorn balladry that Lewis' ''X Factor'' fans are no doubt craving, while also suggesting a hint of street cred in the form of some beefy, vaguely modish beats."<ref>{{cite
news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a78023/leona-lewis-bleeding-love.html|title=Leona Lewis: 'Bleeding Love'|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> It came second in Digital Spy's Top 20 Singles of 2007 announced on 31 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a81940/digital-spys-top-20-singles-of-2007.html |title=Digital Spy's Top 20 Singles of 2007|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=2007-12-31|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref>

However, [[BBC America]]'s reviewer expressed that "the inventive percussion can't stop "Bleeding Love" from sounding dated, like filler on some long-lost, late '90s [[Mariah Carey]] album. It's one of those mid-tempo numbers — too slow for the [[nightclub|club]], too fast for the [[foxtrot]]. Actually, with its [[marching band]] drum beat, it sounds as much like [[Gwen Stefani]]'s "[[Hollaback Girl]]" as a ballad can." The critic continues to say, "On to the positive: Lewis wisely restrains her vocals, never devolving into those [[melisma|vocal acrobatics]] that have historically plagued [[Christina Aguilera]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=561|title=Leona Lewis' New Single...Any Thoughts?|publisher=[[BBC America]]|date=17 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref>

''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s review of "Bleeding Love", the first ahead of the song's release in the United States, stated it was "a colossal and timeless debut", going on to say "not only a one-listen harmonic show-stopper, it is also hip, soulful, beat-rippling and an undeniable vocal tour de force."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/singles/e3i5852afde016b362423c937d1e69c8a7c|title=Bleeding Love: Leona Lewis|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|first=Chuck|last=Taylor|accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref> ''[[The Village Voice]]'' described the song as a "perfectly devised emo-pop machine ... the old Mariah is jealous right now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/archives/2008/03/grading_the_itu.php|title=Grading The iTunes Hits|publisher=Village Voice Media|first=Tom|last=Breihan|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref>

"Bleeding Love" has earned Lewis numerous awards and nominations. In December 2007, "Bleeding Love" won [[The Record of the Year]]<ref name="Record of the Year">{{cite web |url=http://www.roty.tv/|title=Record Of The Year |publisher=roty.tv |accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> and the award for Best Track in the [[Virgin Media]] Music Awards 2007.<ref name="virginmediaaward">{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/awards2007/winners.php?ssid=2|title=Best Track: Leona Lewis| publisher=Virgin Media|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> In January 2008, the song was nominated for the British Single award at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/news/602/|title=Leona, Mika & Take That Lead UK Nominations For 2008|publisher=Brit Awards|date=2008-01-14|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Although the award was won by [[Take That]]'s "[[Shine (Take That song)|Shine]]", it was announced that "Bleeding Love" had received the second highest number of public votes. The massive success of "Bleeding Love" earned Lewis the music award at Britain's Best 2008, which was aired on [[ITV1]] on Friday 23 May 2008. On 3 December 2008, the song was nominated for [[Record of the Year]] and [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[51st Grammy Awards|51st Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref name="Grammy Nominations">{{cite web | url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/51st_Show/list.aspx | title=GRAMMY.com| accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine ranked the song 25th in the list of The 100 Best Singles of 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/24947047/singles_of_the_year/7|title=The 100 Best Singles of 2008 |date=2008-12-25|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> In April 2009, Tedder and McCartney were awarded with the Song of the Year Award at the 26th Annual [[ASCAP Pop Music Awards]] for writing "Bleeding Love".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/news/article_1472429.php/Jesse_McCartney_honored_at_26th_Annual_ASCAP_Pop_Music_Award|title=Jesse McCartney honored at 26th Annual ASCAP Pop Music Award|publisher=Monsters and Critics|first=April|last=MacIntyre|date=23 April 2009|accessdate=23 April 2009}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
"Bleeding Love" debuted on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number one on 28 October 2007.<ref name="storms"/><ref name="acharts"/> With "Bleeding Love" reaching number one, Lewis became the first contestant from ''The X Factor'' to achieve two UK number-one singles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008942264|title=Leona's Single Has "The X-Factor"|publisher=All News Headlines|first=Sally|last=Grover|date=2007-10-25|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> Its seven week run at number one was also the longest by a single from a UK female solo artist in chart history.

In Australia, "Bleeding Love" debuted at number-nine on the Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart on 24 December 2007, and on 21 January 2008, topped the chart making Lewis the first artist to come from a British reality music talent show to top the Australian charts, and the first British act to reach number one on the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] since [[Sandi Thom]]'s "[[I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)]]" in early 2007. On 10 February 2008, the single received a platinum certification, with sales of over 70,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50|title=Top 50 Singles Chart|publisher=[[ARIA Charts]]|date=2008-02-11|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> In New Zealand, Lewis became the first British female solo artist to have a number one single since the [[Sugababes]] topped the chart in January 2006; it stayed at number one for five
weeks.<ref>[http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s charts.org.nz - Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love]</ref> It also reached number one in Switzerland, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands.<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love - swisscharts.com]</ref>

In the United States, the single's digital release on 18 December 2007, led to nearly 6,000 legal downloads of the song.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003689702|title=Ask Billboard|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2007-12-28|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> As the song was added to song rotations throughout the country, increased digital sales of the single led to the song's debut on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart at number 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=344&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Bubbling+Under+Hot+100+Singles&ci=3091539&cdi=9667806&cid=02%2F16%2F2008|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles: Bleeding Love Chart Listing For The Week Of Feb 16 2008|publisher=''Billboard''|date=2008-02-16|accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> The subsequent two weeks pushed the song up the charts, officially debuting on the
[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] on the charting week of 1 March 2008 at number 85.<ref name="acharts"/> The song has become Lewis' first U.S. top ten hit, reaching #1 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100,<ref name="acharts"/> and has also peaked at #1 on the ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]], holding the position for twelve weeks, tying the record held by [[Flo Rida]] with "[[Low (Flo Rida song)|Low]]".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 Billboard.com - Charts - Singles - Pop 100]</ref> Also, it reached #1 on the [[Hot Digital Songs]]<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=65345&st=0&#entry1812226 US Billboard Digital Chart - BuzzJack Music Forum]</ref><ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=http://billboardradio.com/billboardradio/radiojava.jsp - Artist chart history|title=Billboard|publisher=Billboard.com|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> This makes Lewis only the third female artist from the UK to ever have a number one hit on
the Hot 100 with her first single, following [[Petula Clark]] with "[[Downtown (song)|Downtown]]" in 1965 and [[Sheena Easton]] with "[[Morning Train (Nine to Five)]]" in 1981.<ref name="billboard chart beat">{{citeweb|url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp|title=Top of the World |publisher=''Billboard''|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> In addition it is also the first U.S. number one song (debut or not) by a solo British female since [[Kim Wilde]]'s "[[You Keep Me Hanging On]]" more than 20 years prior.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3627676.ece Leona Lewis turns back the clock to top US charts The Times 27 March 2008]</ref> It also jumped to number one in Canada in the same week. The song has sold over 3 million in U.S. digital downloads makes Leona the first female artist to have this record.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lil-wayne-notches-top-selling-album-of-08-1003926030.story]</ref>

In the U.S., "Bleeding Love" reached number one for a week, before slipping to number four, rising to number two the next week, and then returning to the number-one position on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, before being succeeded by [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]." Its return to number one on the Hot 100 coincided with the parent album ''Spirit'' debuting at number one on the Billboard 200, making Lewis the first solo British artist in 18 years to top the ''Billboard'' albums and singles simultaneously. The song yet again returned to number one for the third time on the Hot 100 on the charts dated 10 May 2008. The song's return to the top of the Hot 100 for a third time made it the first song to have three separate turns at number one on the Hot 100 since [[Chic]]'s "[[Le Freak]]" in January 1979, and only one of four songs to ever do so.<ref>[http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp BACK IN 'LIKE' AGAIN ''Billboard'' 23 Oct 2008]</ref> This time, the song stayed at the
top spot for a second consecutive week, bringing its total to four non-consecutive weeks at #1 on the Hot 100. The song spent twenty consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 and ten weeks in the Top Two.

In Canada, the song reached number one on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] dated 5 April 2008. This was the first time a non-North American act has ever reached number one on the chart since its establishment in 2007.

"Bleeding Love" was a hit on radio stations around the world, reaching number one in the airplay charts of the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/artist_spotlight/leona_lewis/8547/10/|title=Airplay chart |publisher=RCA Label Group|date=2008-02-13|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> France,<ref name="frenchairplay">{{cite web|url=http://charly1300.site.voila.fr/top100france.htm|title=Top 100 Airplay France|date=2008-03-09|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> Australia,<ref name="queenofoz">{{cite news|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/artist_spotlight/leona_lewis/8470/15/|title=The Queen of Oz! |publisher=RCA Label Group|date=2008-02-04|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> New Zealand, [[Luxembourg]],<ref name="luxembourg">{{cite web |url=http://www.eldoradio.lu/music/chartbreaker/ |title=Luxembourg Chartbreaker Top 50|language=Luxembourgish|accessdate=2007-12-23}}</ref> [[Latvian Airplay Top|Latvia]],<ref name="latvia">{{cite web |url=http://www.lanet.lv/news/airplay/2007/071216lv.html |title=Latvian Airplay Top |accessdate=2007-12-21 |work=Lanet.lv |date=16 December 2007}}</ref> [[Slovakia]]<ref name="slovakia">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=144828&sec=eee8e42f9f586e367127996528e712b8 |language=Slovak|title=RADIO TOP100 Oficiálna|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> [[Latin America]],<ref name="Latin Chart">[http://www.exonline.com.mx/XStatic/excelsior/template/content.aspx?se=nota&id=175833 Desplaza Juanes a Belanova en popularidad (in Spanish)]. Notimex. Retrieved 3 April
2008.</ref> [[Estonia]]<ref name="EST">{{cite web|url=http://www.u-pop.ee/top/muusika/324|title=Eesti Top 40 - Estonia|accessdate=2008-01-08|language=Estonian}}</ref> and Japan.<ref name="Japan Airplay">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/ranking/billboard/charts/j_air/j_air_080424.html|title=Japan Billboard Hot 100 Airplay|language=Japanese|publisher=''[[Billboard]]''|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref> In the Greek Airplay Chart, it reached number two,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandrecords.com/formats/charts/euro/Greece.asp|title=Greece Top 20 Chart|date=2008-01-29|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> it peaked at number two also on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart.

In Italy the song peaked at number 2 on the [[FIMI]] singles chart based only on digital downloads; instead it peaked at number 1 on the Italian Musica&Dischi singles chart, which is based on digital downloads and CD single sales, for 13 non-consecutive weeks.<ref name="acharts"/>

This song was #1 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2008

==Sales performance==
"Bleeding Love" was released in the United Kingdom in physical format on 22 October 2007, when it sold over 66,000 copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/24102007/364/lewis-smash-fastest-selling-single-record.html&e=l_news_dm|title=Yahoo Music News|publisher=[[Yahoo Music]]|date=24 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref> and topped the UK [[iTunes Store]] chart.<ref name="racetotop"/> It was reported to be outselling [[Take That]]'s "[[Rule the World]]" by three-to-one in chain store [[Woolworths Group PLC|Woolworths]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heatworld.com/Article.aspx?articleid=2765&title=The+9+O'Clock+News+%E2%80%93+Tues+23+Oct|title=The 9 O'Clock News – Tues 23 Oct|publisher=[[heat (magazine)|heatworld.com]]|date=23 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> and [[Britney Spears]]' "[[Gimme More]]" by ten-to-one.<ref name="racetotop">{{cite news|title=X Factor's Leona says Take That in race to top
spot|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=489284&in_page_id=1773|publisher=''Daily Mail''|date=23 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> "Bleeding Love" had sold over 126,000 copies by the end of Thursday 25 October,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article389283.ece|title=Leona and TT chart race over|publisher=''The Sun''|date=26 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref> and over 150,000 copies by the end of Friday 26 October.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm going to find the new McFly!|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/playlist/view/19340/I-m-going-to-find-the-new-McFly-/|publisher=''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]''|date=27 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-27}}</ref> It went on to sell 218,805 copies in its first week, gaining the biggest one-week sales in 2007, a feat it maintained until "[[When You Believe]]" by [[Leon Jackson]] was released in December 2007, and outselling the rest of the top five
singles combined.<ref name="storms">{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis storms singles chart|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7066448.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=28 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.musicrooms.net/rock_and_pop/leona-lewis-breaks-first-week-record-235.html|title=Leona Lewis Breaks First Week Record|publisher=Musicrooms|date=29 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> It had sold around 107,000 downloads and 112,000 CD singles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona helps smash download record|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7071861.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=31 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref>

In its second and third weeks on sale the single sold 158,370 copies,<ref>{{cite news|title=Eagles beat Britney to number one |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7077856.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=4 November 2007|accessdate=2007-11-04}}</ref> and 111,978 copies respectively, bringing the total sales to 489,153 and making "Bleeding Love" the biggest selling single of 2007 after just three weeks of release.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis holds onto the top spot|url=http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/news/?news_id=40268|publisher=[[Virgin Media]]|date=11 November 2007|accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> It stayed at the top of the UK Singles Chart for a total of seven weeks, and in the top three for a further four weeks.<ref name="acharts">{{cite web |url=http://acharts.us/song/28956 |title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love - Music Charts |work=aCharts.us |accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> By the end of 2007 the single had sold a total of 788,000 copies and was the biggest selling single of the
year. It was the first time a single by a UK female solo artist had topped the end of year singles sales chart in the 55 year history of the official charts.<ref name="winehouseandlewis"/> "Bleeding Love" was certified gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] on 9 November 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=33059|title=Bleeding Love|publisher=BPI|date=2007-11-09|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> and platinum on 18 January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=33133|title=Bleeding Love|publisher=BPI|date=2008-01-18|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> Currently, it has stayed in the Top 75 for twenty weeks, nineteen of those in the Top 40.<ref name="acharts"/>

The song has sold 940,000 copies in the UK as stated by the Official UK Charts Company.
It also has sold over 4 million copies in the U.S. alone.
As of 19 September 2008, the single has been certified Gold and Platinum and 3x platinum in the US,<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/singles.jsp Billboard RIAA Single Certifications]</ref> and Double Platinum in Australia.<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 Top 50 Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association]</ref>

==Music videos==
[[Image:Bleedinglovemusicvideo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Leona Lewis]] wearing a [[Dolce & Gabbana]] crystal gown in the music video for "Bleeding Love"]]

There are two music videos for "Bleeding Love". The first was directed by [[Melina Matsoukas]] and was filmed in Los Angeles.<ref name="videoshoot">{{cite web|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/Blogs/DisplayBlog.aspx?BlogID=26|title=Bleeding Love video shoot|date=1 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-01}} {{Dead link|date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="dressedtothrill">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/xfactor/view/17103/Leona-s-dressed-to-thrill/|title=Leona's Dressed To Thrill|publisher=''Daily Star''|date=3 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> It is set in a mock apartment block and features four storylines about couples in different stages of relationships: "The video is extremely emotional and shows everything from first love and unbridled passion to heartbreak, loss and anger."<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona's new vid is X-rated|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,4-2007450782,00.html|publisher=''The Sun''|date=3 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-03}} {{Dead
link|date=February 2008}}</ref> Lewis stated that it is "real colourful, very funky, has lots of extras and I get to really perform."<ref name="videoshoot"/> Melina explained her meaning of the video in an interview on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Making the Video]]'', saying that the water in the video is a metaphor for the tenants' love problems, as if the apartments are bleeding love. For the video, Lewis wore a [[pound sterling|£]]100,000 [[Dolce & Gabbana]] crystal-encrusted dress, which weighed {{convert|40|lb|kg}}.<ref name="dressedtothrill"/> The International Version of the single "Bleeding Love" was first posted to popular video sharing website youtube on 17 October 2007. It is YouTube's 8th most viewed music video in the world and as of March 2009 and has in excess of 80 million views.

Lewis filmed a second video in New York City for the US release of "Bleeding Love". The US version is YouTube's 72nd most viewed music video, and as of 23 January 2009 it has 27,940,353 views and is Lewis' 3rd most viewed music video behind "[[Better In Time]]" and the international "Bleeding Love". The [[film treatment|treatment]] for the video was written by [[Ryan Tedder]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Ryan Tedder's Back-up plan|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ent/music/5460153.html|publisher=Chron|date=2008-01-16|accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> and centers on a storyline involving Lewis arguing with her boyfriend, played by model Nicholas Lemons. It was directed by Jesse Terrero.<ref name="NY Video">{{cite web|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love (NY Video)|url=http://www.videostatic.com/vs/terrero_films/index.html|publisher=Video Static|date=2007-12-20|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> The video premiered in the United States on 29 January 2008 on [[Yahoo! Music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.music.yahoo.com/up/music/music/?rn=1301797&vid=56495905&stationId=&curl=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.yahoo.com%2Far-37956508-videos--Leona-Lewis|title=Bleeding Love video|publisher=Yahoo!
Music|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> It was uploaded to YouTube on 30 January 2008. Its television debut was on 4 February 2008 on [[VH1]] as part of their "You Oughta Know" campaign.<ref name="usrelease">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-28-2008/0004744196&EDATE=|title=U.K. Singer and Songwriter Leona Lewis to Release Debut Album Spirit in the U.S. on 8 April|publisher=PRNewswire|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>

The international version of the music video was nominated for Best UK Video at the [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards]]. The US version was number one on the [[VH1]] Year End Top 40.

==Formats and track listings==
*'''CD single''' (88697175622)
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) ([[Ryan Tedder]], Jesse McCartney) — 4:21
#"Forgiveness"<ref>{{cite web|title=Leona Lewis Bleeding Love|url=http://www.sonybmgmusic.co.uk/releases/594/|publisher=[[Sony BMG]]|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> ([[Kara DioGuardi]], Leona Lewis, [[Salaam Remi]])<ref name="notes"/> — 4:26

*'''Maxi single''' (88697222422)<ref name="swisscharts">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love (Song)|publisher=SwissCharts.com|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref>
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) (Tedder, McCartney) — 4:21
#"Forgiveness" (DioGuardi, Lewis, Remi) — 4:21
#"[[A Moment Like This]]" ([[Jörgen Elofsson]], John Reid) — 4:1
#"Bleeding Love" (video)

*'''U.S. CD promotional single''' (88697218242)<ref>[http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=426587 Leona Lewis Bleeding Love USA Promo 5" CD SINGLE (426587)]</ref>
#"Bleeding Love" (Radio Edit) (Tedder, McCartney) — 3:59
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) (Tedder, McCartney) — 4:21
#"Bleeding Love" (Call Out Hook) (Tedder, McCartney) — 0:10

*'''U.S. digital single''' (886972980522)<ref name="Single available at Target Stores">{{cite web|title=Single available at Target Stores|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/index.php/international/us}}</ref>
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) (Tedder, McCartney) — 4:21
*'''Remixes and Other Versions'''
# Radio Edit
# Instrumental
# Acapella
# Remix featuring Trazz
# Jason Nevins Original Radio Mix
# Jason Nevins Rockin' Radio Mix
# Jason Nevins Club Mix
# Moto Blanco Radio Mix
# Moto Blanco Dub
# Moto Blanco Vocal Club Mix
# Shapeshifters Nocturnal Dub
# Shapeshifters Club Mix

==Credits and personnel==
*Lead [[vocals]] – Leona Lewis
*[[Authors]] - Ryan Tedder & Jesse McCartney
*[[Audio mixing (recorded music)|audio mixing]] – Phil Tan
*[[Recording engineer]] – [[Ryan Tedder]]
*Assistant recording engineers – Nate Hertweck and Craig Durrance
*[[Record producer|Producer]] – Ryan Tedder
*All instruments – Ryan Tedder
*Programming – Ryan Tedder
*[[String instrument|String]] arrangement – Ryan Tedder
*Recorded at:
**Mansfield Studios, Los Angeles, [[California]]
**[[Record Plant Studios]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California]]
**Encore Studios, [[Burbank, California]]

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable"
! Region
! Date
! Label
! Format
|-
| [[Republic of Ireland]]
| 19 October 2007
| [[Syco Records|Syco Music]]
| [[CD]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | United Kingdom<ref name="hear"/>
| 21 October 2007
| Syco
| [[Digital download]]
|-
| 22 October 2007
| Syco
| CD
|-
| New Zealand
| 3 December 2007
| [[Sony BMG]]
| CD
|-
| Sweden
| 6 December 2007
| Sony BMG
| CD
|-
| Australia<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis New Single + Video 'Bleeding Love' Is Here!|url=http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do?newsId=20030829005243|publisher=Sony BMG Australia|date=2007-12-10|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>
| 15 December 2007
| Sony BMG
| CD
|-
|rowspan="2" | United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?playlistId=266450354&s=143441&i=266450376|title=Bleeding Love - Single|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (USA)|accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref>
| 18 December 2007
| [[J Records]]
| Digital download
|-
| 18 March 2008
| [[J Records]]
| CD
|-
|Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetbookshop.it/disco/0886971756227/leona-lewis/bleeding-love.html?shop=2057|publisher=Internet Bookshop|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love|accessdate=2007-12-22}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | 11 January 2008
| Sony BMG
| CD
|-
| Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonybmg.de/artists2.php?iA=7&artist=827988&product=88697175622e|title=Bleeding Love|accessdate=2008-01-27|language=German}}</ref>
| Sony BMG
| CD, maxi CD, digital download
|-
| Switzerland<ref name="swisscharts"/>
| Syco
| CD, maxi CD
|-
| Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.com.hk/product/singles.asp?sku=179355|title=LEONA LEWIS - BLEEDING LOVE (ENHANCED)|publisher=HMV.com.hk|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 23 January 2008
| Syco
| Maxi CD, digital download
|-
| [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.com.sg/product/singles.asp?sku=179355|title= LEONA LEWIS - BLEEDING LOVE (ENHANCED)|publisher=HMV.com.sg|accessdate=2008-03-22}}</ref>
| Syco
| Maxi CD, digital download
|-
| Austria{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
| 25 January 2008
| Sony BMG
| CD
|-
| Netherlands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsweb.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/nederland-get-ready-for-leona-lewis|title=Nederland, get ready for Leona Lewis!|language=Dutch|publisher=NewsWeb|date=2007-12-13|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref>
| 28 January 2008
| Sony BMG
| CD
|-
| Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmgjapan.com/leonalewis/info.php?id=2333|title=Leona Lewis <nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|language=Japanese|publisher=[[BMG Japan]]|date=|accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref>
| 13 February 2008 9 April 2008
| [[BMG Japan]]
| digital download
|-
| France{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
| 3 March 2008
| Sony BMG
| CD
|-
|}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="center"|Chart (2007/2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Singles (Flanders)<ref name="acharts"/><ref name="belgium">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love|language=Dutch|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40|Dutch Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|European Hot 100 Singles]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles|title=European Hot 100 Singles|publisher=[[Billboard.com]]|date=2008-03-08|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Greek Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm|title=Top 50 Singles|publisher[[IFPI]]|language=Greek|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Hungarian [[Mahasz]] Airplay Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=radios&ev=2008&het=22&submit_=Keres%E9s|title=Hungarian Airplay Chart|publisher[[Mahasz]]|language=Hungarian|accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian [[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|FIMI]] Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?key=364693&cat=s |title=italiancharts.com – Leona Lewis – Bleeding Love |accessdate=2009-02-06 |work=ItalianCharts.com}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Japan Hot 100 Singles]]<ref name="Japan">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/ranking/billboard/charts/j_100/j_100.html|title=Japan Billboard Hot 100|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Billboard]]|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html |title=Romanian Top 100 |language=Romanian|date=[[2008-02-25]]|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=Vento Consultanta SRL}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[Russian Airplay Chart]]<ref>[http://www.tophit.ru/cgi-bin/trackinfo.cgi?id=10260 Russian Airplay Chart] Retrieved 21 August 2008 </ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Turkey Top 20 Chart]] ''(Billboard)''<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkey Billboard Top 20 Chart] Retrieved on [[2008|2008-05-24]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="U.S.">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=815431&model.vnuAlbumId=1095856 Leona Lewis: Artist Chart History]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 23 July 2008.</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=341&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Hot+Adult+Contemporary+Tracks&ci=3098704&cdi=9870895&cid=08%2F23%2F2008 Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks at billboard.com] Retrieved 14 August 2008</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref name="U.S." />
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref name="U.S." />
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

===Year-End===
{{Expand|date=March 2009}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (2007)
!Year End Rank
|-
|UK Year End Charts<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf| title=UK Year End Chart 2007| publisher=''[[ChartsPlus]]''| accessdate=2009-03-14 }}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Irish Year End Charts{{Fact|date=April 2009}}
|align="center"|1
|-
!Chart (2008)
!Year End Rank
|-
|Canadian Hot 100 Songs<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/chart_display.jsp?f=Billboard+Canadian+Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles | title=Billboard Charts - Year-end Singles - Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Songs| publisher= Nielsen Business Media | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| accessdate=2009-05-09 }}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|Eurochart Hot 100 Singles{{Fact|date=April 2009}}
|align="center"|2
|-
|Italian Year-End Chart{{Fact|date=April 2009}}
|align="center"|5
|-
|Japan Hot 100 Singles<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/chart_display.jsp?f=Billboard+Japan+Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles | title=Billboard Charts - Year-end Singles - Billboard Japan Hot 100 Songs| publisher= Nielsen Business Media | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| accessdate=2009-05-09 }}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100{{Fact|date=April 2009}}
|align="center"|2
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100{{Fact|date=April 2009}}
|align="center"|1
|-
|UK Year-End Chart<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2008.pdf| title=UK Year End Chart 2008| publisher=''[[ChartsPlus]]''| accessdate=2009-03-14 }}</ref>
|align="center"|76
|-
|}

==Procession and succession==


{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]]" by [[Gnarls Barkley]]
| title = [[List of best-selling singles by year (UK)|Top selling single of the year (UK)]]
| years = 2007
| after = "[[Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)|Hallelujah]]" by [[Alexandra Burke]]
}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[If That's OK with You]]" by [[Shayne Ward]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[number-one singles in Ireland (2007)|number-one single]]
| years = 25 October 2007 – 13 December 2007 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[When You Believe]]" by [[Leon Jackson]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "[[About You Now]]" by [[Sugababes]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)#2007|number-one single]]
| years = 28 October 2007 – 15 December 2007 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[What a Wonderful World]]" by [[Katie Melua]] and [[Eva Cassidy]] }}
{{s-bef | rows=6 | before = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] presents [[OneRepublic]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart [[list of number-one singles in 2007 (NZ)|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 17 December 2007 – 24 December 2007 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[A Very Silent Night]]" by The Underdogs }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = 16 January 2008 – 19 February 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[A Very Silent Night]]" by The Underdogs }}
{{s-ttl | title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 27 January 2008 – 24 February 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)|Don't Stop the Music]]" by [[Rihanna]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Top100 Singles|German Top100 Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = 25 January 2008 – 19 February 2008 }}
{{s-aft | after = "Kuschel Song" by [[Schnuffel]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] [[List of European number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 8 March 2008 - 15 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] presents [[OneRepublic]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single (second run)
| years = 22 March 2008 - 29 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Mercy (song)|Mercy]]" by [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy]]}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[A Very Silent Night]]" by The Underdogs }}
{{s-ttl | title = New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart number-one single (second run)
| years = 31 December 2007 – 28 January 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Low (Flo Rida song)|Low]]" by [[Flo Rida]] featuring [[T-Pain]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna }}
{{s-ttl | title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]] (second run)
| years = 2 March 2008 – 9 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna }}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Beggin']]" by [[Madcon]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = Norwegian [[VG-lista]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = 6 February 2008 – 20 February 2008 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Hold On Be Strong]]" by [[Maria Haukaas Storeng]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Il avait les mots]]" by [[Sheryfa Luna]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = French [[SNEP]] Singles Chart [[SNEP number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = 22 March 2008 - 29 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Dangerous (M. Pokora song)|Dangerous]]" by [[M. Pokora]] featuring Timbaland and [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]] }}
{{succession box
| before = "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna
| title = [[Ultratop 50|Belgian Flemish Ultratop 50]] [[Ultratop 50 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = 9 February 2008 - 22 March 2008
| after = "[[O Julissi]]" by [[Ishtar (Belgian band)|Ishtar]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Valerie (The Zutons song)#Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse version|Valerie]]" by [[Mark Ronson]] featuring [[Amy Winehouse]]
| title = [[Dutch Top 40]] [[Dutch Top 40 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = 23 February 2008 - 8 March 2008
| after = "Hello World" by Nikki
}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Love Song (Sara Bareilles song)|Love Song]]" by [[Sara Bareilles]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Pop 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2008 (USA)|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 5 April 2008 - 11 April 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Touch My Body]]" by [[Mariah Carey]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "Love Song" by Sara Bareilles }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (Canada)|number-one single]]
| years = 5 April 2008 - 12 April 2008 }}
{{s-aft | after = "4 Minutes" by Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake}}
{{s-bef | before = "Mercy" by Duffy }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single (third run)
| years = 5 April 2008 - 19 April 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "Mercy" by Duffy }}
{{s-bef | before = "Touch My Body" by Mariah Carey }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Pop 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2008 (USA)|number-one single]] (second run)
| years = 19 April 2008 – 4 July 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[I Kissed a Girl]]" by [[Katy Perry]]}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Burn -Fumetsu no Face-]]" by [[B'z]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = ''Billboard'' [[Japan Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = 5 May 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "No More" by [[Tsutaya]]}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Love in This Club]]" by [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] featuring [[Young Jeezy]] (first run) "[[Touch My Body]]" by [[Mariah Carey]] (second run) "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" by [[Lil Wayne]] featuring [[Static Major]] (third run)}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2008 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = 30 March 2008 - 5 April 2008 (first run) 20 April 2008 - 26 April 2008 (second run) 4 May 2008 - 17 May 2008 (third run)}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Touch My Body]]" by [[Mariah Carey]] (first run) "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" by [[Lil Wayne]] featuring [[Static Major]] (second run) "[[Take a Bow (Rihanna song)|Take a Bow]]" by [[Rihanna]] (third run)}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Leona Lewis}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jesse McCartney songs]]
[[Category:Leona Lewis songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Melina Matsoukas]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Belgium]]
[[Category:Eurochart Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in France]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Ireland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Rhythm and blues ballads]]
[[Category:Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles]]

[[bg:Bleeding Love]]
[[da:Bleeding Love]]
[[es:Bleeding love]]
[[fr:Bleeding Love]]
[[id:Bleeding Love]]
[[it:Bleeding Love]]
[[nl:Bleeding Love]]
[[ja:ブリーディング・ラヴ]]
[[pl:Bleeding Love]]
[[pt:Bleeding Love]]
[[ro:Bleeding Love]]
[[ru:Bleeding Love]]
[[sv:Bleeding Love]]

Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagoosiraiobaphetraganopterygon

2009-05-16T03:08:05Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 2 edits by 69.156.109.64 identified as vandalism to last revision by 75.173.217.50. using TW

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Unencyclopedic}}
'''Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterýgōn''' is a fictional dish mentioned in [[Aristophanes]]' comedy ''[[Assemblywomen]].''<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0030:line=1163 Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusae (ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr.), line 1163]</ref>

It is a transliteration of the Ancient Greek word [[Wiktionary:λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλλιοκιγκλοπελειολαγῳοσιραιοβαφητραγανοπτερύγων]] in the Greek alphabet (1169-74). Liddell and Scott translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces."

{{wiktionary|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχο...}}

{{wiktionary|lepadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiotyromelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephaliokinklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetragalopterygon|lepado...}}

The original Greek spelling had 171 characters (something which is not obvious in the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] transcription, depending on the variant) and for centuries it was the [[longest word]] known.

The dish was a [[fricassee]], with at least 16 sweet and sour ingredients, including the following:<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=EKSHvbY5howC&q=%22longest+word%22+aristophanes&dq=%22longest+word%22 Guinness Book of World Records, 1990 ed, pg. 129] ISBN:0806957905</ref>

*[[Fish]] slices
*Fish of the [[Elasmobranchii]] subclass (a [[shark]] or [[ray]])
*Rotted [[dogfish]] or [[Shark|small shark's]] head
*Generally sharp-tasting dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
*[[Silphion]] "[[laserwort]]," apparently a kind of [[giant fennel]]
*A kind of [[crab]], [[shrimp]], or [[crayfish]]
*[[Honey]] poured down
*Wrasse (or [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]])
*Was topped with a kind of [[sea fish]] or [[Common Blackbird|Blackbird]]
*[[Wood pigeon]]
*[[Domestic pigeon]]
*[[Chicken]]
*Roasted head of [[dabchick]]
*[[Hare]], which could be a kind of [[bird]] or a kind of [[sea hare]]
*[[Must|New wine boiled down]]
*[[Wing]] and/or [[fin]]

[[Ouzo]] has been cited as a 17th ingredient<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6725370&referer=brief_results|Malvina G. Vogel (1980) ''The Big Book Of Amazing Facts'' Playmore Pubs.]</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[ca:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterýgōn]]
[[es:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[eo:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fr:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[he:לופאדוטמאכוס...פטריגון]]
[[no:Lopado…pterygon]]
[[fi:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]

[[Category:Words]]

Parys (Südafrika)

2009-05-16T01:33:36Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 2 edits by 41.145.188.203 identified as vandalism to last revision by 196.211.63.228. using TW

{{otheruses4|the town in South Africa|the mountain in North Wales|Parys Mountain|the Polish village|Parys, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship}}

'''Parys''' (Pronounced ''Pear-ayce'') is a town situated on the banks of the [[Vaal River]] in the [[Free State]] province of [[South Africa]]. Population 43,791.

The name of the town is the [[Afrikaans]] translation of [[Paris]]. The name was given by a [[Germany|German]] surveyor who had participated in the [[Siege of Paris]] during the [[Franco-Prussian War]] and the location next to the Vaal reminded him of Paris on the [[River Seine]].

Parys is in the 5km buffer zone of the [[Vredefort crater|Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site]].

[[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] great [[Frik du Preez]], named South Africa's [[rugby union|rugby]] player of the 20th century, was educated in Parys, although born in [[Rustenburg, North West|Rustenburg]]. Former [[National Football League|NFL]] ([[American football]]) [[placekicker]] [[Gary Anderson]] was born in Parys, although raised in [[Durban]]. Now there is a young man by the name of Thabang Letshaba a.k.a Masheleng, who is set to take South African screens and music industry by storm. He is currently studying Marketing Communication at the University of Johannesburg, Thabang was also born and raised in parys.
==External links==
* [http://www.parys.info Parys.info]
* [http://www.parys.co.za Parys on the Vaal]
{{coord|26|54|S|27|27|E|region:ZA_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in the Free State]]

{{FreeState-geo-stub}}

[[af:Parys, Vrystaat]]
[[nl:Parys]]
[[ro:Parys]]

0,999…

2009-05-13T03:15:26Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 71.86.91.20 identified as vandalism to last revision by Wavelength. using TW

[[Image:999 Perspective.svg|300px|right]]

In [[mathematics]], the [[repeating decimal]] '''0.999…''' which may also be written as <math>0.\bar{9} , 0.\dot{9}</math> or <math> 0.(9)\,\!</math> denotes a [[real number]] [[equality (mathematics)|equal]] to [[1 (number)|one]]. In other words: the notations ''0.999…'' and ''1 '' actually represent the same real number. This [[Equality (mathematics)|equality]] has long been accepted by professional mathematicians and taught in textbooks. [[mathematical proof|Proofs]] have been formulated with varying degrees of [[mathematical rigour]], taking into account preferred development of the real numbers, background assumptions, historical context, and target audience.

The fact that certain real numbers can be represented by more than one digit string is not limited to the decimal system. The same phenomenon occurs in all [[integer]] [[radix|base]]s, and mathematicians have also quantified the ways of writing 1 in [[Non-integer representation|non-integer bases]]. Nor is this phenomenon unique to 1: every non-zero, terminating decimal has a twin with trailing 9s, such as 28.3287 and 28.3286999…. For simplicity, the terminating decimal is almost always the preferred representation, contributing to a misconception that it is the ''only'' representation. Even more generally, any [[positional numeral system]] contains infinitely many numbers with multiple representations. These various identities have been applied to better understand patterns in the decimal expansions of [[fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]s and the structure of a simple [[fractal]], the [[Cantor set]]. They also occur in a classic investigation of the infinitude of the entire set of real numbers.

In the last few decades, researchers of [[mathematics education]] have studied the reception of this equality among students, many of whom initially question or reject this equality. Many are persuaded by textbooks, teachers and arithmetic reasoning as below to accept that the two are equal. However, they are often uneasy enough that they offer further justification. The students' reasoning for denying or affirming the equality is typically based on one of a few common [[erroneous intuitions]] about the real numbers; for example that each real number has a unique [[decimal expansion]], that nonzero [[infinitesimal]] real numbers should exist, or that the expansion of 0.999… eventually terminates. Number systems that bear out some of these intuitions can be constructed, but only outside the standard [[real number]] system used in elementary, and most higher, mathematics. Indeed, some settings contain numbers that are "just shy" of 1; these are generally unrelated to 0.999…, but they are of considerable interest in [[mathematical analysis]].

==Introduction==
0.999… is a number written in the [[decimal]] [[numeral system]], and some of the simplest proofs that 0.999… = 1 rely on the convenient [[arithmetic]] properties of this system. Most of decimal arithmetic—[[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]], [[division (mathematics)|division]], and [[inequality|comparison]]—uses manipulations at the digit level that are much the same as those for [[integer]]s. As with integers, any two ''finite'' decimals with different digits mean different numbers (ignoring trailing zeros). In particular, any number of the form 0.99…9, where the 9s eventually stop, is strictly less than 1.

Misinterpreting the meaning of the use of the "…" ([[ellipsis]]) in 0.999… accounts for some of the misunderstanding about its equality to 1. The use here is different from the usage in language or in 0.99…9, in which the ellipsis specifies that some ''finite'' portion is left unstated or otherwise omitted. When used to specify a [[recurring decimal]], "…" means that some ''infinite'' portion is left unstated, which can only be interpreted as a number by using the mathematical concept of [[limit (mathematics)|limit]]s. As a result, in conventional mathematical usage, the value assigned to the notation "0.999…" is defined to be the [[real number]] which is the [[limit of a sequence|limit]] of the [[convergent sequence]] (0.9, 0.99, 0.999, 0.9999, …).

Unlike the case with integers and finite decimals, other notations can also express a single number in multiple ways. For example, using [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]s, 1⁄3 = 2⁄6. Infinite decimals, however, can express the same number in at most two different ways. If there are two ways, then one of them must end with an infinite series of nines, and the other must terminate (that is, consist of a recurring series of zeros from a certain point on).

There are many proofs that 0.999… = 1, of varying degrees of [[mathematical rigour]]. A short sketch of one rigorous proof can be simply stated as follows. Consider that two [[real number]]s are identical [[if and only if]] their difference is equal to zero. Most people would agree that the difference between 0.999… and 1, if it exists at all, must be very small. By considering the convergence of the sequence above, we can show that the magnitude of this difference must be smaller than any positive quantity, and it can be shown (see [[Archimedean property]] for details) that the only real number with this property is 0. Since the difference is 0 it follows that the numbers 1 and 0.999… are identical. The same argument also explains why 0.333… = 1⁄3, 0.111… = 1⁄9, etc.

==Proofs==
===Algebraic===
====Fractions and long division====

One reason that infinite decimals are a necessary extension of finite decimals is to represent fractions. Using [[long division]], a simple division of integers like 1⁄3 becomes a recurring decimal, 0.333…, in which the digits repeat without end. This decimal yields a quick proof for 0.999… = 1. Multiplication of 3 times 3 produces 9 in each digit, so 3 × 0.333… equals 0.999…. And 3 × 1⁄3 equals 1, so 0.999… = 1.<ref name="CME">cf. with the binary version of the same argument in [[Silvanus P. Thompson]], ''Calculus made easy'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 1998. ISBN 0-312-18548-0.</ref>

Another form of this proof multiplies 1/9 = 0.111… by 9.

:{| style="wikitable"
|<math>
\begin{align}
0.333\dots &{} = \frac{1}{3} \\
3 \times 0.333\dots &{} = 3 \times \frac{1}{3} = \frac{3 \times 1}{3} \\
0.999\dots &{} = 1
\end{align}
</math>
|width="25px"|
|width="25px" style="border-left:1px solid silver;"|
|<math>
\begin{align}
0.111\dots & {} = \frac{1}{9} \\
9 \times 0.111\dots & {} = 9 \times \frac{1}{9} = \frac{9 \times 1}{9} \\
0.999\dots & {} = 1
\end{align}
</math>
|}

A more compact version of the same proof is given by the following equations:

:<math>
1 = \frac{9}{9} = 9 \times \frac{1}{9} = 9 \times 0.111\dots = 0.999\dots
</math>

Since both equations are valid, 0.999… must equal 1 (by the [[transitive property]]). Similarly, 3/3 = 1, and 3/3 = 0.999…. So, 0.999… must equal 1.

====Digit manipulation====

Another kind of proof more easily adapts to other repeating decimals. When a number in decimal notation is multiplied by 10, the digits do not change but the decimal separator moves one place to the right. Thus 10 × 0.999… equals 9.999…, which is 9 greater than the original number.

To see this, consider that subtracting 0.999… from 9.999… can proceed digit by digit; in each of the digits after the decimal separator the result is 9 − 9, which is 0. But trailing zeros do not change a number, so the difference is exactly 9. The final step uses algebra. Let the decimal number in question, 0.999…, be called ''x''. Then 10''x'' − ''x'' = 9. This is the same as 9''x'' = 9. Dividing both sides by 9 completes the proof: ''x'' = 1.<ref name="CME"/> Written as a sequence of equations,

:<math>
\begin{align}
x &= 0.999\ldots \\
10 x &= 9.999\ldots \\
10 x - x &= 9.999\ldots - 0.999\ldots \\
9 x &= 9 \\
x &= 1 \\
0.999\ldots &= 1
\end{align}
</math>

The validity of the digit manipulations in the above two proofs does not have to be taken on faith or as an axiom; it follows from the fundamental relationship between decimals and the numbers they represent. This relationship, which can be developed in several equivalent manners, already establishes that the decimals 0.999… and 1.000... both represent the same number.

===Analytic===
Since the question of 0.999… does not affect the formal development of mathematics, it can be postponed until one proves the standard theorems of [[real analysis]]. One requirement is to characterize real numbers that can be written in decimal notation, consisting of an optional sign, a finite sequence of any number of digits forming an integer part, a decimal separator, and a sequence of digits forming a fractional part. For the purpose of discussing 0.999…, the integer part can be summarized as ''b''0 and one can neglect negatives, so a decimal expansion has the form
:<math>b_0.b_1b_2b_3b_4b_5\dots</math>

It is vital that the fraction part, unlike the integer part, is not limited to a finite number of digits. This is a [[positional notation]], so for example the 5 in 500 contributes ten times as much as the 5 in 50, and the 5 in 0.05 contributes one tenth as much as the 5 in 0.5.

====Infinite series and sequences====
{{further|[[Decimal representation]]}}

Perhaps the most common development of decimal expansions is to define them as sums of [[infinite series]]. In general:
:<math>b_0 . b_1 b_2 b_3 b_4 \ldots = b_0 + b_1({\tfrac{1}{10}}) + b_2({\tfrac{1}{10}})^2 + b_3({\tfrac{1}{10}})^3 + b_4({\tfrac{1}{10}})^4 + \cdots .</math>

For 0.999… one can apply the [[convergent series|convergence]] theorem concerning [[geometric series]]:<ref>Rudin p.61, Theorem 3.26; J. Stewart p.706</ref>
:If <math>|r| < 1</math> then <math>ar+ar^2+ar^3+\cdots = \frac{ar}{1-r}.</math>

Since 0.999… is such a sum with a common ratio <math>r=\textstyle\frac{1}{10}</math>, the theorem makes short work of the question:
:<math>0.999\ldots = 9(\tfrac{1}{10}) + 9({\tfrac{1}{10}})^2 + 9({\tfrac{1}{10}})^3 + \cdots = \frac{9({\tfrac{1}{10}})}{1-{\tfrac{1}{10}}} = 1.\,</math>
This proof (actually, that 10 equals 9.999…) appears as early as 1770 in [[Leonhard Euler]]'s ''[[Elements of Algebra]]''.<ref>Euler p.170</ref>

[[Image:base4 333.svg|left|thumb|200px|Limits: The unit interval, including the '''base-4''' decimal sequence (.3, .33, .333, …) converging to 1.]]
The sum of a geometric series is itself a result even older than Euler. A typical 18th-century derivation used a term-by-term manipulation similar to the [[#Algebra|algebra proof]] given above, and as late as 1811, Bonnycastle's textbook ''An Introduction to Algebra'' uses such an argument for geometric series to justify the same maneuver on 0.999….<ref>Grattan-Guinness p.69; Bonnycastle p.177</ref> A 19th-century reaction against such liberal summation methods resulted in the definition that still dominates today: the sum of a series is ''defined'' to be the limit of the sequence of its partial sums. A corresponding proof of the theorem explicitly computes that sequence; it can be found in any proof-based introduction to calculus or analysis.<ref>For example, J. Stewart p.706, Rudin p.61, Protter and Morrey p.213, Pugh p.180, J.B. Conway p.31</ref>

A [[sequence]] (''x''0, ''x''1, ''x''2, …) has a [[limit of a sequence|limit]] ''x'' if the distance |''x'' − ''x''''n''| becomes arbitrarily small as ''n'' increases. The statement that 0.999… = 1 can itself be interpreted and proven as a limit:
:<math>0.999\ldots = \lim_{n\to\infty}0.\underbrace{ 99\ldots9 }_{n} = \lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k = 1}^n\frac{9}{10^k} = \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1-\frac{1}{10^n}\right) = 1-\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{10^n} = 1.\,</math><ref>The limit follows, for example, from Rudin p. 57, Theorem 3.20e. For a more direct approach, see also Finney, Weir, Giordano (2001) ''Thomas' Calculus: Early Transcendentals'' 10ed, Addison-Wesley, New York. Section 8.1, example 2(a), example 6(b).</ref>

The last step — that <math>\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{1}{10^n} = 0</math> — is often justified by the axiom that the real numbers have the [[Archimedean property]]. This limit-based attitude towards 0.999… is often put in more evocative but less precise terms. For example, the 1846 textbook ''The University Arithmetic'' explains, ".999 +, continued to infinity = 1, because every annexation of a 9 brings the value closer to 1"; the 1895 ''Arithmetic for Schools'' says, "…when a large number of 9s is taken, the difference between 1 and .99999… becomes inconceivably small".<ref>Davies p.175; Smith and Harrington p.115</ref> Such [[heuristic]]s are often interpreted by students as implying that 0.999… itself is less than 1.

====Nested intervals and least upper bounds====
{{further|[[Nested intervals]]}}

[[Image:999 Intervals C.svg|right|thumb|250px|Nested intervals: in base 3, 1 = 1.000… = 0.222…]]
The series definition above is a simple way to define the real number named by a decimal expansion. A complementary approach is tailored to the opposite process: for a given real number, define the decimal expansion(s) to name it.

If a real number ''x'' is known to lie in the [[closed interval]] [0, 10] (i.e., it is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 10), one can imagine dividing that interval into ten pieces that overlap only at their endpoints: [0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], and so on up to [9, 10]. The number ''x'' must belong to one of these; if it belongs to [2, 3] then one records the digit "2" and subdivides that interval into [2, 2.1], [2.1, 2.2], …, [2.8, 2.9], [2.9, 3]. Continuing this process yields an infinite sequence of [[nested intervals]], labeled by an infinite sequence of digits ''b''0, ''b''1, ''b''2, ''b''3, …, and one writes
:''x'' = ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3…

In this formalism, the identities 1 = 0.999… and 1 = 1.000… reflect, respectively, the fact that 1 lies in both [0, 1] and [1, 2], so one can choose either subinterval when finding its digits. To ensure that this notation does not abuse the "=" sign, one needs a way to reconstruct a unique real number for each decimal. This can be done with limits, but other constructions continue with the ordering theme.<ref>Beals p.22; I. Stewart p.34</ref>

One straightforward choice is the [[nested intervals theorem]], which guarantees that given a sequence of nested, closed intervals whose lengths become arbitrarily small, the intervals contain exactly one real number in their [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]]. So ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… is defined to be the unique number contained within all the intervals [''b''0, ''b''0 + 1], [''b''0.''b''1, ''b''0.''b''1 + 0.1], and so on. 0.999… is then the unique real number that lies in all of the intervals [0, 1], [0.9, 1], [0.99, 1], and [0.99…9, 1] for every finite string of 9s. Since 1 is an element of each of these intervals, 0.999… = 1.<ref>Bartle and Sherbert pp.60–62; Pedrick p.29; Sohrab p.46</ref>

The Nested Intervals Theorem is usually founded upon a more fundamental characteristic of the real numbers: the existence of [[least upper bound]]s or ''suprema''. To directly exploit these objects, one may define ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… to be the least upper bound of the set of approximants {''b''0, ''b''0.''b''1, ''b''0.''b''1''b''2, …}.<ref>Apostol pp.9, 11–12; Beals p.22; Rosenlicht p.27</ref> One can then show that this definition (or the nested intervals definition) is consistent with the subdivision procedure, implying 0.999… = 1 again. Tom Apostol concludes,
<blockquote>
The fact that a real number might have two different decimal representations is merely a reflection of the fact that two different sets of real numbers can have the same supremum.<ref>Apostol p.12</ref>
</blockquote>

===Based on the construction of the real numbers===
{{further|[[Construction of the real numbers]]}}

Some approaches explicitly define real numbers to be certain [[construction of the real numbers|structures built upon the rational numbers]], using [[axiomatic set theory]]. The [[natural number]]s — 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on — begin with 0 and continue upwards, so that every number has a successor. One can extend the natural numbers with their negatives to give all the [[integer]]s, and to further extend to ratios, giving the [[rational number]]s. These number systems are accompanied by the arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. More subtly, they include [[order theory|ordering]], so that one number can be compared to another and found less than, greater than, or equal.

The step from rationals to reals is a major extension. There are at least two popular ways to achieve this step, both published in 1872: [[Dedekind cut]]s and [[Cauchy sequence]]s. Proofs that 0.999… = 1 which directly use these constructions are not found in textbooks on real analysis, where the modern trend for the last few decades has been to use an axiomatic analysis. Even when a construction is offered, it is usually applied towards proving the axioms of the real numbers, which then support the above proofs. However, several authors express the idea that starting with a construction is more logically appropriate, and the resulting proofs are more self-contained.<ref>The historical synthesis is claimed by Griffiths and Hilton (p.xiv) in 1970 and again by Pugh (p.10) in 2001; both actually prefer Dedekind cuts to axioms. For the use of cuts in textbooks, see Pugh p.17 or Rudin p.17. For viewpoints on logic, Pugh p.10, Rudin p.ix, or Munkres p.30</ref>

====Dedekind cuts====
{{further|[[Dedekind cut]]}}

In the [[Dedekind cut]] approach, each real number ''x'' is defined as the [[infinite set]] of all rational numbers that are less than ''x''.<ref>Enderton (p.113) qualifies this description: "The idea behind Dedekind cuts is that a real number ''x'' can be named by giving an infinite set of rationals, namely all the rationals less than ''x''. We will in effect define ''x'' to be the set of rationals smaller than ''x''. To avoid circularity in the definition, we must be able to characterize the sets of rationals obtainable in this way…"</ref> In particular, the real number 1 is the set of all rational numbers that are less than 1.<ref>Rudin pp.17–20, Richman p.399, or Enderton p.119. To be precise, Rudin, Richman, and Enderton call this cut 1*, 1−, and 1''R'', respectively; all three identify it with the traditional real number 1. Note that what Rudin and Enderton call a Dedekind cut, Richman calls a "nonprincipal Dedekind cut".</ref> Every positive decimal expansion easily determines a Dedekind cut: the set of rational numbers which are less than some stage of the expansion. So the real number 0.999… is the set of rational numbers ''r'' such that ''r'' < 0, or ''r'' < 0.9, or ''r'' < 0.99, or ''r'' is less than some other number of the form <math>\begin{align}1-(\tfrac{1}{10})^n\end{align}</math>.<ref>Richman p.399</ref> Every element of 0.999… is less than 1, so it is an element of the real number 1. Conversely, an element of 1 is a rational number
<math>\begin{align}\tfrac{a}{b}<1\end{align}</math>, which implies <math>\begin{align}\tfrac{a}{b}<1-(\tfrac{1}{10})^b\end{align}</math>. Since 0.999… and 1 contain the same rational numbers, they are the same set: 0.999… = 1.

The definition of real numbers as Dedekind cuts was first published by [[Richard Dedekind]] in 1872.<ref name="MacTutor2">{{cite web |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PrintHT/Real_numbers_2.html |title=History topic: The real numbers: Stevin to Hilbert |author=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson |work=MacTutor History of Mathematics |month=October | year=2005 |accessdate=2006-08-30}}</ref>
The above approach to assigning a real number to each decimal expansion is due to an expository paper titled "Is 0.999 … = 1?" by Fred Richman in ''[[Mathematics Magazine]]'', which is targeted at teachers of collegiate mathematics, especially at the junior/senior level, and their students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maa.org/pubs/mm-guide.html |title=Mathematics Magazine:Guidelines for Authors |publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]] |accessdate=2006-08-23}}</ref> Richman notes that taking Dedekind cuts in any [[dense subset]] of the rational numbers yields the same results; in particular, he uses [[decimal fraction]]s, for which the proof is more immediate: "So we see that in the traditional definition of the real numbers, the equation 0.9* = 1 is built in at the beginning."<ref>Richman pp.398–399</ref> A further modification of the procedure leads to a different structure that Richman is more interested in describing; see "[[#Alternative number systems|Alternative number systems]]" below.

====Cauchy sequences====
{{further|[[Cauchy sequence]]}}

Another approach to constructing the real numbers uses the ordering of rationals less directly. First, the distance between ''x'' and ''y'' is defined as the absolute value |''x'' − ''y''|, where the absolute value |''z''| is defined as the maximum of ''z'' and −''z'', thus never negative. Then the reals are defined to be the sequences of rationals that have the [[Cauchy sequence]] property using this distance. That is, in the sequence (''x''0, ''x''1, ''x''2, …), a mapping from natural numbers to rationals, for any positive rational δ there is an ''N'' such that |''x''''m'' − ''x''''n''| ≤ δ for all ''m'', ''n'' > ''N''. (The distance between terms becomes smaller than any positive rational.)<ref>Griffiths & Hilton §24.2 "Sequences" p.386</ref>

If (''x''''n'') and (''y''''n'') are two Cauchy sequences, then they are defined to be equal as real numbers if the sequence (''x''''n'' − ''y''''n'') has the limit 0. Truncations of the decimal number ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… generate a sequence of rationals which is Cauchy; this is taken to define the real value of the number.<ref>Griffiths & Hilton pp.388, 393</ref> Thus in this formalism the task is to show that the sequence of rational numbers
:<math>\left(1 - 0, 1 - {9 \over 10}, 1 - {99 \over 100}, \dots\right)
= \left(1, {1 \over 10}, {1 \over 100}, \dots \right)</math>

has the limit 0. Considering the ''n''th term of the sequence, for ''n''=0,1,2,…, it must therefore be shown that
:<math>\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{10^n} = 0.</math>

This limit is plain;<ref>Griffiths & Hilton pp.395</ref> one possible proof is that for ε = ''a''/''b'' > 0 one can take ''N'' = ''b'' in the definition of the [[limit of a sequence]]. So again 0.999… = 1.

The definition of real numbers as Cauchy sequences was first published separately by [[Eduard Heine]] and [[Georg Cantor]], also in 1872.<ref name="MacTutor2" /> The above approach to decimal expansions, including the proof that 0.999… = 1, closely follows Griffiths & Hilton's 1970 work ''A comprehensive textbook of classical mathematics: A contemporary interpretation''. The book is written specifically to offer a second look at familiar concepts in a contemporary light.<ref>Griffiths & Hilton pp.viii, 395</ref>

==Generalizations==
The result that 0.999… = 1 generalizes readily in two ways. First, every nonzero number with a finite decimal notation (equivalently, endless trailing 0s) has a counterpart with trailing 9s. For example, 0.24999… equals 0.25, exactly as in the special case considered. These numbers are exactly the decimal fractions, and they are [[Dense set|dense]].<ref>Petkovšek p.408</ref>

Second, a comparable theorem applies in each radix or [[base (mathematics)|base]]. For example, in base 2 (the [[binary numeral system]]) 0.111… equals 1, and in base 3 (the [[ternary numeral system]]) 0.222… equals 1. Textbooks of real analysis are likely to skip the example of 0.999… and present one or both of these generalizations from the start.<ref>Protter and Morrey p.503; Bartle and Sherbert p.61</ref>

Alternative representations of 1 also occur in non-integer bases. For example, in the [[golden ratio base]], the two standard representations are 1.000… and 0.101010…, and there are infinitely many more representations that include adjacent 1s. Generally, for [[almost all]] ''q'' between 1 and 2, there are uncountably many base-''q'' expansions of 1. On the other hand, there are still uncountably many ''q'' (including all natural numbers greater than 1) for which there is only one base-''q'' expansion of 1, other than the trivial 1.000…. This result was first obtained by [[Paul Erdős]], Miklos Horváth, and István Joó around 1990. In 1998 Vilmos Komornik and Paola Loreti determined the smallest such base, the [[Komornik-Loreti constant]] ''q'' = 1.787231650…. In this base, 1 = 0.11010011001011010010110011010011…; the digits are given by the [[Thue-Morse sequence]], which does not repeat.<ref>Komornik and Loreti p.636</ref>

A more far-reaching generalization addresses [[non-standard positional numeral systems|the most general positional numeral systems]]. They too have multiple representations, and in some sense the difficulties are even worse. For example:<ref>Kempner p.611; Petkovšek p.409</ref>
*In the [[balanced ternary]] system, 1/2 = 0.111… = 1.111….
*In the [[factoradic]] system, 1 = 1.000… = 0.1234….
Marko Petkovšek has proved that such ambiguities are necessary consequences of using a positional system: for any such system that names all the real numbers, the set of reals with multiple representations is always dense. He calls the proof "an instructive exercise in elementary [[point-set topology]]"; it involves viewing sets of positional values as [[Stone space]]s and noticing that their real representations are given by [[continuous function (topology)|continuous functions]].<ref>Petkovšek pp.410–411</ref>

==Applications==
One application of 0.999… as a representation of 1 occurs in elementary [[number theory]]. In 1802, H. Goodwin published an observation on the appearance of 9s in the repeating-decimal representations of fractions whose denominators are certain [[prime number]]s. Examples include:
*1/7 = 0.142857142857… and 142 + 857 = 999.
*1/73 = 0.0136986301369863… and 0136 + 9863 = 9999.
E. Midy proved a general result about such fractions, now called ''[[Midy's theorem]]'', in 1836. The publication was obscure, and it is unclear if his proof directly involved 0.999…, but at least one modern proof by W. G. Leavitt does. If one can prove that a decimal of the form 0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… is a positive integer, then it must be 0.999…, which is then the source of the 9s in the theorem.<ref>Leavitt 1984 p.301</ref> Investigations in this direction can motivate such concepts as [[greatest common divisor]]s, [[modular arithmetic]], [[Fermat prime]]s, [[order (group theory)|order]] of [[group (mathematics)|group]] elements, and [[quadratic reciprocity]].<ref>Lewittes pp.1–3; Leavitt 1967 pp.669,673; Shrader-Frechette pp.96–98</ref>

[[Image:Cantor base 3.svg|right|thumb|Positions of 1/4, 2/3, and 1 in the [[Cantor set]]]]
Returning to real analysis, the base-3 analogue 0.222… = 1 plays a key role in a characterization of one of the simplest [[fractal]]s, the middle-thirds [[Cantor set]]:
*A point in the [[unit interval]] lies in the Cantor set if and only if it can be represented in ternary using only the digits 0 and 2.

The ''n''th digit of the representation reflects the position of the point in the ''n''th stage of the construction. For example, the point ²⁄3 is given the usual representation of 0.2 or 0.2000…, since it lies to the right of the first deletion and to the left of every deletion thereafter. The point 1⁄3 is represented not as 0.1 but as 0.0222…, since it lies to the left of the first deletion and to the right of every deletion thereafter.<ref>Pugh p.97; Alligood, Sauer, and Yorke pp.150–152. Protter and Morrey (p.507) and Pedrick (p.29) assign this description as an exercise.</ref>

Repeating nines also turn up in yet another of Georg Cantor's works. They must be taken into account to construct a valid proof, applying [[Cantor's diagonal argument|his 1891 diagonal argument]] to decimal expansions, of the [[uncountability]] of the unit interval. Such a proof needs to be able to declare certain pairs of real numbers to be different based on their decimal expansions, so one needs to avoid pairs like 0.2 and 0.1999… . A simple method represents all numbers with nonterminating expansions; the opposite method rules out repeating nines.<ref>Maor (p.60) and Mankiewicz (p.151) review the former method; Mankiewicz attributes it to Cantor, but the primary source is unclear. Munkres (p.50) mentions the latter method.</ref> A variant that may be closer to Cantor's original argument actually uses base 2, and by turning base-3 expansions into base-2 expansions, one can prove the uncountability of the Cantor set as well.<ref>Rudin p.50, Pugh p.98</ref>

==Skepticism in education==
Students of mathematics often reject the equality of 0.999… and 1, for reasons ranging from their disparate appearance to deep misgivings over the [[Limit of a sequence|limit]] concept and disagreements over the nature of [[infinitesimal]]s. There are many common contributing factors to the confusion:
*Students are often "mentally committed to the notion that a number can be represented in one and only one way by a decimal." Seeing two manifestly different decimals representing the same number appears to be a [[paradox]], which is amplified by the appearance of the seemingly well-understood number 1.<ref>Bunch p.119; Tall and Schwarzenberger p.6. The last suggestion is due to Burrell (p.28): "Perhaps the most reassuring of all numbers is 1.…So it is particularly unsettling when someone tries to pass off 0.9~ as 1."</ref>
*Some students interpret "0.999…" (or similar notation) as a large but finite string of 9s, possibly with a variable, unspecified length. If they accept an infinite string of nines, they may still expect a last 9 "at infinity".<ref>Tall and Schwarzenberger pp.6–7; Tall 2000 p.221</ref>
*Intuition and ambiguous teaching lead students to think of the limit of a sequence as a kind of infinite process rather than a fixed value, since a sequence need not reach its limit. Where students accept the difference between a sequence of numbers and its limit, they might read "0.999…" as meaning the sequence rather than its limit.<ref>Tall and Schwarzenberger p.6; Tall 2000 p.221</ref>
*Some students regard 0.999… as having a fixed value which is less than 1 by an [[infinitesimal]] but non-zero amount.
*Some students believe that the value of a [[convergent series]] is at best an approximation, that <math>0.\bar{9} \approx 1</math>.
These ideas are mistaken in the context of the standard real numbers, although some may be valid in other number systems, either invented for their general mathematical utility or as instructive [[counterexample]]s to better understand 0.999….

Many of these explanations were found by professor [[David O. Tall]], who has studied characteristics of teaching and cognition that lead to some of the misunderstandings he has encountered in his college students. Interviewing his students to determine why the vast majority initially rejected the equality, he found that "students continued to conceive of 0.999… as a sequence of numbers getting closer and closer to 1 and not a fixed value, because 'you haven’t specified how many places there are' or 'it is the nearest possible decimal below 1'".<ref>Tall 2000 p.221</ref>

Of the elementary proofs, multiplying 0.333… = 1⁄3 by 3 is apparently a successful strategy for convincing reluctant students that 0.999… = 1. Still, when confronted with the conflict between their belief of the first equation and their disbelief of the second, some students either begin to disbelieve the first equation or simply become frustrated.<ref>Tall 1976 pp.10–14</ref> Nor are more sophisticated methods foolproof: students who are fully capable of applying rigorous definitions may still fall back on intuitive images when they are surprised by a result in advanced mathematics, including 0.999…. For example, one real analysis student was able to prove that 0.333… = 1⁄3 using a [[supremum]] definition, but then insisted that 0.999… < 1 based on her earlier understanding of long division.<ref>Pinto and Tall p.5, Edwards and Ward pp.416–417</ref> Others still are able to prove that 1⁄3 = 0.333…, but, upon being confronted by the [[#Fractions|fractional proof]], insist that "logic" supersedes the mathematical calculations.

[[Joseph Mazur]] tells the tale of an otherwise brilliant calculus student of his who "challenged almost everything I said in class but never questioned his calculator," and who had come to believe that nine digits are all one needs to do mathematics, including calculating the square root of 23. The student remained uncomfortable with a limiting argument that 9.99… = 10, calling it a "wildly imagined infinite growing process."<ref>Mazur pp.137–141</ref>

As part of Ed Dubinsky's "[[APOS theory]]" of mathematical learning, Dubinsky and his collaborators (2005) propose that students who conceive of 0.999… as a finite, indeterminate string with an infinitely small distance from 1 have "not yet constructed a complete process conception of the infinite decimal". Other students who have a complete process conception of 0.999… may not yet be able to "encapsulate" that process into an "object conception", like the object conception they have of 1, and so they view the process 0.999… and the object 1 as incompatible. Dubinsky ''et al.'' also link this mental ability of encapsulation to viewing 1⁄3 as a number in its own right and to dealing with the set of natural numbers as a whole.<ref>Dubinsky ''et al.'' 261–262</ref>

==In popular culture==

With the rise of the [[Internet]], debates about 0.999… have escaped the classroom and are commonplace on [[newsgroup]]s and [[message board]]s, including many that nominally have little to do with mathematics. In the newsgroup <tt>[news:sci.math sci.math]</tt>, arguing over 0.999… is a "popular sport", and it is one of the questions answered in its [[FAQ]].<ref>As observed by Richman (p.396). {{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci-math-faq/specialnumbers/0.999eq1/ |author=Hans de Vreught | year=1994 | title=sci.math FAQ: Why is 0.9999… = 1? |accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> The FAQ briefly covers 1⁄3, multiplication by 10, and limits, and it alludes to Cauchy sequences as well.

A 2003 edition of the general-interest [[newspaper column]] ''[[The Straight Dope]]'' discusses 0.999… via 1⁄3 and limits, saying of misconceptions,
<blockquote>
The lower primate in us still resists, saying: .999~ doesn't really represent a ''number'', then, but a ''process''. To find a number we have to halt the process, at which point the .999~ = 1 thing falls apart.

Nonsense.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/030711.html |title=An infinite question: Why doesn't .999~ = 1? |date=2003-07-11 |author=[[Cecil Adams]] |work=[[The Straight Dope]] |publisher=[[Chicago Reader]] |accessdate=2006-09-06}}</ref>
</blockquote>

''The Straight Dope'' cites a discussion on its own message board that grew out of an unidentified "other message board … mostly about video games". In the same vein, the question of 0.999… proved such a popular topic in the first seven years of [[Blizzard Entertainment]]'s [[Battle.net]] forums that the company issued a "press release" on [[April Fools' Day]] 2004 that it is 1:
<blockquote>
We are very excited to close the book on this subject once and for all. We've witnessed the heartache and concern over whether .999~ does or does not equal 1, and we're proud that the following proof finally and conclusively addresses the issue for our customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blizzard.com/press/040401.shtml |title=Blizzard Entertainment Announces .999~ (Repeating) = 1 |work=Press Release |publisher=Blizzard Entertainment |date=2004-04-01 |accessdate=2006-09-03}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Two proofs are then offered, based on limits and multiplication by 10.

0.999… features also in mathematical folklore, specifically in the following joke:<ref>Renteln and Dundes, p.27</ref>
<blockquote>
Q: How many mathematicians does it take to screw in a lightbulb?
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
A: 0.999999….
</blockquote>

==Alternative number systems==
Although the real numbers form an extremely useful [[number system]], the decision to interpret the notation "0.999…" as naming a real number is ultimately a convention, and [[Timothy Gowers]] argues in ''Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction'' that the resulting identity 0.999… = 1 is a convention as well:
<blockquote>
However, it is by no means an arbitrary convention, because not adopting it forces one either to invent strange new objects or to abandon some of the familiar rules of arithmetic.<ref>Gowers p.60</ref>
</blockquote>
One can define other number systems using different rules or new objects; in some such number systems, the above proofs would need to be reinterpreted and one might find that, in a given number system, 0.999… and 1 might not be identical. However, many number systems are extensions of — rather than independent alternatives to — the real number system, so 0.999… = 1 continues to hold. Even in such number systems, though, it is worthwhile to examine alternative number systems, not only for how 0.999… behaves (if, indeed, a number expressed as "0.999…" is both meaningful and unambiguous), but also for the behavior of related phenomena. If such phenomena differ from those in the real number system, then at least one of the assumptions built into the system must break down.

===Infinitesimals===
{{main|Infinitesimal}}

Some proofs that 0.999… = 1 rely on the [[Archimedean property]] of the standard real numbers: there are no nonzero [[infinitesimal]]s. There are mathematically coherent ordered [[algebraic structure]]s, including various alternatives to standard reals, which are non-Archimedean. The meaning of 0.999… depends on which structure we use. For example, the [[dual number]]s include a new infinitesimal element ε, analogous to the imaginary unit ''i'' in the [[complex number]]s except that ε² = 0. The resulting structure is useful in [[automatic differentiation]]. The dual numbers can be given a [[lexicographic order]], in which case the multiples of ε become non-Archimedean elements.<ref>Berz 439–442</ref> Note, however, that, as an extension of the real numbers, the dual numbers still have 0.999…=1. On a related note, while ε exists in dual numbers, so does ε/2, so ε is not "the smallest positive dual number," and, indeed, as in the reals, no such number exists.

[[Non-standard analysis]] provides a number system with a full array of infinitesimals (and their inverses).<ref>For a full treatment of non-standard numbers see for example Robinson's ''Non-standard Analysis''.</ref> A.H. Lightstone developed a decimal expansion for the non-standard real numbers in (0, 1)∗.<ref>Lightstone pp.245–247</ref> Lightstone shows how to associate to each extended real number a sequence of digits
:0.d1d2d3…;…d∞−1d∞d∞+1…
indexed by the extended natural numbers. While he does not directly discuss 0.999…, he shows the real number 1/3 is represented by 0.333…;…333… which is a consequence of the [[transfer principle]]. Multiplying by 3, one obtains analogous facts for expansions with repeating 9s.
The hyperreal number ''u''''H''=0.999…;…999000… with ''H''-infinitely many 9s, for some infinite [[hyperinteger]] ''H'', satisfies a strict inequality ''u''''H'' < 1.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} Indeed, the sequence u1=0.9, u2=0.99, u3=0.999, etc. satisfies un = 1 - 1/n, hence by the transfer principle uH = 1 - 1/H < 1. Lightstone shows that in this system 0.333...;...000... and 0.999...;...000... are not numbers.

[[Combinatorial game theory]] provides alternative reals as well, with infinite Blue-Red [[Hackenbush]] as one particularly relevant example. In 1974, [[Elwyn Berlekamp]] described a correspondence between [[Hackenbush strings]] and binary expansions of real numbers, motivated by the idea of [[data compression]]. For example, the value of the Hackenbush string LRRLRLRL… is 0.0101012… = 1/3. However, the value of LRLLL… (corresponding to 0.111…2) is infinitesimally less than 1. The difference between the two is the [[surreal number]] 1/ω, where ω is the first [[ordinal number|infinite ordinal]]; the relevant game is LRRRR… or 0.000…2.<ref>Berlekamp, Conway, and Guy (pp.79–80, 307–311) discuss 1 and 1/3 and touch on 1/ω. The game for 0.111…2 follows directly from Berlekamp's Rule, and it is discussed by {{cite web |url=http://www.maths.nott.ac.uk/personal/anw/Research/Hack/ |title=Hackenstrings and the 0.999… ≟ 1 FAQ |author=A. N. Walker |year=1999 |accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref>

===Breaking subtraction===
Another manner in which the proofs might be undermined is if 1 − 0.999… simply does not exist, because subtraction is not always possible. Mathematical structures with an addition operation but not a subtraction operation include [[commutative]] [[semigroup]]s, [[commutative monoid]]s and [[semiring]]s. Richman considers two such systems, designed so that 0.999… < 1.

First, Richman defines a nonnegative ''decimal number'' to be a literal decimal expansion. He defines the [[lexicographical order]] and an addition operation, noting that 0.999… < 1 simply because 0 < 1 in the ones place, but for any nonterminating ''x'', one has 0.999… + ''x'' = 1 + ''x''. So one peculiarity of the decimal numbers is that addition cannot always be cancelled; another is that no decimal number corresponds to 1⁄3. After defining multiplication, the decimal numbers form a positive, totally ordered, commutative semiring.<ref>Richman pp.397–399</ref>

In the process of defining multiplication, Richman also defines another system he calls "cut ''D''", which is the set of Dedekind cuts of decimal fractions. Ordinarily this definition leads to the real numbers, but for a decimal fraction ''d'' he allows both the cut (−∞, ''d'' ) and the "principal cut" (−∞, ''d'' ]. The result is that the real numbers are "living uneasily together with" the decimal fractions. Again 0.999… < 1. There are no positive infinitesimals in cut ''D'', but there is "a sort of negative infinitesimal," 0−, which has no decimal expansion. He concludes that 0.999… = 1 + 0−, while the equation "0.999… + ''x'' = 1"
has no solution.<ref>Richman pp.398–400. Rudin (p.23) assigns this alternative construction (but over the rationals) as the last exercise of Chapter 1.</ref>

===''p''-adic numbers===
{{main|p-adic number}}

When asked about 0.999…, novices often believe there should be a "final 9," believing 1 − 0.999… to be a positive number which they write as "0.000…1". Whether or not that makes sense, the intuitive goal is clear: adding a 1 to the last 9 in 0.999… would carry all the 9s into 0s and leave a 1 in the ones place. Among other reasons, this idea fails because there is no "last 9" in 0.999….<ref>Gardiner p.98; Gowers p.60</ref> However, there is a system that contains an infinite string of 9s including a last 9.

[[Image:4adic 333.svg|right|thumb|200px|The 4-adic integers (black points), including the sequence (3, 33, 333, …) converging to −1. The 10-adic analogue is …999 = −1.]]

The [[p-adic number|''p''-adic number]]s are an alternative number system of interest in [[number theory]]. Like the real numbers, the ''p''-adic numbers can be built from the rational numbers via [[Cauchy sequence]]s; the construction uses a different metric in which 0 is closer to ''p'', and much closer to ''pn'', than it is to 1. The ''p''-adic numbers form a field for prime ''p'' and a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] for other ''p'', including 10. So arithmetic can be performed in the ''p''-adics, and there are no infinitesimals.

In the 10-adic numbers, the analogues of decimal expansions run to the left. The 10-adic expansion …999 does have a last 9, and it does not have a first 9. One can add 1 to the ones place, and it leaves behind only 0s after carrying through: 1 + …999 = …000 = 0, and so …999 = −1.<ref name="Fjelstad11">Fjelstad p.11</ref> Another derivation uses a geometric series. The infinite series implied by "…999" does not converge in the real numbers, but it converges in the 10-adics, and so one can re-use the familiar formula:
:<math>\ldots999 = 9 + 9(10) + 9(10)^2 + 9(10)^3 + \cdots = \frac{9}{1-10} = -1.</math><ref>Fjelstad pp.14–15</ref>

(Compare with the series [[#Infinite series and sequences|above]].) A third derivation was invented by a seventh-grader who was doubtful over her teacher's limiting argument that 0.999… = 1 but was inspired to take the multiply-by-10 proof [[#Algebra proof|above]] in the opposite direction: if ''x'' = …999 then 10''x'' =  …990, so 10''x'' = ''x'' − 9, hence ''x'' = −1 again.<ref name="Fjelstad11" />

As a final extension, since {{nowrap begin}}0.999… = 1{{nowrap end}} (in the reals) and {{nowrap begin}}…999 = −1{{nowrap end}} (in the 10-adics), then by "blind faith and unabashed juggling of symbols"<ref>DeSua p.901</ref> one may add the two equations and arrive at {{nowrap begin}}…999.999… = 0.{{nowrap end}} This equation does not make sense either as a 10-adic expansion or an ordinary decimal expansion, but it turns out to be meaningful and true if one develops a theory of "double-decimals" with eventually repeating left ends to represent a familiar system: the real numbers.<ref>DeSua pp.902–903</ref>

==Related questions==

* [[Zeno's paradoxes]], particularly the paradox of the runner, are reminiscent of the apparent paradox that 0.999… and 1 are equal. The runner paradox can be mathematically modelled and then, like 0.999…, resolved using a geometric series. However, it is not clear if this mathematical treatment addresses the underlying metaphysical issues Zeno was exploring.<ref>Wallace p.51, Maor p.17</ref>
* [[Division by zero]] occurs in some popular discussions of 0.999…, and it also stirs up contention. While most authors choose to define 0.999…, almost all modern treatments leave division by zero undefined, as it can be given no meaning in the standard real numbers. However, division by zero is defined in some other systems, such as [[complex analysis]], where the [[extended complex plane]], i.e. the [[Riemann sphere]], has a "[[point at infinity]]". Here, it makes sense to define 1/0 to be infinity;<ref>See, for example, J.B. Conway's treatment of Möbius transformations, pp.47–57</ref> and, in fact, the results are profound and applicable to many problems in engineering and physics. Some prominent mathematicians argued for such a definition long before either number system was developed.<ref>Maor p.54</ref>
* [[Negative zero]] is another redundant feature of many ways of writing numbers. In number systems, such as the real numbers, where "0" denotes the additive identity and is neither positive nor negative, the usual interpretation of "−0" is that it should denote the additive inverse of 0, which forces −0 = 0.<ref>Munkres p.34, Exercise 1(c)</ref> Nonetheless, some scientific applications use separate positive and negative zeroes, as do some of the most common computer number systems (for example integers stored in the [[sign and magnitude]] or [[one's complement]] formats, or floating point numbers as specified by the [[IEEE floating-point standard]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles |title=Thermal Physics |edition=2e |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1980 |isbn=0-7167-1088-9 |page=462}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/csspec/html/vclrfcsharpspec_4_1_6.asp |title=Floating point types |work=[[Microsoft Developer Network|MSDN]] C# Language Specification |accessdate=2006-08-29}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-3}}
* [[Decimal representation]]
* [[Infinity]]
* [[Limit (mathematics)]]
{{Col-2-of-3}}
* [[Informal mathematics|Naive mathematics]]
* [[Non-standard analysis]]
{{Col-3-of-3}}
* [[Real analysis]]
* [[Series (mathematics)]]
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
*{{cite book |author=Alligood, Sauer, and Yorke |year=1996 |title=Chaos: An introduction to dynamical systems |chapter=4.1 Cantor Sets |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-94677-2}}
*:This introductory textbook on dynamical systems is aimed at undergraduate and beginning graduate students. (p.ix)
*{{cite book |last=Apostol |first=Tom M. |year=1974 |title=Mathematical analysis |edition=2e |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-00288-4}}
*:A transition from calculus to advanced analysis, ''Mathematical analysis'' is intended to be "honest, rigorous, up to date, and, at the same time, not too pedantic." (pref.) Apostol's development of the real numbers uses the least upper bound axiom and introduces infinite decimals two pages later. (pp.9–11)
*{{cite book |author=Bartle, R.G. and D.R. Sherbert |year=1982 |title=Introduction to real analysis |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-05944-7}}
*:This text aims to be "an accessible, reasonably paced textbook that deals with the fundamental concepts and techniques of real analysis." Its development of the real numbers relies on the supremum axiom. (pp.vii-viii)
*{{cite book |last=Beals |first=Richard |title=Analysis |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge UP |isbn=0-521-60047-2}}
*{{cite book |author=[[Elwyn Berlekamp|Berlekamp, E.R.]]; [[John Horton Conway|J.H. Conway]]; and [[Richard K. Guy|R.K. Guy]] |year=1982 |title=[[Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]] |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-091101-9}}
*{{cite conference |last=Berz |first=Martin |title=Automatic differentiation as nonarchimedean analysis |year=1992 |booktitle=Computer Arithmetic and Enclosure Methods |publisher=Elsevier |pages=439–450 |url=http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/berz92automatic.html}}
*{{cite book |last=Bunch |first=Bryan H. |title=Mathematical fallacies and paradoxes |year=1982 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=0-442-24905-5}}
*:This book presents an analysis of paradoxes and fallacies as a tool for exploring its central topic, "the rather tenuous relationship between mathematical reality and physical reality". It assumes first-year high-school algebra; further mathematics is developed in the book, including geometric series in Chapter 2. Although 0.999… is not one of the paradoxes to be fully treated, it is briefly mentioned during a development of Cantor's diagonal method. (pp.ix-xi, 119)
*{{cite book |last=Burrell |first=Brian |title=Merriam-Webster's Guide to Everyday Math: A Home and Business Reference |year=1998 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=0-87779-621-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Conway |first=John B. |authorlink=John B. Conway |title=Functions of one complex variable I |edition=2e |publisher=Springer-Verlag |origyear=1973 |year=1978 |isbn=0-387-90328-3}}
*:This text assumes "a stiff course in basic calculus" as a prerequisite; its stated principles are to present complex analysis as "An Introduction to Mathematics" and to state the material clearly and precisely. (p.vii)
*{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Charles |year=1846 |title=The University Arithmetic: Embracing the Science of Numbers, and Their Numerous Applications |publisher=A.S. Barnes |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN02026287&pg=PA175}}
*{{cite journal |last=DeSua |first=Frank C. |title=A system isomorphic to the reals |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=67 |number=9 |month=November |year=1960 |pages=900–903 |doi=10.2307/2309468}}
*{{cite journal |author=Dubinsky, Ed, Kirk Weller, Michael McDonald, and Anne Brown |title=Some historical issues and paradoxes regarding the concept of infinity: an APOS analysis: part 2 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |year=2005 |volume=60 |pages=253–266 |doi=10.1007/s10649-005-0473-0}}
*{{cite journal |author=Edwards, Barbara and Michael Ward |year=2004 |month=May |title=Surprises from mathematics education research: Student (mis)use of mathematical definitions |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=111 |number=5 |pages=411–425 |url=http://www.wou.edu/~wardm/FromMonthlyMay2004.pdf |doi=10.2307/4145268|format=PDF}}
*{{cite book |last=Enderton |first=Herbert B. |year=1977 |title=Elements of set theory |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=0-12-238440-7}}
*:An introductory undergraduate textbook in set theory that "presupposes no specific background". It is written to accommodate a course focusing on axiomatic set theory or on the construction of number systems; the axiomatic material is marked such that it may be de-emphasized. (pp.xi-xii)
*{{cite book |last=Euler |first=Leonhard |authorlink=Leonhard Euler |origyear=1770 |year=1822 |edition=3rd English |title=Elements of Algebra |editor=John Hewlett and Francis Horner, English translators. |publisher=Orme Longman |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X8yv0sj4_1YC&pg=PA170}}
*{{cite journal |last=Fjelstad |first=Paul |title=The repeating integer paradox |journal=The College Mathematics Journal |volume=26 |number=1 |month=January |year=1995 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.2307/2687285}}
*{{cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Anthony |title=Understanding Infinity: The Mathematics of Infinite Processes |origyear=1982 |year=2003 |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-42538-X}}
*{{cite book |last=Gowers |first=Timothy|authorlink= William Timothy Gowers|title=Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford UP |isbn=0-19-285361-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Grattan-Guinness |first=Ivor |year=1970 |title=The development of the foundations of mathematical analysis from Euler to Riemann |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-07034-0}}
*{{cite book | last=Griffiths | first=H.B. | coauthors=P.J. Hilton | title=A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical Mathematics: A Contemporary Interpretation | year=1970 | publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold | location=London | isbn=0-442-02863-6. {{LCC|QA37.2|G75}}}}
*:This book grew out of a course for [[Birmingham]]-area [[grammar school]] mathematics teachers. The course was intended to convey a university-level perspective on [[mathematics education|school mathematics]], and the book is aimed at students "who have reached roughly the level of completing one year of specialist mathematical study at a university". The real numbers are constructed in Chapter 24, "perhaps the most difficult chapter in the entire book", although the authors ascribe much of the difficulty to their use of [[ideal theory]], which is not reproduced here. (pp.vii, xiv)
*{{cite journal |last=Kempner |first=A.J. |title=Anormal Systems of Numeration |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=43 |number=10 |month=December |year=1936 |pages=610–617 |doi=10.2307/2300532 }}
*{{cite journal |author=Komornik, Vilmos; and Paola Loreti |title=Unique Developments in Non-Integer Bases |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=105 |number=7 |year=1998 |pages=636–639 |doi=10.2307/2589246 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Leavitt |first=W.G. |title=A Theorem on Repeating Decimals |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=74 |number=6 |year=1967 |pages=669–673 |doi=10.2307/2314251 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Leavitt |first=W.G. |title=Repeating Decimals |journal=The College Mathematics Journal |volume=15 |number=4 |month=September |year=1984 |pages=299–308 |doi=10.2307/2686394 }}
*{{cite web | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NT/0605182 |title=Midy's Theorem for Periodic Decimals |last=Lewittes |first=Joseph |work=New York Number Theory Workshop on Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory |year=2006 |publisher=[[arXiv]]}}
*{{cite journal |last=Lightstone |first=A.H. |title=Infinitesimals |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |year=1972 |volume=79 |number=3 |month=March |pages=242–251 |doi=10.2307/2316619 }}
*{{cite book |last=Mankiewicz |first=Richard |year=2000 |title=The story of mathematics|publisher=Cassell |isbn=0-304-35473-2}}
*:Mankiewicz seeks to represent "the history of mathematics in an accessible style" by combining visual and qualitative aspects of mathematics, mathematicians' writings, and historical sketches. (p.8)
*{{cite book |last=Maor |first=Eli |title=To infinity and beyond: a cultural history of the infinite |year=1987 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=3-7643-3325-1}}
*:A topical rather than chronological review of infinity, this book is "intended for the general reader" but "told from the point of view of a mathematician". On the dilemma of rigor versus readable language, Maor comments, "I hope I have succeeded in properly addressing this problem." (pp.x-xiii)
*{{cite book |last=Mazur |first=Joseph |title=Euclid in the Rainforest: Discovering Universal Truths in Logic and Math |year=2005 |publisher=Pearson: Pi Press |isbn=0-13-147994-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Munkres |first=James R. |title=Topology |year=2000 |origyear=1975 |edition=2e |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=0-13-181629-2}}
*:Intended as an introduction "at the senior or first-year graduate level" with no formal prerequisites: "I do not even assume the reader knows much set theory." (p.xi) Munkres' treatment of the reals is axiomatic; he claims of bare-hands constructions, "This way of approaching the subject takes a good deal of time and effort and is of greater logical than mathematical interest." (p.30)
*{{cite conference |last=Núñez |first=Rafael |title=Do Real Numbers Really Move? Language, Thought, and Gesture: The Embodied Cognitive Foundations of Mathematics |year=2006 |booktitle=18 Unconventional Essays on the Nature of Mathematics |publisher=Springer |pages=160–181 |url=http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~nunez/web/publications.html | id=ISBN 978-0-387-25717-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Pedrick |first=George |title=A First Course in Analysis |year=1994 |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-94108-8}}
*{{cite journal |last=Petkovšek |first=Marko |title=Ambiguous Numbers are Dense |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=97 |number=5 |month=May |year=1990 |pages=408–411 |doi=10.2307/2324393 }}
*{{cite conference |author=Pinto, Márcia and David Tall |title=Following students' development in a traditional university analysis course |booktitle=PME25 |pages=v4: 57–64 |year=2001 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot2001j-pme25-pinto-tall.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite book |author=Protter, M.H. and C.B. Morrey |year=1991 |edition=2e |title=A first course in real analysis |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-97437-7}}
*:This book aims to "present a theoretical foundation of analysis that is suitable for students who have completed a standard course in calculus." (p.vii) At the end of Chapter 2, the authors assume as an axiom for the real numbers that bounded, nodecreasing sequences converge, later proving the nested intervals theorem and the least upper bound property. (pp.56–64) Decimal expansions appear in Appendix 3, "Expansions of real numbers in any base". (pp.503–507)
*{{cite book |last=Pugh |first=Charles Chapman |title=Real mathematical analysis |year=2001 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=0-387-95297-7}}
*:While assuming familiarity with the rational numbers, Pugh introduces [[Dedekind cut]]s as soon as possible, saying of the axiomatic treatment, "This is something of a fraud, considering that the entire structure of analysis is built on the real number system." (p.10) After proving the least upper bound property and some allied facts, cuts are not used in the rest of the book.
*{{cite journal |author=Renteln, Paul and Allan Dundes |year=2005 |month=January |title=Foolproof: A Sampling of Mathematical Folk Humor |journal=[[Notices of the AMS]] |volume=52 |number=1 |pages=24–34 |url=http://www.ams.org/notices/200501/fea-dundes.pdf|doi=|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite journal |first=Fred |last=Richman |year=1999 |month=December |title=Is 0.999… = 1? |journal=[[Mathematics Magazine]] |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=396–400 }} Free HTML preprint: {{cite web |url=http://www.math.fau.edu/Richman/HTML/999.htm |first=Fred|last=Richman|title=Is 0.999… = 1? |date=1999-06-08 |accessdate=2006-08-23}} Note: the journal article contains material and wording not found in the preprint.
*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Abraham |authorlink=Abraham Robinson |title=Non-standard analysis |year=1996 |edition=Revised |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-04490-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Rosenlicht |first=Maxwell |year=1985 |title=Introduction to Analysis |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-65038-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Rudin |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Rudin |title=Principles of mathematical analysis |edition=3e |year=1976 |origyear=1953 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-054235-X}}
*:A textbook for an advanced undergraduate course. "Experience has convinced me that it is pedagogically unsound (though logically correct) to start off with the construction of the real numbers from the rational ones. At the beginning, most students simply fail to appreciate the need for doing this. Accordingly, the real number system is introduced as an ordered field with the least-upper-bound property, and a few interesting applications of this property are quickly made. However, Dedekind's construction is not omitted. It is now in an Appendix to Chapter 1, where it may be studied and enjoyed whenever the time is ripe." (p.ix)
*{{cite journal |last=Shrader-Frechette |first=Maurice |title=Complementary Rational Numbers |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=51 |number=2 |month=March |year=1978 |pages=90–98 }}
*{{cite book |author=Smith, Charles and Charles Harrington |year=1895 |title=Arithmetic for Schools |publisher=Macmillan |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN02029670&pg=PA115}}
*{{cite book |last=Sohrab |first=Houshang |title=Basic Real Analysis |year=2003 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=0-8176-4211-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Ian |title=The Foundations of Mathematics |year=1977 |publisher=Oxford UP |isbn=0-19-853165-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=James |title=Calculus: Early transcendentals |edition=4e |year=1999 |publisher=Brooks/Cole |isbn=0-534-36298-2}}
*:This book aims to "assist students in discovering calculus" and "to foster conceptual understanding". (p.v) It omits proofs of the foundations of calculus.
*{{cite journal |author=D.O. Tall and R.L.E. Schwarzenberger |title=Conflicts in the Learning of Real Numbers and Limits |journal=Mathematics Teaching |year=1978 |volume=82 |pages=44–49 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1978c-with-rolph.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite journal |last=Tall |first=David |authorlink=David O. Tall |title=Conflicts and Catastrophes in the Learning of Mathematics |journal=Mathematical Education for Teaching |year=1976/7 |volume=2 |number=4 |pages=2–18 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1976a-confl-catastrophy.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite journal |last=Tall |first=David |title=Cognitive Development In Advanced Mathematics Using Technology |journal=Mathematics Education Research Journal |year=2000 |volume=12 |number=3 |pages=210–230 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot2001b-merj-amt.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite book|last=von Mangoldt|first=Dr. Hans|authorlink =Hans Carl Friedrich von Mangoldt| title=Einführung in die höhere Mathematik|edition=1st|year=1911|publisher=Verlag von S. Hirzel| location=Leipzig|language=German|chapter=Reihenzahlen}}
*{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=David Foster|authorlink =David Foster Wallace |title=Everything and more: a compact history of infinity |year=2003 |publisher=Norton |isbn=0-393-00338-8}}
</div>

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|0.999....ogg|2006-10-19}}
{{commons|0.999...}}
* [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/999999.shtml .999999… = 1?] from [[cut-the-knot]]
* [http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.0.9999.html Why does 0.9999… = 1 ?]
* [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals]
* [http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.00/joan2.html Proof of the equality based on arithmetic]
* [http://descmath.com/diag/nines.html Repeating Nines]
* [http://qntm.org/pointnine Point nine recurring equals one]
* [http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/themes/limits-infinity.html David Tall's research on mathematics cognition]
* [http://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10/decimals.html What is so wrong with thinking of real numbers as infinite decimals?]
* [http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/0.999....html Theorem 0.999...] on [[Metamath]]
* [http://www.maths.nottingham.ac.uk/personal/anw/Research/Hack/ Hackenstrings, and the 0.999... ?= 1 FAQ]
{{featured article}}



[[Category:One]]
[[Category:Mathematics paradoxes]]
[[Category:Real analysis]]
[[Category:Real numbers]]
[[Category:Numeration]]
[[Category:Articles containing proofs]]

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Eli Lilly

2009-05-11T05:04:07Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 203.193.219.68 identified as vandalism to last revision by Vojvodaen. using TW

{{otheruses|Eli Lilly (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Person
|name = Eli Lilly
|image = Colonel eli lilly in 1885.JPG
|image_size =
|caption = Colonel Eli Lilly in 1886
|birth_date = {{birth date|1838|7|8}}
|birth_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1898|6|6|1838|7|8}}
|death_place = [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
|death_cause = [[Cancer]]
|resting_place = [[Crown Hill Cemetery]] {{USCity|Indianapolis|Indiana}}
|resting_place_coordinates =
|nationality = American
|known_for = [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly & co.]] [[Philanthropy]]
|education = [[Pharmacology]]
|alma_mater = [[Depauw University|Asbury College]]
|employer =
|occupation = [[Pharmaceutical]] [[Chemist]] [[Soldier]] [[Industrialist]]
|years_active =
|home_town = [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]
|title = Colonel
|boards =
|religion = [[Methodist]]
|spouse = Emily Lemen (1860–1866) Maria Cynthia Sloan (1869–1898)
|partner =
|party = [[US Republican|Republican]]
|children = [[Josiah K. Lilly Sr.]]
|parents = Esther & Gustavus Lilly
|relations = [[Eli Lilly (industrialist)|Eli Lilly]] (Grandson) [[Josiah K. Lilly Jr.]] (Grandson)
|signature = Colonel eli lilly signature.JPG
|allegiance=[[United States of America|United States]] [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[United States Army]] [[Union Army]]
|serviceyears=1861–1864
|rank= [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
|commands=[[18th Battery, Indiana Light Artillery]]
|unit=
|battles=[[American Civil War]]
* [[Battle of Hoover's Gap]]
* [[Second Battle of Chattanooga]]
* [[Battle of Chickamauga]]
}}
'''Eli Lilly''' (July 8, 1838 – June 6, 1898) was a [[soldier]], [[pharmaceutical]] [[chemist]], [[industrialist]], and founder of the eponymous [[Eli Lilly and Company]] pharmaceutical corporation. Lilly enlisted in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]; he recruited a company of men to serve with him in an artillery battery, was later promoted to [[colonel]] and was given command of a [[cavalry]] unit. He was captured near the end of the war and held in a prisoner-of-war prison until its conclusion. After the war, he attempted to run a [[plantation]] in [[Mississippi]], but failed and returned to his pharmacy profession after the death of his wife. Lilly remarried and worked in several pharmacies with partners before opening his own business in 1876 with plans to manufacture drugs and market them [[wholesale]] to pharmacies.

His company was successful and he soon became wealthy after making numerous advances in medicinal drug manufacturing. Two of the early advances he pioneered were creating gelatin capsules to hold medicine and fruit flavoring for liquid medicines. Eli Lilly & Company was the first pharmaceutical firm of its kind; it staffed a dedicated research department and put in place numerous quality-assurance measures. Using his wealth, Lilly engaged in numerous [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] pursuits. He turned over his company's management to his son in 1890 so that he himself could continue his engagement in charity and civic advancement as his primary focus. He helped found the organization that became the Indianapolis [[Chamber of Commerce]], was the primary patron of Indiana's branch of the [[Charity Organization Society]], and personally funded the creation of the city's children's hospital. He continued his active involvement with many organizations until his death from [[cancer]] in 1898.

Lilly was an advocate of federal regulation of the pharmaceutical industry, and many of his suggested reforms were enacted into law in 1906, resulting in the creation of the [[Food and Drug Administration]]. He was also among the pioneers of the concept of [[prescription drugs|prescriptions]], and helped form what became the common practice of only giving addictive or dangerous medicines to people who had first seen a physician. The company he founded has since grown into one of the largest and most influential pharmaceutical corporations in the world, and the largest corporation in [[Indiana]]. Using the wealth generated by the company, his son and grandsons created the [[Lilly Endowment]] to continue Lilly's legacy of philanthropy. The endowment remains one of the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|largest charitable benefactors]] in the world.

==Early life==
===Family and background===
Eli Lilly was born the son of Gustavus and Esther Lilly in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] on July 8, 1838. His family was of [[Sweden|Swedish]] decent, and had moved to the [[low country]] of [[France]] before his great-grandparents immigrated to [[Maryland]] in 1789.<ref name = p58>Price, p. 58</ref> The Lilly family moved to [[Kentucky]], where Lilly was first enrolled in public school. His family moved again in 1852 to [[Greencastle, Indiana]], where he apprenticed to become a [[printing press|printer]]. Lilly grew up in a [[Methodist]] household, and his family was [[prohibition]]ist and anti-slavery; their beliefs were part of their motivation for moving to [[Indiana]].<ref name = p59> Price, p. 59</ref> He and his family were members of the [[US Democrat|Democratic party]] during his early life, but they became [[US Republican|Republicans]] during the years leading up to the Civil War.<ref name = p60/>

Lilly became interested in chemicals at an early age. While on a trip visiting his aunt and uncle, he was taken to visit an [[apothecary]], where he first witnessed the creation of drugs.<ref>Hallett, p. 313</ref> In 1854, he served an apprenticeship to become a chemist and pharmacist under Henry Lawrence at the Good Samaritan Drug Store in [[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]]. In addition to learning to mix chemicals, Lawrence taught Lilly how to manage funds and operate a business. His parents enrolled him to study [[pharmacology]] at the Methodist-operated Asbury College (now [[Depauw University]]), and he graduated after two years.<ref name = m1>Madison, p. 1</ref> In 1859, he took a position at Perkin's and Coon's Pharmacy in [[Indianapolis]]. Lilly became acquainted with Emily Lemen, the daughter of a local merchant, and the couple married in 1860. The couple returned to Greencastle, where Lilly opened a drug store of his own in 1861.<ref name = b911> Bodenhamer, p. 911</ref><ref name = h314>Hallett, p. 314</ref>

===American Civil War===
[[file:Eli_Lilly_Battery_American_Civil_War_recruitment_poster.png|thumb|right|Lilly's [[American Civil War|war]] recruitment poster]]

Lilly enlisted in the [[Union Army]] at the start of the [[American Civil War]], and his first child, [[Josiah K. Lilly Sr.|Josiah]], was born in 1861 while he was away. Lilly actively recruited among his classmates, friends, local merchants and farmers, asking them to join him in forming a unit. He had recruitment posters created and posted them around Indianapolis, promising to form the "crack battery of Indiana".<ref name = m1/> His unit, the [[18th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery|18th Battery, Indiana Light Artillery]], was known as the Lilly Battery and consisted of six ten-pound [[Parrott rifle|Parrott guns]] and 150 men. He mustered in at Indianapolis and spent a brief time drilling. His unit was assigned to the [[Lightning Brigade]] commanded by Colonel [[John T. Wilder]] in 1862 and Lilly was elected to serve as the commanding officer of his battery from August until the winter of 1863, when his three-year enlistment expired. His only prior military experience had been in a Lafayette [[Indiana Legion]] unit, and several of his artillerymen considered him too young and intemperate to command. Despite his initial inexperience, he became a competent artillery officer and his battery was instrumental in several important battles. He first saw action in the 1863 [[Battle of Hoover's Gap]], and he was later in the [[Second Battle of Chattanooga]] and the [[Battle of Chickamauga]].<ref name = b911/>

When Lilly's term of enlistment ended, he reenlisted and was promoted to become a [[Major (United States)|major]] of [[cavalry]] and given command of the 9th Indiana Cavalry. During a mission in [[Alabama]] in the December 1864, he was captured by [[Nathan B. Forrest]] and held in a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] prisoner-of-war camp until the end of the war in the spring of 1865, when he was paroled and returned home.<ref name = p59/> He was granted the [[Brevet (military)|brevetted]] rank of colonel before being mustered out of the army.<ref name = m1/> In his later life he obtained a large atlas and marked the path of his movements in the war and the location of battles and skirmishes. He often used the atlas when telling war stories.<ref name = m2>Madison, p. 2</ref> His colonel's title stayed with him for the rest of his life, and his friends and family used it as a nickname for him. Lilly later served as chairman of the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] in 1893, a brotherhood of Civil War veterans. During his term he helped organize an event that brought tens of thousands of war veterans, including Lilly's battery, together in Indianapolis for a reunion and a large parade.<ref name = p60> Price, p. 60</ref><ref name = b911/>

===Business ventures===
After the war, Lilly attempted a new business venture and purchased a {{convert|1200|acre|ha|adj=on}} cotton plantation in [[Mississippi]].<ref>Loderhose, p. 103</ref> Shortly after moving to their new home, the entire family was stricken with mosquito-born [[malaria]], a disease common in the region at that time. Although Lilly and his son recovered, his wife Emily died on August 20, 1866. She was eight months pregnant with the couple’s second child; their unborn son could not be saved and was stillborn. The death devastated Lilly; he wrote to his family, “I can hardly tell you how it glares at me ...it’s a bitter, bitter truth ... Emily is indeed dead.”<ref name = p59/> She was initially buried on the plantation, but later that year her body was disinterred and moved to Indiana to be reburied. Lilly’s return to Indiana following her death allowed the plantation to fall into disrepair and his crop to fail. His partner was unable to maintain the plantation because of a drought and then disappeared with the business's remaining money. Lilly was forced to file [[bankruptcy]] in 1868.<ref name = h314/> Josiah was sent to live with Lilly's parents in Greencastle while he worked to resolve the situation on the plantation.<ref name = m6>Madison, p. 6</ref> He got remarried in 1869, this time to Maria Cynthia Sloan, and began working for Pattison, Moore & Talbott, a medicinal wholesale company. The business was purchased by H. Daly and Company during his employment there.<ref name = b911/>

In 1869, Lilly left Indiana and, with a partner, opened a successful drug store, Binford and Lilly, in [[Paris, Illinois]]. He soon sent for his son.<ref name = m6/> The business was profitable and allowed Lilly to save money, but he was more interested in medicinal manufacturing than running a pharmacy. He formulated a plan to create a medicinal wholesale company of his own. In 1873, Lilly left the partnership and returned to Indianapolis, where he opened a drug store, Johnson and Lilly, with a new partner. Three years later, Lilly dissolved the partnership; his share of the assets amounted to several pieces of equipment, a few gallons of unmixed chemicals, and a small amount of money. He had previously approached a family friend, Augustus Keifer, to create a new partnership. Keifer and two associated drug stores agreed to purchase all their drugs from Lilly at a cost lower than they were currently paying.<ref name = h314/> On May 10, 1876, Lilly opened a laboratory to manufacture drugs. The sign for the business said “Eli Lilly, Chemist”.<ref name = p59/><ref name = b911/><ref name = m4>Madison, p. 4</ref>

==Later life==
===Eli Lilly & co.===
{{main|Eli Lilly and Company}}

[[File:Original Eli Lilly and Company laboratory in 1876.jpg|thumb|right|A photo of Lilly's first laboratory building. Lilly and son Josiah are on the right side of the doorway.]]

Lilly's manufacturing venture began with three employees, including his 14-year-old son Josiah, who had quit school to work with his father. The elder Lilly had $1,400 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1400|1876|2009}}}} in 2009 [[chained dollars]]) in [[working capital]].<ref name = m6/> His first innovation was gelatin-coating for pills and capsules. Other early innovations included fruit flavoring for medicines and sugarcoated pills, making the medicines easier to take.<ref name = p59/> Following his experience with the low-quality medicines used in the Civil War, Lilly committed himself to producing only high-quality prescription drugs, in contrast to the common and often ineffective [[patent medicine]]s of the day. One of the first medicines he began to produce was [[quinine]], a drug used to treat malaria, <ref name = p57/> which became his best-selling medicine.<ref name = l104>Loderhose, p. 104</ref> His products gained a reputation for quality and became popular in the city. In his first year of business, sales reached $4,470 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|4470|1876|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars), and by 1879 they had grown to $48,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|48000|1879|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars). Sales expanded rapidly and he began to acquire customers outside of Indiana. Lilly hired his brother, James, as his first full-time salesmen in 1878. James, and the subsequent sales team that developed, marketed the company's drugs nationally. Other family members were also employed by the growing company; Lilly's cousin Evan Lilly was hired as a bookkeeper and his grandsons, Eli and Josiah, were hired to run errands and perform other odd jobs. In 1881, he formally incorporated the company, naming it Eli Lilly and Company. By the late 1880s, he was one of the Indianapolis area's leading businessmen with over one hundred employees and $200,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|200000|1885|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars) in annual sales.<ref name = b911/><ref name = m4/>
[[File:1886 Eli Lilly and Company newspaper advertisement image.jpg|thumb|left|An 1886 drawing of Lilly's plant on McCarty Street.]]

To accommodate his growing business, Lilly acquired additional facilities for research and production. He purchased a complex of buildings on McCarty Street in south Indianapolis; other businesses followed, and the area began to develop into a major business section of the city. Believing that it would be an advantage for his son to gain a greater technical knowledge, Lilly sent Josiah to attend Philadelphia School of Pharmacy in 1880. Upon returning to the business in 1882, Josiah was named superintendent of the laboratory.<ref name = h314/><ref name = m6/> In 1890, Lilly turned over the management his business to Josiah, who ran the company for several decades.<ref name = b911/> The company flourished despite the tumultuous economic conditions in the 1890s.<ref name = p60/> In 1894, Lilly purchased a manufacturing plant to be used solely for creating capsules. Several technological advances were made by the company, and the capsule creation was automated. Over the next few years, they annually created tens of millions of capsules and pills.<ref>Podczeck, pp. 12–13</ref>

Although there were many other small pharmaceutical companies in the United States, Eli Lilly and Company distinguished itself from the others by having a permanent research staff, inventing superior techniques for the mass production of medicinal drugs, and its strong focus on quality.<ref>Bodenhamer, p. 540</ref> At first, Lilly was the company’s only researcher, but as his business grew, he created a laboratory and employed a department dedicated to creating new drugs, hiring his first research scientist in 1886. The department's methods of research were based on Lilly’s. He insisted on quality assurance, and instituted mechanisms to ensure that the drugs being produced worked as advertised, had the correct combination of ingredients, and that only the correct dosages of medicines were contained in each pill. He was aware of the addictive and dangerous nature of some of his drugs, and pioneered the concept of giving such drugs only to people who had first seen a physician to determine if they needed the medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lilly.com/about/history/|title=Milestones in Medical Research|publisher=Eli Lilly & co|accessdate=2009-04-07}}</ref><ref name = m3>Madison, p. 3</ref>

===Philanthropy===
By the time of his partial retirement from his business, Lilly was a millionaire. He had been involved in civic affairs for several years and became increasingly [[philanthropy|philanthropic]], granting funds to charitable groups in the city.<ref name = m5>Madison, p. 5</ref> Working with a group of twenty-five other businessmen, he had begun sponsoring the [[Charity Organization Society]] in the late 1870s and soon became the primary patron of its Indiana chapter. The society was the forerunner of the [[United Way of America|United Way]] and worked to organize charitable groups under a central leadership. It allowed the many organizations to easily interact and better help people in need by coordinating their efforts and identifying areas with the greatest need.<ref name = p57> Price, p. 57</ref>

[[File:Indianapolis-indiana-soldiers-sailors-monument.jpg|thumb|left|[[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Indiana Soldiers and Sailors Monument]] in [[Indianapolis]]. The [[Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum]] is inside it.]]

Lilly wished to encourage economic growth and general development in Indianapolis. He attempted to achieve those goals by supporting local commercial organizations financially and through his personal advocacy and promotion. He first became active in local civics in 1879. As a result of his proposal for a [[public water supply]] company to meet the needs of the city, the Indianapolis Water Company was created. In 1890, Lilly founded the Commercial Club and was elected as its first president.<ref name = m5/> The club was the primary vehicle for his city development goals and was a precursor to the Indianapolis [[Chamber of Commerce]].<ref name = p57/> The group was instrumental in making numerous advances for the city, including city-wide paved streets, elevated railways to allow vehicles and people to pass beneath them, and a city sewage system. The companies were created through private and public investments and operated at low-cost; in practice they belonged to customers of the company who slowly bought each company back from its initial investors. The model was later followed in most parts of the state to provide water and electricity. The group also helped fund the creation of parks, monuments, and memorials, and successfully attracted investment from other businessmen and organizations to expand the city's growing industries.<ref name = b912> Bodenhamer, p. 912</ref>

After the [[Indiana Gas Boom|Gas Boom]] began to sweep the state in the 1880s, Lilly and his Commercial Club advocated the creation of a public corporation to pump the natural gas from the ground, pipe it to the city from the [[Trenton Gas Field]], and provide it at low cost to businesses and homes. The project led to the creation of the Consumer Gas Trust Company, which was named by Lilly.<ref name = p57/> The company provided low-cost heating fuel that made urban living much more desirable. The gas was further used to create electricity to run the city’s first public transportation venture, a streetcar system.<ref>Glass, p. 16</ref>

During the [[Panic of 1893]], Lilly created a commission to help provide food and shelter to the poor people who were adversely affected. <ref name = m5/> His work with the commission led him to personally donate enough funds to create a children's hospital in Indianapolis to care for the many children of families who had no money to pay for routine medical care.<ref name = is>{{cite web|url=http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/business/companies/lilly/lilly.html|title=Eli Lilly & co.|work=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=2001-01-01|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref>

Lilly's friends often urged him to seek public office, and they attempted to nominate him to run for [[Governor of Indiana]] as a Republican in 1896, but he refused. He shunned public office and instead wanted to focus his attention on his philanthropic organizations. He did regularly endorse candidates, and made substantial donations to politicians who advanced his causes.<ref name = p60/> Lilly became friends with former Governor [[Oliver P. Morton]], who suggested that Lilly use his Commercial Club to advocate for the creation of a memorial to Indiana’s many veterans of the Civil War. Accepting the suggestion, Lilly began raising funds to build the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]]. Construction began in 1888, but the monument was not completed until 1901. The interior of the monument houses a civil war museum that was later named in honor of Lilly.<ref name = p59/>

Lilly was an avid fisherman and built a family cottage on [[Lake Wawasee]] in 1887, where he had enjoyed regular vacations and recreation since 1880. In 1892, he built the Wawasee Inn on the lake. The site became a haven for the family, and his grandson later expanded the estate. He also owned a large home on Tennessee Street in Indianapolis, where he spent most of his time.<ref name = m5/> Lilly developed cancer in 1897 and died in his Indianapolis home on June 6, 1898. His [[bier]] was held on June 9 and attended by thousands before he was moved to his burial site, a large [[sepulcher]] in Indianapolis's [[Crown Hill Cemetery]].<ref name = b912/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Colonel Eli Lilly, Josiah Kirby Lilly Sr., Eli Lilly Jr..jpg|thumb|right|Colonel Eli Lilly (right) with son [[Josiah K. Lilly Sr.]] (left) and grandson [[Eli Lilly (industrialist)|Eli Lilly]] (center)]]

By 1898, Lilly's namesake company had a product line of 2,005 items and annual sales over $300,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|300000|1898|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars).<ref name = b912/> Josiah Lilly inherited the company following his father's death,<ref name = m6/> and continued to build the company before passing it on to his own sons, [[Eli Lilly (industrialist) |Eli Lilly]] and [[Josiah K. Lilly Jr.]] Josiah and his two sons continued the philanthropy practiced by Lilly and later established the [[Lilly Endowment]] that in 1998 became the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|largest philanthropic endowment]] in the world in terms of assets and charitable giving; it has since been surpassed but still remains in the top ten.<ref name = l104/><ref name=us>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-04-10|url=http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100assets.html|title=Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Asset Size |publisher=Foundation Center }}</ref> The company played an important role in delivering medicine to the victims of the devastating [[1906 San Francisco Earthquake]].<ref name = is/> Lilly's company has since grown into one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, and under Lilly’s grandson's leadership developed many new innovations, including the pioneering and development of [[insulin]] during the 1920s, the mass production of [[penicillin]] during the 1940s, and the promotion of advancements in the mass production of medicines. Innovation continued at the company after it was made a [[Public company|publicly-traded corporation]] in 1952, and it developed [[Humulin]], [[Merthiolate]], [[Prozac]], and many other medicines.<ref name = p60/><ref name = is/> According to [[Forbes]], Eli Lilly & Co. was the 229th largest company in the world and 152nd in the United States in 2007, with a worth of $17 billion ([[USD]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finapps.forbes.com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/CIAtAGlance.jsp?sedol=2516152| title=Eli Lilly & Company (NYSE: LLY) At A Glance| work=[[Forbes]]| accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref> It is the largest corporation and the largest charitable benefactor in Indiana.<ref name = p58/><ref name = is/>

Lilly's greatest contributions were his standardized and methodical creation of drugs, his dedication to research and development, and the actual value of the drugs he created. He pioneered the modern pharmaceutical industry, and many of his innovations later became standard practice. His ethical reforms, in a trade that was marked by ridiculous claims of miracle medicines, began a period of rapid advancement in the development of medicinal drugs.<ref>Peckham, p. 116</ref> Lilly and his company advocated for federal regulation on medicines; in 1906 Congress passed the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]], leading to the creation of the Federal [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name = is/>

The [[Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum]], located below the Sailors' and Soldiers' Monument in Indianapolis, is named in Lilly's honor. It opened in October 1999 and features exhibits about [[Indiana in the American Civil War|Indiana during the war period]] and the war in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/iwm/2335.htm|title=Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|American Civil War|Acw bs 7a.png}}
{{portalpar|Indiana|Flag of Indiana.svg|50}}
*[[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly & co.]]
*[[History of Indiana]]
*[[Indiana in the American Civil War]]
*[[Lilly Endowment]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|isbn=0253312221}}
*{{cite book|title=The Gas Boom of East Central Indiana|author= Glass, James A. & Kohrman, David|isbn=0738539635|year=2005|publisher=Arcadia Publishing}}
*{{cite book|author=Hallett, Anthony & Dianne|title=Entrepreneur Magazine Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=1997|isbn=0471175366}}
*{{cite book|title=Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana|author=Loderhose, Gary|isbn=1578600979|publisher=Emmis Books|year=2001|http://books.google.com/books?id=ZZysyYgk5EoC}}
*{{cite book|author=Madison, James H|title=Eli Lilly: A Life, 1885-1977|isbn=0871950472|year=1989|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]]}}
*{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical capsules|author=Podczeck, Fridrun & Jones, Brian E|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|year=2004|isbn=0853695687}}
*{{cite book|title=Indiana Legends|author=Price, Nelson|publisher=Emmis Books|year=1997|isbn=1578600065}}

==External links==
*{{findagrave|1903}} Retrieved on 2008-09-28
*{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040815040557/http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/mte/mt/HoosierWeb/HoosiersI-Q/page6.html|title= On-line biography|accessdate=2009-04-14}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.lilly.com/|title= Eli Lilly & co. website|accessdate=2009-04-14}}
*{{cite web|url=http://learningtogive.org/papers/paper153.html|author=Ivcevich, Kelly A|title=Lilly Endowment|publisher=[[The LEAGUE (nonprofit)|Community League]]|accessdate=2009-04-10}}

{{Indiana history}}

{{Persondata
|NAME= Lilly, Colonel Eli
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Union Army|Army]] officer, businessman, philanthropist
|DATE OF BIRTH= July 8, 1838
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
|DATE OF DEATH= June 6, 1898
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Indiana]]
}}
{{Lifetime|1838|1898|Lilly, Colonel Eli}}
{{featured article}}
[[Category:American planters]]
[[Category:American Methodists]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:People from Indianapolis, Indiana]]
[[Category:People from Kentucky]]
[[Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland]]
[[Category:People of Indiana in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Union Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Eli Lilly and Company]]
[[Category:Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]
[[Category:Indiana philanthropists]]
[[Category:Presidents of Eli Lilly and Company]]
[[Category:Swedish-Americans]]
[[Category:Indiana businesspeople]]

[[fr:Colonel Eli Lilly]]

Bart Simpson

2009-05-11T04:33:17Z

CardinalDan: Reverted edits by 118.92.109.214 (talk) to last version by Theleftorium

{{Simpsons character
|name=Bart Simpson
|image=[[Image:Bart Simpson.png|200px]]
|gender=[[Male]]
|job=Student at [[Springfield Elementary School]]
|relatives='''Parents:''' [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] '''Sisters:''' [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] '''Aunts:''' [[Patty and Selma Bouvier]] '''Grandparents:''' [[Abraham Simpson]], [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]], and [[Simpson family#Jacqueline Bouvier|Jacqueline Bouvier]]. (See also [[Simpson family]])
| appearance = "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]" (1989)
| ullmanappearance = "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" (1987)
|voiceactor=[[Nancy Cartwright]]
}}
'''Bartholomew "Bart" JoJo Simpson''' is a fictional main character in the animated television series ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and part of the [[Simpson family|eponymous family]]. He is voiced by actress [[Nancy Cartwright]] and first appeared on television in ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" on April 19, 1987. Bart was created and designed by cartoonist [[Matt Groening]] while he was waiting in the lobby of [[James L. Brooks]]' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on ''[[Life is Swell|Life in Hell]]'' but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named after Groening's family members, Bart's name was an anagram of the word ''brat''. After appearing on ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' for three years, the Simpson family received their own series on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], which debuted December 17, 1989.

At ten years of age, Bart is the eldest child and only son of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], and the brother of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons''—including [[The Simpsons video games|video games]], ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', [[The Simpsons Ride]], commercials, and [[List of The Simpsons comics|comic books]]—and inspired an entire line of merchandise.

In casting, Nancy Cartwright originally planned to audition for the role of Lisa, while [[Yeardley Smith]] tried out for Bart. Smith's voice was too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa. Cartwright found that Lisa was not interesting at the time, so instead auditioned for Bart, which she thought was a better role. [[#Hallmarks|Hallmarks]] of the character include his [[The Simpsons opening sequence#Chalkboard gag|chalkboard gag]]s in the opening sequence; his prank calls to [[Moe Szyslak|Moe]] the bartender; and his catchphrases "Eat my shorts", "[[¡Ay, caramba!]]", and "Don't have a cow, man!"

During the first two seasons of ''The Simpsons'' (1989–1991), Bart was the show's [[List of breakout characters|breakout character]] and "Bartmania" ensued. Bart Simpson T-shirts sporting various slogans and catchphrases became popular, selling at a rate of a million per day at their peak. The song "[[Do the Bartman]]" became a number one charting single and the seventh best-selling song of 1991 in the United Kingdom. Bart's rebellious attitude and pride at underachieving caused many parents and educators to cast him as a bad role model for children. A T-shirt reading "I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?" was banned in several public schools. Around the [[The Simpsons (season 3)|third season]], the series started to focus more on the family as a group, although Bart remains one of the most prominent characters on the series. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Bart one of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 most important people of the 20th century]], and he was named "entertainer of the year" in 1990 by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''. Nancy Cartwright has won several awards for voicing Bart, including a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] in 1992 and an [[Annie Award]] in 1995. In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of his family, was awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].

==Role in ''The Simpsons''==
''The Simpsons'' uses a [[floating timeline]] in which the characters do not age, and as such the show is always assumed to be set in the current year. In several episodes, events have been linked to specific times, though sometimes this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes. Bart's year of birth was stated in "[[I Married Marge]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991) as being in the early 1980s.<ref name=IMarriedMarge>{{cite episode |title=I Married Marge|episodelink=I Married Marge|series=The Simpsons|credits=[[Jeff Martin (writer)|Martin, Jeff]]; [[Jeffrey Lynch|Lynch, Jeffrey]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-12-26 |season=03 |number=12}}</ref> He lived with his parents in the Lower East of Springfield until the Simpsons bought [[742 Evergreen Terrace|their first house]]. When Lisa was born, Bart was at first jealous of the attention she received, but he soon warmed to her when he discovered that "Bart" was her first word.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa's First Word|episodelink=Lisa's First Word|series=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; [[Mark Kirkland|Kirkland, Mark]]|network=Fox |airdate=1992-12-03 |season=04|number=10}}</ref> Bart's first day of school was in the early 1990s. His initial enthusiasm was crushed by an uncaring teacher and Marge became worried that something was truly wrong with him. One day during recess, Bart met [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] and started entertaining him and other students with various gestures and rude words. [[Seymour Skinner|Principal Skinner]] told him "you've just started school, and the path you choose now may be the one you follow for the rest of your life! Now, what do you say?" In his moment of truth, Bart responded, "eat my shorts".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa's Sax|episodelink=Lisa's Sax|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Al Jean|Jean, Al]]; [[Dominic Polcino|Polcino, Dominic]]|network=Fox |airdate=1997-10-19 |season=09|number=03}}</ref> The episode "[[That 90's Show]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 19)|season nineteen]], 2007) contradicted much of the backstory; for example, it was revealed that Homer and Marge were childless in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite episode |title=That 90's Show|episodelink=That 90's Show |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Matt Selman|Selman, Matt]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=2008-01-27 |season=19|number=11}}</ref>

Bart's various hobbies include [[skateboard]]ing, watching television (especially ''The [[Krusty the Clown]] Show'' which includes the ''[[The Itchy & Scratchy Show]]''), reading comic books (especially [[Radioactive Man (The Simpsons character)|Radioactive Man]]), playing video games and generally causing mischief.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 122</ref> For the duration of the series, Bart has attended [[Springfield Elementary School]] and has been in [[Edna Krabappel]]'s fourth grade class. While he is too young to hold a full-time job, he has had occasional part time jobs. He works as a [[bartender]] at [[Fat Tony]]'s social club in "[[Bart the Murderer]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991);<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bart the Murderer|episodelink=Bart the Murderer|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[John Swartzwelder|Swartzwelder, John]]; [[Rich Moore|Moore, Rich]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-10-10 |season=03|number=04}}</ref> as [[Krusty the Clown]]'s assistant in "[[Bart Gets Famous]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994);<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bart Gets Famous|episodelink=Bart Gets Famous|series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; [[Susie Dietter|Dietter, Susie]]|network=Fox |airdate=1994-02-03 |season=05|number=12}}</ref> and briefly owns his own factory in "[[Homer's Enemy]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]], 1997)<ref>{{cite episode |title=Homer's Enemy|episodelink=Homer's Enemy|series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; [[Jim Reardon|Reardon, Jim]]|network=Fox |airdate=1997-05-04 |season=08|number=23}}</ref>

==Character==
===Creation===
[[Image:Groening at comiccon.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Matt Groening created Bart while waiting in James L. Brooks' office.]]
[[Matt Groening]] first conceived of Bart and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986, while waiting in the lobby of producer [[James L. Brooks]]' office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for ''The Tracey Ullman Show'', and had intended to present an adaptation of his ''Life in Hell'' comic strip. When he realized that animating ''Life in Hell'' would require him to rescind publication rights, Groening decided to go in another direction.<ref name="americasfirstfamily">{{cite video|people=BBC|year=2000|title='The Simpsons': America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD)|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250735/|format=DVD|location=UK|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> He hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, naming the characters after members of his own family. For the rebellious son, he substituted "Bart", an anagram of the word ''brat'', for his own name,<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> as he decided it would have been too obvious for him to have named the character Matt.<ref name=sundvd>{{cite video | people=Groening, Matt: Jean, Al|year=2007|title=The Simpsons Movie: A Look Behind the Scenes| medium=DVD|publisher=distributed by ''[[The Sun]]''}}</ref>

Bart had originally been envisioned as "a much milder, troubled youth given to existential angst who talks to himself", but the character was changed based on Cartwright's voice acting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Christmans is 'Life in Hell' for The Simpsons|date=1989-12-17|accessdate=2008-09-03|publisher=''[[The Oregonian]]''|author=Farrell, Peter}}</ref> Groening has credited several different figures with providing inspiration for Bart: Matt Groening's older brother Mark provided much of the motivation for Bart's attitude.<ref name=SitterDVD>Groening, Matt. (2006). Commentary for "[[My Sister, My Sitter]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref name="flux">{{cite news|title=Life in Hell | work=Flux Magazine | last=Paul | first=Alan | date=1995-09-30 | accessmonthday=October 7 | accessyear=2007}}</ref><ref name=BartCarnyDVD>Groening, Matt. (2006). Commentary for "[[Bart Carny]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Bart was conceived as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the extreme traits of characters such as [[Tom Sawyer]] and [[List of characters in the Tom Sawyer series#Huckleberry Finn|Huckleberry Finn]] into one person.<ref name=sundvd/> Groening describes Bart as "what would happen if [[Eddie Haskell]] [from ''[[Leave it to Beaver]]''] got his own show".<ref>{{cite news|title=With spirit of youthful rebellion, 'Simpsons' creator takes on success|accessdate=2008-11-09|author=Kolbert, Elizabeth|date=1993-03-11|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> Groening has also said that he found the premise of ''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'' disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "[[Two Bad Neighbors]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Bart's middle initial ''J'' is a "tribute" to animated characters such as [[Bullwinkle J. Moose]] and [[Rocky the Flying Squirrel|Rocket J. Squirrel]] from ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', who received their middle initial from [[Jay Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/interviews/groening/page9.shtml|title=J is for Jay|accessdate=2008-09-21|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>Groening, Matt. (2007). Commentary for "[[D'oh-in in the Wind]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Tenth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> According to the book ''[[Bart Simpson's Guide to Life]]'', Bart's full middle name is JoJo.<ref>{{cite book | last=Groening| first=Matt | year=2001 | title=Bart Simpson's Guide to Life | publisher=[[HarperCollins|Harper Perennial]] | isbn=5558685514}}</ref>

Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]".<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], p. 14</ref> In 1989, the shorts were adapted into ''The Simpsons'', a half-hour series airing on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]. Bart and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32|title='3rd Degree: Harry Shearer'|accessdate=2008-09-21|author=Kuipers, Dean|date=2004-04-15|publisher=''Los Angeles: City Beat''}}</ref>

===Design===
[[Image:Bart - Good Night.png|right|200px|thumb|Bart in his first televised appearance in "Good Night".]]
The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in [[silhouette]].<ref>Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "[[Fear of Flying (The Simpsons)|Fear of Flying]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings.<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> Bart's original design, which appeared in the first shorts, had spikier hair, and the spikes were of different lengths. The number was later limited to nine spikes, all of the same size.<ref>[[David Silverman|Silverman, David]]; [[Wes Archer|Archer, Wes]]. (2004). Illustrated commentary for "[[Treehouse of Horror IV]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> At the time Groening was primarily drawing in black and "not thinking that [Bart] would eventually be drawn in color" gave him spikes which appear to be an extension of his head.<ref>[[Mike B. Anderson|Anderson, Mike B.]]; Groening, Matt; [[Pete Michels|Michels, Pete]]; [[Yeardley Smith|Smith, Yeardley]]. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", Illustrated Commentary for "[[All Singing, All Dancing]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The features of Bart's character design are generally not used in other characters; for example, no other characters in current episodes have Bart's spiky hairline, although several background characters in the first few seasons shared the trait.<ref>Groening, Matt; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "[[Principal Charming]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

The basic rectangular shape of Bart's head is described by director [[Mark Kirkland]] as a coffee can. Homer's head is also rectangular (with a dome on top), while spheres are used for Marge, Lisa, and Maggie.<ref>Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark. (2005). "A Bit From the Animators", Illustrated Commentary for "[[Summer of 4 Ft. 2]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Different animators have different methods of drawing Bart. Former director [[Jeffrey Lynch]] starts off with a box, then adds the eyes, then the mouth, then the hair spikes, ear, and then the rest of the body. Matt Groening normally starts with the eyes, then the nose, and the rest of the outline of Bart's head. Many of the animators have trouble drawing Bart's spikes evenly; one trick they use is to draw one on the right, one on the left, one in the middle, then continue to add one in the middle of the blank space until there are nine. Originally, whenever Bart was to be drawn from an angle looking down so the top of his head was seen, Groening wanted there to be spikes along the outline of his head, and in the middle as well. Instead, [[Wes Archer]] and [[David Silverman]] drew him so that there was an outline of the spikes, then just a smooth patch in the middle because "it worked graphically."<ref>Groening, Matt; Lynch, Jeffrey; Reardon, Jim; Silverman, David. (2005). Illustrated Commentary for "[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part One)]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

In the [[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]] (1995) episode "[[Treehouse of Horror VI]]", Bart (along with Homer) was computer animated into a [[3D computer graphics|three dimensional]] character for the first time for the "Homer3" segment of the episode. The computer animation directors was provided by [[Pacific Data Images]].<ref name=3D/> While designing the 3D model of the character, the animators did not know how they would show Bart's hair. However, they realized that there were vinyl Bart dolls in production and purchased one to use as a model.<ref name=3D>Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh; Johnson, Tim; Silverman, David; Mirkin, David; Cohen, David X. "Homer in the Third Dimpension" (2005), in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

===Voice===
[[Image:Nancy Cartwright.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart Simpson.]]
Bart's voice is provided by [[Nancy Cartwright]], who voices several other child characters on ''The Simpsons'', including [[Nelson Muntz]], [[Ralph Wiggum]], [[Flanders family#Todd|Todd Flanders]], and [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Kearney|Kearney]].<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], pp. 178–179</ref> While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to [[Dan Castellaneta]] and [[Julie Kavner]] because they were already a part of ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' cast,<ref name="The Age">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/27/1046064146568.html|title=D'oh, you're the voice|accessdate=2007-08-18|date=2003-02-27|author=Lee, Luaine|publisher=''[[The Age]]''}}</ref> the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. [[Yeardley Smith]] had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director [[Bonita Pietila]] believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled, "I always sounded too much like a girl. I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'"<ref name=Smith/> Smith was given the role of Lisa instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=She who laughs last|date=2007-12-08|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=8E|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Miranda, Charles}}</ref> On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright went in to audition for the role of Lisa. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the "middle child" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever".<ref>[[#Cartwright|Cartwright]], pp. 35–40</ref> Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1017238.stm|title=Bart's voice tells all|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=2000-11-10|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Cartwright is the only one of the six main ''Simpsons'' cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 21</ref>

Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have "no obvious traces of Bart".<ref name="My Boy">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/aug/02/broadcasting.edinburgh04|title=That's my boy|author=Brockes, Emma|accessdate=2008-10-22|date=2004-08-02|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The voice came naturally to Cartwright; prior to ''The Tracey Ullman Show'', she had used elements of it in shows such as ''[[My Little Pony (TV series)|My Little Pony]]'', ''[[Snorks]]'', and ''[[Pound Puppies]]''.<ref name="My Boy"/> Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform, saying, "Some characters take a little bit more effort, upper respiratory control, whatever it is technically. But Bart is easy to do. I can just slip into that without difficulty."<ref name="My Boy"/> She traditionally does five or six readings of every line in order to give the producers more to work with.<ref name="BBC News"/> In [[flashforward]] episodes, Cartwright still provides the voice of Bart. For "[[Lisa's Wedding]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 6)|season six]], 1995) Bart's voice was electronically lowered.<ref>Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "[[Lisa's Wedding]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Despite Bart's fame, Cartwright is rarely recognized in public. On occasions when she is recognized on the street and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright will refuse because it "freaks [them] out".<ref name="My Boy"/> During the first season of ''The Simpsons'', the Fox Network did not allow Cartwright to give interviews because they did not want to publicize that Bart was voiced by a woman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson's secret: he's a woman|author=Bark, Ed|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-07-15|work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]}}</ref>

Until 1998, Cartwright was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.<ref name=Glaister/> The dispute, however, was resolved and Cartwright received $125,000 per episode until 2004, when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode.<ref name=Glaister>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/02/1080544690429.html|title=Simpsons actors demand bigger share|accessdate=2008-10-26|date=2004-04-03|author=Glaister, Dan|publisher=''The Age''}}</ref> The dispute was resolved a month later,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/01/entertainment/main615066.shtml|title='Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2004-05-01|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> and Cartwright's pay rose to $250,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Simpsons|date=2004-05-06|accessdate=2008-10-26|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Daily Express]]''|author=Sheridan, Peter}}</ref> After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors receive approximately $400,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news | title = Simpsons cast sign new pay deal | publisher = BBC News | date = 2008-06-03 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7434296.stm | accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref>

===Hallmarks===
In the [[The Simpsons opening sequence|opening sequence]] of many ''Simpsons'' episodes, the camera zooms in on Springfield Elementary School, where Bart can be seen writing a message on the chalkboard. This message, which changes from episode to episode, has become known as the "chalkboard gag".<ref name=p71>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 71</ref> Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as "The First Amendment does not cover burping",<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lemon of Troy|episodelink=Lemon of Troy|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Brent Forrester|Forrester, Brent]]; Reardon, Jim|network=Fox |airdate=1995-05-14|season=06|number=24}}</ref> [[popular culture|pop culture]] references such as "[[The Sixth Sense|I can't see dead people]]",<ref>{{cite episode |title=Take My Wife, Sleaze|episodelink=Take My Wife, Sleaze|series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; [[Neil Affleck|Affleck, Neil]]|network=Fox |airdate=1999-11-28|season=11|number=08}}</ref> and [[meta-reference]]s such as "I am not a 32 year old woman" and "Nobody reads these anymore".<ref name=p71/> The animators are able to produce the chalkboard gags quickly and in some cases have changed them to fit current events. For example, the chalkboard gag for "[[Homer the Heretic]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 4)|season four]], 1992) read, "I will not defame New Orleans." The gag had been written as an apology to the city for a controversial song in [[A Streetcar Named Marge|the previous week's episode]], which called the city a "home of pirates, drunks and whores".<ref name="Martin">Martin, Jeff (2004). "The Cajun Controversy", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bart chalks up apology for New Orleans song|accessdate=2008-10-30|date=1992-10-08|page=A1|publisher=''[[The Times-Picayune]]''|author=Lorando, Mark}}</ref> Many episodes do not feature a chalkboard gag because they are cut to make more room for story and plot development.

One of Bart's early [[hallmarks]] were his prank calls to [[Moe's Tavern]] owner [[Moe Szyslak]] in which Bart calls Moe and asks for a [[gag name]]. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but rapidly realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were based on a series of prank calls known as the [[Tube Bar prank calls|Tube Bar recordings]]. Moe was based partly on Tube Bar owner [[Louis "Red" Deutsch]], whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hudsonreporter.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=15354520&BRD=1291&PAG=461&dept_id=523586&rfi=6|title=Joke on 'Simpsons' started in JC|accessdate=2008-10-30|date=2005-08-10|publisher=''[[Hudson Reporter]]''|work=[[Jersey City Reporter]]|author=Kaulessar, Ricardo}}</ref> The prank calls debuted in "[[Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons)|Homer's Odyssey]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990) the third episode to air, but were included in "[[Some Enchanted Evening (The Simpsons)|Some Enchanted Evening]]", the first episode of the series that was produced.<ref name="Some">[[James L. Brooks|Brooks, James L.]]; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al. (2001). Commentary for "[[Some Enchanted Evening (The Simpsons)|Some Enchanted Evening]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, so the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.<ref name="Some"/><ref>Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "[[Moaning Lisa]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> They have occasionally resurfaced on the show, the most recent being the [[The Simpsons (season 20)|season 20]] episode "[[Lost Verizon]]" (2008), although in that case Bart called various bartenders around the world and not Moe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/916/916381p1.html|title=The Simpsons: "Lost Verizon" Review|accessdate=2008-11-03|date=2005-10-06|author=Canning, Robert|publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Bart Simpson - Skateboarding.png|left|thumb|200px|Bart's nude scene in ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]''.]]
The catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was in high school. Cartwright was in the marching band at [[Fairmont High School (Ohio)|Fairmont High School]], and one day while performing, the band chanted "Eat my shorts" rather than the usual "Fairmont West! Fairmont West!"<ref name=Smith>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml|title='Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers|accessdate=2007-07-29|date=2007-07-26|author=Carroll, Larry|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Bart's other catchphrases, "[[¡Ay, caramba!]]" and "Don't have a cow, man!", were featured on t-shirts in the early seasons of ''The Simpsons''.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 25</ref><ref name="Time"/> "Cowabunga" is also commonly associated with Bart, although it was only used in the show after it was used as a slogan on the T-shirts.<ref name="BGFCom"/> The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode "[[Bart Gets Famous]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994) in which Bart lands a popular role on [[Krusty the Clown]]'s show for saying the line "I didn't do it."<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 61</ref> The writers chose the phrase "I didn't do it" because they wanted a "lousy" phrase "to point out how really crummy things can become really popular".<ref>Mirkin, David. (2004). Commentary for "[[Bart Gets Famous]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Bart commonly appears nude in the show, although in every case only his buttocks are visible.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2106665,00.html|title=Bart Simpson goes nude|publisher=[[News24]]|date=2007-04-30|accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref> In ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', (2007) Bart appears in a sequence where he is skateboarding while fully nude; several different items cover his [[sex organ|genitalia]], but for a brief moment his [[penis]] can be seen. The scene was one of the first worked on for the film, but the producers were very nervous about the segment because they thought it would earn the movie an [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|R rating]].<ref name=com>Brooks, James L.; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; [[Mike Scully|Scully, Mike]]; Silverman, David; [[Dan Castellaneta|Castellaneta, Dan]]; Smith, Yeardley. (2007). Commentary for ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The film, however, was [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system#ratings|rated PG-13]] by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] and [[British Board of Film Classification#Current certificates|PG]] by the [[British Board of Film Classification]].<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web | title = The Simpsons Movie | publisher = [[British Board of Film Classification]] | url = http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/e8ea0df3a881175480256d58003cb570/ee1dcfc1c458f9738025730e003387f8?OpenDocument | accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref> The scene was later included by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' in their list of "30 Unforgettable Nude Scenes."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20229685_5,00.html|title=Bodies of Work: 30 Unforgettable Nude Scenes|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|author=Raphael, Lisa|year=2008|accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref>

===Personality===
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparent |align=right|halign=left|quote=Like any good punk rocker, Bart had the nihilism thing down from the very beginning. Though not so much pissed off as extremely undisciplined, the Bart Simpson of the ''Ullman'' shorts is either fighting with his sister, inciting his father into murderous levels of rage, executing dangerous stunts that end in cartoonish levels of disaster, or simply spitting snarky one-liners at whatever authority figures cross his path. This appetite for destruction continued to be the defining feature of the smart-assed kid who dominated many episodes of the first few seasons of ''The Simpsons''–the version that spawned Bart-mania–though his methods and motivations show considerably more nuance than the white-trash Bart of the ''Ullman'' era.</div>|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Chris Turner (author)|Chris Turner]], ''[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation|Planet Simpson]]''<ref name=p124>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 124</ref>}}

Bart's character traits of rebelliousness and disrespect for authority have been compared to that of America's founding fathers, and he has been described as an updated version of [[Tom Sawyer]] and [[List of characters in the Tom Sawyer series#Huckleberry Finn|Huckleberry Finn]], rolled into one.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cantor, P |journal=Political Theory|title=The Simpsons: Atomistic Politics and the Nuclear Family|url=http://www.unf.edu/~pharwood/3075/simpsons.pdf|format=PDF|page=738 |work=Political Theory|volume=27 |issue=6|year=1999|month=December}}</ref> In his book ''[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation|Planet Simpson]]'', [[Chris Turner (author)|Chris Turner]] describes Bart as a [[Nihilism|nihilist]], a [[philosophy|philosophical]] position that argues that [[existence]] is without objective meaning, [[purpose]], or [[intrinsic value (ethics)|intrinsic value]].<ref name=p124/>

Bart's rebellious attitude has made him a disruptive student at [[Springfield Elementary School]], where Bart is an underachiever and proud of it.<ref name="Gets an F">{{cite episode |title=Bart Gets an F|episodelink=Bart Gets an F|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[David M. Stern|Stern, David M.]]; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1990-10-11|season=02|number=01}}</ref> He is constantly at odds with his teacher [[Edna Krabappel|Ms. Krabappel]], [[Seymour Skinner|Principal Skinner]], and occasionally [[Groundskeeper Willie]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Girly Edition|episodelink=Girly Edition |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Larry Doyle (writer)|Doyle, Larry]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1998-04-19 |season=09|number=21}}</ref> Bart does poorly in school and is well aware of it, having once declared, "I am dumb, okay? Dumb as a post! Think I'm happy about it?"<ref name="Gets an F"/> On one occasion, Lisa successfully proves that Bart is dumber than a [[hamster]].<ref name="Duffless">{{cite episode |title=Duffless|episodelink=Duffless|series=The Simpsons |credits=Stern, David M.; Reardon, Jim|network=Fox |airdate=1993-02-18 |season=04|number=16}}</ref> In "[[Separate Vocations]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1992) Bart becomes hall monitor and his grades go up, suggesting that he struggles mainly because he does not pay attention, not because he is stupid.<ref name="Vocations">{{cite episode |title=Separate Vocations|episodelink=Separate Vocations|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[George Meyer|Meyer, George]]; Lynch, Jeffrey|network=Fox |airdate=1992-02-27 |season=03|number=18}}</ref> This idea is reinforced in "[[Brother's Little Helper]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 11)|season eleven]], 1999) in which it is revealed that Bart suffers from [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|Attention Deficit Disorder]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Brother's Little Helper|episodelink=Brother's Little Helper|series=The Simpsons |credits=Meyer, George; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1999-10-03 |season=11|number=02}}</ref> His lack of smarts can also be attributed to the hereditary "Simpson Gene", which affects the intelligence of all male members of the Simpson family.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa the Simpson|episodelink=Lisa the Simpson|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Ned Goldreyer|Goldreyer, Ned]]; Dietter, Susie|network=Fox |airdate=1998-03-08 |season=09|number=17}}</ref> Although he gets into endless trouble and can be sadistic, shallow and selfish, Bart also exhibits many qualities of high [[integrity]]. He has, on a few occasions, helped Principal Skinner and Mrs. Krabappel:<ref name="Confidential">{{cite episode |title=Grade School Confidential|episodelink=Grade School Confidential|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Rachel Pulido|Pulido, Rachel]]; [[Susie Dietter|Dietter, Susie]]|network=Fox |airdate=1997-04-06 |season=08|number=19}}</ref> In "[[Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994), Bart accidentally got Skinner fired and befriended him outside of the school environment. Bart, however, missed having Skinner as an adversary and got him rehired, knowing that this would mean that the two could no longer be friends.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song|episodelink=Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Bill Oakley|Oakley, Bill]]; [[Josh Weinstein|Weinstein, Josh]]; [[Bob Anderson (director)|Anderson, Bob]]|network=Fox |airdate=1994-04-28 |season=05|number=19}}</ref>

Due to Bart's mischievousness and Homer's often uncaring and incompetent behavior, the two have a turbulent relationship. Bart will often address Homer by his [[given name]] instead of "Dad", while Homer in turn often refers to him as "the boy".<ref name="First Word">{{cite episode |title=Lisa's First Word|episodelink=Lisa's First Word|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-12-03 |season=04|number=10}}</ref> Homer has a short temper and when enraged by Bart will strangle him on impulse in a cartoonish manner.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2002). Commentary for "[[Simpson and Delilah]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> One of the original ideas for the show was that Homer would be "very angry" and oppressive toward Bart, but these characteristics were toned down somewhat as their characters were explored.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2004). Commentary for "[[Marge on the Lam]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Marge is a much more caring, understanding and nurturing parent than Homer, but she also refers to Bart as "a handful" and is often embarrassed by his antics.<ref name="Defined"/> In "[[Marge Be Not Proud]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]], 1995) she felt she was mothering Bart too much and began acting more distant towards him after he was caught shoplifting. At the beginning of the episode, Bart protested at her over-mothering but as her attitude changed, he felt bad and made it up to her.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Marge Be Not Proud|episodelink=Marge Be Not Proud|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Scully, Mike; [[Steven Dean Moore|Moore, Steven Dean]]|network=Fox |airdate=1995-12-17 |season=07|number=11}}</ref> Despite his attitude, Bart is sometimes willing to experience humiliation if it means pleasing his mom.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Marge's Son Poisoning|episodelink=Marge's Son Poisoning|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Daniel Chun|Chun, Daniel]]; Anderson, Mike B.|network=Fox |airdate=2005-11-13 |season=17|number=05}}</ref> Marge has expressed an understanding for her "special little guy" and has defended him on many occasions. She once said "I know Bart can be a handful, but I also know what he's like inside. He's got a spark. It's not a bad thing... Of course, it makes him ''do'' bad things."<ref name="Defined"/>
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparent |align=left|halign=left |quote=Bart is a really good kid. He's just mischievous. He's not bad, like characters who followed him such as [[Eric Cartman|[Eric] Cartman]] (''[[South Park]]'') or [[Beavis]] and [[Butt-head|Butthead]]. Bart can do some nasty things, but they seem so tame, by today's standards. What was shocking 19 years ago, when the show started, isn't the least bit shocking today. Bart hasn't changed.</div>|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Nancy Cartwright]]<ref name=Sentinel>{{cite news|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/movies/orl-ent-cartwright072507,0,318783.story|title=Nancy Cartwright, voice of Bart Simpson, has personal theme: 'Simpsons Forever'|accessdate=2008-09-13|date=2007-07-25|author=Moore, Roger|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> }}

Bart shares a sibling rivalry with his younger sister, Lisa, but has a buddy-like relationship with his youngest sister Maggie, due to her infant state. While Bart has often hurt Lisa, and even fought her physically, the two are often very close.<ref name="Duffless"/><ref name="First Word"/> Bart cares for Lisa as deeply and has always apologized for going too far.<ref name="Thanksgiving"/> He also believes Lisa to be his superior when it comes to solving problems and frequently goes to her for advice.<ref name="Vocations"/> Bart is also highly protective of Lisa: When a bully destroys her box of cupcakes in "[[Bart the General]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990), Bart immediately stands up for her.<ref name="General"/>

Bart is best friends with [[Milhouse Van Houten]], although Bart has at times shown embarrassment about their friendship.<ref name="Summer">{{cite episode |title=Summer of 4 Ft. 2|episodelink=Summer of 4 Ft. 2|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Dan Greaney|Greaney, Dan]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1996-05-19|season=07|number=25}}</ref> Bart is a bad influence on Milhouse, and the two have been involved in a lot of mischief together. Because of this behavior, [[Van Houten family#Luann|Milhouse's mother]] forbids Milhouse from playing with Bart in "[[Homer Defined]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991). While at first he pretended that he did not care, Bart eventually realizes that he needs Milhouse, and Marge manages to convince Mrs. Van Houten to reconsider.<ref name="Defined">{{cite episode |title=Homer Defined|episodelink=Homer Defined|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Howard Gewirtz|Gewirtz, Howard]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1991-10-17|season=03|number=05}}</ref> While Bart is portrayed as a popular cool kid,<ref name="Summer"/> he and Milhouse are frequent targets for bullies, including [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Dolph|Dolph]], [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Jimbo Jones|Jimbo]], [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Kearney|Kearney]], and Nelson Muntz. Milhouse describes their social standing as "Three and a half. We get beat up, but we get an explanation."<ref name="Confidential"/> While Bart and Nelson have been adversaries in the past, with Bart once declaring war on him,<ref name="General">{{cite episode |title=Bart the General|episodelink=Bart the General|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1990-02-04|season=01|number=05}}</ref> they have also been close friends at times.<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Haw-Hawed Couple|episodelink=The Haw-Hawed Couple|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Selman, Matt; Clements, Chris|network=Fox |airdate=1990-02-04|season=18|number=08}}</ref>

Bart is one of the biggest fans of children's television host [[Krusty the Clown]]. He once declared, "I've based my life on Krusty's teachings," and sleeps in a room filled with Krusty merchandise. He has helped the clown on many occasions, for example, foiling [[Sideshow Bob]]'s attempt to frame Krusty for armed robbery in "[[Krusty Gets Busted]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990), reuniting Krusty with his estranged father in "[[Like Father, Like Clown]]".<ref name="LFLC">{{cite episode |title=Like Father, Like Clown|episodelink=Like Father, Like Clown |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jay Kogen|Kogen, Jay]]; [[Wallace Wolodarsky|Wolodarsky, Wallace]]; [[Brad Bird|Bird, Brad]]; Lynch, Jeffrey|network=Fox |airdate=1991-10-04 |season=3 |number=6}}</ref> and helping Krusty return to the air with a comeback special and reignite his career in "[[Krusty Gets Kancelled]]".<ref name="KGK">{{cite episode |title=Krusty Gets Kancelled|episodelink=Krusty Gets Kancelled |series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1993-05-13|season=04|number=22}}</ref> For his part, Krusty has remained largely ignorant of Bart's help and has treats Bart with disinterest.<ref name="LFLC"/> One summer, Bart enthusiastically attended Kamp Krusty, which turned out to be a disaster, with Krusty nowhere to be seen. Bart keeps his hopes up by believing that Krusty would show up, but is soon pushed over the edge, and finally decides that he is sick of Krusty's shoddy merchandise and takes over the camp. Krusty immediately visits the camp in hopes of ending the conflict and manages to appease Bart.<ref name="KK">{{cite episode |title=Kamp Krusty|episodelink=Kamp Krusty |series=The Simpsons|credits=Stern, David M.; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-09-24|season=04|number=01}}</ref><ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 128-129</ref> One of the original ideas for the series was that Bart worshiped a television clown but had no respect for his father, although this was never directly explored.<ref name="NPR">{{cite interview|last=Groening|first=Matt|subjectlink = Matt Groening| interviewer = [[Terry Gross]]| title = Fresh Air| program = [[National Public Radio]]| callsign = [[WHYY-FM]]| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1476480| city = Philadelphia|date=2003-10-23| accessdate = 2008-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20047268,00.html|title=Talking about ''The Simpsons'' |accessdate= 2008-10-29|date=2007-07-20|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Because of this original plan, Krusty's design is basically Homer in clown make-up.<ref name=Smith/> When Bart foiled Sideshow Bob's plans in "Krusty Gets Busted", it sparked a long-standing feud between the two. The writers decided to have Bob repeatedly return to get revenge on Bart. They took the idea of the [[Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner|Coyote chasing the Road Runner]] and depicted Bob an intelligent person obsessed with catching a bratty kid.<ref name="JeanBW">Jean, Al. (2003). Commentary for "[[Black Widower]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Bob has appeared in ten episodes, generally plotting various evil schemes, but is always foiled in the end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvsquad.com/2007/11/25/the-simpsons-funeral-for-a-friend/|title=The Simpsons: Funeral for a Fiend|publisher=[[Weblogs Inc.#TV Squad|TV Squad]]|author=Keller, Richard|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2007-11-25}}</ref>

==Reception and cultural influence==
===Bartmania===
While later seasons would focus on Homer, Bart was the lead character in most of the first three seasons. In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed "Bartmania".<ref name=p120>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 120–121</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cartoon leads a revolt against apple-pie family — Simpsons|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-07-08|author=Cassidy, John|work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22062437-5009160,00.html|title=Simpsons set for big screen|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=2007-07-15|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D71F3AF93AA15757C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4|title=Cashing in on a Hot New Brand Name |author=Kleinfield, N.R.|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-04-29|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He became the most prevalent ''Simpsons'' character on memorabilia, such as [[T-shirt]]s. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDE103EF934A35753C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=The T-Shirt Industry Sweats It Out |accessdate=2008-09-18|date=1990-10-07|author=Barmash, Isador|work=The New York Times}}</ref> as many as one million were sold on some days.<ref name="Shirts">{{cite journal|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20114134,00.html|title=Bart Simpson–Defiant, Saw-Topped and Cheeky—the Brat Terrible Gave Underachievers a Good Name |accessdate=2008-09-18|date=1990-12-31|publisher=''[[People (magazine)|People]]''|volume=34|issue=26}}</ref> Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as "I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?" and "Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')".<ref name="mikescully"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1DE1E3DF933A05751C1A966958260|title=Overacheiver — and Learning to Deal With It, Man|accessdate=2008-09-18|date=1990-12-30|author=Rohter, Larry|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>Burey, Chris. (1990). [[ABC News]] report about the Bart Simpson t-shirt controversy included as an Easter Egg in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' (2001) [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> ''The Simpsons'' merchandise sold well and generated [[United States dollar|$]]2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.<ref name="mikescully"/> The success of Bart Simpson merchandise inspired an entire line of [[black market]] [[counterfeit]] items, especially T-shirts. Some featured Bart announcing various slogans, others depicted redesigns of the character, including "Teenage Mutant Ninja Bart, Air Simpson Bart, [and] RastaBart".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317834,00.html|title=But is it Bart?|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-07-27|author=Svetkey, Benjamin|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Matt Groening generally did not object to bootleg merchandise, but took exception to a series of "[[Nazism|Nazi]] Bart" shirts which depicted Bart in Nazi uniform or as a [[white power skinhead]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.02/futurama_pr.html|title=One-Eyed Aliens! Suicide Booths! Mom's Old-Fashioned Robot Oil! |accessdate=2008-10-30|year=1999|author=Kelly, Kevin|publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''}}</ref> 20th Century Fox sued the creator of the shirts, who eventually agreed to stop making them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metzger stops ` Nazi Bart' T-shirt sales |accessdate=2008-10-30|date=1991-06-04|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref>
[[Image:Michael Jackson 1984.jpg|left|thumb| [[Michael Jackson]], a huge fan of Bart, wrote the song "[[Do the Bartman]]".]]
Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox Network]] decided to switch ''The Simpsons''<nowiki>'</nowiki> timeslot so that it would move from 8:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it would compete with ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' on [[NBC]], the [[Nielsen Ratings#Annual top-rated shows|number one show]] at the time.<ref name="BGFCom"/><ref name="Steals">{{cite news|title='Simpsons' steals away Cosby viewers |date=1991-05-09|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=4|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Cerone, Daniel}}</ref> Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed "Bill vs. Bart" rivalry.<ref name="BGFCom">Brooks, James L.; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Silverman, David. (2002). Commentary for "[[Bart Gets an F]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref name="Shirts"/> The August 31, 1990 issue of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' featured a picture of [[Bill Cosby]] wearing a Bart Simpson T-shirt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318085,00.html |title=Cosby's Brood vs. The Radical Dood|accessdate=2008-09-03 |work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=|date=1990-08-31}}</ref> "[[Bart Gets an F]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 2)|season two]], 1990) was the first episode to air against ''The Cosby Show'', and it received a lower [[Nielsen Rating]], tying for eighth behind ''The Cosby Show'', which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, but [[Nielsen Media Research]] estimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,<ref>{{cite news|title=Don't have a cow, man! More viewers watch 'The Simpsons' than 'Cosby'! |date=1990-10-18|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=C5|work=[[Deseret News]]|author=Scott D. Pierce}}</ref> and it is still the highest rated episode in the history of ''The Simpsons''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://television.aol.com/feature/the-simpsons/3 |title='The Simpsons' Best Episodes: No. 15 - 11 |accessdate=2008-09-03 |work= |publisher=[[AOL]]|author=Potts, Kimberly|year=2006 }}</ref> Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot.<ref>Groening, Matt; Jean, Reiss; Moore, Rich; Reiss, Mike; Vitti, Jon. (2002). Commentary for "[[Lisa's Substitute]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Bart was described as "television's king of 1990",<ref>{{cite news|title=Television in 1990 - Among bright spots: `Civil War,' CBS,`Simpsons' |accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-12-30|author=McDaniel, Mike|work=The Sunday Times}}</ref> "television's brightest new star"<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson was ray of hope in a year of generally drab television |accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-12-30|author=Boone, Mike|work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]}}</ref> and an "undiminished smash".<ref name="Shirts"/> ''Entertainment Weekly'' named Bart the "entertainer of the year" for 1990, writing that "Bart has proved to be a rebel who's also a good kid, a terror who's easily terrorized, and a flake who astonishes us, and himself, with serious displays of fortitude."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318928,00.html|title=1. Bart Simpson|accessdate=2008-09-15|date=1990-12-28|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Harris, Mark}}</ref> In the United States [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1990|congressional]], [[United States Senate elections, 1990|senatorial]] and [[United States gubernatorial elections, 1990|gubernatorial]] elections of 1990, Bart was one of the most popular write-in candidates, and in many areas was second only to [[Mickey Mouse]] amongst fictional characters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Write-ins Galore: Cast of Ballot Characters Widens |accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-12-30|author=Potter, Bruce|work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mickey, Bart fit write-in at ballot box|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-11-09|author=Stromberg, Amy|work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]}}</ref> In the 1990 [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]], Bart made his debut as one of the giant helium-filled balloons for which the parade is known. The Bart Simpson balloon has appeared at every parade since.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson, 'Falloon' floats debut at Macy's N.Y. Thanksgiving Parade|accessdate=2008-10-30|date=1990-11-23|author=Stromberg, Amy|work=[[The Press of Atlantic City]]}}</ref> This was referenced in ''The Simpsons'' in the episode "[[Bart vs. Thanksgiving]]", which aired the same day as the parade, where Homer tells Bart, "If you start building a balloon for every flash-in-the-pan cartoon character, you turn the parade into a farce!" Meanwhile, behind and unbeknownst to him, the television briefly shows a Bart Simpson balloon.<ref name="Thanksgiving">{{cite episode |title=Bart vs. Thanksgiving|episodelink=Bart vs. Thanksgiving|series=The Simpsons |credits=Meyer, George; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1990-11-22 |season=02|number=07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season2/page7.shtml|title=Bart vs. Thanksgiving|accessdate=2008-10-30|author=Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian |year=2000|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

The album ''[[The Simpsons Sing the Blues]]'' was released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at #3 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=22526&model.vnuAlbumId=378393 |title =Artist Chart History — The Simpsons|publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=2008-10-28}}</ref> and becoming certified 2x platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]].<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web| url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Simpsons&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate=2008-11-05}}</ref> The first single from the album was the [[pop rap]] song "[[Do the Bartman]]", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written by [[Michael Jackson]], although he did not receive any credit.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1430454/19980223/jackson_michael.jhtml |title =Michael Jackson Update: News From Korea, Poland And Groening|publisher=MTV|date=1998-02-23 |accessdate=2008-10-28}}</ref> Jackson was a fan of ''The Simpsons'', especially Bart,<ref>[[#Cartwright|Cartwright]], pp. 115–117</ref> and had called the producers one night offering to write Bart a number one single and do a guest spot on the show.<ref name="Brooks">Brooks, James L. (2003). Commentary for "Stark Raving Dad", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Jackson eventually guest starred in the episode "[[Stark Raving Dad]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991) under the pseudonym John Jay Smith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season3/page1.shtml|title=Stark Raving Dad|accessdate=2008-10-28|author=Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian |year=2000|publisher=BBC}}</ref> While the song was never officially released as a single in the United States, it was successful in the United Kingdom. In 1991 it was the number one song in the UK for three weeks from February 16 to March 9 and was the seventh best-selling song of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/all_the_no1_songs.php?show=5|title=All the Number 1 Singles–1990s|accessdate=2008-12-01|publisher=Official Charts Company}}</ref> It sold half a million copies and was certified gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] on February 1, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=18135|title=Certified awards|accessdate=2008-10-28|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]}}</ref>

===Bart as a role model===
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparent |align=right |halign=left |quote=I now have a 7-year-old boy and a 9-year-old boy, so all I can say is, I apologize. Now I know what you guys were talking about. My standard comment is, If you don't want your kids to be like Bart Simpson, don't act like Homer Simpson.</div>|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Matt Groening]], in a 1998 interview when asked, "How do you respond to critics who consider Bart Simpson a dreadful role model for children?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02EFDB103CF934A15751C1A96E958260|title=Questions for Matt Groening|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1998-12-27|work=The New York Times}}</ref> }}
Bart's rebellious nature, which frequently resulted in no punishment for his misbehavior, led some parents and [[Conservatism|conservatives]] to characterize him as a poor [[role model]] for children.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 131</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6252856.stm|title=Is The Simpsons still subversive?|accessdate=2007-08-06|date=2007-06-29|author=Rosenbaum, Martin|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Robert Bianco of the ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' wrote that "[Bart] outwits his parents and outtalks his teachers; in short, he's the child we wish we'd been, and fear our children will become."<ref>{{cite news|title=Weekend TV: Beer'N' Bart giving parents prime-time hangover|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-06-28|author=Bianco, Robert|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.<ref name="BartaBrat">{{cite news|title=Is Bart a brat? Popular cartoon kid as annoying to some as he is funny to others| accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-06-02|author=Freedman, Donna|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]}}</ref> Others described him as "egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited".<ref name="CoolDude">{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson: Cool dude or smart-aleck menace?|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-06-01|author=Dunne, Mike|work=[[Sacramento Bee]]}}</ref> In response to the criticism, [[James L. Brooks]] said, "I'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model, you don't run across that many role models in real life. Why should television be full of them?"<ref name="NoNeed">{{cite news|title=About Bart: No need to have a Cow, Man|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-10-15|author=Shales, Tom|work=[[The Roanoke Times]]}}</ref> Elizabeth Thoman, executive director of the Center for Media and Values in Los Angeles, commented, "If kids look up to Bart Simpson, we need to ask why we use television for all the role models in our society, a much larger issue. {{interp|...}} As long as we perpetuate the idea of television as a place where you get all your role models, we're allowing television to become a school system."<ref name="NoNeed"/>

In 1990 [[William Bennett]], who at the time was [[Office of National Drug Control Policy|drug czar]] of the United States, visited a drug treatment centre in [[Pittsburgh]] and upon noticing a poster of Bart remarked, "You guys aren’t watching The Simpsons, are you? That’s not going to help you any."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/01may00/goldbergprint050100.html|title=Homer Never Nods |accessdate=2008-10-28|date=2000-05-01|author=Goldberg, Jonah|publisher=''[[National Review]]''}}</ref> When a backlash over the comment ensued, Bennett apologized, claiming he "was just kidding"<ref>{{cite news|title=Drug czar `just kidding'|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-05-26|work=[[Edmonton Journal]]|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> and saying "I'll sit down with the little spike head. We'll straighten this thing out."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DF143DF930A15756C0A964958260|title=The 1992 Campaign: Political Memo; In Capital and on Coast, Lines Drawn on Quayle|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1992-05-23|author=Berke, Richard L.|work=The New York Times}}</ref> In a 1991 interview, [[Bill Cosby]] described Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him "angry, confused, frustrated". In response, [[Matt Groening]] said, "That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do."<ref>{{cite news|title=A Badder Bart|date=1991-09-25|accessdate=2008-09-13|work=[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]]}}</ref> On January 27, 1992, then-President [[George H. W. Bush]] said, "We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like [[the Waltons]] and a lot less like the Simpsons."<ref name="mikescully">{{cite news|first=Nick|last=Griffiths|title=America's First Family|url=http://snpp.com/other/articles/firstfamily.html|publisher=''The Times Magazine''|pages=25, 27–28|date=2000-04-15}}</ref> The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of "[[Stark Raving Dad]]" in which Bart replied, "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too."<ref name="waltons">[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 230–231</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/08/simpsons200708|title=Simpson Family Values |author=Ortved, John |accessdate=2008-08-26|date=August 2007|publisher=''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''}}</ref>

Although there were many critics of the character, favorable comments came from several quarters. [[Peggy Charren]], president of [[Action for Children's Television]], a [[grassroots]] organization dedicated to improving the quality of television programming offered to children, commented that "the Simpson family is one of the few thoughtful cartoons on commercial television. {{interp|...}} How can you teach the Constitution if you ban Tshirts?"<ref name="BartaBrat"/> Columnist [[Erma Bombeck]] wrote, "Kids need to know that somewhere in this world is a contemporary who can pull off all the things they can only fantasize about, someone who can stick it to their parents once in a while and still be permitted to live."<ref name="BartaBrat"/> In 2003, Bart placed first in a poll of parents in the United Kingdom who were asked "which made-up character had the most influence" on children under 12 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/uk/newsid_2972000/2972291.stm|title=Bart Simpson is your top role model |date=2003-04-24|accessdate=2008-10-28|publisher=[[BBC|CBBC Newsround]]}}</ref>

===Commendations===
[[Image:The Simpsons star.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of the Simpson family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.]]
In 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. He was the only fictional character to make the list.<ref name="Time">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/simpson.html|title=Bart Simpson|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=1998-06-08|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> He had previously appeared on the cover of the December 31, 1990 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101901231,00.html|title=TIME Magazine Cover: Bart Simpson|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=1990-12-31|work=Time}}</ref> Both Bart and Lisa ranked #11 in ''[[TV Guide]]'s'' "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/ |title=CNN — TV Guide's 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters |accessdate=2007-03-14 |date=2002-07-30 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

At the [[44th Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 1992, Cartwright won a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]] for voicing Bart in the [[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]] episode "[[Separate Vocations]]". She shared the award with five other voice-actors from ''The Simpsons''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briefing–'Simpsons' score big in Prime-Time Emmys|date=1992-08-03|accessdate=2008-09-13|page=L20|publisher=''[[Daily News of Los Angeles]]''}}</ref> Various episodes in which Bart is strongly featured have been nominated for Emmy Awards for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)|Outstanding Animated Program]], including "[[Radio Bart]]" in 1992, "[[Future-Drama]]" in 2005, "[[The Haw-Hawed Couple]]" in 2006 and "[[Homer's Phobia]]", which won the award in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php |title=Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search|publisher=Emmys.org|accessdate=2008-09-13}}</ref> In 1995, Cartwright won an [[Annie Award]] for "Voice Acting in the Field of Animation" for her portrayal of Bart in an episode.<ref name="A23">{{cite news|url=http://annieawards.org/23rdwinners.html|title=Legacy: 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1995)|accessdate=2007-10-16|publisher=Annie Awards}}</ref> In 2000, Bart and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-04|url=http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME++++&lcName=The+Simpsons|title=Hollywood Icons |publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce }}</ref>

===Merchandising===
Alongside t-shirts, Bart has been included in various other ''The Simpsons''-related merchandise, including [[Little Trees|air freshener]]s, [[baseball cap]]s, [[bumper sticker]]s,<ref name="Shirts"/> cardboard standups, [[refrigerator magnet]]s, [[key ring]]s, [[button]]s, dolls, [[poster]]s, figurines, [[clock]]s, [[soapstone]] carvings, [[Chia Pet]]s, [[bowling ball]]s and [[boxer shorts]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson items big sellers|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-07-07|work=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesimpsonsshop.resultspage.com/search?p=Q&srid=S1%2d2&lbc=thesimpsonsshop&ts=custom&w=Bart&uid=29813453&method=and&isort=score&SESSID=fdfce36bf3fa3b805380733a1c7defee&srt=0|title=Search Results for Bart|accessdate=2008-10-29|publisher=The Simpsons Shop}}</ref> ''[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Bart Book|The Bart Book]]'', a book about Bart's personality and attributes, was released in 2004.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt |coauthor=Bill Morrison| title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Bart Book|The Bart Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2005 | isbn =0061116602}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/politics/whispers/articles/041108/8whisplead.htm|title=Publishing war begins over Tenet's CIA book|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2004-10-31|author=Bedard, Paul|publisher=''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''}}</ref> Other books include ''[[Bart Simpson's Guide to Life]]''. ''[[The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer]]'', which is not an official publication, includes a chapter analyzing Bart's character and comparing him to the "[[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean]] ideal".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EEDF1E39F93AA3575AC0A9679C8B63|title=Word for Word/Deconstructing 'The Simpsons'; The Aristotelian Logic of Bart And Homer. Or Is It Platonic?|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2001-09-09|author=Blair, Jayson|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref>

Bart has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons''. He has appeared in every one of [[The Simpsons video games|''The Simpsons'' video games]], including ''[[The Simpsons: Bart vs. the World|Bart vs. the World]]'', ''[[Bart Simpson's Escape from Camp Deadly]]'', ''[[The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants|Bart vs. the Space Mutants]]'', ''[[Bart's House of Weirdness]]'', ''[[Bart vs. The Juggernauts]]'', ''[[Bartman Meets Radioactive Man]]'', ''[[Bart's Nightmare]]'', ''[[The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk|Bart & the Beanstalk]]'' and ''[[The Simpsons Game]]'', released in 2007.<ref>{{cite news| last =Walk| first =Gary Eng| title =Work of Bart| page =| work=Entertainment Weekly| date =2007-11-05| url =http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20158366,00.html| accessdate =2008-10-29}}</ref> Alongside the television series, Bart regularly appears in issues of [[List of The Simpsons comics#Simpsons Comics|''Simpsons Comics'']], which were first published on November 29, 1993 and are still issued monthly, and also has his own series called ''Bart Simpson Comics'' which have been released since 2000.<ref name="gazette">{{cite web| title = Groening launches Futurama comics| publisher = ''[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]]''| date = 2000-11-19| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20001119/ai_n9979492|author=Radford, Bill|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070708094751/http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/features/simpsons_sundays/simpsons_on_sundays.asp|title=Sundays with the Simpsons|accessdate=2008-10-29|author=Shutt, Craig|publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Bart also plays a role in [[The Simpsons Ride]], launched in 2008 at [[Universal Studios Florida]] and [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.latimes.com/daily-deal-blog/index.php/simpsons-ride-featur-1657/ |title=Simpsons ride features 29 characters, original voices|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2008-04-09|work=Los Angeles Times|author=MacDonald, Brady}}</ref>

Bart, and other ''The Simpsons'' characters, have appeared in numerous [[television commercials]] for [[Nestlé]]'s [[Butterfinger]] candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3289/is_n6_v167/ai_20897150|title=Don't lay a finger on his Butterfinger|accessdate=2008-11-02|year=1998|month=June|publisher=[[BNET]]}}</ref> Lisa would occasionally advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Portrait of the Bartist — The Simpsons' Matt Groening has fulfilled his dream of invading mainstream U.S. pop culture |accessdate=2008-11-02|date=1995-05-13|work=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref> The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright.<ref name=Adweek/> Bart has also appeared in commercials for [[Burger King]], [[C.C. Lemon]], [[Church's Chicken]], [[Domino's Pizza]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Ramada Inn]], [[Ritz Crackers]] and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]].<ref name=Adweek>{{cite news|url=http://www.adweek.com/aw/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001525209|title=Nancy Cartwright On The Spot|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2005-11-25|work=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> In 2001, [[Kellogg's]] launched a brand of cereal called "Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch", which was available for a limited time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/09/10/showbuzz/index.html#2|title=D'Oh! Eat Homer for breakfast|accessdate=2008-09-03|date=2001-09-10|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,184538,00.html|title=Cereal Numbers|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=2001-11-15|author=Fonseca, Nicholas|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Before the half-hour series went on the air, Matt Groening pitched Bart as a spokesperson for [[Jell-O]]. He wanted Bart to sing "J-E-L-L-O", then burp the letter O. His belief was that kids would try to do it the next day, but he was rejected.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2001). Commentary for "[[There's No Disgrace Like Home]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

On April 9, 2009, the [[United States Postal Service]] unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Bart and the four other members of the Simpson family. They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ifcc0b6f995bc3974307adf134bb3a5a5|title=Postal Service launching 'Simpsons' stamps|date=2009-04-01|accessdate=2009-05-08|work=The Hollywood Reporter|author=Szalai, George}}</ref> The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Simpsons stamps launched in US|url=http://newslite.tv/2009/05/08/the-simpsons-stamps-launched-i.html|publisher=Newslite|date=2009-05-08|accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usps.com/promotions/simpsons.htm?from=home_lgpromo&page=learnmoresimpsonstamps|title=Announcing America's newest stamps|year=2009|publisher=[[United States Postal Service]]|accessdate=2009-05-09}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* <cite id=Cartwright>{{cite book|last=Cartwright |first=Nancy|title=[[My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy]]|year=2000|publisher=[[Hyperion (publisher)|Hyperion]]|location=New York City|isbn=0-7868-8600-5}}</cite>
* <cite id=Richmond>{{cite book|last=Richmond |first=Ray|coauthors=Antonia Coffman|title=[[The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family]] |year=1997 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=New York City |isbn=0-00-638898-1}}</cite>
* <cite id=Turner>{{cite book | last=Turner | first=Chris |authorlink = Chris Turner (author)| title=[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation]] | year=2004 |publisher=[[Random House|Random House Canada]] |location=Toronto| isbn=0-679-31318-4}}</cite>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Alberti | first=John (ed.) | year=2003 | title=[[Leaving Springfield|Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture]] | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | isbn=0-8143-2849-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Brown | first=Alan | coauthors=Chris Logan | year= 2006 | title=[[The Psychology of The Simpsons]] | publisher=[[Benbella Books]]|isbn=1-932100-70-9}}
* {{cite book |last = Conard| first = Mark T.| editor = Irwin, William; Skoble, Aeon (eds.)| title=[[The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer]]| chapter = Thus Spake Bart: On Nietzsche and the Virtues of Being Bad|year=1999 | location=Chicago |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company|Open Court]] |isbn=0-8126-9433-3}}
* {{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt |coauthor=Bill Morrison| title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Bart Book|The Bart Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2005 | isbn =0061116602}}
* {{cite book | last=Groening| first=Matt | year=2001 | title=[[Bart Simpson's Guide to Life]] | publisher=[[HarperCollins|Harper Perennial]] | isbn=5558685514}}
* {{cite book|last=Groening |first=Matt|title=[[The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album]] |year=1991 |publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-06-096582-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Pinsky | first=Mark I | title=The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family| year=2004|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Kentucky | isbn=0-664-22419-9}}

==External links==
{{Portal|The Simpsons|Simpsons tv icon.svg}}
* [http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_family_bart.htm Bart Simpson] at The Simpsons.com
* {{imdb character|0003013}}

{{Simpsons characters}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simpson, Bart}}
[[Category:The Simpsons characters]]
[[Category:Child characters in television]]
[[Category:1987 introductions]]

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Crispus Attucks

2009-05-06T23:27:26Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 68.0.235.65 identified as vandalism to last revision by Kingturtle. using TW

{{about|the person}}
[[Image:Crispus Attucks.jpg|thumb|right|An artist's conception of Crispus Attucks]]

'''Crispus Attucks''' (c. 1723 – March 5, 1770) was one of five people killed in the [[Boston Massacre]] in Boston, Massachusetts. He has been frequently named as the first [[martyr]] of the [[American Revolution]] and is the only Boston Massacre victim whose name is commonly remembered. He is regarded as an important and inspirational figure in American history.

Little is known for certain about Attucks beyond his involvement in the massacre. Fragmentary evidence suggests that he may have been of [[African American]] and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry. In the early 19th century, as the [[Abolitionism|Abolitionist]] movement gained momentum in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], Attucks was lauded as an example of a [[African American|black American]] who played a heroic role in the history of the [[United States]]. Because Crispus Attucks may also have had [[Wampanoag|Wampanoag Indian]] ancestors, his story also holds special significance for many Native Americans.

==Possible ethnicity and ancestry==
Very few facts are known about Crispus Attucks prior to his involvement with the Boston Massacre. Because slavery and racial discrimination were conditions of life in the 18th century, few detailed accounts of black Americans from that era survive. The name "Crispus" is mentioned in some records from the period, although without a surname, it is impossible to determine if they refer to Attucks. For example, an October 2, 1750, advertisement placed in the ''[[Boston Gazette]]'' read: <blockquote>
Ran away from his Master William Brown of Framingham on the 30th of Sept. last a mulatto Fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispus, 6 Feet and 2 inches high, short curl'd Hair, his Knees near together than common; and had on a light colour'd Beaverskin Coat, plain new buckskin breeches, blue yarn stockings and a checked woolen shirt. Whoever shall take up said runaway and convey him to his aforesaid master shall have 10 pounds old tenor reward, and all necessary charges paid. And all masters of vessels and others are hereby cautioned against concealing or carrying off said servant on penalty of law.<ref name="aw">[http://www.africawithin.com/bios/crispus_attucks.htm Africa Within]</ref>
</blockquote>
This passage is often associated with Crispus Attucks of the Boston Massacre, although the association is entirely speculative.<ref name="aw"/>

An American Native named John Attucks was executed for [[treason]] in 1676 during [[King Philip's War]]. In the 1800s, the [[surname]] “Attucks” was used by some [[Praying Indians]] around [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] and [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]. This surname may be an [[Anglicisation]] of the [[Wampanoag language|Wôpanââk]] word ''ahtuk'' meaning ''[[deer]]''.<ref>[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/scripts/data/database.cgi?file=Data&report=SingleArticle&ArticleID=0017353] This site mentions the origin of the name "Attucks" based upon a 19th century source. Many supposed [[etymology|etymologies]] based on Native American languages from around this period have since proven unfounded.</ref>

Native people and black people frequently had children together in [[Colonial America|Colonial]] times, as evidenced by accounts from early periods and by the prevalence today of African [[phenotype]]s among Indian tribal groups in [[New England]], and other long-established multiracial groups in the Eastern United States. This leads to speculation that Attucks may have had both African and Native American ancestry.<ref name="aw"/>

==Boston Massacre==
{{Main|Boston Massacre}}
In the fall of 1768, British soldiers were sent to Boston to help control growing colonial unrest, but this only increased tensions with those colonists who opposed the presence of troops. After dusk on Monday, March 5, 1770, a crowd of colonists confronted a sentry who had struck a boy for complaining that an officer was late in paying a [[barber]] bill.
[[Image:Boston massacre2.gif|thumb|300px|right|This 19th century lithograph is a variation of the famous engraving of the [[Boston Massacre]] by [[Paul Revere]]. Produced soon before the [[American Civil War]], this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks, who had become a symbol for [[Abolitionism|Abolitionists]]. (John Bufford after William L. Champey, ca. 1856)<ref>Thomas H. O'Connor, ''The Hub: Boston Past and Present'' (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), p. 56.</ref>]]

As anger escalated, a [[church bell]] was rung (as it would in case of fire or other emergency), drawing people out of their homes. The British soldiers of the [[29th Regiment of Foot]] were called to duty in response. Townspeople began hurling snowballs and debris at the soldiers. A group of men led by Attucks approached the vicinity of the government building (now known as the [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]]) with clubs in hand.

Violence soon erupted and a soldier was struck with a thrown piece of wood. Some accounts named Attucks as the person responsible. Other witnesses stated that Attucks was "leaning upon a stick" when the soldiers opened fire.

Five Americans were killed and six were mortally wounded. Court documents state that Attucks was the first one killed and that he took two bullets in the chest. Attucks’ body was carried to [[Faneuil Hall]], where it lay in state until Thursday, March 8, when he and the other victims were buried together.

Based on the premise of self-defense, [[John Adams]] successfully defended the British soldiers against a charge of murder. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. As soldiers of the [[George III of the United Kingdom|King of England]], they were given the choice of hanging or being [[Branding_persons#As_punishment|branded]] on their thumb. They both chose to be branded. In his arguments, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, [[negro]]s and molattoes, [[Taig|Irish teagues]] and outlandish [[Jack Tar|jack tarrs]]".<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks]</ref>

[[Samuel Adams]], a cousin of John Adams, named the event the Boston Massacre two years later and helped assure that it would not be forgotten. Boston artist [[Henry Pelham (engraver)|Henry Pelham]] (half-brother of the celebrated portrait painter [[John Singleton Copley]]) created an image of the event. [[Paul Revere]] made a copy of the image from which prints were made and distributed. Some copies of the print show a dark-skinned man with chest wounds presumably representing Crispus Attucks. Other copies of the print show no difference in the skin tone of the victims.

The five who were killed were buried as heroes in the [[Granary Burying Ground]], which contains the graves of [[John Hancock]] and other notable figures. While custom of the period discouraged the burial of black people and white people together, such a practice was not completely unknown. [[Prince Hall]], for example, was interred in [[Copp's Hill]] Burying Ground in the [[North End, Boston, Massachusetts|North End]] of Boston 35 years later.

==Folklore==
The above-mentioned clues and other circumstantial evidence of the period have given rise to speculation which has, over many decades, become much-repeated [[legend|folk-history]].

In popular versions of his narrative, Attucks was born to an Africa-born black slave father named Prince Yonger and a Native American mother named Nancy Attucks who was from either the Natick-Framingham area of [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]] just west of Boston or from the island of [[Nantucket]] south of [[Cape Cod]]. He grew up in the household of Colonel Buckminster, his father’s master, until sold to Deacon William Brown of Framingham. Unhappy with his situation, he escaped and became a ropemaker, a manual laborer and/or a [[whaler]]. His quarrel with the British soldiers on March 5, 1770 was righteous indignation regarding the effect of the [[Townshend Acts]] on the local economy, as well as the incidents that had taken place earlier that day.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Boston Massacre victims grave.jpg|thumb|right|Crispus Attucks' grave in the [[Granary Burying Ground]]]]
Attucks has often been praised in writing meant to inspire Americans to work toward the ideals of freedom and [[racial equality]]. In 1858, Boston-area Abolitionists established "Crispus Attucks Day." In 1886, the spots where Crispus Attucks and Samuel Gray fell were marked by circles on the pavement. Within each circle there was a hub with spokes leading out to form a wheel.

Two years later, a monument honoring Attucks was erected on [[Boston Common (park)|Boston Common]]. It is a large structure, over 25 feet high and a little over 10 feet wide. The bas-relief, or raised portion on the face of the main part of the monument portrays the Boston Massacre with Attucks lying in the foreground. Under the scene is the date, March 5, 1770. Above the bas-relief stands a female figure, "Free America." With her left hand she clasps a flag about to be unfurled, and in her right hand she holds the broken chain of oppression. Beneath her right foot she crushes the royal crown of England, which lies torn and twisted on the ground. At the left of the figure, clinging to the edge of the base, is an eagle. Thirteen stars are cut into one of the faces of the monument. Beneath these stars in raised letters are the names of the five men who were killed that day; Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr.

The poet [[John Boyle O'Reilly]] wrote the following poem for the unveiling of the monument:

<blockquote>And to honor Crispus Attucks who was the leader and voice that day: The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr, and Gray. Call it riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for aye...</blockquote>

[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of ''Why We Can't Wait'' (1964) as an example of a man whose contribution to history, though much-overlooked by standard histories, could be revered as a source of moral courage.

One author wrote this appraisal of Attucks’s significance:

<blockquote>He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.<ref>Neyland, James, ''Crispus Attucks, Patriot'', Holloway House Pub Co., 1995</ref></blockquote>

In 1888, leaders of the [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] and the [[New England Historic Genealogical Society]] opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial on Boston Common. Today, both organizations use Crispus Attucks’s name to foster interest in black history and [[genealogy]].

In 1998, the [[United States Treasury]] released "[[Military history of African Americans|The Black Revolutionary War Patriots]] [[Silver Dollar]]" featuring Attucks' image on the obverse side. The reverse side of the [[commemorative coin]] shows a family of African-American patriots. Funds from sales of the coin were intended for a proposed [[War memorial|Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial]] in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>[http://www.usmint.gov/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2000/02.cfm] [[United States Mint]]: "Plinky's Coin of the Month February 2000"</ref>

In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] listed Crispus Attucks on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8. </ref>

Places named for Attucks include the [[Crispus Attucks High School]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], the [[Attucks Middle School]] in [[Hollywood, Florida]], the [[Crispus Attucks Elementary School]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], the [[Attucks Theatre]] in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], The Crispus Attucks Association in York, Pennsylvania, and the Crispus Attucks Center in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America biography]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America at PBS.org]
*[http://www.africawithin.com/bios/crispus_attucks.htm Crispus Attucks at AfricaWithin.com]
*[http://www.crispusattucks.org/ Crispus Attucks Association, Inc.]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks] Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.
*[http://www.framingham.com/history/profiles/crispus/trial.htm Trial Documents at Framingham.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attucks, Crispus}}
[[Category:1723 births]]
[[Category:1770 deaths]]
[[Category:1770]]
[[Category:African Americans in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:American slaves]]
[[Category:People from Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]

[[es:Crispus Attucks]]
[[tl:Crispus Attucks]]

Michael McIntyre (Komiker)

2009-04-30T02:39:36Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 74.13.12.134 identified as vandalism to last revision by 68.219.135.28. using TW

{{otherpeople}}
{{Infobox Comedian

|name=Michael McIntyre
| image =
| caption =
|birth_name=Michael McIntyre
|birth_date=1976 (age 32)
|birth_place=[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]], London, United Kingdom
|medium=[[Stand up comedian|Stand-up]], [[television]]
|nationality=British
|active=2003—present
|genre=[[Satire|Social satire]], [[observational comedy]]
|website=http://www.michaelmcintyre.co.uk
|spouse=Kitty McIntyre (2003-)
}}

'''Michael McIntyre''' (born 1976, Merton) is an English [[comedian]] and writer.

==Early life==
Michael McIntyre was raised in [[Hampstead]].<ref name=DM08>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1085686/Michael-McIntyre-My-dad-Kenny-Everett-I-wish-Id-spent-time-real-father.html Michael McIntyre: My other dad was Kenny Everett but I wish I'd spent more time with my real father] Daily Mail - 14 November, 2008</ref> He was educated at the [[Single-sex education|all-boys]] Arnold House School and attended [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]] for 3 years{{Fact|date=January 2009}} before moving to a state secondary school.<ref name=SM>[http://living.scotsman.com/features/Laughing-all-the-way-to.4356901.jp Laughing all the way to a television near you - Michael McIntyre] The Scotsman - 05 August, 2008</ref> His Canadian father, Ray Cameron, was the producer, writer and director of ''The Kenny Everett Television Show'' and his part-Hungarian mother, Kati, was a dancer.<ref name=DM08/> McIntyre's parents divorced when he was seven, after which his father remarried and moved to Los Angeles.<ref name=DM08/> His father died of a [[heart attack]] when McIntyre was 17.<ref name=DM08/>

He attended [[Edinburgh University]] for a year before dropping out.<ref name=SM/> McIntyre has claimed that he cannot remember whether it was [[biology]] or [[chemistry]] that he studied while there.<ref name=DM08/><ref name=SM/>

==Career==
Mcintyre's first DVD ''[[Live & Laughing]]'' is the fastest selling debut stand-up DVD ever.<ref name=T08>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article2076180.ece</ref> He was nominated at the 2008 ''[[British Comedy Awards]]'' for Best Live Stand-up and nominated at the 2009 ''[[South Bank Show]]'' Awards for Best Comedy. In 2008 he was the fastest selling comedian at the ''[[Edinburgh Festival]]'' .<ref>[http://blogs.mirror.co.uk/edinburgh-fringe/tag/Michael%20McIntyre%20comedy%20edinburgh%20fringe%20edinburgh%20</ref> and sold out five nights at the London's 3600 capacity ''[[Hammersmith Apollo]]''

McIntyre described his style of comedy in an interview with the [[BBC]]:

{{cquote|I don't really do jokes, I just talk about things that I find funny. I tend to laugh at them myself as well because I find them funny. I don't do gags, just [[observational comedy]]. I just collect all these stories and try them out and if people laugh I do them again and make them better.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/entertainment/newsid_7750000/7750449.stm Michael McIntyre on replacing Ross] BBC News - 27 November, 2008</ref>}}

===Television and stage===
Michael McIntyre has appeared twice on BBC One's ''[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Live at the Apollo]]'' and also the ''[[The Royal Variety Performance]]'', which is televised annually.

His routine on ''[[We Are Most Amused]]'', staged at the [[New Wimbledon Theatre]] on November 12, 2008 in aid of the [[Prince's Trust]], was also televised. This comedy gala celebrated the 60th Birthday of [[Prince Charles]], and was performed in the presence of TRH [[The Prince of Wales]] and Camilla, [[Duchess of Cornwall]].

Among McIntyre's many comedy panel show appearances are ''[[Mock the Week]]'', ''[[8 out of 10 Cats]]'', ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'', ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year]]'' and ''[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)]]'', ''[[The Apprentice: You're Fired]]''. On 13th February 2009, he guested on [[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]] on BBC One.

He recently presented the Travel Weekly Globe Awards (2009).

On 21 February 2009, Michael appeared live as a guest judge alongside head judge [[Anton du Beke]] and fellow guest [[Emma Bunton]] in the first round of ''[[Let's Dance for Comic Relief]]''. He also appeared again on March 14 2009, for the shows final.

Beginning in Spring 2009, McIntyre will be hosting an upcoming [[BBC]] show on Saturday nights entitled ''Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow''.

===Radio===
*''[[Does The Team Think...]]'' - [[BBC Radio 2]]
*''Heresy'', [[4 Stands Up]], ''Happy Mondays'', ''[[The Unbelievable Truth]]'' - all for [[BBC Radio 4]]
*"[[The Jon Richardson Show]]" BBC 6 Music
*"[[The Jonathan Ross Show]]" BBC Radio 2

==Personal life==
He lives in [[Muswell Hill]], [[London]] with his [[aromatherapist]] wife, Kitty, and their two sons, Lucas (born 2005) and Oscar (born 2008).<ref name=T08>[http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/body_and_soul/article3334562.ece Comedian Michael McIntyre on swimming and aromatherapy] The Times - 09 February, 2008</ref> He has a sister called Lucy who is two years his junior.<ref name=DM08/> In 2008, Michael referred to his appearance (as well as his eldest son's appearance) as looking [[Chinese people|Chinese]] when he smiles and that he is mistaken as Chinese when in some restaurants.<ref>''Michael McIntyre: Live & Laughing'' - ISBN 9781906057442</ref>

He has a problem with floating cartilage in his knee, an injury he sustained while playing [[hockey]] at school.<ref name=T08/>

Whilst performing on stage in Wolverhampton, as he was walking back onto stage for his encore, he slipped and fell over and dislocated his shoulder, which many of the audience thought was part of his act so started to laugh. It wasn't until his manager had to come onto the stage and explain, that they realised it was real.<ref>http://www.expressandstar.com/2008/10/31/comic-mcintyre-injured-at-gig/</ref>

He revealed on [[Radio 5 Live]] before the Carling Cup Final that he is a fan of [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]] despite living in 'a very [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] area' (Finsbury Park).

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!align=center| Year
! Award
! Category
|-
|align=center|'''2008'''
|Chortle Awards
|
*Best Headliner
|-
|align=center|'''2007'''
|Chortle Awards
|
*Best Headliner (nominated)
|-
|align=center|'''2003'''
|Edinburgh Festival Perrier Award
|
*Best Newcomer (nominated)
|}

==Stand-up Appearances==
{| class="wikitable" align=center
| '''Year'''
| '''Event'''
|-
|align=center|'''2008'''
|
*"[[We Are Most Amused]]" - ITV celebration of [[Prince Charles]]' 60th birthday
*''Live & Laughing'' - National tour
*[[Grand Theatre (Lancaster)|Lancaster Grand Theatre]]
*[[Edinburgh Comedy Festival]]
*Glasgow Comedy Festival
*[[Leeds Festival]]
*[[Leicester Comedy Festival]]
*[[Live At The Apollo]]
*[[Royal Variety Performance]]
|-
|align=center|'''2007'''
|
*National tour
*Soho Theatre, London
*Lyric Theatre, London
*Old Fire Station, Oxford
*Edinburgh Festival
*Comedy Festival
*''Just For Laughs'' - Comedy Festival, Montreal
|-
|align=center|'''2006'''
|
*''An Evening with Michael McIntyre'' - Edinburgh Festival
*Garrick Theatre, London
*Kilkenny Comedy Festival
*Brighton Comedy Festival
*Royal Variety Performance

|-
|align=center|'''2004'''
|
*Edinburgh Festival
|-
|align=center|'''2003'''
|
*Edinburgh Festival
|}

==DVD releases==

{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Released
!Notes
|-
| ''Live and Laughing''
| [[November 17]] [[2008]],
| Live at [[London]]'s [[Hammersmith Apollo]]
|}

==Television Credits==

*''[[The Graham Norton Show]]'' (BBC Two)
*''[[Live at the Apollo (TV series)|Live at the Apollo]]'' 2007/2008 (BBC One)
*''[[Royal Variety Performance]]'' 2006/2008
*''[[Have I Got News For You]]'' (BBC One)
*''[[8 out of 10 Cats]]'' (Channel 4)
*''[[The Charlotte Church Show]]'' (Channel 4)
*''[[Richard & Judy]]'' (Channel 4)
*''The Law of the Playground'' (Channel 4)
*''Michael McIntyre Comedy Store Special'' (Paramount)
*''[[The Comedy Store]]'' (Paramount)
*''The World Stands Up'' (Paramount)
*''[[Big Brother's Little Brother]]'' (E4)
*''[[Big Brother's Big Mouth]]'' - Guest Presenter (E4)
*''[[The Apprentice: You're Fired]]'' Series 4 Episode 11 (BBC2)
*''[[Mock the Week]]'' (BBC 2)
*''[[Would I Lie To You? (TV series)|Would I Lie To You?]]''
*''The One Show'' (BBC 1)
*''We Are Most Amused'' (ITV)
*''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year]]'' (Channel 4)
*''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'' (BBC 1)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.michaelmcintyre.co.uk Official Site]
* [http://www.myspace.com/michaelmcintyre MySpace]
* [http://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/m/43/michael_mcintyre Chortle page including upcoming tour dates]
* [http://www.edcomfest.com/shows/Michael_McIntyre Michael McIntyre at Edinburgh Comedy Festival]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macintyre, Michael}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Edinburgh Comedy Festival]]
[[Category:English comedians]]
[[Category:Old Merchant Taylors]]

Henry Tandey

2009-04-23T01:16:01Z

CardinalDan: Reverted edits by 68.211.226.102 (talk) to last version by Fingerpuppet

{{Infobox Military Person
|name= Henry Tandey
|lived=30 August 1891 - 20 December 1977
|placeofbirth= [[Leamington]], [[Warwickshire]]
|placeofdeath= [[Coventry]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|placeofburial=
|image= [[Image:Pte Tandey VC DCM MM.JPG|175px]]
|caption=Pte Henry Tandey VC, DCM, MM
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|serviceyears=
|rank=
|branch=[[Image:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
|commands=
|unit= [[Green Howards|The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards)]] 15 August, 1910 - 25 July, 1918 [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|West Riding Regiment (Duke of Wellington's Regiment)]] 26 July, 1918 - 5 January, 1926
|battles=[[World War I]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] (14 December 1918) [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] (5 December 1918) [[Military Medal]] (13 March 1919) [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (5) [[1914 Star]] [[British War Medal]] [[Victory Medal]]
|laterwork=
}}
'''Henry Tandey''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Distinguished Conduct Medal|DCM]], [[Military Medal|MM]] ([[30 August]] [[1891]]-[[20 December]] [[1977]]) was an [[England|English]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the most highly decorated British private soldier of the [[First World War]].

==History==
Tandey was born in [[Leamington]], [[Warwickshire]], the son of a former soldier. He spent part of his childhood in an orphanage, before becoming a boiler attendant at a hotel.

==Military Service==
Tandey enlisted into the [[Green Howards]] Regiment on 12 August 1910. After basic training he was posted to their 2nd Battalion on 23 January 1911, serving with them in [[Guernsey]] and [[South Africa]] prior to the outbreak of World War I.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/tandey.htm</ref> He took part in the [[Battle of Ypres]] in October 1914, and was wounded on 24 October 1916, at the [[Battle of the Somme]]. On discharge from hospital he was posted to the 3rd Battalion on 5 May 1917, before moving to the 9th Battalion on 11 June 1917. He was wounded a second time on 27 November 1917, during the [[Battle of Passchendaele]]. After his 2nd period of hospital treatment he returned to the 3rd Battalion, on 23 January 1918, before being posted to the 12th Battalion on 15 March 1918, where he remained until the 26 July 1917. On 26 July 1918 Tandey transfered from the Green Howards to the [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|The Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]]. He was posted to their 5th battalion on 27 July 1918.

===Distinguished Conduct Medal===
On 28 August 1918, during the [[Battle of Cambrai (1918)|2nd Battle of Cambrai]] the 5th Battalion was in action to the west of the [[Canal du Nord]]. Tandey was in charge of one of several bombing parties on the German trenches. As the forward parties were being held up Tandey took two men and dashed across open ground ([[No man's land]]) under fire and bombed a trench. He returned with twenty prisoners. This action led to the capture of the German positions and Tandey was awarded the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] (DCM) on 5 December 1918, the citation read:

{{quote|34506 Pte. H. Tandey, 5th Bn., W. Rid. R.
(T.F.) (Leamington).
He was in charge of a reserve
bombing party in action, and finding the advance
temporarily held up, he called on two other
men of his party, and working across the
open in rear of the enemy, he rushed a post,
returning with twenty prisoners, having
killed several of the enemy. He was an
example of daring courage throughout the
whole of the operations.(Sic)<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=31052|supp=yes|startpage=14454|date=3 December 1918}}</ref>}}

===Military Medal===
On 12 September the 5th Battalion was involved in an attack at Haveringcourt, where Tandey again distinguished himself. Having rescued several wounded men under fire the previous day,<ref name=Brereton254 /> Tandey again led a bombing party into the German trenches, returning with more prisoners. For this action Tandey was awarded the [[Military Medal]] (MM) on 13 March 1919.<ref name=Gazette31227>{{LondonGazette|issue=31227|startpage=3430|date=11 March 1919}}His name is incorrectly spelt as Tandy</ref>

===Victoria Cross===
Tandey was 27 years old, and a [[private (rank)|private]] in the 5th Battalion Duke of Wellington's (West Riding) Regiment when he performed the actions which earned him the [[Victoria Cross]] (VC).

On [[28 September]], [[1918]], during a counter-attack following the capture of [[Marcoing]], [[France]], his [[platoon]] was stopped by [[machine-gun]] fire. Tandey crawled forward, located the gun position and with a [[Lewis gun]] team, silenced it. Reaching the river crossing, he restored the plank bridge under heavy fire. In the evening, he and eight comrades were surrounded by an overwhelming number of the enemy. Tandey led a [[bayonet]] charge, fighting so fiercely that 37 of the enemy were driven into the hands of the remainder of his company. Although twice wounded Tandey refused to leave until the fight was won.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brereton, JM; Savory, ACS| title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702 - 1992| publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|year=1993 |isbn=0-9521552-0-6|chapter="34507 Pte Henry Tandey", appendix IV|page=396}}</ref> Eventually going into Hospital for the 3rd time on 4 October 1918.

An eye witness, Private H Lister, recounted the episode:

{{quote|On 28th September 1918 during the taking of the crossing over the Canal de St. Quentin at Marcoing, I was No.1 of the Lewis gun team of my platoon. I witnessed the whole of the gallantry of Private Tandey throughout the day. Under intensely heavy fire he crawled forward in the village when we were held up by the enemy MG and found where it was, and then led myself and comrades with the gun into a house from where we were able to bring Lewis gun fire on the MG and Knock it out of action. later when we got to the crossings and the bridge was down, Pte Tandey, under the fiercest aimed MG fire went forward and replaced planks over the bad part of the bridge to enable us all to cross without delay, which would otherwise have ensued. On the same evening when we made another attack we were completely surrounded by Germans, and we thought the position might be lost. Pte Tandey, without hesitation, though he was twice wounded very nastily, took the leading part in our bayonet charge on the enemy, to get clear. Though absolutely faint he refused to leave us until we had completely finished our job, collected our prisoners and restored the line.<ref name=Brereton254>{{cite book |author=Brereton, JM; Savory, ACS| title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702 - 1992| publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|year=1993 |isbn=0-9521552-0-6|page=254|chapter=World War 1, 1918}}</ref>}}

His VC was gazetted on 14 December 1918, the citation read:

{{quote|No. 34506 Pte. Henry Tandey, D.C.M.,
M.M., 5th Bn., W. Rid. R. (T.F.) (Leamington).
For most conspicuous bravery and initiative
during the capture of the village and the
crossings at Marcoing, and the subsequent
counter-attack on September 28th, 1918.
When, during the advance on Marcoing,
his platoon was held up by machine-gun fire,
he at once crawled forward, located the
machine gun, and, with a Lewis gun team,
knocked it out.
On arrival at the crossings he restored the
plank bridge under a hail of bullets, thus
enabling the first crossing to be made at this
vital spot.
Later in the evening, during an attack, he,
with eight comrades, was surrounded by an
overwhelming number of Germans, and
though the position was apparently hopeless,
he led a bayonet charge through them, fighting
so fiercely that 37 of the enemy were
driven into the hands of the remainder of
his company.
Although twice wounded, he refused to
leave till the fight was won.(sic)<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=31067|supp=yes|startpage=14778|date=13 December 1918|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>}}

==Post WW1 Military Service==
On 13 March 1919 a supplement to the ''[[London Gazette]]'' announced that Tandey had been awarded the [[Military Medal]] (MM).<ref name=Gazette31227 /> The following day he was discharged from service and only one day later he re-enlisted into the Duke of Wellington's 3rd Battalion on a 'Short Service Engagement'. Three days later (18 March 1919) he was promoted to [[Lance Corporal|Acting Lance Corporal]] (A/L/Cpl). He remained with the 3rd Battalion on 'Home Service' until 4 February 1921, when he transferred to the 2nd Battalion. Four days later on 8 February 1921 he requested to revert to the rank of Private.

Tandey saw service with the 2nd Battalion in Gibralter from 11 April 1922 to 18 February 1923, in Turkey from 19 February – 23 August 1923 and finally in Egypt from 24 August 1923 until 29 September 1925. He was finally discharged from the army on 5 January 1926, with the rank of [[sergeant]].

In addition to his major awards Tandey had also been [[Mentioned in Despatches]] on five occasions. He was personally decorated by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 17 December 1919.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/tandey.htm</ref>

==Post-war years==
Tandey returned to Leamington and married. Tandey died in 1977, childless, at the age of 86. At his request, he was cremated and his ashes scattered in the Masnieres British Cemetery at Marcoing, France.<ref>http://www.ww1cemeteries.com/ww1frenchcemeteries/masnieres.htm</ref>

Henry Tandey Court, a street in Leamington, is named after him.

==Medals==
Tandey donated his medals to the Duke of Wellington's Regimental Museum in Halifax, West Yorkshire. On special occasions and parades he would sign them out to wear. During the last period that he had signed them out, he died. Unaware that the medals should have been returned to the museum, the medals were sold by his wife and a private collector subsequently purchased and then presented the medals to the Regimental Museum of The Green Howards, the prior regiment in which he had earlier served.

Tandey's Victoria Cross is now displayed at the [[Green Howards Regimental Museum]], [[Richmond, North Yorkshire]], England.

On [[6 June]], [[2006]] The Green Howards and the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding) Regiment amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[The Green Howards|Green Howards]] to form the [[Yorkshire Regiment]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (This England, 1997)
*''[[VCs of the First World War - The Final Days 1918]]'' (Gerald Gliddon, 2000)

==External links==
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/warwicks.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Warwickshire)''
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/bbtandy.htm News Item] ''(VC medal donation to regimental museum)''
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/tandey.htm How a Right Can Make A Wrong] ''(First World War Article)''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandey, Henry}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Leamington Spa]]
[[Category:Duke of Wellington's Regiment soldiers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British World War I Victoria Cross recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]
[[Category:Green Howards soldiers]]

[[fi:Henry Tandey]]

Dave Days

2009-04-21T05:56:40Z

CardinalDan: Added {{cleanup}}, {{uncategorized}} and {{unreferenced}} tags to article. using Friendly

{{cleanup|date=April 2009}}
{{unreferenced|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist | Name = Dave Days
| Img =Replace this image male.svg
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background =
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born =
| Instrument = [[Vocals]], [[Electric Guitar]], [[Acoustic Guitar]]
| Genre =
| Occupation = [[Singer]], [[actress]]
| Years_active = 2007–present
| Associated_acts =
| Label = Dftba
| URL = [http://www.davedays.com Davdays.com]
}}

Dave Days is a [[Youtube]] [[Comedian]]/singer who perfoms on [[Youtube]]. Dave Days Created his account on August 25, 2007. Dave Days music videos ususally makes fun of other songs.

==CD==

On March 25,2009 Dave Days Released a CD called "The Dave Days Show". "The Dave Days Show" can only be purchased at [[amazon|amazon.com]].

===Songs===

The Songs on "The Dave Days Show" songs are listed below

01. My YouTube Song
02. Love Story Play
03. Miley I Can’t Wait To See You Play
04. 7 Things
05. Burnin’ Up Miley Play
06. Lollipop Play
07. The Nice Kitty Song
08. I’ve Got A Crush On Hillary
09. Katie’s Song
10. 8 Years Apart
11. No One Play
12. My LisaNova Song
13. Chocolate Rain
14. YouTube Celeb Diss
15. My DaxFlame Song
16. If I Were A Girl
17. Tube It
18. You Are A Pervert!
19. East To West (CD-Only Bonus)

{{uncategorized|date=April 2009}}

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2009-04-20T04:01:25Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 199.111.187.26 identified as vandalism to last revision by M.nelson. using TW

Turan Schah (Gouverneur)

2009-04-16T05:28:44Z

CardinalDan: Added {{cleanup}} and {{uncategorized}} tags to article. using Friendly

{{cleanup|date=April 2009}}
Turan-Shah ibn Ayyub, the older brother of the famous jihadi leader [[Saladin]], was an accomplished [[Muslim]] general during the crusader period. A powerful personality Turan-shah was most noted for strengthening Saladin's position in [[Egypt]] and playing a crucial role in [[Ayyubid]] conquests of [[Nubia]] and [[Yemen]].

== Arrival in Egypt ==
 

Like many of the Ayyubids, little is known of his early life before his arrival in Egypt. Once in Egypt he was immediately awarded titles and lucrative lands by Saladin who was in the process of reforming the power structure around the [[Fatimid]] state around him and his close allies/relations. Turan-shah adapted quickly to life in Egypt, soon gaining considerable military and political influence. The best indicator of his rise was the close relationship he groomed with the poet courtier [['Umara]] who had been a power player in Fatimid politics before Saladin ascendency to the vizierate in 1169. With his own social circle establish Turan-shah soon grew restless for glory and conquest.

== Campaigns of Turan-shah ==
 

Turan-shah's campaigns have been the subject of considerable debate considering that he greatly reduced Saladin's military capacity at a time when tensions between Saladin and [[Nur al-Din]] were reaching an apex. The reasons for these campaigns have been questioned by historians from the 12th century onwards and can best be attributed to three reasons: the continuation of Fatimid expansion, the desire of Saladin to obtain a safe haven for the Ayyubids should Egypt fall to Nur al-Din, and Turan-shah's desire for a personal fief. Regardless of intent, these campaigns proved Turan-shah's talent for military command and greatly enhanced the position of the Ayybudid family in the most uncertain of times.

'''Nubia'''

The Nubians and Egyptians had long been at engaged in a series of border skirmishes along the border region of the two nations (southern Egypt in the modern day). The Fatimids of Egypt had long been dominant in Egyptian-Nubian relations, obtaining slaves from the Nubians and forcing [[Islam]] on them. During the chaos that surround Shirkuh and Saladin's invasion of Egypt, and the following reforming of the Fatimid state, the Nubian found their position far more favorable. A prime advantage to the Nubian's was the fact that many of the former black units of the Fatimid military, who had been largely disenfranchised by Saladin, joined the Nubians seeking revenge. Tensions rose as raids grew bolder ultimately leading to the siege of the valuable city of [[Aswan]] by former black Fatimid soldiers in late 1172/early 1173. Saladin dispatched Turan-shah with a force of [[Kurdish]] troops to deal with the problem. Upon arrival Turan-shah quickly establish a base in the town of Ibrim and began conduct a series of raids against the Nubians. His attacks appear to have been highly successful, resulting in the Nubian King requesting an armistice with Turan-shah. Turan-shah, apparently eager for conquest, was unwilling to accept the offer until his own emissary had visited the King of Nubia and reported that the entire country was poor and not worth occupying. Though the Ayyubid's would be forced to take future actions against the Nubians, Turan-shah set his sights on more lucrative territories.

'''Yemen'''

Following his success in Nubia Turan-shah still sought to establish a personal holding for himself. In the meantime Saladin was facing an ever increasing amount of pressure from Nur al-Din that seemed to point to an eminent invasion of Egypt by Nur al-Din. [[Baha al-Din]] suggests that there was a heretical leader in Yemen who was claiming to be the messiah, and that this was the principle reason that Saladin dispatched Turan-shah to conquer the region. While this is likely the official reason the poet 'Umara appears to have had considerable influence of Turan-shah's desire to conquer Yemen and may have been the one who pushed him to gain Saladin's approval to use such a large part of the military forces in Egypt when the showdown with Nur al-din seemed to be so near. Turan-shah set out in 1174 and quickly conquered the port city of [[Aden]] (a crucial link in trade with [[India]] and [[southeast Asia]]). Turan-shad then devoted much of his time to securing the whole of Southern Yemen and bringing it firmly under the control of the Ayyubids. Turan-shah's departure from Egypt did not bode well for his adviser, 'Umara, however as the poet found himself caught up in an alleged conspiracy against Saladin. The conspirators were dealt with swiftly by [[Qadi al-Fadil]], who may well have accused 'Umara and his cohorts with conspiracy in a move to eliminate his old political rivals from the Fatimid era. Though Turn-shah had succeeded in acquiring his own territory, he had clearly done so at the expense of his power in [[Cairo]].

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*Mohring, Hannes. Saladin: the Sultan and His Times. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.
*Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. London: Al Saqi Books, 1984.
*Holt,P.M.. The Age of the Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. 1 ed. A History of the Near East. 2, The Age of the Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. P.M. Holt. New York: Longman Group, 1986.
*Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir. The chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the crusading period
from al-Kamil fi'l-tarikh. Translated by D.S. Richards. Vol. 2, Burlington:
Ashgate, 2008.
*Baha al-Din Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddad,A Rare and Excellent History of Saladin. D.S. Richards. Burlington: Ashgate, 2001.
* Lev,Yaacov. Saladin in Egypt. The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies, and Cultures, 400-1453. Vol. 21, Michael Whitby. Boston: Koninklijke Brill NV Leiden, 1998.
{{refend}}

{{uncategorized|date=April 2009}}

Chiapas-Konflikt

2009-03-28T05:02:19Z

CardinalDan: Reverted edits by 207.248.35.244 (talk) to last version by CardinalDan

{{cleanup|date=March 2009}}
The '''Chiapas conflict''' generally refers to the [[Zapatista uprising]] and its aftermath,[http://www.sipaz.org/crono/proceng.htm] but has to be understood in relation to the history of marginalization of indigenous peoples and subsistance farmers in the state of [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]]. 
The phrase ''Chiapas conflict'' is intricately linked with [[counter-insurgency]], [[low intensity conflict]], [[fourth generation warfare]], and [[divide and rule]]. 

== History & socio-political context (1910-2003) ==

Historically [[Mexico]] is characterized as a country of [[feudal land tenure]] and social inequalities. The issue over [[Land rights#Indigenous land rights|land rights]] dates back to the [[Mexican Revolution]] of 1910, when poor farmers and other marginalized groups, led by [[Emiliano Zapata]], rebelled against the government and large land tenants. The years after the revolution (1917-1934) saw agrarian reforms, and in ''article 27'' of the [[Mexican Constitution]] the [[encomienda system]] was abolished, and the right to [[communal land]] for traditional communities was affirmed. Thus the [[ejido]]-system was created, which in practice should comprise the power of private investments by foreign corporations and [[absentee landlords]], and entitled the [[indigenous]] population to a piece of land to work and live on. 

In [[Chiapas]] however, the living conditions of the marginalized underclass remained pretty much the same as before the revolution. Without perspective on work in the city, and encouraged by the government, many landless farmers, mainly [[Mayan]] indians, settled in the uncultivated [[Lacandon Jungle]] during the 1950-ies and '60-ies. This immigration led to land-related conflicts and an increasing pressure on the [[rain forest]]. To halt the migration the government decided in 1971 to declare a large part of the forest (614,000 hectares, or 6140 km2) as a protected area: the ''Montes Azules Bio-sphere Reserve''. They appointed only one small population-group (66 [[Lacandon]] indian families) as tenants (thus creating the [[Lacandon Community]]), thereby displacing 2000 [[Tzeltal]] and [[Chol]] families from 26 communities, and leaving non-Lacandon communities dependent on the government for asserting their rights to land. In the decades that followed the government carried out numerous programs to keep the problems in the region under control, using land distribution as a political tool; as a way of ensuring loyalty from different campesino groups. 

Since the 1980-ies and '90-ies the focus of Mexico's economic policy concentrated more on industrial development and attracting foreign capital. The [[Salinas government]] initiated a proces of privatization of land (through the PROCEDE-program). In 1992, as a (pre)condition for Mexico for entering the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] ([[NAFTA]]) with the US and Canada, art.4 and art.27 of the [[Mexican Constitution|Constitution]] were modified, by means of which it became possible to privatize communal [[ejido]]-land. This undermined the basic security of indigenous communities to land entitelment, and former ''ejidatorios'' now became formally ''illegal land-squatters'', and their communities [[informal settlements]]. 

On the 1st of January 1994, the day on which the [[NAFTA]] became operational, an armed [[insurgence]] broke out, led by the [[EZLN]] (National Zapatista Liberation Army). Their rebellion was directed against the marginalization of the indigenous population, the 1992 amendment to the Constitution, and the expected results of the [[NAFTA]], and they demanded social, cultural and land rights. 

The government responded by militarisation of the region, and after 12 days a precarious [[ceasefire]] was declared. These developments attracted a lot of international attention. While human rights organisations emphasised the [[marginalization]] of the indigenous population, [[Riordan Roett]] (adviser to the ''[[Emerging Markets]] Group'' of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]]) stated in january '95:<blockquote>
"While Chiapas, in our opinion, does not pose a fundamental threat to Mexican political stability, it is perceived to be so by many in the investment community. The government will need to eliminate the Zapatistas to demonstrate their effective control of the national territory and of security policy."</blockquote>
Just 2 days later the Mexican army came into action to bring the [[Zapatista]] occupied areas back under their control, but they did not succeed in arresting [[subcommandante Marcos]] or other leaders of the [[EZLN]]. To break the gridlock peace negociations were started in March 1995 in the village of [[San Andrés Larráinzar]]. 

In 1996 the [[Comisión de Concordia y Pacificación]] (COCOPA) presented a proposal of constitutional reform (the [[Cocopa law]]) based on the [[San Andrés Accords]] to the [[EZLN]] and the federal government. As a gesture of political will to solve the conflict peacefully the [[Zedillo]]-government signed this proposal, thereby recognizing the indigenous culture and its right to land and autonomy (in concordance with [[International Labour Organization|ILO]]-convention 169, signed by Mexico in 1991). These agreements however were not complied with in the following years and the [[peace process]] stagnated. This resulted in an increasing division between people and communities with ties to the government and communities that sympathized with the [[Zapatistas]]. Social tensions, armed conflict and [[para-military]] incidents increased, culminating in the killing of 45 people in the village of [[Acteal]] in 1997 by [[para-militaries]]. 

Internationally this atrocity led to great upheaval. The [[European Commission]], at that time negociating an [[Association Agreement]] and [[Free Trade Agreement]] with Mexico, adopted in january 1998 a resolution in which the involvement of the Mexican army and local government in the [[para-military]] violence was condemned, and president [[Zedillo]] was encouraged to re-initiate the [[peace process]]. The [[European Parliament]] even proposed to postpone the ratification of the agreement. 

Nevertheless this treaty came into effect on July 1st 2000, one day before presidential elections in Mexico were scheduled. After 71 years in power the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] had to make way for the [[neoliberal]] [[National Action Party (Mexico)|PAN]], the party of [[Vicente Fox]], whos main electoral promise was to solve the conflict with the [[Zapatistas]] within 15 seconds, and to ensure 7% of economic growth. When Fox enterd office in november 2000, he announced to honour the [[San Andrés Accords]]. 

To enforce their demands in Congress, the [[Zapatistas]] organized a march to the capital in March of 2001. This turned out to be in vain when Congress adopted an amendment to the constitution and ratified a diluted [[indigenous rights]] law, which was not in concordance with the [[San Andrés Accords]]. This new law was critisized by the [[International Labour Organization]] for violating [[International Labour Organization#Indigenous peoples|ILO-convention 169]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169], and the ''National Commision for Human Rights'' demanded the change to be reverted. The [[EZLN]] felt betrayed, suspended all dialogue with the government, and the Zapatistas unilaterally installed ''Juntas de Buen Gobierno'' (communities of [[good governance]]) in 2003. The [[peace process]] has been in a gridlock eversince, and armed conflicts frequently make casualties, often involving [[para-military]] groups. (see the [[Chiapas conflict#List of violent incidents and intimidations in the Lacandon region .281995-2008.29|list]] below) 

 

== Social development policies ==

Although&because the ''Chiapas conflict'' is intricately linked with [[low intensity conflict]] and [[fourth generation warfare]], it is important to stress that the conflict is not only about [[military]] or [[para-military]] action against armed rebels. Addressing the problems in the region with [[social development]] programs are often interpreted by the [[target group]] as ''[[counter-insurgency]] "light"''; as a means to [[divide and rule]]. 

Since the creation of the Lacandon Community (1971) and the growing tensions in the region, and even more so since the [[Zapatista uprising]] (1994), the government has been faced by 3 challenges: 
1) preservation of the [[rainforest]] in the [[Lacandon region]] 
2) combatting poverty & stimulating [[citizenship]] among the communities in the [[Lacandon region]] 
3) control over the socio-political situation in the [[Lacandon region]] 

These goals have been included in several [[social development]] programs. Examples are ''Programma Solidaridad'', ''Plan Cañadas'', ''PIDSS'', and [[Prodesis]]. 

'''Plan Cañadas''' (cañada = glen or valley)

''Plan Cañadas'' (1994-2001) was conceived after they found [[guerrilla]] trainingcamps in the [[Lacandon Jungle]] in 1993 (just before the [[Zapatista uprising]]). This programme was aimed at supressing the expected uprising by social means, by giving support to people who were more favourably disposed to the government, and thus ensuring their loyalty to the state. Over time ''Plan Cañadas'' was criticised for being a [[counter-insurgency]] project (''counter-insurgency-by-other-means'', or ''counter-insurgency "light"'') designed in the framework of the [[low intensity conflict]]:<blockquote>
"It was in the aftermath of the rebellion that the Mexican government began to devote resources to the region for development, establishing the Cañadas Programme. However, a few years after the initiative was introduced it became highly criticised because of its counter-insurgent character (it offered resources in exchange for the abandonment of the Zapatista cause) and because of its failure in promoting development."[http://www.drc-citizenship.org/docs/internships/2002/OM_mexico.pdf]
</blockquote>

'''PIDDS''' ('''P'''rograma '''I'''ntegral para el '''D'''esarrollo '''S'''ustentable de la '''S'''elva)

''Plan Cañada'''s successor was the ''Integral Programme for the Sustainable Development of the Jungle'': ''PIDSS''. This project, that started in 2001, was introduced as "a joint effort to foster development in a participatory way". Goals were to change the relationship between government and society, foster social reconciliation, exclude paternalism, promote participation, and endorse real development projects. The implementation of the programme was achieved through the creation of 34 micro-regions (similar to those under which the ''Cañadas Programme'' worked). However, ''PIDSS'' received much of the same criticism as ''Plan Cañadas'':<blockquote>
The outcomes of the Programme fall short of those expected. The types of projects that appear in the development plans are the same as those promoted during the Cañadas Programme. [...] Villagers in the region display much disillusionment and discontent. In fact, in most of the interviews it was affirmed that the present programme was worse than its predecessor. [...] The situation suggests that the authorities did not take properly into account the difficulties that the new initiative would encounter and which are the source of its problems. [...] A very important source of conflict has come from the groups that benefited most from the Cañadas Programme. These groups have fought very hard to keep their privileges and to return to the previous model, [...] which has distorted the operation of the programme and '''led to further conflict'''. [...] Moreover, the presence of Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities in the region, which do not desire any relationship with the Mexican government and thus do not participate in the PIDSS, complicates things even further. Disputes over land are very common, and the presence of paramilitary forces confronting the Zapatistas makes the situation even more difficult. 
There is a lack of coordination between different government institutions, and even some divergence of objectives. The state government, for instance, seems to perceive '''hidden interests''' among the officials of the federal government '''for the PIDSS to fail'''. [...] The technicians of the federal government seem to be much better prepared than the others, which allows them to dominate and impose their decisions. [...] The technicians seem to have a disproportionate amount of discretionary power. This is dangerous if we take into account that the main problems of the Cañadas Programme came through the behaviour of some of the federal government technicians. And in fact our research has shown that in some communities complaints about the '''counter-insurgency behaviour of the technicians''' have began to appear. 
Another source of problems for the PIDSS seems to lie in the notions of participation and development pursued and those of the different actors. From the very beginning there was a general agreement that the Programme had to be participative and foster development. However, no effort was made to reach an agreement on what these concepts mean and entail. The result is that, for instance, the '''PIDSS has sought participation of the population in a very limited way'''. 
In the interviews with the social organisations it was also argued that their problems to participate were due to the fact that '''they defend a notion of development that is opposed to that of the government'''. They argue that the PIDSS is an element that has to be related with the wider ''Puebla-Panama Plan'', which is a regional development plan based on the implantation of low-wage factories (maquiladoras) and similar liberal economic initiatives. In opposition to this, people in the communities talk about the '''importance of land and about maintaining their way of life'''. Again, these elements are not taken into account in the design and operation of the Programme, and as a consequence have a negative impact in its outcomes. 
'''Conclusions''': 
'''1''') The permanent conflict in the area and past development initiatives are important determinants that should have been better taken into account and incorporated in the design of the program. 
'''2''') Issues regarding coordination among different levels of the administration have proved to be a source of problems. These appear at the level of objectives, but also in the day-to-day operation, with the important role of the technicians and their discretionary power as a key issue. 
'''3''') The underlying notions of development and participation certainly determine the nature of the initiative and people’s expectations of it, and thus have to be dealt with from the beginning. Promoting participation but then to have it managed through questionnaires in which people have no input and which are filled in by secondary school students implies an understanding of the concept that is, at the very least, problematic.[http://www.drc-citizenship.org/docs/internships/2002/OM_mexico.pdf] 
</blockquote>

'''PRODESIS'''

The follow-up of ''PIDSS'' was '''[[Prodesis]]''' (2004-2008), an EU-Chiapas cooperation project targetted at 16 of the 34 micro-regions identified by ''PIDSS''. '''(see [[Prodesis]])''' 
The difficulties this new project encountered were exactly the same as the PIDSS-project stumbled upon:<blockquote>
1) It was argued that '''Prodesis sought participation of the population in a very limited way'''. 
2) Also there were accounts of '''counter-insurgency behaviour of the technicians'''. 
3) Moreover, the fact that Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities do not desire any relationship with the Mexican government prevents full participation of the whole target group, leading to '''further conflict between and within communities'''. 
4) Finally, it was argued, Prodesis interpreted the problems in the region along demographic lines, '''ignoring the cultural and socio-political history of the region''' (i.e. the fact that a large part of the population defends a notion of development that is opposed to that of the government, and stresses the importance of land and maintaining their way of life).</blockquote>

All of these projects ''(Cañadas, PIDSS, Prodesis)'' have been criticized for being actually [[counter-insurgency]] projects, aimed at controlling and pacifying the population, rather than improving their living conditions and resolving the conflict by adressing the land issue. Because of scepticism among the target groups of these programs (for lack of consulatation, transparancy and democracy, by being [[Top-down#Management and organization|top-down]] and counter-insurgent, and having no respect for the population or local organizations) many projects fail. Therefore a future challenge for the government (federal or state) is to: 
1) preserve the [[Lacandon Jungle|rainforest]], as well as to 
2) improve the social conditions of the [[Maya_peoples#Chiapas|population]], but 
3) without being suspected of [[counter-insurgency]] and [[low intensity warfare]]. 

 

== List of violent incidents and intimidations in the Lacandon region (1995-2008) ==

(for a full chronology of events (1821-2009) see: [http://www.sipaz.org/crono/crono_eng.htm#A94 the SiPaz Chronology])




[[File:Pedro-Valtierra.jpg|thumb|right|January 2nd 1998: Tzeltal women block dirt road leading to Yalchilptic, Altamirano, to protest against military occupation (photo: Pedro Valtierra]]



[[File:Duilio-Rodriguez.jpg|thumb|right|June 10th 1998: Indians held captive during military offensive in Chavajaval, El Bosque (photo: Duilio Rodríguez)]]

<blockquote>
'''Throughout 1995 & 1996''': Violence in the Northern Zone (assassinations, displacements, ambushes, roadblocks, etc) in the area of Chilón-Bachajón. 
'''14th of March 1997''': In San Pedro Nixtalucum (Municipality of El Bosque), in a repressive display, the state police assault civilians sympathetic to the EZLN, resulting in 4 deaths, 29 wounded, 27 detained and 300 displaced. 
'''4th of November 1997''': Attack on the bishops of the Diocese of San Cristóbal de las Casas near Tila, Northern zone of Chiapas. 
'''End of November 1997''': More than 4,500 Indigenous (from “Las Abejas” and Zapatista sympathizers) fled the violence in the municipality of Chenalhó. 
'''22nd of December 1997''': Terrible massacre by paramilitaries of 45 people, the majority of whom are children and women belonging to the civil group “Las Abejas,” refugees in Acteal, municipality of Chenalhó. 
'''11th of April 1998''': The autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores Magón is dismantled in a police and military operation in the community of Taniperlas, municipality of Ocosingo. Nine Mexicans are detained and twelve foreigners are expelled from the country. 
'''1st of May 1998''': In a police and military operation the autonomous municipality of Tierra y Libertad, with its municipal seat in Amparo Agua Tinta, is dismantled. 53 people are detained. 
'''3rd of June 1998''': In a joint police and military operation, more than a thousand members of the security forces enter Nicolás Ruiz. The police detain more than 100 community members. 
'''10th of June 1998''': In a military and police operation to dismantle the autonomous municipality of San Juan de la Libertad, located in El Bosque, 8 civilians and 2 police are killed. 
'''3rd of August 1998''': The Fray Bartolomé de las Casas Center for Human Rights releases a report that says that in the last 6 months in Chiapas there were registered 57 summary executions, 6 political assassinations and more than 185 expulsions of foreigners. It denounces that in these times there were in the state a number of cases of grave torture, dozens of attempts on the lives of Human Rights Defenders; and against civil organizations and social leaders; and hundreds of military and police actions in the conflict zone. 
'''First two weeks of June 1999''': Significant increase in military and police incursions in Zapatista communities; arbitrary detentions of presumed Zapatistas; harassment by military personnel at the military bases; and concentration of troops. Each of the incursions involves the participation of between 100 and 1000 military and police personnel. 
'''26th of August 1999''': Confrontation between the army and Zapatista support bases in the community of San José la Esperanza, municipality of Las Margaritas. Three indigenous people are detained and 7 military personnel receive machete wounds. 
'''18th of October 2000''': President Zedillo expropriates 3.5 hectares of the ejido Amador Hernández, a Zapatista community in the municipality of Ocosingo, to build new military installations. 
'''13th of November 2000''': The community of Miguel Utrilla, municipality of Chenalhó, violently prevents the Procurer General of the Republic from carrying out an operation composed of 150 federal judicial police and 20 agents of the Public Ministry the goal of which is to look for firearms in the hand of paramilitaries. 
'''19th of October 2001''': The assassination of Digna Ochoa, lawyer and human rights defender. More than 80 NGOs demand an expeditious investigation of the assassination of Digna Ochoa. 
'''7th of December 2001''': During the year, the Fray Bartolomé de las Casas Center for Human Rights has documented 45 cases of human rights violations in Chiapas. It declares that it is an important decrease in terms of past governments, but at the same time the fact that there have not been forceful responses to the denunciations “opens the door for more violations to continue to be committed.” 
'''31st of July 2002''': The autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores Magón denounces that a group of 40 armed paramilitaries from the PRI community San Antonio Escobar, attacked the Zapatista support bases in the La Culebra ejido. 
'''7th of August 2002''': José López Santiz, tzeltal campesino and EZLN supporter, is executed on the outskirts of the community 6 de August, of the autonomous municipality 17 de November. 
'''25th of August 2002''': At the Amaytic Ranch, armed PRI supporters kill two Zapatista authorities of the autonomous municipality Ricardo Flores Magón (Ocosingo). Another Zapatista is assassinated in the autonomous municipality of Olga Isabel (Chilón). 
'''2nd of September 2002''': Declarations from the Attorney General of Justice of Chiapas, Mariano Herrán Salvati on the death of four Zapatistas last August conflict about “traditions and customs or bands of delinquents.” "There have been found in these conflicts no undertones of an ideological order.” 
'''6th of July 2003''': Violent acts take place during the legislative elections in indigenous regions of Chiapas, principally in San Juan Cancuc, Zinacantán and Chenalhó. At the federal level, the largest rate of absenteeism was registered in the recent history of the country. 
'''September/October 2003''': A series of conflicts between members of the Independent Center of Agricultural Workers and Campesinos (CIOAC) and Zapatistas, around the detention of Armín Morales Jiménez by militants of the EZLN for the accused crime of abuse of confidence. 
'''January 22nd 2004''': The houses of the community of Nuevo San Rafael in Montes Azules Reserve were all burned. According to the Secretary of Agrarian Reform (SRA), the inhabitants had voluntarily decided to abandon their homes and return to their places of origin. NGOs accused the SRA of having divided the population so as to force residents to leave the reserve. 
'''April 10th 2004''': Zapatista supporters from the municipality of Zinacantán were ambushed by members of the PRD, leaving dozens wounded and displacing 125 Zapatista families. 
'''April 23rd 2004''': The lifeless body of Noel Pável González, student at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the National School of Anthropology and History, was found in Mexico City. Elements of the investigation point towards the involvement of the ultra-right group "El Yunque." 
'''July 4th 2004''': Families from the community of San Francisco El Caracol in the Montes Azules Reserve were moved by the government to a "new population center" called Santa Martha in the municipality of Marqués de Comillas. 
'''January 23rd 2005''': In the municipality of Palenque, 160 Tzeltal families were displaced from the biosphere reserve of Montes Azules to the community of Nuevo Montes Azules. 
'''August 15th 2005''': The Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas Human Rights Center once again denounced the forced displacement of several families in the community of Andrés Quintana Roo, in the municipality of Sabanilla, due to aggression and threats made by people linked to “Desarollo, Paz y Justicia” (Development, Peace and Justice). 
'''September 6th 2005''': A confrontation between Zapatista support bases and the rest of the population in the community of Belisario Domínguez in the municipality of Salto de Agua. 
'''Mid October 2005''': Members of the Organization for Indigenous and Campesino Defense (OPDDIC) were planning to dismantle the autonomous municipality of Olga Isabel, and detain the local authorities. 
'''November 2nd 2005''': In El Limar, in the municipality of Tila in the Northern Zone of Chiapas, over 200 people from eleven communities met to commemorate the more than 120 murdered or disappeared individuals from the region between 1994 and 2000. 
'''August 5th 2006''': A violent police operation was carried out to expel 30 Zapatista families in the community of the Ch’oles, autonomous municipality El Trabajo (Tumbalá), in the Northern Zone. 
'''November 13th 2006''': Violent confrontation in the natural reserve of Montes Azules, Chiapas. Hundreds of armed peasants from the Lacandona Community attack 17 families living in Viejo Velasco Suárez. As it happened in a very isolated area, this aggression brought great confusion about the number of victims and their possible belonging to EZLN. Finally the outcome was: 4 people dead (including a pregnant woman) and 4 people disappeared, probably executed. 
'''August 18th 2007''': A joint police and military operation to evict 39 families (members of the communities of Buen Samaritano and San Manuel, in the municipality of Ocosingo) was conducted in the Biospheric Reserve of Montes Azules. 
'''April 27th 2008''': At least 500 police violently entered the community of Cruztón, in the municipality of Venustiano Carranza, Chiapas. 
'''June 4th 2008''': A military and police incursion in the vicinity of the Zapatista Caracol (local administrative center) La Garrucha, as well as in the support base communities of the EZLN, Hermenegildo Galeana and San Alejandro. 
'''July 23rd 2008''': The Human Rights Center Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas denounced that state police assaulted campesinos as well as observers from the Other Campaign in the community of Cruztón, in the municipality of Venustiano Carranza. 
'''October 3rd 2008''': A violent operation carried out by federal and state police left a toll of six dead (4 of whom were executed according to the testimony of community members), 17 wounded, and 36 people detained, almost all of whom were members of the ejido Miguel Hidalgo, located in the municipality La Trinitaria, Chiapas.
</blockquote>
 

==See also==

* [[Prodesis]]
* [[EZLN]]
* [[A Place Called Chiapas]]
* [[Lacandon Jungle]]

== References ==
[http://www.drc-citizenship.org/docs/internships/2002/OM_mexico.pdf Oriol Mirosa-Canal: Evaluation of the Integral Programme for the Sustainable Development of the Lacandon Jungle (PIDSS), Mexico 2002; Internship report for the DRC on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability] 

[http://www.sipaz.org/crono/proceng.htm Brief history of the conflict in Chiapas (1994-2007)]

[http://www.sipaz.org/crono/crono_eng.htm#A94 Full chronology mentioning all events relevant to the history of the region]

[[Category:Chiapas]]

Chiapas-Konflikt

2009-03-28T04:54:22Z

CardinalDan: Added {{cleanup}} tag to article. using Friendly

Bart Simpson

2009-03-24T05:37:07Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by Susiesoo11 identified as vandalism to last revision by Mentifisto. using TW

{{Simpsons character
|name=Bart Simpson
|image=[[Image:Bart Simpson.png|200px]]
|gender=[[Male]]
|job=Student at [[Springfield Elementary School]]
|relatives='''Parents:''' [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] '''Sisters:''' [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] '''Aunts:''' [[Patty and Selma Bouvier]] '''Grandparents:''' [[Abraham Simpson]], [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]], and [[Simpson family#Jacqueline Bouvier|Jacqueline Bouvier]]. (See also [[Simpson family]])
| appearance = "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]" (1989)
| ullmanappearance = "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" (1987)
|voiceactor=[[Nancy Cartwright]]
}}
'''Bartholomew "Bart" JoJo Simpson''' is a fictional main character in the animated television series ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and part of the [[Simpson family|eponymous family]]. He is voiced by actress [[Nancy Cartwright]] and first appeared on television in ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" on April 19, 1987. Bart was created and designed by cartoonist [[Matt Groening]] while he was waiting in the lobby of [[James L. Brooks]]' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on ''[[Life is Swell|Life in Hell]]'' but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named after Groening's family members, Bart's name was an anagram of the word ''brat''. After appearing on ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' for three years, the Simpson family received their own series on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], which debuted December 17, 1989.

At ten years of age, Bart is the eldest child and only son of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], and the brother of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons''—including [[The Simpsons video games|video games]], ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', [[The Simpsons Ride]], commercials, and [[List of The Simpsons comics|comic books]]—and inspired an entire line of merchandise.

In casting, Nancy Cartwright originally planned to audition for the role of Lisa, while [[Yeardley Smith]] tried out for Bart. Smith's voice was too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa. Cartwright found that Lisa was not interesting at the time, so instead auditioned for Bart, which she thought was a better role. [[#Hallmarks|Hallmarks]] of the character include his [[The Simpsons opening sequence#Chalkboard gag|chalkboard gag]]s in the opening sequence; his prank calls to [[Moe Szyslak|Moe]] the bartender; and his catchphrases "Eat my shorts", "[[¡Ay, caramba!]]", and "Don't have a cow, man!"

During the first two seasons of ''The Simpsons'' (1989–1991), Bart was the show's [[List of breakout characters|breakout character]] and "Bartmania" ensued. Bart Simpson T-shirts sporting various slogans and catchphrases became popular, selling at a rate of a million per day at their peak. The song "[[Do the Bartman]]" became a number one charting single and the seventh best-selling song of 1991 in the United Kingdom. Bart's rebellious attitude and pride at underachieving caused many parents and educators to cast him as a bad role model for children. A T-shirt reading "I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?" was banned in several public schools. Around the [[The Simpsons (season 3)|third season]], the series started to focus more on the family as a group, although Bart remains one of the most prominent characters on the series. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Bart one of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 most important people of the 20th century]], and he was named "entertainer of the year" in 1990 by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''. Nancy Cartwright has won several awards for voicing Bart, including a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] in 1992 and an [[Annie Award]] in 1995. In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of his family, was awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].

==Role in ''The Simpsons''==
''The Simpsons'' uses a [[floating timeline]] in which the characters do not age, and as such the show is always assumed to be set in the current year. In several episodes, events have been linked to specific times, though sometimes this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes. Bart's year of birth was stated in "[[I Married Marge]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991) as being in the early 1980s.<ref name=IMarriedMarge>{{cite episode |title=I Married Marge|episodelink=I Married Marge|series=The Simpsons|credits=[[Jeff Martin (writer)|Martin, Jeff]]; [[Jeffrey Lynch|Lynch, Jeffrey]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-12-26 |season=03 |number=12}}</ref> He lived with his parents in the Lower East of Springfield until the Simpsons bought [[742 Evergreen Terrace|their first house]]. When Lisa was born, Bart was at first jealous of the attention she received, but he soon warmed to her when he discovered that "Bart" was her first word.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa's First Word|episodelink=Lisa's First Word|series=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; [[Mark Kirkland|Kirkland, Mark]]|network=Fox |airdate=1992-12-03 |season=04|number=10}}</ref> Bart's first day of school was in the early 1990s. His initial enthusiasm was crushed by an uncaring teacher and Marge became worried that something was truly wrong with him. One day during recess, Bart met [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] and started entertaining him and other students with various gestures and rude words. [[Seymour Skinner|Principal Skinner]] told him "you've just started school, and the path you choose now may be the one you follow for the rest of your life! Now, what do you say?" In his moment of truth, Bart responded, "eat my shorts".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa's Sax|episodelink=Lisa's Sax|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Al Jean|Jean, Al]]; [[Dominic Polcino|Polcino, Dominic]]|network=Fox |airdate=1997-10-19 |season=09|number=03}}</ref> The episode "[[That 90's Show]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 19)|season nineteen]], 2007) contradicted much of the backstory; for example, it was revealed that Homer and Marge were childless in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite episode |title=That 90's Show|episodelink=That 90's Show |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Matt Selman|Selman, Matt]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=2008-01-27 |season=19|number=11}}</ref>

Bart's various hobbies include [[skateboard]]ing, watching television (especially ''The [[Krusty the Clown]] Show'' which includes the ''[[The Itchy & Scratchy Show]]''), reading comic books (especially [[Radioactive Man (The Simpsons character)|Radioactive Man]]), playing video games and generally causing mischief.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 122</ref> For the duration of the series, Bart has attended [[Springfield Elementary School]] and has been in [[Edna Krabappel]]'s fourth grade class. While he is too young to hold a full-time job, he has had occasional part time jobs. He works as a [[bartender]] at [[Fat Tony]]'s social club in "[[Bart the Murderer]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991);<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bart the Murderer|episodelink=Bart the Murderer|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[John Swartzwelder|Swartzwelder, John]]; [[Rich Moore|Moore, Rich]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-10-10 |season=03|number=04}}</ref> as [[Krusty the Clown]]'s assistant in "[[Bart Gets Famous]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994);<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bart Gets Famous|episodelink=Bart Gets Famous|series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; [[Susie Dietter|Dietter, Susie]]|network=Fox |airdate=1994-02-03 |season=05|number=12}}</ref> and briefly owns his own factory in "[[Homer's Enemy]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]], 1997)<ref>{{cite episode |title=Homer's Enemy|episodelink=Homer's Enemy|series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; [[Jim Reardon|Reardon, Jim]]|network=Fox |airdate=1997-05-04 |season=08|number=23}}</ref>

==Character==
===Creation===
[[Image:Groening at comiccon.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Matt Groening created Bart while waiting in James L. Brooks' office.]]
[[Matt Groening]] first conceived of Bart and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986, while waiting in the lobby of producer [[James L. Brooks]]' office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for ''The Tracey Ullman Show'', and had intended to present an adaptation of his ''Life in Hell'' comic strip. When he realized that animating ''Life in Hell'' would require him to rescind publication rights, Groening decided to go in another direction.<ref name="americasfirstfamily">{{cite video|people=BBC|year=2000|title='The Simpsons': America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD)|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250735/|format=DVD|location=UK|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> He hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, naming the characters after members of his own family. For the rebellious son, he substituted "Bart", an anagram of the word ''brat'', for his own name,<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> as he decided it would have been too obvious for him to have named the character Matt.<ref name=sundvd>{{cite video | people=Groening, Matt: Jean, Al|year=2007|title=The Simpsons Movie: A Look Behind the Scenes| medium=DVD|publisher=distributed by ''[[The Sun]]''}}</ref>

Bart had originally been envisioned as "a much milder, troubled youth given to existential angst who talks to himself", but the character was changed based on Cartwright's voice acting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Christmans is 'Life in Hell' for The Simpsons|date=1989-12-17|accessdate=2008-09-03|publisher=''[[The Oregonian]]''|author=Farrell, Peter}}</ref> Groening has credited several different figures with providing inspiration for Bart: Matt Groening's older brother Mark provided much of the motivation for Bart's attitude.<ref name=SitterDVD>Groening, Matt. (2006). Commentary for "[[My Sister, My Sitter]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref name="flux">{{cite news|title=Life in Hell | work=Flux Magazine | last=Paul | first=Alan | date=1995-09-30 | accessmonthday=October 7 | accessyear=2007}}</ref><ref name=BartCarnyDVD>Groening, Matt. (2006). Commentary for "[[Bart Carny]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Bart was conceived as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the extreme traits of characters such as [[Tom Sawyer]] and [[List of characters in the Tom Sawyer series#Huckleberry Finn|Huckleberry Finn]] into one person.<ref name=sundvd/> Groening describes Bart as "what would happen if [[Eddie Haskell]] [from ''[[Leave it to Beaver]]''] got his own show".<ref>{{cite news|title=With spirit of youthful rebellion, 'Simpsons' creator takes on success|accessdate=2008-11-09|author=Kolbert, Elizabeth|date=1993-03-11|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> Groening has also said that he found the premise of ''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'' disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "[[Two Bad Neighbors]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Bart's middle initial ''J'' is a "tribute" to animated characters such as [[Bullwinkle J. Moose]] and [[Rocky the Flying Squirrel|Rocket J. Squirrel]] from ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', who received their middle initial from [[Jay Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/interviews/groening/page9.shtml|title=J is for Jay|accessdate=2008-09-21|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>Groening, Matt. (2007). Commentary for "[[D'oh-in in the Wind]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Tenth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> According to the book ''[[Bart Simpson's Guide to Life]]'', Bart's full middle name is JoJo.<ref>{{cite book | last=Groening| first=Matt | year=2001 | title=Bart Simpson's Guide to Life | publisher=[[HarperCollins|Harper Perennial]] | isbn=5558685514}}</ref>

Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]".<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], p. 14</ref> In 1989, the shorts were adapted into ''The Simpsons'', a half-hour series airing on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]. Bart and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32|title='3rd Degree: Harry Shearer'|accessdate=2008-09-21|author=Kuipers, Dean|date=2004-04-15|publisher=''Los Angeles: City Beat''}}</ref>

===Design===
[[Image:Bart - Good Night.png|right|200px|thumb|Bart in his first televised appearance in "Good Night".]]
The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in [[silhouette]].<ref>Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "[[Fear of Flying (The Simpsons)|Fear of Flying]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings.<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> Bart's original design, which appeared in the first shorts, had spikier hair, and the spikes were of different lengths. The number was later limited to nine spikes, all of the same size.<ref>[[David Silverman|Silverman, David]]; [[Wes Archer|Archer, Wes]]. (2004). Illustrated commentary for "[[Treehouse of Horror IV]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> At the time Groening was primarily drawing in black and "not thinking that [Bart] would eventually be drawn in color" gave him spikes which appear to be an extension of his head.<ref>[[Mike B. Anderson|Anderson, Mike B.]]; Groening, Matt; [[Pete Michels|Michels, Pete]]; [[Yeardley Smith|Smith, Yeardley]]. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", Illustrated Commentary for "[[All Singing, All Dancing]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The features of Bart's character design are generally not used in other characters; for example, no other characters in current episodes have Bart's spiky hairline, although several background characters in the first few seasons shared the trait.<ref>Groening, Matt; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "[[Principal Charming]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

The basic rectangular shape of Bart's head is described by director [[Mark Kirkland]] as a coffee can. Homer's head is also rectangular (with a dome on top), while spheres are used for Marge, Lisa, and Maggie.<ref>Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark. (2005). "A Bit From the Animators", Illustrated Commentary for "[[Summer of 4 Ft. 2]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Different animators have different methods of drawing Bart. Former director [[Jeffrey Lynch]] starts off with a box, then adds the eyes, then the mouth, then the hair spikes, ear, and then the rest of the body. Matt Groening normally starts with the eyes, then the nose, and the rest of the outline of Bart's head. Many of the animators have trouble drawing Bart's spikes evenly; one trick they use is to draw one on the right, one on the left, one in the middle, then continue to add one in the middle of the blank space until there are nine. Originally, whenever Bart was to be drawn from an angle looking down so the top of his head was seen, Groening wanted there to be spikes along the outline of his head, and in the middle as well. Instead, [[Wes Archer]] and [[David Silverman]] drew him so that there was an outline of the spikes, then just a smooth patch in the middle because "it worked graphically."<ref>Groening, Matt; Lynch, Jeffrey; Reardon, Jim; Silverman, David. (2005). Illustrated Commentary for "[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part One)]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

In the [[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]] (1995) episode "[[Treehouse of Horror VI]]", Bart (along with Homer) was computer animated into a [[3D computer graphics|three dimensional]] character for the first time for the "Homer3" segment of the episode. The computer animation directors was provided by [[Pacific Data Images]].<ref name=3D/> While designing the 3D model of the character, the animators did not know how they would show Bart's hair. However, they realized that there were vinyl Bart dolls in production and purchased one to use as a model.<ref name=3D>Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh; Johnson, Tim; Silverman, David; Mirkin, David; Cohen, David X. "Homer in the Third Dimpension" (2005), in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

===Voice===
[[Image:Nancy Cartwright.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart Simpson.]]
Bart's voice is provided by [[Nancy Cartwright]], who voices several other child characters on ''The Simpsons'', including [[Nelson Muntz]], [[Ralph Wiggum]], [[Flanders family#Todd|Todd Flanders]], and [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Kearney|Kearney]].<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], pp. 178–179</ref> While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to [[Dan Castellaneta]] and [[Julie Kavner]] because they were already a part of ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' cast,<ref name="The Age">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/27/1046064146568.html|title=D'oh, you're the voice|accessdate=2007-08-18|date=2003-02-27|author=Lee, Luaine|publisher=''[[The Age]]''}}</ref> the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. [[Yeardley Smith]] had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director [[Bonita Pietila]] believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled, "I always sounded too much like a girl. I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'"<ref name=Smith/> Smith was given the role of Lisa instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=She who laughs last|date=2007-12-08|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=8E|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Miranda, Charles}}</ref> On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright went in to audition for the role of Lisa. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the "middle child" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever".<ref>[[#Cartwright|Cartwright]], pp. 35–40</ref> Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1017238.stm|title=Bart's voice tells all|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=2000-11-10|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Cartwright is the only one of the six main ''Simpsons'' cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 21</ref>

Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have "no obvious traces of Bart".<ref name="My Boy">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/aug/02/broadcasting.edinburgh04|title=That's my boy|author=Brockes, Emma|accessdate=2008-10-22|date=2004-08-02|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The voice came naturally to Cartwright; prior to ''The Tracey Ullman Show'', she had used elements of it in shows such as ''[[My Little Pony (TV series)|My Little Pony]]'', ''[[Snorks]]'', and ''[[Pound Puppies]]''.<ref name="My Boy"/> Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform, saying, "Some characters take a little bit more effort, upper respiratory control, whatever it is technically. But Bart is easy to do. I can just slip into that without difficulty."<ref name="My Boy"/> She traditionally does five or six readings of every line in order to give the producers more to work with.<ref name="BBC News"/> In [[flashforward]] episodes, Cartwright still provides the voice of Bart. For "[[Lisa's Wedding]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 6)|season six]], 1995) Bart's voice was electronically lowered.<ref>Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "[[Lisa's Wedding]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Despite Bart's fame, Cartwright is rarely recognized in public. On occasions when she is recognized on the street and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright will refuse because it "freaks [them] out".<ref name="My Boy"/> During the first season of ''The Simpsons'', the Fox Network did not allow Cartwright to give interviews because they did not want to publicize that Bart was voiced by a woman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson's secret: he's a woman|author=Bark, Ed|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-07-15|work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]}}</ref>

Until 1998, Cartwright was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.<ref name=Glaister/> The dispute, however, was resolved and Cartwright received $125,000 per episode until 2004, when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode.<ref name=Glaister>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/02/1080544690429.html|title=Simpsons actors demand bigger share|accessdate=2008-10-26|date=2004-04-03|author=Glaister, Dan|publisher=''The Age''}}</ref> The dispute was resolved a month later,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/01/entertainment/main615066.shtml|title='Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2004-05-01|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> and Cartwright's pay rose to $250,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Simpsons|date=2004-05-06|accessdate=2008-10-26|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Daily Express]]''|author=Sheridan, Peter}}</ref> After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors receive approximately $400,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news | title = Simpsons cast sign new pay deal | publisher = BBC News | date = 2008-06-03 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7434296.stm | accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref>

===Hallmarks===
In the [[The Simpsons opening sequence|opening sequence]] of many ''Simpsons'' episodes, the camera zooms in on Springfield Elementary School, where Bart can be seen writing a message on the chalkboard. This message, which changes from episode to episode, has become known as the "chalkboard gag".<ref name=p71>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 71</ref> Chalkboard messages may involve political humor such as "The First Amendment does not cover burping",<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lemon of Troy|episodelink=Lemon of Troy|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Brent Forrester|Forrester, Brent]]; Reardon, Jim|network=Fox |airdate=1995-05-14|season=06|number=24}}</ref> [[popular culture|pop culture]] references such as "[[The Sixth Sense|I can't see dead people]]",<ref>{{cite episode |title=Take My Wife, Sleaze|episodelink=Take My Wife, Sleaze|series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; [[Neil Affleck|Affleck, Neil]]|network=Fox |airdate=1999-11-28|season=11|number=08}}</ref> and [[meta-reference]]s such as "I am not a 32 year old woman" and "Nobody reads these anymore".<ref name=p71/> The animators are able to produce the chalkboard gags quickly and in some cases have changed them to fit current events. For example, the chalkboard gag for "[[Homer the Heretic]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 4)|season four]], 1992) read, "I will not defame New Orleans." The gag had been written as an apology to the city for a controversial song in [[A Streetcar Named Marge|the previous week's episode]], which called the city a "home of pirates, drunks and whores".<ref name="Martin">Martin, Jeff (2004). "The Cajun Controversy", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bart chalks up apology for New Orleans song|accessdate=2008-10-30|date=1992-10-08|page=A1|publisher=''[[The Times-Picayune]]''|author=Lorando, Mark}}</ref> Many episodes do not feature a chalkboard gag because they are cut to make more room for story and plot development.

One of Bart's early [[hallmarks]] were his prank calls to [[Moe's Tavern]] owner [[Moe Szyslak]] in which Bart calls Moe and asks for a [[gag name]]. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but rapidly realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were based on a series of prank calls known as the [[Tube Bar prank calls|Tube Bar recordings]]. Moe was based partly on Tube Bar owner [[Louis "Red" Deutsch]], whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hudsonreporter.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=15354520&BRD=1291&PAG=461&dept_id=523586&rfi=6|title=Joke on 'Simpsons' started in JC|accessdate=2008-10-30|date=2005-08-10|publisher=''[[Hudson Reporter]]''|work=[[Jersey City Reporter]]|author=Kaulessar, Ricardo}}</ref> The prank calls debuted in "[[Homer's Odyssey]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990) the third episode to air, but were included in "[[Some Enchanted Evening (The Simpsons)|Some Enchanted Evening]]", the first episode of the series that was produced.<ref name="Some">[[James L. Brooks|Brooks, James L.]]; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al. (2001). Commentary for "[[Some Enchanted Evening (The Simpsons)|Some Enchanted Evening]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, so the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.<ref>Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "[[Moaning Lisa]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref name="Some"/> They have occasionally resurfaced on the show, the most recent being the [[The Simpsons (season 20)|season 20]] episode "[[Lost Verizon]]" (2008), although in that case Bart called various bartenders around the world and not Moe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/916/916381p1.html|title=The Simpsons: "Lost Verizon" Review|accessdate=2008-11-03|date=2005-10-06|author=Canning, Robert|publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Bart Simpson - Skateboarding.png|left|thumb|200px|Bart's nude scene in ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]''.]]
The catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was in high school. Cartwright was in the marching band at [[Fairmont High School (Ohio)|Fairmont High School]], and one day while performing, the band chanted "Eat my shorts" rather than the usual "Fairmont West! Fairmont West!"<ref name=Smith>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml|title='Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers|accessdate=2007-07-29|date=2007-07-26|author=Carroll, Larry|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Bart's other catchphrases, "[[¡Ay, caramba!]]" and "Don't have a cow, man!", were featured on t-shirts in the early seasons of ''The Simpsons''.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 25</ref><ref name="Time"/> "Cowabunga" is also commonly associated with Bart, although it was only used in the show after it was used as a slogan on the T-shirts.<ref name="BGFCom"/> The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode "[[Bart Gets Famous]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994) in which Bart lands a popular role on [[Krusty the Clown]]'s show for saying the line "I didn't do it."<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 61</ref> The writers chose the phrase "I didn't do it" because they wanted a "lousy" phrase "to point out how really crummy things can become really popular".<ref>Mirkin, David. (2004). Commentary for "[[Bart Gets Famous]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Bart commonly appears nude in the show, although in every case only his buttocks are visible.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2106665,00.html|title=Bart Simpson goes nude|publisher=[[News24]]|date=2007-04-30|accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref> In ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', (2007) Bart appears in a sequence where he is skateboarding while fully nude; several different items cover his [[sex organ|genitalia]], but for a brief moment his [[penis]] can be seen. The scene was one of the first worked on for the film, but the producers were very nervous about the segment because they thought it would earn the movie an [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|R rating]].<ref name=com>Brooks, James L.; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; [[Mike Scully|Scully, Mike]]; Silverman, David; [[Dan Castellaneta|Castellaneta, Dan]]; Smith, Yeardley. (2007). Commentary for ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The film, however, was [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system#ratings|rated PG-13]] by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] and [[British Board of Film Classification#Current certificates|PG]] by the [[British Board of Film Classification]].<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web | title = The Simpsons Movie | publisher = [[British Board of Film Classification]] | url = http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/e8ea0df3a881175480256d58003cb570/ee1dcfc1c458f9738025730e003387f8?OpenDocument | accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref> The scene was later included by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' in their list of "30 Unforgettable Nude Scenes."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20229685_5,00.html|title=Bodies of Work: 30 Unforgettable Nude Scenes|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|author=Raphael, Lisa|year=2008|accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref>

===Personality===
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparent |align=right|halign=left|quote=<div style="text-align:left;">Like any good punk rocker, Bart had the nihilism thing down from the very beginning. Though not so much pissed off as extremely undisciplined, the Bart Simpson of the ''Ullman'' shorts is either fighting with his sister, inciting his father into murderous levels of rage, executing dangerous stunts that end in cartoonish levels of disaster, or simply spitting snarky one-liners at whatever authority figures cross his path. This appetite for destruction continued to be the defining feature of the smart-assed kid who dominated many episodes of the first few seasons of ''The Simpsons''–the version that spawned Bart-mania–though his methods and motivations show considerably more nuance than the white-trash Bart of the ''Ullman'' era.|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Chris Turner (author)|Chris Turner]], ''[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation|Planet Simpson]]''<ref name=p124>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 124</ref>}}
Bart's character traits of rebelliousness and disrespect for authority have been compared to that of America's founding fathers, and he has been described as an updated version of [[Tom Sawyer]] and [[List of characters in the Tom Sawyer series#Huckleberry Finn|Huckleberry Finn]], rolled into one.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cantor, P |journal=Political Theory|title=The Simpsons: Atomistic Politics and the Nuclear Family|url=http://www.unf.edu/~pharwood/3075/simpsons.pdf|format=PDF|page=738 |work=Political Theory|volume=27 |issue=6|year=1999|month=December}}</ref> In his book ''[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation|Planet Simpson]]'', [[Chris Turner (author)|Chris Turner]] describes Bart as a [[Nihilism|nihilist]], a [[philosophy|philosophical]] position that argues that [[existence]] is without objective meaning, [[purpose]], or [[intrinsic value (ethics)|intrinsic value]].<ref name=p124/>

Bart's rebellious attitude has made him a disruptive student at [[Springfield Elementary School]], where Bart is an underachiever and proud of it.<ref name="Gets an F">{{cite episode |title=Bart Gets an F|episodelink=Bart Gets an F|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[David M. Stern|Stern, David M.]]; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1990-10-11|season=02|number=01}}</ref> He is constantly at odds with his teacher [[Edna Krabappel|Ms. Krabappel]], [[Seymour Skinner|Principal Skinner]], and occasionally [[Groundskeeper Willie]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Girly Edition|episodelink=Girly Edition |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Larry Doyle (writer)|Doyle, Larry]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1998-04-19 |season=09|number=21}}</ref> Bart does poorly in school and is well aware of it, having once declared, "I am dumb, okay? Dumb as a post! Think I'm happy about it?"<ref name="Gets an F"/> On one occasion, Lisa successfully proves that Bart is dumber than a [[hamster]].<ref name="Duffless">{{cite episode |title=Duffless|episodelink=Duffless|series=The Simpsons |credits=Stern, David M.; Reardon, Jim|network=Fox |airdate=1993-02-18 |season=04|number=16}}</ref> In "[[Separate Vocations]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1992) Bart becomes hall monitor and his grades go up, suggesting that he struggles mainly because he does not pay attention, not because he is stupid.<ref name="Vocations">{{cite episode |title=Separate Vocations|episodelink=Separate Vocations|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[George Meyer|Meyer, George]]; Lynch, Jeffrey|network=Fox |airdate=1992-02-27 |season=03|number=18}}</ref> This idea is reinforced in "[[Brother's Little Helper]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 11)|season eleven]], 1999) in which it is revealed that Bart suffers from [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|Attention Deficit Disorder]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Brother's Little Helper|episodelink=Brother's Little Helper|series=The Simpsons |credits=Meyer, George; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1999-10-03 |season=11|number=02}}</ref> His lack of smarts can also be attributed to the hereditary "Simpson Gene", which affects the intelligence of all male members of the Simpson family.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa the Simpson|episodelink=Lisa the Simpson|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Ned Goldreyer|Goldreyer, Ned]]; Dietter, Susie|network=Fox |airdate=1998-03-08 |season=09|number=17}}</ref> Although he gets into endless trouble and can be sadistic, shallow and selfish, Bart also exhibits many qualities of high [[integrity]]. He has, on a few occasions, helped Principal Skinner and Mrs. Krabappel:<ref name="Confidential">{{cite episode |title=Grade School Confidential|episodelink=Grade School Confidential|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Rachel Pulido|Pulido, Rachel]]; [[Susie Dietter|Dietter, Susie]]|network=Fox |airdate=1997-04-06 |season=08|number=19}}</ref> In "[[Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994), Bart accidentally got Skinner fired and befriended him outside of the school environment. Bart, however, missed having Skinner as an adversary and got him rehired, knowing that this would mean that the two could no longer be friends.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song|episodelink=Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Bill Oakley|Oakley, Bill]]; [[Josh Weinstein|Weinstein, Josh]]; [[Bob Anderson (director)|Anderson, Bob]]|network=Fox |airdate=1994-04-28 |season=05|number=19}}</ref>

Due to Bart's mischievousness and Homer's often uncaring and incompetent behavior, the two have a turbulent relationship. Bart will often address Homer by his [[given name]] instead of "Dad", while Homer in turn often refers to him as "the boy".<ref name="First Word">{{cite episode |title=Lisa's First Word|episodelink=Lisa's First Word|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-12-03 |season=04|number=10}}</ref> Homer has a short temper and when enraged by Bart will strangle him on impulse in a cartoonish manner.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2002). Commentary for "[[Simpson and Delilah]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> One of the original ideas for the show was that Homer would be "very angry" and oppressive toward Bart, but these characteristics were toned down somewhat as their characters were explored.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2004). Commentary for "[[Marge on the Lam]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Marge is a much more caring, understanding and nurturing parent than Homer, but she also refers to Bart as "a handful" and is often embarrassed by his antics.<ref name="Defined"/> In "[[Marge Be Not Proud]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]], 1995) she felt she was mothering Bart too much and began acting more distant towards him after he was caught shoplifting. At the beginning of the episode, Bart protested at her over-mothering but as her attitude changed, he felt bad and made it up to her.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Marge Be Not Proud|episodelink=Marge Be Not Proud|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Scully, Mike; [[Steven Dean Moore|Moore, Steven Dean]]|network=Fox |airdate=1995-12-17 |season=07|number=11}}</ref> Despite his attitude, Bart is sometimes willing to experience humiliation if it means pleasing his mom.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Marge's Son Poisoning|episodelink=Marge's Son Poisoning|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Daniel Chun|Chun, Daniel]]; Anderson, Mike B.|network=Fox |airdate=2005-11-13 |season=17|number=05}}</ref> Marge has expressed an understanding for her "special little guy" and has defended him on many occasions. She once said "I know Bart can be a handful, but I also know what he's like inside. He's got a spark. It's not a bad thing... Of course, it makes him ''do'' bad things."<ref name="Defined"/>
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparent |align=left|halign=left |quote=<div style="text-align:left;">Bart is a really good kid. He's just mischievous. He's not bad, like characters who followed him such as [[Eric Cartman|[Eric] Cartman]] (''[[South Park]]'') or [[Beavis]] and [[Butt-head|Butthead]]. Bart can do some nasty things, but they seem so tame, by today's standards. What was shocking 19 years ago, when the show started, isn't the least bit shocking today. Bart hasn't changed.|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Nancy Cartwright]]<ref name=Sentinel>{{cite news|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/movies/orl-ent-cartwright072507,0,318783.story|title=Nancy Cartwright, voice of Bart Simpson, has personal theme: 'Simpsons Forever'|accessdate=2008-09-13|date=2007-07-25|author=Moore, Roger|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> }}

Bart shares a sibling rivalry with his younger sister, Lisa, but has a buddy-like relationship with his youngest sister Maggie, due to her infant state. While Bart has often hurt Lisa, and even fought her physically, the two are often very close.<ref name="Duffless"/><ref name="First Word"/> Bart cares for Lisa as deeply and has always apologized for going too far.<ref name="Thanksgiving"/> He also believes Lisa to be his superior when it comes to solving problems and frequently goes to her for advice.<ref name="Vocations"/> Bart is also highly protective of Lisa: When a bully destroys her box of cupcakes in "[[Bart the General]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990), Bart immediately stands up for her.<ref name="General"/>

Bart is best friends with [[Milhouse Van Houten]], although Bart has at times shown embarrassment about their friendship.<ref name="Summer">{{cite episode |title=Summer of 4 Ft. 2|episodelink=Summer of 4 Ft. 2|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Dan Greaney|Greaney, Dan]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1996-05-19|season=07|number=25}}</ref> Bart is a bad influence on Milhouse, and the two have been involved in a lot of mischief together. Because of this behavior, [[Van Houten family#Luann|Milhouse's mother]] forbids Milhouse from playing with Bart in "[[Homer Defined]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991). While at first he pretended that he did not care, Bart eventually realizes that he needs Milhouse, and Marge manages to convince Mrs. Van Houten to reconsider.<ref name="Defined">{{cite episode |title=Homer Defined|episodelink=Homer Defined|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Howard Gewirtz|Gewirtz, Howard]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1991-10-17|season=03|number=05}}</ref> While Bart is portrayed as a popular cool kid,<ref name="Summer"/> he and Milhouse are frequent targets for bullies, including [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Dolph|Dolph]], [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Jimbo Jones|Jimbo]], [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Kearney|Kearney]], and Nelson Muntz. Milhouse describes their social standing as "Three and a half. We get beat up, but we get an explanation."<ref name="Confidential"/> While Bart and Nelson have been adversaries in the past, with Bart once declaring war on him,<ref name="General">{{cite episode |title=Bart the General|episodelink=Bart the General|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1990-02-04|season=01|number=05}}</ref> they have also been close friends at times.<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Haw-Hawed Couple|episodelink=The Haw-Hawed Couple|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Selman, Matt; Clements, Chris|network=Fox |airdate=1990-02-04|season=18|number=08}}</ref>

Bart is one of the biggest fans of children's television host [[Krusty the Clown]]. He once declared, "I've based my life on Krusty's teachings," and sleeps in a room filled with Krusty merchandise. He has helped the clown on many occasions, for example, foiling [[Sideshow Bob]]'s attempt to frame Krusty for armed robbery in "[[Krusty Gets Busted]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990), reuniting Krusty with his estranged father in "[[Like Father, Like Clown]]".<ref name="LFLC">{{cite episode |title=Like Father, Like Clown|episodelink=Like Father, Like Clown |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jay Kogen|Kogen, Jay]]; [[Wallace Wolodarsky|Wolodarsky, Wallace]]; [[Brad Bird|Bird, Brad]]; Lynch, Jeffrey|network=Fox |airdate=1991-10-04 |season=3 |number=6}}</ref> and helping Krusty return to the air with a comeback special and reignite his career in "[[Krusty Gets Kancelled]]".<ref name="KGK">{{cite episode |title=Krusty Gets Kancelled|episodelink=Krusty Gets Kancelled |series=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1993-05-13|season=04|number=22}}</ref> For his part, Krusty has remained largely ignorant of Bart's help and has treats Bart with disinterest.<ref name="LFLC"/> One summer, Bart enthusiastically attended Kamp Krusty, which turned out to be a disaster, with Krusty nowhere to be seen. Bart keeps his hopes up by believing that Krusty would show up, but is soon pushed over the edge, and finally decides that he is sick of Krusty's shoddy merchandise and takes over the camp. Krusty immediately visits the camp in hopes of ending the conflict and manages to appease Bart.<ref name="KK">{{cite episode |title=Kamp Krusty|episodelink=Kamp Krusty |series=The Simpsons|credits=Stern, David M.; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-09-24|season=04|number=01}}</ref><ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 128-129</ref> One of the original ideas for the series was that Bart worshiped a television clown but had no respect for his father, although this was never directly explored.<ref name="NPR">{{cite interview|last=Groening|first=Matt|subjectlink = Matt Groening| interviewer = [[Terry Gross]]| title = Fresh Air| program = [[National Public Radio]]| callsign = [[WHYY-FM]]| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1476480| city = Philadelphia|date=2003-10-23| accessdate = 2008-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20047268,00.html|title=Talking about ''The Simpsons'' |accessdate= 2008-10-29|date=2007-07-20|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Because of this original plan, Krusty's design is basically Homer in clown make-up.<ref name=Smith/> When Bart foiled Sideshow Bob's plans in "Krusty Gets Busted", it sparked a long-standing feud between the two. The writers decided to have Bob repeatedly return to get revenge on Bart. They took the idea of the [[Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner|Coyote chasing the Road Runner]] and depicted Bob an intelligent person obsessed with catching a bratty kid.<ref name="JeanBW">Jean, Al. (2003). Commentary for "[[Black Widower]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Bob has appeared in ten episodes, generally plotting various evil schemes, but is always foiled in the end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvsquad.com/2007/11/25/the-simpsons-funeral-for-a-friend/|title=The Simpsons: Funeral for a Fiend|publisher=[[Weblogs Inc.#TV Squad|TV Squad]]|author=Keller, Richard|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2007-11-25}}</ref>

==Reception and cultural influence==
===Bartmania===
While later seasons would focus on Homer, Bart was the lead character in most of the first three seasons. In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed "Bartmania".<ref name=p120>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 120–121</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cartoon leads a revolt against apple-pie family — Simpsons|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-07-08|author=Cassidy, John|work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22062437-5009160,00.html|title=Simpsons set for big screen|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=2007-07-15|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D71F3AF93AA15757C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4|title=Cashing in on a Hot New Brand Name |author=Kleinfield, N.R.|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-04-29|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He became the most prevalent ''Simpsons'' character on memorabilia, such as [[T-shirt]]s. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDE103EF934A35753C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=The T-Shirt Industry Sweats It Out |accessdate=2008-09-18|date=1990-10-07|author=Barmash, Isador|work=The New York Times}}</ref> as many as one million were sold on some days.<ref name="Shirts">{{cite journal|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20114134,00.html|title=Bart Simpson–Defiant, Saw-Topped and Cheeky—the Brat Terrible Gave Underachievers a Good Name |accessdate=2008-09-18|date=1990-12-31|publisher=''[[People (magazine)|People]]''|volume=34|issue=26}}</ref> Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as "I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?" and "Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')".<ref name="mikescully"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1DE1E3DF933A05751C1A966958260|title=Overacheiver — and Learning to Deal With It, Man|accessdate=2008-09-18|date=1990-12-30|author=Rohter, Larry|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>Burey, Chris. (1990). [[ABC News]] report about the Bart Simpson t-shirt controversy included as an Easter Egg in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' (2001) [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> ''The Simpsons'' merchandise sold well and generated [[United States dollar|$]]2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.<ref name="mikescully"/> The success of Bart Simpson merchandise inspired an entire line of [[black market]] [[counterfeit]] items, especially T-shirts. Some featured Bart announcing various slogans, others depicted redesigns of the character, including "Teenage Mutant Ninja Bart, Air Simpson Bart, [and] RastaBart".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317834,00.html|title=But is it Bart?|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-07-27|author=Svetkey, Benjamin|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Matt Groening generally did not object to bootleg merchandise, but took exception to a series of "[[Nazism|Nazi]] Bart" shirts which depicted Bart in Nazi uniform or as a [[white power skinhead]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.02/futurama_pr.html|title=One-Eyed Aliens! Suicide Booths! Mom's Old-Fashioned Robot Oil! |accessdate=2008-10-30|year=1999|author=Kelly, Kevin|publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''}}</ref> 20th Century Fox sued the creator of the shirts, who eventually agreed to stop making them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metzger stops ` Nazi Bart' T-shirt sales |accessdate=2008-10-30|date=1991-06-04|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref>
[[Image:Michael Jackson 1984.jpg|left|thumb| [[Michael Jackson]], a huge fan of Bart, wrote the song "[[Do the Bartman]]".]]
Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox Network]] decided to switch ''The Simpsons''<nowiki>'</nowiki> timeslot so that it would move from 8:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it would compete with ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' on [[NBC]], the [[Nielsen Ratings#Annual top-rated shows|number one show]] at the time.<ref name="BGFCom"/><ref name="Steals">{{cite news|title='Simpsons' steals away Cosby viewers |date=1991-05-09|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=4|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Cerone, Daniel}}</ref> Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed "Bill vs. Bart" rivalry.<ref name="BGFCom">Brooks, James L.; Groening, Matt; Jrean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Silverman, David. (2002). Commentary for "[[Bart Gets an F]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref><ref name="Shirts"/> The August 31, 1990 issue of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' featured a picture of [[Bill Cosby]] wearing a Bart Simpson T-shirt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318085,00.html |title=Cosby's Brood vs. The Radical Dood|accessdate=2008-09-03 |work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=|date=1990-08-31}}</ref> "[[Bart Gets an F]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 2)|season two]], 1990) was the first episode to air against ''The Cosby Show'', and it received a lower [[Nielsen Rating]], tying for eighth behind ''The Cosby Show'', which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, but [[Nielsen Media Research]] estimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,<ref>{{cite news|title=Don't have a cow, man! More viewers watch 'The Simpsons' than 'Cosby'! |date=1990-10-18|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=C5|work=[[Deseret News]]|author=Scott D. Pierce}}</ref> and it is still the highest rated episode in the history of ''The Simpsons''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://television.aol.com/feature/the-simpsons/3 |title='The Simpsons' Best Episodes: No. 15 - 11 |accessdate=2008-09-03 |work= |publisher=[[AOL]]|author=Potts, Kimberly|year=2006 }}</ref> Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot.<ref>Groening, Matt; Jean, Reiss; Moore, Rich; Reiss, Mike; Vitti, Jon. (2002). Commentary for "[[Lisa's Substitute]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Bart was described as "television's king of 1990",<ref>{{cite news|title=Television in 1990 - Among bright spots: `Civil War,' CBS,`Simpsons' |accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-12-30|author=McDaniel, Mike|work=The Sunday Times}}</ref> "television's brightest new star"<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson was ray of hope in a year of generally drab television |accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-12-30|author=Boone, Mike|work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]}}</ref> and an "undiminished smash".<ref name="Shirts"/> ''Entertainment Weekly'' named Bart the "entertainer of the year" for 1990, writing that "Bart has proved to be a rebel who's also a good kid, a terror who's easily terrorized, and a flake who astonishes us, and himself, with serious displays of fortitude."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318928,00.html|title=1. Bart Simpson|accessdate=2008-09-15|date=1990-12-28|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Harris, Mark}}</ref> In the United States [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1990|congressional]], [[United States Senate elections, 1990|senatorial]] and [[United States gubernatorial elections, 1990|gubernatorial]] elections of 1990, Bart was one of the most popular write-in candidates, and in many areas was second only to [[Mickey Mouse]] amongst fictional characters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Write-ins Galore: Cast of Ballot Characters Widens |accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-12-30|author=Potter, Bruce|work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mickey, Bart fit write-in at ballot box|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=1990-11-09|author=Stromberg, Amy|work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]}}</ref> In the 1990 [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]], Bart made his debut as one of the giant helium-filled balloons for which the parade is known. The Bart Simpson balloon has appeared at every parade since.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson, 'Falloon' floats debut at Macy's N.Y. Thanksgiving Parade|accessdate=2008-10-30|date=1990-11-23|author=Stromberg, Amy|work=[[The Press of Atlantic City]]}}</ref> This was referenced in ''The Simpsons'' in the episode "[[Bart vs. Thanksgiving]]", which aired the same day as the parade, where Homer tells Bart, "If you start building a balloon for every flash-in-the-pan cartoon character, you turn the parade into a farce!" Meanwhile, behind and unbeknownst to him, the television briefly shows a Bart Simpson balloon.<ref name="Thanksgiving">{{cite episode |title=Bart vs. Thanksgiving|episodelink=Bart vs. Thanksgiving|series=The Simpsons |credits=Meyer, George; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1990-11-22 |season=02|number=07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season2/page7.shtml|title=Bart vs. Thanksgiving|accessdate=2008-10-30|author=Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian |year=2000|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

The album ''[[The Simpsons Sing the Blues]]'' was released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at #3 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=22526&model.vnuAlbumId=378393 |title =Artist Chart History — The Simpsons|publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=2008-10-28}}</ref> and becoming certified 2x platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]].<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web| url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Simpsons&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate=2008-11-05}}</ref> The first single from the album was the [[pop rap]] song "[[Do the Bartman]]", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written by [[Michael Jackson]], although he did not receive any credit.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1430454/19980223/jackson_michael.jhtml |title =Michael Jackson Update: News From Korea, Poland And Groening|publisher=MTV|date=1998-02-23 |accessdate=2008-10-28}}</ref> Jackson was a fan of ''The Simpsons'', especially Bart,<ref>[[#Cartwright|Cartwright]], pp. 115–117</ref> and had called the producers one night offering to write Bart a number one single and do a guest spot on the show.<ref name="Brooks">Brooks, James L. (2003). Commentary for "Stark Raving Dad", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Jackson eventually guest starred in the episode "[[Stark Raving Dad]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991) under the pseudonym John Jay Smith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season3/page1.shtml|title=Stark Raving Dad|accessdate=2008-10-28|author=Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian |year=2000|publisher=BBC}}</ref> While the song was never officially released as a single in the United States, it was successful in the United Kingdom. In 1991 it was the number one song in the UK for three weeks from February 16 to March 9 and was the seventh best-selling song of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/all_the_no1_songs.php?show=5|title=All the Number 1 Singles–1990s|accessdate=2008-12-01|publisher=Official Charts Company}}</ref> It sold half a million copies and was certified gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] on February 1, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=18135|title=Certified awards|accessdate=2008-10-28|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]}}</ref>

===Bart as a role model===
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparent |align=right |halign=left |quote=<div style="text-align:left;">I now have a 7-year-old boy and a 9-year-old boy, so all I can say is, I apologize. Now I know what you guys were talking about. My standard comment is, If you don't want your kids to be like Bart Simpson, don't act like Homer Simpson.|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Matt Groening]], in a 1998 interview when asked, "How do you respond to critics who consider Bart Simpson a dreadful role model for children?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02EFDB103CF934A15751C1A96E958260|title=Questions for Matt Groening|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1998-12-27|work=The New York Times}}</ref> }}
Bart's rebellious nature, which frequently resulted in no punishment for his misbehavior, led some parents and [[Conservatism|conservatives]] to characterize him as a poor [[role model]] for children.<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 131</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6252856.stm|title=Is The Simpsons still subversive?|accessdate=2007-08-06|date=2007-06-29|author=Rosenbaum, Martin|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Robert Bianco of the ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' wrote that "[Bart] outwits his parents and outtalks his teachers; in short, he's the child we wish we'd been, and fear our children will become."<ref>{{cite news|title=Weekend TV: Beer'N' Bart giving parents prime-time hangover|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-06-28|author=Bianco, Robert|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.<ref name="BartaBrat">{{cite news|title=Is Bart a brat? Popular cartoon kid as annoying to some as he is funny to others| accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-06-02|author=Freedman, Donna|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]}}</ref> Others described him as "egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited".<ref name="CoolDude">{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson: Cool dude or smart-aleck menace?|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-06-01|author=Dunne, Mike|work=[[Sacramento Bee]]}}</ref> In response to the criticism, [[James L. Brooks]] said, "I'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model, you don't run across that many role models in real life. Why should television be full of them?"<ref name="NoNeed">{{cite news|title=About Bart: No need to have a Cow, Man|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-10-15|author=Shales, Tom|work=[[The Roanoke Times]]}}</ref> Elizabeth Thoman, executive director of the Center for Media and Values in Los Angeles, commented, "If kids look up to Bart Simpson, we need to ask why we use television for all the role models in our society, a much larger issue. {{interp|...}} As long as we perpetuate the idea of television as a place where you get all your role models, we're allowing television to become a school system."<ref name="NoNeed"/>

In 1990 [[William Bennett]], who at the time was [[Office of National Drug Control Policy|drug czar]] of the United States, visited a drug treatment centre in [[Pittsburgh]] and upon noticing a poster of Bart remarked, "You guys aren’t watching The Simpsons, are you? That’s not going to help you any."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/01may00/goldbergprint050100.html|title=Homer Never Nods |accessdate=2008-10-28|date=2000-05-01|author=Goldberg, Jonah|publisher=''[[National Review]]''}}</ref> When a backlash over the comment ensued, Bennett apologized, claiming he "was just kidding"<ref>{{cite news|title=Drug czar `just kidding'|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-05-26|work=[[Edmonton Journal]]|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> and saying "I'll sit down with the little spike head. We'll straighten this thing out."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DF143DF930A15756C0A964958260|title=The 1992 Campaign: Political Memo; In Capital and on Coast, Lines Drawn on Quayle|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1992-05-23|author=Berke, Richard L.|work=The New York Times}}</ref> In a 1991 interview, [[Bill Cosby]] described Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him "angry, confused, frustrated". In response, [[Matt Groening]] said, "That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do."<ref>{{cite news|title=A Badder Bart|date=1991-09-25|accessdate=2008-09-13|work=[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]]}}</ref> On January 27, 1992, then-President [[George H. W. Bush]] said, "We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like [[the Waltons]] and a lot less like the Simpsons."<ref name="mikescully">{{cite news|first=Nick|last=Griffiths|title=America's First Family|url=http://snpp.com/other/articles/firstfamily.html|publisher=''The Times Magazine''|pages=25, 27–28|date=2000-04-15}}</ref> The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of "[[Stark Raving Dad]]" in which Bart replied, "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too."<ref name="waltons">[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 230–231</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/08/simpsons200708|title=Simpson Family Values |author=Ortved, John |accessdate=2008-08-26|date=August 2007|publisher=''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''}}</ref>

Although there were many critics of the character, favorable comments came from several quarters. [[Peggy Charren]], president of [[Action for Children's Television]], a [[grassroots]] organization dedicated to improving the quality of television programming offered to children, commented that "the Simpson family is one of the few thoughtful cartoons on commercial television. {{interp|...}} How can you teach the Constitution if you ban Tshirts?"<ref name="BartaBrat"/> Columnist [[Erma Bombeck]] wrote, "Kids need to know that somewhere in this world is a contemporary who can pull off all the things they can only fantasize about, someone who can stick it to their parents once in a while and still be permitted to live."<ref name="BartaBrat"/> In 2003, Bart placed first in a poll of parents in the United Kingdom who were asked "which made-up character had the most influence" on children under 12 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/uk/newsid_2972000/2972291.stm|title=Bart Simpson is your top role model |date=2003-04-24|accessdate=2008-10-28|publisher=[[BBC|CBBC Newsround]]}}</ref>

===Commendations===
[[Image:The Simpsons star.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of the Simpson family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.]]
In 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. He was the only fictional character to make the list.<ref name="Time">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/simpson.html|title=Bart Simpson|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=1998-06-08|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> He had previously appeared on the cover of the December 31, 1990 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101901231,00.html|title=TIME Magazine Cover: Bart Simpson|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=1990-12-31|work=Time}}</ref> Both Bart and Lisa ranked #11 in ''[[TV Guide]]'s'' "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/ |title=CNN — TV Guide's 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters |accessdate=2007-03-14 |date=2002-07-30 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

At the [[44th Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 1992, Cartwright won a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]] for voicing Bart in the [[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]] episode "[[Separate Vocations]]". She shared the award with five other voice-actors from ''The Simpsons''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briefing–'Simpsons' score big in Prime-Time Emmys|date=1992-08-03|accessdate=2008-09-13|page=L20|publisher=''[[Daily News of Los Angeles]]''}}</ref> Various episodes in which Bart is strongly featured have been nominated for Emmy Awards for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)|Outstanding Animated Program]], including "[[Radio Bart]]" in 1992, "[[Future-Drama]]" in 2005, "[[The Haw-Hawed Couple]]" in 2006 and "[[Homer's Phobia]]", which won the award in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php |title=Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search|publisher=Emmys.org|accessdate=2008-09-13}}</ref> In 1995, Cartwright won an [[Annie Award]] for "Voice Acting in the Field of Animation" for her portrayal of Bart in an episode.<ref name="A23">{{cite news|url=http://annieawards.org/23rdwinners.html|title=Legacy: 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1995)|accessdate=2007-10-16|publisher=Annie Awards}}</ref> In 2000, Bart and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-04|url=http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME++++&lcName=The+Simpsons|title=Hollywood Icons |publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce }}</ref>

===Merchandising===
Alongside t-shirts, Bart has been included in various other ''The Simpsons''-related merchandise, including [[Little Trees|air freshener]]s, [[baseball cap]]s, [[bumper sticker]]s,<ref name="Shirts"/> cardboard standups, [[refrigerator magnet]]s, [[key ring]]s, [[button]]s, dolls, [[poster]]s, figurines, [[clock]]s, [[soapstone]] carvings, [[Chia Pet]]s, [[bowling ball]]s and [[boxer shorts]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bart Simpson items big sellers|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=1990-07-07|work=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesimpsonsshop.resultspage.com/search?p=Q&srid=S1%2d2&lbc=thesimpsonsshop&ts=custom&w=Bart&uid=29813453&method=and&isort=score&SESSID=fdfce36bf3fa3b805380733a1c7defee&srt=0|title=Search Results for Bart|accessdate=2008-10-29|publisher=The Simpsons Shop}}</ref> ''[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Bart Book|The Bart Book]]'', a book about Bart's personality and attributes, was released in 2004.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt |coauthor=Bill Morrison| title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Bart Book|The Bart Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2005 | isbn =0061116602}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/politics/whispers/articles/041108/8whisplead.htm|title=Publishing war begins over Tenet's CIA book|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2004-10-31|author=Bedard, Paul|publisher=''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''}}</ref> Other books include ''[[Bart Simpson's Guide to Life]]''. ''[[The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer]]'', which is not an official publication, includes a chapter analyzing Bart's character and comparing him to the "[[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean]] ideal".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EEDF1E39F93AA3575AC0A9679C8B63|title=Word for Word/Deconstructing 'The Simpsons'; The Aristotelian Logic of Bart And Homer. Or Is It Platonic?|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2001-09-09|author=Blair, Jayson|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref>

Bart has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons''. He has appeared in every one of [[The Simpsons video games|''The Simpsons'' video games]], including ''[[The Simpsons: Bart vs. the World|Bart vs. the World]]'', ''[[Bart Simpson's Escape from Camp Deadly]]'', ''[[The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants|Bart vs. the Space Mutants]]'', ''[[Bart's House of Weirdness]]'', ''[[Bart vs. The Juggernauts]]'', ''[[Bartman Meets Radioactive Man]]'', ''[[Bart's Nightmare]]'', ''[[The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk|Bart & the Beanstalk]]'' and ''[[The Simpsons Game]]'', released in 2007.<ref>{{cite news| last =Walk| first =Gary Eng| title =Work of Bart| page =| work=Entertainment Weekly| date =2007-11-05| url =http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20158366,00.html| accessdate =2008-10-29}}</ref> Alongside the television series, Bart regularly appears in issues of [[List of The Simpsons comics#Simpsons Comics|''Simpsons Comics'']], which were first published on November 29, 1993 and are still issued monthly, and also has his own series called ''Bart Simpson Comics'' which have been released since 2000.<ref name="gazette">{{cite web| title = Groening launches Futurama comics| publisher = ''[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]]''| date = 2000-11-19| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20001119/ai_n9979492|author=Radford, Bill|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070708094751/http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/features/simpsons_sundays/simpsons_on_sundays.asp|title=Sundays with the Simpsons|accessdate=2008-10-29|author=Shutt, Craig|publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Bart also plays a role in [[The Simpsons Ride]], launched in 2008 at [[Universal Studios Florida]] and [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.latimes.com/daily-deal-blog/index.php/simpsons-ride-featur-1657/ |title=Simpsons ride features 29 characters, original voices|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2008-04-09|work=Los Angeles Times|author=MacDonald, Brady}}</ref>

Bart, and other ''The Simpsons'' characters, have appeared in numerous [[television commercials]] for [[Nestlé]]'s [[Butterfinger]] candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3289/is_n6_v167/ai_20897150|title=Don't lay a finger on his Butterfinger|accessdate=2008-11-02|year=1998|month=June|publisher=[[BNET]]}}</ref> Lisa would occasionally advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Portrait of the Bartist — The Simpsons' Matt Groening has fulfilled his dream of invading mainstream U.S. pop culture |accessdate=2008-11-02|date=1995-05-13|work=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref> The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright.<ref name=Adweek/> Bart has also appeared in commercials for [[Burger King]], [[C.C. Lemon]], [[Church's Chicken]], [[Domino's Pizza]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Ramada Inn]], [[Ritz Crackers]] and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]].<ref name=Adweek>{{cite news|url=http://www.adweek.com/aw/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001525209|title=Nancy Cartwright On The Spot|accessdate=2008-10-29|date=2005-11-25|work=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> In 2001, [[Kellogg's]] launched a brand of cereal called "Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch", which was available for a limited time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/09/10/showbuzz/index.html#2|title=D'Oh! Eat Homer for breakfast|accessdate=2008-09-03|date=2001-09-10|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,184538,00.html|title=Cereal Numbers|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=2001-11-15|author=Fonseca, Nicholas|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Before the half-hour series went on the air, Matt Groening pitched Bart as a spokesperson for [[Jell-O]]. He wanted Bart to sing "J-E-L-L-O", then burp the letter O. His belief was that kids would try to do it the next day, but he was rejected.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2001). Commentary for "[[There's No Disgrace Like Home]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* <cite id=Cartwright>{{cite book|last=Cartwright |first=Nancy|title=[[My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy]]|year=2000|publisher=[[Hyperion (publisher)|Hyperion]]|location=New York City|isbn=0-7868-8600-5}}</cite>
* <cite id=Richmond>{{cite book|last=Richmond |first=Ray|coauthors=Antonia Coffman|title=[[The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family]] |year=1997 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=New York City |isbn=0-00-638898-1}}</cite>
* <cite id=Turner>{{cite book | last=Turner | first=Chris |authorlink = Chris Turner (author)| title=[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation]] | year=2004 |publisher=[[Random House|Random House Canada]] |location=Toronto| isbn=0-679-31318-4}}</cite>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Alberti | first=John (ed.) | year=2003 | title=[[Leaving Springfield|Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture]] | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | isbn=0-8143-2849-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Brown | first=Alan | coauthors=Chris Logan | year= 2006 | title=[[The Psychology of The Simpsons]] | publisher=[[Benbella Books]]|isbn=1-932100-70-9}}
* {{cite book |last = Conard| first = Mark T.| editor = Irwin, William; Skoble, Aeon (eds.)| title=[[The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer]]| chapter = Thus Spake Bart: On Nietzsche and the Virtues of Being Bad|year=1999 | location=Chicago |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company|Open Court]] |isbn=0-8126-9433-3}}
* {{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt |coauthor=Bill Morrison| title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Bart Book|The Bart Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2005 | isbn =0061116602}}
* {{cite book | last=Groening| first=Matt | year=2001 | title=[[Bart Simpson's Guide to Life]] | publisher=[[HarperCollins|Harper Perennial]] | isbn=5558685514}}
* {{cite book|last=Groening |first=Matt|title=[[The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album]] |year=1991 |publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-06-096582-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Pinsky | first=Mark I | title=The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family| year=2004|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Kentucky | isbn=0-664-22419-9}}

==External links==
{{Portal|The Simpsons|Simpsons tv icon.svg}}
* [http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_family_bart.htm Bart Simpson] at The Simpsons.com
* {{imdb character|0003013}}

{{Simpsons characters}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simpson, Bart}}
[[Category:The Simpsons characters]]
[[Category:Child characters in television]]
[[Category:1987 introductions]]

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Cola-Mentos-Fontäne

2009-03-23T04:58:13Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 60.230.168.125 identified as vandalism to last revision by ClueBot. using TW

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}{{Onesource|date=March 2009}}
'''Diet Coke and Mentos Eruption''' (also known as a '''Mentos eruption''' or a '''coke geyser''') is a reaction of [[Diet Coke]] and mint [[Mentos]] candies, a [[two-liter bottle]] of Diet Coke (other carbonated beverages may be used instead; Diet Coke is preferred because it tends to react better) and dropping some Mentos into the bottle, usually around four. This causes the Diet Coke to foam at a rapid rate and spew into the air. Mint-flavored Mentos are used, as fruit-flavored Mentos have a smooth coating which slows the reaction. Because of the nature of this physical reaction and the easy availability of the ingredients, the eruption is a popular subject for Internet videos, and has also appeared in non-Internet sources.

A variation of this experiment consists of making the bottle rocket up by closing the cap shortly after Mentos is inserted and then slamming the bottle into the ground cap first. The explosion will generate a reaction like a rocket.

[[Image:Diet Coke Mentos.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A [[Diet Coke]] 2 litre bottle shortly after Mentos were dropped into it]]

==History==
[[Steve Spangler]] initiated the [[Internet phenomenon]] when he appeared on 9News in 2002 and 2005, both times showcasing the experiment. <ref>[[Denver, Colmy]] by [[InternetRetailer]] on [[March 27]], [[2007]]. Accessed on [[April 17]], [[2007]].</ref>
The experiment's result was then further popularized by the website Eepybird.com, which promoted a video in which Fritz Grobe and Stephen Voltz re-created the fountain display seen in front of the [[Bellagio (hotel and casino)|Bellagio hotel]] in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] using a timed series of eruptions. Later Eepybird videos featured "self-activating" soda jets linked together to form a [[Domino Rally]]-style effect. In September 2007, the videos, including the "Extreme Diet Coke and Mentos Experiments" video that was viewed more than 10 million times, earned the pair the highest yearly payout of US$50,000 from the [[video hosting service]] [[Revver]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-09-13-revver_N.htm | title = Posters reap cash rewards at video-sharing site Revver | accessdate = 2007-09-13 | date = 2007-09-12 | author = Graham, Jefferson | work =USA Today | quote = The biggest paycheck — $50,000 for 15 clips — went to two guys from a Mentos mint into a bottle of Diet Coke (KO) and watched it explode}}</ref>

The eruption has been reproduced many times by popular sources, including the television shows ''[[Numb3rs]]'', ''[[Bones (TV series)|''Bones'']]'' and ''[[MythBusters]]'' and an appearance by cast member [[Kari Byron]] in ''[[FHM]]'' magazine, an experiment conducted by [[Bart Simpson]] on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode, "[[The Debarted]]", an appearance on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' by physics teacher Lee Marek, and others. The ''[[MythBusters]]'' later set the record highest soda jet recorded, at over 29 feet (9 meters), using a nozzle.

Setting world records for the most simultaneous Mentos-and-Diet-Coke Eruptions has become a new challenge for groups of people. The original world record - 504 simultaneous eruptions - was set on [[May 24]], [[2007]], and was broken on [[July 10]], [[2007]], by Circle R Ranch and Books Are Fun during a special event in Flower Mound, Texas. Guinness World Records certified the record-setting effort when independent sales representatives from Books Are Fun, a Reader's Digest Company, simultaneously dropped Mentos into individual two-liter bottles of Diet Pepsi, creating 791 geysers and reaching over 29 feet with the use of a nozzle.

The next record was set on [[April 23]], [[2008]], by students in the [[Belgian]] city of [[Leuven]]; they simultaneously launched 1,360 Mentos geysers<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=561900&in_page_id=1811 Daily Mail news article]</ref>. Then, on [[May 14]], [[2008]], students at [[Louisville Male High School]] in Louisville, Kentucky, broke that record by setting off 1,800 simultaneous geysers.<ref>[http://www.wlky.com/video/16266774/index.html Video]</ref>.

The current [[Guinness World Record]] — 1,911 simultaneous geysers<ref>[http://gizmodo.com/5018549/turiba-university-sets-world-record-with-1911-simultaneous-coke+mentos-explosions Turiba University Sets World Record with 1911 Simultaneous Coke+Mentos Esplosions on Gizmodo.com]</ref> — was set on [[June 19]], [[2008]], by students of The School of Business Administration [http://www.turiba.lv?object_id=199 Turiba] in [[Latvia]]. This record was registered by the official representative of the Guinness World Record book<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_79ufqZ5H9M VIDEO - 1,911 Simultanous Cola & Mentos fountains were made to set new Guiness World Record on June 19th, 2008 in Riga, Latvia]</ref>.

[[Image:ShimadaK2007Sept09-MentosGeyser DSC 3294++.JPG|200px|right|thumb|From left; Perrier carbonated water, Classic Coke, Sprite, and Diet Coke with 5 plain Mentos drops. Diet Coke presented a height about 2.5m.]]

==Explanation==
In a [[2006]] episode of ''[[MythBusters]]'', a popular television program on the [[Discovery Channel]],<ref>[http://www.tv.com/mythbusters/diet-coke-and-mentos/episode/822481/summary.html MythBusters: Diet Coke and Mentos - TV.com]</ref> they concluded that the [[caffeine]], [[potassium benzoate]], [[aspartame]], and CO2 gas contained in the [[Diet Coke]] and the [[gelatin]] and [[gum arabic]] ingredients of the Mentos all contribute to the jet effect.<ref name=OHare>{{cite news | first = Kate | last = O'Hare | url = http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-mythbustersmentos,0,4325641.story | title = The 'MythBusters' Take on the Mentos/Diet Coke Craze | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref> In addition, the MythBusters theorized that the physical structure of the Mentos is the most significant cause of the eruption due to nucleation. When flavored Mentos with a smooth waxy coating were tested in [[carbonated water]], no reaction occurred, whereas standard Mentos added to carbonated water formed a small eruption, by their claim, affirming the nucleation-site theory. According to the MythBusters, the surface of the mint Mentos is littered with many small holes, allowing CO2 bubbles to form very rapidly and in great quantity, in turn causing the jet of foam. This was further supported when [[rock salt]] was used as an effective substitute for Mentos.<ref name="OHare">{{cite news | first = Kate | last = O'Hare | url = http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-mythbustersmentos,0,4325641.story | title = The 'MythBusters' Take on the Mentos/Diet Coke Craze | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref>

A paper by Tonya Coffey, a physicist at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina goes into detail on the reasons and physics behind the reaction.<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14114-science-of-mentosdiet-coke-explosions-explained.html Science of Mentos-Diet Coke explosions explained]</ref><ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2888546 Diet Coke and Mentos: What is really behind this physical reaction?]</ref>

Steve Spangler first put the Mentos Geyser in the public eye, has several videos and detailed experiments about it on his website. <ref>Steve Spangler's personal website at http://www.stevespangler.com</ref> The Geyser Tube is a device invented for use in creating the reaction.<ref>http://www.geysertube.com/</ref>

==Popularity==
As noted, the eruption has become an internet phenomenon. One reason for the popularity of this demonstration is its comparative safety. Because the interaction releases only the carbon dioxide already present in the liquid the cola bottle should not usually rupture if capped -- although it is possible to break the bottle with physical force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEmq3xLvJ5U&feature=related|title=YouTube demonstration video}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QuMASPj6Fg&feature=related|title=YouTube video: Mentos rockets}}</ref> This differs from similar demonstrations with [[dry ice]] which have the potential to generate much larger pressures depending on the amount used. The MythBusters also noted when testing the experiment that, unlike other materials such as dry ice which are expensive and rare, Diet Coke and Mentos can be acquired at almost any local shop in countries where Mentos are sold. Many high school or middle school science labs experiments are based on this phenomenon, as it can promote a better understanding of chemical or physical reactions between elements

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2006/Apr/clicSubscriber/V83N04/p577.pdf John E. Baur, Melinda B. Baur, The Ultrasonic Soda Fountain: A Dramatic Demonstration of Gas Solubility in Aqueous Solutions, Journal of Chemical Education, vol 83 no 4, April 2006, pp577–580]

== External links ==
*[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=mentos+diet+coke&search=Search Various Videos of the "Mentos Eruption"] at [[YouTube]]
*[http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/ht/mentos.htm About.com Chemistry page with instructions]
*[http://www.eepybird.com/ Eepybird, official site]
*[http://cocamentos.free.fr/ Cocamentos, official european site, soon available in english]
*[http://www.cokerocketbros.com Coke Rocket Bros] videos of experiments with [[Coca-Cola|Coke]] and [[Mentos]]
*[http://www.flickr.com/groups/mentos/ Planet Mentos - Mentos eruption pics on flickr]
*[http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/mentos.shtml Mentos Reaction Explained]
*[http://www.nakotnespilseta.lv Cola & Mentos record dedicated blog in Latvian]
*[http://www.sciencewonderland.synthasite.com Science Wonderland]

[[Category:Chemistry classroom experiments]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:YouTube videos]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]

[[da:Mentos-udbrud]]
[[eo:Kolao-mentosa efiko]]
[[fr:Effet geyser du mélange Mentos-boisson gazeuse]]
[[it:Eruzione Coca-Cola Light e Mentos]]
[[he:התפרצות כתוצאה מהתגרענות]]
[[pt:Efeito coca-mentos]]
[[fi:Kevytkola ja Mentos -purkaus]]
[[sv:Mentos och läsk-utbrott]]

Williamstown Castle

2009-03-21T17:21:38Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 86.43.211.218 identified as vandalism to last revision by 86.43.174.95. using TW

{{For|the rugby union club|Blackrock College RFC}}
{{IrishSchoolInfoBox |
name = Blackrock College |
irish_name = Coláiste na Carraige Duibhe|
image = Image:Blackrock crest.png |
motto = ''Fides et Robur'' [[Latin]] for 'trustworthiness and steadfastness' (faith and strength) |
established = [[1860]] |
location = [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]], [[County Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] |
students = 1100 |
keyprole = President Principal |
keypname = Fr Cormac Ó Brolcháin, [[Holy Ghost Fathers|CSSp]] Mr Alan MacGinty |
free_label = Staff Religious order |
free = 75 full time, 25 part time [[Holy Ghost Fathers]] |
homepage = http://www.blackrockcollege.ie |
{{coord|53|19|N|6|11|W|display=title}}
}}
'''Blackrock College''' ({{lang-ga|Coláiste na Carraige Duibhe}}) is a private [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Voluntary secondary school|voluntary]] fee-paying [[secondary school]] for boys, located in Williamstown, [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]], [[County Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].

==History==
The college was founded by the [[Holy Ghost Fathers|Congregation of the Holy Ghost]] in [[1860]],the first of the Order's five schools in Ireland. The founder is listed as Fr Pere Jules Leman, a french missionary with the Holy Ghost Order. It was originally set up as training college for the civil service.

==Campus==
The College, set in 227,000 m² (56 acres) of grounds, lies 6 kilometres from the city centre of [[Dublin]], just in from the sea. It accommodates approximately 1000 day and boarding students (with a majority of day students).

==Status and operation==
Blackrock is now run by the Congregation of the Holy Ghost in close co-operation with a dedicated group of lay personnel <ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/education/2000/0523/00052300211.html ireland.com - The Irish Times - Tue, May 23, 2000 - The Blackrock College Story]</ref>. The annual fees for first year students in 2005 were €4,550 for day boys, €12,250 for boarders and €13,450 for overseas borders although these fees are not quite as high as schools such as The Kings Hospital and St Columba's College. <ref name=fees>{{cite news |title=Full listing of Ireland's fee-paying schools|url=http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2005/05/29/story5177.asp|publisher=[[The Sunday Business Post]]|date=2005-05-29|accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref>

The College and its sister schools in Ireland are today held in trust by the [[Des Places Educational Association]] <ref>[http://www.irishspiritans.ie/dea.html Des Places Educational Association]</ref>, which, as the College's Patron, aims to maintain the Spiritan ethos in all five schools – Blackrock, [[Rockwell College|Rockwell]], [[St. Mary's College, Dublin|St. Mary's]], [[St. Michael's College, Dublin|St. Michael's]] and [[Templeogue College|Templeogue]] – conducted by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit in Ireland.

==Academics==
The curriculum offered is broad, covering all common subjects in the State Examinations including Latin, German, Art, Materials Technology, Chemistry and Economics. Leaving Cert scores tend to be high, with 20% of students scoring 500 points or more. Inspections by the Department of Education found exemplary standards of teaching and learning. [http://www.education.ie/servlet/blobservlet/report1_60030V.htm?language=EN].

==Extra-curricular activities==
===Sport===
Sport is viewed as an integral part of a boy's education and each pupil is expected to participate in some activity. The principal sport in the college is rugby, with Blackrock having held the [[Leinster Schools Senior Cup]] 66 times. It has also won the [[Leinster Schools Junior Cup]] 45 times. . Blackrock are known throughout the country and internationally as the best rugby schools in the country and in Europe. The U15 team in October 2007 beat a touring [[Wellington College]] side beating them 21-17. This Wellington side then went on to win the Daily Mail tournament in the UK making them, effectively, the best side in the UK. Recently [[Gaelic Games]] have been played again, with the college fielding a successful under-16 team. Past pupil [[Mark Vaughan]] is a forward on the [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]] [[Gaelic football]] team. The school also plays other sports including [[table tennis]], [[soccer]], [[swimming]], [[basketball]], [[tennis]], [[golf]], [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], cycling and [[Squash (sport)|squash]]. [[Cricket]], [[Judo]] and [[water polo]] are also played for recreation.

===Culture===
The school produces the annual Leman Festival Concert (presented by staff and students in the [[National Concert Hall]] in Dublin), regular choral and orchestral concerts and several annual dramatic productions.[http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/blackrock/www/index.asp?magpage=2&evid=4117]

Each year an opera production is staged in conjunction with [[Mount Anville Secondary School|Mount Anville]], a nearby girls' school.

The college also has a [[debating]] society, whose members have competed at national and international levels.[http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/blackrock/www/index.asp?magpage=2&evid=14200] One of the college Alumni, Shane Murphy (now a Senior Counsel), won the 1985 [[World University Debating Championship]] at [[McGill University]], representing the Honourable Society of the [[King's Inns]].,<ref>[http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/results/international.asp#worlds | British Debate | Universities | Hall of Fame | International Tournaments]</ref>

A transition year program to set up and maintain a [[radio]] station, broadcasting to the surrounding south Dublin area, is undertaken annually. It is the only such project in the country. All of the administrative work, promotion and content-creation is the labour of transition year students. The station also allows programming submissions from other schools to be broadcast.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2007/1114/1194550268980.html ireland.com - The Irish Times - Wed, Nov 14, 2007 - Get an earful of this]</ref> <ref>[http://www.rockty.com/BCR.html Blackrock College Transition Year | BCR (Blackrock College Radio) 2006]</ref> <ref>[http://www.bci.ie/licensing/radio/temporary_services_apps.html BCI: Licensing: Radio: Successful applicants for Temporary services]</ref>

==Social work==
The spiritual and missionary aspect of the school has been maintained, despite the worldwide decline of new clerics in the Catholic Church. Many charitable causes are supported by the students; most notably the Transition year organises the annual [[St. Patrick's Day]] Badge appeal which raises large sums of money throughout Ireland for the Irish charities [[GOAL (charity)|GOAL]] and [[Aidlink]]. The St. Patrick's Day project is estimated to have raised over € 5,000,000 for charity, raising over € 220,000 in 2005 alone.

The school also has a longstanding relationship with The [[Society of St. Vincent de Paul]], contributing large sums of money raised through various projects. For example, the proceeds of the annual sale of [[Christmas Trees]] in the college are donated. In 2007, the Christmas Tree project raised € 93,000 and the total amount raised for the Society in that year is estimated to be in excess of € 150,000.

The College supports humanitarian projects in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], mainly through the college's cycling club, the [http://www.willowwheelers.ie/ Willow Wheelers]. In 2006, their annual sponsored 160 km (100 mi) cycle raised in excess of € 60,000. The club also annually sends a group of self-funded volunteers to help with humanitarian projects in Africa, most commonly: establishing clean water supplies for villages and constructing schoolhouses/infirmaries or similar institutions.

[[Bob Geldof]], initiator of the [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]] and [[Live Aid]] movements for famine relief in the 1980s, was a student at the college. [[Frank Duff]], the founder of the [[Legion of Mary]], the Catholic [[Laity|lay]] movement, is also a past pupil.

==Facilities==
There are extensive sporting and teaching facilities. The campus is {{convert|63|acre|m2}} and contains eleven rugby pitches, a cricket lawn, an athletics track, an indoor swimming pool, a gym and indoor halls. Apart from classrooms and study halls, there are nine science laboratories, a woodwork room, a multimedia LCVP room and a home economics kitchen to facilitate teaching. The Boarding school is in Williamstown Castle, containing twin rooms for boarders. There is also a refectory, chapel, lecture halls and stage which hosts student run dramatic productions.

The current refurbishment programme will signicantly extend and modernise teaching facilities.

==Associated primary schools==
[[Willow Park School]], a private [[primary school]] that acts as the College's principal feeder, is also run by the Order and is situated on the same campus. Until the early 1970s, [[St. Michael's College, Dublin|St. Michael's College]] in [[Ballsbridge]] was also a feeder school for Blackrock College, but St Michael's now has classes up to the [[Leaving Certificate]].

==Alumni==
There is an active association for alumni.

===Notable alumni===
====Literary====
*[[Flann O'Brien]]<ref name=flannobrien>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3369|title=Flann O'Brien|accessdate=2007-03-16|last=Taaffe|first=Carol|date=2002-09-20|encyclopedia=[[The Literary Encyclopedia]]|editor=Robert Clark|publisher=The Literary Dictionary Company}}</ref>
*[[Pádraic Ó Conaire]]<ref name=padraicoconaire>{{cite news|title=O'Conaire seventy-five years dead on Monday|url=http://www.galwayadvertiser.ie/dws/story.tpl?inc=2003/10/02/news/37575.html|work=[[Galway Advertiser]]|publisher=[[Advertiser Group Newspapers|Advertiser Group]]|date=2003-10-02|accessdate=2007-03-16}}</ref>
*[[Liam O'Flaherty]]<ref name=liamoflaherty>{{cite news|title=Man of Aran|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867003-1,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Time Warner|Time]]|date=1956-06-04|accessdate=2007-03-16}}</ref>
*[[Tim Pat Coogan]]<ref name=timpatcoogan>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan|title=editor of the Irish Press newspaper from 1968 to 1987}}</ref>

====Journalism====
*[[Paddy Murray]] Journalist, Editor, [[Sunday Tribune]] 2002-2005
*[[Rory Carroll]] Journalist, kidnap victim, [[The Guardian]]

====Business====
*[[David J. O'Reilly]] Chairman and CEO of [[Chevron Corporation]].
*[[Lochlann Quinn]], Former Chairman of AIB, Co-Founder of [[Glendimplex Group]]
*[[Michael O'Rourke]] Founder of Setanta Television
*[[Leonard Ryan]] Founder of Setanta Television
*Dr. [[Eddie O'Conner]] Founder and CEO of [[Airtricity]]
*[[Ronan Dunne]] CEO of [[O2 UK]]

====Politics and government====
*[[Éamon de Valera]]<ref name=collegestory>{{cite news |first=Anne|last=Byrne|title=The Blackrock College story|url=http://www.ireland.com/education/el/newsline/2000/0523/story8.htm|work=[[The Irish Times]] - Education & Living|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2000-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-16}}</ref> (3rd President of Ireland, 1st Taoiseach of Ireland)
*[[Ruairí Quinn]] TD, former Minister for Finance, 1994-1997, former leader of the Labour Party.
*[[Barry Andrews (Irish politician)|Barry Andrews]]<ref name=barryandrews>{{cite news |first=Pat|last=Leahy|title=Life experience is the best qualification|url=http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2002/08/18/story213731628.asp|work=[[The Sunday Business Post]]|publisher=[[Thomas Crosbie Holdings]]|date=2002-08-18|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref> TD for Dun Laoghaire
*[[Rory O'Hanlon]]<ref name=roryohanlon>{{cite web |url=http://ceanncomhairle.oireachtas.ie/cv.asp|title=An Ceann Comhairle - CV|accessdate=2007-03-15|publisher=[[Government of Ireland]]}}</ref> TD for Cavan Monaghan, and a former Ceann Comhairle
*[[Niall O'Brolchain]]<ref name=niallobrolchain>{{cite web |url=http://niallobrolchain.ie/about_niall.html| title=Councillor and former mayor for Galway West ward. Politician - CV|accessdate=2007-08-05|publisher=[[Niall O'Brolchain]]}}</ref> Councillor and former mayor for Galway South Ward.
*[[Art O'Connor]] Secretary for Agriculture 1921-1922

====Legal====
*Honourable Justice [[Ronan Keane]]
*[[Dermot Gleeson]] Former Attorney General, Current Chairman of AIB
*Honourable Justice [[Michael Moriarty]]

====Humanitarian====
*[[Bob Geldof]]
*[[Frank Duff (religious worker)|Frank Duff]]<ref name=collegestory />
*[[Niall O'Brien (Columban missionary priest)|Niall O'Brien]]<ref name=niallobrien>{{cite news |first=Fiona|last=Looney|title=Fr. Niall O'Brien|url=http://www.preda.org/archives/2004/r04050202.html|format=reprint|work=[[Sunday Tribune]]|publisher=[[Tribune Newspapers]]|date=2003-05-02|accessdate=2007-03-16}}</ref>

====Academic====
*[[James Macmahon]]<ref>Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', [[3 May]] [[1954]]</ref>
*[[David McWilliams]]<ref name=davidmcwilliams>{{cite news |first=Paul|last=Nolan|title=David McWilliams: the interview|url=http://www.hotpress.com/music/news/2707979.html|work=[[Hot Press (magazine)|Hot Press]]|date=2004-02-02|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
* [[Bryan Patrick Beirne]] <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Patrick_Beirne </ref>

====Arts====
*[[Paul Costelloe (designer)|Paul Costelloe]]
*[[Ronan Murray]]
*[[Pauric Sweeney]] Fashion Designer<ref>{{cite web |first=Penny|last=Gray|title=irish edge|year=2002|url=http://www.ivenus.com/fashion/features/DC-feature-Pauic_Sweeney-wk109.asp|accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref>

====Clergy====
*[[John D'Alton|John Cardinal D'Alton]]<ref name=johndalton>{{cite journal|last=Craig|first=Millicent V.|title=John Cardinal D'Alton, The 100th Successor to St. Patrick|journal=Daltons in History|volume=9|issue=3|pages=|publisher=The Dalton Genealogical Society|month=March | year=2006|url
=http://members.aol.com/daltongene/dgsmar06.htm#John%20Cardinal%20DAlton,%20The%20100th%20Successor%20to%20St.%20Patrick
|accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref>
*[[John Charles McQuaid]]<ref name=collegestory />
*[[Bishop Donal Murray of Limerick]]

====Sport====
*[[Brian O'Driscoll]]
*[[Niall Killcullen]]
*[[Nicholas Roche]]
*[[Leo Cullen (rugby player)|Leo Cullen]]<ref name=leocullen>{{cite news |title=Dream Team with budding superstar on subs' bench|url=http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=97&si=908334&issue_id=8671|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News and Media]]|date=2003-01-29 |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
*[[Shane Byrne (rugby player)|Shane Byrne]]<ref name=shanebyrne>{{cite news ||title=Shane Byrne|url=http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=9&si=944636&issue_id=8967|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News and Media]]|date=2003-03-29 |accessdate=2007-03-15 }}</ref>
*[[Victor Costello]]<ref name=victorcostello>{{cite news |title=Victor Costello|url=http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=9&si=944722&issue_id=8967|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News and Media]]|date=2003-03-29 |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
*[[Hugo MacNeill (rugby player)|Hugo MacNeill]]<ref name=moretorock />
*[[Fergus Slattery]]<ref name=moretorock />
*[[Neil Francis (rugby player)|Neil Francis]] <ref name=moretorock>{{cite news|first=Declan|last=McCormack|title=There's more to the Rock than rugby|url=http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=37&si=746282&issue_id=7352&printer=1|work=[[Sunday Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News and Media]]|date=2002-05-05|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
*[[Alain Rolland]]<ref name=alainrolland>{{cite news ||title=Celtic League can lead to new rugby frontiers|url=http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=37&si=278292&issue_id=3011|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News and Media]]|date=2000-09-19 |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
*[[Luke Fitzgerald]] <ref name=lukefitzgerald>{{cite news |first=Nigel|last=Melville|title=O'Sullivan builds a side to last as old ground awaits the wrecking ball|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/11/24/osullivan_builds_a_side_to_las.html|work=[[Guardian Unlimited]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=2006-11-24|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
*[[Alan McKenna]]
*[[Mark Vaughan]]
*[[Bob Casey (rugby player)|Bob Casey]]
*[[Cillian Willis]]

====Entertainment====
*[[Ryan Tubridy]]
*[[Des Bishop]]<ref name=desbishop>{{cite news |first=Katherine|last=Blake|title=Did you hear the one about Des Bishop?|url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1999/10/05/opinion_289.htm|work=[[Irish Examiner]]|publisher=[[Thomas Crosbie Holdings]]|date=1999-10-05|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
*[[Ardal O'Hanlon]]
*[[Dave Fanning]]
*[[Craig Doyle]]
*[[David McSavage]]*
*[[John Coughlan]]*
*[[Matthew Bennett]]
*[[Frank Kelly]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/ Blackrock College] - official website
*[http://www.willowparkschool.ie/ Willow Park School] - official website
*[http://www.rockunion.ie/ Past Pupil's Union]
*[http://www.goal-aidlink.ie/ GOAL-Aidlink Badge Project]
*[http://www.blackrockcollege.net/ Ex-Rock Boys Net] - Unofficial past pupils' site

{{Spiritan secondary schools in Ireland}}

{{coord|53|18|17|N|6|11|30|W|region:IE_type:edu|display=title}}

== Heraldic Crest Of The College 1936 ==

The proper logo or crest of the College, being the third and last creation, dating back to 1936 and explained in the 1937 College Annual as being: The Heraldic Crest Of The College. '''ARGENT: - On a Cross Azure, the Dove of the Holy Ghost, Proper, with seven Rays descendant, Or. In the first quarter a Lion rampant of the second.''' A coloured portrayal of this Heraldic description could be:
[[Image:BCCrest.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Save The Crest]]
On 30 April, 1926 Fr. Leen at a sports day speech encapsulated the words "Fides Et Robur" which hence forth became the Rock motto and in 1928 a new College Crest, bearing four emblems around a blue cross was hurriedly officiated, primarily to show off the Fides Et Robur motto over the College's especially built new front gates. Not everyone was happy with this design and possible variations of a new design may have been experimented with; evidence exists that both in crest and in uniform, by reason of fault or debate, and most likely between 1928 - 1936, a distinctive crest had been "with nine rays descendant, Or". In 1936 Dr. McQuaid instigated a new and distinctive crest that to this day is in continual use (though with callous variations and wayward deviations being contracted into stores by unchecked stationery and uniform suppliers). It was adapted into blazers that year and a Heraldic Description of the Arms of the College was published (though not officially registered) in the 1937 Blackrock College Annual: It was commissioned into Stained Glass in 1938, presumably in its true and intended likeness and survives today at the end of one of the House corridors, though it's conformity to the true heraldic interpretations are not accurate; "a Lion Rampant of the second" would correctly reveal only a blue silhouette of a rampant lion, that is, minus any fine caricature details so apparent in the existing variations.
*Ref: Blackrock College 1860-1995 by Sean P. Farragher, CSSp, Annraoi Wyer ISBN 0-946639-19-1

[[Category:Boys' schools in Ireland]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1860]]
[[Category:Secondary schools in County Dublin]]
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools]]
[[Category:Blackrock]]

[[ga:Coláiste na Carraige Duibhe]]

Tea bag

2009-03-15T02:09:11Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by VTHOKIE12345 identified as vandalism to last revision by CardinalDan. using TW

{{wiktionary|teabagging}}

{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}

'''Teabagging''' is a [[slang]] term for the act of a man placing his [[testicle]]s in the mouth<ref name="bedside">''The Bedside Orgasm Book: 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy'', Cynthia W. Gentry, 2004. Page 293. ISBN 1-59233-101-7.</ref> or on or around the face (including the top of the head) of another person, often in a repeated in-and-out motion as in [[irrumatio]]. The practice vaguely resembles dipping a [[tea bag]] into a cup of [[tea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sexdictionary.info/teabagging.html|title=SexDictionary.info: Tea bagging|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref><ref name="teen">{{cite web|url=http://www.teenwire.com/ask/2004/as-20040303p747-teabag.php|title=TeenWire: Ask the Experts - What is Teabagging?|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>

Teabagging is also an erotic activity used within the context of [[BDSM]] and [[male dominance]], with a [[dominant]] man teabagging his [[submissive]] partner, either a woman or a man, as one variation of [[facesitting]] and/or as a means of inflicting [[erotic humiliation]].

== In the media ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2009}}
=== In video games ===

Simulations of teabagging are often used in video games, specifically [[first person shooter]]s such as ''[[Counter-Strike]]'', ''the [[Battlefield (series)|Battlefield]] series of games'', ''[[Call of Duty (series)|Call of Duty]]'', and ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]''. "Teabagging" is performed by repeatedly crouching down - a common movement in FPSs -on top of an enemy corpse. The act is a form of [[victory dance]] to show [[owned|ownership]] and to humiliate an enemy player. Certain player groups (often referred to as [[Clan (computer gaming)|clans]]) find the act offensive and therefore forbid its use on game servers they operate.{{Fact|date=March 2009}}

* In [[Saints Row 2]], one of the taunt made is a teabag.

=== Teabagging in Pop Culture ===
{{Trivia|date=March 2009}}
*One track on [[rapper]] [[Ludacris]]' [[2004]] album ''[[Chicken & Beer]]'' is a skit labeled "T Baggin'". It is a parody of phone messages that require the dialer to press a number for a service. It says, "If you woke up with a hangover and a pair of [[testicles|hairy balls]] on your [[forehead]], press "7". You pressed "7". You've just been victimized and introduced to a moral crime known as "teabaggin'". We suggest you promptly hang up the phone, beat the ass of any white guys you hung out with last night, and find and destroy all photos before they appear on the Internet. Thank you for calling. Good luck. Goodbye."
*On the [[television]] series ''[[Sex and the City]]'', [[Samantha Jones]], played by [[Kim Cattrall]], explained the practice of teabagging to her friends quite blatantly and loudly in a crowded restaurant in the episode "[[A Woman's Right to Shoes]]".<ref name="bedside">''The Bedside Orgasm Book: 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy'', Cynthia W. Gentry, 2004. Page 293. ISBN 1-59233-101-7.</ref>
*When [[Robert Knepper]], whose character on ''[[Prison Break]]'' is nicknamed [[Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell|T-Bag]], appeared on ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]'' on [[30 January]] [[2007]] he began to recount how he learned what the name meant, but was cut off by host [[Kelly Ripa]], who quickly cut to a commercial break.
*In the television show, [[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]], the characters Dennis and Mac often speak of teabagging Rickety Cricket in high school, and continually do so off and on. Almost all the character's have made the threat of teabagging one another while asleep at some point in the show's history.
*[[We Are Klang]]'s song ''First Kiss'' contains the line "... and a [[lollipop man]] started teabagging me" followed by a mimed description.
* In the comedy film [[Soul Plane]] Tom Arnold wants to know what Teabagging is after his daughter mentions it to him.
* In the television show [[Kenny vs. Spenny]] during a humiliation, both Kenny and Spenny were teabagged by the crew members after a draw on a competition.
* In the television show [[My Name Is Earl]] in the episode "Girl Earl," a grocery store bagger (Played by [[John Heder]]) returns home to find his house vandalized, and robbed of all his furniture and belongings. He then sees spray painted on the wall across from him the line, "Teabagger, get it?"
* In the television animation [[Family Guy]], [[Stewie Griffin]] asks if Dylan would like to 'Teabag' him at his Naked Tea Party.
* The [[MMORPG]] [[City of Heroes]] allows the player to engage in a "teabag" emote. However, this involves the character producing a cup and saucer of tea and stirring it with a literal tea bag.

==References==
<references/>

[[cs:Teabagging]]
[[pl:Teabagging]]

Tea bag

2009-03-15T02:00:42Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by VTHOKIE12345 identified as vandalism to last revision by CardinalDan. using TW

Tea bag

2009-03-15T01:53:40Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 2 edits by JohnnyC2012 identified as vandalism to last revision by Kyle1278. using TW

Tea bag

2009-03-15T01:25:57Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by Caseyc08 identified as vandalism to last revision by 69.128.134.50. using TW

{{wiktionary|teabagging}}

{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}

'''Teabagging''' is a [[slang]] term for the act of a man placing his [[testicle]]s in the mouth<ref name="bedside">''The Bedside Orgasm Book: 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy'', Cynthia W. Gentry, 2004. Page 293. ISBN 1-59233-101-7.</ref> or on or around the face (including the top of the head) of another person, often in a repeated in-and-out motion as in [[irrumatio]]. The practice vaguely resembles dipping a [[tea bag]] into a cup of [[tea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sexdictionary.info/teabagging.html|title=SexDictionary.info: Tea bagging|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref><ref name="teen">{{cite web|url=http://www.teenwire.com/ask/2004/as-20040303p747-teabag.php|title=TeenWire: Ask the Experts - What is Teabagging?|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>

Teabagging is also an erotic activity used within the context of [[BDSM]] and [[male dominance]], with a [[dominant]] man teabagging his [[submissive]] partner, either a woman or a man, as one variation of [[facesitting]] and/or as a means of inflicting [[erotic humiliation]].

== In the media ==
{{Trivia|date=January 2009}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2009}}
=== In video games ===

Simulations of teabagging are often used in video games, specifically [[first person shooter]]s such as ''[[Counter-Strike]]'', ''the [[Battlefield (series)|Battlefield]] series of games'', ''[[Call of Duty (series)|Call of Duty]]'', and ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]''. "Teabagging" is performed by repeatedly crouching down - a common movement in FPSs -on top of an enemy corpse. The act is a form of [[victory dance]] to show [[owned|ownership]] and to humiliate an enemy player. Certain player groups (often referred to as [[Clan (computer gaming)|clans]]) find the act offensive and therefore forbid its use on game servers they operate.{{Fact|date=March 2009}}

* In [[Saints Row 2]], one of the taunt made is a teabag.

=== Teabagging in Pop Culture ===
*One track on [[rapper]] [[Ludacris]]' [[2004]] album ''[[Chicken & Beer]]'' is a skit labeled "T Baggin'". It is a parody of phone messages that require the dialer to press a number for a service. It says, "If you woke up with a hangover and a pair of [[testicles|hairy balls]] on your [[forehead]], press "7". You pressed "7". You've just been victimized and introduced to a moral crime known as "teabaggin'". We suggest you promptly hang up the phone, beat the ass of any white guys you hung out with last night, and find and destroy all photos before they appear on the Internet. Thank you for calling. Good luck. Goodbye."
*On the [[television]] series ''[[Sex and the City]]'', [[Samantha Jones]], played by [[Kim Cattrall]], explained the practice of teabagging to her friends quite blatantly and loudly in a crowded restaurant in the episode "[[A Woman's Right to Shoes]]".<ref name="bedside">''The Bedside Orgasm Book: 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy'', Cynthia W. Gentry, 2004. Page 293. ISBN 1-59233-101-7.</ref>
*When [[Robert Knepper]], whose character on ''[[Prison Break]]'' is nicknamed [[Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell|T-Bag]], appeared on ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]'' on [[30 January]] [[2007]] he began to recount how he learned what the name meant, but was cut off by host [[Kelly Ripa]], who quickly cut to a commercial break.
*In the television show, [[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]], the characters Dennis and Mac often speak of teabagging Rickety Cricket in high school, and continually do so off and on. Almost all the character's have made the threat of teabagging one another while asleep at some point in the show's history.
*[[We Are Klang]]'s song ''First Kiss'' contains the line "... and a [[lollipop man]] started teabagging me" followed by a mimed description.
* In the comedy film [[Soul Plane]] Tom Arnold wants to know what Teabagging is after his daughter mentions it to him.
* In the television show [[Kenny vs. Spenny]] during a humiliation, both Kenny and Spenny were teabagged by the crew members after a draw on a competition.
* In the television show [[My Name Is Earl]] in the episode "Girl Earl," a grocery store bagger (Played by [[John Heder]]) returns home to find his house vandalized, and robbed of all his furniture and belongings. He then sees spray painted on the wall across from him the line, "Teabagger, get it?"
* In the television animation [[Family Guy]], [[Stewie Griffin]] asks if Dylan would like to 'Teabag' him at his Naked Tea Party.
* The [[MMORPG]] [[City of Heroes]] allows the player to engage in a "teabag" emote. However, this involves the character producing a cup and saucer of tea and stirring it with a literal tea bag.

==References==
<references/>

[[cs:Teabagging]]
[[pl:Teabagging]]

Tom Tupa

2009-03-14T16:00:43Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 68.99.53.130 identified as vandalism to last revision by LarRan. using TW

{{Infobox NFLretired
|image=Replace this image male.svg  |
||caption=
|width=
|position=[[Punter (football position)|Punter]]
|number=19, 7, 9
|birthdate={{birth date and age|1966|2|6}} [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
|deathdate=
|debutyear=1988
|finalyear=2005
|draftyear=1988
|draftround=3
|draftpick=68
|college=[[Ohio State University|Ohio State]]
|teams=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Phoenix Cardinals]] ([[1988 NFL season|1988]]-[[1991 NFL season|1991]])
* [[Indianapolis Colts]] ([[1992 NFL season|1992]])
* [[Cleveland Browns]] ([[1993 NFL season|1993]]-[[1995 NFL season|1995]])
* [[New England Patriots]] ([[1996 NFL season|1996]]-[[1998 NFL season|1998]])
* [[New York Jets]] ([[1999 NFL season|1999]]-[[2001 NFL season|2001]])
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ([[2002 NFL season|2002]]-[[2003 NFL season|2003]])
* [[Washington Redskins]] ([[2004 NFL season|2004]]-[[2005 NFL season|2005]])
|stat1label=[[Punt (football)|Punts]]
|stat1value=873
|stat2label=Punting Yards
|stat2value=37,862
|stat3label=Punting Avg
|stat3value=43.4
|nfl=TUP276861
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Pro Bowl]] selection ([[2000 Pro Bowl|1999]])
* [[All-Pro]] selection ([[1999 All-Pro Team|1999]])
* [[Super Bowl]] champion ([[Super Bowl XXXVII|XXXVII]])
}}
'''Thomas Joseph Tupa, Jr.''' (born February 6, 1966, in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]) is a former [[American football]] [[punter (American football)|punter]] and [[quarterback]] in the [[National Football League]].

==Personal life and high school career==
Perhaps in a sign of things to come, Tupa participated in the NFL's [[Punt, Pass, and Kick]] contest, and was a semi-finalist three times, winning once. Tupa played mostly quarterback at [[Brecksville-Broadview Heights High School]]; he led his team to the state championship while also [[letterman|lettering]] in [[basketball]] (where he averaged 20.8 points per game) and [[baseball]] (where he was a [[pitcher]] and [[shortstop]]).

While in high school, Tupa played on the same basketball team as former NBA head coach [[Eric Musselman]] and former NBA forward [[Scott Roth]].

==Pro career==
Tupa was drafted in the third round (68th overall) of the [[1988 NFL Draft]] by the [[Arizona Cardinals|Phoenix (now Arizona) Cardinals]]. During his rookie year, he was used exclusively as a quarterback, playing in two games and completing 4-of-5 passes for 49 yards. His second season with the team saw an expanded role. He started two games at QB, while registering six punts for 46.7 yards per punt. After spending the entire [[1990 NFL season|1990 season]] as strictly a holder on kicks, he was the primary quarterback for the Cardinals the following year, playing in 11 games and throwing six touchdowns to 13 interceptions. He then joined the [[Indianapolis Colts]] in [[1992 NFL season|1992]], playing as a backup quarterback to [[Jack Trudeau]] and [[Jeff George]].

That season also marked the last time Tupa was used regularly as a quarterback; since then he almost exclusively punted, with only emergency occasions or trick plays making use of his throwing skills. Tupa sat out the [[1993 NFL season]], having been cut by the [[Cleveland Browns]] right before the season. However, he was re-signed by the Browns the following year and stayed with them for two seasons as their starting punter. He joined the [[New England Patriots]] in [[1996 NFL season|1996]] and played for them for three years. In [[1999 NFL season|1999]], Tupa signed with the [[New York Jets]]. It was during this season that Tupa received his first invitation to the [[Pro Bowl]]. He also made his first pass attempt since 1996, and went 6-of-11 for 165 yards and two touchdowns. [[2002 NFL season|2002]] saw Tupa sign with the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], where he was their punter on their road to [[Super Bowl XXXVII]], where they defeated the [[Oakland Raiders]]. Before the start of the [[2004 NFL season]], Tupa signed with the [[Washington Redskins]]. In 2004, he was named as a Pro Bowl second alternate. He spent 2005 on the injured reserve list, and did not appear in a game.

Tupa announced his retirement from pro-football in the spring of 2006. In February 2006, he was appointed as the recreation director of [[Brecksville, Ohio]]. [http://www.brecksville.oh.us/news/pdf/Mar_Apr06.pdf]

Tupa scored the first [[two-point conversion]] in NFL history, running in a faked extra point attempt for the Browns in a game against the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] in the first week of the 1994 season. He scored a total of three such conversions that season, earning him the nickname "Two Point Tupa."

The final pass of Tupa's career was thrown in the 2002 season-opener against the [[New Orleans Saints]]. The pass occurred in overtime and was intercepted by a Saints defender and returned for a [[touchdown]], ending the game.

He is a first cousin of Colorado Democratic State Senator and Majority Caucus Leader [[Ron Tupa]].

==External links==
* {{espn nfl|id=0541|name=Tom Tupa}}
* [http://www.nfl.com/players/playerpage/1422] Tom Tupa at NFL.com
* [http://www.redskins.com/team/profile.jsp?id=329] Tom Tupa at Redskins.com

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=Ohio State Buckeyes Starting Quarterbacks 1987 | before=[[Jim Karsatos]] | after=[[Greg Frey]] |years=}}
{{end box}}

{{BuckeyeQuarterbacks}}
{{Super Bowl XXXVII}}
{{CardinalsQuarterbacks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupa, Tom}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football punters]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Phoenix Cardinals players]]
[[Category:Indianapolis Colts players]]
[[Category:Cleveland Browns players]]
[[Category:New England Patriots players]]
[[Category:New York Jets players]]
[[Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players]]
[[Category:Washington Redskins players]]
[[Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players]]
[[Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players]]

Robert Bartlett (Entdecker)

2009-03-14T15:18:30Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by Danielpatato446 identified as vandalism to last revision by CardinalDan. using TW

{{Other uses|Robert Bartlett (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Person
| name = Capt. Robert Bartlett
| occupation = [[List of maritime explorers|Maritime explorer]]
| image = Robert bartlett.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 August, 1875
| birth_place = [[Brigus, Newfoundland and Labrador|Brigus]], [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]
| death_date = 28 April, 1946
| death_place = [[New York City]]
| education =
| occupation = Explorer, navigator
| title = [[Captain (nautical)|Captain]]
| spouse =
| parents = William James Bartlett, Mary J. Leamon
| children =
| nationality = Newfoundlander
| signature =
| website =
| religion =
}}

'''[[Captain (nautical)|Captain]] Robert Abram Bartlett''' ([[August 15]], [[1875]] - [[April 28]], [[1946]]) was a [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] navigator and [[Arctic]] explorer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

==Biography==
Born in [[Brigus, Newfoundland and Labrador|Brigus]], [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], Bartlett was the eldest of ten children born to William James Bartlett and Mary J. Leamon, and heir to a family tradition of seafaring. By the age of 17, he mastered his first ship and began a life-long love affair with the Arctic. Bartlett spent more than 50 years mapping and exploring the waters of the Far North and led over 40 expeditions to the Arctic, more than anyone before or since.

Bartlett was captain of the ''Roosevelt'' and accompanied Commander [[Robert Peary]] on his attempts to reach the [[North Pole]]. He was awarded the [[Hubbard Medal]] of the [[National Geographic Society]] for breaking the trail through the frozen [[Arctic Sea]] to within 130 miles of the pole, yet was excluded from the final exploring party (possibly due to a rivalry between the two men).<ref name="trueadventure">{{cite book |last=West |first=James E. |authorlink=James E. West (Scouting) |coauthors= |title=The Boy Scouts Book of True Adventure |year=1931 |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |oclc=8484128}}</ref> Bartlett took a ship and was the first person to sail north of 88° N.

In 1914, Bartlett’s leadership in the doomed [[Karluk (ship)|''Karluk'' Expedition]] helped save the lives of most of its stranded participants after leader [[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]] abandoned the expedition. After being stranded on [[Wrangel Island]] for several months, Bartlett walked 700 miles over the ice of the [[Chukchi Sea]] and across [[Siberia]] and then mounted an expedition from [[Alaska]] to rescue his surviving companions from Wrangel Island. He received the highest award from the [[Royal Geographical Society]] for his outstanding heroism.

In 1917, Bartlett rescued the members of [[Donald Baxter MacMillan]]'s ill-fated [[Crocker Land Expedition]], who had been stuck on the ice for four years. <ref>The Province Town Banner (7 Feb 2008) [http://www.provincetownbanner.com/article/_/26035/History/4/18/2002]</ref>

From 1925-1945, at the command of his own schooner, the ''[[Effie M. Morrissey]]'', Bartlett led many important scientific expeditions to the [[Arctic]] sponsored by American museums, the [[Explorers Club]] and the [[National Geographic Society]], and he also helped to survey the Arctic for the [[United States Government]] during [[World War II]].

Bartlett died in a [[New York]] hospital from [[pneumonia]] and was buried in his hometown of [[Brigus, Newfoundland and Labrador]]. [[Hawthorne Cottage]], Bartlett's place of residence in Brigus, is a [[National Historic Site]]. Author [[Eric Walters]] documented some of the aspects of his journey to find Arctic islands in the historical-fiction novel, "Trapped in Ice".

[[Image:Bob bartlett.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Captain Robert Bartlett]]

==Awards and honors==
In 1909, Bartlett was awarded the [[Hubbard Medal]] by the National Geographic Society which is awarded for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. In 1927, the [[Boy Scouts of America]] made Bartlett an ''Honorary Scout'', a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...". Among others who were awarded this distinction were included [[Richard E. Byrd]], [[Charles Lindbergh]], and [[Orville Wright]]. <ref name="time29aug1927">{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1927 |month=August 29 |title=Around the World |journal=[[Time (magazine)]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html |accessdate= 2007-10-24 |quote= }}</ref>

He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the [[American Geographical Society]] in 1918, and its [[Charles Patrick Daly#Honors|Daly Medal]] in 1925.<ref name="amergeog">{{cite web|url=http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf|title=American Geographical Society Honorary Fellowships|publisher=amergeog.org|accessdate=2009-03-02}}</ref>

The Canadian Coast Guard vessel [[CCGS Bartlett|CCGS ''Bartlett'']] is named for Bartlett.

==Further reading==
* Harold Horwood, ''Bartlett, The Great Explorer'', Toronto: Doubleday, 1977.
* Robert A. Bartlett. ''The Last Voyage of the Karluk.'' Boston: Small, Maynard, 1916.
* Jennifer Niven. ''The Ice Master: The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk and the Miraculous Rescue of her Survivors.'' New York: Hyperion, 2000.
* Robert A. Bartlett. ''The Log of Bob Bartlett.'' St. John's: Flankers, 2006 (reprint).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.historicsites.ca/hawthorne.html World-renowned Arctic navigator Captain Bob Bartlett] Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland & Labrador - The Story of Captain Bob Bartlett & his home in Brigus, Nfld, Canada
* [http://www.cookpolar.org/karluk.htm The Karluk expedition, Bartlett was a hero, Stefansson was not] ''by Ralph M. Myerson''
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/6/h6-206-e.html Robert Bartlett] Government of Canada
*[http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/usque-ad-mare/chapter10-07_e.htm Robert Bartlett] Canadian Coast Guard
*[http://www.bowdoin.edu/arctic-museum/biographies/bartlett.shtml Robert Bartlett] Arctic Museum
*[http://www.ernestina.org/history/1914.html History of the Schooner ''Effie M. Morrissey'' with pictures]
*[http://www.jenniferniven.com/?act=ice Website of Jennifer Niven, author of ''Ice Master'']
*[http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/aa120800a.htm Review of ''Ice Master'']
*[http://www.bartlett2009.com/ Bartlett 2009] Captain Robert Bartlett celebrations in Brigus, 2009

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartlett, Robert}}
[[Category:Explorers of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Explorers of Canada]]
[[Category:Chukchi Sea]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Newfoundland]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador people]]

[[es:Robert Bartlett]]
[[fr:Robert Bartlett]]
[[gl:Robert Bartlett]]

Robert Bartlett (Entdecker)

2009-03-14T15:17:54Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 4 edits by Danielpatato446 identified as vandalism to last revision by CardinalDan. using TW

Robert Bartlett (Entdecker)

2009-03-14T15:15:57Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 1 edit by 24.222.51.221 identified as vandalism to last revision by CardinalDan. using TW

Robert Bartlett (Entdecker)

2009-03-14T15:15:06Z

CardinalDan: Reverted 4 edits by 24.222.51.221 identified as vandalism to last revision by LedgendGamer. using TW