Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Middlesex Fells Reservation

2006-09-26T23:29:52Z

Capecodeph: moving fellsbiker link below official site links

[[Image:Fells cliff.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A cliff in the Fells.]]
'''Middlesex Fells Reservation''' is a [[Massachusetts]] [[state park]] located in [[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]], [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], [[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose]], [[Stoneham, Massachusetts|Stoneham]], and [[Winchester, Massachusetts|Winchester]]. The park is managed by the Massachusetts [[Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)|Department of Conservation and Recreation]] (DCR).

==Description==
[[Image:Fells panorama.jpg|left|thumb|260px|Middle Reservoir seen from the [[causeway]] separating it from South Reservoir.]]

Middlesex Fells Reservation is a 2,575 [[acre]] park principally used for [[mountain biking]], [[hiking]], [[horseback riding]], [[rock climbing]] and [[skiing]].

Features of the park include Bellevue and Spot Ponds (used as back-up reservoirs for the [[Quabbin Reservoir]] and two observation towers featuring scenic views of Boston and the surrounding area.

In the summer months, [[sailing]] lessons are offered on Spot Pond.

Today the park surrounds two currently inactive reservoirs, Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir, and the three (North, Middle, and South) active reservoirs supplying the town of Winchester. Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir are part of the Wachusett [[Water supply network|water system]], one of six primary water systems that feed [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority|metropolitan Boston's waterworks]].

==History==
Created in [[1891]] and managed by the Commonwealth starting in [[1893]], the reservation was begun by the donation of "Virginia Wood" by [[Charles Eliot]] to [[The Trustees of Reservations]].

The reservation's land was once favored for timber, granite quarrying, and ice cultivation. The former mill village of "Haywardville" was located within the reservation. Many mills, including one that manufactured some of the first vulcanized rubber products, were located here.

The area around Middlesex Fells was first explored by [[John Winthrop]], [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], in [[1632]].

==Recreational Opportunities==
*Boating (non-motorized)
*Canoeing
*Fishing
*Hiking
*Horseback Riding Trails
*Mountain Biking
*Picnicking
*Rock Climbing
*Scenic Viewing Area
*Skiing (Cross-Country)
*Tot Lot
*Walking Trails

==External links==
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/fells.htm Official Department of Conservation and Recreation Web site]
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/fells.gif Park map on the DCR site]
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/fellsmtb.gif Bike Path Map]
*[http://www.fellsbiker.com Middlesex Fells Maps, General Information]
*[http://www.fells.org/ Friends of the Fells website]
*[http://www.mysticriver.org/ Mystic River Watershed Association website]

[[Category:Massachusetts state parks]]

Trichophycus pedum

2006-09-15T16:56:34Z

Capecodeph: updated external reference link

'''''Trichophycus pedum''''' (or '''''Treptichnus pedum'''''; formerly '''''Phycodes pedum''''') was one of the earliest [[animal]]s, and the first found in great abundance.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ualr.edu/ersc/Paleontology/PALEOINTRO.HTML | title = Earth Science 3360: Introduction to Paleontology | accessdate = 2006-03-09}}</ref> ''Trichophycus'' produced a fairly complicated and distinctive [[burrow]] pattern: along with a central, sometimes sinuous or looping burrow, it made successive probes upward through the [[sediment]] in search of nutrients, generating a trace pattern reminiscent of a fan or twisted rope.<ref>{{cite book | last = McMenamin | first = Mark A. | coauthors = Dianna L. McMenamin | title = The Emergence of Animals | origdate = 1990-01-15 | publisher = Columbia University Press | id = ISBN 0-231-06647-3}}</ref> It is considered more complex than earlier [[Ediacaran fauna]]; and its [[trace fossil]]s, which occur worldwide, are usually found in [[Stratum|strata]] above them. In fact, evidence of ''Trichophycus'' is used to demarcate the boundary between the [[Precambrian]] and [[Cambrian]] divisions of the [[geologic time scale]] in the [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] [[Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point|reference section]] at [[Fortune Head]], [[Newfoundland]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/palaeontologie/Stuff/casu8.htm | title = Life in the Cambrian | accessdate = 2006-03-09}}</ref>

Since it lacked any hard anatomical features, such as [[Animal shell|shell]]s or [[bone]]s, no [[fossil]]ized remains of ''Trichophycus'' (besides its burrows) have been found. Its [[Comparative anatomy|morphology]] and relationship to modern animals is therefore unknown, and some dispute even its inclusion into the animal kingdom.<ref>{{cite book | last = Altermann | first = Wladyslaw | title = Precambrian Sedimentary Environments | origdate = 2002-07-01 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | id = ISBN 0-632-06415-3}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cambrian]]

{{paleo-stub}}

James Rudolph Garfield

2006-09-14T06:25:55Z

Capecodeph: general cleanup

[[Image:James Rudolph Garfield.png|right|150px]]

'''James Rudolph Garfield''' ([[October 17]], [[1865]] – [[March 24]], [[1950]]) was a U.S. [[politician]], and son of [[President of the United States|President]] [[James A. Garfield]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Hiram, Ohio]], the third of eight children born to President Garfield and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Lucretia Garfield]]. For a year prior to his father's presidency, he studied at [[St. Paul's School (United States)|St. Paul's School]] in [[Concord, New Hampshire]]. On [[July 2]], [[1881]], at the age of 15, he witnessed the shooting of his father by disgruntled office-seeker [[Charles J. Guiteau]] at the [[Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road|Baltimore and Potomac railroad station]] in Washington. The President and his son were waiting for a train enroute to [[Williams College]] in [[Williamstown, Massachusetts]], where young James had been recently accepted, when the shooting took place.

==College and Early Career==
Following his father's death on [[September 19]], [[1881]], he studied at Williams College, graduating in [[1885]], before moving on to [[Columbia University]] where he studied law and earned his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] in [[1888]]. That same year, he was admitted to the [[Ohio]] bar and established the [[Cleveland, Ohio]]-based law firm of Garfield and Garfield, with his brother [[Harry Augustus Garfield]]. From [[1890]] until her death in [[1930]], he was married to Helen Newell. Their grandson, Newell Garfield, later married Jane Harrison Walker, a granddaughter of President [[Benjamin Harrison]] and Harrison's second wife [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]].

==Political Career==
From [[1896]] to [[1899]], he served in the [[Ohio Senate|Ohio State Senate]]. He was an influential advisor to President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], serving as a Member of the [[Office of Personnel Management|United States Civil Service Commission]] from [[1902]] to [[1903]]. From 1903 to [[1907]], he served as Commissioner of Corporations at the [[United States Department of Commerce and Labor|Department of Commerce and Labor]], where he conducted investigations of the meat-packing, petroleum, steel, and railroad industries. From 1907 to [[1909]], he served in Roosevelt's [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet]] as [[Secretary of the Interior]], where he advocated for the conservation of natural resources. During the [[U.S. presidential election, 1912|1912 presidential election]], he was a key supporter of Roosevelt's bid for a third term. In [[1914]], he made an unsuccessful bid for Ohio Lieutenant Governor on the [[Progressive Party]] ticket.

==External links==
*[http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/E/E-G1arfieldJ1R1.asp encyclopedia.com article]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Ethan Allen Hitchcock]] |
title= [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] |
years= [[1907]]–[[1909]] |
after= [[Richard Achilles Ballinger]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{USSecInterior}}

[[Category:1865 births|Garfield, James Rudolph]]
[[Category:1950 deaths|Garfield, James Rudolph]]
[[Category:Children of Presidents of the United States|Garfield, James Rudolph]]
[[Category:Williams College alumni|Garfield, James Rudolph]]
[[Category:Ohio State Senators|Garfield, James Rudolph]]
[[Category:People from Ohio|Garfield, James Rudolph]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Interior|Garfield, James Rudolph]]

Quabbin Reservoir

2006-05-18T21:35:39Z

Capecodeph: corrected my edit

The '''Quabbin Reservoir''' is the largest body of water in the [[Commonwealth (United States)|Commonwealth]] of [[Massachusetts]]. Built between 1930 and 1940, it is the primary water supply for [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. It has an aggregate capacity of 412 billion U.S. [[gallon]]s (1.56 km³) and an area of 37 square miles (96 km²). Water from the Quabbin flows to the [[Wachusett Reservoir]] by way of the [[Quabbin Aqueduct]]. The Quabbin watershed is managed by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]]; the water supply system is operated by the [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority]].

==History==
Boston began to outstrip its local water supplies in the early part of the [[nineteenth century]]. Many possible sources of water were explored, including groundwater and rivers, but none were considered adequate in quantity and cleanliness to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city. After several years of controversy, the [[Massachusetts General Court]] authorized the construction of the [[Cochituate Aqueduct]] to bring water to Boston from [[Lake Cochituate]] in [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]]. This established three important policies which still remain in force today:
# Public, rather than private, ownership of the public water supply system.
# Use of upland reservoirs, with gravity-fed rather than pumped supply systems.
# Watershed protection, rather than filtration, as the primary mechanism of ensuring wholesome supplies.

By [[1875]], with demand again on the verge of exceeding supply, the [[Boston Water Board]] was established to take over the operations of the Cochituate Water Board, construct five new reservoirs on the [[Sudbury River]] in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], and a new [[Sudbury Aqueduct]] to deliver that water to the city. In [[1895]], the Massachusetts Board of Health issued a report analyzing population and water-use trends, and recommended the creation of a Metropolitan Water District, serving several suburban communities in addition to Boston, and the construction of two new reservoirs: one on the Nashua River northeast of Worcester, and one in the [[Swift River Valley]].

The General Court acted to establish the Metropolitan Water District, including 26 communities within ten miles of the [[Massachusetts State House]], later in 1895. [[Wachusett Reservoir]] was completed in [[1908]]. The Board of Health study had anticipated that Swift River water would be required by [[1915]], but this prediction had proven overly pessimistic. The introduction of mandatory water metering in Water District communities, and other efforts to reduce waste and inefficient uses, made it possible to delay construction of new water sources until the [[1930s]]. A [[1922]] study officially endorsed the Swift River Valley as the next extension of the water system, now under the auspices of the [[Metropolitan District Commission]].

In [[1926]], construction began on the first stage of the project, a tunnel connecting Wachusett Reservoir with the [[Ware River]]. During the 1930s, this tunnel was extended to the [[Swift River]]; the complete tunnel is now known as the [[Quabbin Tunnel]].

The project was enthusiastically supported by lawmakers in the Boston area, but bitterly opposed by residents of the affected towns, who took their case all the way to the [[Massachusetts Supreme Court]], but lost. The state of [[Connecticut]] also unsuccessfully sued Massachusetts, claiming waters that were rightfully meant to flow into the [[Connecticut River]] and subsequenely through their state, were being illegally diverted.

The Quabbin was formed by inundating the [[Swift River Valley]], a drainage basin lying entirely within the state, by damming the river and a [[col]] that would otherwise have provided another outlet for its water. Construction began in [[1936]].

The Quabbin's creation required the depopulation and thus the disincorporation, in April of [[1938]], of four towns: [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]], [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]], and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]]. (The latter three are the namesakes of housing complexes at nearby [[Hampshire College]].) Their land was annexed to surrounding municipalities. Thirty-six miles of the [[Boston and Albany Railroad]]'s Athol Branch, originally the [[Springfield, Athol and Northeastern Railroad]] was abandoned. [[Massachusetts Route 21|Route 21]], formerly reaching Athol, was truncated to the south side of the reservoir, and new roads - now [[US 202]] and [[Massachusetts Route 32A|Route 32A]] - were built on each side.

Although many people assume that the buildings remained intact (though submerged), in fact all buildings inside the shoreline were razed, and their flammable debris was burned nearby. However, some submerged roads are visible from overhead. The vegetation of the now submerged area was [[Clearfelling|clear-cut]] and likewise burned. The outflow from the valley was stopped in 1939, and the reservoir filled and began supplying water in 1946. Areas within the watershed but not inundated were likewise cleared of structures and depopulated, for water-quality protection.

In 1947, the Massachusetts Legislature authorized the construction of the [[Chicopee Valley Aqueduct]], to deliver Quabbin water to three communities in Western Massachusetts: [[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]], [[South Hadley, Massachusetts|South Hadley]], and [[Wilbraham, Massachusetts|Wilbraham]]. In [[1951]], with the Quabbin-Wachusett system sufficient to meet foreseeable needs, the Cochituate Aqueduct was abandoned, and the Framingham reservoir system was placed on emergency stand-by.

==Present day==
Large portions of Dana are on higher ground, and its remains, predominantly [[cellar hole]]s, can be visited as of [[2005]]. Much of Prescott is also above water, on what is now known as the Prescott Peninsula, but it cannot be visited because of state restrictions. The center of what was once Prescott has been further leveled, for instance refilling cellar holes, to accommodate the [[Five College Radio Astronomy Telescope]] operated by the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].

==References==
*http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/hauntingquabbin/default.asp
*[[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]], [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/central/quabbin.htm Quabbin Reservoir], accessed on 2005-10-20
*[[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority]], [http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/html/hist1.htm Water System History], accessed on 2005-10-20
*[[Wallace, Floyd Associates]], [http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/pdf/ws1984book.pdf A History of the Development of the Metropolitan District Commission Water Supply System], in [[Metropolitan District Commission]], ''Water Supply Study and Environmental Impact Report-2020'', Task 18-20, September, 1984; accessed on 2005-10-20

[[Category:Geography of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in the United States]]

Quabbin Reservoir

2006-05-18T21:35:08Z

Capecodeph: refined wikilink

The '''Quabbin Reservoir''' is the largest body of water in the [[Commonwealth (United States)]] of [[Massachusetts]]. Built between 1930 and 1940, it is the primary water supply for [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. It has an aggregate capacity of 412 billion U.S. [[gallon]]s (1.56 km³) and an area of 37 square miles (96 km²). Water from the Quabbin flows to the [[Wachusett Reservoir]] by way of the [[Quabbin Aqueduct]]. The Quabbin watershed is managed by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]]; the water supply system is operated by the [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority]].

==History==
Boston began to outstrip its local water supplies in the early part of the [[nineteenth century]]. Many possible sources of water were explored, including groundwater and rivers, but none were considered adequate in quantity and cleanliness to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city. After several years of controversy, the [[Massachusetts General Court]] authorized the construction of the [[Cochituate Aqueduct]] to bring water to Boston from [[Lake Cochituate]] in [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]]. This established three important policies which still remain in force today:
# Public, rather than private, ownership of the public water supply system.
# Use of upland reservoirs, with gravity-fed rather than pumped supply systems.
# Watershed protection, rather than filtration, as the primary mechanism of ensuring wholesome supplies.

By [[1875]], with demand again on the verge of exceeding supply, the [[Boston Water Board]] was established to take over the operations of the Cochituate Water Board, construct five new reservoirs on the [[Sudbury River]] in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], and a new [[Sudbury Aqueduct]] to deliver that water to the city. In [[1895]], the Massachusetts Board of Health issued a report analyzing population and water-use trends, and recommended the creation of a Metropolitan Water District, serving several suburban communities in addition to Boston, and the construction of two new reservoirs: one on the Nashua River northeast of Worcester, and one in the [[Swift River Valley]].

The General Court acted to establish the Metropolitan Water District, including 26 communities within ten miles of the [[Massachusetts State House]], later in 1895. [[Wachusett Reservoir]] was completed in [[1908]]. The Board of Health study had anticipated that Swift River water would be required by [[1915]], but this prediction had proven overly pessimistic. The introduction of mandatory water metering in Water District communities, and other efforts to reduce waste and inefficient uses, made it possible to delay construction of new water sources until the [[1930s]]. A [[1922]] study officially endorsed the Swift River Valley as the next extension of the water system, now under the auspices of the [[Metropolitan District Commission]].

In [[1926]], construction began on the first stage of the project, a tunnel connecting Wachusett Reservoir with the [[Ware River]]. During the 1930s, this tunnel was extended to the [[Swift River]]; the complete tunnel is now known as the [[Quabbin Tunnel]].

The project was enthusiastically supported by lawmakers in the Boston area, but bitterly opposed by residents of the affected towns, who took their case all the way to the [[Massachusetts Supreme Court]], but lost. The state of [[Connecticut]] also unsuccessfully sued Massachusetts, claiming waters that were rightfully meant to flow into the [[Connecticut River]] and subsequenely through their state, were being illegally diverted.

The Quabbin was formed by inundating the [[Swift River Valley]], a drainage basin lying entirely within the state, by damming the river and a [[col]] that would otherwise have provided another outlet for its water. Construction began in [[1936]].

The Quabbin's creation required the depopulation and thus the disincorporation, in April of [[1938]], of four towns: [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]], [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]], and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]]. (The latter three are the namesakes of housing complexes at nearby [[Hampshire College]].) Their land was annexed to surrounding municipalities. Thirty-six miles of the [[Boston and Albany Railroad]]'s Athol Branch, originally the [[Springfield, Athol and Northeastern Railroad]] was abandoned. [[Massachusetts Route 21|Route 21]], formerly reaching Athol, was truncated to the south side of the reservoir, and new roads - now [[US 202]] and [[Massachusetts Route 32A|Route 32A]] - were built on each side.

Although many people assume that the buildings remained intact (though submerged), in fact all buildings inside the shoreline were razed, and their flammable debris was burned nearby. However, some submerged roads are visible from overhead. The vegetation of the now submerged area was [[Clearfelling|clear-cut]] and likewise burned. The outflow from the valley was stopped in 1939, and the reservoir filled and began supplying water in 1946. Areas within the watershed but not inundated were likewise cleared of structures and depopulated, for water-quality protection.

In 1947, the Massachusetts Legislature authorized the construction of the [[Chicopee Valley Aqueduct]], to deliver Quabbin water to three communities in Western Massachusetts: [[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]], [[South Hadley, Massachusetts|South Hadley]], and [[Wilbraham, Massachusetts|Wilbraham]]. In [[1951]], with the Quabbin-Wachusett system sufficient to meet foreseeable needs, the Cochituate Aqueduct was abandoned, and the Framingham reservoir system was placed on emergency stand-by.

==Present day==
Large portions of Dana are on higher ground, and its remains, predominantly [[cellar hole]]s, can be visited as of [[2005]]. Much of Prescott is also above water, on what is now known as the Prescott Peninsula, but it cannot be visited because of state restrictions. The center of what was once Prescott has been further leveled, for instance refilling cellar holes, to accommodate the [[Five College Radio Astronomy Telescope]] operated by the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].

==References==
*http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/hauntingquabbin/default.asp
*[[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]], [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/central/quabbin.htm Quabbin Reservoir], accessed on 2005-10-20
*[[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority]], [http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/html/hist1.htm Water System History], accessed on 2005-10-20
*[[Wallace, Floyd Associates]], [http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/pdf/ws1984book.pdf A History of the Development of the Metropolitan District Commission Water Supply System], in [[Metropolitan District Commission]], ''Water Supply Study and Environmental Impact Report-2020'', Task 18-20, September, 1984; accessed on 2005-10-20

[[Category:Geography of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in the United States]]

Natriumthiopental

2006-05-09T03:00:14Z

Capecodeph: typo correction

{{drugbox |
| IUPAC_name = ''sodium 5-ethyl-6-oxo-5-pentan- 2-yl-2-sulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-olate''
| image = tiopental.png
| width = 100
| CAS_number = 76-75-5
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = AF03
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N05|CA19}}
| PubChem = ?
| DrugBank = APRD00660
| chemical_formula = {{Carbon}}11{{Hydrogen}}17{{Nitrogen}}2{{Sodium}}{{Oxygen}}2{{Sulfur}}
| molecular_weight = 264.321
| bioavailability =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 5.89<ref>Russo H, Bres J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B. "Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients." Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995; 49(1-2):127-37. PMID: 8751034</ref>-26 hours<ref>Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ. "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section." ''Anesthesiology.'' 1981 Jun;54(6):474-80. PMID 7235275</ref>
| excretion =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_status = US:[[Schedule III]]
| routes_of_administration = Orally, intravenous
}}

'''Sodium thiopental''' also called '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''trapanal''' is a rapid-onset, short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anesthetic]].


==Barbiturates==
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act on the [[GABA A receptor|GABAA receptor]] in the brain and spinal cord. The GABAA receptor is an inhibitory channel which decreases neuronal activity and the barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABAA receptor. Barbiturates, [[benzodiazepine]]s, and alcohol all bind to the GABAA receptor, yet the barbiturates bind with the highest affinity. This explains why overdoses of barbiturates may be lethal whereas overdoses of benzodiazepines alone are typically not lethal. Barbiturates have anesthetic, [[sedative]], and [[hypnotic]] properties. Barbiturates do not have [[analgesic]] effects.{{fact}}

==Uses==
===Anesthesia===
Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate and is most commonly used in the induction phase of [[general anaesthesia]]. Following [[intravenous]] [[injection]] the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciousness within 30-45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body and in about 5-10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain such that consciouness returns.

Thiopental is not used for the maintenance of anesthesia in surgical procedures because it has a long [[context-sensitive half-time]], leading to a prolonged period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anaesthesia is usually maintained with an [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhaled anesthetic]] agent. This class of drugs has a relatively rapid elimination, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5-26 hour half-life, consciousness would take a long time to return.{{fact}}

===Medical-induced comas===
In addition to anesthesia induction, thiopental can be used to induce medical comas. Even though the drug is described as an ultra-short acting barbiturate, the drug's half-life is much longer and giving a larger dose ensures adequate concentrations in the brain to maintain anesthesia. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of the intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery may benefit from this drug. Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity and therefore decrease the production of osmotically active metabolites which in turn decrease swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to [[pentobarbital]]<ref>Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Peña A, Sahuquillo J, Ibáñez J. "Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]" [Article in Spanish] ''Neurocirugia (Astur).'' 2005 Feb;16(1):5-12; discussion 12-3. PMID 15756405 [http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf Fulltext]</ref> in reducing intracranial pressure.

===Physician assisted suicide===
Thiopental is used in some countries, such as the Netherlands, for the purposes of assisted suicide. {{fact}}

===Lethal injection===
Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]], thiopental is used in some states of the [[United States|US]] to execute prisoners by [[lethal injection]]. A megadose is given which places the patient into a rapidly induced coma. Executions using the three drug combination are usually effective in approximately 10 minutes. The use of thiopental alone is hypothesized to cause death in approximately 45 minutes.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-morales21feb21,0,246025.story?coll=la-home-headlines]</ref>

===Truth Serum===
Thiopental is still used in some places as a [[truth serum]]. The barbiturate drugs as a class decrease higher cortical brain functioning. Since lying is more complex than the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to the divulgement of the "truth." Reports indicate that thiopental has been used during the interrogation of [[Abu Faraj al-Libbi]]<ref>Massoud Ansari in Karachi [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/08/walq08.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/08/ixworld.html Truth drug fails to get al-Qa'eda No 3 to talk]</ref> in Pakistan and [[Abu Salem]] in India.

===Psychiatry===
Psychiatrists and hypnotists have also used thiopental to facilitate the answering of questions. {{fact}}

==Metabolism==
Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to pentobarbital,<ref>WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE. "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite." ''Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics.'' 1955 Jul;114(3):343-57. PMID 13243246</ref> 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.<ref>Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ. "[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry]" [Article in French] ''C R Acad Sci III.'' 1986;303(1):7-12. PMID 3093002</ref>

==Dosage==
The usual dose range for induction of anaesthesia using thiopentone is from 3 to 7 mg/kg, however, there are many factors which alter this. Premedication with sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] or [[clonidine]] will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors.

==Side effects==
As with nearly all [[anaesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only [[anesthesiologist]]s and other suitably trained [[physician|doctors]] should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]] and [[nausea]]. The hangover effects may last up to 36 hours.

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and [[Donalee L. Tabern]], working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. [[Ralph M. Waters]]<ref>[http://www.anes.uab.edu/march.htm This Month in Anesthesia History: March]</ref> in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.<ref>Steinhaus, John E. [http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/09_01/steinhaus.htm The Investigator and His ‘Uncompromising Scientific Honesty’] American Society of Anesthesiologists. ''NEWSLETTER.'' September 2001, Volume 65, Number 9.</ref> Three months later,<ref>[http://www.aana.com/archives/imagine/1997/08imagine97.asp Imagining in Time—''From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD''] August 1997, AANA Archives-Library</ref> Dr. [[John S. Lundy]] started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.<ref>[http://www.aana.com/archives/pdf/0008CHP7.pdf History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist] ''Archives of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists.'' 1953</ref>

It is famously associated with a number of anaesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after its discovery, were due to excessive doses given to [[shock]]ed trauma patients.

== External links ==

* [http://www.scienceweb.org/tv/highincident.html Scienceweb.org: Sodium Pentothal]

==References and end notes==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]
* [http://www.hospira.com/Files/PDF/Pentothal-PI.pdf Pentothal] Abbott Laboratories. 1993.

<references />

{{Barbiturates}}


[[Category:Anesthetics]]
[[Category:Barbiturates]]
[[Category:Lethal injection components]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]


[[de:Thiopental]]
[[es:Tiopental sodio]]
[[fr:Sodium thiopental]]
[[ja:チオペンタール]]
[[it:Pentothal]]
[[pl:Tiopental]]

Blue Hills Reservation

2006-02-26T16:31:46Z

Capecodeph: grammar

The [[Blue Hills Reservation]] is a conservation area located in eastern [[Massachusetts]] including land from the cities of [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]], [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]], [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]], [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Randolph, Massachusetts|Randolph]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. The reservation consists of about 7000 acres.

The Blue Hills' gentle terrain and scenic views, in combination with the reservation's proximity to Boston, make it a popular destination for hikers from the metropolitan area. The highest point within the reservation, [[Great Blue Hill]] in Milton, is the site of a historic weather observatory whose tower offers views of Boston and the surrounding area. Between approximately December and March, Great Blue Hill also offers a [[Blue Hills Ski Area|ski area]].

The reservation has affiliations with the [[Massachusetts Audubon Society]] (named for the famous ornithologist, [[John James Audubon]]). It includes a museum called the Trailside Museum, known by locals simply as "the Trailside."

The name of the state "Massachusetts" derives from the [[Native American]] name for these hills.

==External links==
* [http://www.mass.gov/mdc/BLUE.HTM Blue Hills Reservation] information from the Commonwealth's Conservation division
* The [http://www.bluehill.org/ Blue Hill Observatory] Meteorological Observatory Official Site
* [http://www.massaudubon.org Massachusetts Audubon Society]
* The [http://www.massaudubon.org/Nature_Connection/Sanctuaries/Blue_Hills/index.php Blue Hills Trailside Museum]
* [http://www.thenewbluehills.com Blue Hills Ski Area] Ski Area Official Site
* [http://www.friendsofthebluehills.org/ Friends of the Blue Hills], a community preservation group

{{Massachusetts-geo-stub}}

Chelsea (Massachusetts)

2006-02-23T16:13:46Z

Capecodeph: rv vandalism

[[Image:ChelseaCityHall.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Chelsea City Hall]]
The City of '''Chelsea''' is located in [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]] directly across the [[Mystic River]] from the City of [[Boston]]. Chelsea was first settled in 1624, established itself as a town in 1739 and was incorporated as a city in 1857.

== Geography ==
Chelsea is located at 42°23'47" North, 71°2'1" West (42.396382, -71.033529){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 6.4 [[square kilometer|km²]] (2.5 [[square mile|mi²]]). 5.7 km² (2.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 11.69% water.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there are 35,080 people, 11,888 households, and 7,608 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 6,184.7/km² (16,036.8/mi²). There are 12,337 housing units at an average density of 2,175.0/km² (5,639.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 57.95% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 7.25% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.48% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.69% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 22.94% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 6.58% from two or more races. 48.42% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There are 11,888 households out of which 36.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 20.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% are non-families. 28.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.87 and the average family size is 3.50.

In the city the population is spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $30,161, and the median income for a family is $32,130. Males have a median income of $27,280 versus $26,010 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $14,628. 23.3% of the population and 20.6% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

== External links ==
* [http://www.chelseama.gov/Home/ City of Chelsea Official Website]
* [http://www.chelseachamber.org/ Chelsea Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.chelsearecord.com/ The Chelsea Record Newspaper]

{{Geolinks-US-cityscale|42.396382|-71.033529}}

[[Category:Cities in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Suffolk County, Massachusetts]]

{{Massachusetts}}

Castle Island (Massachusetts)

2006-01-28T06:45:41Z

Capecodeph: general language clean up, refined mass dcr link

'''"Castle Island"''' is a 22 acre (89,000 m²) major recreation site located in [[South Boston]] on Boston Harbor, owned by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]]. First named Fort William by the British, it was renamed Fort Independence by Americans in [[1779]] and is one of the oldest fortified sites in British North America. Long recognized for its stategic location, the fort helped protect Boston from British attack during the [[War of 1812]]. The current "[[Castle]]" is a five sided fort built before the [[American Civil War]], while the "Island" is now connected to the mainland by pedestrian and vehicle causeways.

Local lore has it that an unpopular officer was walled up in the fort's dungeon following a duel in which he slayed a more popular man. [[Edgar Allan Poe]] learned of the legend while serving on Castle Island in the Army, and his short story "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]" is said to be based on it.

During the [[Second World War]] the [[Navy]] used the site for a ship [[degaussing]] station.

Today the Castle Island fort is open to tours in the summer. There is a monument to [[Donald McKay]] who built the clipper ships [[Flying Cloud]] and [[Sovereign of the Seas]].

== External links ==
* [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/castle.htm Castle Island]
* [http://www.masshist.org/objects/2005june.cfm Mass Hist Society Website FOR REFERENCE ONLY]
[[category:Boston, Massachusetts]]

Massachusetts Route 203

2006-01-28T06:23:36Z

Capecodeph: refined wikilink: mass dcr

'''Route 203''' is a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) [[state-numbered route]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[United States]], running from old [[U.S. Route 1]] in [[Jamaica Plain (MA)|Jamaica Plain]] east to [[Interstate 93]]/[[U.S. Route 1]]/[[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and [[Route 3A (Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] at [[Neponset, Massachusetts|Neponset]]. It runs along the [[Arborway]], [[Morton Street (Boston)|Morton Street]] and [[Gallivan Boulevard]], all former [[MDC parkway]]s.

==Maintenance==
The whole road is maintained by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]], (previously the [[Metropolitan District Commission]]).

==History==
Route 203 was formed in the early 1970s as part of a large [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]-area renumbering. Most of the route had been part of [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]], which came south along the [[Jamaicaway]] with [[U.S. Route 1]] and split to the east along present Route 203. Route 3 turned south at [[Granite Avenue (Boston)|Granite Avenue]] to join the [[Southeast Expressway (Boston)|Southeast Expressway]] in [[Milton (MA)|Milton]], and [[Route 3A (Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] began where Route 3 turned. With the renumbering, Route 3 was kept on the Southeast Expressway into downtown, Route 3A was truncated to its current end, and the former Route 3 and Route 3A became Route 203. While the former routes had been signed north-south, the new route was signed east-west.

The only other change has been the removal of [[U.S. Route 1]] from the west end of Route 203; it no longer ends at a numbered route at its west end.

==References==
*Various old maps

{{masr box|before=US 202|beforeother=|title=203|after=213|afterother=[[Route 204 (Massachusetts)|204]]; [[Route 209 (Massachusetts)|209]]}}

[[Category:Numbered routes in Massachusetts|203]]

Alewife Brook Reservation

2006-01-28T06:22:02Z

Capecodeph: removed unnecessary square meterage, language clean-up

'''Alewife Brook Reservation''' is a 120 [[acre]] [[wildlife]] [[park]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], owned by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]]. A large proportion of the park is [[wetlands|wetland]], including the Little River, though there is also a wooded upland and meadow area. The reservation is adjacent to the [[Alewife (MBTA station)|Alewife]] station of the Boston [[MBTA]] and can be reached by several [[bike path|bike paths]], including the [[Minuteman Bikeway]]. The Fitchburg Cutoff rail-trail also runs through the reservation.

Birdlife includes [[osprey]], [[great blue heron]] and the [[woodcock]], whose unusual mating ritual may sometimes be observed by visitors. The park's ponds provide spring spawning grounds for [[Fish migration|anadromous]] [[herring]], which migrate from the [[Atlantic Ocean]].

==External links==
* [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/alewife.htm Alewife Brook Reservation]
* Map resources {{coor d|42.398|N|71.15|W|type:landmark}}

{{massachusetts-geo-stub}}

[[category:Boston, Massachusetts]]

Middlesex Fells Reservation

2006-01-28T06:09:54Z

Capecodeph: general language clean up, refined mass dcr link

[[Image:Fells cliff.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A cliff in the Fells.]]
The '''Middlesex Fells Reservation''' in [[Massachusetts]] is a land reservation managed by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]] and the conservation group ''Friends of the Fells''. The land borders the Massachusetts cities of [[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]], [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], [[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose]], and the towns of [[Stoneham, Massachusetts|Stoneham]] and [[Winchester, Massachusetts|Winchester]].

== History ==
Created in [[1891]] and managed by the Commonwealth starting in [[1893]], the reservation was begun by the donation of "Virginia Wood" by [[Charles Eliot]] to [[The Trustees of Reservations]]. The reservation has since grown to a total of 2,575 acres.

Part of an envisioned ring of public parks in the hills around [[Boston]], the Fells offers a collection of hiking trails, climbing terrain, picnicking spots, and space for many other outdoor activities.

== Water ==
[[Image:Fells panorama.jpg|left|thumb|260px|Middle Reservoir seen from the [[causeway]] separating it from South Reservoir.]]

Today the park surrounds two currently inactive reservoirs, Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir, and the three (North, Middle, and South) active reservoirs of the town of Winchester. Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir are part of the Wachusett [[Water supply network|water system]], one of six primary water systems that feed [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority|metropolitan Boston's waterworks]].

== External links ==
*[http://www.fellsbiker.com Comprehensive Website About The Fells, With Maps]
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/uphistory.htm Massachusetts Division of Urban Parks and Recreation History]
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/fells.htm The State's Fells page]
*[http://www.fells.org/fells.html The Friends of the Fells site]
*[http://www.mwra.com/04water/html/hist1.htm Boston's waterworks]

[[Category:Massachusetts state parks]]

Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area

2006-01-28T05:56:30Z

Capecodeph: refined wikilink: mass dcr

[[Image:Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.png|thumb|right|500px|The Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.]]

The '''Harbor Islands''' of Boston Harbor, [[Boston, Massachusetts]], are a collection of 34 [[island]]s, many of which are open for public recreation and some of which are very small and best suited for wildlife. The islands are part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The park is run by the Boston Harbor Islands Partnership, which includes [[National Park Service]] and the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]].

==List of Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area==
** [[Green Island]]
** [[Calf Island]]
** [[Little Calf Island]]
** [[Outer Brewster Island]]
** [[Middle Brewster Island]]
** [[Great Brewster Island]]
** [[Little Brewster Island]]
** [[Gallops Island]]
** [[Lovells Island]]
** [[Georges Island]]
** [[Peddocks Island]]
** [[Bumpkin Island]]
** [[Grape Island]]
** [[Slate Island]]
** [[Raccoon Island]]
** [[Hangman Island]]
** [[Thompson Island]]
** [[Spectacle Island, Massachusetts|Spectacle Island]]
** [[Rainsford Island]]
** [[Long Island, Massachusetts|Long Island]]
** [[Deer Island]]
** [[Snake Island, Massachusetts|Snake Island]]
** [[Langle Island]]
** [[Nixes Mate]]
** [[World's End (Hingham)|World's End]]

* Other Harbor Islands
** [[Castle Island - park land]]
** [[Spinnaker Island - condominiums]]

==External links==
*[http://www.nps.gov/boha/ Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area]
*[http://www.bostonislands.org/default.asp Boston Harbor Islands Visitor Guide]

[[Category:Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Geography of Massachusetts]]

Quabbin Reservoir

2006-01-28T05:56:06Z

Capecodeph: refined wikilink: mass dcr

The '''Quabbin Reservoir''' is the largest body of water in the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[Massachusetts]]. Built between 1930 and 1940, it is the primary water supply for [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. It has an aggregate capacity of 412 billion U.S. [[gallon]]s (1.56 km³) and an area of 37 square miles (96 km²). Water from the Quabbin flows to the [[Wachusett Reservoir]] by way of the [[Quabbin Aqueduct]]. The Quabbin watershed is managed by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]]; the water supply system is operated by the [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority]].

== History ==
Boston began to outstrip its local water supplies in the early part of the [[nineteenth century]]. Many possible sources of water were explored, including groundwater and rivers, but none were considered adequate in quantity and cleanliness to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city. After several years of controversy, the [[Massachusetts General Court]] authorized the construction of the [[Cochituate Aqueduct]] to bring water to Boston from [[Lake Cochituate]] in [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]]. This established three important policies which still remain in force today:
# Public, rather than private, ownership of the public water supply system.
# Use of upland reservoirs, with gravity-fed rather than pumped supply systems.
# Watershed protection, rather than filtration, as the primary mechanism of ensuring wholesome supplies.

By [[1875]], with demand again on the verge of exceeding supply, the [[Boston Water Board]] was established to take over the operations of the Cochituate Water Board, construct five new reservoirs on the [[Sudbury River]] in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], and a new [[Sudbury Aqueduct]] to deliver that water to the city. In [[1895]], the Massachusetts Board of Health issued a report analyzing population and water-use trends, and recommended the creation of a Metropolitan Water District, serving several suburban communities in addition to Boston, and the construction of two new reservoirs: one on the Nashua River northeast of Worcester, and one in the [[Swift River Valley]].

The General Court acted to establish the Metropolitan Water District, including 26 communities within ten miles of the [[Massachusetts State House]], later in 1895. [[Wachusett Reservoir]] was completed in [[1908]]. The Board of Health study had anticipated that Swift River water would be required by [[1915]], but this prediction had proven overly pessimistic. The introduction of mandatory water metering in Water District communities, and other efforts to reduce waste and inefficient uses, made it possible to delay construction of new water sources until the [[1930s]]. A [[1922]] study officially endorsed the Swift River Valley as the next extension of the water system, now under the auspices of the [[Metropolitan District Commission]].

In [[1926]], construction began on the first stage of the project, a tunnel connecting Wachusett Reservoir with the [[Ware River]]. During the 1930s, this tunnel was extended to the [[Swift River]]; the complete tunnel is now known as the [[Quabbin Tunnel]].

The project was enthusiastically supported by lawmakers in the Boston area, but bitterly opposed by residents of the affected towns, who took their case all the way to the [[Massachusetts Supreme Court]], but lost. The state of [[Connecticut]] also unsuccessfully sued Massachusetts, claiming waters that were rightfully meant to flow into the [[Connecticut River]] and subsequenely through their state, were being illegally diverted.

The Quabbin was formed by inundating the [[Swift River Valley]], a drainage basin lying entirely within the state, by damming the river and a [[col]] that would otherwise have provided another outlet for its water. Construction began in [[1936]].

The Quabbin's creation required the depopulation and thus the disincorporation, in April of [[1938]], of four towns: [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]], [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]], and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]]. (The latter three are the namesakes of housing complexes at nearby [[Hampshire College]].) Their land was annexed to surrounding municipalities. Thirty-six miles of the [[Boston and Albany Railroad]]'s Athol Branch, originally the [[Springfield, Athol and Northeastern Railroad]] was abandoned. [[Massachusetts Route 21|Route 21]], formerly reaching Athol, was truncated to the south side of the reservoir, and new roads - now [[US 202]] and [[Massachusetts Route 32A|Route 32A]] - were built on each side.

Although many people assume that the buildings remained intact (though submerged), in fact all buildings inside the shoreline were razed, and their flammable debris was burned nearby. However, some submerged roads are visible from overhead. The vegetation of the now submerged area was [[Clearfelling|clear-cut]] and likewise burned. The outflow from the valley was stopped in 1939, and the reservoir filled and began supplying water in 1946. Areas within the watershed but not inundated were likewise cleared of structures and depopulated, for water-quality protection.

In 1947, the Massachusetts Legislature authorized the construction of the [[Chicopee Valley Aqueduct]], to deliver Quabbin water to three communities in Western Massachusetts: [[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]], [[South Hadley, Massachusetts|South Hadley]], and [[Wilbraham, Massachusetts|Wilbraham]]. In [[1951]], with the Quabbin-Wachusett system sufficient to meet foreseeable needs, the Cochituate Aqueduct was abandoned, and the Framingham reservoir system was placed on emergency stand-by.

== Present Day ==
Large portions of Dana are on higher ground, and its remains, predominantly [[cellar holes]], can be visited as of [[2005]]. Much of Prescott is also above water, on what is now known as the Prescott Peninsula, but it cannot be visited because of state restrictions. The center of what was once Prescott has been further leveled, for instance refilling cellar holes, to accommodate the [[Five College Radio Astronomy Telescope]] operated by the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].

== References ==
* http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/hauntingquabbin/default.asp
* [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]], [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/central/quabbin.htm Quabbin Reservoir], accessed on 2005-10-20
* [[Massachusetts Water Resources Authority]], [http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/html/hist1.htm Water System History], accessed on 2005-10-20
* [[Wallace, Floyd Associates]], [http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/pdf/ws1984book.pdf A History of the Development of the Metropolitan District Commission Water Supply System], in [[Metropolitan District Commission]], ''Water Supply Study and Environmental Impact Report-2020'', Task 18-20, September, 1984; accessed on 2005-10-20

[[Category:Geography of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in the United States]]

Chelsea (Massachusetts)

2006-01-13T02:49:25Z

Capecodeph: added wikilink, corrected capitalization (only with full city/town titles), removed duplicated info (demographics/geography appear later)

Great Blue Hill

2005-12-29T09:49:07Z

Capecodeph: minor corrections

'''Great Blue Hill''' is a hill of 635 feet (194 m) located within the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in eastern [[Massachusetts]], 10 miles southwest of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. Its summit is the highest point within ten miles of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast south of central [[Maine]]. For this reason, American meteorologist [[Abbott Lawrence Rotch]] chose Great Blue Hill as the site for an observatory, which became known as the [[Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory]] after its completion in [[1885]]. Rotch conducted ground-breaking studies of the atmosphere at Blue Hill for many years, and the National Weather Service still gathers data at the site to this day. From the modern—albeit somewhat neglected—Eliot Tower at the summit of the mountain, one can often see the city of Boston and many of the surrounding hills of the [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]] and [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] area. Great Blue Hill, and the Blue Hills Reservation in general, is a popular hiking destination, valued as much for its splendid trails and views as for its proximity to the metropolitan area.

The well known Boston public television and radio station [[WGBH]] takes its call letters from '''G'''reat '''B'''lue '''H'''ill, the original location of the station's [[Frequency modulation|FM]] and [[Television|TV]] transmitters.

==External links==
* [http://www.mass.gov/mdc/BLUE.HTM Blue Hill Reservation], information from the Commonwealth's Conservation Division
* [http://www.mountainsummits.com/mountains/massachusetts/greatbluehill.htm Great Blue Hill], technical data from mountainsummits.com
* The [http://www.bluehill.org/ Blue Hill Observatory] homepage
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4j.htm The Blue Hill Observatory], a history of the observatory
* [http://www.friendsofthebluehills.org/ Friends of the Blue Hills], a community preservation group

Great Blue Hill

2005-12-29T09:40:07Z

Capecodeph: formatting correction

'''Great Blue Hill''' is a hill of 635 feet (194 m) located within the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in eastern [[Massachusetts]], 10 miles southwest of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. Its summit is the highest point within ten miles of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast south of central [[Maine]]. For this reason, American meteorologist [[Abbott Lawrence Rotch]] chose Great Blue Hill as the site for an observatory, which became known as the [[Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory]] after its completion in [[1885]]. Rotch conducted ground-breaking studies of the atmosphere at Blue Hill for many years, and the National Weather Service still gathers data at the site to this day. From the modern—albeit somewhat neglected—Eliot Tower at the summit of the mountain, one can often see the city of Boston and many of the surrounding hills of the [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]] and [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] area. Great Blue Hill, and the Blue Hills Reservation in general, is a popular hiking destination, valued as much for its splendid trails and views as for its proximity to the metropolitan area.

The local television and radio station [[WGBH]] takes its call letters from '''G'''reat '''B'''lue '''H'''ill, the original location of the station's [[Frequency modulation|FM]] and [[Television|TV]] transmitter.

==External links==
* [http://www.mass.gov/mdc/BLUE.HTM Blue Hill Reservation], information from the Commonwealth's Conservation Division
* [http://www.mountainsummits.com/mountains/massachusetts/greatbluehill.htm Great Blue Hill], technical data from mountainsummits.com
* The [http://www.bluehill.org/ Blue Hill Observatory] homepage
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4j.htm The Blue Hill Observatory], a history of the observatory
* [http://www.friendsofthebluehills.org/ Friends of the Blue Hills], a community preservation group

Great Blue Hill

2005-12-29T08:32:35Z

Capecodeph: updated links, added wgbh info

'''Great Blue Hill''' is a hill of 635 feet (194 m) located within the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in eastern [[Massachusetts]], 10 miles southwest of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. Its summit is the highest point within ten miles of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast south of central [[Maine]]. For this reason, American meteorologist [[Abbott Lawrence Rotch]] chose Great Blue Hill as the site for an observatory, which became known as the [[Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory]] after its completion in [[1885]]. Rotch conducted ground-breaking studies of the atmosphere at Blue Hill for many years, and the National Weather Service still gathers data at the site to this day. From the modern—albeit somewhat neglected—Eliot Tower at the summit of the mountain, one can often see the city of Boston and many of the surrounding hills of the [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]] and [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] area. Great Blue Hill, and the Blue Hills Reservation in general, is a popular hiking destination, valued as much for its splendid trails and views as for its proximity to the metropolitan area.

The local television and radio station [[WGBH]] takes its call letters from '''G'''reat '''B'''lue Hill, the original location of the station's [[Frequency modulation|FM]] and [[Television|TV]] transmitter.

==External links==
* [http://www.mass.gov/mdc/BLUE.HTM Blue Hill Reservation], information from the Commonwealth's Conservation Division
* [http://www.mountainsummits.com/mountains/massachusetts/greatbluehill.htm Great Blue Hill], technical data from mountainsummits.com
* The [http://www.bluehill.org/ Blue Hill Observatory] homepage
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4j.htm The Blue Hill Observatory], a history of the observatory
* [http://www.friendsofthebluehills.org/ Friends of the Blue Hills], a community preservation group

Blue Hills Reservation

2005-12-29T08:15:40Z

Capecodeph: Created brief article about the Blue Hills of MA

Great Blue Hill

2005-12-29T07:43:26Z

Capecodeph: Original creation

'''Great Blue Hill''' is a hill of 635 feet (194 m) located within the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in eastern [[Massachusetts]], 10 miles southwest of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. Its summit is the highest point within ten miles of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast south of central [[Maine]]. For this reason, American meteorologist [[Abbott Lawrence Rotch]] chose Great Blue Hill as the site for an observatory, which became known as the [[Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory]] after its completion in [[1885]]. Rotch conducted ground-breaking studies of the atmosphere at Blue Hill for many years, and the National Weather Service still gathers data at the site to this day. From the modern—albeit somewhat neglected—Eliot Tower at the summit of the mountain, one can often see the city of Boston and many of the surrounding hills of the [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]] and [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] area. Great Blue Hill, and the Blue Hills Reservation in general, is a popular hiking destination, valued as much for its splendid trails and views as for its proximity to the metropolitan area.

==External links==
* [http://www.mass.gov/mdc/BLUE.HTM Blue Hill Reservation], information from the Commonwealth's Conservation Division
* [http://www.mountainsummits.com/mountains/massachusetts/greatbluehill.htm Great Blue Hill], technical data from mountainsummits.com
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4j.htm The Blue Hill Observatory], a history of the observatory

Castle Island (Massachusetts)

2005-12-09T18:43:50Z

Capecodeph: revert vandalism by User:129.55.200.20 to last version by User:Herostratus

'''"Castle Island"''' is a 22 acre (89,000 m²) major recreation site located in [[South Boston]] on Boston Harbor, owned by the [[Department of Conservation and Recreation]]. It is the site of [Fort Independence], one of the oldest fortified sites in British North America. It was first called Fort William by the British, and renamed Fort Independence in 1779. It protected Boston Harbor in the [[War of 1812]]. The current "[[Castle]]" is a five sided fort built before the [[Civil War]].

Local legend has it that the remains of an unpopular officer were found walled up at the fort while [[Edgar Allan Poe]] served there in the Army and this became the basis of his story [[The Cask of Amontillado]]. There is no proof of this being true.

During the [[Second World War]] the [[Navy]] used the site for a ship [[degaussing]] station.

Today the Castle Island fort is open to tours in the summer. There is a monument to [[Donald McKay]] who built the clipper ships [[Flying Cloud]] and [[Sovereign of the Seas]].

== External links ==
* [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/castle.htm Castle Island]

[[category:Boston, Massachusetts]]

Keemun

2005-08-05T02:15:02Z

Capecodeph: spelling error

{{Infobox_Tea |
Tea_name = Keemun |
Tea_type = [[Black_tea|Black]] |
Tea_color = Black |
Tea_image = No picture availible |
Tea_origin = [[Qimen]], [[Anhui|Anhui Province]], [[China]] |
Tea_names = [[Qimen]], 祁门, qímén, Qimen Hong Cha |
Tea_quick = Plesanty fruity with hints of pine
}}

'''Keemun''' is a [[black tea|black]] [[China|Chinese]] [[tea]] with a [[wine]]y and [[fruit]]y [[taste]], with depth and complexity. Keemun is produced in the [[Qimen]] (祁门 qímén) precinct of [[Anhui]] province in central China. 'Keemun' is actually the English name for 'Qimen' in the colonial era.

Keemun has a relatively short history. It was first produced in [[1875]] by a failed civil servant [[Yu Quianchen]], after he travelled to [[Fujian]] province to learn the secrets of black tea production. Prior to that, only [[green tea]] was made in Anhui. The result exceeded his expectations, and the excellent Keemun tea quickly gained popularity in [[England]], and became the most prominent ingredient of the [[English Breakfast tea]] blend.

__TOC__

==Tasting and brewing==

The [[smell|aroma]] of Keemun is fruity, with hints of [[pine]] (like in [[Lapsang souchong]]) and [[flower]]iness (but not at all as florid as [[Darjeeling tea]]) which creates the very distinctive and balanced taste. Keemun contains less [[caffeine]] than [[Assam tea]]. The tea can have a more bitter taste and the smokiness can be more defined depending on the variety.

Keemun is typically enjoyed without [[milk]] or [[sugar]]; however it goes well with milk as well.

==Varieties==

* '''Keemun Mao Feng''' is a variety, where ''Mao Feng'' means Fur Peak, which is made of only slightly twisted leaf buds and is sometimes noted for a smoother and different flavor. Many people prefer to brew the tea for a considerable amount of time, in fact up to 7 minutes, while using a smaller quantity in order to bring out more interesting tones in the tea.

* '''Keemun Xin Ya''' is the early bud variety, it is said to have less bitterness.

* '''Keemun Hao Ya''' is a variety known for it's fine buds, sometimes showing prominent amounts of silver tips, and is generally the higest grade. In itself Hao Ya is sometimes separated into A and B, where A is the better grade.

* '''Hubei Keemun''' is a variety that comes from the [[Hubei|Hubei Province]] west of [[Anhui]] but the tea is said to have similar qualities to the [[Anhui]] Keemun.

==External Links==

* [http://www.teaspring.com/Tian-Fang-Keemun.asp] Teaspring page on Keemun Tea
* [http://www.uptontea.com/shopcart/item.asp?from=catalog.asp&itemID=ZK98&parent=Teas%3EBlack%3EChina&category=Keemun&sortMethod=0&categoryID=] Upton page on Keemun Mao Feng
* [http://www.marketers-unlimited.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=2_43_45] Coffee Tea Pots and Cups page on Keemun
[[Category:Tea]]
[[Category:Infobox Tea/No_Picture]]

[[ja:祁門]]
[[ru:Кимун чай]]
[[zh:祁门红茶]]

Detroit Electric Car Company

2005-08-05T02:00:34Z

Capecodeph: spelling error

[[Image:1915 Detroit Electric.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1915 Detroit Electric [[Brougham]]]]
'''Detroit Electric''' ([[1907]] - [[1939]]) was an [[automobile]] brand produced by the Anderson Electric Car Company in Detroit Michigan. Anderson had previously been known as the Anderson Carriage Company (untill 1910), producing carriages and buggies since 1884. Production of the electric automobile, powered by a rechargeable lead acid battery, began in 1907. For an additional $600.00 an Edison nickel-steel battery was available from 1911 to 1916.

The [[electric vehicle]] was mainly sold to women drivers and physicians who desired the dependable and immediate start without the physically demanding hand cranking of the engine which was required with most early [[internal combustion engine]] autos. The cars were advertised as reliably getting 80 miles (130 km) between battery recharging, although in tests one Detroit Electric ran 211.3 miles (340.1 km) on a single charge. Top speed was only about 20 miles per hour (32 km/h), but this was considered adequate for driving within city or town limits at the time.

[[Image:1920DetroitElectricAd.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|1920 advertisement]]

The company production was at its peak in the [[1910s]] selling around 1000 to 2000 cars a year. Towards the end of the decade the Electric was helped by the high prices of [[gasoline]] during [[World War I]]. In [[1920]] the name of the Anderson company was changed to "The Detroit Electric Car Company" as the car maker separated from the body business (it became part of Murray Body) and the motor/controler business (Elwell-Parker).

As improved internal combustion engine automobiles became more common and inexpensive, sales of the Electric dropped in the [[1920s]] but the company stayed in business producing Detroit Electrics until after the [[Stock Market]] crash of [[1929]]. The company filed for bankruptcy, but was acquired and kept in business on a more limited scale for some years, mostly building cars in response to special orders. The last Detroit Electric was shipped 2-23-39, but in its final years the cars were manufactured only in very small numbers.

Notable people who owned Detroit Electrics cars included [[Thomas Edison]], [[Charles Proteus Steinmetz]] and [[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]] who had a pair of model 46 roadsters. Clara Ford, the wife of [[Henry Ford]], drove Detroit Electrics from 1908 when Henry bought her a model C coupe with a special child seat, untill the late teens. Her third car was a 1914 model 43 Brougham.

An electric car is depicted in the [[Donald Duck]] [[comic books]] as the car of the character [[Grandma Duck]].

==See also==
*[[List of automobile manufacturers]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ctrc.org/detroit.html 1916 Detroit Electric Touring Car] short article and photograph
* [http://www.forneymuseum.com/DetroitElectric.htm Detroit Electric car at Forney Museum] article with photos of a 1914 Detroit Electric Opera Coupe
* [http://www.ktsmotorsportsgarage.com/amelia01/pages/detroit.shtml photo of 1931 model Detroit Electric]


[[Category:Vintage vehicles]]
[[Category:Electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Car companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

North Ryde

2005-08-05T00:59:53Z

Capecodeph: spelling error

'''North Ryde''' is a suburb in the north of [[Sydney]], in the state of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. It is part of the region of [[Lower Northern Sydney]], the state electorates of [[Lane Cove]] & [[Ryde, New South Wales|Ryde]] and the federal electorate of [[Bennelong]]. It is located approximately 17 km from the [[central business district|CBD]] in the City of [[Ryde, New South Wales|Ryde]], nearby suburbs include [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]], [[East Ryde, New South Wales|East Ryde]], [[Eastwood, New South Wales|Eastwood]], [[Pymble, New South Wales|Pymble]], [[Chatswood]], [[Lane Cove]] and [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. Although officially a separate suburb, [[Macquarie Park, New South Wales|Macquarie Park]] (neighbouring to the north) is considered by many to be part of North Ryde as it was officially part of the suburb until the [[1960s]] when it was rezoned. [[Macquarie Park, New South Wales|Macquarie Park]] and North Ryde share the same postcode of 2113 (as does [[East Ryde, New South Wales|East Ryde]]), and many businesses and residences (despite being in Macquarie Park) still advertise their address as being in North Ryde. [[East Ryde, New South Wales|East Ryde]] was also part of North Ryde until the [[1960s]], but unlike [[Macquarie Park, New South Wales|Macquarie Park]], has forged its own identity as a separate suburb.

==History==
North Ryde was established in the mid [[19th century]] in what was a heavily vegetated area, as a farming district next to the already established district of [[Ryde, New South Wales|Ryde]]. It is not known when the district became known as North Ryde, however the earliest reference appears to be [[1879]] when the district's first public [[school]] (opened in [[1878]]) changed its name from '''City View Public School''' to '''North Ryde Public School'''. Main farming activity included [[orchards]], [[market garden]]s and [[poultry]]. It remained rural until after [[World War II]] when the state government purchased and subdivided much of the land for [[public housing]]. Although there is still some public housing in the area, much of the residential properties have transferred into private hands, which has transformed the area into an [[middle class|upper-middle class]] suburb.

The mid 1960's saw the combined establishment of the North Ryde Industrial Area and [[Macquarie University]], an idea originating from the industrial areas surrounding [[Stanford University]] in [[San Franscisco]]. Industries were originally limited to being light, science related and include research activities. Many major hi-tech corporations have established their Australian [[headquarters]] in the area most notably the [[information technology]] sector including [[Microsoft]], [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]], [[Sony]], [[Phillips]], [[Avaya]] and also the [[pharmaceutical]] sector with such companies as [[Johnson & Johnson]] and [[AstraZeneca]].

==Local landmarks==
Local landmarks of North Ryde include [[Eden Gardens]], the [[Macquarie Centre]], the [[North Ryde Golf Club]] and the [[Australian Film, Television and Radio School]]. Recently however, North Ryde's palmtree-lined Cox's Road has developed a reputation for modern AlFresco style dining with flash streetside cafės and restaurants lining the sidewalks. The Lane Cove River Bridge linking the [[City of Ryde]] and the [[Municipality of Lane Cove]] is one of Lower Northern Sydney's historical precints.

==Transportation==
The area is well served by public buses, and will have three [[CityRail|railway]] stations with the completion of the [[Epping to Chatswood railway line, Sydney|Epping to Chatswood rail link]] in [[2008]]. The stations are at [[Macquarie Park railway station, Sydney|Macquarie Park]], [[Macquarie University railway station, Sydney|Macquarie University]] and [[Delhi Road railway station, Sydney|Delhi Road]].

[[category:incomplete Sydney suburbs]]
[[Category: Suburbs of Sydney]]

Datenschutz im Internet

2005-08-05T00:48:52Z

Capecodeph: spelling error

'''Internet privacy''' is [[privacy]] over the mediums of the [[Internet]]: being able to control what information about oneself is revealed over the Internet, and to whom that information is available. The term is often used to mean universal Internet privacy: ''every'' user of the Internet posessing Internet privacy. It is a subset of [[computer privacy]]. The concensus among Internet privacy experts is that Internet privacy is not, in general, a reality. Privacy advocates believe that it should be.

==Prerequisites==

This article is about Internet privacy. Readers should understand the general topics of [[privacy]] and [[personally-identifiable information]].

This article is not about the related topics of [[anonymity]] or [[pseudonymity]], nor the separate topics of [[security]] or [[information security]].

==Levels of privacy==

For people with only a casual interest in Internet privacy, it is not neccessary to achieve total [[anonymity]]. Regular Internet users with an eye to privacy may be able to achieve a desirable level of privacy through careful disclosure of personal information and by avoiding [[spyware]]. IP addresses, non-personally-identifiable profiling, and so on would be acceptable trade-offs for the convenience that would otherwise be lost working around them.

On the other hand, some people desire much stronger privacy. In that case, they may use '''Internet anonymity''' to ensure privacy—use of the Internet without third parties being able to link the Internet activities to [[personally-identifiable information]] of the Internet user.

==Risks to Internet privacy==

Those who are concerned about Internet privacy often cite a number of '''privacy risks'''—events that can compromise privacy—that can be encountered through Internet use. Unfortunately, since Internet privacy is a complex subject, it is frequently misunderstood. Therefore this section covers not only real privacy risks, but also risks that are overemphasized.

===Cookies===
:''See main article, [[HTTP cookie]]''

[[HTTP cookie|Cookie]]s are perhaps the widest-recognized privacy risk, receiving an inordinate amount of attention. Although they are most commonly used for legitimate, desireable purposes, in some cases they can be—and have been—abused.

A HTTP cookie is a piece of information stored on a user's computer to add [[statefulness]] to web browsing. The user is not explicitly made aware that the cookie is being stored. (Although some users object to that, it is not properly an Internet privacy concern, although it does have implications to computer privacy, and specifically [[computer forensics]]).

Cookies were intended to be retrievable only by the website that originally sent them, therefore giving back only data already possessed by the website. However, in actual practice it is feasible to circumvent this. Possible consequences are:
* that a [[personally-identifiable information|personally-identifiable]] tag can be placed on a browser to facilitate [[web profiling]] (see below), or,
* that in some circumstances [[cross-site scripting]] or other techniques can be used to steal information from a user's cookies.

Many users choose to disable cookies in their web browsers. This eliminates the potential privacy risks, but may severely limit or prevent the functionality of many websites. All significant web browsers have this ability built-in; no external program is required. An alternative is to frequently delete any present cookies. Again, all significant web browsers have a built-in means to clear cookies; no external program is required. Some browsers (for example, [[Mozilla Firefox]]) have an option to automatically clear cookies whenever the browser is closed. A third option is to allow cookies in general, but to prevent their abuse.

===Browsing profiles===

'''Profiling''' (also known as "tracking") is a process whereby several events, each attributable to a single originating entity, are assembled and analysed in order to gain information, especially patterns of activity, about the originating entity. On the Internet, certain organizations employ profiling of people's web browsing, collecting the [[URL]]s of sites visited. The resulting profiles may or may not be connected (or connectable) with information that personally identifies the people who did the browsing.

This practice is legitimately used, for example, by some web marketing organizations in order to create profiles of 'typical Internet users'. Such profiles, which describe average trends of large groups of Internet users rather than actual individuals, can then be used for [[market analysis]]. Although the aggregate data is not a privacy violation, some people believe that the initial profiling is.

Profiling becomes a more contentious privacy issue, on the other hand, when the profile of an individual is connected with personally-identifiable information of the individual.


Governments and organizations may set up websites with controversial topics to attract and track unwary people. This is potentially dangerous for individuals.


===IP addresses===

:''See main article [[IP address]]''

Every device on the Internet (including online computers) has an [[IP address]], an identifying number used to route data. This number is assigned by the device's [[Internet Service Provider]] (ISP), and may be semi-permanent (for example, assigned for the duration of an account) or temporary (many [[dial-up]] connections, for example, are given new IP addresses each time they connect).

Every [[packet]] (piece of data) moving through the Internet is tagged with the IP addresses of who its source and destination. This is essential for the proper working of the Internet. Consequently, any direct connection between two devices on the Internet (such as when a personal computer reads a website) reveals both IP addresses to both parties.

An IP address is sometimes personally-identifiable data, and may therefore be subject to privacy concerns. An IP address identifies its user's ISP, and often identifies its user's (or the ISP's) nation, region/province/state, and sometimes even city. The amount of information that may be found from an IP address is determined by the ISP's policies. See also: [[DNS]], [[whois]].

Any web site can track the movements of users through its pages by their IP addresses. This can be used for profiling within a single site.

An IP address is the minimum amount of information needed to attack a computer over the Internet.

People seeking Internet anonymity are usually interested in hiding their IP address from third parties. The only way to do this (without loss of Internet use) is to connect through one or more [[anonymous proxy|anonymous proxies]]. An anonymous proxy is a special Internet server that connects to remote hosts (a web site, for example) on behalf of the user. The remote host communicates with the proxy, and recieves the proxy's IP address rather than the real user's. The proxy, however, knows the IP address of the user, and sees all data passing between the user and the website; therefore the anonymous proxy has the opportunity for abuse of the user's privacy, whether intentional or accidental. [[Onion routing]] is one method intended to address this problem; it is used in such systems as [[Tor]] and [[Freenet]].

===Other potential Internet privacy risks===


* [[Internet Service Provider]]s selling web browsing profiles
* [[spyware]]
* [[web bug]] (HTML-enabled email)
* [[pop up ad]]s (not really a privacy risk)
* [[Social engineering (computer security)|social engineering]]
* [[phishing]]

==Anonymous Internet usage==

:''See main article, [[Internet anonymity]]''

For anonymous browsing of websites, see [[anonymous proxy]]. For anonymous email, see [[anonymous remailer]].

== See also==
* [[Internet censorship]]
* [[friend-to-friend]] (F2F) networks

== External Links==
===Advocacy groups===
* [http://http://www.epic.org/ Internet Privacy Information Center]: [[civil liberty|civil liberties]] and privacy; US-based
* [http://http://www.eff.org/ Electronic Frontier Foundation]
===Free services===
* [[Tor (anonymous network)|Tor]]
* [[Freenet]]
* [[GNUnet]]
* [[Proxomitron]]
* [http://www.anonsurf.net Anonymous surfing: AnonSurf]: web-based anonymous proxy
* [http://www.stayinvisible.com Stay invisible]
* [http://www.proxyblind.org Proxy Blind]
* [http://www.all-nettools.com/toolbox,privacy All-NetTools]: web-based anonymous proxy and anonymous email
* [http://www.whatismyproxy.com WhatismyProxy] : Test to see if your proxy is working

===Commercial services===
* [http://www.metropipe.net/ MetroPipe Tunneler]: anonymity package using Tor, Freenet, and other networks
* [http://www.inetprivacy.com/a4proxy/ a4proxy]: connects to anonymous proxies
* [http://www.spynot.com SpyNOT Next-Generation Anonymous Proxy]: web-based anonymous proxy

===Resources and information===
* [http://www.privacyresources.org Privacy Resources Portal]
* [http://primary0.blogspot.com/2005/05/how-to-cover-your-tracks.html How To Cover Your Online Tracks]
* [http://www.netlitigation.com/netlitigation/privacy.htm Internet Privacy and the Law]: US lawsuits involving online privacy

[[Category:Internet privacy]]

Crispus Attucks

2005-07-21T03:24:12Z

Capecodeph: Removed "first to fall" after reading ongoing discussion at Talk

[[Image:Crispus Attucks.jpg|thumb|200px|right|An artist's conception of Crispus Attucks.]]

'''Crispus Attucks''' (c.[[1723]]–[[March 5]], [[1770]]), is traditionally accounted the first casualty in the [[American Revolution]], having been killed at the [[Boston Massacre]]. Attucks, who made his home in the town of [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], approximately 27 miles away, was a runaway [[slave]] with [[African American]] and [[Native American]] ancestry. An [[October 2]],[[1750]] advertisement placed in the [[Boston Gazette]] referred to him: "ran away from his Master William Brown from Frammingham, on the 30th of Sept. last, a Mollato Fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispas, 6 Feet two inches high, short curl'd Hair, his Knees near toghther than common: had on a light colour'd Bearskin Coat." The owner offered a reward of 10 [[pounds]] for his return. He had become a [[sailor]] and laborer, and joined a crowd of 30 or so workers protesting against the presence of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops in [[Boston]].

Boston had been under military occupation since [[1768]]. Colonial sailors resented the presence of the British because of the danger of [[Impressment|press gang]]s. Other workers in Boston were disturbed because British soldiers worked part-time jobs at low wages in order to supplement their army pay, which potentially took away jobs and drove down wages for colonial workers. Revolutionaries such as [[Samuel Adams]] encouraged protest against the soldiers.

Tensions had been rising over the weekend when the crowd appeared before the British barracks. Attucks has been often depicted as one of the leaders of the crowd who defied the British. Eventually, in spite of attempts by their officers to prevent it, the soldiers fired, killing five members of the crowd: Attucks and four white men.

[[Image:Boston massacre2.gif|thumb|300px|left|Less famous than the engraving by [[Paul Revere]], this 1770 depiction of the [[Boston Massacre]] by John Pufford prominently features a black man believed to be Crispus Attucks.]]

Sam Adams's cousin, [[John Adams]], successfully defended the British soldiers against a charge of murder, calling the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and [[mulatto|molattoes]], Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs".

Sam Adams, on the other hand, gave the event the name of the [[Boston Massacre]] and assured that it would not be forgotten. The five who were killed were buried as heroes in the [[Granary Burying Ground]], despite laws against burying blacks with whites.

Some controversy remains over whether Attucks was a revolutionary leader or a rabble rouser, but it is possible that in that time, he was both. The Boston Massacre was an important event that underscored the commitment of ordinary Americans to the ideas of the coming revolution.

[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of ''Why We Can't Wait'' as a specific example of a man whose contribution to history has been overlooked by standard histories.

Recent evidence suggests that Crispus Attucks was not literally the first man to be killed, but that he was struck by a bullet deflected from another person.

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America biography]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks] Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.

[[Category:1723 births|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:1770 deaths|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:African Americans|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:American Revolution people|Attucks, Crispus]]

Crispus Attucks

2005-07-21T03:22:16Z

Capecodeph: grammatical correction

[[Image:Crispus Attucks.jpg|thumb|200px|right|An artist's conception of Crispus Attucks.]]

'''Crispus Attucks''' (c.[[1723]]–[[March 5]], [[1770]]), is traditionally accounted the first casualty in the [[American Revolution]], having been the first to fall at the [[Boston Massacre]]. Attucks, who made his home in the town of [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], approximately 27 miles away, was a runaway [[slave]] with [[African American]] and [[Native American]] ancestry. An [[October 2]],[[1750]] advertisement placed in the [[Boston Gazette]] referred to him: "ran away from his Master William Brown from Frammingham, on the 30th of Sept. last, a Mollato Fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispas, 6 Feet two inches high, short curl'd Hair, his Knees near toghther than common: had on a light colour'd Bearskin Coat." The owner offered a reward of 10 [[pounds]] for his return. He had become a [[sailor]] and laborer, and joined a crowd of 30 or so workers protesting against the presence of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops in [[Boston]].

Boston had been under military occupation since [[1768]]. Colonial sailors resented the presence of the British because of the danger of [[Impressment|press gang]]s. Other workers in Boston were disturbed because British soldiers worked part-time jobs at low wages in order to supplement their army pay, which potentially took away jobs and drove down wages for colonial workers. Revolutionaries such as [[Samuel Adams]] encouraged protest against the soldiers.

Tensions had been rising over the weekend when the crowd appeared before the British barracks. Attucks has been often depicted as one of the leaders of the crowd who defied the British. Eventually, in spite of attempts by their officers to prevent it, the soldiers fired, killing five members of the crowd: Attucks and four white men.

[[Image:Boston massacre2.gif|thumb|300px|left|Less famous than the engraving by [[Paul Revere]], this 1770 depiction of the [[Boston Massacre]] by John Pufford prominently features a black man believed to be Crispus Attucks.]]

Sam Adams's cousin, [[John Adams]], successfully defended the British soldiers against a charge of murder, calling the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and [[mulatto|molattoes]], Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs".

Sam Adams, on the other hand, gave the event the name of the [[Boston Massacre]] and assured that it would not be forgotten. The five who were killed were buried as heroes in the [[Granary Burying Ground]], despite laws against burying blacks with whites.

Some controversy remains over whether Attucks was a revolutionary leader or a rabble rouser, but it is possible that in that time, he was both. The Boston Massacre was an important event that underscored the commitment of ordinary Americans to the ideas of the coming revolution.

[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of ''Why We Can't Wait'' as a specific example of a man whose contribution to history has been overlooked by standard histories.

Recent evidence suggests that Crispus Attucks was not literally the first man to be killed, but that he was struck by a bullet deflected from another person.

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America biography]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks] Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.

[[Category:1723 births|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:1770 deaths|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:African Americans|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:American Revolution people|Attucks, Crispus]]

Crispus Attucks

2005-07-21T03:21:15Z

Capecodeph: added mention to Boston Massacre (important) and grammatical correction

[[Image:Crispus Attucks.jpg|thumb|200px|right|An artist's conception of Crispus Attucks.]]

'''Crispus Attucks''' (c.[[1723]]–[[March 5]], [[1770]]), is traditionally accounted the first casualty in the [[American Revolution]], having been the first to fall at the [[Boston Massacre]]. Attucks, who made his home in the town of [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], approximately 27 miles away, was a runaway [[slave]] with [[African American]] and [[Native American]] ancestry. An [[October 2]],[[1750]] advertisement placed in the [[Boston Gazette]] referred to him: "ran away from his Master William Brown from Frammingham, on the 30th of Sept. last, a Mollato Fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispas, 6 Feet two inches high, short curl'd Hair, his Knees near toghther than common: had on a light colour'd Bearskin Coat." The owner offered a reward of 10 [[pounds]] for his return. He had become a [[sailor]] and laborer, and joined a crowd of 30 or so workers protesting against the presence of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops in [[Boston]].

Boston had been under military occupation since [[1768]]. Colonial sailors resented the presence of the British because of the danger of [[Impressment|press gang]]s. Other workers in Boston were disturbed because British soldiers worked part-time jobs at low wages in order to supplement their army pay, which potentially took away jobs and drove down wages for colonial workers. Revolutionaries such as [[Samuel Adams]] encouraged protest against the soldiers.

Tensions had been rising over the weekend when the crowd appeared before the British barracks. Attucks has been often depicted as one of the leaders of the crowd who defied the British. Eventually, in spite of attempts by their officers to prevent it, the soldiers fired, killing five members of the crowd, Attucks and four white men.

[[Image:Boston massacre2.gif|thumb|300px|left|Less famous than the engraving by [[Paul Revere]], this 1770 depiction of the [[Boston Massacre]] by John Pufford prominently features a black man believed to be Crispus Attucks.]]

Sam Adams's cousin, [[John Adams]], successfully defended the British soldiers against a charge of murder, calling the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and [[mulatto|molattoes]], Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs".

Sam Adams, on the other hand, gave the event the name of the [[Boston Massacre]] and assured that it would not be forgotten. The five who were killed were buried as heroes in the [[Granary Burying Ground]], despite laws against burying blacks with whites.

Some controversy remains over whether Attucks was a revolutionary leader or a rabble rouser, but it is possible that in that time, he was both. The Boston Massacre was an important event that underscored the commitment of ordinary Americans to the ideas of the coming revolution.

[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of ''Why We Can't Wait'' as a specific example of a man whose contribution to history has been overlooked by standard histories.

Recent evidence suggests that Crispus Attucks was not literally the first man to be killed, but that he was struck by a bullet deflected from another person.

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America biography]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks] Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.

[[Category:1723 births|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:1770 deaths|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:African Americans|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:American Revolution people|Attucks, Crispus]]

Castle Island (Massachusetts)

2005-07-21T03:09:59Z

Capecodeph: added wiki link

'''"Castle Island"''' is a 22 acre (89,000 m²) major recreation site located in [[South Boston]] on Boston Harbor, owned by the [[Department of Conservation and Recreation]]. It is the site of Fort Independance, one of the oldest fortified sites in British North America. It was first called Fort William by the British, and renamed Fort Independace in 1779. It protected Boston Harbor in the [[War of 1812]]. The current "[[Castle]]" is a five sided fort built before the [[Civil War]].

Local legend has it that the remains of an unpopular officer were found walled up at the fort while [[Edgar Allan Poe]] served there in the Army and this became the basis of his story [[The Cask of Amontillado]]. There is no proof of this being true.

During the [[Second World War]] the [[Navy]] used the site for a ship [[degaussing]] station.

Today the Castle Island fort is open to tours in the summer. There is a monument to [[Donald McKay]] who built the clipper ships [[Flying Cloud]] and [[Sovereign of the Seas]].

== External links ==
* [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/castle.htm Castle Island]

[[category:Boston, Massachusetts]]