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Benutzer:M.ottenbruch/Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe

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{{short description|Wife of Edgar Allan Poe}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Virginia Poe
| image = VirginiaPoe.jpg
| caption = Virginia Poe, as painted after her death
| birth_name = Virginia Eliza Clemm
| birth_date = {{birth date|1822|8|15}}
| birth_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1847|1|30|1822|8|15}}
| death_place = [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]], [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Tuberculosis]]
| resting_place = [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]], Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Edgar Allan Poe]]|1835}}
}}

'''Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe''' ([[née]] '''Clemm'''; August 15, 1822 – January 30, 1847) was the wife of American writer [[Edgar Allan Poe]]. The couple were [[cousin|first cousins]] and publicly married when Virginia Clemm was 13 and Poe was 27. Biographers disagree as to the nature of the couple's relationship. Though their marriage was loving, some biographers suggest they viewed one another more like a brother and sister. In January 1842, she contracted [[tuberculosis]], growing worse for five years until she died of the disease at the age of 24 in [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage|the family's cottage]], at that time outside [[New York City]].

Along with other family members, Virginia Clemm and Edgar Allan Poe lived together off and on for several years before their marriage. The couple often moved to accommodate Poe's employment, living intermittently in [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], and [[New York City|New York]]. A few years after their wedding, Poe was involved in a substantial scandal involving [[Frances Sargent Osgood]] and [[Elizabeth F. Ellet]]. Rumors about amorous improprieties on her husband's part affected Virginia Poe so much that on her deathbed she claimed that Ellet had murdered her. After her death, her body was eventually placed under the same memorial marker as her husband's in [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]] in Baltimore, [[Maryland]]. Only one image of Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe has been authenticated: a watercolor portrait painted several hours after her death.

The disease and eventual death of his wife had a substantial effect on Edgar Allan Poe, who became despondent and turned to alcohol to cope. Her struggles with illness and death are believed to have affected his poetry and prose, where dying young women appear as a frequent motif, as in "[[Annabel Lee]]", "[[The Raven]]", and "[[Ligeia]]".

==Biography==

===Early life===
[[File:PoeFamilyTree.svg|thumb|400px|Poe family tree]]

Virginia Eliza Clemm was born in 1822<ref>Thomas, Dwight & David K. Jackson. ''The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849''. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987: 52. {{ISBN|0-7838-1401-1}}</ref> and named after an older sister who had died at age two<ref name=Silverman82>Silverman, 82</ref> only ten days earlier.<ref>Quinn, 17</ref> Her father William Clemm, Jr. was a hardware merchant in Baltimore.<ref name=Silverman81>Silverman 81</ref> He had married Maria Poe, Virginia's mother, on July 12, 1817,<ref>Quinn, 726</ref> after the death of his first wife, Maria's first cousin Harriet.<ref>Meyers, 59</ref> Clemm had five children from his previous marriage and went on to have three more with Maria.<ref name=Silverman81/> After his death in 1826, he left very little to the family<ref name=Meyers60>Meyers, 60</ref> and relatives offered no financial support because they had opposed the marriage.<ref name=Silverman81/> Maria supported the family by sewing and taking in boarders, aided with an annual $240 pension granted to her mother Elizabeth Cairnes, who was paralyzed and bedridden.<ref name=Meyers60/> Elizabeth received this pension on behalf of her late husband, "General" David Poe, a former [[quartermaster]] in Maryland who had loaned money to the state.<ref>Quinn, 256</ref>

Edgar Poe first met his cousin Virginia in August 1829, four months after his discharge from the Army. She was seven at the time.<ref name=Sova52>Sova, 52</ref> In 1832, the family – made up of Elizabeth, Maria, Virginia, and Virginia's brother Henry<ref name=Sova52/> – was able to use Elizabeth's pension to rent a home at what was then [[Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum|3 North Amity Street]] in Baltimore.<ref>Haas, Irvin. ''Historic Homes of American Authors''. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-89133-180-8}}. p. 78</ref> Poe's older brother [[William Henry Leonard Poe]], who had been living with the family,<ref name=Sova52/> had recently died on August 1, 1831.<ref>Quinn, 187–188</ref> Poe joined the household in 1833<ref>Silverman, 96</ref> and was soon smitten by a neighbor named Mary Devereaux. The young Virginia served as a messenger between the two, at one point retrieving a lock of Devereaux's hair to give to Poe.<ref>Sova, 67</ref> Elizabeth Cairnes Poe died on July 7, 1835, effectively ending the family's income and making their financial situation even more difficult.<ref>Quinn, 218</ref> Henry died around this time, sometime before 1836, leaving Virginia as Maria Clemm's only surviving child.<ref name=Silverman323>Silverman, 323</ref>

In August 1835, Poe left the destitute family behind and moved to [[Richmond, Virginia]] to take a job at the ''[[Southern Literary Messenger]]''.<ref>Sova, 225</ref> While Poe was away from Baltimore, another cousin, Neilson Poe, the husband of Virginia's half-sister Josephine Clemm,<ref name=Quinn219/> heard that Edgar was considering marrying Virginia. Neilson offered to take her in and have her educated in an attempt to prevent the girl's marriage to Edgar at such a young age, though suggesting that the option could be reconsidered later.<ref>Silverman, 104</ref> Edgar called Neilson, the owner of a newspaper in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], his "bitterest enemy" and interpreted his cousin's actions as an attempt at breaking his connection with Virginia.<ref name=Meyers72>Meyers, 72</ref> On August 29, 1835,<ref name=Meyers72/> Edgar wrote an emotional letter to Maria, declaring that he was "blinded with tears while writing",<ref name=Quinn219>Quinn, 219</ref> and pleading that she allow Virginia to make her own decision.<ref>Silverman, 105</ref> Encouraged by his employment at the ''Southern Literary Messenger'', Poe offered to provide financially for Maria, Virginia and Henry if they moved to Richmond.<ref>Meyers, 74</ref>

===Marriage===
[[File:PoeMarriage.JPG|thumb|right|Virginia and Edgar's [[marriage certificate]]]]

Marriage plans were confirmed and Poe returned to Baltimore to file for a [[marriage license]] on September 22, 1835. The couple might have been quietly married as well, though accounts are unclear.<ref name=Silverman107>Silverman, 107</ref> Their only public ceremony was in Richmond on May 16, 1836, when they were married by a Presbyterian minister named Rev. Amasa Converse.<ref name=Meyers85>Meyers, 85</ref> Poe was 27 and Virginia was 13, though her age was listed as 21.<ref name=Meyers85/> This marriage bond was filed in Richmond and included an [[affidavit]] from Thomas W. Cleland confirming the bride's alleged age.<ref>Quinn, 252</ref> The ceremony was held in the evening at the home of a Mrs. James Yarrington,<ref name=Quinn254>Quinn, 254</ref> the owner of the [[boarding house]] in which Poe, Virginia, and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm were staying.<ref>Quinn, 230</ref> Yarrington helped Maria Clemm bake the wedding cake and prepared a wedding meal.<ref>Sova, 263</ref> The couple then had a short [[honeymoon]] in [[Petersburg, Virginia]].<ref name=Quinn254/>

Debate has raged regarding how unusual this pairing was based on the couple's age and blood relationship. Noted Poe biographer Arthur Hobson Quinn argues it was not particularly unusual, nor was Poe's nicknaming his wife "Sissy" or "Sis".<ref>Hoffman, 26</ref> Another Poe biographer, [[Kenneth Silverman]], contends that though their [[cousin marriage|first-cousin marriage]] was not unusual, her young age was.<ref name=Silverman107/> It has been suggested that Clemm and Poe had a relationship more like that between brother and sister than between husband and wife.<ref>Krutch, 52</ref> Biographer Arthur Hobson Quinn disagreed with this view, citing a fervent love letter to argue that Poe "loved his little cousin not only with the affection of a brother, but also with the passionate devotion of a lover and prospective husband."<ref>{{cite book | author = Quinn, Arthur Hobson | year = 1941 | title = Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography | publisher = D. Appleton-Century Company | pages = 219–224 | url = http://www.eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/quinnc10.htm}}</ref> Some scholars, including [[Princess Marie Bonaparte|Marie Bonaparte]], have read many of Poe's works as autobiographical and have concluded that Virginia died a [[virginity|virgin]].<ref name=Hoffman27>Hoffman, 27</ref> It has been speculated that she and her husband never consummated their marriage, although no evidence is given.<ref>Richard, Claude and Jean-Marie Bonnet, "[http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/PS1960/P1968108.HTM Raising the Wind; or, French Editions of the Works of Edgar Allan Poe]", ''Poe Newsletter'', vol. I, No. 1, April 1968, p. 12.</ref> This interpretation often assumes that Virginia is represented by the title character in the poem "[[Annabel Lee]]": a "maiden... by the name of Annabel Lee".<ref name=Hoffman27/> Poe biographer Joseph Wood Krutch suggests that Poe did not need women "in the way that normal men need them", but only as a source of inspiration and care,<ref>Krutch, 54</ref> and that Poe was never interested in women sexually.<ref>Krutch, 25</ref> Friends of Poe suggested that the couple did not share a bed for at least the first two years of their marriage but that, from the time she turned 16, they had a "normal" married life until the onset of her illness.<ref name=Sova53>Sova, 53</ref>

Virginia and Poe were by all accounts a happy and devoted couple. Poe's one-time employer [[George Rex Graham]] wrote of their relationship: "His love for his wife was a sort of rapturous worship of the spirit of beauty."<ref>Oberholtzer, 299</ref> Poe once wrote to a friend, "I see no one among the living as beautiful as my little wife."<ref>Phillips, 1184</ref> She, in turn, by many contemporary accounts, nearly idolized her husband.<ref>Hoffman, 318</ref> She often sat close to him while he wrote, kept his pens in order, and folded and addressed his manuscripts.<ref>Phillips, 1183</ref> She showed her love for Poe in an [[acrostic]] poem she composed when she was 23, dated February 14, 1846:

[[File:VirginiaValentine.jpg|thumb|right|Virginia's handwritten [[Valentine's Day|Valentine]] poem to her husband]]

{{quote|<poem>
Ever with thee I wish to roam —
Dearest my life is thine.
Give me a cottage for my home
And a rich old cypress vine,
Removed from the world with its sin and care
And the tattling of many tongues.
Love alone shall guide us when we are there —
Love shall heal my weakened lungs;
And Oh, the tranquil hours we'll spend,
Never wishing that others may see!
Perfect ease we'll enjoy, without thinking to lend
Ourselves to the world and its glee —
Ever peaceful and blissful we'll be.<ref>Quinn, 497</ref></poem>}}

===Osgood/Ellet scandal===
[[File:FannyOsgood.jpg|right|thumb|[[Frances Sargent Osgood]]]]

The "tattling of many tongues" in Virginia's Valentine poem was a reference to actual incidents.<ref>Moss, 214</ref> In 1845, Poe had begun a flirtation with [[Frances Sargent Osgood]], a married 34-year-old poet.<ref>Silverman, 280</ref> Virginia was aware of the friendship and might even have encouraged it.<ref name=Meyers190>Meyers, 190</ref> She often invited Osgood to visit them at home, believing that the older woman had a "restraining" effect on Poe, who had made a promise to "give up the use of stimulants" and was never drunk in Osgood's presence.<ref>Silverman, 287</ref>

At the same time, another poet, [[Elizabeth F. Ellet]], became enamored of Poe and jealous of Osgood.<ref name=Meyers190/> Though, in a letter to [[Sarah Helen Whitman]], Poe called her love for him "loathsome" and wrote that he "could do nothing but repel [it] with scorn", he printed many of her poems to him in the ''[[Broadway Journal]]'' while he was its editor.<ref>Moss, 212</ref> Ellet was known for being meddlesome and vindictive,<ref>Silverman, 288</ref> and, while visiting the Poe household in late January 1846, she saw one of Osgood's personal letters to Poe.<ref name=Meyers191>Meyers, 191</ref> According to Ellet, Virginia pointed out "fearful paragraphs" in Osgood's letter.<ref name=Moss213>Moss, 213</ref> Ellet contacted Osgood and suggested she should beware of her indiscretions and asked Poe to return her letters,<ref name=Meyers191/> motivated either by jealousy or by a desire to cause scandal.<ref name=Moss213/> Osgood then sent [[Margaret Fuller]] and [[Anne Lynch Botta]] to ask Poe on her behalf to return the letters. Angered by their interference, Poe called them "Busy-bodies" and said that Ellet had better "look after her ''own'' letters", suggesting indiscretion on her part.<ref name=Silverman290>Silverman, 290</ref> He then gathered up these letters from Ellet and left them at her house.<ref name=Meyers191/>

Though these letters had already been returned to her, Ellet asked her brother "to ''demand of me the letters''".<ref name=Silverman290/> Her brother, Colonel William Lummis, did not believe that Poe had already returned them and threatened to kill him. In order to defend himself, Poe requested a pistol from [[Thomas Dunn English]].<ref name=Meyers191/> English, Poe's friend and a minor writer who was also a trained doctor and lawyer, likewise did not believe that Poe had already returned the letters and even questioned their existence.<ref name=Silverman290/> The easiest way out of the predicament, he said, "was a retraction of unfounded charges".<ref>Moss, 220</ref> Angered at being called a liar, Poe pushed English into a fistfight. Poe later claimed he was triumphant in the fight, though English claimed otherwise, and Poe's face was badly cut by one of English's rings.<ref name=Meyers191/> In Poe's version, he said, "I gave E. a flogging which he will remember to the day of his death." Either way, the fight further sparked gossip over the Osgood affair.<ref>Silverman, 291</ref>

Osgood's husband stepped in and threatened to sue Ellet unless she formally apologized for her insinuations. She retracted her statements in a letter to Osgood saying, "The letter shown me by Mrs Poe ''must have been a forgery''" created by Poe himself.<ref>Moss, 215</ref> She put all the blame on Poe, suggesting the incident was because Poe was "intemperate and subject to acts of lunacy".<ref name=Silverman292>Silverman, 292</ref> Ellet spread the rumor of Poe's insanity, which was taken up by other enemies of Poe and reported in newspapers. The St. Louis ''Reveille'' reported: "A rumor is in circulation in New York, to the effect that Mr. Edgar A. Poe, the poet and author, has been deranged, and his friends are about to place him under the charge of [[Amariah Brigham|Dr. Brigham]] of the [[Utica Psychiatric Center|Insane Retreat]] at Utica."<ref>Meyers, 192</ref> The scandal eventually died down only when Osgood reunited with her husband.<ref name=Silverman292/> Virginia, however, had been very affected by the whole affair. She had received anonymous letters about her husband's alleged indiscretions as early as July 1845. It is presumed that Ellet was involved with these letters, and they so disturbed Virginia that she allegedly declared on her deathbed that "Mrs. E. had been her murderer."<ref>Moss, 213–214</ref>

===Illness===
By this time, Virginia had developed [[Tuberculosis|consumption]], first seen sometime in the middle of January 1842. While singing and playing the piano, Virginia began to bleed from the mouth, though Poe said she merely "ruptured a blood-vessel".<ref>Silverman, 179</ref> Her health declined and she became an invalid, which drove Poe into a deep depression, especially as she occasionally showed signs of improvement. In a letter to a friend, Poe described his resulting mental state: "Each time I felt all the agonies of her death—and at each accession of the disorder I loved her more dearly & clung to her life with more desperate pertinacity. But I am constitutionally sensitive—nervous in a very unusual degree. I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity."<ref>Meyers, 208</ref>

Virginia's condition might have been what prompted the Poe family to move, in the hopes of finding a healthier environment for her. They moved several times within [[Philadelphia]] in the early 1840s and their last home in that city is now preserved as the [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]] in [[Spring Garden District, Pennsylvania|Spring Garden]].<ref name=Silverman183>Silverman, 183</ref> In this home, Virginia was well enough to tend the flower garden<ref>Quinn, 385</ref> and entertain visitors by playing the harp or the piano and singing.<ref>Oberholtzer, 287</ref> The family then moved to New York sometime in early April 1844, traveling by train and steamboat. Virginia waited onboard the ship while her husband secured space at a boarding house on Greenwich Street.<ref>Silverman, 219–220</ref> By early 1846, family friend [[Elizabeth Oakes Smith]] said that Virginia admitted, "I know I shall die soon; I know I can't get well; but I want to be as happy as possible, and make Edgar happy."<ref>Phillips, 1098</ref> She promised her husband that after her death she would be his guardian angel.<ref>Silverman, 301</ref>

===Move to Fordham===
[[File:Poe cottage - 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Virginia Poe endured the latter part of her illness at [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage|this cottage]] in the [[Fordham, Bronx|Bronx]], [[New York (state)|New York]], shown here in 1900.]]
In May 1846, the family (Poe, Virginia, and her mother, Maria) moved to a small [[cottage]] in [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]], about fourteen miles outside the city,<ref>Meyers, 322</ref> a [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage|home which is still standing today]]. In what is the only surviving letter from Poe to Virginia, dated June 12, 1846, he urged her to remain optimistic: "Keep up your heart in all hopelessness, and trust yet a little longer." Of his recent loss of the ''Broadway Journal'', the only magazine Poe ever owned, he said, "I should have lost my courage ''but for you''—my darling little wife you are my ''greatest'' and ''only'' stimulus now to battle with this uncongenial, unsatisfactory and ungrateful life."<ref name=Meyers203>Meyers, 203</ref> But by November of that year, Virginia's condition was hopeless.<ref name=Silverman323 /> Her symptoms included irregular appetite, flushed cheeks, unstable pulse, night sweats, high fever, sudden chills, shortness of breath, chest pains, coughing and spitting up blood.<ref name=Meyers203/>

[[Nathaniel Parker Willis]], a friend of Poe's and an influential editor, published an announcement on December 30, 1846, requesting help for the family, though his facts were not entirely correct:<ref name=Meyers202>Meyers, 202</ref>
{{quote|Illness of Edgar A. Poe. —We regret to learn that this gentleman and his wife are both dangerously ill with the consumption, and that the hand of misfortune lies heavily on their temporal affairs. We are sorry to mention the fact that they are so far reduced as to be barely able to obtain the necessaries of life. That is, indeed, a hard lot, and we do hope that the friends and admirers of Mr. Poe will come promptly to his assistance in his bitterest hour of need.<ref name=Silverman324/>}}
[[File:VirginiaPoeBedroom.jpg|thumb|right|Her bedroom at Poe Cottage.]]
Willis, who had not corresponded with Poe for two years and had since lost his own wife, was one of his greatest supporters in this period. He sent Poe and his wife an inspirational Christmas book, ''The Marriage Ring; or How to Make a Home Happy''.<ref name=Silverman324>Silverman, 324</ref>

The announcement was similar to one made for Poe's mother, [[Eliza Poe]], during her last stages of tuberculosis.<ref name=Meyers202/> Other newspapers picked up on the story: "Great God!", said one, "is it possible, that the literary people of the Union, will let poor Poe perish by starvation and lean faced beggary in New York? For so we are led to believe, from frequent notices in the papers, stating that Poe and his wife are both down upon a bed of misery, death, and disease, with not a ducat in the world."<ref name=Silverman324/> The ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' asserted that Virginia was in a hopeless condition and that Poe was bereft: "It is said that Edgar A. Poe is lying dangerously with brain fever, and that his wife is in the last stages of consumption—they are without money and without friends."<ref name="Meyers203"/> Even editor [[Hiram Fuller (journalist)|Hiram Fuller]], whom Poe had previously sued for [[defamation|libel]], attempted in the ''New York Mirror'' to garner support for Poe and his wife: "We, whom he has quarrelled with, will take the lead", he wrote.<ref name=Silverman324/>

Virginia was described as having dark hair and violet eyes, with skin so pale it was called "pure white",<ref>Krutch, 55–56</ref> causing a "bad complexion that spoiled her looks".<ref name=Silverman82/> One visitor to the Poe family noted that "the rose-tint upon her cheek was too bright", possibly a symptom of her illness.<ref>Silverman, 182</ref> Another visitor in Fordham wrote, "Mrs. Poe looked very young; she had large black eyes, and a pearly whiteness of complexion, which was a perfect pallor. Her pale face, her brilliant eyes, and her raven hair gave her an unearthly look."<ref>Meyers, 204</ref> That unearthly look was mentioned by others who suggested it made her look not quite human.<ref name=Krutch56>Krutch, 56</ref> [[William Gowans]], who once lodged with the family, described Virginia as a woman of "matchless beauty and loveliness, her eye could match that of any [[houri]], and her face defy the genius of a [[Antonio Canova|Canova]] to imitate".<ref>Meyers, 92–93</ref> She might have been a little plump.<ref name=Krutch56/> Many contemporary accounts as well as modern biographers remark on her childlike appearance even in the last years of her life.<ref name=Sova52/><ref name=Krutch56/><ref name=Meyers206/>

[[File:VirginiaPoeMonument.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial marker to Virginia Clemm, Maria Clemm, and Edgar Allan Poe in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]]]

While dying, Virginia asked her mother: "Darling... will you console and take care of my poor Eddy—you will ''never never'' leave him?"<ref>Silverman, 420</ref> Her mother stayed with Poe until his own death in 1849. As Virginia was dying, the family received many visitors, including an old friend named Mary Starr. At one point Virginia put Starr's hand in Poe's and asked her to "be a friend to Eddy, and don't forsake him".<ref name=Silverman326/> Virginia was tended to by 25-year-old Marie Louise Shew. Shew, who served as a nurse, knew medical care from her father and her husband, both doctors.<ref>Sova, 218</ref> She provided Virginia with a [[comforter]] as her only other cover was Poe's old military [[cloak]], as well as bottles of wine, which the invalid drank "smiling, even when difficult to get it down".<ref name=Silverman326>Silverman, 326</ref> Virginia also showed Poe a letter from Louisa Patterson, second wife of Poe's foster-father John Allan, which she had kept for years<ref>Quinn, 527</ref> and which suggested that Patterson had purposely caused the break between Allan and Poe.<ref name=Silverman326/>

===Death===
On January 29, 1847, Poe wrote to Marie Louise Shew: "My poor Virginia still lives, although failing fast and now suffering much pain."<ref name=Meyers206>Meyers, 206</ref>
Virginia died the following day, January 30,<ref>Krutch, 169</ref> after five years of illness. Shew helped in organizing her funeral, even purchasing the coffin.<ref name=Silverman327>Silverman, 327</ref> Death notices appeared in several newspapers. On February 1, The New York ''Daily Tribune'' and the ''Herald'' carried the simple obituary: "On Saturday, the 30th ult., of pulmonary consumption, in the 25th year of her age, VIRGINIA ELIZA, wife of EDGAR A. POE."<ref name=Silverman326/> The funeral was February 2, 1847.<ref name=Meyers206/> Attendees included Nathaniel Parker Willis, [[Ann S. Stephens]], and publisher [[George Pope Morris]]. Poe refused to look at his dead wife's face, saying he preferred to remember her living.<ref name="Phillips1203"/> Though now buried at [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]], Virginia was originally buried in a [[Burial vault (tomb)|vault]] owned by the Valentine family, from whom the Poes rented their Fordham cottage.<ref name=Silverman327/>

Only one image of Virginia is known to exist, for which the painter had to take her corpse as model.<ref name=Sova52/> A few hours after her death, Poe realized he had no image of Virginia and so commissioned a portrait in [[watercolor painting|watercolor]].<ref name=Meyers206/> She is shown wearing "beautiful linen" that Shew said she had dressed her in;<ref name=Phillips1203>Phillips, 1203</ref> Shew might have been the portrait's artist, though this is uncertain.<ref name=Silverman327/> The image depicts her with a slight double chin and with hazel eyes.<ref name=Meyers206/> The image was passed down to the family of Virginia's half-sister Josephine, wife of Neilson Poe.<ref name=Phillips1203/>

In 1875, the same year in which her husband's body was reburied, the cemetery in which she lay was destroyed and her remains were almost forgotten. An early Poe biographer, William Gill, gathered the bones and stored them in a box he hid under his bed.<ref>Meyers, 263</ref> Gill's story was reported in the ''[[Boston Herald]]'' twenty-seven years after the event: he says that he had visited the Fordham cemetery in 1883 at exactly the moment that the [[sexton (office)|sexton]] Dennis Valentine held Virginia's bones in his shovel, ready to throw them away as unclaimed. Poe himself had died in 1849, and so Gill took Virginia's remains and, after corresponding with Neilson Poe and John Prentiss Poe in Baltimore, arranged to bring the box down to be laid on Poe's left side in a small bronze casket.<ref name=Miller>Miller, John C. "[http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/ps1970/p1974204.htm The Exhumations and Reburials of Edgar and Virginia Poe and Mrs. Clemm]", from ''Poe Studies'', vol. VII, no. 2, December 1974, p. 47</ref> Virginia's remains were finally buried with her husband's on January 19, 1885<ref>Phillips, 1205</ref>—the seventy-sixth anniversary of her husband's birth and nearly ten years after his current monument was erected. The same man who served as sexton during Poe's original burial and his exhumations and reburials was also present at the rites which brought his body to rest with Virginia and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm.<ref name=Miller/>

==Effect and influence on Poe==
Virginia's death had a significant effect on Poe. After her death, Poe was deeply saddened for several months. A friend said of him, "the loss of his wife was a sad blow to him. He did not seem to care, after she was gone, whether he lived an hour, a day, a week or a year; she was his all."<ref>Meyers, 207</ref> A year after her death, he wrote to a friend that he had experienced the greatest evil a man can suffer when, he said, "a wife, whom I loved as no man ever loved before", had fallen ill.<ref name=Sova53/> While Virginia was still struggling to recover, Poe turned to alcohol after abstaining for quite some time. How often and how much he drank is a controversial issue, debated in Poe's lifetime and also by modern biographers.<ref name=Silverman183/> Poe referred to his emotional response to his wife's sickness as his own illness, and that he found the cure to it "in the ''death'' of my wife. This I can & do endure as becomes a man—it was the horrible never-ending oscillation between hope & despair which I could ''not'' longer have endured without the total loss of reason".<ref>Moss, 233</ref>

Poe regularly visited Virginia's grave. As his friend Charles Chauncey Burr wrote, "Many times, after the death of his beloved wife, was he found at the dead hour of a winter night, sitting beside her tomb almost frozen in the snow".<ref>Phillips, 1206</ref> Shortly after Virginia's death, Poe courted several other women, including Nancy Richmond of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[Sarah Helen Whitman]] of [[Providence, Rhode Island]], and childhood sweetheart [[Sarah Elmira Royster]] in Richmond. Even so, Frances Sargent Osgood, whom Poe also attempted to woo, believed "that [Virginia] was the only woman whom he ever loved".<ref>Krutch, 57</ref>

===References in literature===
Many of [[Bibliography of Edgar Allan Poe|Poe's works]] are interpreted autobiographically, with much of his work believed to reflect Virginia's long struggle with tuberculosis and her eventual death. The most discussed example is "[[Annabel Lee]]". This poem, which depicts a dead young bride and her mourning lover, is often assumed to have been inspired by Virginia, though other women in Poe's life are potential candidates including Frances Sargent Osgood<ref>Meyers, 244</ref> and Sarah Helen Whitman.<ref>Sova, 12</ref> A similar poem, "[[Ulalume]]", is also believed to be a memorial tribute to Virginia,<ref>Meyers, 211</ref> as is "[[Lenore (poem)|Lenore]]", whose title character is described as "the most lovely dead that ever died so young!"<ref>Silverman, 202</ref> After Poe's death, [[George Gilfillan]] of the London-based ''Critic'' said Poe was responsible for his wife's death, "hurrying her to a premature grave, that he might write 'Annabel Lee' and '[[The Raven]]'".<ref>Campbell, Killis. "The Poe-Griswold Controversy", ''The Mind of Poe and Other Studies''. New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., 1962: 79.</ref> However, "The Raven" was written and published two years before Virginia's death.

Virginia is also seen in Poe's prose. The [[short story]] "[[Eleonora (short story)|Eleonora]]" (1842)—which features a narrator preparing to marry his cousin, with whom he lives alongside her mother—may also refer to Virginia's illness. When Poe wrote it, his wife had just begun to show signs of her illness.<ref>Sova, 78</ref> It was shortly thereafter that the couple moved to New York City by boat and Poe published "[[The Oblong Box (short story)|The Oblong Box]]" (1844). This story, which shows a man mourning his young wife while transporting her corpse by boat, seems to suggest Poe's feelings about Virginia's impending death. As the ship sinks, the husband would rather die than be separated from his wife's corpse.<ref>Silverman, 228–229</ref> The short story "[[Ligeia]]", whose title character suffers a slow and lingering death, may also be inspired by Virginia.<ref>Hoffman, 255–256</ref> After his wife's death, Poe edited his first published story, "[[Metzengerstein]]", to remove the narrator's line, "I would wish all I love to perish of that gentle disease", a reference to tuberculosis.<ref name=Meyers206/>

===References in music===
In track 9 of their 2008 debut album ''[[Le Pop]]'', Norwegian band [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]] performed a song entitled "Virginia Clemm". Set to the tune of a musical clock, the song's lyrics refer to Virginia's early marriage at 13 years of age ("He was a child I was a child / Sentimental and wild"), to her husband's alleged affairs ("The other woman to explain / Her letters I deplore"), to her untimely death ("For twelve short years / We lived out of health"), to the band's perceived obsessions of Poe's subsequent obsession with his wife's death ("Heir of my illness / Writer of all the stories and the words / That I'm haunting / That I'm haunting") as well as alluding, in the last verse ("And I'll leave you nevermore"), to the poem "[[The Raven]]".

==Notes==
{{Reflist|15em}}

==References==
*Hoffman, Daniel. ''Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. {{ISBN|0-8071-2321-8}}.
*Krutch, Joseph Wood. ''Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.
*Moss, Sidney P. ''Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu''. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.
*Meyers, Jeffrey. ''Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy''. Cooper Square Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-684-19370-1}}.
*Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. ''The Literary History of Philadelphia''. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906. {{ISBN|1-932109-45-5}}.
*Phillips, Mary E. ''Edgar Allan Poe: The Man''. Chicago: The John C. Winston Company, 1926.
*Quinn, Arthur Hobson. ''Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8018-5730-9}}
*Silverman, Kenneth. ''Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance''. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. {{ISBN|0-06-092331-8}}.
*Sova, Dawn B. ''Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work''. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-4161-9}}.

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.eapoe.org/geninfo/poegnlgy.htm Poe Family Tree] at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online
*[https://www.nps.gov/people/poe-virginiapoe.htm Virginia Clemm Poe] from the [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]] online, [[National Park Service]]

{{Edgar Allan Poe|state=collapsed}}

{{featured article}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poe, Virginia}}
[[Category:1822 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American women]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]]
[[Category:Edgar Allan Poe]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)]]
[[Category:People from Baltimore]]

Rick and Morty/Staffel 4

2019-11-09T15:56:24Z

Captainllama: Undid revision 925355435 by 2600:6C46:5280:DE5:600A:C690:3DBB:4162 (talk)

{{Short description|season of television series}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rick and Morty'' (season 4)}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| bgcolor = #000900
| image = Rick and Morty season 4.png
| image_size = 250
| caption = Promotional poster
| country = United States
| network = [[Adult Swim]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| num_episodes = 
| episode_list = List of Rick and Morty episodes
}}

The fourth season of the animated television series ''[[Rick and Morty]]'' was confirmed by [[Adult Swim]] in May 2018. The season is set to consist of ten episodes. A trailer was released on October 6, 2019, announcing that the first five episodes would premiere starting on November 10, 2019, and the remaining five at some time in the future.

==Episodes==
{{see also|List of Rick and Morty episodes}}
<onlyinclude>{{Episode table |background=#000900 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=29 |director=13 |writer=22 |airdate=15 |viewers=11 |country=U.S. |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/rick-and-morty/listings/ |title=Shows A-Z - rick & morty on adult swim |website=[[The Futon Critic]]|accessdate=November 6, 2019}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Edge of Tomorty: Rick Die Rickpeat
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J88d0oZnDQY |title= Season 4 Episode Titles|website=Youtube |publisher=Adult Swim |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|10}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Old Man and the Seat
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|17}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|24}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Claw and Hoarder: Special Ricktim's Morty
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|1}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Rattlestar Ricklactica
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|8}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}

}}</onlyinclude>

==Cast and characters==
{{see also|List of Rick and Morty characters}}
The actors and actresses listed below [[Voice acting|lend their voices]] to the corresponding animated characters.

* [[Justin Roiland]] as [[Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)|Rick Sanchez]] and [[Morty Smith]], the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric [[mad scientist]] and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson<ref name="S4 CAST">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/rick-morty-team-unveils-new-season-4-footage-at-comic-con-1225507 |title='Rick and Morty' Creators Unveil New Footage, Talk Long Road to Season 4 |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=July 19, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Chris Parnell]] as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family<ref name="S4 CAST" />
* [[Spencer Grammer]] as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers<ref name="S4 CAST" />
* [[Sarah Chalke]] as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage<ref name="S4 CAST" />

==Production==

===Background and development===

Following the conclusion of the third season in October 2017, the future of the show had remained in question, with no announcement of renewal or status of production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/rick-and-morty-season-4-not-confirmed-adult-swim-1202653742/ |title=Adult Swim Addresses ‘Rick and Morty' Season 4 Status |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |date=January 4, 2018 |website=Variety |access-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308234109/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/rick-and-morty-season-4-not-confirmed-adult-swim-1202653742/ |archive-date=March 8, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2018, Harmon tweeted that he had not begun writing for a new season, in part because Adult Swim had not ordered any new episodes yet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/amp/en_ca/article/kzxqby/rick-and-morty-season-four-adult-swim-dan-harmon-vgtrn |title='Rick and Morty' Season Four Is Up in the Air, says Dan Harmon |last=Mufson |first=Beckett |date=March 19, 2018 |website=Vice |access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> As a reason for the delay, Harmon explained that the contract negotiations were more complicated, as compared to the previous seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/rick-morty-season-4-delay-renewed/ |title=Rick and Morty Creator: Season 4 Delay Due to Contract Negotiations |first=Dan |last=Zinski |date=March 23, 2018 |accessdate=March 24, 2018 |work=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

Co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland wanted to have assurance that there would be many more seasons of ''Rick and Morty'' in the future, so that they would be able to focus on the show and minimize their involvement in other projects.<ref name="GQ 05-10-2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.gq.com/story/rick-and-morty-renewed-for-season-4-dan-harmon-interview |title=Rick and Morty Renewed for Season 4: Dan Harmon Tells Us All About It |last=O'Neal |first=Sean |date=May 10, 2018 |website=GQ |access-date=August 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811194653/https://www.gq.com/story/rick-and-morty-renewed-for-season-4-dan-harmon-interview |archive-date=August 11, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Harmon had also stated that he wishes for future seasons to consist of more than ten episodes, saying: "Now I'm about to do season 4 of ''Rick and Morty'' and want to prove that I've grown." This was in reference to him admitting that he should work more efficiently, control his perfectionism, and avoid past mistakes that had resulted in the third season of the show comprising only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/26/rick-morty-dan-harmon-interview/ |title='Rick and Morty' Co-Creator Answers Our Burning Season 3 Questions |last=Hibberd |first=James |website=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 26, 2017 |access-date=October 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001121546/http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/26/rick-morty-dan-harmon-interview/ |archive-date=October 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2018, after prolonged contract negotiations, Adult Swim announced a long-term deal with the creators, ordering 70 new episodes over an unspecified number of seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/rick-and-morty-renewed-70-episode-order-creators-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-deal-adult-swim-1202386828/ |title=‘Rick And Morty' Gets Massive 70-Episode Renewal By Adult Swim; Creators Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland Ink New Deal |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |last2=Andreeva |first2=Nellie |date=May 10, 2018 |website=Deadline |access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> The two co-creators expressed their satisfaction, with Roiland saying: "We're super excited that, for the first time ever, we're locked in, we know what the future is, we have job security."<ref name="Polygon - June 2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/14/17464224/rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-waiting-gap-justin-roiland-adult-swim |title='Rick and Morty' co-creator promises no more big gaps between seasons |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=June 14, 2018 |website=Polygon |access-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> Harmon added: "Justin and I just needed enough episodes and the right kind of deal structure that would give us permission to do what we want to do, which is truly focus on the show. We got all that, and we’re both very excited."<ref name="GQ 05-10-2018" />

One year later, at the [[WarnerMedia]] 2019 Upfronts presentation, the fourth season of ''Rick and Morty'' was announced to debut in November 2019,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/05/15/rick-and-morty-season-4-coming-november-2019 |title=Rick and Morty Season 4 Coming November 2019 |last=Macy |first=Seth |date=May 15, 2019 |website=IGN |access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> making the two-year gap between seasons three and four, the longest in the history of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/2019/06/25/rick-and-morty-season-4-sneak-peek-adult-swim-festival/ |title=Rick and Morty Season 4 Episode Sneak Peek Screening Announced |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=June 25, 2019 |website=Comic Book |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> Although season four was said to contain only ten episodes,<ref name="EW JULY 19">{{Cite web |url=https://ew.com/comic-con/2019/07/17/rick-and-morty-season-4-interview/ |title='Rick and Morty' creators give first season 4 interview: 'It will never be this long again' |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=July 17, 2019 |website=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=July 27, 2019}}</ref> the creators have appeared confident that the 70-episode renewal deal will eventually reduce the waiting time between seasons, and it could possibly allow for bigger episode counts in the future.<ref name="Polygon - June 2018" /><ref name="EW JULY 19" /> In October 2019, it was revealed that the first five episodes would begin airing in November, and the remaining five at some time in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/season-4-return-announcement|title=Watch Rick and Morty - "Season 4 Return Announcement" on Adult Swim|website=Adult Swim|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>

===Writing, recording and animation===
Writing began in June 2018, with Roiland saying that—alongside maintaining product quality—this time around, the writers would have to work faster, so that the episodes get released quicker.<ref name="Polygon - June 2018" /> Additionally, Harmon expressed his intention to let the show move forward by collaborating with the animators and making any necessary corrections along the way, instead of applying his perfectionistic tendencies in the earliest stages of writing.<ref name="GQ 05-10-2018" />

In July 2018, Harmon and writer Mike McMahan posted images from the writers' room on social media, which showed "[[Dan Harmon#"Story Circle" technique|Story Circle]]s" drawn on a blackboard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rick-and-morty-season-4-behind-scenes-teaser-episode-1021060 |title=New pictures from the 'Rick and Morty' creators go behind the scenes of Season 4 |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=July 12, 2018 |website=Newsweek |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rick-morty-season-4-writers-episodes-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-script-1046424 |title='Rick and Morty' co-creator Dan Harmon describes how Season 4 will be written differently, shares script pic |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=July 27, 2018 |website=Newsweek |access-date=July 16, 2019}}</ref> This eight-step storytelling formula developed by Harmon (a simplified version of [[Joseph Campbell]]'s common narrative framework known as the [[hero's journey]]) was used in previous seasons to outline the narrative arc of an episode. It describes how the main character of the story leaves their [[comfort zone]] to pursue something they desire, how they are forced to adapt to an unfamiliar situation in order to achieve their goal, and how the story has changed them, as they return to their comfort zone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gq.com/story/dan-harmon-rick-and-morty-profile |title=The Tortured Mind Of Dan Harmon |last=O'Neal |first=Sean |date=May 30, 2018 |website=GQ |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> ''[[Emmy (magazine)|Emmy]]'' magazine, however, reported after an interview with Harmon that the writing team planned "to shake things up with a more anarchic writing style." This meant a rather deconstructive approach, where instead of focusing on story structure, attention would be given primarily to cultivating ideas, jokes and pieces of dialogue, and then the stories would be built around those moments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/news/features/sacred-and-absurd |title=The Sacred and the Absurd |last=Turitz |first=Neil |date=July 16, 2018 |website=Television Academy |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715090207/https://www.emmys.com/news/features/sacred-and-absurd |archive-date=July 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding the season's narrative arc, Roiland said that the season comprised "strong episodic episodes", and advised the fans to watch them in the correct order.<ref name="EW JULY 19" />

In October 2018, series composer Ryan Elder told ''[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]'' that he was expecting to get involved with the season, when the writing process would have been partially completed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/49639-rick-and-morty-season-4-composer-ryan-elder-interview |title='Rick and Morty' Season 4 Has No Music Yet, but Its Composer Has Ideas |last=Plante |first=Corey |date=October 7, 2018 |website=Inverse |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728035456/https://www.inverse.com/article/49639-rick-and-morty-season-4-composer-ryan-elder-interview |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first guest voice was revealed in November 2018, when [[Sam Neill]] tweeted that he had enjoyed working with ''Rick and Morty'', indicating that the team had finished writing some episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-episode-guest-voice-sam-neill-dan-harmon-1196990 |title='Rick and Morty' Season 4 release date one step closer with first guest voice |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=November 1, 2018 |website=Newsweek |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720011903/https://www.newsweek.com/rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-episode-guest-voice-sam-neill-dan-harmon-1196990 |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Roiland would also announce [[Paul Giamatti]], [[Taika Waititi]] and [[Kathleen Turner]] as guest stars in the fourth season.<ref name="EW JULY 19" />

In December 2018, [[Bardel Entertainment]], ''Rick and Morty''{{'}}s Canadian animation studio, began hiring [[Toon Boom Animation#Harmony|Toon Boom Harmony]] animators and [[Visual effects|FX]] artists to join the show's animation team.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1072219955347607556 |user=bardelent |title=Nobody exists on purpose. Nobody belongs anywhere. Everybody's gonna die. Come apply? |author=Bardel Entertainment |date=December 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1085273133215506433 |user=bardelent |title=We're looking for a 2D Harmony animator and 2D FX artist to join the #RickAndMorty team in our studio. |author=Bardel Entertainment |date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, animation supervisor Eric Bofa Nfon posted a photo from a conference room on his Twitter account, that featured lead animator Etienne Aubry and [[line producer]] Mark Van Ee, indicating the start of the animation process for the season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/52502-rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-animation-has-begun |title='Rick and Morty' Season 4 Animation Begins, Revealing a Release Date Window |last=Plante |first=Corey |date=January 15, 2019 |website=Inverse |access-date=July 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724175320/https://www.inverse.com/article/52502-rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-animation-has-begun |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Roiland said that when the episodes were returned back from the studio "in color", the writers would look to make any necessary adjustments that might improve the episodes. Nevertheless, he appeared satisfied with the work that was done this season.<ref name="EW JULY 19" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/}}
* {{IMDb title|tt2861424}}
* {{Tv.com show|rickand-morty}}

{{Rick and Morty}}

[[Category:Rick and Morty seasons]]
[[Category:Upcoming television seasons]]

Alec Holowka

2019-08-27T09:06:09Z

Captainllama: Undid revision 912697669 by Armageddon11 (talk)

{{BLP sources|date=November 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alec Holowka
| image = Alec Holowka.jpg
| caption = Alec Holowka at the 2006 [[Independent Games Festival]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Game programmer, designer, musician
| notable_works = ''[[I'm O.K - A Murder Simulator]]'' ''[[Night in the Woods]]'' [[Aquaria (video game)|''Aquaria'']]
}}

'''Alec Holowka''' is a Canadian [[indie game]] developer, co-founder of an independent game companies Bit Blot,<ref name="bitblot">{{cite web|url=http://www.bit-blot.com/?page_id=60|title=Bitblot - company|publisher=Bit Blot|accessdate=2008-11-18}}</ref> and Infinite Ammo, where he works as lead programmer, musician and game designer. He is known for collaborating with [[Derek Yu]] to create [[Aquaria (video game)|''Aquaria'']] and freeware game ''[[I'm O.K - A Murder Simulator]]'' and with Scott Benson and Bethany Hockenberry to create ''[[Night in the Woods]]'' and as well as founding an independent game company called Infinite Fall.

==Background==
Alec Holowka was introduced to programming at the age of eight when his father purchased him a book ''Basic Fun''. Eventually he began working with a freeware group called ''Zaphire Productions''. Since then he worked for a number of failed startups, including one in [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada working on a PC multiplayer fantasy action title and a combat racer in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada for the Xbox 360.<ref name="Gamasutra">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=11362|title=Road To The IGF: Bit Blot's Aquaria|last=Wallis|first=Alistair|date=October 23, 2006|publisher=Gamasutra|accessdate=2008-11-18| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185310/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=11362| archivedate= 21 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

[[File:Aquaria - IGF.jpg|thumb|left|Jenna Sharpe, Alec Holowka and [[Derek Yu]] accepting the grand prize at the 2007 [[Independent Games Festival]].|alt=Two men stand behind a podium marked Independent Games Festival, while a woman in a blue dress stands to the left.]]
Holowka acted as sound engineer on the 2006 freeware title ''I'm O.K - A Murder Simulator'' as a response to American lawyer Jack Thompson's [[A Modest Video Game Proposal]]. Holowka met Derek Yu in the comments section of popular technology website [[Slashdot]] in a post regarding Jack Thompson's proposal and along with Chris Hanson and Phil Jones formed satire company Thompsonsoft for the once-off release.<ref name="4cr">{{cite web|url=http://www.4colorrebellion.com/archives/2006/02/16/4cr-interview-thompsonsoft |title=4cr Interview - Thompsonsoft |last=Tucker |first=Michael |date=February 16, 2006 |publisher=4 Color Rebellion |accessdate=2008-11-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105021416/http://www.4colorrebellion.com/archives/2006/02/16/4cr-interview-thompsonsoft/ |archivedate=November 5, 2008 }}</ref>

After its release Holowka introduced Yu to a project he had been working on independently, Yu was interested in the project and the two officially formed developer Bit Blot the week before the [[Independent Games Festival]] deadline.<ref name="bitblot" /> The project was released on 7 December 2007 under the title Aquaria and was the recipient of the Independent Games Festival Seumas McNally grand prize for best game in March 2007.

In October 2013, Holowka and independent animator Scott Benson successfully crowdfunded the game ''[[Night in the Woods (video game)|Night in the Woods]]'' under the studio name "Infinite Fall".<ref name="NITW">{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1307515311/night-in-the-woods/|title=Kickstarter page for Night in the Woods}}</ref>

==Ludography==
===''Crayon Physics Deluxe''===
{{Main|Crayon Physics Deluxe}}

===''I'm O.K.''===
{{Main|I'm O.K - A Murder Simulator}}

''I'm O.K.'' is a side-scrolling satirical platform shoot-em-up, which was created by Derek Yu (art), Alec Holowka (sound), and Chris Hanson (code) as a response to [[Jack Thompson (attorney)|Jack Thompson's]] open letter, "[[A Modest Video Game Proposal]]." It is a "retro" style arcade game, which parodies various famous games, game companies, and game developers. The main protagonist of the game is Osaki Kim, who blames the video game industry for the death of his child. The player takes the role of the Osaki Kim as he shoots his way up to the [[E3 Media and Business Summit]], killing game developers along the way.

===''Aquaria''===
{{listen|filename=Aquaria_-_Trailer_(Vorbis).ogg|title=''Aquaria'' trailer soundtrack|description=Alec composed the score for ''Aquaria''.}}
{{Main|Aquaria (video game)}}
''Aquaria'' is an [[action adventure game]], based heavily on exploration. It is an epic story about adventures of Naija, an amnesiac underwater creature, who is in search of information about her family and her past. She explores many ancient ruins of Aquaria, an underwater world created by a mysterious creator. Created by Derek Yu and Alec Holowka, [[Aquaria (video game)|Aquaria]] is their first commercial game and the winner of the [[Independent Games Festival|Independent Games Festival's]] 2007 [[Seumas McNally]] Grand Prize.<ref name="igf">{{cite web|url=http://www.igf.com/2007finalistswinners.html |title=2007 Independent Games Festival Winners |publisher=IGF |accessdate=2008-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216014130/http://www.igf.com/2007finalistswinners.html |archivedate=16 December 2008 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

===''Owl Country''===
In early 2008, Holowka along with a group of other independent developers during the Game Developers Conference 2008 in San Francisco, California created a project with most of the work being done at their hotel, the [[Holiday Inn]]. Holowka acted as musician and programmer. The project was created as a response to an incident occurring following Kokoromi's Gamma 256 party following the Montreal International Game Summit in Montreal, Canada.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://forums.tigsource.com/index.php?topic=1394.0|title=TIG Forum Post|date=November 18, 2008|publisher=TIG|accessdate=2008-11-18}}</ref>

===''Paper Moon''===
On 15 August 2008 Holowka, along with newly formed developer [[Infinite Ammo]], created ''Paper Moon'', a game that was picked along with another five games to be showcased at the 2008 GAMMA event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kokoromi.org/gamma3d|title=Kokoromi - Gamma 3D Featured Games Announced|publisher=Kokoromi|accessdate=2008-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119233318/http://www.kokoromi.org/gamma3d|archivedate=19 November 2008|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===''Everyone Loves Active 2''===
Holowka wrote the music for Kyle Pulver's freeware game, ''Everyone Loves Active 2''.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.kylepulver.com/view.php?id=39|title=Everyone Loves Active 2 Profile|date=May 31, 2008|publisher=Kyle Pulver|accessdate=2008-11-18| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081220211023/http://www.kylepulver.com/view.php?id=39| archivedate= 20 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===''Verge''===
Holowka teamed up with Pulver again for ''Verge'', providing the game's music. Verge is a short side scrolling platformer focused on life and death. It was created for and won The Independent Gaming Source's Commonplace Book Competition. An extended version of the game is currently in development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylepulver.com/view.php?id=45|title=Verge Profile|date=November 29, 2008|publisher=Kyle Pulver|accessdate=2008-11-29| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203233651/http://www.kylepulver.com/view.php?id=45| archivedate= 3 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

=== Offspring Fling ===
Holowka wrote the music for Kyle Pulver's game, [[Offspring Fling]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/offspring-fling|title=Offspring Fling! for Macintosh (2012) - MobyGames|website=MobyGames|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref>

===''TowerFall Ascension''===
Holowka wrote the music for the indie game ''[[TowerFall Ascension]]'', initially released in 2013 for the Ouya, but re-released with the ''Ascension'' subtitle and an expanded soundtrack in 2014 for the PS4 and PC markets.

===''Night in the Woods''===
{{Main|Night in the Woods}}

===''Oceanheart''===
''Oceanheart'' is an unreleased game as of October 2017, but it is slated to have music by Holowka.<ref>[http://bitmoo.me/oceanheart Oceanheart]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bit-blot.com/aquaria/ Bit Blot]
* [http://infiniteammo.ca/ Infinite Ammo]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,252871/ Alec Holowka] at [[MobyGames]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holowka, Alec}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian video game designers]]
[[Category:Video game programmers]]
[[Category:Video game musicians]]
[[Category:Independent video game developers]]

Regan Smith (Schwimmerin)

2019-08-11T12:48:39Z

Captainllama: Undid revision 910346572 by 173.17.206.199 (talk) encyclopedic tone

{{short description|American swimmer}}
{{for|the American gymnast|Ragan Smith}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Regan Smith
| image = Regan Smith after winning 100m backstroke (41869225165).jpg
| caption = Smith in 2018
| fullname =
| nationality = American
| strokes = [[Backstroke]], [[Butterfly stroke|Butterfly]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|2|9}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 1.70 m
| weight =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition | [[FINA World Aquatics Championships|World Championships (LC)]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 World Aquatics Championships|2019 Gwangju]]|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre backstroke|200 m backstroke]]}}
{{MedalGold|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|Pan Pacific Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2018 Tokyo]] | [[2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 200 metre backstroke|200 m backstroke]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|TYR Pro Swim Series}}
{{MedalGold | 2019 Des Moines | 100 m backstroke}}
{{MedalGold | 2019 Des Moines | 200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[FINA World Junior Swimming Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2017 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships|2017 Indianapolis]] | 100 m backstroke}}
{{MedalGold | [[2017 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships|2017 Indianapolis]] | 200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2017 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships|2017 Indianapolis]] | 4×100 m mixed medley}}
}}
'''Regan Smith''' (born February 9, 2002) is an American [[Swimming (sport)|swimmer]]. She currently holds the [[List of world records in swimming|world record]] in the 100- and 200-meter backstroke ([[long course]]) and a third world record was as part of the USA women’s 4 x 100 Medley Relay. She competed in the [[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre backstroke|women's 200 metre backstroke]] event at the [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]].<ref name="WAC">{{cite web |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000111010A0202EE01FFFFFFFFFFFF01 |title=Heats results |accessdate=July 29, 2017 |work=FINA}}</ref><ref name="Budapest">{{cite web |url=https://fina-budapest2017.com/en/home |title=2017 World Aquatics Championships > Search via Athletes |accessdate=July 29, 2017 |work=Budapest 2017}}</ref> She also won gold in the 100 m backstroke at the [[FINA World Junior Swimming Championships]] in record breaking fashion, breaking [[Missy Franklin]]'s 15-16 National Age Group record, as well as the world junior record, previously set by [[Taylor Ruck]] in the semis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://swimswam.com/regan-smith-downs-wjr-missy-franklins-15-16-nag-record-in-100-back/ |title=Regan Smith downs WJR, Missy Franklin's 15-16 NAG record in 100 back|accessdate = August 24, 2017 |work=Swimswam}}</ref>

==Career==
When she was twelve, she achieved multiple new age-group records and won medals at high school state meets. Following these successes, she joined the Apple Valley’s Riptide Swim Club and began to receive coaching from Mike Parratto, who is known for coaching Jenny Thompson, a famous swimmer who has won twelve Olympic medals.<ref>{{Citation|last=Magarey|first=Mary|chapter=Bilateral shoulder pain in a 16-year-old long-distance swimmer|date=2004|pages=161–179|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780750639064|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7506-3906-4.50016-2|title=Clinical Reasoning for Manual Therapists}}</ref>

While she was fourteen, she competed at meets with Olympians, such as Missy Franklin (at the time the world record holder for the 200 meter backstroke<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Appendix C: List of interviewees (Wikipedia)|journal=Framing the Net|pages=227|doi=10.4337/9781782540809.00022|year=2013|isbn=9781782540809|last1=Jorgensen|first1=Rikke Frank}}</ref>) and [[Katie Ledecky]] (the world record holder for the 400 meter freestyle, 800 meter freestyle, and 1500 meter freestyle<ref name=":0" />). Additionally, she became a member of the U.S. National Junior Team, she was named the 2016 Age Group Swimmer of the Year for thirteen to fourteen year olds, and she had set three National Age Group Records in the 100 yard backstroke, 100 yard butterfly, and 100 meter backstroke.

She wrapped up 2018 by earning the title of Age Group Swimmer of the Year for the second time consecutively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Regan|first=Michael|last2=Smith|first2=Jim|last3=Love|first3=Peter|date=2017-07-11|title=Overall Financing Mechanisms|journal=Advances in Public-Private Partnerships|pages=1–13|location=Reston, VA|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|doi=10.1061/9780784480267.001|isbn=9780784480267}}</ref>

===2019===
====World Championships====
At the [[2019 World Aquatics Championships]] in [[Gwangju]], South Korea, Smith competed in one individual event, the [[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre backstroke|200-meter backstroke]]. In the heats and semifinals, Smith asserted herself as the favorite. In the heats, Smith recorded a time of 2:06.01, breaking her own [[List of junior world records in swimming|junior record]].<ref name="2019 heats">{{cite web |url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070202EE01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf |title=2019 Worlds heats |accessdate=July 27, 2019 |work=FINA}}</ref> In the semifinals, Smith broke [[Missy Franklin]]'s [[List of world records in swimming|world record]] of 2:04.06 set in 2012 with a time of 2:03.35.<ref name="2019 semis">{{cite web |url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070202EE02FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf |title=2019 Worlds semis|accessdate=July 27, 2019 |work=FINA}}</ref>

In the final, Smith won her first World Championship title, claiming gold by a large margin in a time of 2:03.69. She was under her world record pace, swimming 59.45 at the halfway point, but fell off at the end to record the second fastest swim ever.<ref name="2019 final">{{cite web |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/00011301070202EE04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf |title=2019 Worlds final|accessdate=July 27, 2019 |work=FINA}}</ref>

Despite not qualifying for an individual spot in the 100-meter backstroke<ref name="2018 US backstroke">{{cite web |url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011201020202EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf |title=2018 National Championships|accessdate=July 28, 2019 |work=FINA}}</ref>, Smith was chosen as the backstroke leg in the [[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4x100-meter medley relay]]. In medley relay final, Smith won a gold medal along with [[Lilly King]], [[Kelsi Dahlia]], and [[Simone Manuel]]. The relay recorded a time of 3:50.40 to break the previous world record of 3:51.55 set in 2017.<ref name="2019 medley relay fina">{{cite web |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/00011301070205F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf |title=2019 medley relay final|accessdate=July 28, 2019 |work=FINA}}</ref> As the lead off leg, Smith broke the world record in the 100-meter backstroke with a time of 57.57, breaking [[Kathleen Baker]]'s record of 58.00.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Missy Franklin]]
| title = [[World record progression 200 metres backstroke#Women|Women's 200-meter backstroke world record-holder (long course)]]
| years = July 26, 2019 – present
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Kathleen Baker]]
| title = [[World record progression 100 metres backstroke#Women|Women's 100-meter backstroke world record-holder (long course)]]
| years = July 28, 2019 – present
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Footer World LC Champions 200m Backstroke Women}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 4x100m Medley Women}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Regan}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American female swimmers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:World record holders in swimming]]
[[Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming]]

Carol Connors

2019-04-08T12:41:55Z

Captainllama: Revert unexplained deletions

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Carol Connors
| image = Carol Connors 2007-1088c.jpg
| caption = Carol Connors performing live on November 17, 2007
| image_size = 250
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Annette Kleinbard
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|11|13|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], [[New Jersey]], United States
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument = [[Human voice|Vocals]]
| genre = [[Rock and roll]], [[Pop music|pop]]
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]]
| years_active = 1956–present
| label = [[Dore Records]]
| associated_acts = [[The Teddy Bears (band)|The Teddy Bears]]
| website =
}}
'''Carol Connors''' (born '''Annette Kleinbard''', November 13, 1940) is an American [[singer-songwriter]]. She is perhaps best known as the lead vocalist on [[the Teddy Bears]]' single, "[[To Know Him Is To Love Him]]", which was written by her bandmate [[Phil Spector]].

==Biography==

===Early life===
Connors was born '''Annette Kleinbard''' on November 13, 1940 in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]].<ref name="jerusalempost">Liami Lawrence, [http://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Entertainment/From-Elvis-to-Rocky-the-charmed-life-of-Carol-Connors-346307 From Elvis to ‘Rocky’ – the charmed life of Carol Connors], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', March 24, 2014</ref> Her parents were [[Polish Jew]]s.<ref name="jerusalempost"/> She lost many relatives in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="jerusalempost"/> She attended [[Fairfax High School (Los Angeles, California)|Fairfax High School]] in [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref name="jerusalempost"/>

===Career===
She was the lead [[singing|singer]] of the [[pop music|pop]] [[human voice|vocal]] [[trio (music)|trio]] known as [[the Teddy Bears]], which also included [[Phil Spector]].<ref name="jerusalempost"/> The Teddy Bears' only major [[hit record|hit]], "[[To Know Him Is To Love Him]]", which Spector wrote specifically to showcase Connors' singing voice, reached #1 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in late 1958.<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years">{{cite book
| first= John
| last= Tobler
| year= 1992
| title= NME Rock 'N' Roll Years
| edition= 1st
| publisher= Reed International Books Ltd
| location= London
| page= 61
| id= CN 5585}}</ref> After their initial hit, the trio disbanded because of the failure of their follow-up [[single (music)|singles]], and the fact that Spector preferred working behind the scenes to performing.

Some years later she legally changed her name to Carol Connors. She co-wrote (with [[Ayn Robbins]] and [[Bill Conti]]) "[[Gonna Fly Now]]", the [[theme song]] from the [[film]] ''[[Rocky]]'', which earned her an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination.<ref name="jerusalempost"/> Carol Connors sang the theme to the film ''[[Orca (film)|Orca]]'', called "We Are One."

Other songwriting credits include [[the Rip Chords]]' 1964 hit "Hey Little Cobra", plus the 1980 [[Billy Preston]]/[[Syreeta Wright]] [[duet (music)|duet]] "[[With You I'm Born Again]]"; the 1994 title track "For All Mankind" on the debut [[album]] of [[Italian people|Italian]] singer Guendalina Cariaggi, which was used as the theme song for a documentary produced by Pier Quinto and [[Lara Saint Paul|Lara Cariaggi]], on the legends of [[soccer]] and the [[FIFA World Cup]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Army Archerd |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117862500.html?categoryid=2&cs=1 |title=‘Affair’ looks to duplicate O.J. drama |publisher=Variety |date=1994-06-20 |accessdate=2016-03-13}}</ref> for "Madonna in the Mirror", the finale song on [[A&E Network|A&E]]'s ''15 Films About [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0912604/|title=15 Films About Madonna |website=IMDb.com|accessdate=2016-03-13}}</ref> and three songs - "Condi, Condi", "I Think of You so Fondly", and "Chill, Condi, Chill" - for [[Courting Condi]] (2008).

Connors also wrote and performed songs for several films. The 1967 [[Beach party film|beach-party film]] ''[[Catalina Caper]]'' features her song "Book of Love" (not to be confused with [[Book of Love (song)|the Monotones' song]]), co-written with [[Roger Christian (songwriter)|Roger Christian]], which she performed backed by the [[The Cascades (band)|Cascades]]. She co-composed three songs for the [[soundtrack]] of the 1977 [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] film, ''[[The Rescuers#Soundtrack|The Rescuers]]'': "Tomorrow Is Another Day", "The Journey" and "Someone's Waiting for You". In 1983 Connors was nominated for a [[3rd Golden Raspberry Awards|Golden Raspberry Award]], for the 'Worst Original Song' for "It's Wrong for Me to Love You", from ''[[Butterfly (1982 film)|Butterfly]]'', which she co-composed with [[Ennio Morricone]].

In 2011, she skydived and performed a concert to raise awareness for the [[Wounded Warrior Project]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/07/03/rocky-songwriter-raises-awareness-for-wounded-warriors/ |title="Rocky" Songwriter Raises Awareness For Wounded Warriors « CBS Miami |website=Miami.cbslocal.com |date=2011-07-03 |accessdate=2016-03-13}}</ref>

A Golden Palm Star on the [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] [[Palm Springs Walk of Stars|Walk of Stars]] was dedicated to her in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web-storage/Stars%20by%20date/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf |format=PDF |title=Palm Springs Walk of Stars : Listed By Date Dedicated |website=Palmspringswalkofstars.com |accessdate=2016-03-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208224143/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web-storage/Stars%20by%20date/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf |archivedate=2012-12-08 |df= }}</ref>

===Personal life===
Connors lives in [[Beverly Hills, California]].<ref name="jerusalempost"/>

She testified at the [[O. J. Simpson]] trial in 1995. She had seen Simpson at a charity event the night before his ex-wife's murder.

==Selected discography==
*"My Diary" 1961

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carolconnors.com/ Official site]
*{{IMDb name|id=0175486|name=Carol Connors (II)}}
*[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p328822/songs|pure_url=yes}} Songwriting credits @ Allmusic.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Connors, Carol}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Beverly Hills, California]]
[[Category:American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Jewish singers]]
[[Category:Jewish songwriters]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Songwriters from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Songwriters from California]]

Jalen Hurts

2018-12-05T19:20:21Z

Captainllama: Undid revision 872190688 by 130.160.193.3 (talk) Unsourced, misspelled

{{Infobox college football player
|name=Jalen Hurts
|image=Jalen Hurts Jan 2018 1.jpg
|caption = Hurts in 2018
|school=Alabama Crimson Tide
|currentnumber=2
|currentposition=[[Quarterback]]
|class=[[Junior (education)| Junior]]
|major=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1998|8|7|mf=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Houston, Texas]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=2
|weight_lb=218
|highlights=
* CFP National Champion ([[2018 College Football Playoff National Championship|2017]])
* First-team All-[[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] ([[2016 All-SEC football team|2016]])
* 2x SEC Champion ([[2016 SEC Championship Game|2016]], [[2018 SEC Championship Game|2018]])
* [[Southeastern Conference football individual awards|SEC Offensive Player of the Year]] (2016)
* [[Southeastern Conference football individual awards|SEC Freshman of the Year]] (2016)
|highschool=[[Channelview High School|Channelview (TX)]]
|bowlgames=
*[[2016 Peach Bowl]]
*[[2017 College Football Playoff National Championship|2017 National Championship Game]]
*[[2018 Sugar Bowl]]
*[[2018 College Football Playoff National Championship|2018 National Championship Game]]
|pastschools=
*[[University of Alabama|Alabama]] (2016–present)
|espn=4040715
}}

'''Jalen Hurts''' (born August 7, 1998) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama Crimson Tide]].

==Early years==
Hurts attended [[Channelview High School]] in [[Channelview, Texas]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Texas school bus crashes in Alabama: Channelview grad, Alabama QB Jalen Hurts responds|url=https://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2018/03/school_bus_crash_in_alabama_ch.html|publisher=[[Advance Publications]]|last=Gore|first=Leada|date=March 13, 2018|accessdate=October 24, 2018}}</ref> Hurts's father, Averion, was the [[high school football|football]] coach at Channelview High School throughout his sons' high school careers. As a senior, he passed for 2,384 yards with 26 [[touchdown]] passes and rushed for 1,391 yards and 25 touchdowns. Hurts was a second-team all-district selection as a sophomore and was named the District 21-6A Overall MVP as a junior during his high school playing years. He played against the [[Texas A&M]] freshman standout running back [[Trayveon Williams]] throughout his high school career. Hurts was rated as a four-star recruit and was ranked among the top dual-threat quarterbacks in the Class of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://n.rivals.com/content/prospects/1648|title=Jalen Hurts Recruiting Profile|work=Rivals.com|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> Although [[Texas A&M]] made a strong push to recruit Hurts after the departure of their starting quarterback, [[Kyler Murray]], they ultimately failed in their efforts after Hurts proceeded to commit to the [[University of Alabama]] on June 5, 2015. He was recruited by Alabama's Defensive Line Coach Bo Davis and Offensive Coordinator [[Lane Kiffin]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2015/06/jalen_hurts_alabama_qb.html |title=Texas dual-threat QB Jalen Hurts commits to Alabama |website=AL.com}}</ref> Hurts finished high school academically ranking 39th in his class.

In addition to football, Hurts participated in powerlifting. As a sophomore in high school, Hurts was squatting 500 pounds of weight. He would eventually become Regional Finalist in the Powerlifting 198-pound weight class.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2016/07/meet_alabamas_promising_freshm.html |title=Meet Alabama's promising freshman quarterback and former powerlifter |website=AL.com}}</ref>

==College career==
===Freshman season===
As a true freshman at Alabama in 2016, Hurts competed to open the season as the starting quarterback.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2016/02/jalen_hurts_ready_to_compete_a.html |title=Jalen Hurts ready to compete at QB position after helping Tide prepare for Clemson |website=AL.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/news/jalen-hurts-who-is-alabamas-quarterback-freshman-qb-nick-saban-usc/zwq48r19tvz616t8ar4u81bkv |title=Who is Jalen Hurts? Five things to know about freshman competing for Alabama starting job |date=29 August 2016 |website=Sporting News}}</ref> [[Blake Barnett]] started the first game against the [[2016 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]], but by the second game, Hurts had taken over the starting role, becoming the first true freshman to start at quarterback for Alabama in 32 years (Vince Sutton in [[1984 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|1984]] was the last)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesdaily.com/sports/alabama_football/before-hurts-sutton-left-his-mark-as-freshman-qb/article_6fe4a9f1-f528-5175-9ede-d54442a93f21.html|title=Before Hurts, Sutton left his mark as freshman QB|last=Byington|first=Alex|date=September 21, 2016|work=Times Daily|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espn.com/blog/sec/post/_/id/120544/jalen-hurts-takes-definitive-lead-in-qb-battle-as-alabama-topples-western-kentucky |title=Jalen Hurts takes definitive lead in QB battle as Alabama rolls |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> Hurts produced a historic freshman season under head coach [[Nick Saban]]. He threw for 2,780 yards and 23 touchdowns with nine interceptions. His completion percentage was at 62.8 percent, and he finished the season with a quarterback rating of 139.12. He rushed for a total of 954 yards and 13 touchdowns, breaking the school single season record for rushing yards by a quarterback, surpassing [[Steadman S. Shealy|Steadman Shealy's]] previous record of 791 yards. He finished the 2016 season with 36 overall touchdowns breaking [[Blake Sims]]'s previous record for touchdowns in a single season for the Crimson Tide with a total of 35 which he set in [[2014 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|2014]].<ref name="247sports.com">{{cite web|url=https://247sports.com/Article/Alabama-Football-Stat-Pack-Crimson-Tide-defense-leads-nation-Jal-49350015|title=Alabama Football Stat Pack: Crimson Tide defense leads nation; Jalen Hurts sets Iron Bowl records|publisher=}}</ref> Hurts became the first quarterback coached by Nick Saban to rush for more than 11 touchdowns in a single season. He was the first player in Alabama history to pass for 300 yards and rush for 100 yards in the same game and the first quarterback to rush for 120 yards or more in multiple games. In the [[Iron Bowl]] game against [[2016 Auburn Tigers football team|Auburn]], Hurts completed 75% of his passes, which set a new Iron Bowl record.<ref name="247sports.com"/> Alabama concluded its 2016–2017 regular season with a perfect 12–0 (8–0 SEC) record. On November 30, 2016, Hurts was declared as one out of the ten finalists for the [[Manning Award]] which is given to the nation's top college quarterback. On December 3, 2016, he led his team to win the 2016 [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] Championship over the [[2016 Florida Gators football team|Florida Gators]] and was subsequently named [[Southeastern_Conference_football_individual_awards#Offensive_Player_of_the_Year|SEC Offensive Player of the Year]], [[Southeastern_Conference_football_individual_awards#Freshman_of_the_Year|SEC Freshman of the Year]], and received Freshman All-American from several publications. Hurts was featured on the cover page of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' [[College Football Playoff]] magazine on December 6, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saturdaydownsouth.com/alabama-football/photo-jalen-hurts-on-sports-illustrated-cover/ |title=Photo: Jalen Hurts featured on cover of Sports Illustrated |date=6 December 2016 |website=Saturday Down South}}</ref> On January 9, 2017, top-seeded Alabama lost the [[2017 College Football Playoff National Championship]] against the [[2016 Clemson Tigers football team|Clemson Tigers]] by a score of 35–31.<ref>{{cite news |last=Russo |first=Ralph |title=Watson and Clemson dethrone top-ranked Tide, 35–31 |url=http://collegefootball.ap.org/article/watson-and-clemson-dethrone-top-ranked-tide-35-31 |work=Associated Press |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=AP Sports |date=January 10, 2017 |accessdate=April 28, 2017 |location=[[Tampa, Florida]]}}</ref> The [[bowl game]] was played at [[Raymond James Stadium]] in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]].

===Sophomore season===
In 2017, Hurts led the [[2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Tide]] to a 13–1 season, giving them a playoff spot as a #4 seed, where they played [[2017 Clemson Tigers football team|Clemson]] in the [[2018 Sugar Bowl]]. Hurts was the offensive MVP<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/college-football/2018/01/02/alabama-jalen-hurts-sugar-bowl-clemson|title=Jalen Hurts May Not Be the Flashiest QB, but He's a Vital and Overlooked Part of Alabama's Offense|date=2 January 2018|publisher= Sports Illustrated}}</ref> in that game, with [[Da'Ron Payne]] being the defensive MVP in a 24–6 win over the Tigers. Hurts was benched at halftime of the [[2018 College Football Playoff National Championship]] for true freshman [[Tua Tagovailoa]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/alabama-vs-georgia-freshman-qb-tua-tagovailoa-replaces-jalen-hurts-at-halftime/ |title=Alabama vs. Georgia: Freshman QB Tua Tagovailoa replaces Jalen Hurts at halftime |work=CBSSports.com |access-date=2018-10-08 |language=en}}</ref> Hurts won his first National Championship as the Crimson Tide defeated the Bulldogs by a score of 26–23 in overtime.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/sports/alabama-national-championship.html |title=Alabama Wins National Championship With a Halftime Twist |work=New York Times |access-date=2018-10-08 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 2,081 passing yards, 17 passing touchdowns, and one interception to go along with 855 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/jalen-hurts-1/gamelog/2017/ |title=Jalen Hurts 2017 Game Log |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en |access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref>

===Junior season===
After Tagovailoa helped lead the Crimson Tide to a comeback victory in the National Championship the year before, questions arose if Hurts would remain the starting quarterback for Alabama.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kentucky.com/sports/college/SEC/article217397365.html |title=Who will be Alabama’s starting QB? ‘I wish we could talk about something else,’ Saban says |work=Kentucky.com |access-date=2018-10-08 |language=en}}</ref> In the season opener against Louisville, Tagovailoa was the starter. Hurts came into the game in a rotation. He had 70 passing yards in the 51–14 victory; Tagovailoa had 227 passing yards and two passing touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.saturdaydownsouth.com/alabama-football/nick-saban-alabama-louisville-51-14/ |title=What Nick Saban said after Alabama rolled Louisville 51-14 |date=2018-09-02 |work=Saturday Down South |access-date=2018-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tagovailoa was officially named the starter going into the next game against Arkansas State.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/09/03/sports/sports-breaking/no-1-alabama-officially-names-tua-tagovailoa-starting-quarterback/ |title=No. 1 Alabama names Tua Tagovailoa starting quarterback |date=2018-09-03 |work=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |access-date=2018-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> In a backup role, Hurts has earned significant playing time as Alabama has outperformed their competition in the 2018 season.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/sports/2018/09/09/alabamas-hurts-responds-produces-new-backup-role/1250430002/ |title=Alabama's Hurts responds, produces in new backup role |work=The Montgomery Advertiser |access-date=2018-10-08 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2018 SEC Championship Game]], he relieved an injured Tagovailoa and led the team to a comeback victory. Alabama moved to 13-0 and secured a spot in the Playoff.

===Statistics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Team
! colspan="2"| Games
! colspan="7"| Passing
! colspan="4"| Rushing
|-
! G !! GS !! Cmp !! Att !! Pct !! Yards !! TD !! Int !! Rtg !! Att !! Yards !! Avg !! TD
|-
! [[2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2016]] !! [[2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]]
| 15 || 14 || 240 || 382 || 62.8 || 2,780 || 23 || 9 || 139.1 || 191 || 954 || 5.0 || 13
|-
! [[2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2017]] !! [[2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]]
| 14 || 14 || 154 || 254 || 60.6 || 2,081 || 17 || 1 || 150.7 || 154 || 855 || 5.6 || 8
|-
! [[2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2018]] !! [[2018 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]]
| 9 || 0 || 42 || 57 || 73.7 || 630 || 6 || 2 || 192.8 || 28 || 136 || 4.9 || 1
|-
! colspan="2"| Career !! 38 !! 28 !! 436 !! 694 !! 62.8 !! 5,481 !! 46 !! 12 !! 147.6 !! 373 !! 1,945 !! 5.2 !! 22
|}

==Personal life==
Jalen Hurts's parents are Pamela and Averion Hurts. Hurts has two siblings, a younger sister, Kynnedy, and an older brother, named after their father, Averion, who was the starting quarterback for [[Texas Southern University]] who is now a youth football coach/retired football player. Hurts’s parents still attend his football games every week.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wiat.com/2016/11/26/the-role-jalen-hurts-family-played-on-his-path-to-becoming-the-crimson-tide-starting-qb/ |title=The role Jalen Hurts’ family played on his path to becoming the Crimson Tide starting QB |last=Womack |first=Chris |date=26 November 2016 |website=WIAT}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Twitter|JalenHurts}}
*[http://rolltide.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3913 Alabama Crimson Tide bio]

{{Alabama Crimson Tide quarterback navbox}}
{{Southeastern Conference Football Player of the Year navbox}}
{{2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurts, Jalen}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Texas]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Alabama Crimson Tide football players]]

Trichiurus lepturus

2018-05-25T09:33:32Z

Captainllama: /* Appearance */ ce

{{Speciesbox
| image = Trichiurus lepturus by OpenCage.jpg
| image2 =Trichiurus lepturus SI2.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal | author1 = Collette, B.B. | author2 = Pina Amargos, F. | author3 = Smith-Vaniz, W.F. | author4 = Russell, B. | author5 = Marechal, J. | author6 = Curtis, M. | author7 = Dooley, J. | author8 = Singh-Renton, S. | display-authors= 3 | year = 2015 | title = ''Trichiurus lepturus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2015 | page = e.T190090A115307118|| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190090A19929379.en | accessdate = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
| taxon = Trichiurus lepturus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms = *''Trichiurus coxii'' {{small|[[Edward Pierson Ramsay|Ramsay]] and [[James Douglas Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1887}}
*''Clupea haumela'' {{small|[[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]]}}, 1775
*''Trichiurus haumela'' {{small|Forsskal, 1775}}
*''Trichiurus japonicus'' {{small|[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] and [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1844}}
*''Trichiurus nitens'' {{small|[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1899}}
*''Trichiurus argenteus'' {{small|[[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1803}}
*''Trichiurus lajor'' {{small|[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1854}}
*''Trichiurus malabaricus'' {{small|[[Francis Day|Day]], 1865}}
*''Trichiurus coxii'' {{small|Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887}}
}}

The '''largehead hairtail''' (''Trichiurus lepturus'') or '''[[beltfish (disambiguation)|beltfish]]''' is a member of the [[cutlassfish]] family, Trichiuridae. This common to abundant species is found in tropical and temperate oceans throughout the world.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase|genus = Trichiurus|species = lepturus|month = February|year = 2015}}</ref> The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] is not fully resolved, and the Atlantic, East Pacific and Northwest Pacific populations are also known as '''Atlantic cutlassfish''', '''Pacific cutlassfish''' and '''Japanese cutlassfish''', respectively. This predatory, elongated fish [[List of commercially important fish species|supports major fisheries]].<ref name=FAO>{{cite web| title=Trichiurus lepturus | url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2468/en | publisher=FAO | accessdate=4 September 2017 }}</ref>

==Appearance==
Largehead hairtails are silvery steel blue in color, turning silvery gray after death.<ref name=FAO/> The fins are generally semi-transparent and may have a yellowish tinge.<ref name=FAO/> Largehead hairtails are elongated in shape with a thin pointed tail (they lack a fish tail in the usual form). The eyes are large, and the large mouth contains long pointed fang-like teeth.<ref name=FAO/>

Largehead hairtails grow to {{convert|6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight,<ref name=Prokop2006>{{cite book| author=Prokop, F.B. | year=2006 | title= Australian Fish Guide | edition=3rd | page=100 | isbn= 978-1865131078}}</ref> and {{convert|2.34|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=fishbase/> Most are only {{convert|0.5|-|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=FAO/> although they regularly reach {{convert|1.5|-|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Australia.<ref name=Prokop2006/>

== Range and habitat ==
Largehead hairtails are found worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans.<ref name=fishbase/> In the East Atlantic it ranges from southern United Kingdom to South Africa, including the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Muus1999>{{cite book| author=Muus, B.| author2=J. G. Nielsen| author3=P. Dahlstrom| author4=B. Nystrom| last-author-amp=yes | year=1999 | title= Sea Fish | page=234 | isbn=8790787005}}</ref> In the West Atlantic it ranges from [[Virginia]] (occasionally [[Cape Cod]]) to northern Argentina, including the [[Caribbean Sea]] and [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name=iucn/><ref>{{cite book| author=Kells, V.| author2=K. Carpenter| last-author-amp=yes | year=2011 | title= A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas | page=378 | isbn=978-0-8018-9838-9}}</ref> In the East Pacific it ranges from southern [[California]] to Peru.<ref name=iucn/> It is widespread in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, ranging from the [[Red Sea]] to South Africa, Japan, the entire coast of Australia (except [[Tasmania]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]) and [[Fiji]], but is absent from the central Pacific Ocean, including [[Hawaii]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=FAO/><ref name=Hutchins1996>{{cite book| author=Hutchins, B.| author2=R. Swainston| last-author-amp=yes | year=1996 | title= Sea Fishes of Southern Australia | page=100 | isbn= 1-86252-661-3}}</ref> Some populations are [[Fish migration|migratory]].<ref name=FAO/>

A study of largehead hairtails in southern Japan's [[Bungo Channel]] indicated that the optimum water temperature is {{convert|20|-|24|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Kao2015>{{cite journal|author=Kao|author2=Tomiyasu|author3=Takahashi|author4=Ogawa|author5=Hirose|author6=Kurosaka|author7=Tsuru|author8=Sanada|author9=Minami|author10=Miyashita|last-author-amp=yes | year=2015 | title=Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus) in the Bungo Channel, Japan | journal=The Journal of the Marine Acoustics Society of Japan | volume=42 | issue=4 | pages=167–176 | doi=10.3135/jmasj.42.167}}</ref> Based on fishing catches in the [[Jeju Strait]] of South Korea, the species mainly resides in water warmer than {{convert|14|C|F|abbr=on}}, while catches are poor in colder water.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kim, S.-H.|author2=H.-K. Roo|last-author-amp=yes |year=1998|title=Study on the Assembling Mechanism of the Hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus, at the Fishing Grounds of the Cheju Strait|journal=Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=134–177}}</ref> Off southern Brazil it mainly occurs in waters warmer than {{convert|16|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Martins1997>{{cite journal|author1=Martins, A.G. |author2=Haimovici, M. |year=1997|title=Distribution, abundance and biological interactions of the cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus in the southern Brazil subtropical convergence ecosystem|journal= Fisheries Research|volume= 30|issue=3|pages=217–227|doi=10.1016/s0165-7836(96)00566-8}}</ref> It is absent from waters below {{convert|10|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/> The largehead hairtail prefers relatively shallow coastal regions over muddy bottoms,<ref name=iucn/> but it sometimes enters [[estuaries]] and has been recorded at depths of {{convert|0|to(-)|589|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fishbase/> In European waters most records are from {{convert|100|to(-)|350|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref name=Muus1999/> off southern Brazil it is most abundant between {{convert|40|and(-)|120|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref name=Martins1997/> it has been recorded between {{convert|55|and(-)|385|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the East Pacific,<ref name=FAO/> and in southern Japan's Bungo Channel it is primarily known from {{convert|60|to(-)|280|m|ft|abbr=on}} but most common between {{convert|70|and(-)|160|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Kao2015/> It is mainly [[benthopelagic]], but may occur at the surface during the night.<ref name=iucn/>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Trichiurus lepturus Pakistan 1.png|250px|thumb|Largehead hairtail, about {{convert|65|cm|ft|abbr=on|1}} long, caught off Pakistan]]

Although often considered a single highly widespread species,<ref name=fishbase/> it has been argued that it is a [[species complex]] that includes several species with the main groups being in the Atlantic (Atlantic cutlassfish), East Pacific (Pacific cutlassfish), Northwest Pacific (Japanese cutlassfish) and Indo-Pacific. If [[Lumpers and splitters|split]], the Atlantic would retain the scientific name ''T. lepturus'', as the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is off [[South Carolina]]. The Northwest Pacific ([[Sea of Japan]] and [[East China Sea]]) differs in [[morphometric]]s, [[meristics]] and [[genetics]], and is sometimes recognized as ''T. japonicus''.<ref name=Chakraborty>{{cite journal|author1=Chakraborty, A. |author2=Aranishi, F. |author3=Iwatsuki, Y. |year=2006|title=Genetic differentiation of ''Trichiurus japonicus'' and ''T. lepturus'' (Perciformes: Trichiuridae) based on mitochondrial DNA analysis|journal= Zoological Studies |volume=45|issue=3|pages= 419–427|url=http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.3/419.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Tzeng>{{cite journal|author1=Tzeng, C.H. |author2=Chen, C.S. |author3=Chiu, T.S. |year=2007|title=Analysis of morphometry and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two ''Trichiurus'' species in waters of the western North Pacific: taxonomic assessment and population structure|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01368.x|journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=70|pages=165}}</ref> Morphometric and meristic differences have also been shown in the population of the East Pacific (California to Peru), leading some to recognize it as ''T. nitens''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Burhanuddin, A.I. |author2=Parin, N.V. |title=Redescription of the trichiurid fish, ''Trichiurus nitens'' Garman, 1899, being a valid of species distinct from ''T. lepturus'' Linnaeus, 1758 (Perciformes: Trichiuridae)|journal=Journal of Ichthyology|volume=48|issue=10|pages=825|doi=10.1134/S0032945208100019|year=2008}}</ref> Neither ''T. japonicus'' nor ''T. nitens'' are recognized as separate species by [[FishBase]] where considered [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] of ''T. lepturus'',<ref name=fishbase/> but they are recognized as separate species by the [[Catalog of Fishes]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eschmeyer|first1=W.N.|last2=Fricke|first2=R.|last3=van der Laan|first3=R.|title=Trichiurus |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp |date=31 August 2017 |work=Catalog of Fishes |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |accessdate=4 September 2017 }}</ref> The [[IUCN]] recognizes the East Atlantic population as a distinct, currently [[Undescribed taxon|undescribed species]].<ref name=iucn/> This is based on genetic evidence showing a [[Genetic divergence|divergence]] between West and East Atlantic populations.<ref name=iucn/> However, this would require that ''T. japonicus'', ''T. nitens'' and the Indo-Pacific populations also are recognized as separate species, effectively limiting ''T. lepturus'' to the West Atlantic (contrary to IUCN<ref name=iucn/>), as they all show a greater divergence.<ref name=Hsu/>

Additional studies are required on the possible separation and [[nomenclature]] of the Indo-Pacific populations. Based on studies of [[mtDNA]], which however lacked any samples from the southern parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, there are three species in the Indo-Pacific: ''T. japonicus'' (marginal in the region, see range above), ''T. lepturus'' (West Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean; the species also found in the Atlantic) and the final preliminarily referred to as ''Trichiurus'' sp. 2 (Indian Ocean, and East and [[South China Sea]]s).<ref name=Hsu>{{cite journal|author1=Hsu, K.C. |author2=Shih, N.S. |author3=Ni, I.H. |author4=Shao, K.T. |year=2009|title=Speciation and population structure of three ''Trichiurus'' species based on mitochondrial DNA|journal=Zoological Studies |volume=48|issue=6|pages=835–849|url=http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/48.6/835.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Firawati2017>{{cite journal| author=Firawati, I.| author2=M. Murwantoko| author3=E. Setyobudi| last-author-amp=yes | year=2016| title=Morphological and molecular characterization of hairtail (Trichiurus spp.) from the Indian Ocean, southern coast of East Java, Indonesia| journal=Biodiversitas | volume=18| issue=1| pages=190–196| doi=10.13057/biodiv/d180126}}</ref> It is likely that ''Trichiurus'' sp. 2 equals ''[[Trichiurus nanhaiensis|T. nanhaiensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Shih, N.T.| author2=K.C. Hsu| author3=I.H. Ni| last-author-amp=yes | year=2011| title=Age, growth and reproduction of cutlassfishes Trichiurus spp. in the southern East China Sea| journal=Journal of Applied Ichthyology | volume=27| issue=6| pages=1307–1315| doi=10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01805.x}}</ref> The names ''T. coxii'' and ''T. haumela'' have been used for the populations off Australia and in the Indo-Pacific, respectively, but firm evidence supporting their validity as species is lacking.<ref name=Tzeng/><ref name=Hsu/>

==Behavior and life cycle==
[[File:Largehead hairtail.jpg|thumb|Head showing the long and pointed teeth of this predatory fish]]

Juveniles participate in the [[diel vertical migration]], rising to feed on [[krill]] and small fish during the night and returning to the sea bed in the day. This movement pattern is reversed by large adults, which mainly feed on fish.<ref name=fishbase/><ref name=FAO/> Other known prey items include [[squid]] and shrimp, and the highly carnivorous adults regularly [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalise]] younger individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bittar |author2=Awabdi |author3=Tonini |author4=Vidal Junior |author5=Madeira Di Beneditto |year=2012|doi=10.1590/S1679-62252012000100019 |title=Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish ''Trichiurus lepturus'' through prey proximate-composition and caloric values|journal=Neotrop. Ichthyol. |volume=10|issue=1|pages=197}}</ref> Largehead hairtails are often found in large, dense [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]].<ref name=Hutchins1996/><ref name=Rajesh2014>{{cite journal| author=Rajesh| author2=Rohit| author3=Vase| author4=Sampathkumur| author5=Sahib| last-author-amp=yes | year=2014|title=Fishery, reproductive biology and stock status of the largehead hairtail Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 off Karnataka, south-west coast of India| journal=Indian J. Fish |volume=62 |issue=3| pages=28–34}}</ref>

Spawning depends on temperature as the [[Ichthyoplankton|larvae]] prefer water warmer than {{convert|21|C|F|abbr=on}} and are entirely absent at less than {{convert|16|C|F|abbr=on}}. Consequently, spawning is year-round in tropical regions, but generally in the spring and summer in colder regions.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Martins, A.G. |author2=Haimovici, M. |year=2000|title=Reproduction of the cutlassfish ''Trichiurus lepturus'' in the southern Brazil subtropical convergence ecosystem|journal= Scientia Marina|url=http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/pdf/64/sm64n1097.pdf|volume= 64|issue=1|pages= 97–105|doi=10.3989/scimar.2000.64n197}}</ref> Through a spawning season each female lays many thousand pelagic eggs that hatch after three to six days.<ref name=FAO/> In the Sea of Japan most individuals reach maturity when two years old, but some already after one year.<ref name=FAO/> The oldest recorded age is 15 years.<ref name=fishbase/>

==Fisheries and usage==
Largehead hairtail is a major commercial species. With reported landings of more than 1.3 million tonnes in 2009, it was the sixth [[List of commercially important fish species|most important captured fish species]].<ref name=FAO2009>{{Cite book| publisher = [[FAO]]| author = FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)| title = Yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics 2009. Capture production| location = Rome| year = 2011| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_yearbook_2009/root/capture/yearbook_capture.pdf| pages = 27, 202–203}}</ref> The species is caught throughout much of its range, typically by [[bottom trawl]]s or [[beach seine]]s, but also using a wide range of other methods.<ref name=iucn/> In 2009, by far the largest catches were reported by China (1.2 million tonnes), including Taiwan, from the Northwest Pacific ([[FAO]] Fishing Area 61). After China, the largest catches were reported from South Korea, Japan, and Pakistan.<ref name=FAO2009/> Some of the numerous other countries where regularly caught include Angola, Nigeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Brazil, Trinidad, Colombia, Mexico, southeastern United States, Iran,<ref name=iucn/> India,<ref name=Rajesh2014/> and Australia.<ref name=Prokop2006/>

In Korea, the largehead hairtail is called ''galchi'' ({{lang|ko|갈치}}), in which ''gal'' ({{lang|ko|갈}}) came from [[Middle Korean]] ''galh'' ({{lang|ko|갏}}) meaning "sword" and ''-chi'' ({{lang|ko|치}}) is a suffix for "fish".<ref name="SKLD">{{Cite web|url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=387678|title=galchi|website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]]|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]]|language=ko|script-title=ko:갈치|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Yeogeo yuhae|last=Sin|first=Ihaeng|last2=Gim|first2=Gyeongjun|last3=Gim|first3=Jinam|publisher=[[Sayeogwon]]|year=1960|location=Joseon Kora|language=[[Middle Korean]]|script-title=역어유해(譯語類解)|trans-title=Categorical Analysis of the Chinese Language Translation}}</ref><ref name="SKLD2">{{Cite web|url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=390820|title=galh|website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]]|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]]|language=ko|script-title=ko:갏|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/onletter/20060901/02.html|title=‘가물치’와 ‘붕어’의 어원|last=홍|first=윤표|date=1 September 2006|website=[[National Institute of Korean Language]]|language=ko|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> It is popular for frying or grilling. In Japan, where it is known as ''tachiuo'' ("太刀(tachi)":sword, "魚(uo)":fish), they are fished for food and eaten grilled or raw, as [[sashimi]]. They are also called "sword-fish" in Portugal and Brazil (''peixe-espada''), where they are eaten grilled or fried. Its flesh is firm yet tender when cooked, with a moderate level of "fishiness" to the smell and a low level of oiliness. The largehead hairtail is also notable for being fairly easy to debone.

<gallery widths=220>
Trichiurus lepturus FishMarketInTokyo.JPG|Largehead hairtails at a fish market in [[Tokyo]]
Galchi-gui.jpg|''Galchi-[[gui (food)|gui]]'' (grilled largehead hairtail)
Galchi-hoe.jpg|''Galchi-[[hoe (food)|hoe]]'' (raw largehead hairtail)
Galchi-jorim.jpg|''Galchi-[[jorim]]'' (simmered largehead hairtail)
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Trichiurus lepturus}}
* {{ITIS |id=172385 |taxon=Trichiurus lepturus |accessdate=11 March 2006}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1139971}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:hairtail, largehead}}
[[Category:Trichiuridae|largehead hairtail]]
[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of Japan]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|largehead hairtail]]

İzbırak

2017-08-03T22:26:00Z

Captainllama: RV vandalism

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''İzbırak''' ([[Syriac language|Syriac]]: ''Zaz'') is a village in the [[Midyat]] district of [[Mardin Province]], [[Turkey]] and is about 20 kilometers north of [[Midyat]]. The village was traditionally [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]], but due to the combined factors of the [[Assyrian Genocide]] of WW1 and the area becoming a warzone in the [[Turkey-PKK conflict]], their numbers are very diminished. There are only 3 Assyrian families still living in the mostly abandoned town, and the foundations of abandoned and ruined houses are visible, as with many other villages in [[Tur Abdin]].
==Description==
The village is surrounded by grape gardens and fruit trees, and in the middle of the village lies a pond (Raumo). In the upper half of the village on a hill is the ''Church of [[Saint Demetrius of Alexandria|Mor Dimet]]'', boasting an imposing castle like structure. Several houses are clustered around the church, most of them intact. In the middle half of the village is Mar Shmuni, as well as Mar Gabriel in the lower half. Throughout the lower and middle half of the village ruins and foundations of abandoned houses are dispersed across the landscape, with a few intact ones scattered around.

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Mardin}}
{{Coord|37|31|N|41|32|E|region:TR_type:city|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izbirak, Midyat}}
[[Category:Villages in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Turkey]]

{{SEAnatolia-geo-stub}}