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Stephen Cleobury

2018-12-24T13:57:10Z

Camboxer: Category added

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Stephen Cleobury
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100|CBE}}
| birth_name = Stephen John Cleobury
| image = Philip Brunelle and Stephen Cleobury.jpg
| caption = Cleobury (right) with [[Philip Brunelle]], in 2009
| image_upright = 1.1
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bromley]], [[Kent]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Director of Music at [[King's College, Cambridge]] (choirmaster and [[organ (music)|organist]])
| children =
| parents = John F. Cleobury Brenda J. Randall
| relatives = [[Nicholas Cleobury]] (brother)
|alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]] (organ scholar)
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
}}

'''Stephen Cleobury''' {{post-nominals|size=100|CBE}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|iː|b|ər|i}} {{respell|KLEE|bər|ee}}; born 31 December 1948)<ref name=InterviewAlMacF2008>{{cite web|title=Stephen Cleobury interviewed |author=[[Alan Macfarlane]] (interviewer)|url=http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/DO/filmshow/cleoburytx.htm|date=4 July 2008|publisher=Alan D.J.Macfarlane (online)|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref>{{fv|date=January 2018}} is an English [[organ (music)|organist]] and [[Music director|Director of Music]].

== Life ==

=== Early years ===
Cleobury was born in [[Bromley]], Kent, the son of John F Cleobury and Brenda J Randall. He was [[organ scholar]] at [[St John's College, Cambridge]] under the musical directorship of [[George Guest]], and sub-organist of [[Westminster Abbey]] before becoming Master of Music at [[Westminster Cathedral]] in 1979. He was head of music at [[St Matthew's Church, Northampton]] and head of music at [[Northampton Grammar School]] during the mid 1970s. He was also President of the [[Royal College of Organists]] from 1990 to 1992. He is a [[Fellow of the Royal College of Music]] and an Honorary Doctor of Music from [[Anglia Ruskin University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/microsites/honorary/cleobury.html|title=Anglia Ruskin University's Honorary Graduate Site|publisher=Anglia.ac.uk|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref>

=== King's College, Cambridge ===
In 1982 he took up the position of Director of Music for the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]], where he also teaches music. He was conductor of [[Cambridge University Musical Society]] (CUMS) from 1983 to 2009, and made many recordings with that group, including [[Verdi]]'s ''Quattro Pezzi Sacri'' and [[Goehr]]'s ''The Death of Moses''. As part of the celebrations of the 800th anniversary of Cambridge University, he premiered [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]' ''The Sorcerer's Mirror''. He was also Chief Conductor of the [[BBC Singers]] from 1995 to 2007, and has been Conductor Laureate since 2007.

Cleobury will retire on 30th September 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/kings-seeks-new-director-of-music.html|title=King's advertises for a new Director of Music}}</ref> and will be succeeded at King's College by [[Daniel Hyde (organist)|Daniel Hyde]].<ref name="KingsDaniel">{{cite web|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/daniel-hyde-appointed-director-of-music.html|title=King’s College appoints new Director of Music – King's College, Cambridge|website=kings.cam.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-05-25}}</ref>

=== Beyond Cambridge ===
Cleobury served as Visiting Fellow at the [[Louisiana State University]] School of Music, for 2013-2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsu.edu/ur/ocur/lsunews/MediaCenter/News/2013/03/item59135.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403235745/http://www.lsu.edu/ur/ocur/lsunews/MediaCenter/News/2013/03/item59135.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=3 April 2013|title=LSU School of Music Appoints Stephen Cleobury as 2013-14 Visiting Fellow|publisher=Lsu.edu|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His brother [[Nicholas Cleobury]] is also a conductor. His cousin Stephen Dean is a composer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Cleobury biography|url=http://www.classicfm.com/artists/stephen-cleobury|accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> Through his marriage Cleobury is son in law to the [[London Marathon|marathon]] pioneer [[John Disley|John Ivor Disley]] (1928-2016).<ref name=DisleyGenealogyperEmma>{{cite web|publisher=Genealogy.com, Utah|date=20 February 2006|author=Dr Emma Disley (compiler)|url=http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/d/i/s/Emma-Disley-Hertfordshire/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0001.html|title=Information about Stephen John Cleobury|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref> He lives with his wife Emma and their two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Outside Cambridge| url=http://www.stephencleobury.com/life-outside-cambridge.html| accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref>

== Selected honours and awards ==
In 2008 Cleobury was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the [[Royal School of Church Music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rscm.com/info_resources/news/HonAwards08_14122007.php|title=RCM Awarded|publisher=Rscm.com|accessdate=2015-07-17}}</ref> Cleobury was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=59090 |date=13 June 2009 |page=7 |supp=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/11_06_09mainlist.pdf |format=PDF |title=Knights Bachelor : Knighthoods |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=2015-07-17}}</ref>

== Recordings ==

=== CD ===
As conductor:
* 2013 - Britten: Saint Nicolas (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 2013 - Mozart: Requiem Realisations (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 2012 - Nine Lessons & Carols (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 2007 - I Heard a Voice - Music From the Golden Age, Works by Weelkes, Gibbons and Tomkins (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Oliver Brett, Peter Stevens)
* 2006 - Brahms: A German Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Susan Gritton, [[Hanno Müller-Brachmann]], Evgenia Rubinova and Jose Gallardo)
* 2003 - Mahler: Symphony No. 2 "Auferstehung" (CUMS with MIT, Boston)
* 2003 - Bach: Johannes-Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with [[John Mark Ainsley]], Stephen Richardson, [[Catherine Bott]], [[Michael Chance]], [[Paul Agnew]], and [[Stephen Varcoe]])
* 2002 - Vivaldi: Gloria (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with the Academy of Ancient Music)
* 2001 - Howells: Te Deum & Jubilate (Choir of King's College Cambridge)
* 2000 - Handel: Israel in Egypt (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Ian Bostridge, Michael Chance, Susan Gritton, Stephen Varcoe)
* 2000 - Best Loved Hymns (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1999 - Rachmaninov: Vespers (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1998 - John Rutter: Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1997 - Stanford: Evening Services in C and G (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1996 - The King's Collection (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1996 - Allegri: Miserere (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1995 - Handel: Dixit Dominus (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1994 - Ikos (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1994 - Handel: Messiah (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Lynne Dawson, [[Hilary Summers]], John Mark Ainsley and Alastair Miles)
* 1994 - Bach: St Matthew Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Rogers Covey-Crump, Michael George, Emma Kirkby, Michael Chance, [[Martyn Hill]], David Thomas)
* 1990 - Tallis: Spem in alium, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Responsaries (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1989 - Fauré: Requiem; Duruflé: Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Olaf Bär, Ann Murray)
* 1984 - O Come All Ye Faithful (Favourite Christmas Carols) (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)

As organist:
* 1993 - Organ Favourites from King's College, Cambridge
* 2004 - British Organ Music from King's
* 2007 - Organ Classics from King's
* 2009 - The Grand Organ of King's College
* 2017 - The King of Instruments: A Voice Reborn

=== DVD ===
As conductor:
* Anthems from King's (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* Carols from King's (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* Handel: Messiah (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* Bach: Johannes Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.stephencleobury.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131218082221/http://www.editionpeters.com/london/epamstephencleobury.php Stephen Cleobury] [[Edition Peters]]
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Cleobury-Stephen.htm Biography of Stephen Cleobury (conductor)] Bach-Cantatas
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111193249/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/choir/director.html King's College] (accessed November 2006)
* [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stephen-cleobury-mn0000057125/discography Stephen Cleobury] discography, [[AllMusic]]
* [http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/cleobury.htm Stephen Cleobury] interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 4 July 2008 (film)
* [http://www.nme.com/video/id/Wdrmq0qyG_g/search/Stephen%20Cleobury Stephen Cleobury] interviewed by Barry Rose, 1987

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | title=[[Choir of King's College, Cambridge|Director of Music, King's College, Cambridge]] | before=[[Philip Ledger|Sir Philip Ledger]] | years=1982–2019 | after=[[Daniel Hyde (organist)|Daniel Hyde]]|
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Anglican church music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleobury, Stephen}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English choral conductors]]
[[Category:English classical organists]]
[[Category:Male organists]]
[[Category:Cathedral organists]]
[[Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists]]
[[Category:People from Bromley]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People educated at King's School, Worcester]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]

Curtain Theatre

2018-06-02T21:48:55Z

Camboxer: capitalization

{{For|the Glasgow theatre company of the 1930s|Curtain Theatre (Glasgow)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox theatre
| name = Curtain Theatre
| image = Curtain Theatre.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| caption = Curtain Theatre circa 1600 (cylindrical building in the background). Some authorities believe this to be a depiction of [[The Theatre]], the other Elizabethan theatre in [[Shoreditch]] Further to the East in this illustration is a building with a flag on it which is now thought to be the Curtain.
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| address = 18 Hewett Street
| city = London
| country = England
| designation =
| architect =
| owner =
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened =
| reopened =
| yearsactive = 1577–1622?
| rebuilt =
| closed =
| demolished =
| othernames =
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| currentuse =
}}
[[File:London map showing Shakespearean theatres.png|thumb|The Curtain Theatre is labelled in the top right of this London street map. [[:File:London map showing Shakespearean theatres.png|Enlarge]]]]
'''The Curtain Theatre''' was an [[Elizabethan theatre|Elizabethan]] playhouse located in Hewett Street, [[Shoreditch]] (part of the modern [[London Borough of Hackney]]), just outside the [[City of London]]. It opened in 1577, and continued staging plays until 1624.<ref>N. W. Bawcutt, ''The Control and Censorship of Caroline Drama: The Records of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, 1623-1673'', Oxford, 1996, pp. 141, 150.</ref>

The Curtain was built some {{Convert|200|yd|}} south of London's first playhouse, [[The Theatre]], which had opened a year before, in 1576. It was called the "Curtain" because it was located near a plot of land called Curtain Close, not because of the sort of front curtain associated with modern theatres, but of its proximity of the City walls, curtain or [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] referring to the part of city walls between two [[bastion]]s.<ref>Joseph Quincy Adams, ''Shakespearean Playhouses'', Boston, 1917, p. 76.</ref> Its remains were rediscovered in archaeological excavation in 2012. The most significant find was that the Curtain was rectangular not round. They found a {{Convert|14|m||adj=on}} stage, and evidence of a tunnel under the stage and galleries at the first floor level. Finds included a ceramic bird whistle; ceramic money boxes for collecting entry fees; beads likely for decorating stage costumes and a small statue of Bacchus.

==History==
The Curtain Theatre was built in 1577 in [[Shoreditch]], and was London's second playhouse. Little is known of the companies that performed there, or of the plays they performed. The first clear mention of the Curtain is in 1584, when the [[City of London]] petitioned the parish of [[Shoreditch]] to shut down their playhouses.<ref name="Bowsher"/>{{rp|63}} The proprietor appears to have been Henry Lanman, described as a "gentleman": in 1585, Lanman made an agreement with the proprietor of the Theatre, [[James Burbage]], to use the Curtain as a supplementary house, or "easer," to the more prestigious older playhouse. From 1597 to 1599, it became the premier venue of [[Shakespeare's]] Company, the [[Lord Chamberlain's Men]], who had been forced to leave their former playing space at The Theatre after the latter closed in 1596. It was the venue of several of Shakespeare's plays, including ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (which gained "Curtain plaudits") and ''Henry IV'' [[Henry IV, Part 1|Part I]] and [[Henry IV, Part 2|Part II]]. The Lord Chamberlain's Men also performed [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''[[Every Man in His Humour]]'' here in 1598, with Shakespeare in the cast.<ref>E.K. Chambers, ''The Elizabethan Stage'' volume III, Oxford, 1923, p. 359.</ref> Later that same year Jonson gained a certain notoriety by killing actor [[Gabriel Spencer]] in a duel in nearby [[Hoxton|Hoxton Fields]].

The Lord Chamberlain's Men departed the Curtain when the [[Globe Theatre]], which they built to replace the Theatre, was ready for use in 1599.<ref name="Stern">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EvSLt5GaPjwC| title= Making Shakespeare: From Stage to Page|last=Stern| first=Tiffany| isbn=978-0415319652| publisher=[[Routledge]]| page=15| date=February 2004|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> For seven years Henry Lanman (owner of the Curtain) had an agreement with James Burbage (owner of the Theatre) that all profit would be shared between them. This deal is how many believe Lanman was able to afford to open the Curtain, the rest is all very unclear. J. Leeds Barroll focuses in ''Shakespeare studies: An annual gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews'' on the fact that Henry Lanman had offered the Curtain as an easer to James Burbage, proprietor of the Theatre. Thereby, he assumes that Lanman’s business, the Curtain, must have been doing as well as Burbage’s business, the Theatre, since both, Lanman and Burbage, had agreed on a pooling arrangement for seven years in 1585, to pool profits. As far as is known, Lanman ran the Curtain as a private concern for the first phase of its existence; He died in 1606<ref>William Ingram, ''The Business of Playing: The Beginnings of the Adult Professional Theater in Elizabethan London'', Cornell University Press, 1992, p. 222.</ref> and it is assumed by Edmund Chambers that the theatre had been re-arranged into a shareholder’s enterprise before his death at some point. [[Thomas Pope (16th-century actor)|Thomas Pope]], one of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, owned a share in the Curtain and left it to his heirs in his last will and testament in 1603. [[King's Men (playing company)|King's Men]] member [[John Underwood (actor)|John Underwood]] did the same in 1624.<ref name="Bowsher"/>{{rp|63}}<ref>Chambers, Vol. 2, p. 403.</ref> The fact that both of these shareholders belonged to Shakespeare's company may indicate that the re-organization of the Curtain occurred when the Lord Chamberlain's Men were acting there. Otherwise, it would be very unwise of Burbage to pool profits if he did better in the first place. Thus, the suggestion is given that both proprietors were doing equal business. Burbage's father [[Richard Burbage|Richard]] had shares in the theatre at the time of his death.<ref name="Collier"/>{{rp|144}}

[[File:CurtainTheatreDigMOLA2.JPG|thumb|200px|Curtain Theatre during excavation in 2016.]]
[[File:CurtainTheatreDigMOLA3.JPG|thumb|200px|Curtain Theatre during excavation in 2016.]]

The London theatres, including the Curtain, were closed for much of the period from September 1592 to April 1594 due to the bubonic plague.{{sfn|Chambers|1930|pp=44–7}} In 1597, people wrote to the local magistrates' court demanding that no plays take place at the Curtain or the Theatre that year.<ref name="Collier">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DpsNAAAAQAAJ| title=The works of William Shakespeare |publisher=General Books |last=Collier |first=John Payne |author-link=John Payne Collier |isbn=9780217290210| date=2012|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>{{rp|37}} The Curtain was named in [[John Stow]]'s ''Survey of London'' in 1598, but was not listed in the 1603 edition.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|title= The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576-1649| last1=Smith| first1=David L.| last2= Strier| first2=Richard| last3=Bevington| first3=David| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| date=2002| page=50| isbn=0521526159}}</ref> In 1600, the [[Privy Council]] tried unsuccessfully to shut down the Curtain theatre,<ref name="Bowsher"/> and in 1603, the Curtain became the playhouse of [[Queen Anne's Men]] (formerly known as [[Worcester's Men]], and formerly at the Rose Theatre, where they'd played [[Thomas Heywood|Heywood's]] ''A Woman Kill'd With Kindness'' in February of that year).<ref name="Bowsher"/>{{rp|64}} In 1607, ''The Travels of the Three English Brothers,'' by [[William Rowley|Rowley]], [[John Day (dramatist)|Day]], and [[George Wilkins|Wilkins]], was performed at the Curtain.

The Curtain was in use from 1577 until at least 1624, after which its ultimate fate is obscure as there is no record of it after 1627. The reasons for its closure are not known.

==Site and rediscovery==
The Curtain was believed to have been built near [[The Theatre]], but the exact location was for many years unknown.<ref name="SO">{{cite web|url= http://www.shakespeare-online.com/theatre/thecurtain.html| title= The Curtain| publisher=Shakespeare Online|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/curtain-elizabethan-theatre.htm| title= Curtain Elizabethan Theatre| publisher=Elizabethan Era Online| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> However, a commemorative plaque was erected at 18 Hewett Street.<ref name="Bowsher">{{cite book|title= Shakespeare's London Theatreland: Archaeology, History and Drama| last=Bowsher| first=Julian |publisher=[[Museum of London Archaeology]]| date=July 2012| isbn=9781907586125}}</ref>{{rp|62}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Curtain Theatre |url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ep-the-curtain-theatre.htm |date=28 Feb 2007 |publisher=London Borough of Hackney | accessdate=2010-06-10}}</ref>

In 2012, archaeologists from [[Museum of London Archaeology|MOLA]] (Museum of London Archaeology) announced that they had discovered the remains of the theatre during trial excavations.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Remains of Shakespeare’s Curtain Theatre discovered in Shoreditch|publisher=[[Museum of London Archaeology]]|date=6 June 2012 |url=http://www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk/NewsProjects/CurtainTheatre.htm |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="guardian20120605">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jun/06/shakespeare-curtain-theatre-shoreditch-east-lonfon |title=Shakespeare's Curtain theatre unearthed in east London |work=The Guardian |date=5 June 2012 |accessdate=6 June 2012 |last=Kennedy |first=Maev}}</ref> In 2013 plans were submitted to develop the site with a 40-storey tower of 400 apartments plus Shakespeare museum, 250-seat outdoor auditorium and park, with the archaeological remains visible in a glass enclosure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Curtain lifts on open-air stage at Shakespeare theatre site in Shoreditch|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=24 January 2013|accessdate=5 July 2013|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/curtain-lifts-on-openair-stage-at-shakespeare-theatre-site-in-shoreditch-8464712.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thestageshoreditch.com/|title=The Stage, Shoreditch|last=|first=|date=12 April 2016|website=The Stage, Shoreditch|publisher=|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> Completion of the project is expected in 2019.

In May 2016, excavators announced that the theatre was a purpose built and, unusually, the theatre was rectangular rather than round or polygonal.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/nov/10/shakespeare-write-henry-v-suit-london-theatre-the-curtain-odd-shape|title=Did Shakespeare write Henry V to suit London theatre's odd shape?|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|date=2016-11-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-03-13|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Walls survived up to {{Convert|1.5|m|ft|0}} high in places; MOLA identified the courtyard, where theatregoers stood, and the inner walls, which held the galleries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/500-year-old-shakespeare-prop-7994127|title=500-year-old Romeo And Juliet prop found in dig at Shakespeare's Curtain Theatre|last=Bishop|first=Rachel|date=2016-05-18|work=mirror|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> The theatre had timber galleries with mid and upper areas for wealthier audience members, and a courtyard made from compacted gravel for those with less to spend.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wharf.co.uk/news/local-news/theatre-revelations-shed-light-shakespeares-12177048|title=Will theatre revelations shed light on Shakespeare's secrets?|last=Broadbent|first=Giles|date=2016-11-15|work=thewharf|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> The galleries were straight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/05/21/478962867/archaeologists-find-early-shakespeare-theater-was-rectangular|title=Archaeologists Find Early Shakespeare Theater Was Rectangular|publisher=}}</ref>

Also uncovered was a fragmentary ceramic bird whistle, dating from the late 16th century. This raised the question of whether the bird whistle was merely a Tudor toy or a prop for plays that needed sound effects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Bird whistle from first Romeo and Juliet|last=Furness|first=Hannah|date=18 March 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> In November 2016, a tunnel structure - accessed by doors on either end of the stage - was unearthed, which would have allowed actors to exit from one side and come on again from the other without being seen by the audience.<ref name="auto"/> Fragments of ceramic money boxes were found, which would have been used to collect entry fees from theatregoers, before being taken to an office to be smashed and the money counted - this office was known as the ‘box office’, which is the origin of the term we use today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hackneycitizen.co.uk/2016/11/10/curtain-theatre-shakespeare-shoreditch-excavation-mysteries-unearthed/|title=Mysteries unearthed in Shoreditch excavation of Shakespeare's Curtain Theatre|last=Loeb|first=Josh|date=2016-11-10|website=Hackney Citizen|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref>

Glass beads and pins were unearthed along with drinking vessels and clay pipes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/shakespeares-curtain-theatre-in-shoreditch-reveals-clues-after-excavation-a3392536.html|title=Shakespeare clues found after Shoreditch exacerbation|date=2016-11-10|work=Evening Standard|access-date=2017-03-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> The team also came across a mount and a token,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heritagedaily.com/2016/05/archaeologists-reveal-initial-findings-from-detailed-excavation-at-shakespeares-curtain-theatre/111277|title=Archaeologists reveal initial findings from detailed excavation at Shakespeare’s Curtain Theatre – HeritageDaily – Heritage & Archaeology News|access-date=2017-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref> as well as personal items, including a bone comb.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36304627|title=Shakespeare Curtain Theatre: Remains reveal toy used for sound effects|date=2016-05-17|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-03-13|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A reconstruction of the Curtain Theatre features in the 1998 film ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]''.<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0138097|title=Shakespeare in Love (1998)}}
</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
*{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=Edmund K. |author-link=Edmund Kerchever Chambers |title=The Elizabethan Stage |volume=3 |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1923 }}
*{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=Edmund K. |author-link=Edmund Kerchever Chambers |title=The Elizabethan Stage |volume=5 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 }}
*{{cite book
|last = Chambers
|first = Edmund Kerchever
|authorlink = Edmund Kerchever Chambers
|title = William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems
|publisher = Clarendon Press
|location = Oxford
|year = 1930
|oclc = 353406
|volume = I
|ref = harv
}}
*[[Samuel Schoenbaum|Schoenbaum, S.]] (1987) ''William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life''. OUP.
*Shapiro, J. (2005) ''1599: A Year in the Life of Shakespeare''. Faber and Faber.
*Wood, M. (2003) ''In Search of Shakespeare''. BBC Worldwide.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Curtain Theatre}}
*''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22397 Shakespearean Playhouses]'', by [[Joseph Quincy Adams, Jr.]] from [[Project Gutenberg]]
*[http://www.william-shakespeare.info/the-curtain-theatre-picture.htm william-shakespeare.info]
*[https://www.google.co.uk/maps/contrib/113653532138872885501/photos/@51.5230415,-0.0796712,3a,75y,43h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1s-oEJBSKggXxU%2FV0gmbuQy1NI%2FAAAAAAAAj4o%2FPDpnDBIMjLY7hSDIUB-aiYyZTXB5UaWPQCLIB!2e4!3e11!6s%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2F-oEJBSKggXxU%2FV0gmbuQy1NI%2FAAAAAAAAj4o%2FPDpnDBIMjLY7hSDIUB-aiYyZTXB5UaWPQCLIB%2Fw203-h100-p-k-no%2F!7i7168!8i3584!4m3!8m2!3m1!1e1?hl=en Google photo sphere]

{{Shakespeare}}
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[[Category:Theatres completed in 1577]]
[[Category:1577 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1622 disestablishments]]
[[Category:2011 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hackney]]
[[Category:Former theatres in London]]
[[Category:Shoreditch]]

Liberty of the Clink

2018-05-11T20:38:49Z

Camboxer: precise date given

{{infobox historic subdivision

| Name = Liberty of the Clink
| AltName = Manor of Southwark
| Image =
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| Map =[[File:Southwark Civil Parish Map 1870.png|250px]]
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| Origin =
| Start = 1127
| End = 1889
| Replace = [[County of London]]

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| Status = [[Liberty (division)|Liberty]], [[Manor]]
| Government = [[Court leet]] (until {{abbreviation|c.|circa}} 1850) Clink Paving Commissioners (1786–1855)
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The '''Liberty of the Clink''' was an area in [[Southwark]], on the south bank of the [[River Thames]], opposite the [[City of London]]. Although situated in [[Surrey]] the [[liberty (division)|liberty]] was exempt from the jurisdiction of the [[High Sheriff of Surrey|county's high sheriff]] and was under the jurisdiction of the [[Bishop of Winchester]] who was usually either the Chancellor or Treasurer of the King.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

==Formation==
The liberty was originally the north-eastern part of the 'hide of Southwark' granted by Henry I to the Priory of Bermondsey ([[Bermondsey Abbey]]) in 1104–09. The house sold it in around 1149 to [[Henry of Blois]], the Bishop of Winchester and younger brother of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]], who wanted a house for his London governmental duties.<ref name="Lewis2015">{{cite book|author=Matthew Lewis|title=Medieval Britain in 100 Facts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOcgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|date=15 October 2015|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-4735-7|pages=38–}}</ref>

The bishopric's administration referred to it as the '''Manor of Southwark''', i.e., the Manor of the Bishop in Southwark. It was also known as the 'Liberty of Winchester'. The liberty (a [[Manorialism|manorial]] jurisdiction) was confirmed when King Stephen sanctioned the transaction.

==Prison and palace==
The Clink is most famous for its [[The Clink|prison]]. The first recorded use of the term Liberty of the Clink was in 1530; the nickname was used informally to avoid confusion with the other manors in Southwark. 'Clink' seems to be derived from the name of the Bishop's prison, which he held as a civil authority deriving from his role as Chancellor or Treasurer. It was also the manorial [[gaol]] maintained by the bishop as part of the administration of the liberty. The bishop's London residence, [[Winchester Palace|Winchester House]], was built in the liberty and was originally surrounded by parkland.

==Illicit activities==
The liberty lay outside the jurisdiction of the City of London, and that of the county authorities of Surrey, and some activities forbidden in those areas were permitted within it.

In 1161 Bishop Henry was granted the power to license prostitutes and brothels in the liberty by [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]].<ref name="Lewis2015" /> The prostitutes were known as ''Winchester Geese'', and many are buried in [[Cross Bones]],<ref name="Lewis2015" /> an unconsecrated graveyard. Similarly, to "be bitten by a Winchester goose" meant "to contract a venereal disease",<ref>[http://www.takeourword.com/TOW199/page4.html Take Our Word For It Issue 199, page 4]</ref> and "[[goose bumps]]" was slang for symptoms of [[venereal disease]]s.

Theatres and playhouses were allowed in the Clink, the most famous was the [[Globe Theatre]] where [[William Shakespeare]] performed his plays. Another was [[The Rose (theatre)|The Rose]], where Shakespeare and [[Christopher Marlowe]] both premiered plays.

[[Bullbaiting|Bull]] and [[Bearbaiting|bear baiting]] were also permitted.

==Local governance==
The liberty was in the parish of St Margaret's, Southwark until 1539 when it was replaced by St Saviour's (now [[Southwark Cathedral]]).

An Act of 1786 (long title "An Act for paving, cleansing, lighting and watching the Streets, Lanes and other publick Passages and Places, within the Manor of Southwark, otherwise called The Clink") established the Clink Paving Commissioners.<ref>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/195377f5-00d5-47b2-bd4b-04860561150b Public Act, 26 George III, c. 120], in The National Archives. Accessed 2017-04-05.</ref> Bollards marked "Clink 1812", part of the works of the commissioners, can be found in the Bankside area.<ref>Visit Bankside: [http://visitbankside.com/itineraries/liberty-clink The Liberty of the Clink]. Accessed 2017-04-05.</ref>

As a civic area it was united in the [[St Saviour's District (Metropolis)|St Saviour's District]] with St Saviour's and Christchurch, Surrey under the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]] from 1855. The metropolitan board assumed the powers of the paving commissioners.

==Abolition==
During the period of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] the [[episcopy]] was abolished, and the liberty was sold to a private owner in 1649. It was returned to the bishop on the [[Restoration (England)|restoration in 1660]].

The Clink prison was destroyed in 1780, and the bishop's palace in 1814. In 1863 the rights of the Bishop of Winchester in the liberty were vested in the [[Ecclesiastical Commissioners]].

The liberty was finally abolished in 1889, when the [[Local Government Act 1888]] merged all remaining liberties into their surrounding counties. The Liberty of the Clink had been surrounded by Surrey, but the 1888 act created a new [[County of London]] in the metropolitan area and the liberty became part of the new county.

==Geography==
The Liberty was approximately 70 acres (28 hectares) in area and was situated in the modern [[Bankside]] area of the [[London Borough of Southwark]]. Clink Street and Winchester Walk recall its former status.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43043 'The Borough of Southwark: Manors', ''A History of the County of Surrey'': Volume 4 (1912), pp. 141-151]

{{coord|51|30.4|N|0|05.5|W|region:GB-SWK_type:adm3rd|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clink}}
[[Category:History of the London Borough of Southwark]]
[[Category:Liberties of London]]

Tara Palmer-Tomkinson

2017-02-08T16:44:10Z

Camboxer: /* Writing career */ typo corrected

{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{recent death}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
| image = Tara Palmer-Tomkinson.jpg
| caption = Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
| birth_date = {{birth date|1971|12|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hampshire]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|02|08|1971|12|23 |df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| occupation =
| spouse =
|Parents=[[Charles Palmer-Tomkinson]]
}}
'''Tara Palmer-Tomkinson''' (23 December 1971 – 8 February 2017) also known as '''T P-T''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/2224192.stm|title=BBC News "Tara Palmer-Tomkinson: Still got It?" | date=30 August 2002 | accessdate=6 January 2010|first=Andrew|last=Walker}}</ref> was an English socialite, "[[it girl]]", television presenter, model and charity patron.<ref>{{cite news|title=It-girl Tara backs autism charity|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/it-girl-tara-backs-autism-charity.22579484|accessdate=1 December 2013|newspaper=The Herald Scotland|date=2 November 2013}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Palmer-Tomkinson's parents are [[Charles Palmer-Tomkinson|Charles]] and Patricia Palmer-Tomkinson (''née'' Dawson). Her father has represented his country as a skier at Olympic level. Palmer-Tomkinson was educated at [[Sherborne School For Girls|Sherborne School for Girls]] in Dorset. After she left school, she worked briefly in the [[City of London]] for [[Rothschild banking family of England|Rothschilds]] bank.

==Writing career==
In the mid to late 1990s, a weekly column for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' appeared under her name. However, this was actually [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by author [[Wendy Holden (born 1965)|Wendy Holden]] based on Palmer-Tomkinson's "phoned in description of her activities during the preceding week."<ref>[http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/author-wendy-holden-tickled-class-4427439 'Author Wendy Holden is tickled by class acts' ''[[The Journal (newspaper)|The Journal]]'' 9 July 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.wendyholden.net/about_me.php 'About Me' - Wendy Holden's website]</ref><ref>[https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=2628705 Wendy Holden in the ''[[Times Educational Supplement]]'' - 4 August 2008]</ref> She subsequently similarly "contributed" to ''[[The Spectator]]'', ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'', ''[[GQ]]'', ''[[Eve (magazine)|Eve]]'', ''[[Harpers and Queen]]'', ''[[Tatler (1901)|Tatler]]'', ''[[InStyle UK|InStyle]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]'' sporadically.

In September 2007, her book ''The Naughty Girl's Guide to Life'', co-authored with [[Sharon Marshall]], was published by [[Little, Brown and Company|Sphere]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Naughty Girl's Guide to Life |last1= Palmer-Tomkinson|first1= Tara|last2= Marshall|first2= Sarah|year= 2007|publisher= [[Little, Brown and Company|Sphere]]|isbn= 1-84744-137-8|url= http://www.littlebrown.co.uk/Title/9781847441379|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> It was serialised in ''The Sunday Times'' ''Style'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news |title= The naughty girl's guide to life|author= Tara Palmer-Tomkinson and Sharon Marshall |url= http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article2215772.ece|newspaper= [[The Sunday Times]]|date= 12 August 2007|accessdate=13 April 2011 |location=London}}</ref>

In October 2010, her first novel, ''Inheritance'', was published by ''[[Pan Books]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title= Inheritance|last= Palmer-Tomkinson|first= Tara|year= 2010|publisher= [[Pan Books]]|isbn= 978-0-330-51326-5|url= http://www.panmacmillan.com/titles/displayPage.asp?PageTitle=Individual%20Title&BookID=420745|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> However, this also was ghostwritten.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8081461/Tara-Palmer-Tomkinson-takes-the-honest-approach.html 'Tara Palmer-Tomkinson takes the honest approach' - ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' - 23 October 2010]</ref>

==Television appearances==
In 2002, Palmer-Tomkinson made an appearance on the British television series ''[[I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!]]'', finishing as runner up.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 April 2003 |title=ITV holds high hopes for I'm a Celebrity |last=Deans |first=Jason |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/apr/28/broadcasting.realitytv}}</ref> This included being gunged in the "Jungle Shower", one of the first '[[bush tucker]]' trials.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/im-a-celebrity-get-me-out-of-here-facts-430424 |newspaper=The Mirror |title=I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here! Facts |date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In November 2005, Palmer-Tomkinson presented her third behind the scenes series on [[ITV2]] for the hit show ''[[I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! Now]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/09/22/vicky-pattison-and-stacey-solomon-confirmed-to-replace-laura-whitmore-on-im-a-celeb-spin-off-6143619/ |newspaper=Metro |last=Deen |first=Sarah |date=22 September 2016 |title=Vicky Pattison and Stacey Solomon confirmed to replace Laura Whitmore on I’m A Celeb spin-off}}</ref>

She also appeared on the reality shows ''Spelling Bee'' and ''Cold Turkey'', which followed her attempts to quit smoking with [[Sophie Anderton]], celebrity specials of ''[[A Place in the Sun (TV series)|A Place in the Sun]]'' and ''[[Blind Date (UK TV series)|Blind Date]]'' and in episodes of ''Tabloid Tales'', ''With a Little Help from my Friends'', ''Russian Roulette'', ''Celebrities Under Pressure'' and ''[[Project Catwalk]]''. Palmer-Tomkinson also appeared on ''[[Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear]]'' in 2002 as their "star in a reasonably-priced car", and as a guest panelist on panel comedy show ''[[Would I Lie to You? (TV series)|Would I Lie to You?]]'' in both 2007 and 2008.

Palmer-Tomkinson's presenting credits included ''Animals Do the Funniest things'' with [[Tony Blackburn]], [[Junior Eurovision]], ''The British Comedy Awards...Party On'', ''What Kids Really Think'', ''Popworld'', ''Top of the Pops'', ''SM:TV Live'', ''Company Magazine Bachelor of the Year'', ''Dumb Britain'', ''Extreme'', a role as a team captain on ''Bognor or Bust'' which was hosted by [[Angus Deayton]] and work for [[GMTV]], [[Channel 5 (UK)|Five]], [[LBC radio]], the music channel [[The Hits]] and the [[Living TV]] programme ''[[Dirty Cows]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/tara-bags-the-prize-in-her-tv-dating-show-7263907.html |newspaper=London Evening Standard |title=Tara bags the prize in her TV dating show |date=8 September 2007}}</ref>

Palmer-Tomkinson was a contestant on ''[[Comic Relief Does Fame Academy]]'' for the [[BBC]]. She gave away tickets to see her compete in the show to "ordinary people" who had helped her out (the other contestants generally giving their free tickets to other celebrities). She invited the policeman who found her stolen car, the locksmith who helped when she was locked out of her house and her parents' local shopkeepers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://showbiz.sky.com/showbiz/article/0,,50001-1256133,00.html|title=Sky News "Tara's Kind Gesture"}}</ref>

==Other work==
Palmer-Tomkinson played the piano, as was demonstrated at events at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]] with the [[National Symphony Orchestra of London|National Symphony Orchestra]],<ref>{{cite news |title='It girl' Tara to make her debut as solo pianist |date=19 December 2000 |last=Wilson |first=Jamie |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/19/jamiewilson}}</ref> at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] with Mozart, and at The Coliseum during a [[Leonard Bernstein]] Tribute.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=London Evening Standard |last=Cavendish |first=Lucy |url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/my-life-is-so-lonely-7269819.html}}</ref> She was also the host of the Classic FM Gramophone Awards 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/fameacademy/celebrities/10.shtml |title=Tara Palmer-Tomkinson - WINNER}}</ref>

From November 2013, Palmer-Tomkinson was patron of Scottish charity [[Speur Ghlan]] for a year. Speur Ghlan delivers early intervention for young children diagnosed with autism or developmental delays. The appointment garnered media attention for having been facilitated through social media.<ref name="Paisley Patron">{{cite news|title=Tara P-T named as charity patron|url=http://www.paisleydailyexpress.co.uk/renfrewshire-news/scottish-news/2013/11/01/tara-p-t-named-as-charity-patron-87085-34005930/|accessdate=1 December 2013|newspaper=Paisley Daily Express|date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tara P-T named as charity patron|url=http://localuknews.co.uk/article/breaking-news-tara-p-t-named-as-charity-patron|publisher=Localnews.co.uk|accessdate=1 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Breaking News: Tara P-T|url=http://www.acadvertiser.co.uk/lanarkshire-news/scottish-news/2013/11/01/tara-p-t-named-as-charity-patron-65864-34005967/|accessdate=1 December 2013|newspaper=A&C Advertiser|date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
* ''Inheritance'' (2010)
* ''Infidelity'' (2012)

===Other books===
* ''The Naughty Girl's Guide To Life'' (2007) (written with [[Sharon Marshall]])

==Popular culture==
[[Image:Paul Harvey, Tara Palmer-Tomkinson.jpg|thumb|90 px|''Tara Palmer-Tomkinson'' by Paul Harvey]]
*In 2004, [[Paul Harvey (artist)|Paul Harvey]]'s painting of Palmer-Tomkinson was exhibited in ''[[The Stuckists Punk Victorian]]'' show at the [[Walker Art Gallery]] for the [[Liverpool Biennial]].<ref>Milner, Frank ed. ''The Stuckists Punk Victorian'', p.76, [[National Museums Liverpool]] 2004. ISBN 1-902700-27-9</ref>
*She had a waxwork model in [[Madam Tussauds]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|author=Euan Ferguson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/oct/20/features.review27 |title=Tara Palmer-Tomkinson: the powder and the glory | From the Observer |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Palmer-Tomkinson was from a family of landowners and [[Olympic Games|Olympians]]. Her paternal great-great-grandfather was the landowner, and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] politician, [[James Tomkinson]]. His wife, Emily Frances, was the daughter of [[Palmer Baronets#Hudson, later Palmer baronets, of Wanlip Hall (1791)|Sir George Palmer, 3rd Baronet]]. Palmer-Tomkinson's grandfather [[James Palmer-Tomkinson]], uncle [[Jeremy Palmer-Tomkinson]] and father Charles have all competed at multiple [[Winter Olympics|Winter Olympic Games]]. Palmer-Tomkinson was the youngest of three children. She had a brother James and a sister, [[Santa Montefiore|Santa Montefiore (née Palmer-Tomkinson)]]. She was the sister-in-law of the historian [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]].

Palmer-Tomkinson's family have a close relationship with the [[British Royal Family]]. Her parents are friends of The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall. She attended the [[wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton]].

In 2006, Palmer-Tomkinson received extensive publicity after her [[septum nasi]] collapsed due to her former £400-a-day addiction to [[cocaine]]. Pictures were printed in several [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|British tabloids]]. She underwent cosmetic surgery to have it rebuilt, at a cost of £6,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://showbiz.sky.com/showbiz/article/0,,50001-1260235,00.html|title=Sky News "Tara's Drugs Ban"}}</ref> Some sources claim the surgery was carried out by cranio-facial surgeon Martin Kelly, the late husband of actress [[Natascha McElhone]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article4746967.ece|work=The Times |location=London |first=Margarette|last=Driscoll|accessdate=16 September 2008|date=14 September 2008|title=Interview: Natascha McElhone }}</ref>

On 22 December 2014, Palmer-Tomkinson was arrested at [[Heathrow airport]].<ref name=SkyTPHeathrow>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1396092/tara-palmer-tomkinson-arrested-at-heathrow|accessdate=23 December 2014|title=Tara Palmer-Tomkinson Arrested At Heathrow|work=[[Sky News]]|date=22 December 2014}}</ref> This followed her reaction to being refused access to a first-class lounge.<ref name="SkyTPHeathrow"/> Following her arrest, she said that a panic attack triggered her behaviour. She stated: "I wasn't drunk, there was no disorderly. I was cautioned, I saw a doctor, they were nice to me", before flying to Switzerland to celebrate her 43rd birthday.<ref name="SkyTPHeathrow"/>

===Death===
In January 2016, Tara Palmer-Tomkinson was diagnosed with a [[brain tumour]], announcing her illness publicly in November of that year.<ref name="RevealsTumour">{{cite news |date=19 November 2016 |title=Tara Palmer-Tomkinson reveals brain tumour battle |work=BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38038999}}</ref> The tumour, in her [[pituitary gland]], was thought to be non-malignant, and surgery appeared to be successful.<ref name="RevealsTumour"/> On 8 February 2017, she was found dead at her home in London.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Tara Palmer-Tomkinson dies aged 45 |date=8 February 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/feb/08/tara-palmer-tomkinson-dies-aged-45}}</ref> The death was treated as unexplained but not suspicious.<ref name="Guardian"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|biography}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.earlyinterventionscotland.org/ Speur Ghlan] charity
* {{IMDb name|0658505|Tara Palmer-Tomkinson}}
* [http://www.myvillage.com/pages/celebs-tarapt.htm MyVillage biography]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|title=''[[Comic Relief Does Fame Academy]]'' Winner
|years=[[Comic Relief Does Fame Academy|Series 3 (2007)]]
|before=[[Edith Bowman]]
|after=Series ended
|}}
{{S-end}}

{{Fame Academy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palmer-Tomkinson, Tara}}
[[Category:Palmer-Tomkinson family]]
[[Category:English socialites]]
[[Category:British television presenters]]
[[Category:Participants in British reality television series]]
[[Category:Reality show winners]]
[[Category:Fame Academy participants]]
[[Category:People educated at Hanford School]]
[[Category:People educated at Sherborne Girls]]
[[Category:British people of English descent]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]

All Souls College Library

2016-11-12T12:42:15Z

Camboxer: date added & refs copyedited

{{Infobox library
| library_name = The Codrington Library
| library_logo =
| image = {{multiple image|align=center|direction=vertical|header=|width=250|image1=UK-2014-Oxford-All Souls College 02.jpg|alt1= External view|caption1=|image2=Great Library.JPG|alt2=Internal view|caption2=}}
| caption =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| location = [[All Souls College, Oxford]]
| type = [[Academic library]]
| num_branches =
| established = 1751
| items_collected = [[Book]]s, [[Academic journal|Journals]], [[Newspaper]]s, [[Magazine]]s, [[Map]]s, [[Drawing]]s and [[Manuscript]]s
| collection_size = 185,000 items
| legal_deposit =
| req_to_access = Open to members of Oxford University upon application, and to external scholars by appointment.
| director =Prof. Colin Burrow (Fellow Librarian)
Gaye Morgan (Librarian in Charge & Conservator)
| website = [http://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/library The Codrington Library]
}}
The '''Codrington Library''' is an [[academic library]] in the city of [[Oxford]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite web|first=John S.|last=Simmons|url=http://www.citeulike.org/user/EdwardLacey/article/3771392|title=A note on the Codrington Library, All Souls College, Oxford|location=Oxford|publisher=All Souls College|year=1982}}{{dead link|November 2016}}</ref> It is the library of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]], a graduate constituent college of the [[University of Oxford]].

The library in its current form was endowed by [[Christopher Codrington]] (1668–1710), a [[Fellow]] of the college who amassed his fortune through [[Plantation economy|his sugar plantation in the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Walvin|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/building_britain_gallery_06.shtml|title=Slavery and the Building of Britain|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2011-02-17|accessdate=2014-02-14}}</ref> Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000, in addition to £10,000 in currency (the equivalent of approximately £1.2 million in modern terms).<ref name="National Archives Currency Converter">{{cite web|publisher=The National Archives|title=National Archives Currency Converter|url=http://apps.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency/|accessdate=2014-09-16}}</ref> The library, designed by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] and begun in 1716, was completed in 1751 and has been in continuous use by scholars since then. It is a grade 1 [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1046762|title=All Souls College, Codrington Library|publisher=[[Historic England]]|accessdate=2016-11-12}}</ref>

The modern collection comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were produced before 1800.<ref name="The Codrington Library">{{cite web|url=http://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/library|title=The Codrington Library|publisher=All Souls College|location=Oxford|accessdate=2016-11-12}}</ref> The library's collections are particularly strong in Law, European History, Ecclesiastical History, Military History, and Classics. There is an expanding collection devoted to sociological topics and the History of Science.<ref name="The Codrington Library"/> Unusually for an Oxford college library, access to the Codrington is open to all members of the University (subject to registration).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/applications|title=The Codrington Library Applications|publisher=All Souls College|location=Oxford|accessdate=2016-11-12}}</ref> The library contains a significant collection of manuscripts and early printed books, and attracts scholars from around the world.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/library The Codrington Library homepage]
* [http://www.cherwell.org/cherwelltv/culture/2011/06/06/the-unseen-university-2-the-codrington-library The Unseen University: The Codrington Library] (short film)

{{coord |51.7538|-1.2533|type:edu_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1751]]
[[Category:Library buildings completed in the 18th century]]
[[Category:1751 establishments in England]]
[[Category:All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Oxfordshire|Oxford]]

VR-Baureihe K5

2016-06-06T11:26:02Z

Camboxer: /* Preservation */ location updated

{{Infobox Locomotive
| name=VR Class Tk3
| image = Tk3 1170 Karjaalla.JPG
| caption = Tk3 with wood chimney
| powertype=Steam
| builddate=1927–53
| builder= [[Tampella]], [[Lokomo]] and Frichs
| totalproduction = 161
| aarwheels = [[2-8-0]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1524mm|lk=on}}
| driverdiameter={{convert|1270|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase=
| length={{convert|16|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| width=
| height=
| locoweight={{convert|51.8|t}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|14|bar|kPa psi|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| maxspeed={{convert|60|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|94|kN|lbf|-1|abbr=on}}
| operator=[[VR Yhtymä Oy|VR]]
| firstrundate=1927
| withdrawndate = 1975
| disposition=five restored, many others preserved
}}

The Finnish '''VR Class Tk3''' (original classification 'K5') was a [[2-8-0]] light freight locomotive. It was the most numerous steam locomotive class in Finland with 161 built. 100 locomotives were constructed between 1927 and 1930,<ref name="Katajisto, Juhani 1985 p. 42">Katajisto, Juhani. (1985). ''Eilispäivän kulkuneuvoja''. p. 42. Hämeenlinna:Tietoteos. ISBN 951-9035-79-6.</ref> with a further 61 ordered and constructed 1943–53.<ref name="Höyryveturikirja">Sakari K. Salo:Höyryveturikirja, ISBN 978-952-5805-12-3</ref> They were numbered 800–899, 1100–1118, and 1129–1170.

They were designed for a low axle load of just {{convert|10.7|t}}. This allowed them to operate on lightly laid secondary lines, but during their many years of service, up to the end of the steam era, they were also widely used on main lines hauling slow passenger trains that made frequent stops.

They were affectionately called "Pikku-Jumbo" (The Little Jumbo) because of their good performance despite their low weight. They had a low fuel consumption (usually Tk3s used birch wood) and good riding characteristics. They also had good steaming characteristics and were very popular among locomotive crews.

The livery of Tk3 was the same as other VR steam locomotives: dark locomotive green with a black smokebox. When new some locos were lined with thin gold decoration. The gold decorations were not repainted during maintenance, so they were seldom seen.

Two Tk3-type engines were originally supplied by Tampella to Rauma Rautatie as Nos. 9 and 10 (ex-No. 8) in 1935 and 1927 respectively. These engines became Tk3 1117 and 1118 after the private railway was absorbed by the State network in 1950.<ref name="Katajisto, Juhani 1985 p. 42"/>

==Preservation==

The following are preserved
{{div col|2}}
*852 [[Pieksämäki]]
*859 [[Kouvola]]
*1100
*1103 [[Retallack Leisure Centre & Holiday Park]], Cornwall, UK.<ref name="BLN 1183.MR78">{{cite journal|journal=Branch Line News|date=27 April 2013|volume=1183|page=MR78|accessdate=7 May 2013|publisher=Branch Line Society|issn=1354-0947}}</ref>
*1104 [[Haapamäki]]
*1105 [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum [[St.Petersburg]]
*1106 [[Parola]]
*1108 [[Turku]]
*1110
*1111 [[Haapamäki]]
*1112 [[Vaala]]
*1129
*1130 [[Haapamäki]]
*1132 [[Porvoo]]
*1134 [[Acton, Suffolk]], England
*1135 [[Haapamäki]]
*1136 [[Haapamäki]]
*1137
*1138 [[Suolahti]]
*1139 [[Haapamäki]]
*1140 Tampere
*1141
*1142 [[Haapamäki]]
*1144 [[Bressingham Steam and Gardens]], England
*1146 [[Haapamäki]]
*1147 [[Rovaniemi]]
*1148 [[Rovaniemi]]
*1150 [[Suolahti]]
*1151 [[England]]
*1152 Ämmänsaari, [[Suomussalmi]]
*1154 [[Haapamäki]]
*1157 [[Acton, Suffolk]], England
*1159 [[Kokkola]]
*1163 [[Pasila]]
*1165 [[Seinäjoki]]
*1167 [[Rauma, Finland]]
*1168 [[Porvoo]]
*1170 [[Karis]]
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="6">

Image:Tk3 steam locomotive.jpg|Tk3 no. 1136 steam locomotive running as special service from [[Kouvola]] to [[Kotka]]
Image:Tk3 in Helsinki.jpg|Tk3 steam locomotive in Helsinki
Image: Finnish 2-8-0.jpg| Tk 3 -class locomotive (largest steam locomotive class in Finland), in a commercial livery for the Sinebrychoff brewery (normal livery was black/forest green)
File:Tk3 1147 in Rovaniemi 20120210 01.jpg| preserved VR Class Tk3 steam locomotive (no. 1147) covered with snow at [[Rovaniemi]] railway station in Rovaniemi, Finland
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (1).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (2).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (3).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (4).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (5).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (6).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (7).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (8).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (9).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (10).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (11).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (12).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (13).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (14).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (16).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia
Image:Грузовой паровоз ТкЗ 1105 (17).jpg|Tk3 1105 at [[Varshavsky Rail Terminal]] Museum, [[St.Petersburg]], Russia

</gallery>

[[I]]

== See also ==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Finnish Railway Museum]]
* [[History of rail transport in Finland]]
* [[Heritage railways]]
* [[Jokioinen Museum Railway]]
* [[List of Finnish locomotives]]
* [[List of heritage railways]]
* [[List of railway museums]] Worldwide
* [[Restored trains]]
* [[VR Class Pr1]]
* [[VR Class Hr1]]
* [[VR Class Hr11]]
* [[VR Group]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}
== Literature ==
Valtionrautatiet 1937-1962, Helsinki 1962

{{Finnish locomotives}}

[[Category:VR locomotives|Tk3]]
[[Category:2-8-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1927]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of Finland|Tk3]]
[[Category:5 ft gauge locomotives]]

Broomhall Castle

2016-01-25T13:03:27Z

Camboxer: tautology

'''Broomhall Castle''' was originally built in 1874 by John Foukes and Frances Mackison for James Johnstone. It is situated in [[Menstrie]], [[Clackmannanshire]], [[Scotland]] on the [[Ochil Hills]] and consists of three storeys and a tower.
In 1906 the wealth of the builder declined, and the Castle was sold to an Italian Riding School. In 1910 it became the Clifford Park Boys Prep School. In 1941 the building caught fire whilst the boarders were camping in the grounds. Despite the efforts of the Alloa Fire Brigade the building was gutted. There was a spectacular scene when the roof fell in, sending a shower of sparks heavenwards.
It was left in ruins until 1985 when it was rebuilt and turned into a nursing home.
In 2003 it was purchased by the current owners, Katherine Broomhall, who turned it into a small hotel. It is currently in use as a 10 bedroom hotel, with restaurant and lounge.<ref>http://www.broomhallcastle.co.uk/</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.broomhallcastle.co.uk Broomhall Castle]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|56|09|13|N|3|50|52|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Clackmannanshire]]
{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Bhor Ghat

2015-08-28T08:44:09Z

Camboxer: formatting ref

{{Infobox Mountain Pass
|name = Bhor Ghat भोर घाट
|photo = Bhor Ghat (1870).jpg
|photo_width = 280px
|photo_caption =
|latd =
|longd =
| traversed =
| location = [[States and Territories of India|Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| range = [[Sahyadri]]
|coordinates =
|elevation =
}}
'''Bhor Ghat''' or '''Bor Ghat''', '''Bhore Ghaut''',<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&pg=PA36&dq=Bhor+Ghat The Indian Empire By William Wilson Hunter, p. 36]
</ref><ref>http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/gen_phy_features.html</ref> is a mountain passage located between [[Karjat]] and [[Khandala]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] along the railway line and between [[Khopoli]] and [[Khandala]] for road [[National Highway 4 (India)|Old Mumbai Pune Road]] and the [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]]. Situated on the crest of the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges, Bhor Ghat is noted for its scenic and dense woods.

==Rail==
The '''Bhor railway ghat''' cuts a distance of 21 km between [[Khandala]] and [[Karjat]]. There are 28 tunnels across the railway ghat. This ghat comes under the proposed [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|Golden Quadrilateral Freight Corridors]] and the proposed [[Pune - Mumbai - Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor]].

==Road==
The '''Bhor road ghat''' cuts the [[Sahyadri]] range to join [[Khandala]] to [[Khopoli]] and handles traffic between [[Mumbai]] to [[Pune]] on the [[National Highway 4 (India)|Old Mumbai Pune Road]] and on the [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]]. This ghat stretches almost 18 km between [[Khandala]] to [[Khopoli]].

==History==
The discovery of a route to make a motorable pass in Bor Ghat came after information was provided by a local Dhangar tribesman called Shigroba. Later, the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] laid a railway line from [[Mumbai]] to [[Pune]]. The section through Bhor Ghat with 28 tunnels, and old bridges was opened in 1863.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Balkwill|author2=[[John Marshall (railway historian)|Marshall, John]]|title=The Guinness Book of Railway Facts and Feats|edition=6th|location=Enfield|publisher=Guinness Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-85112-707-1|pages=66-7}}</ref> The Ghat opened Mumbai to the [[Deccan]] plains of Peninsular India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M.A.|title=Indian Railways|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Book Trust|date=1988|page=15}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{coord|18|46|N|73|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{commonscat|Bhor Ghat}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]

Bhor Ghat

2015-08-28T08:43:18Z

Camboxer: /* History */ date corrected

{{Infobox Mountain Pass
|name = Bhor Ghat भोर घाट
|photo = Bhor Ghat (1870).jpg
|photo_width = 280px
|photo_caption =
|latd =
|longd =
| traversed =
| location = [[States and Territories of India|Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| range = [[Sahyadri]]
|coordinates =
|elevation =
}}
'''Bhor Ghat''' or '''Bor Ghat''', '''Bhore Ghaut''',<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&pg=PA36&dq=Bhor+Ghat The Indian Empire By William Wilson Hunter, p. 36]
</ref><ref>http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/gen_phy_features.html</ref> is a mountain passage located between [[Karjat]] and [[Khandala]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] along the railway line and between [[Khopoli]] and [[Khandala]] for road [[National Highway 4 (India)|Old Mumbai Pune Road]] and the [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]]. Situated on the crest of the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges, Bhor Ghat is noted for its scenic and dense woods.

==Rail==
The '''Bhor railway ghat''' cuts a distance of 21 km between [[Khandala]] and [[Karjat]]. There are 28 tunnels across the railway ghat. This ghat comes under the proposed [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|Golden Quadrilateral Freight Corridors]] and the proposed [[Pune - Mumbai - Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor]].

==Road==
The '''Bhor road ghat''' cuts the [[Sahyadri]] range to join [[Khandala]] to [[Khopoli]] and handles traffic between [[Mumbai]] to [[Pune]] on the [[National Highway 4 (India)|Old Mumbai Pune Road]] and on the [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]]. This ghat stretches almost 18 km between [[Khandala]] to [[Khopoli]].

==History==
The discovery of a route to make a motorable pass in Bor Ghat came after information was provided by a local Dhangar tribesman called Shigroba. Later, the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] laid a railway line from [[Mumbai]] to [[Pune]]. The section through Bhor Ghat with 28 tunnels, and old bridges was opened in 1863.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Balkwill|author2=[[John Marshall (railway historian)|Marshall, John]]|title=The Guinness Book of Railway Facts and Feats|edition=6th|location=Enfield|publisher=Guinness Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-85112-707-1|pages=66-7}}</ref> The Ghat opened Mumbai to the [[Deccan]] plains of Peninsular India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M.A.|title=Indian Railways, New Delhi: National Book Trust|date=1988|page=15}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{coord|18|46|N|73|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{commonscat|Bhor Ghat}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]

Daniel Rowland

2015-07-15T09:17:43Z

Camboxer: birthdate amended

{{for|the long-distance trail runner|Daniel Rowland (runner)}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
[[Image:Daniel Rowland.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Daniel Rowland]]
'''Daniel Rowland''' (also spelt '''Rowlands'''; c.1711 – 16 October 1790) was one of the foremost leaders of the [[Welsh Calvinistic Methodist revival]], along with [[Howell Harris]] and [[William Williams Pantycelyn|William Williams]]. For most of his life he was [[curate]] in the parishes of [[Nantcwnlle]] and [[Llangeitho]], [[Ceredigion]]. He was renowned as a preacher and made Llangeitho memorable as a centre for [[Presbyterian Church of Wales|Calvinistic Methodism]] in Wales. His date of birth was traditionally given as 1713 but more recent research indicates 1711.<ref>{{cite web|first=Eryn M.|last=White|title=Rowland, Daniel (1711?–1790)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=Online|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24214|accessdate=2015-07-15|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/24214}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

The Anglican Church authorities deprived him of his Nantcwnlle curacy in c. 1763, an action which was unpopular with parishioners.<ref>{{cite web|first=Gomer Morgan|last=Roberts|url=http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-ROWL-DAN-1713.html|title=Rowland, Daniel|work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|edition=Online|publisher=[[National Library of Wales]]|year=2009|accessdate=2015-07-15}}</ref> Following this, he established a Methodist "cause" in Llangeitho.

His early preaching was frightening: he gave much attention to God's judgment in his sermons. But as he matured in his ministry, he placed more emphasis on the saving work of [[Jesus]] on the cross. His theology and character was seen as more consistent and stable than that of his counterpart Howel Harris during the revival.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

One of his great-grandchildren was the novelist Anne Adalisa Puddicombe ([[Allen Raine]]).{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Rowland, Daniel, also known as Daniel Rowlands
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Methodist leader
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1711
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 16 October 1790
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rowland, Daniel, also known as Daniel Rowlands}}
[[Category:1711 births]]
[[Category:1790 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ceredigion]]
[[Category:Welsh Christian leaders]]
[[Category:Calvinistic Methodists]]

Emily St. John Mandel

2015-06-15T11:58:34Z

Camboxer: /* Life */ missing titles in refs inserted

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
'''Emily St. John Mandel''' (born 1979) is a Canadian novelist.<ref>"Mandel, Emily St. John 1979– --" in ''Contemporary Authors,'' v. 301. Gale, 2010.</ref>

==Life==

Mandel was born and raised on the west coast of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. She studied contemporary dance at [[The School of Toronto Dance Theatre]] and lived briefly in [[Montreal]] before relocating to [[New York]].

She has written four [[novel]]s. Her fourth, ''Station Eleven,'' is a dystopian novel set in the near future in a world ravaged by the effects of a virus and follows a troupe of Shakespearian actors who travel from town to town around the Great Lakes region. It was nominated for the [[National Book Award]], the [[PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction]] and the [[Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction]],<ref>Review by S. Nunez, ''New York Times Book Review,'' 119:37, September 14, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/books/emily-st-john-mandels-station-eleven-a-flu-apocalypse.html?ref=books</ref> and won the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/06/arthur-c-clarke-award-station-eleven-emily-st-john-mandel|title=Arthur C Clarke award goes to 'elegy for the hyper-globalised present'|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=2015-05-06|accessdate=2015-05-15}}</ref> A film adaptation of the novel is in development by producer [[Scott Steindorff]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/best-seller-station-eleven-acquired-772214|title=Best-Seller 'Station Eleven' Acquired by 'Jane Got a Gun' Producer|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2015-02-10|accessdate=2015-06-15}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Last Night in Montreal'' (2009)
* ''The Singer's Gun'' (2010)
* ''The Lola Quartet'' (2012)
* ''Station Eleven'' (2014)

==Awards==

* 2015 Winner [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] for ''Station Eleven''
* 2015 Shortlisted [[National Book Award]] for ''Station Eleven''
* 2015 Nominated [[PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction]] for ''Station Eleven''
* 2015 Nominated [[Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction]] for ''Station Eleven''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Emily St John Mandel
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1979
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandel, Emily St. John}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]

{{US-novelist-1970s-stub}}

Aimee Semple McPherson

2014-11-25T16:32:24Z

Camboxer: /* Books, periodicals, films, and plays */ addition

{{multiple issues|
{{very long|date=October 2013}}
{{lead too short|date=April 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2014}}
}}

{{Infobox person
| name =Aimee Semple McPherson
| image = Aimee Semple McPherson.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Aimee Semple McPherson became one of the most photographed persons of her time. She enjoyed publicity and quotes on almost every subject were sought from her by journalists.
| birth_name = Aimee Elizabeth Kennedy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|10|09}}
| birth_place = [[Salford, Ontario]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|09|27|1890|10|09}}
| death_place =[[Oakland, California]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery (Glendale)]]
| residence =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for =Founding the [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
| religion =
| spouse = Robert James Semple (died 1910) Harold Stewart McPherson (divorced 1921) David Hutton (divorced 1934)
| children = [[Roberta Semple Salter|Roberta Star Semple]] [[Rolf McPherson]]
| parents = James Morgan Kennedy Mildred Ona Pearce
}}

'''Aimee Semple McPherson''' (October 9, 1890 – September 27, 1944), also known as '''Sister Aimee''', was a Canadian-American [[Los Angeles]]–based [[Evangelism|evangelist]] and [[Mass media|media]] [[celebrity]] in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="WVobit">Obituary ''[[Variety Obituaries|Variety]]'', October 4, 1944.</ref> She founded the [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel|Foursquare Church]]. McPherson has been noted as a pioneer in the use of modern media, especially radio, and was the second woman to be granted a [[broadcast license]]. She used radio to draw on the growing appeal of popular entertainment in North America and incorporated other forms into her weekly sermons at [[Angelus Temple]].<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30148022</ref>

In her time she was the most publicized Christian evangelist, surpassing [[Billy Sunday]] and her other predecessors.<ref name="autogenerated308">George Hunston Williams, Rodney Lawrence Petersen, Calvin Augustine Pater, The Contentious Triangle: Church, State, and University, Truman State University Press, 1999 p. 308</ref><ref name="newspapers1">{{cite web|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19310302.2.46 |title=Newspaper Article - AIMEE McPHERSON IN SINGAPORE |publisher=Newspapers.nl.sg |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> She conducted public faith-healing demonstrations before large crowds, allegedly healing tens of thousands of people.<ref>Aimee Semple McPherson Audio Tapes, http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/GUIDES/103.htm#602</ref>
<ref>Epstein, Daniel Mark , Sister Aimee: The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson (Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993), p. 111. Note: Epstein writes "The healings present a monstrous obstacle to scientific historiography. If events transpired as newspapers, letters, and testimonials say they did, then Aimee Semple McPherson's healing ministry was miraculous.... The documentation is overwhelming: very sick people came to Sister Aimee by the tens of thousands, blind, deaf, paralyzed. Many were healed some temporarily, some forever. She would point to heaven, to Christ the Great Healer and take no credit for the results."</ref> McPherson's articulation of the United States as a nation founded and sustained by divine inspiration continues to be echoed by many pastors in churches today. News coverage sensationalized misfortunes with family and church members; particularly inflaming accusations she had fabricated her reported kidnapping, turning it into a national spectacle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-incredible-disappearing-evangelist-572829/ |title=The Incredible Disappearing Evangelist |publisher=Smithsonian.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-03}}</ref> McPherson's preaching style, extensive charity work and ecumenical contributions were a major influence in revitalization of American Evangelical Christianity in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiondispatches.org/books/529/rd10q:_aimee_semple_mcpherson,_evangelical_maverick |title=RD10Q: Aimee Semple McPherson, Evangelical Maverick |publisher=Religion Dispatches |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref name="SuttonWildfire">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%22Between+the+refrigerator+and+the+wildfire%22%3A+Aimee+Semple+McPherson,...-a098978379 |title="Between the refrigerator and the wildfire": Aimee Semple McPherson, pentecostalism, and the fundamentalist-modernist controversy (1). - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
McPherson was born Aimee Elizabeth Kennedy on a farm in [[Salford, Ontario]], [[Canada]].<ref>Matthew Avery Sutton, ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674032538 Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America]'' (Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]], 2007), page 9</ref> Her father, James Kennedy, was a farmer.<ref name="Sutton, p. 9">Sutton, p. 9</ref> Young Aimee got her early exposure to religion through her mother, Mildred – known as Minnie. McPherson's later work in spreading the Gospel was a result of watching her mother work with the poor in [[Salvation Army]] soup kitchens.

As a child she would play "Salvation Army" with her classmates, and at home she would gather a congregation with her dolls, giving them a sermon.<ref name="Sutton, p. 9"/> As a teenager, McPherson strayed from her mother's teachings by reading novels and going to movies and dances, activities which were strongly disapproved of by both the Salvation Army and the faith of her father, a Methodist. Novels, though, made their way into the Methodist Church library and with guilty delight, McPherson would read them. At the movies, she recognized some of her fellow Methodist church members. She learned too, at a local dance she attended, that her dancing partner was a Presbyterian minister. In high school, she was taught [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[Theory of Evolution]]''.<ref>Sutton, pp. 9–10</ref><ref>Epstein, pp. 28–29</ref> She began to quiz visiting preachers and local pastors about faith and science, but was unhappy with the answers she received.<ref name="Sutton, p. 10">Sutton, p. 10</ref> She stunned her father, who almost fell backwards while carrying a pan of milk up the basement stairs by asking him, "How do you know there is a God?" She wrote to the Canadian newspaper, ''Family Herald and Weekly Star'', questioning why taxpayer-funded public schools had courses, such as evolution, which undermined Christianity.<ref name="Sutton, p. 10"/> While still in high school, after her Pentecostal conversion, McPherson began a crusade against the concept of evolution, beginning a lifelong passion.

===Marriage and family===
[[File:Semples.jpeg|right|frame|Robert and Aimee Semple (1910)]]
While attending a revival meeting in December 1907, Aimee met Robert James Semple, a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] [[missionary]] from [[Ireland]]. After a short courtship, they were married on August 12, 1908 in a Salvation Army ceremony, pledging never to allow their marriage to lessen their devotion to God, affection for comrades or faithfulness in the Army. The pair's notion of "Army" was very broad, encompassing much more than just the Salvation Army. Robert supported them as a foundry worker and preached at the local Pentecostal mission. Together, they studied the Bible, Aimee claiming Robert taught her all she knew; though other observers state she was far more knowledgeable than she let on. After a few months they moved to Chicago and became part of [[William Howard Durham|William Durham]]'s Full Gospel Assembly. Under Durham's tutelage, Aimee was discovered to have a unique ability in the interpretation in tongues, translating with stylistic eloquence the otherwise indecipherable utterances of persons who began to speak in a language unknown to them.<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Inc., 1993), p. 81</ref>

The two then embarked on an evangelical tour, first to Europe and then to [[China]], where they arrived in June 1910, with Aimee about six months pregnant. Shortly after disembarking in Hong Kong, both contracted [[malaria]] and Robert, [[dysentery]]. Robert Semple died of the illnesses on August 19, 1910, and was buried in [[Hong Kong Cemetery]]. Aimee Semple recovered and gave birth to their daughter, [[Roberta Semple Salter|Roberta Star Semple]], on September 17, 1910. Alone, with just the wailing of her newborn daughter, Aimee Semple was now a 19-year-old widow. Her mother, Mildred Kennedy wired her funds for the return journey to the United States.<ref>Blumhofer, p. 92</ref> On-board ship, Aimee Semple started a Sunday school class then held other services as well. Almost all the passengers attended. On her departure, a collection was taken by the ship's purser and the amount given was just enough to pay for travel to her hometown. Robert Semple never left her thoughts; she displayed his photo in her parlor and spoke of him glowingly, even dreamily, in her sermons, as a lifelong inspiration.

Shortly after her recuperation in the United States, Semple joined her mother Minnie working with the [[Salvation Army]]. While in [[New York City]], she met Harold Stewart McPherson, an accountant. They were married on May 5, 1912, moved to [[Rhode Island]] and had a son, [[Rolf McPherson|Rolf Potter Kennedy McPherson]] in March 1913.

McPherson tried to live the life of the dutiful housewife, had a devoted husband and a fine home, but was instead miserable as she denied her "calling" to go preach. She became emotionally erratic, sulking in a corner, lethargic, then tempestuous with a raging temper.<ref>Sutton, p. 58</ref> Next she would tackle household chores with prolonged obsessional detail and afterwards fall to weeping and praying.<ref>Epstein, pp. 72–73</ref> After the birth of her second child, Rolf, she felt the call to preach tug at her even more strongly. In response, she helped with worship services in several Pentecostal churches in and around the Providence, Rhode Island area. But, this did not satisfy the voice which told her, as McPherson claimed, to go and do the work of an evangelist.

Then in 1914, she fell seriously ill, and after a failed operation she was left in the holding room where patients were taken to die. In her delirium, McPherson states she again heard the persistent voice, asking her to go preach. Feeling that either her life was at an end or she would go preach, McPherson accepted the voice's challenge. The astounded nurse looked on as McPherson suddenly opened her eyes and was able to turn over in bed without pain. One spring morning in 1915, her husband returned home from the night shift to discover McPherson had left him and taken the children. A few weeks later, a note was received inviting him to join her in evangelistic work.<ref>Epstein, pp. 74–76</ref>

McPherson of this period wrote:
<blockquote>"Oh, don't you ever tell me that a woman can not be called to preach the Gospel! If any man ever went through one hundredth part of the hell on earth that I lived in, those months when out of God's will and work, they would never say that again."<ref>McPherson, Aimee Semple, This is That, (The Bridal Call Publishing House, Los Angeles, CA, 1921) p. 102</ref></blockquote>

Though the compulsion for cleanliness never left her, children Roberta Star Semple and Rolf McPherson later recalled a loving and dutiful mother, finding time for them in her busy itinerary.<ref>Epstein, p. 72</ref> Their trip on the road traveling from city to city was an adventure; McPherson told them stories, planned pleasant little surprises and was consistently cheerful and optimistic.

Her husband later followed McPherson to take her back home. When he saw her, though, preaching to a crowd, she was not the troubled woman of uncertain temperament, but determined, radiant and lovely. Before long he succumbed to the Pentecostal experience, was speaking in tongues, and became her fellow worker in Christ. Their house in Providence was sold and he joined her in setting up tents for revival meetings and even did some preaching himself.<ref>Epstein, pp. 91, 95, 128</ref>

Food and accommodations were uncertain; McPherson and her family "lived by faith" for their needs. People would just appear and donate goods. Frequently, the McPhersons would have to launder clothing in the local ponds and creeks as well as fish them for their meals. McPherson herself apparently became accomplished at angling, later describing in a sermon, how, in [[St Petersburg, Florida]], as soon as she had a good catch on her line, a [[pelican]] would swoop in and swallow it. She would then have to reach down past its beak into the pelican's gullet and pull her fish out.<ref>Aimee Semple McPherson, Live Wire sermon, Approx 1939</ref> Her husband, in spite of initial enthusiasm, grew weary of living out of their "Gospel Car" and wanted a life that was more stable and predicable. After arguing with McPherson, he returned to Rhode Island and around 1918 had filed for separation. He petitioned for divorce, citing abandonment; the divorce was granted in 1921.

Some years later after her fame and the Angelus Temple were established in [[Los Angeles, California]], she married again on September 13, 1931 to actor and musician David Hutton. Her children, Roberta Star Semple and son Rolf McPherson had since married, leaving her feeling very much alone. McPherson admitted she herself would one day like to have a "diamond ring and a home" and "live like other folks." She quickly hit it off with Hutton, 10 years her junior, who was a portly baritone currently acting in one of her sacred operas. The radiant bride shared her marital bliss with the congregation as well as the public at large, even allowing photographers into their bridal chamber for an interview the day after their marriage.<ref>Sutton, pp. 168–170</ref> Two days after the wedding, though, Hutton was sued for [[breach of promise]] by ex-girlfriend nurse Hazel St. Pierre. Hutton disputed her story stating he never kissed or did any of the other things claimed by St. Pierre. Hutton earned the media nickname, "The Great Un-kissed." Deciding in favor of St. Pierre, the jury awarded her [[US$]]5,000.<ref>About US $74,000 in 2013 dollars. See subsequent cites for inflation calculator links.</ref><ref name="dollartimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dollartimes.com/calculators/inflation.htm |title=Inflation Calculator |publisher=DollarTimes.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=2000.00&year1=1937&year2=2012 |title=CPI Inflation Calculator |publisher=Data.bls.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php |title=Inflation Calculator 2013 |publisher=Davemanuel.com |date=2009-08-13 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> After Hutton relayed the news to McPherson, she fainted and fractured her skull.<ref>Sutton, p. 172</ref>

While McPherson was away in Europe to recover, she was angered to learn Hutton was billing himself as "Aimee's man" in his [[cabaret]] singing act and was frequently photographed with scantily clad women. Her private cablegrams to Hutton made their way into the front page news, leaked from an unknown source. She was also distressed to find out he filed for divorce, something she refused to believe at the time. Meanwhile, the marriage caused an uproar within the church: the tenets of Foursquare Gospel, as put forth by McPherson herself, held that one should not remarry while their previous spouse was still alive, as McPherson's second husband still was; although he had remarried.<ref>Epstein, p. 362</ref> If her third husband was more well liked by the congregation and elders, the doctrinal ambiguity might have been more easily overlooked. But Hutton's much publicized personal scandals were damaging the Foursquare Gospel Church and their leader's credibility with other churches.<ref>Epstein, pp. 374–375</ref>

The newspapers anticipated Hutton might have a difficult time, coming in second to "the fascinating flaming, Aimee." Hutton, for his part, complained his financial allowance was too small, she humiliated him by limiting his powers within her organization and "inflicted grievous mental suffering." He also demanded McPherson pay the St. Pierre award. McPherson and Hutton separated in 1933 and divorced on March 1, 1934. McPherson later publicly repented of the marriage, as wrong from the beginning, for both theological<ref>Blumhofer, p. 333. Note: in 1932, after having to continuously answer questions about McPherson's marriage to David Hutton, 33 Foursquare ministers thought this was too much of a distraction and seceded from the Temple and formed their own Pentecostal denomination, the Open Bible Evangelistic Association.</ref> and personal reasons<ref>Epstein, p. 434</ref> and therefore rejected nationally known gospel singer, [[Homer Rodeheaver]], a more appropriate suitor, when he eventually asked for her hand in 1935.<ref>Blumhofer, p. 333. Note: Homer Rodeheaver, former singing master for evangelist [[Billy Sunday]], was refused; even when it was suggested she married the wrong man and to try again to have a loving marriage, she responded negatively and redoubled her evangelistic efforts, forsaking personal fulfillment in relationships. McPherson knew Rodeheaver from working with him at the Angeleus Temple and he introduced her to David Hutton. In the case of Rodeheaver, however, biographer Sutton, according to Roberta Star Semple, stated McPherson liked him but not the way he kissed.</ref><ref>''Aimee May Marry Homer Rodeheaver'' (North Tonawanda, NY Evening News June 21, 1935)</ref>

===Career===
In 1913 Aimee Semple McPherson embarked upon a preaching career. Touring [[Canada]] and the United States, she began evangelizing and holding tent revivals in June 1915. At first she struggled to gain an audience. Standing on a chair in some public place, she would gaze into the sky as if intently observing something there, perhaps reaching upwards as if to gesture for help or supplication. An audience, curious as to what the woman was doing or looking at, would gather around her. Then after 20 minutes to an hour, she would jump off the chair, declare something to the effect "I have a secret to share with you, follow me...," go to a nearby meeting room she had earlier rented out. Once inside, the doors were shut behind them and McPherson would begin her sermon.

The female Pentecostal preacher was greeted with some trepidation by pastors of local churches she solicited for building space to hold her revival meetings. Pentecostals were at the edge of Christian religious society, sometimes seen as strange with their loud, raucous unorganized meetings and were often located in the poorer sections of town. McPherson, however, perhaps because of her Methodist upbringing, kept an order to her meetings that came to be much appreciated. She wanted to create the enthusiasm a Pentecostal meeting could provide, with its "Amen Corner" and "Halleluiah Chorus" but also to avoid its unbridled chaos as participants started shouting, trembling on the floor and speaking in tongues; all at once. Because of the negative connotation of the word "pentecostal' and though McPherson practiced [[speaking in tongues]], she rarely emphasized it. McPherson organized her meetings with the general public in mind and yet did not wish to quench any who suddenly came into "the Spirit." To this end she set up a "tarry tent or room" away from the general area for any who suddenly started speaking in tongues or display any other [[Holy Ghost]] behavior the larger audience might be put off by.<ref>Epstein, p. 172</ref> McPherson wrote:

<blockquote>"A woman preacher was a novelty. At the time I began my ministry, women were well in the background.... Orthodox ministers, many of whom disapproved even of men evangelists such as [[Dwight L. Moody|Moody]], [[Charles Spurgeon|Spurgeon]], Tunda and the rest chiefly because they used novel evangelistic methods, disapproved all the more of a woman minister. especially was this true when my meetings departed from the funeral, sepulchrelike ritual of appointed Sundays...."<ref>McPherson, Aimee Semple, Aimee: Life Story of Aimee Semple McPherson (Foursquare Publications, Los Angeles, 1979) p. 98</ref></blockquote>

After her first successful visits, she had little difficulty with acceptance or attendance. Eager converts filled the pews of local churches which turned many recalcitrant ministers into her enthusiastic supporters. Frequently, she would start a revival meeting in a hall or church and then have to move to a larger building to accommodate the growing crowds. When there were no suitable buildings, she set up a tent, which was often filled past capacity.

McPherson was a strong woman, hefting a maul to hammer in tent stakes and involved herself in all the physical labor a revival setup required. She could fix her car, move boulders and drag fallen timber out of the roadway as she traveled to her destinations.<ref name="Epstein, p. 156">Epstein, p. 156</ref> McPherson was also known as a successful [[faith healer]] as there were extensive claims of physical healing occurring during her meetings. Such claims became less important as her fame increased.


In 1916, McPherson embarked on a tour of the Southern United States in her "Gospel Car", first with her husband Harold and later, in 1918, with her mother, Mildred Kennedy. She was an important addition to McPherson's ministry and managed everything, including the money, which gave them an unprecedented degree of financial security. Their vehicle was a 1912 [[Packard]] touring car emblazoned with religious slogans. Standing on the back seat of the convertible, McPherson preached sermons over a [[megaphone]]. On the road between sermons, she would sit in the back seat typing sermons and other religious materials. She first traveled up and down the eastern United States, then went to other parts of the country.

By 1917 she had started her own magazine, ''The Bridal Call'', for which she wrote many articles about women’s roles in religion; she portrayed the link between Christians and Jesus as a marriage bond. By taking seriously the religious role of women, the magazine contributed to the rising women’s movement.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

[[Azusa Street Revival]]s starting in 1906 were noted for their racial diversity as blacks, Hispanics, whites and other minorities openly worshiped together, led by [[William J. Seymour]], an African American preacher. As the participants of the Azusa Street Revivals, dispersed, local Pentecostals were looking for leadership for a new revival and in late 1918, McPherson came to Los Angeles. Minnie Kennedy, her mother, rented the largest hall they could find, the 3,500 seat [[Philharmonic Auditorium]] (known then as Temple Auditorium). People waited for hours to get in and McPherson could hardly reach the pulpit without stepping on someone.<ref>Epstein, p. 151</ref> Afterwards, grateful attendees of her Los Angeles meetings built her a home for her family which included everything from the cellar to a canary bird.<ref>Epstein, p. 153</ref>

While Aimee Semple McPherson had traveled extensively in her evangelical work prior to arriving in Baltimore, she was first “discovered” by the newspapers while sitting with her mother in the red plush parlor of the [[Belvedere Hotel]] on December 5, 1919, a day after conducting evangelistic services at the Lyric Opera House.<ref name="Sun">{{cite web|url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1655208322&sid=4&Fmt=1&clientId=41152&RQT=309&VName=HNP |title=ProQuest Login - ProQuest |publisher=Proquest.umi.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> In December 1919, she went to Baltimore’s [[Lyric Opera House]] to conduct seventeen days of meetings.<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, ''Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister'' (Grand Rapids: [[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]], Inc., 1993), p. 147</ref> The ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' ran a thousand-word interview with her in the December 6, 1919, issue.<ref>Daniel Mark Epstein, ''Sister Aimee: The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson'' (Orlando: [[Harcourt Brace & Company]], 1993),
p. 157</ref> Her mother Mildred Kennedy had booked the 2,500 seating capacity Lyric Opera House at US $3,100,<ref>over US $42,000.00 in 2013 dollars</ref> a huge sum compared to earlier engagements. Considering her daughter's success elsewhere, Kennedy thought the risk well worth taking. During the interview, the ''Sun'' reporter asked McPherson how she had decided on Baltimore as the site for a revival.

<blockquote>“As soon as I entered the city I saw the need. Women were sitting in the dining room smoking with the men,” McPherson replied. “I took up the newspapers and I saw card parties and dances advertised in connection with the churches. There was a coldness. Card parties, dances, theaters, all represent agencies of the devil to distract the attention of men and women away from spirituality....”<ref name="Sun"/></blockquote>

The Baltimore event was one of McPherson's larger engagements yet. The crowds, in their religious ecstasy were barely kept under control as they gave way to manifestations of "the Spirit," and the Lyric Opera House's capacity was constantly tested. Moreover, her alleged faith healings now became part of the public record, and attendees began to focus on that part of her ministry over all else. McPherson considered the Baltimore Revival an important turning point not only for her ministry "but in the history of the outpouring of the Pentecostal power."<ref>Epstein, pp. 170–172</ref>

The battle between fundamentalists and modernists escalated after [[World War I]], with many modernists seeking less conservative religious faiths.<ref>Epstein, pp. 79–80</ref> Fundamentalists generally believed their religious faith should influence every aspect of their lives. McPherson sought to eradicate modernism and secularism in homes, churches, schools, and communities. She developed a strong following in what McPherson termed "the Foursquare Gospel" by blending contemporary culture with religious teachings. McPherson was entirely capable of sustaining a protracted intellectual discourse as her Bible students and debate opponents will attest. But she believed in preaching the gospel with simplicity and power, so as to not confuse the message. Her distinct voice and visual descriptions created a crowd excitement "bordering on hysteria."<ref name="Epstein, p. 156"/>

Her faith-healing demonstrations gained her unexpected allies. When a [[Romani people|Romani]] tribe king and his mother stated they were faith-healed by McPherson, thousands of others came to her as well in caravans from all over the country and were converted. The infusion of crosses and other symbols of Christianity alongside Romani [[astrology]] charts and [[crystal ball]]s was the result of McPherson's influence.<ref>Epstein, p. 239</ref> Prizing gold and loyalty, the Romani repaid her in part, with heavy bags of gold coin and jewels, which helped fund the construction of the new Angelus Temple.<ref>Epstein, p. 241</ref> In [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]], Kansas, in May 29, 1922, where heavy perennial thunderstorms threatened to rain out the thousands who gathered there, McPherson interrupted the speaker, raised her hand to the sky and prayed, "let it fall (the rain) after the message has been delivered to these hungry souls". The rain immediately stopped, an event reported the following day by the ''[[Wichita Eagle]]'' on May 30: "Evangelist's Prayers Hold Big Rain Back,"<ref>Blumhofer, p. 184</ref> For the gathered Romani, it was a further acknowledgement "of the woman's power".<ref>Epstein, p. 240</ref>

The appeal of McPherson's thirty or so revival events from 1919 to 1922 surpassed any touring event of theater or politics ever presented in American history. "Neither Houdini nor Teddy Roosevelt had such an audience nor PT Barnum."<ref name="Epstein, p. 156"/> Her one to four-week meetings typically overflowed any building she could find to hold them. She broke attendance records recently set by [[Billy Sunday]]<ref name="autogenerated308"/> and frequently used his temporary tabernacle structures to hold some of her meetings in. Her revivals were often standing-room only. One such revival was held in a boxing ring, with the meeting before and after the match. Throughout the boxing event, she walked about with a sign reading "knock out the Devil." In [[San Diego, California]], the city called in the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] and other branches of the armed forces to control a revival crowd of over 30,000 people.

McPherson preached a conservative gospel but used progressive methods, taking advantage of radio, movies, and stage acts. Advocacy for women's rights was on the rise, including women's suffrage through the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]]. She attracted some women associated with modernism, but others were put off by the contrast between her different theories. By accepting and using such new media outlets, McPherson helped integrate them into people’s daily lives.

===Faith healing ministry===

Aimee Semple McPherson's [[faith healing]] demonstrations were extensively written about in the news media and were a large part of her early career legacy.<ref>Epstein, p. 57</ref> No one has ever been credited by secular witnesses with anywhere near the numbers of faith healings attributed to McPherson, especially during the years 1919 to 1922.<ref>Epstein, p. 185</ref> Over time though, she almost withdrew from the faith healing aspect of her services, since it was overwhelming<ref>Epstein, p. 111</ref> other areas of her ministry. Scheduled healing sessions nevertheless remained highly popular with the public until her death in 1944.

Alleged incidents of miraculous faith healing are sometimes clinically explained as a result of hysteria or a form of [[hypnosis]]. Strong emotions and the mind's ability to trigger the production of [[opiate]]s, [[endorphin]]s, and [[enkephalin]]s; have also been offered as explanations as well as the healings are simply faked. In the case of McPherson, there was no evidence of fraud found.<ref>Epstein, pp. 66, 111, 119</ref> In August 1921, doctors from the [[American Medical Association]] in San Francisco secretly investigated some of McPherson's local revival meetings. The subsequent AMA report stated Aimee Semple McPherson's healing was "genuine, beneficial and wonderful."<ref>Epstein, p. 233</ref>

McPherson claims to have experienced several of her own personal faith healing incidents, among them one in 1909, when her broken foot was mended, an event which first served to introduce her to the possibilities of the healing power.<ref>Epstein, p. 58</ref> Another was an unexpected recovery from an operation in 1914 where hospital staff expected her to die,<ref name="Epstein, p. 74">Epstein, p. 74</ref> and in 1916, before a gathered revival tent crowd, swift rejuvenation of blistered skin from a serious flash burn caused by a lamp exploding in her face.<ref>Epstein, p. 119</ref>

Her apparently successful first public faith healing session of another person was professedly demonstrated in Corona, Long Island, New York, 1916. A young woman in the painful, advanced stages of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] was brought to the altar by friends just as McPherson preached "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today and forever", meaning, in part, Jesus had the same power to heal now as in ancient times. McPherson, laid hands upon the crippled woman's head and she allegedly walked out of the church that same night without crutches.<ref>Epstein, pp. 107–111</ref> Sick and injured people came to her by the tens of thousands. Press clippings, and testimonials became mountainous. To people who traveled with her, the numerous faith healings were routine.<ref>Epstein, p. 112</ref> Lubricating her hands with spiced oil, McPherson touched and prayed over the infirm and reporters wrote extensively of what they saw. When asked by a journalist about these demonstrations, McPherson indicated, "the saving of souls is the most important part of my ministry."<ref>Epstein, p. 166</ref>

Not all healings were successful and McPherson had occasional well-publicized failures. But these were apparently few and people in ever increasing numbers came to her. She was invited back again and again to cities that she previously visited.<ref>Epstein, p. 217</ref> Perhaps one of the more dramatic public faith healing demonstrations of her career occurred starting in late January 1921 at [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]] in [[San Diego]], California. The Spreckles Organ Pavilion in the park was site of several earlier revival meetings by many of her predecessors, and there McPherson preached to a huge crowd of 30,000. She had to move to the outdoor site since the 3,000 seat Dreamland Boxing Arena could not hold the thousands who went to see her. To assist the San Diego Police in maintaining order, the [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] and [[United States Army|Army]] had to be called in.

During the engagement, a woman [[Paralysis|paralyzed]] from the waist down from childhood, was presented for faith healing. Concerned because numerous, previous demonstrations had been before much smaller assemblages, McPherson feared she would be run out of town if this healing did not manifest.<ref name="pbs.org"/> Believing in the reality of the living Christ, filled with sincere passion beyond love for humanity, McPherson prayed, and laid hands on her. Before 30,000 people—and captured for all time by photography—the woman supposedly got up out of her wheelchair and walked. The large gathering responded with thunderous applause.<ref>Epstein, pp. 210–211</ref> Other hopefuls presented themselves to the platform McPherson occupied, and though not all were cured,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2009/sep/16/when-sister-aimee-came-town---part-2/ |title=Unforgettable: When Sister Aimee Came to Town - Part 2 |publisher=San Diego Reader |date=2009-09-16 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> the sick, injured and invalid continued to flood forth for healing. Before witnesses and reporters, a goiter allegedly shrank, crutches abandoned, an abscessed arm purportedly returned to normal.<ref>Epstein, pp. 184–185. Note: Years later in an interview, Rolf McPherson, his mother's appointed successor, spoke of the period, "more patients were open to the possibilities of faith healing." Next to him, mounted on his office wall; was a hand tinted photo enlargement of his mother helping a woman out her wheelchair in Balboa Park; he postulated that healings occurred because they had more faith in God and less in science, and he could not "imagine this sort of thing happening again".</ref> Many hundreds of people wanted her help, more than she could handle and her stay was extended. As with many of her other meetings, McPherson labored and prayed feverishly for hours over the infirm, often without food or stopping for a break. At the day's end, she would eventually be taken away by her staff, dehydrated and unsteady with fatigue; her distinct, booming voice reduced to a whisper. Originally planned for two weeks in the evenings, McPherson's Balboa Park revival meetings lasted over five weeks and went from dawn until dusk.<ref>Epstein, pp. 209, 210</ref><ref>Blumhofer, pp. 156-164</ref>

Later in 1921, investigating McPherson's healing services, a survey was sent out by First Baptist Church Pastor William Keeney Towner in [[San Jose, California]], to 3,300 people. 2500 persons responded. Six percent indicated they were immediately and completely healed while 85 percent indicated they were partially healed and continued to improve ever since. Fewer than half of 1 percent did not feel they were at least spiritually uplifted and had their faith strengthened.<ref>Sutton, pp. 19–20</ref>

''[[Denver Post]]'' reporter Frances Wayne writes while McPherson's "attack" on sin "uncultured,...the deaf heard, the [[Blindness|blind saw]], the [[Paralysis|paralytic]] walked, the [[palsy (disambiguation)|palsied became calm]], before the eyes of as many people that could be packed into the largest church auditorium in [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]". In 1922, McPherson returned for a second tour in the Great Revival of Denver<ref>Epstein, p. 237</ref> and asked about people who have claimed healings from the previous visit. Seventeen people, some well known members of the community, testified, giving credence to McPherson's claim "healing still occurred among modern Christians".<ref>Sutton, pp. 17–18. Note: McPherson herself disliked being given credit for the healings, considering herself the medium through which the power flows, the power of Christ works the cure.</ref>

Actor [[Anthony Quinn]], who for a time played in the church's band and was an apprentice preacher, in this partial quote, recalls a service:

<blockquote>"I sat in the orchestra pit of the huge auditorium at the Angelus Temple. Every seat was filled, with the crowd spilling into the aisles. Many were on crutches or in wheelchairs. Suddenly a figure with bright red hair and a flowing white gown walked out to the center of the stage. In a soft voice, almost a whisper, she said, 'Brothers and sisters, is there anyone here who wants to be cured tonight?'

Long lines formed to reach her. She stood center stage and greeted each one. One man said, 'I can't see out of one eye.' She asked. 'Do you believe, brother?' And suddenly, the man cried, 'Yes, sister, I can see, I can see!' And the audience went crazy. "To a woman dragging herself across the stage on crutches she said, 'Throw away that crutch!' Suddenly, the woman threw away her crutch and ran into Aimee's open arms. I left that service exhilarated, renewed".<ref name="Anthony Quinn 1972 pp 122">Anthony Quinn, ''The Original Sin: A Self-Portrait'', Little, Brown and Company: Boston (1972), pp. 122–132</ref></blockquote>

Ironically, when McPherson retired for much needed rest after a long and exhausting faith healing service, she would sometimes suffer from [[insomnia]], a problem she would contend with for the rest of her life.<ref>Epstein, p. 234</ref> Regarding her own illnesses, she did not abstain from visiting doctors or using medicines.<ref>Epstein, pp. 224, 342, 436</ref> McPherson considered each faith healing incident a sacred gift from God, passed through her to persons healed and not to be taken for granted. In visiting foreign lands, for example, she paid scrupulous attention to [[sanitation]], concerned that a careless oversight might result in acquiring an exotic disease.<ref>McPherson, Aimee Semple, ''Give Me My Own God'' (H. C. Kinsey & Company, Inc. 1936) p. 88</ref>

In later years, other individuals were identified as having the alleged faith healing gift. On stage, during Wednesday and Saturday divine healing sessions, she worked among them, or was even absent altogether, diminishing her own singular role. Divine healing, in her view, was not the emergency room, entertainment or something to puzzle scientists, it was a church sacrament.<ref>Epstein, p. 400</ref> In her own writings and sermons, McPherson did not refer to her own particular personal proficiencies, conveying divine healing was accessible by faith and devotion.

===International Church of the Foursquare Gospel===
[[File:Postcard-los-angeles-angelus-temple.png|thumb|right|Angelus Temple in Echo Park, Los Angeles, with radio towers.]]

At this time, Los Angeles had become a popular vacation spot. Rather than touring the United States to preach her sermons, McPherson stayed in [[Los Angeles]], drawing audiences from a population which had soared from 100,000 in 1900 to 575,000 people in 1920, and often included many visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aimeemcpherson.com/ |title=Aimee McPherson |publisher=Aimee McPherson |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

Wearied by constant traveling and having nowhere to raise a family, McPherson had settled in Los Angeles, where she maintained both a home and a church. McPherson believed that by creating a church in Los Angeles, her audience would come to her from all over the country. This, she felt, would allow her to plant seeds of the Gospel and tourists would take it home to their communities, still reaching the masses. For several years she continued to travel and raise money for the construction of a large, domed church building at 1100 Glendale Blvd. in the [[Echo Park, Los Angeles, California|Echo Park]] area of Los Angeles. The church would be named [[Angelus Temple]], reflecting the Roman Catholic tradition of the [[Angelus bell]], calling the faithful to prayer and as well its reference to the angels.<ref name="Blumhofer p. 246">Blumhofer, p. 246</ref> Not wanting to take on debt, McPherson located a construction firm which would work with her as funds were raised "by faith."<ref>Blumhofer, p. 244</ref> She started with $5,000.<ref>More than $65,000 in 2012 dollars.</ref> The firm indicated it would be enough to carve out a hole for the foundation.

McPherson began a campaign in earnest and was able to mobilize diverse groups of people to help fund and build the new church. Various fundraising methods were used such as selling chairs for Temple seating at US $25<ref>over US $320 in 2012</ref> apiece. In exchange, "chairholders" got a miniature chair and encouragement to pray daily for the person who would eventually sit in that chair. Her approach worked to generate enthusiastic giving and to create a sense of ownership and family among the contributors.<ref>Blumhofer, p. 245</ref>

Raising more money than she had hoped, McPherson altered the original plans, and built a "megachurch" that would draw many followers throughout the years. The endeavor cost contributors around $250,000<ref>More than $3.2 million in 2012 dollars.</ref> in actual money spent. Comparable structures were priced at far more, a nearby smaller auditorium, for example, cost US$ 1 million.<ref>over US $13 million in 2012.</ref> Costs were kept down by donations of building materials and volunteer labor.<ref name="Blumhofer p. 246"/> McPherson sometimes quipped when she first got to California, all she had was a car, ten dollars<ref>over US $130 in 2012.</ref> and a tambourine.<ref name="Blumhofer p. 246"/>

The Class "A" fireproof building was constructed of concrete and steel and designed by Brook Hawkins. The main architectural feature of the structure is its large, unsupported [[concrete]] dome coated with a mixture of ground [[abalone]] shells. The dome, at the time, was by some reports, the largest in North America, and rises 125 feet from the main floor.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places |date=November 13, 1991|url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/92001875.pdf|accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> The dome's interior was painted [[Azure (color)|azure blue]], with fleecy clouds, a reminder to "work while its day" and "to look for His coming". McPherson insisted on a bright joyous setting, avoiding any reminder of sin from either artwork or motto. In back of the pulpit was her theme verse from Hebrews 13:8 "Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and today and forever." She later conveyed she loved "every stone in Angelus Temple,...I love to touch its walls, its altar,...I look to its high vaulted dome...."<ref>Blumhofer, p. 239</ref> but no part of the church pleased her more the magnificent [[Kimball International|Kimball]] pipe organ which always soothed and brought her peace of mind.<ref>Blumhofer, pp. 246–247</ref> The church was dedicated on January 1, 1923. The auditorium had a [[seating capacity]] of 5,300 people and was filled three times each day, seven days a week. Enrollment grew exceeding 10,000, and was claimed to be the largest single Christian congregation in the world<ref>Thomas, Lately ''Storming Heaven: The Lives and Turmoils of Minnie Kennedy and Aimee Semple McPherson'' (Morrow, New York, 1970) p. 32.</ref> According to church records, Angelus Temple received 40 million visitors within the first seven years<ref>Bridal Call (Foursquare Publications, 1100 Glendale Blvd, Los Angeles.) October 1929, p. 27</ref> At first, McPherson preached every service, often in a dramatic scene she put together to attract audiences.

Eventually, the church evolved into its own denomination and became known as the [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]. The new denomination focused on the nature of Christ's character: that he was Savior, baptizer with the Holy Spirit, healer, and coming King. There were four main beliefs: the first being Christ's ability to transform individuals' lives through the act of salvation; the second focused on a holy baptism which includes receiving power to glorify and exalt Christ in a practical way; the third was divine healing, newness of life for both body and spirit; and the fourth was gospel-oriented heed to the pre-millennial return of Jesus Christ.

[[File:ASM-AngelusTemple Plaque 1923 02.jpg|thumbnail|left|Aimee Semple McPherson intended the Angelus Temple as both a place of worship and an ecumenical center for persons of all Christian faiths to meet and build alliances. A wide range of clergy and laypeople to include Methodists, Baptists, the Salvation Army, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Adventists, Quakers, Roman Catholics, Mormons and secular civic leaders came to the Angelus Temple. They were welcomed and many made their way to her podium as guest speakers.<ref name="SuttonWildfire"/> Eventually, even Rev. [[Robert P. Shuler]], a once robust McPherson critic, was featured as a guest preacher.<ref>Sutton, p. 335</ref>]]In August 1925 and away from Los Angeles, McPherson decided to charter a plane so she would not miss giving her Sunday sermon. Aware of the opportunity for publicity, she arranged for at least two thousand followers and members of the press to be present at the airport. The plane failed after takeoff and the landing gear collapsed, sending the nose of the plane into the ground. McPherson boarded another plane and used the experience as the narrative of an illustrated Sunday sermon called "The Heavenly Airplane".<ref name="Sutton, p.72">Sutton, p. 72</ref> The stage in Angelus Temple was set up with two miniature planes and a skyline that looked like Los Angeles. In this sermon, McPherson described how the first plane had the devil for the pilot, sin for the engine, and temptation as the propeller. The other plane, however, was piloted by Jesus and would lead one to the Holy City (the skyline shown on stage). The temple was filled beyond capacity.

On another occasion, she described being pulled over by a police officer, calling the sermon "Arrested for [[Speed limit|Speeding]]". Dressed in a traffic cop's uniform, she sat in the saddle of a police motorcycle, earlier placed on the stage, and revved the siren.<ref name="Sutton, p.72"/> One author in attendance, insisted she actually drove the motorcycle, with its deafening roar, across the access ramp to the pulpit, slammed on the brakes, then raised a white gloved hand to shout "Stop! You're speeding to Hell!"<ref>Bach, Marcus, They Have Found a Faith, (The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis / New York, 1946) p. 59</ref> Since McPherson gave some of her sermons more than once, and with variations, the possibility existed both versions might be true.

McPherson employed a small group of artists, electricians, decorators, and carpenters who built the sets for each Sunday's service. Religious music was played by an orchestra. McPherson also worked on elaborate sacred operas. One production, ''The Iron Furnace'', based on the book of Exodus, told of God’s deliverance as the Israelites fled slavery in Egypt. Some Hollywood movie stars even assisted with obtaining costumes from local studios. The cast was large, perhaps as many as 450 people but so elaborate and expensive, it was presented only one time. Rehearsals for the various productions were time consuming and McPherson "did not tolerate any nonsense." Though described as "always kind and loving," McPherson demanded respect regarding the divine message the sacred operas and her other works were designed to convey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foursquare.org/news/article/lessons_i_learned_from_sister_aimee |title=Lessons I Learned From Sister Aimee | Foursquare Legacy | The Foursquare Church |publisher=Foursquare.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

Even though McPherson condemned theater and film as the devil's workshop, its secrets and effects were co-opted. She became the first woman evangelist to adopt the whole technique of the moving picture star.<ref>Sutton, p. 74</ref> McPherson desired to avoid the dreary church service where by obligation parishioners would go to fulfill some duty by being present in the pew. She wanted a sacred drama that would compete with the excitement of vaudeville and the movies. The message was serious, but the tone more along the lines of a humorous musical comedy. Missed cues, forgotten or misstated script lines and other mistakes became part of the gag. Animals were frequently incorporated and McPherson, the once farm girl, knew how to handle them. In one incident, a [[camel]] was to squeeze through a narrow gate set up on stage, illustrating the [[Eye of a needle|Eye of the Needle]]. McPherson unlimbered one bag of cargo after another labeled "Worldly Pleasure," "Indifference to the Poor" and others, from the camel. Until all the cargo burdens were removed, the camel could not cross through the opening. McPherson gave up to 22 sermons a week and the lavish Sunday night service attracted the largest crowds, extra [[Tram|trolleys]] and police were needed to help route the traffic through Echo Park to and from Angelus Temple.<ref>Epstein, p.252</ref> To finance the Angelus Temple and its projects, collections were taken at every meeting, often with the admonishment, "no coins, please".<ref name="dollartimes1"/><ref>$1 of 1920's to 1930's dollars would be worth around US $11–13 dollars in 2013. See subsequent cites for inflation calculator links.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=1.00&year1=1930&year2=2012 |title=CPI Inflation Calculator |publisher=Data.bls.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php></ref>

Because Pentecostalism was not popular in the U.S. during the 1920s, McPherson avoided the label. She did, though, demonstrate [[glossolalia|speaking-in-tongues]] and [[faith healing]] in sermons. She also kept a museum of discarded medical fittings from persons faith healed during her services which included crutches, wheelchairs, and other paraphernalia. As evidence of her early influence by the [[Salvation Army]], McPherson adopted a theme of "lighthouses" for the satellite churches, referring to the parent church as the "Salvation Navy." This was the beginning of McPherson working to plant Foursquare Gospel churches around the country.

McPherson published the weekly ''Foursquare Crusader'', along with her monthly magazine, ''Bridal Call''. She began broadcasting on radio in the early 1920s. McPherson was one of the first women to preach a radio sermon. With the opening of Foursquare Gospel-owned [[KEIB|KFSG]] on February 6, 1924, she became the second woman granted a broadcast license by the [[Department of Commerce]], the federal agency that supervised [[broadcasting]] in the early 1920s.<ref>(The first woman to receive a broadcasting license was Mrs. Marie Zimmerman of [[Vinton, Iowa]], in August 1922. See Von Lackum, Karl C. “Vinton Boasts Only Broadcasting Station in U.S. Owned By Woman”, ''Waterloo Evening Courier'', Iowa, October 14, 1922, p. 7.</ref>)

McPherson racially integrated her tent meetings and church services. On one occasion, as a response to McPherson's ministry and Angelus Temple being integrated, [[Ku Klux Klan]] members were in attendance, but after the service hoods and robes were found on the ground in nearby [[Echo Park, Los Angeles, California|Echo Park]].<ref>Blumhofer, pp. 275–277</ref> She is also credited with helping many Hispanic ministries in Los Angeles.<ref name=nyorker>{{cite news|last=Updike|first=John|title=Famous Aimee: The life of Aimee Semple McPherson|url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/04/30/070430crbo_books_updike?currentPage=all|newspaper=[[The New Yorker]]|date=30 April 2007}}</ref>

McPherson traveling about the country holding widely popular revival meetings and filling local churches with converts was one thing, settling permanently into their city caused concern among some local Los Angeles churches. Even though she shared many of their [[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist beliefs:]] divine inspiration of the Bible, the classical [[Trinity]], virgin birth of Jesus, historical reality of Christ's miracles, bodily resurrection of Christ and the atoning purpose of his crucifixion; the presentation of lavish sermons, and an effective faith healing ministry presented by a female divorcee who thousands adored and newspapers continuously wrote of, was unexpected. Moreover, the Temple had a look and style uniquely theirs, almost cult or military-like. Women would emulate McPherson's style and dress, and a distinct Angeleus Temple uniform came into existence, a white dress with a navy blue cape thrown over it.<ref>Epstein, p. 275</ref> Men were more discrete, wearing suits. Her voice, projected over the powerful state-of-the-art KFSG radio station and heard by hundreds of thousands, became the most recognized in the western United States.<ref>Epstein, p. 264</ref>

[[File:ASM-AngelusTemple Sermon 1923 01.jpg|thumbnail|left|Aimee Semple McPherson preaching at the newly built Angelus Temple in 1923. Her messages showcased the love of God, redemption and the joys of service and heaven; contrasting sharply with the fire and brimstone style of sermon delivery popular with many of her peers.]] Her illustrated sermons attracted criticism from some clergy members because they thought it turned the gospel message into mundane theater and entertainment. Divine healing, as McPherson called it, was claimed by many pastors to be a unique dispensation granted only for [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic times]]. Reverend [[Robert P. Shuler]] published a pamphlet entitled ''McPhersonism'', which purported that her "most spectacular and advertised program was out of harmony with God's word."<ref>Schuler, Robert P. ''McPhersonism: a study of healing cults and modern day tongues movements'', January, 1924, p. 3</ref> Debates such as the [[Ben M. Bogard|Bogard]]-McPherson Debate in 1934<ref>[[Ben M. Bogard]], ''Bogard-McPherson debate : McPhersonism, Holy Rollerism, miracles, Pentecostalism, divine healing : a debate with both sides presented fully'', ([[Little Rock, Arkansas]]: Ben M. Bogard, 1934)</ref> drew further attention to the controversy, but none could really argue effectively against McPherson's results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://healingandrevival.com/BioCSPrice.htm |title=Biography of Charles S. Price |publisher=Healingandrevival.com |date=1947-03-08 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>http://www.earstohear.net/Price/testimony.html Note: Divine Healing was a contentious theological area of McPherson's ministry, but she was not alone. Other pastors already had a ministry with alleged successful healings such as James Moore Hickson (1868–1933), an Episcopalian of international renown. Another pastor, Dr. Charles S Price (1887–1947), went to a series of McPherson revival meetings in San Jose California, to expose the fraud. Instead he himself was converted and preached McPherson's version of Christianity to his congregation. Reports of purported faith healings began to take place. Price went on to preach as a traveling evangelist who converted tens of thousands along with many instances of miraculous divine healings allegedly occurring.</ref><ref>Epstein, pp. 185, 240</ref>

The new developing [[Assemblies of God]] denomination, Pentecostal as McPherson was, for a time worked with her, but they encouraged separation from established Protestant faiths. McPherson resisted trends to isolate as a denomination and continued her task of coalition building among evangelicals. McPherson worked hard to attain ecumenical vision of the faith and while she participated in debates, avoided pitched rhetorical battles that divided so many in Christianity. She wanted to work with existing churches on projects and to share with them her visions and beliefs. Assisting in her passion was the speedy establishment of LIFE Bible College adjacent to the Angeles Temple. Ministers trained there were originally intended to go nationally and worldwide to all denominations and share her newly defined "Foursquare Gospel." A well known Methodist minister, Frank Thompson, who never had the Pentecostal experience,<ref>"Spiritual gifts" given by the Holy Spirit, of which the most well known is speaking in "tongues" the spontaneously speaking in a language unknown to the speaker;, also known as [[Glossolalia]]. Other gifts include translating the said "tongues."</ref> was persuaded to run the college; and he taught the students the doctrine of [[John Wesley]]. McPherson and others, meanwhile, infused them with Pentecostal ideals. Her efforts eventually led Pentecostals, which were previously unconventional and on the periphery of Christianity, into the mainstream of American evangelicalism.<ref name="SuttonWildfire"/>

McPherson herself steadfastly declined to publicly criticize by name any individual with rare exceptions, but those who were converted in her services were not so careful. The testimonies of former prostitutes, drug addicts and others, from stage or broadcast over the radio, frequently revealed the names and locations concerning their past illegal activities. These revelations angered many and McPherson often received hostile letters and death threats. An alleged plot to kidnap her and detailed in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' was foiled in September, 1925.<ref>Epstein, p. 300</ref>

===Politics and education===
By early 1926, McPherson had become one of the most charismatic and influential women and ministers of her time. Her fame equaled, to name a few, [[Charles Lindbergh]], [[Johnny Weissmuller]], [[Jack Dempsey]], [[Babe Ruth]], [[Ty Cobb]], [[Knute Rockne]], [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby Jones]], [[Louise Brooks]], and [[Rudolph Valentino]].<ref>Ralph G. Giordano, ''Satan in the Dance Hall: Rev. John Roach Straton, Social Dancing, and Morality in 1920's New York City'' (Scarecrow Press, Oct 23, 2008), p. 167</ref> She was a major American phenomenon, who along with some other high profile preachers of the time, unlike Hollywood celebrities, could be admired by their adoring public, "without apparently compromising their souls."<ref>George Hunston Williams, Rodney Lawrence Petersen, Calvin Augustine Pater, ''The Contentious Triangle: Church, State, and University'' (Truman State University Press, 1999), p. 308</ref>

According to Carey McWilliams, she had become "more than just a household word: she was a folk hero and a civic institution; an honorary member of the fire and police departments; a patron saint of the service clubs; an official spokesman for the community on problems grave and frivolous."<ref>Sutton, Matthew. ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674032538 Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America]''. London: [[Harvard University Press]], 2007.</ref> She was influential in many social, educational and political areas. McPherson made personal crusades against anything that she felt threatened her Christian ideals, including the drinking of alcohol and teaching evolution in schools.

McPherson became a strong supporter of [[William Jennings Bryan]] during the 1925 [[Scopes Trial]], in which John Scopes was tried for illegally teaching evolution at a [[Dayton, Tennessee]] school. Bryan and McPherson had worked together in the Angelus Temple and they believed Darwinism had undermined students' morality. According to ''The New Yorker'', McPherson said, evolution "is the greatest triumph of Satanic intelligence in 5,931 years of devilish warfare, against the Hosts of Heaven. It is poisoning the minds of the children of the nation."<ref>Sutton, p. 52. Note: Sutton was uncertain if McPherson actually stated the quote as reported by ''The New Yorker'', but she did convey evolution influenced moral-relativist philosophers and believed "survival of the fittest" thinking would have a detrimental effect on society.</ref> She sent Bryan a telegram saying, "Ten thousand members of Angelus Temple with her millions of radio church membership send grateful appreciation of your lion-hearted championship of the Bible against evolution and throw our hats in the ring with you."<ref>Sutton, pp. 37, 52</ref> She organized "an all-night prayer service, a massive church meeting preceded by a Bible parade through Los Angeles."<ref>Sutton, p. 37</ref>

While her mother Mildred Kennedy was a registered Democrat, no one was certain of McPherson's registration. She endorsed [[Herbert Hoover]] over [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] but enthusiastically threw her support behind the latter and his social programs when he was elected into office.<ref>Sutton, p. 214</ref> She was a patron of [[Trade union|organized labor]], preaching a [[gangster]]'s money was "no more unclean than the [[Criticism of capitalism|dollars of the man who amasses his millions from underpaid factory workers]]".<ref>Sutton, p. 219</ref> She was more cautious though when labor strikes resulted in violent uprisings. She saw in them the possible activities of [[Communism]], which sought to infiltrate labor unions and other organizations. McPherson intensely disliked Communism and its derivatives as they sought to rule without God; their ultimate goal, she believed, to remove Christianity from the earth. McPherson's opinion of [[fascism]] fared no better; its totalitarian rule wrongly justified by claiming to represent the power of God.<ref>Sutton, p. 221</ref>

McPherson did not align herself consistently with any broad [[Conservatism|conservative]] or [[Liberalism|liberal]] political agenda. Instead she explained if Christianity occupied a central place in national life, if the components of God, home, school and government were kept together, everything else would fall into place. "Remove any of these," she warned, "and [civilization] topples, crumbles."<ref>Sutton, p. 223</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/robertson/asm/boorstin.html |title=Democratizing the Religious Experience |publisher=Xroads.virginia.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> Current Foursquare Gospel Church leaders qualify the evangelist's views: "McPherson’s passion to see America sustained in spiritual health, which compelled her quest to see the Church influence government, must be interpreted in light of the political and religious climate of the 1920s, 30s, and 40s. It is not accurate to draw a parallel between today’s extreme fundamentalist, right-wing Christianity and the style or focus of Sister McPherson."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foursquare.org/news/article/sister_aimee_to_air_on_pbs |title="Sister Aimee" to Air on PBS | Foursquare News | The Foursquare Church |publisher=Foursquare.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> She was also among the first prominent Christian ministers to defend the establishment of a [[Christian Restorationism|Jewish homeland]] in Palestine. She related that when Christ returns, the Jews would receive him, their suffering will end "and they will establish at Jerusalem a kingdom more wonderful than the world has known."<ref>Epstein, pp. 165, 395</ref>

===Reported kidnapping===
On May 18, 1926, McPherson went with her secretary to Ocean Park Beach north of [[Venice, Los Angeles, California|Venice Beach]] to swim. Soon after arriving, McPherson was nowhere to be found. It was thought she had drowned.

McPherson was scheduled to hold a service that day; her mother Minnie Kennedy preached the sermon instead, saying at the end, "Sister is with Jesus," sending parishioners into a tearful frenzy. [[Mourner]]s crowded Venice Beach and the commotion sparked days-long [[mass media|media]] coverage fueled in part by [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s ''[[Los Angeles Herald Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]]'' and a stirring poem by [[Upton Sinclair]] to commemorate the tragedy. Daily updates appeared in newspapers across the country and parishioners held day-and-night seaside [[vigil]]s. One parishioner drowned while searching for the body, and a diver died of exposure.

Kenneth G. Ormiston, the [[engineer]] for [[KXOL-FM|KFSG]], had taken other assignments around late December 1925 and left his job at the Temple.<ref>Cox, Raymond L. The Verdict is In, 1983. pp. 37–38. Note: Ormiston presented himself to the police headquarters May 27 to deny he had "went into hiding;" he also indicated his name connected to the evangelist was "a gross insult to a noble and sincere woman." He gave a detailed description of his movements since May 19, 1926, but did not mention Carmel.</ref> Newspapers later linked McPherson and Ormiston, the latter seen driving up the coast with an unidentified woman. Some believed McPherson and Ormiston, who was married, had become romantically involved and had run off together. Several ransom notes and other communications were sent to the Temple, some were relayed to the police, who thought they were hoaxes and others dismissed as fraudulent. McPherson "sightings" were abundant, as many as 16 in different cities and other locations on the same day. For a time, Mildred Kennedy, McPherson's mother, offered a $25,000<ref name="ReferenceA">about US $315,000.00 in 2012 dollars</ref> reward for information leading to the return of her daughter.

The ransom demands sent included a note by the "Revengers" who wanted $500,000<ref name="ReferenceB">about US $6.3 million dollars in 2012</ref> and another for $25,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> conveyed by a lawyer who claimed contact with the kidnappers. The handwritten "Revengers" note later disappeared from the LA Police evidence locker and the lawyer was found dead in a possibly suspicious accident before his claim could be adequately investigated.<ref name="LatelyVanish">Lately, Thomas ''The Vanishing Evangelist: the Aimee Semple McPherson Kidnapping Affair'' (Viking Press, 1959) p. 26</ref><ref>Cox, pp. 17–18</ref><ref>Epstein, pp. 295, 312</ref> A lengthy ransom letter from the "Avengers" arrived around June 19, 1926, also forwarded to the police, demanded $500,000<ref name="ReferenceB"/> or else kidnappers would sell McPherson into "white slavery." Relating their prisoner was a nuisance because she was incessantly preaching to them, the lengthy, two-page poorly typewritten letter also indicated the kidnappers worked hard to spread the word McPherson was held captive, and not drowned. Kennedy regarded the notes as hoaxes, believing her daughter dead.<ref>Cox, pp. 41–42</ref>

[[File:ASM in DouglasAZHospital.jpg|thumbnail|right| After emerging from the Mexican desert, McPherson convalesces in a hospital with her family in Douglas, Arizona 1926. District Attorney Asa Keyes stands to the far left with Mildred Kennedy (mother) next to Roberta Star Semple, middle left (daughter). On the far right Deputy District Attorney Joseph Ryan is alongside her son, Rolf McPherson.]]
Shortly thereafter, on June 23, McPherson stumbled out of the desert in [[Agua Prieta]], [[Sonora]], a [[Mexico|Mexican]] town across the border from [[Douglas, Arizona|Douglas]], [[Arizona]]. The Mexican couple she approached there thought she had died when McPherson collapsed in front of them. An hour later she stirred and the couple covered her with blankets.<ref>Cox, p. 70</ref> She claimed she had been kidnapped, drugged, tortured, and held for ransom in a shack by two men and a woman, "Steve," "Mexicali Rose," and another unnamed man.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/ |title=American Experience . Sister Aimee |publisher=PBS |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>Cox, p. 58. Note: Epstein refers to the third man as "Jake," Sutton's account does not name the 3rd individual. When asked the ethnicity of the kidnappers, McPherson, though not entirely certain, believed them all to be from the United States.</ref><ref>Shuler, Robert, ''Fighting Bob Shuler of Los Angeles'' Dog Ear Publishing, 2012 p. 178. Note: Indictments were made against Steve Doe, Rose Doe, and John Doe</ref> She also claimed she had escaped from her captors and walked through the desert for about 13 hours to freedom.

Following her return from [[Douglas, Arizona]], McPherson was greeted at the train station by 30,000–50,000 people, more than for almost any other personage.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena'', (Visible Ink Press, 2007) p. 218</ref> The parade back to the temple even elicited a greater turnout than President Woodrow Wilson's visit to Los Angeles in 1919, attesting to her popularity and the growing influence of mass media entertainment. Aircraft flew low overhead, dropping roses, which drifted around McPherson as she stood surrounded by white-robed flower girls from Angelus Temple<ref>Sutton, p. 103</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://framework.latimes.com/2011/06/20/president-wilson-visits-l-a/#/0 |title=President Wilson visits L.A. - Framework - Photos and Video - Visual Storytelling from the Los Angeles Times |publisher=Framework.latimes.com |date=2011-06-20 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>Melton, J. Gordon ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena,'' (Visible Ink Press, 2007) p. 218</ref>

The fire department was out in their parade uniforms and high ranking Los Angeles officials formally greeted her return. Already incensed over McPherson's influential public stance on evolution and the Bible, most of the Chamber of Commerce and some other civic leaders, however, saw the event as gaudy display; nationally embarrassing to the city. Many Los Angeles area churches were also annoyed. The divorcee McPherson had settled in their town and many of their parishioners were now attending her church, with its elaborate sermons that, in their view, diminished the dignity of the Gospel. The Chamber of Commerce, together with Reverend [[Robert P. Shuler]] leading the Los Angeles Church Federation, and assisted by the press and others, became an informal alliance to determine if her disappearance was caused by other than a kidnapping.<ref>Epstein, p. 301</ref><ref name="Sutton, pp. 120–122">Sutton, pp. 120–122</ref>

[[File:ASM returnFromDouglas01.jpg|thumbnail|left|Between 30,000 to 50,000 people greeted McPherson at the train station following her return from Douglas, Arizona, the town she convalesced in after stating she escaped from kidnappers.]]
In Los Angeles, ahead of any court date, McPherson noticed newspaper stories about her kidnapping becoming more and more sensationalized as the days passed. To maintain excited, continued public interest, she speculated, the newspapers let her original account give way to rain torrents of "new spice and thrill" stories about her being elsewhere "with that one or another one." It did not matter if the material was disproved or wildly contradictory. No correction or apology was given for the previous story as another, even more outrageous tale, took its place.<ref>McPherson, Aimee Semple, ''In the Service of the King: The Story of My Life'' (Boni and Liveright, New York, 1927) p. 54</ref>

Her mother, Mildred Kennedy was very cynical of the increased newspaper scrutiny and McPherson's lawyer advised against pursuing the matter further. Since McPherson was the injured party and sole witness to the crime, if she chose not to press her complaint, the case would have to be closed.<ref>Thomas, ''Vanishing Evangelist,'' p. 119-120</ref><ref>Epstein, p. 303</ref> Earlier, when McPherson was interrogated in Douglas, Arizona by Prosecutor District Attorney [[Asa Keyes]] and Deputy District Attorney Joseph Ryan, both seemed empathetic to her story. Ryan said he could make the desert trip without scuffing or marking his commissary shoes.<ref>Thomas, ''Vanishing Evangelist,'' p. 125</ref><ref>Cox, p. 68</ref> McPherson therefore presented herself in court as a victim of a crime seeking redress. Pressured by various influential Los Angeles business, media, political and religious interests <ref name="Sutton, pp. 120–122"/> Keyes and Ryan instead opened the grand jury inquiry with insinuating questions, implying McPherson and her mother were involved in a deception.<ref>Thomas, ''Vanishing Evangelist'' p. 123</ref>

Some were skeptical of her story since McPherson seemed in unusually good health for her alleged ordeal; her clothing showing no signs of what they expected of a long walk through the desert. This was disputed by most Douglas, Arizona, residents, the town where McPherson was taken to convalesce, including expert tracker C.E. Cross, who testified that McPherson's physical condition, shoes, and clothing were all consistent with an ordeal such as she described.<ref>Modesto Bee And News-Herald 20 October 1926, Page 1</ref><ref>Thomas, ''Vanishing Evangelist'' pp. 285-286, 291</ref><ref>Cox, pp. 85, 209–211. Note: persons who recovered and drove McPherson to the hospital in Douglas, Arizona, describe she showed much signs of stress. She was emaciated to the point of being unrecognizable by many who saw her. Her shoes were white with desert dust and her hands were covered with grime. A nurse picked some cactus spines from her legs and rubbed some preparation on the toe where a blister had broken. (Cox, pp. 71–72).</ref> A grand jury convened on July 8, 1926, but adjourned 12 days later citing lack of evidence to proceed with any charges against either alleged kidnappers or perjury by McPherson. McPherson was told they would be open to receive any evidence submitted by her should she desire to further substantiate her kidnapping story.<ref>Sutton, p. 107</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.policyalmanac.org/crime/archive/fbi.shtml |title=History of the FBI |publisher=Policyalmanac.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}Note: Except as an limited resource to local authorities. The FBI did not actively investigate possible kidnappings until 1932; when Congress passed a federal kidnapping statute.</ref><ref>Thomas, ''Vanishing Evangelist'', pp. 101, 176. Note: After evaluating the numerous newspaper reports, one Los Angeles Superior Court judge, Carlos Hardy, informally advised McPherson to hire private detectives to assist her. In his view, law enforcement officials were making no effort to find any substantiating evidence of a kidnapping and were only interested in breaking down her end of the story.</ref><ref>Cox, pp. 184, 214. Note: Tracks matching the shoes McPherson wore were found as far out as 15 to 18 miles in the remote desert and reported on in some newspapers, but the location of the desert shack McPherson was held in could not be conclusively found at that time. A hidden shack was discovered later in September by Douglas, Arizona authorities, which fit closely the description McPherson provided, however, the Los Angeles police, declined to investigate. It was later reported that McPherson's attorneys would establish the fact that the prison shack is 21 miles below Douglas, Az. The evangelist herself was to be one of the witnesses, identifying photographs of the building (Emporia Gazette, - October 22, 1926, newspaper, Emporia, Kansas, p. 1) (The Miami News - Oct 21, 1926 (Associated Press, Los Angeles, Oct 11)).</ref>

The prosecution collected five witnesses who asserted to have seen McPherson at the Benedict <ref>http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19260929.2.21&e=--------20--1-----all----</ref> seaside cottage in [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], with the cottage being rented by Ormiston under an assumed name. It was pointed out that even though most of these witnesses knew of the $25,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> reward for McPherson's return, with her pictures prominently appearing in the newspapers, none of the five stepped forward at the time they allegedly saw McPherson to claim it.<ref>Sutton, p. 124</ref><ref>Epstein, p .308</ref> Moreover, several other witnesses, including two the prosecution erroneously thought would testify for them, stated the woman was not McPherson.<ref>Cox, pp. 3, 194–195, 197. Note: The prosecution aided by Joseph Ryan, Deputy District Attorney, obtained the Five Carmel witnesses by first looking for people who at least got a brief glimpse of the woman with Ormiston. Ryan would take a sheath of photographs taken of McPherson, as provided by the newspapers and then show them to the prospective witnesses one photograph at a time. Once the witness finally agreed that a photo resembled the woman with Ormiston, Ryan would have his "identification" that McPherson was seen in Carmel, with Ormiston.

This photo-stack trick did not work on people who had actually gotten a closer look at the mystery woman, such as the landlord, H C Benedict, who rented the cottage to the couple. Benedict testified Ryan tried very hard to get him to identify the woman in his rented cottage as McPherson, but "I said I could not." When asked about the photos of McPherson, he answered, "he had a whole squad of them up there...and they been pulling these photographs and saying "do you recognize this" and another one "Do you recognize this?""(Cox, pp. 150, 166)</ref> Ormiston admitted to having rented the cottage but claimed that the woman who had been there with him – known in the press as Mrs. X – was not McPherson but another woman with whom he was having an extramarital affair.

The grand jury reconvened on August 3 and took further testimony along with documents from hotels, all said by various newspapers to be in McPherson's handwriting. These, though, were later revealed to be Elizabeth Tovey's, a woman traveling with Ormiston, whose handwriting did not at all resemble McPherson's.<ref>Cox, p. 160</ref> McPherson steadfastly stuck to her story, that she was approached by a young couple at the beach who had asked her to come over and pray for their sick child, and that she was then shoved into a car and drugged with [[chloroform]].<ref>McPherson, Aimee Semple, In the Service of the King: The Story of My Life (Boni and Liveright, New York, 1927) p. 265. Note: McPherson did not actually name the substance, but described it as feeling wet and sticky against her skin, smelling pungently sweet. When she awoke afterwards, she felt extremely nauseated. It was postulated by some the drug was most likely chloroform, possibly with an additive.</ref>


The Carmel cottage was further checked for fingerprints, but none belonging to McPherson were recovered. Two grocery slips found in the yard of the cottage were studied by a police handwriting expert and determined to be McPherson's penmanship. While the original slips later mysteriously disappeared from the courtroom, photo-stat copies were available.<ref>Thomas, Vanishing Evangelist, p. 284</ref> The defense had a handwriting expert of their own who demonstrated the grocery slips were not McPherson's but doctored to look like hers. The slips' suspicious origin was also questioned. The original slips would have been in the yard for two months, surviving dew, fog, and lawn maintenance before their discovery.<ref>Cox, pp. 151, 152</ref>

California grand jury members are bound by law not discuss the case to protect the integrity of the process in determining if there is sufficient cause for a formal juried trial. The Reverend [[Robert P. Shuler]] was told as much by a newspaper in response to an open demand he made for more disclosure in the ongoing inquiry.<ref>Shuler, Robert, ''Fighting Bob Shuler of Los Angeles'' Dog Ear Publishing, 2012 p. 179</ref> In the McPherson case, proceedings became quite public, as observed by journalist [[H. L. Mencken]]. A vocal critic of McPherson,<ref name="ralphmag1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ralphmag.org/menckenZN.html |title=Isadora Duncan, Aime Semple McPherson - H. L. Mencken |publisher=Ralphmag.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> Mencken wrote of her, "For years she toured the [[Bible Belt]] in a [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], haranguing the morons nightly, under canvas. It was a depressing life, and its usufructs were scarcely more than three meals a day. The town [he refers to Los Angeles] has more morons in it than the whole State of [[Mississippi]], and thousands of them had nothing to do save gape at the movie dignitaries and go to revivals" (from The American Mercury, 1930). Mencken had been sent to cover the trial and there was every expectation he would continue his searing critiques against the evangelist. Instead, he came away impressed with McPherson and disdainful of the unseemly nature of the prosecution.<ref>Sutton, pp. 120–121. Note: H. L. Mencken determined the evangelist was being persecuted by two powerful groups. The "town clergy" which included Rev. [[Robert P. Shuler]], disliked her, for among other things, poaching their "customers" and for the perceived sexual immorality associated with Pentecostalism. Her other category of enemies were "the Babbits", the power elite of California. McPherson's strong stand on bible fundamentalism was not popular with them, especially after taking a stand during the 1925 Scopes trial which gave "science a bloody nose." In addition McPherson was working to put a bible in every public school classroom and to forbid the teaching of evolution. [[The Argonaut]], a San Francisco newspaper, warned these actions made her a threat to the entire state which could place "California on intellectual parity with Mississippi and Tennessee."</ref> Mencken later wrote: "The trial, indeed, was an orgy typical of the half-fabulous California courts. The very officers of justice denounced her riotously in the Hearst papers while it was in progress."<ref name="ralphmag1"/> To combat the bad newspaper publicity, McPherson spoke freely about the court trials on the air during her radio broadcasts.<ref>Sutton, p. 135. Note: McPherson's preaching and radio delivery style largely avoided judging or accusing others directly. When she announced a sermon, advertised even in the ''[[New York Times]]'', to name "the biggest liar in Los Angeles", reporters thought at last she would openly criticize Prosecutor Keys, self-styled religious enemy Reverend Schuler, or perhaps the key witness against her, Lorraine Wiseman-Sielaff. The Angelus Temple was packed with reporters and others awaiting her scathing attack. The biggest liar in LA was none other than the Devil himself.</ref>

Theories and [[innuendo]] were rampant: that she had run off with a lover, had gone off to have an [[abortion]], was taking time to heal from [[plastic surgery]], or had staged a [[publicity stunt]]. Two-inch headlines called her a tart, a conspirator, and a home-wrecker.<ref name="Epstein, p. 309">Epstein, p. 309</ref> McPherson's near death medical operation in 1914,<ref name="Epstein, p. 74"/> which prevented her from having more children, was already part of the public record. When challenged about the abortion claim with a request to pay for the medical exam to prove it, the newspaper which printed the story backed down. Some prosecutor witnesses stated when they saw McPherson in Carmel, she had short hair, and furor ensued she was currently wearing fake hair swatches piled up to give the impression of longer tresses. McPherson, as requested by her lawyer, stood up, unpinned her hair, which fell abundantly around her shoulders, shocking the witnesses and others into embarrassed silence.<ref name="Epstein, p. 309"/> McPherson learned that in a celebrity crazed-culture fueled by mass media, a leading lady could become a villainess in the blink of an eye.<ref>Sutton, p. 176</ref>

The defense rested its case on October 28 and the judge, on November 3, decided enough evidence had been garnered against the evangelist and her mother for a jury trial case in Los Angeles, set for mid-January 1927. The charges were a criminal conspiracy to commit acts injurious to public morals, to prevent and [[obstruction of justice|obstruct justice]], and to prevent the due administration of the laws, and of engaging in a criminal conspiracy to commit the crime of subordination of perjury. If convicted, the counts added up to maximum prison time of forty-two years.<ref>Sutton, pp. 133–134</ref><ref>Epstein, p. 312</ref><ref>The People vs.Aimee Semple McPherson, et al., Case CR 29181, 10 January 1927, Superior Court of Los Angeles County, County records and Archives</ref>

The chief witness against McPherson was now Lorraine Wiseman-Sielaff. She first stated she was in Carmel as a nurse for Ormiston's mistress; and because she somewhat physically resembled McPherson, it was her that people were misidentifying as the evangelist. Later, after the Angelus Temple refused to post her bail when she was arrested for passing a bad check, Wiseman-Sielaff said McPherson paid her to tell that story. Her testimony was fluidly inconsistent, and it changed significantly yet again in late December, 1926. Prosecutor [[Asa Keyes]] eventually concluded Wiseman-Sielaff's story was not true and a "grievous wrong had been done." ''The Examiner'' newspaper reported that [[Los Angeles County District Attorney|Los Angeles district attorney]] [[Asa Keyes]] had dropped all charges on January 10, 1927.<ref>Sutton, p. 136. Note: The newspaper, the ''Record'' indicated "the McPherson sensation has sold millions of newspapers, generated fat fees for lawyers, stirred up religious antagonism... advertised Los Angeles in a ridiculous way." Keyes added his office was through with perjured testimony, fake evidence and ...he had been duped and a (juried) trial against McPherson would be a futile persecution.</ref><ref>It is frequently conveyed by contemporary commentators that the charges were dropped "allegedly because McPherson came up with $30,000 (about US$390,00 in 2013) to appease law enforcement officials."{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/popular-evangelist-aimee-semple-mcpherson-disappears |title=Popular evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears — History.com This Day in History — 5/18/1926 |publisher=History.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}} Author Anthony J. Rudel even asserts "it came to light that McPherson had acquired a hush fund of $800,000 (about US$10.5 million in 2013) some of which had been used to pay off participants in the 1926 hearings including District Attorney Keyes." (''Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio''; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008 p. 196). No mention of the $800,000 is given by biographers of McPherson to include Thomas, Blumhofer, Sutton, Cox, or Epstein. No evidence for the commonly quoted lower figure of $30,000 is found, details and the source of the rumor ambiguous.</ref><ref>Author Stephen J. Pullum, conveys, “...some have suggested that he [Keyes] may have been party to a $30,000 bribe.” (''Foul Demons, Come Out!'' Praeger Pub Text, Westport, Conn., 1999).

In late 1928, the Los Angeles County Grand Jury began looking into the possibility that Keyes had been bribed to drop charges against McPherson. An investigation was started and Keyes was acquitted (Shaefer, Silvia Anne; ''Aimee Semple Mcpherson'', Infobase Publishing, New York, 2004; p. 71). A November 13 ''United Press'' dispatch from London quotes the evangelist as saying: “I never paid a penny. The reason I was freed was that the woman who made the charges confessed she had lied and had been hired to tell the story. With her confession, I was automatically released.” Journalist Rodger M. Grace comments the reality was more complex, Keyes because of inconsistencies in Wiseman-Sielaff’s account, could not vouch for the truthfulness of her testimony, and Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Albert Lee Stephens Sr. dismissed the charges. {{cite web|author=Roger M. Grace |url=http://www.metnews.com/articles/2007/perspectives101507.htm |title=Keyes Drops Prosecution of McPherson After She's Bound Over for Trial |publisher=Metnews.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

Regardless of the court's decision, months of unfavorable press reports fixated in much of the public's mind, a certainty of McPherson's wrongdoing. Many readers were unaware of prosecution evidence having become discredited because it was often placed in the back columns while some new accusation against McPherson held prominence on the headlines. In a letter he wrote to the ''Los Angeles Times'' a few months after the case was dropped, the Reverend [[Robert P. Shuler]] stated, "Perhaps the most serious thing about this whole situation is the seeming loyalty of thousands to this leader in the face of her evident and positively proven guilt."<ref>Shuler, p. 188. Note: ''Los Angeles Times'', June 1927</ref>

Some supporters thought McPherson should have insisted on the jury trial and clear her name. The grand jury inquiry concluded while enough evidence did not exist to try her, it did not indicate her story was true with its implication of kidnappers still at large.<ref>Meed, Douglas V. "Soldier of Fortune--Adventuring in Latin America and Mexico with Emil Lewis Holmdahl," Halcyon Press Limited, 2003 p. 191. Note: No persons fitting the description of the kidnappers were identified, though, on June 29, 1926, an El Paso Herald reporter asked Emil Lewis Holmdahl, an American infantryman turned soldier of fortune, if he had been involved in the alleged kidnapping of famous California evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson. Holmdahl, who fought extensively in earlier Latin American turmoil wars and was cleared by a Mexican judge as a suspect in the February 6, 1926 theft of [[Pancho Villa]]'s head, enigmatically replied regarding McPherson, "Well, maybe I did and maybe I didn't." In contrast, unless intoxicated, he always emphatically denied participating in a grave robbery that stole Villa's head.</ref> Therefore, anyone could still accuse her of a hoax without fear of slander charges and frequently did so. McPherson, though, was treated harshly in many previous sessions at court, being verbally pressured in every way possible to change her story or elicit some bit of incriminating information.<ref>Epstein, pp. 313–314</ref> Moreover, court costs to McPherson were estimated as high as US $100,000 dollars.<ref>about US $1,300,000 in 2013 dollars</ref><ref>Epstein, p. 308</ref> A jury trial could take months. McPherson moved on to other projects. In 1927 she published a book about her version of the kidnapping: ''In the Service of the King: The Story of My Life.''

The 1926 grand jury case, the largest of its kind in California, had hundreds of reporters looking for discrediting evidence against McPherson. Almost $500,000<ref>about US $6.4 million in 2013</ref> was spent<ref>Epstein, p. 289</ref> (most by newspapers assisting in the investigation), 3,600 pages of transcripts generated,<ref>Thomas, Vanishing Evangelist, p. vii, NOTE Sutton writes 36,000, p. 133</ref> and agencies, officials and others continued to investigate, even years later, but were unable to prove her kidnapping story false.<ref>Sutton, p. 143</ref><ref>Epstein, pp. 298–299, 309, 314</ref> In 1929, after a failed request by the state senate to reopen the older 1926 case,<ref>Sutton, p. 140; Epstein, p. 332. NOTE: In 1929 the California state senate conducted an impeachment trial of Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Carlos S. Hardy for providing legal aid to McPherson, violating the rules of office. McPherson was called to testify, but little interest was shown in prosecuting Hardy. The same witnesses and other persons from the earlier 1926 grand jury trial appeared; and McPherson was again in the headlines, being investigated. The impeachment trial cost another $50,000,(About US $660,000 in 2012) presumably borne largely by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', with the exception of the $25,000(About US $330,000 in 2012) taxpayer money it cost to print the 1,300 page trial transcript. McPherson had to endure the same humiliation she had endured in the 1926 trial, when the discussion was primarily about her hair, legs, and morals. Charges against Hardy were dropped and the state assembly instead called for Los Angeles prosecutors to reopen the case to criminally charge McPherson. The Los Angeles offices declined.</ref> Journalist Morrow Mayo noted it was the last chance in California to "ruin that red-headed sorceress", and "she is free to serve the Lord until the Marines are called out." <ref>Sutton, p. 141</ref>

The tale was later satirized by [[Pete Seeger]] in a song called "The Ballad of Aimee McPherson", with lyrics claiming the kidnapping had been unlikely because a hotel love nest revealed "the dents in the mattress fit Aimee's [[Buttocks|caboose]]."

The [[Court of Historical Review and Appeal]] in San Francisco, which holds no legal authority, is made up of members of the bench who examine and retry historical cases and controversies. In April 1990, a decision was handed down regarding the matter of McPherson's kidnapping story. George T. Choppelas, the then presiding judge of the San Francisco Municipal Court, ruling for the Court of Historical Review, found the issues involved both serious and fascinating. He concluded that "there was never any substantial evidence to show that her story was untrue. She may not have been a saint, but she certainly was no sinner, either."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-10-09/local/me-2159_1_sister-aimee |title=Faithful of 'Sister Aimee' Say Mock Court Has Redeemed Her - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=1990-10-09 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

===Claims of extramarital affairs===
Numerous allegations of illicit love affairs<ref>Epstein, p. 386</ref> were often directed against McPherson. Suspected lovers generally denied involvement.<ref name="Sutton, p. 175">Sutton, p. 175</ref> For example, Kenneth Ormiston, a married man with a small son,<ref>Epstein, pp. 264, 287</ref> could have profited immensely from an expose' about himself and McPherson.<ref>Cox, p. 234. Note: Kenneth Ormiston did eventually sell his story to the press, identifying his companion as Elizabeth Tovey.</ref> It was not disputed the two had a good working relationship and were friendly with each other. During the 1926 kidnapping grand jury trial, his privacy in every way was invaded as reporters and investigators tried to link him amorously to McPherson.<ref>Epstein, pp. 289, 307</ref><ref>Sutton, p.135</ref> Ormiston told newspapers his name connected in such a way to the evangelist "was a gross insult to a noble and sincere woman."<ref>Thomas ''Vanishing'' p. 31</ref><ref>Cox, pp. 37–38.</ref>

[[File:ASM-reading blackmailNote1.jpg|thumbnail|right| Aimee Semple McPherson was often the target of numerous unsubstantiated sexually related allegations. As reported by the Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1936, this photograph depicts the evangelist reading a note demanding $10,000 else nude motion pictures of her and a friend would be publicly released. When inquired about it in an unrelated interview later that year, she tersely stated nude pictures of her did not exist because none were ever taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U373542ACME/mcpherson-charged-for-slander?popup=1 |title=McPherson Charged for Slander - U373542ACME - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - Corbis |publisher=Corbisimages.com |date=1936-12-12 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>]] Alarmed by her rapidly changing style of dress and involvement with Hollywood and its "worldly" lifestyle, in 1929, an Angeleus Temple official<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webjournals.ac.edu.au/authors/john-goben/ |title=John Goben • Webjournals |publisher=Webjournals.ac.edu.au |date= |accessdate=2013-11-15}}, Blumhofer, p. 311, Note: Reverend John D. Goben was a successful Midwestern evangelist when he joined the Angeles Temple in 1927. A revival campaign in 1930 by Goben led to the establishment the Stone Church in Toronto, Canada. Goben served as treasurer to the International Foursquare Gospel Lighthouses, an association of satellite churches he helped manage. Because of a dispute with McPherson and her legal counsel, over property ownership by the churches, he was ousted as treasurer. His mounting discontent along with encouragement of some of the Church board members, in part, precipitated his expensive private investigation of McPherson. One evening at a board meeting, Goben, hoping to elicit a confession in lieu of evidence he could not obtain, confronted McPherson with his surveillance. But McPherson, so shocked by what he did, fainted. The board members turned against Goben and he was fired. His bitter departure resulted in his publication of a pamphlet entitled ''Aimee, the Gospel Gold-Digger''. Aimed at Temple supporters, he detailed alleged financial irregularities. A brief grand jury investigation was started, but come to nothing.</ref> hired detectives to shadow McPherson. Through her windows, the detectives frequently saw McPherson staying up until the early morning hours composing songs, drafting sacred operas and scribbling diagrams of her illustrated sermons.<ref>Epstein, pp. 334, 337</ref> They were looking for evidence of her indiscretions, but found nothing. No confirmation of adulterous misconduct,<ref name="Sutton, p. 175"/> with perhaps exception of her third marriage as a violation of Church tenets, was ever presented. McPherson herself, aware of numerous accusations leveled at her throughout her career, responded only to a small fraction of them, conveying the only thing she had time for was "preaching Jesus."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foursquare.org/news/article/a_lasting_legacy |title=A Lasting Legacy | Foursquare Legacy | The Foursquare Church |publisher=Foursquare.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

Posthumously, unsubstantiated allegations of extramarital affairs continued to emerge, this time by those who stated to have been her partner; claims not mentioned by them or others while she was still alive. Canadian journalist, [[Gordon Sinclair]], implied such a claim in his 1966 autobiography, ''Will the Real Gordon Sinclair Please Stand Up.'' Sinclair stated he worked on a story with McPherson and it was during one of those times in 1934, the incident purportedly occurred. Sinclair alludes to a sexual dalliance with McPherson one afternoon along with some gin and ginger.<ref>Sutton, pp. 175, 312</ref>

Thirty years after her death, another claim by comedian [[Milton Berle]], in a 1974 autobiography, alleges a brief affair with the evangelist. In his book, entitled '' Milton Berle: An Autobiography'', Berle asserts he met McPherson at the [[Shrine Auditorium]] in Los Angeles where both were doing a charity show. Upon seeing her for the first time, Berle recalled,
<blockquote>"I was both impressed and very curious ... She was all dignity and class when it came her turn. The house went wild when she walked out into the lights." Backstage, she invited him to see Angelus Temple. Instead, Berle wrote, the two of them went to lunch in Santa Monica, then to an apartment of hers where McPherson changed into something "cooler [...] a very thin, pale blue [[negligee]]." Berle said he could see she was wearing nothing underneath. She just said, "Come in." Berle said they met for the second and last time at the same apartment a few days later, writing, "This time, she just sent the chauffeur for me to bring me straight to the apartment. We didn't even bother with lunch. When I was dressing to leave, she stuck out her hand. 'Good luck with your show, Milton.' What the hell. I couldn't resist it. 'Good luck with yours, Aimee.' I never saw or heard from Aimee Semple McPherson again. But whenever I hear '[[Yes Sir, That's My Baby (song)|Yes, Sir, That's My Baby]]', I remember her."<ref>{{cite web|title=Milton Berle with Frank Haskel. ''Milton Berle: An Autobiography''|publisher=[[Delacorte Press]]|year=1974|pages=123–29 |url=http://www.ondoctrine.com/1mcphe05.htm}}</ref></blockquote>

Biographer Matthew Avery Sutton commented, "Berle, a notorious womanizer whose many tales of scandalous affairs were not always true, claimed to have had sex with McPherson on this and one other occasion", both during a year when McPherson was often ill and bedridden. Sutton noted that Berle's story of a [[crucifix]]<ref>Cox, p. 241. Note: McPherson was frequently photographed with the image of the Christian Cross, which differs from the crucifix, with its hanging figure of Jesus and its common association with Catholicism. Cox states anecdotally some persons adversarial to McPherson, who heard the Berle story wanted to believe it was true, "but that bit about the crucifix" convinced them otherwise.</ref> in McPherson's bedroom was not consistent with the coolness of Pentecostal-Catholic relations during that era.<ref>Sutton, p. 174</ref> Another book by Milton Berle, ''Laughingly Yours'', which had autobiographical content that was published in 1939 while McPherson was still alive, did not have this claim.<ref>Cox, p. 241</ref>

Author Raymond L. Cox states: "Mrs. McPherson's daughter, Roberta Salter of New York, told me, 'Mother never had an apartment in her life.' By 1931 she kept herself securely chaperoned to guard against such allegations." During 1930 the evangelist's appearances and whereabouts can be traced almost every day. She was incapacitated with illness a full five months of that year, and there is no place on her schedule as reported in her publications and church and travel records for the benefit Berle alleged. Besides, Roberta also told Cox, "Mother never did a benefit in her life. She had her own charities".<ref>Cox, Raymond L. The Verdict is In, 1983, p. 241</ref>

===Charitable work===
[[File:ASMcPherson, 1935.jpg|thumb|McPherson (left) prepares Christmas food baskets (about 1935)]]
Aimee Semple McPherson strove to develop a church organization which could not only provide for the spiritual, but the physical needs of the distressed. Though she fervently believed and preached the imminent return of Jesus Christ,<ref>Blumhofer, p. 210</ref> she had no idea of how soon that [[Second Coming]] might be. Two thoughts pervaded the mind of most devout Pentecostals of the time, "Jesus is coming, therefore how can I get ready," and "how can I help others to get ready?"

For McPherson, part of the answer was to mobilize her Temple congregation and everyone she could reach through radio, telephone and word of mouth to get involved in substantial amounts of charity and social work. "True Christianity is not only to be good but to do good," she preached. The Charities and Beneficiary Department collected donations for all types of humanitarian relief to include a Japanese disaster as well as a German relief fund. Men released from prison were found jobs by a "brotherhood." A "sisterhood" was created as well, sewing baby clothing for impoverished mothers.<ref>Epstein, p. 249</ref> Branch churches elsewhere in the country were likewise encouraged to follow the Angelus Temple's example. Even people who considered McPherson's theology almost ridiculous helped out because they saw her church as the best way to assist their community.<ref>Sutton, pp. 186–191</ref>

In June 1925, after confirming reports of an [[1925 Santa Barbara earthquake|earthquake in Santa Barbara]], McPherson immediately left the parsonage and interrupted a broadcast at a nearby radio station. She took over the microphone from the startled singer and requested food, blankets, clothing, whatever listeners could give for emergency supplies to assist nearby Santa Barbara. As the Red Cross met to discuss and organize aid, McPherson's second convoy had already arrived at the troubled city.<ref>Blumhofer, p. 269</ref> In 1928, after [[St. Francis Dam|a dam failed]] and the ensuing flood left up to 600 dead in its wake, McPherson's church led the relief effort.<ref>Sutton, pp. 189, 315. Note: author states over 400 dead</ref> Later, in 1933, an [[1933 Long Beach earthquake|earthquake struck and devastated Long Beach.]] McPherson quickly arranged for volunteers to be on the scene with blankets, coffee and doughnuts.<ref>Blumhofer, p. 348. Note: author indicates 1934 but probably a typo</ref>

An unwed mother's home was operated of the parsonage. Roberta Semple Star, McPherson's daughter, shared her room with one troubled or battered runaway girl after another. She recalled they came from all over the country and her mother could spot them in any crowd. McPherson herself would frequently contact the girl's presumably worried parents, offering to facilitate a reconciliation if needed. If the girl stayed on, after the baby arrived, McPherson made another call to the parents, letting them know wonderful news: their daughter just gave birth to a healthy eight pound baby boy or girl. McPherson's enthusiastically sincere, caring approach tended to result in reluctant parents accepting back their wayward daughter with their new grandchild.<ref>Epstein, p. 279</ref>

While McPherson, her two children and sometimes visitors shared dinner upstairs, frequently they were interrupted by knocks on the downstairs door. The Angelus Temple parsonage received an unknown number of abandoned infants left in all types of containers at its doorstep. People knew a baby left there would be well taken care of.<ref>Epstein, p. 280</ref> Because many baby abandonments were caused by mothers unable to care for their infants while they worked, she also established a day nursery for children of working mothers.

Drawing from her childhood experience with the Salvation Army, in 1927, McPherson opened a commissary at Angelus Temple which was devised to assist the needy on a much larger, formalized scale. The Commissary was virtually the only place in town a person could get food, clothing, and blankets with no questions asked. It was open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and became active in creating soup kitchens, free clinics, and other charitable activities as the Great Depression wore on. It is estimated that she fed 1.5 million people. When the government shut down the free school lunch program, McPherson took it over. Her policy of giving first and investigating afterward allowed waste and a certain amount of deadbeats to leech off the program, but it "alleviated suffering on an epic scale".<ref>Epstein, p. 369</ref>

McPherson got the fire and police departments to assist in distribution. Doctors, physicians and dentists were persuaded to staff her free clinic that trained 500 nurses to help treat children and the elderly. She encouraged individuals and companies of all types to donate supplies, food, cash or labor. To prevent the power from being turned off to homes of overdue accounts during the winter, a US $2,000<ref>about US $28,000 in 2012</ref> cash reserve was set up with the utility company. Many people, who otherwise would have nothing to do with the Angelus Temple, would receive a call from McPherson, and then loot their mansion closets or company stores for something to give. The Yellow Cab Company donated a large building and, in the first month, 80,000 people received meals there.<ref>Epstein, p. 370</ref><ref>Sutton, p. 316</ref>

Laboring under a sign "Everybody and anybody is somebody to Jesus", volunteer workers filled commissary baskets with an assortment of food and other items as well as Foursquare Gospel literature and handed them out. Even a complete kit designed to care for newborn babies was available. A reporter writes he had always thought the breadline was a "drab colorless scar on our civilization" but of the Angelus Temple commissary, he observes, was "the warm garment of sympathy and Christian succor."<ref name="Sutton, p. 317">Sutton, p. 317</ref> A note, which reflects the sentiment of many of those who received assistance, was left in June, 2010 at McPherson's virtual gravesite:

<blockquote>"My grandpa always talked about when he was a kid, he and his family moved to California from Missouri, during the depression, and his family was starving and they met you and you gave them a bag of vegetables, and some money, he never forgot it."
-Anonymous<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=dfl&GRid=700&FLsr=1 |title=Aimee Semple McPherson (1890 - 1944) - Find A Grave Flowers |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref></blockquote>

Establishing an employment bureau as well, McPherson desired to help "the discouraged husband, the despondent widow, or the little mother who wants extra work to bear the burden of a sick husband".<ref>Blumhofer, p. 346</ref> She expected everyone in her temple to be involved, 'let us ever strive to lighten our brother's load and dry the tears of a sister; race, creed or status make no difference. We are all one in the eyes of the Lord." She encouraged members to think of the commissary as widening "the spirituality of the whole church".<ref>Blumhofer, p. 348</ref>

In 1932, the commissary was raided by police to allegedly locate a still used to make brandy out of donated apricots. Some sauerkraut and salad oil were purportedly observed leaking from their respective storage areas. As a consequence, the commissary was briefly shut down. The press got involved and the public demanded an investigation. Since no one really wanted to stall the temple's charity efforts, the acceptable solution was to replace the immediate management. The staff was let go and students from her Foursquare Gospel Church's LIFE Bible College filled in. The newspaper media, generally cynical of the Temple and in particular, of McPherson, recognized "the excellent features of that organization's efforts" and "the faults of the Angelus Temple are outweighed by its virtues".<ref>Sutton, p. 194</ref> McPherson issued a statement declaring, "They have clashed loud their cymbals and blown their trumpets about a still and some sauerkraut,... our work is still before us. If...anybody abused his trust, it must not happen again."<ref>Epstein, pp. 375–376</ref>

As McPherson tried to avoid administrative delays in categorizing the "deserving" from the "undeserving," her temple commissary became known as one of the region's most effective and inclusive aid institutions. Few soup kitchens lasted more than several months, but McPherson's remained open.<ref name="Sutton, p. 317"/> Even as she transformed herself into a fashionable blonde Hollywood socialite, McPherson's vigor and practicality for social activism did not change, she loved organizing big projects.<ref>Sutton, pp. 191–192</ref> A 1936 survey indicated the Angelus Temple assisted more family units than any other public or private institution in the city. Because her programs aided non-residents as well, such as migrants from other states and Mexico, she ran afoul of California state regulations. Even though temple guidelines were later officially adjusted to accommodate those policies, helping families in need was a priority, regardless of their place of residence.<ref>Sutton, p. 195</ref>

Actor [[Anthony Quinn]] recalls:

<blockquote>"This was all during the height of the Depression, when hunger and poverty permeated America. Many Mexicans were terrified of appealing for county help because most of them were in the country illegally. When in distress, they were comforted by the fact that they could call one of Aimee's branches at any time of the night. There, they would never be asked any of the embarrassing questions posed by the authorities. The fact that they were hungry or in need of warm clothing was enough. No one even asked if they belonged to Aimee's church or not."<ref name="Anthony Quinn 1972 pp 122"/></blockquote>

===Later life and career===
[[File:ASM-cutting cake.jpg|thumbnail|right|Aimee Semple McPherson surrounded by flowers, cutting into Angelus Temple cake, 1927. Not one for settling into a predictable routine, she used her birthday, national holidays and other events to theme church services and gala festivities around.]]
Following her heyday in the 1920s, McPherson carried on with her ministry but fell out of favor with the press. They once dubbed her the "miracle worker"<ref>Blumhofer, p. 205</ref> or "miracle woman", reporting extensively on her faith healing demonstrations, but now were anxious to relay every disturbance in her household to the headlines. Her developing difficulties with her mother, Mildred Kennedy, were starting to take the front page. Yet, McPherson emerged from the kidnapping nationally famous. As much as ten percent of the population in Los Angeles held membership in her Temple.<ref name="ReferenceC">Roberts Liardon, God's Generals: Vol. 7, DVD 2005</ref> For a time, movie studios competed with each other offering McPherson long-term contracts.

Believing that talking pictures had the potential to transform Christianity, McPherson explored Hollywood culture and appeared in newsreels alongside other famous individuals such as [[Mary Pickford]], [[Frances Perkins]], and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. She lost weight, cut and dyed her hair, and became stylish and well attired. A critic wrote McPherson "can out-dress the Hollywood stars". The solicitation of fame, justified to draw audiences to her and hence to Christ, was more than some in her church organization could accept. They yearned for Sister Aimee "in the old time dress," referring to her previous "trademarked" uniform of a navy cape over a white servant's dress; both purchased inexpensively in bargain basements.<ref>Sutton, pp. 153–160</ref> Other members, though, loved it and her Angelus Temple services were as popular as ever and remained so throughout her life. Unless parishioners arrived to a service early, frequently they could not get in, all seats were taken. Now that she could afford it, McPherson thought as well, she wanted her apparel and display to be the best she could present to Jesus.<ref name="pbs.org"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/>

In early 1927, McPherson immediately set out on a "vindication tour", visiting various cities and taking advantage of the publicity her kidnapping story created to preach the Gospel.<ref>She also traveled to England, Scotland and Wales for five weeks of revival services. Press reports, depending upon the sources, described her audiences as either lacking enthusiasm or multitudes filling the altars anxiously awaiting a return visit. {{Cite news |title=Poor Aimee |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732031,00.html?promoid=googlep |quote=Those of the nobility and gentry and middle classes who reflected upon the matter appeared to feel that the Holy Bible still offers a sufficient choice of Gospels. But of course the London mob, the lower classes, rushed to attend the evangelistic First Night of Aimee Semple McPherson|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= October 22, 1928|accessdate=2007-08-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070930045728/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732031,00.html?promoid=googlep| archivedate= 30 September 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Her visit to New York in fox-furs and a finely trimmed yellow suit was noted in the society pages. She visited even nightclubs, to include a famous speakeasy in New York: [[Texas Guinan]]’s Three Hundred Club on 54th Street. While McPherson sipped water at her table, Guinan asked if she would speak a few words to the patrons. Delighted, McPherson stood and addressed the jazzed and boozy crowd:

<blockquote>"Behind all these beautiful clothes, behind these good times, in the midst of your lovely buildings and shops and pleasures, there is another life. There is something on the other side. “What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?” With all your getting and playing and good times, do not forget you have a Lord. Take Him into your hearts." </blockquote>

The unexpected speech that did not judge, and had a conciliatory tone between them and the Divine, earned a thoughtful moment of silence from the crowd, then an applause that went on for much longer than the speech took. The revelers were invited to hear her preach at the [[Glad tidings tabernacle|Glad Tidings Tabernacle]] on 33rd street. The visits to speakeasies and nightclubs added to McPherson's notoriety; Newspapers reported heavily on them, rumors erroneously conveyed she was drinking, smoking and dancing; and her mother along with some other church members, did not understand McPherson's strategy of tearing down barriers between the secular and religious world, between the sinner and the saved.<ref>Epstein, pp. 318–320</ref>

In the summer of 1927, Mildred Kennedy, McPherson's mother, left the Angelus Temple. In an attempt to curtail her daughter's influence and officially transfer more power to herself, Kennedy initiated a staff member "vote of confidence" against McPherson, but lost. The two had heatedly argued over management polices and McPherson's changing personal dress and appearance.<ref>Epstein, p. 325</ref> For similar reasons, 300 members of the choir left as well. The choir could be replaced;<ref>Blumhofer, pp. 308, 317. Note: A month later most of the choir members returned. Their leader, Gladwyn Nichols later returned as well, after publicly apologizing to McPherson.</ref> however, Kennedy's financial and administrative skills had been of crucial importance in growing McPherson's ministry from tent revivals to satellite churches and maintaining its current activities in the Temple. A series of less able management staff replaced Kennedy and the Temple became involved in various questionable projects such as hotel building, cemetery plots, and land sales. Accordingly, the Angelus Temple plummeted deep into debt. In response to the difficulties, Kennedy came back in late 1929, but because of continued serious disagreements with McPherson, tendered her resignation July 29, 1930.<ref>Epstein, p. 341</ref> The following month, in August 1930, McPherson suffered a physical and [[nervous breakdown]]. For ten months she was absent from the pulpit, diagnosed, in part with acute [[acidosis]].<ref>Epstein, p. 343</ref>

When she gained strength and returned, it was with renewed vigor that she introduced her moving "Attar of Roses" sermon, based on the Song of Solomon, with its Rose of Charon as the mystical Body of Christ. While journalists attending her Sunday illustrated sermons assumed her language was fit only for slapstick or sentimental entertainment, scholars who have studied her work for Bible students and small prayer groups, found instead the complex discourse of [[Neoplatonism|neoplatonic]] interpretation. The Old Testament book, the Song of Solomon, for example, she had hundreds of pages written about it, each "different from one another as snowflakes".<ref>Epstein, p. 356</ref>

In September, 1931, on her way to an eight-day revival in [[Portland, Oregon]], she visited former district attorney [[Asa Keyes]], in the [[San Quentin]] penitentiary. Keyes, who had been a vigorous prosecutor in attempting to prove her 1926 kidnapping story a fraud, was imprisoned on an unrelated matter. McPherson, with no apparent malice or gloating, wished him well and said he was in her prayers. A grateful Keyes thanked her. Afterwards, she arranged to visit Boston for an ambitious nine-day revival. McPherson trained for it by swimming 3 1/2 miles per day across [[Lake Elsinore, California]], paced by a rowboat.<ref>Epstein, pp. 366–367</ref>

The October 10–18, 1931 revival in [[Boston]] started out sluggishly and many predicted its failure. A Los Angeles newspaper ran headlines of the flop and expected more of the same in the days to come. On opening night, McPherson spoke to less than 5,000 persons in the 22,000 seating sports arena, and safety pins and rubber bands abundantly cluttered the collection baskets. The city had large populations of Unitarians, Episcopalians and Catholics, venerable denominations traditionally hostile to a Pentecostal / fundamentalist message. Afterwards, from her hotel room, McPherson, known to be a sports fan, asked for the afternoon's World Series scores and a Boston Herald reporter sent her a copy of the Sunday edition. The next day, the "Bring Back the Bible to Boston" campaign's tone shifted as McPherson took greater control and attendance climbed sharply.<ref name="Epstein, p. 368">Epstein, p. 368</ref><ref name="CoxBoston">{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/heartland/7707/boston.htm|title=Dr. Raymond L. Cox : The Greatest Nine Days|publisher=oocities.org|accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

A reporter took note of McPherson's stage presence, different from any other evangelist who spoke there, gesturing with her white Bible for effect as well as preaching. Answering him as to why she presented a dramatic sermon, she stated, "Our God is a dramatic God,... rolling back the Red Sea,... Elijah on the mountaintop,... the crucifixion, the resurrection, His ascension,... tongues of fire on the day of Pentecost." The final day of afternoon and evening services had 40,000 persons attending, the stadium was full and more than 5,000 had to be turned away. A total of 160,000 people attended the meetings; breaking historic attendance records of any nine days of revival services in Boston.<ref name="CoxBoston"/>

Her revival in [[New York City]] was not very fruitful, her sensationalistic reputation preceded her. The third marriage to David Hutton, rumored romances and her kidnapping was what its press and citizens wanted hear about. Therefore, after a brief pause in New York and [[Washington, DC]], she went on [[Philadelphia]] and other cities, traveling to 46 of them in 21 states; speaking to as much as two percent of the entire population of the United States. A full crew of musicians, scene designers and costumers accompanied McPherson. In this, her last national revival tour, between September 1933 and December 20, 1934, two million persons heard 336 sermons. Many more were reached by 45 radio stations.<ref>Epstein, p. 388</ref>

The Boston Evening Traveler newspaper reported:

<blockquote>"Aimee's religion is a religion of joy. There is happiness in it. Her voice is easy to listen to. She does not appeal to the brain and try to hammer religion into the heads of her audience. Rather, she appeals to the hearts of her hearers. She radiates friendliness. She creates an atmosphere that is warming. She is persuasive, rather than forceful; gracious and kindly, rather than compelling. Fundamentally she takes the whole Bible literally, from cover to cover."<ref name="CoxBoston"/></blockquote>

Nevertheless, she was not a [[Biblical literalism|radical literalist]]. In an informal meeting with some Harvard students, McPherson told them that Genesis allowed great latitude of interpretation, and that neither she nor the Bible insisted the world was created only 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepticism.org/timeline/october-history/9302-aimee-semple-mcpherson-uninvited-speak-harvard.html |title=Today in History: 15 October 1931: Aimee Semple McPherson Uninvited to Speak at Harvard |publisher=Skepticism.org |date=1931-10-15 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> In another meeting with students, she heard their assertion the teachings of Christ have outlived their usefulness; education, science and cold reasoning was the new savior of the world. Thus compelled, McPherson decided to travel and look at the world with new eyes.<ref name="GiveGod">McPherson, Aimee Semple, Give me my Own God, H. C. Kinsey & Company, Inc., 1936</ref> In 1935 McPherson embarked on a worldwide six-month discovery tour to examine the social religious and economic climates of many countries. At one point it was earlier reported she wanted to study the women's movement in connection with the campaign for the Independence of India, and was anxious to have "a chat with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]".<ref name="newspapers1"/> She received an invitation from him and he gave her a sari made from threads woven from his simple spinning wheel. Impressed with Gandhi and his ideas, McPherson thought he might secretly lean towards Christianity; his dedication possibly coming from catching "a glimpse of the cleansing, lifting, strengthening power of the Nazarene".<ref>Matthew Avery Sutton, Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 233</ref>

Other highlights included traversing barefoot, in [[Myanmar]], the lengthy stone path to [[Shwedagon Pagoda|the Great Pagoda]], a gold covered 325 ft tiered tower enshrining relics of four [[Buddha]]s, which caught and reflected the rays of the sun; a "vision of breath-taking glory."<ref>McPherson, Give me my Own God, pp. 88–89</ref> She heard [[Benito Mussolini]] speak in Italy, and fretted war would again ensue. In the rain, at [[Verdun, France]], she sat on a wrecked military vehicle in mournful contemplation of the hundreds of thousands who died on the still uncleared battlefield. White, bleached, bones of the fallen poked out of the earth, and nearby, laborers toiled carefully at their dangerous [[iron harvest]], collecting old munitions for disposal.

As she sailed to New York passing by the [[Statue of Liberty]], McPherson was fascinated by its illumined torch. The flame represented to her some of the things missing from the other countries visited: truth and life; knowledge from schools and colleges, shelter of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], law, order, and progress. McPherson's concluded from her trip that though the United States might wander, a revival of faith in God would kill the "fatted calf of the Depression" and "again spread the banquet table."<ref>McPherson, Give me my Own God, p. 310</ref>

In mid-1936, a delegation who had been involved with the 1906 [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa Street Mission Revival]]s asked if they could use the Angelus Temple for their 30th Anniversary Celebration. The original mission building was demolished and its land unavailable. African American Evangelist Emma Cotton and McPherson therefore organized a series of meetings which also marked her enthusiastic re-identification with the Pentecostal movement. McPherson's experiments of Hollywood celebrity ambitions co-existing with her ministry were not as successful she hoped. Alliances with other church groups were failing or no longer in effect and she searched for ways to start again. Therefore, she looked to her spiritual origins and allowed for the possibility of re-introducing even the more alarming aspects of the Pentecostal experience into her public meetings. Temple officials were concerned the Azusa people might bring in some "wildfire and Holy Rollerism." McPherson indicated she would turn hand springs with them as needed to see the power of God manifest.

The [[Azusa Street Revival]] commemoration events brought numbers of black leaders to her pulpit. The original attendees of the Azusa revivals filled the Angelus Temple along with every ethnic minority, "the saints who were once smelted together with the fires of Pentecost" were "being reunited re-welded and rejuvenated." McPherson recommitted herself to the dissemination of "classic Pentecostalism," and her concern now was that Foursquaredom was in the danger of becoming too "churchy." For the first time since the Temple opened, McPherson began to publicly deliver some of her messages in tongues. McPherson traversed the line between cold formality and wildfire and now decided it was easier to cool down a hot fanatic than to resuscitate a corpse. Future meetings to celebrate the [[Azusa Street Revival]]s included guest [[Charles Harrison Mason|Charles H. Mason]], a founder of the Churches of God in Christ. Mason, an Azusa leader, was also one of the most significant African American religious figures in United States history and was frequently hosted at the Angelus Temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/heartland/7707/mcpente.htm |title=Dr. Raymond L. Cox : Was Aimee Semple McPherson Pentecostal? |publisher=oocities.org |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

[[File:ASM Semple Crawford1935.jpg|thumbnail|left|Roberta Star Semple, (left) daughter of Aimee Semple McPherson, (middle) and Rheba Crawford Splivalo, assistant pastor,(right) at a parade in 1935.]]
Also in 1936, McPherson reassigned staff responsibilities in an effort to address the Temple's financial difficulties. This, together with other unresolved issues, accelerated simmering tensions among various staff members. Rumors circulated that "Angel of Broadway", charismatic evangelist Rheba Crawford Splivalo, who had been working extensively with McPherson for several years, planned to take the Angelus Temple from her. McPherson asked Splivalo to "leave town".<ref name="Epstein, p. 368"/> In the course of the staff controversy, McPherson's lawyer issued a strongly worded press release that upset Roberta Star Semple, McPherson's daughter, and led her to initiate a $150,000<ref>US $2.3 million dollars in 2012</ref> lawsuit against him for slander. Splivalo also sued McPherson for $1,080,000<ref>US $17 million in 2012</ref> because of alleged statements calling her a ‘[[Jezebel]] and a [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]’ and "unfit to stand in the Angelus Temple pulpit".<ref>Thomas, ''Storming'', pp. 282-284, 297 NOTE: Splivalo did earn a loyal following of disciples at the Angelus Temple; one in particular who was in contentious strife with McPherson. Splivalo gathered a list of purported damaging statements together with the witnesses, places and times they were allegedly made by McPherson. However, the vocabulary of accused slanderous remarks as stated the lawsuit, were inconsistent with McPherson's known public sermons, writings, and statements.</ref><ref>Herald-Journal – May 11, 1937</ref>

The two lawsuits filed by Semple and Splivalo were not related, but McPherson did not see it that way. She saw both as part of the Temple takeover plot. Mildred Kennedy, McPherson's mother, was also involved and sided with Semple, her granddaughter, making unflattering statements about McPherson to the press. In these charged circumstances, McPherson's defense of herself and her [[lawyer]] in a public trial was dramatic and theatrical. She testified tearfully with swoons and faints about how her daughter conspired with others against her.<ref>United Press, April 15, 1937.</ref> Her daughter's lawyer, meanwhile, mocked McPherson by imitating her mannerisms and making faces at her.<ref>Epstein, pp. 413–414</ref> The trial did much to estrange McPherson from her daughter. The judge ruled for Semple giving a $2,000<ref>US $31,000 in 2012</ref> judgement in her favor. Semple then moved to [[New York]]. Splivalo and the Temple settled their suit [[out of court]] for the "cause of religion and the good of the community."<ref>Epstein, p. 416</ref>

With Kennedy, Semple, and Splivalo gone, the Temple lost much of its talented leadership. However, McPherson found a competent and firm administrator in Giles Knight, who was able to bring the Temple out of debt, dispose of the 40 or so lawsuits, and eliminate the more spurious projects. He sequestered McPherson, allowed her to receive only a few personal visitors, and carefully regulated her activities outside the Temple. This period was one of unprecedented creativity for McPherson. No longer distracted by waves of reporters, reams of lawsuits, and numberless individuals demanding her attention, she became very accomplished in her illustrative sermon style of gospel preaching. The irreligious [[Charlie Chaplin]] would secretly attend her services, enjoying her sermons. She later met and consulted with Chaplin on ways to improve her presentations. McPherson, who earlier blared across newspaper headlines as many as three times a week, in one alleged scandal or another, had her public image much improved. Her adversary, Reverend [[Robert P. Shuler]], who previously attacked her by radio, magazine, pulpit, and pamphlet, proclaimed "Aimee's missionary work was the envy of Methodists".<ref>Epstein, p. 427</ref> He also expressed his support of her Foursquare Church application admittance into National Association of Evangelicals for United Action in 1943.<ref name="SuttonWildfire"/>

Her efforts at making interracial revival a reality at Angelus Temple continued. She welcomed blacks into the congregation and pulpit. While race riots burned [[Detroit]] in 1943, McPherson publicly converted the notorious black former [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] on the Temple stage and embraced him “as he raised his hand in worship”.<ref>{{cite web|last=Updike |first=John |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/04/30/070430crbo_books_updike |title=Famous Aimee |publisher=The New Yorker |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674032538 |title=Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America — Matthew Avery Sutton | Harvard University Press |publisher=Hup.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

===War years===
[[Pacifism]], which was a component of Pentecostalism, was evaluated by the Foursquare Gospel Church in the 1930s with official statements and documents which were further revised by McPherson. A press quote attributed to McPherson, in reference to Mahatma Gandhi, appears to explore the concept, "I want to incorporate the ideals of India with my own...."<ref name="newspapers1"/> Additionally, Clinton Howard, the chairman of the World Peace Commission, was invited to speak at the Angelus Temple. In 1932 she promoted disarmament, "If the nations of the world would stop building warships and equipping armies we would be all but overwhelmed with prosperity."<ref>Sutton, p. 256</ref>

Foursquare leaders, alarmed at rapid changes of technology, especially sea and air, which challenged the United States isolation and security, decided to officially draw up an amendment inclusive of varied opinions in regards to military service. The idea that one could trust to bear arms in a righteous cause as well as believing the killing of others, even in connection to military service, would endanger their souls; both views were acceptable.<ref>Sutton, pp. 256–257</ref>

McPherson kept a canny eye on the international events leading up to the Second World War, citing the probability of a much more terrible conflict than the one that passed 20 years earlier. In a sermon, she described a recently conquered country which had the Cross and other religious symbols in their schools removed; in their place was a portrait of a certain man. Instead of prayer, their school day began with a distinctive salute to this person. The destructive [[apocalypse]] of [[John the Apostle]], with its expected high civilian casualties, followed by the Second Coming of Christ, it seemed, was at hand. Even if submarines were hiding in the depths of the sea, they could not escape the terror that would befall them.<ref>Aimee Semple McPherson Audio Tapes, Zero Hour Sermon, http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/GUIDES/103.htm#602</ref>
[[File:ASM 14hourService 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|Congregation at Angelus Temple during 14-hour Holy Ghost service led by Aimee Semple McPherson, Los Angeles, Calif., 1942]]
All night prayer meetings were held Friday nights at the Angelus Temple, starting in 1940, the year when [[Germany]] was overrunning [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[France]]. She asked other Foursquare churches around the country to follow suit. She sent President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s secretary, Mr. [[Stephen Early]], as well as some other leaders, an outline of her plans. Prayer, to her, was even more powerful than the implements of war. Various officials expressed their appreciation, including the governor of California.<ref name="foursquare.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.foursquare.org/news/article/world_war_ii_and_angelus_temple |title=World War II and Angelus Temple | Foursquare Legacy | The Foursquare Church |publisher=Foursquare.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> Early passed on a reply back from Roosevelt: a message of thanks for her work. A month later Roosevelt declared a [[National Day of Prayer]] to "beseech the Ruler of the Universe to bless our Republic." Foursquare leaders thought McPherson may have inspired it; and perhaps the President of the United States was looking to her for spiritual leadership of the nation.<ref>Sutton, p. 258</ref>

At the outbreak of [[World War II]], McPherson rejected the Christian pacifism of many in the Pentecostal movement including those of her own church. Her mind was set on doing what ever it took to assist the United States in winning the war, "It is the Bible against ''[[Mein Kampf]]''. It is the [[Christian cross|Cross]] against the [[Swastika]]. It is God against the [[antichrist]] of [[Japan]],... This is no time for pacifism."<ref>Aimee Semple McPherson, "Foursquaredom and Uncle Sam," Foursquare Crusader, 14 (February 1942) p. 24</ref> The Angelus Temple itself became a visible symbol of home front sacrifice for the war effort. If necessary, it was announced the building could be used for an air raid shelter. The distinctive white dome was painted over with black paint and its beautiful stained glass windows covered up. The Temple, like other buildings in the city, had to have any opening or window that could emit visible light at night, covered. One evening in May 1942, to advertise the need to conserve gasoline and rubber, McPherson herself drove a horse and buggy to the Angelus Temple.<ref name="foursquare.org"/>

[[Rubber]] and other [[Drive (charity)|drives]] were organized; and unlimited airtime on her radio station, KFSG, was given to the [[Office of War Information]]. She asked parishioners and other listeners to donate two hours a day for such tasks as rolling bandages "so that a soldier's bandage could be changed.... And let us give our blood to help every one." Money was raised to provide local military bases with comfortable furnishings and radios. ''Newsweek'' published an article about McPherson, "The World's Greatest Living Minister," in July 19, 1943, noting she had collected 2,800 pints of blood for the Red Cross; servicemen in her audience are especially honored, and the climax of her church services is when she reads the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|National Anthem]].<ref>Sutton, pp. 264, 333</ref>

McPherson gave visiting servicemen autographed Bibles. She observed they often had no religious affiliation and did not even own a Bible. She wrote:

<blockquote>"What a privilege it was to invite the servicemen present in every Sunday night meeting to come to the platform, where I greeted them, gave each one a New Testament, and knelt in prayer with them for their spiritual needs, and God’s guidance and protection on their lives. Later, when the altar call would be given, many of these same servicemen would make another trip to the platform publicly to receive Jesus Christ as their personal savior."<ref name="foursquare.org"/></blockquote>

She insulted [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Hideki Tōjō]], and became involved in [[war bond]] rallies. Pershing Square's Victory House in Los Angeles never saw a bigger crowd. McPherson sold $150,000<ref>Note: A P47 Thunderbolt fighter was then priced about $85,000, P51 Mustang $50,000, M4 Sherman tank $50,000, B17 Flying Fortress $240,00</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panzerworld.net/prices.html |title=Product Prices |publisher=Panzerworld.net |date=2013-10-22 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2total.com/WW2/Weapons/Vehicles/Tanks/US/Sherman-tank/Sherman-tank-76mm.htm |title=Sherman tank - improved M4 models with 76mm gun, protection |publisher=Ww2total.com |date=1945-04-26 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>US 2 million dollars in 2012</ref> worth of bonds in one hour on June 20, 1942, breaking all previous records, then repeated the performance again on July 4, 1944.<ref>Blumhofer, p. 373</ref><ref>Sutton, p. 264</ref> The [[U.S. Treasury]] awarded her a special citation. The Army made McPherson an honorary colonel.

Her wartime activities included sermons that linked the church and American patriotism.<ref>Sutton, Matthew. ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674032538 Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America]'', London: [[Harvard University Press]], 2007</ref> McPherson spoke to the men in uniform of her belief that military action against the Axis powers was long overdue. And more so than in almost any war previously, she felt that if they did not prevail, churches, homes and everything precious and dear to the Christian would absolutely be destroyed.<ref name="Sutton, p. 263">Sutton, p. 263</ref>

McPherson's embrace of the [[total war]] strategy of the United States, left her open to some criticism. The line between the church as an independent moral authority monitoring government became blurred, perceived instead, as complicit with that same governance. Wrongs being done to Japanese Americans through their internment in relocation camps, were being overlooked, for example. And she refused to allow her denomination to support Christians who remained committed pacifists. Even if conscientious objectors were willing to participate in non-combat roles, more was needed. Church members and leaders had to be willing to take up arms and fight for the United States. The pacifist clause which earlier existed, was by her proposal, voted upon and eliminated by Foursquare Gospel Church leaders.<ref name="Sutton, p. 263"/>

She articulated the history of Christianity, as a torch ignited first in the Near East with the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus; moving to Europe, then England finally to arrive in the United States. Freedom of speech, assembly, and the press was being blotted out in Asia and Europe; the United States now had total responsibility for Christianity, to carry the Gospel to millions. McPherson announced, "the flag of America and the church stand for the same thing...they stand or fall together!"<ref>Sutton, p. 266</ref>

===Death===
[[File:Aimee Semple McPherson grave at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California.JPG|thumb|Aimee Semple McPherson's grave]]
On September 26, 1944, McPherson went to [[Oakland, California]], for a series of revivals, planning to preach her popular "Story of My Life" sermon. When McPherson's son went to her hotel room at 10:00 the next morning, he found her unconscious with pills and a half-empty bottle of capsules nearby. She was dead by 11:15. It was later discovered she previously called her doctor that morning to complain about feeling ill from the medicine, but he was in surgery and could not be disturbed. She then phoned another doctor who referred her to yet another physician; however, McPherson apparently lost consciousness before the third could be contacted.<ref>Epstein, p. 438</ref><ref>Robinson, Judith ''Working Miracles The Drama and Passion of Aimee Semple McPherson'' (James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers, Toronto, 2008) p.104-105</ref>

The autopsy did not conclusively determine the cause of McPherson's death. She had been taking sleeping pills following numerous health problems – including "tropical fever". Among the pills found in the hotel room was the barbiturate [[Seconal]], a strong sedative which had not been prescribed for her. It was unknown how she obtained them.

The coroner said she most likely died of an accidental overdose compounded by kidney failure. The cause of death is officially listed as unknown.<ref>Note: In the 1993 obituary for her daughter-in-law, McPherson's life and death are mentioned. {{Cite news |title= Lorna McPherson, 82, Of the Angelus Temple. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEEDF1738F93BA25755C0A965958260 |quote= Aimee Semple McPherson founded Angelus Temple in the early 1920s, when her brand of fundamentalist Christianity, stressing the "born-again" experience, divine healing and evangelism, was popular in the United States. She died on Sept. 27, 1944, of shock and respiratory failure attributed to an overdose of sleeping pills. |publisher=New York Times|date=June 18, 1993|accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref> Given the circumstances, there was speculation about suicide, but most sources generally agree the overdose was accidental, as stated in the coroner's report.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Sister Aimee's' Death Is Ruled An Accident |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/279794392.html|quote= Aimee Semple McPherson, famous evangelist who occupied the headlines almost as often as the pulpit, died of shock and respiratory failure "from an accidental over-dosage" of sleeping capsules, a coroner's jury decided today.|publisher=United Press International in [[The Washington Post]] |date=October 14, 1944|accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref>

Forty-five thousand people waited in long lines, some until 2 am, to file past the evangelist, where, for three days, her body lay in state at the Angelus Temple. Within a mile-and-a-half radius of the church, police had to double park cars. It later took 11 trucks to transport the $50,000<ref>US $630,000 in 2012 dollars</ref> worth of flowers to the cemetery which itself received more telegrammed floral orders than at any time since Will Roger's death almost 10 years earlier. A Foursquare leader noted that to watch the long line pass reverently by her casket, and see tears shed by all types of people, regardless of class and color, helped give understanding to the far-reaching influence of her life and ministry.<ref>Sutton, p. 270</ref>

An observer, Marcus Bach, who was on a spiritual odyssey of personal discovery, wrote:

<blockquote>"Roberta, who had married an orchestra director, flew in from New York. Ma Kennedy was at the grave, Rheba Crawford Splivalo had returned to say that there was never a greater worker for God than Sister. A thousand ministers of the Foursquare Gospel paid their tearful tribute. The curious stood by impressed. The poor who had always been fed at Angelus were there, the lost who had been spirit-filled, the healed, the faithful here they were eager to immortalize the Ontario farm girl who loved the Lord. Here they laid the body of Sister Aimee to rest in the marble sarcophagus guarded by two great angels on Sunrise slope. "<ref name="foundfaith">Bach, Marcus, They Have Found a Faith, (The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis / New York, 1946) p. 74</ref></blockquote>

Millions of dollars passed through McPherson's hands. However, when her personal estate was calculated, it amounted to US $10,000.<ref>about $130,000 in 2013</ref> To her daughter, Roberta, went US $2000<ref>about US$26,000 in 2013 dollars</ref> the remainder to her son Rolf. By contrast, her mother Mildred Kennedy had a 1927 severance settlement of as much as US $200,000<ref>about US$2.5 million in 2013 dollars</ref> in cash and property; the Foursquare Church itself was worth $2.8 million<ref>about US$36 million in 2013 dollars</ref><ref>Epstein, p. 440</ref>

Aimee Semple McPherson is buried in [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[Glendale, California]]. Following her death, the Foursquare Gospel church denomination was led for 44 years by her son [[Rolf McPherson]]. The church claims a membership of over 7.9 million worldwide.<ref>http://www.foursquare.org</ref>

===Legacy and influence===
Aimee Semple McPherson's ministry continued to flourish even in the face of scandal. The newspapers which served to propel McPherson to fame and advertise her message, also were used to highlight her faults, real and imagined. Some modern televangelists who transgressed and faded into obscurity because of high profile news coverage, also learned how quickly modern communication media could hurt as well as help them. After her death, the largely negative aspect of her media image persisted, was cultivated<ref>Cox, p. 3. Note: as one example Cox lists, a reporter for The Los Angeles Times, Dial Torgerson, May 18, 1969; writes in his ''Aimee's Disappearance Remains a Mystery,'' story, that HC Benedict, owner of the Carmel cottage, was expected to be a witness against McPherson, but died apparently of heart trouble before he could testify. Cox notes that HC Benedict did indeed testify, but on her behalf, denying vehemently the woman with Ormiston was McPherson. HC Benedict died on November 20, 1926, some weeks after all testimony had been concluded.</ref> and became the dominant factor in defining McPherson for many in the public today.<ref>Sutton, p. 278</ref>

Reverend [[Robert P. Shuler]], whose caustic view of McPherson softened over the years, wrote he could not figure out why God chose such a person. The flaws he observed in McPherson, were by his opinion, many, yet she ultimately made a positive impact on Christianity, long lasting and enduring . He recognized her appeal was a combination of identifying with the average citizen as well as an ability to explain the gospel in simple, easily understandable terms, drawing them irresistibly to her services:

<blockquote>...while great cathedral churches closed their doors on Sunday night, the crowds pushed through her portals in one ever-flowing stream.</blockquote>

He saw her legacy extend far beyond the glamor of Hollywood, exerting itself through the thousands of ministers she trained and churches planted throughout the world. McPherson, together with the alliances she made, worked to reshape the evangelical Christian faith, making it relevant to American culture and personally involving for those in the audience.<ref>Sutton, p. 275</ref>

In [[Fresno]], California, 1924, nine-year-old Uldine Utley (1912–1995), became a fervent believer. After hearing McPherson's dramatic retelling of the David and [[Goliath]] story, the young girl tearfully gave her life over to Christ, and dedicated herself to be "a little David for the lord and fight Goliath, " With her parents as managers, she went on to preach to millions of people and converted many thousands. She frequently used the same metaphors as McPherson, referring to Christ as "the Rose of Charon" and invoking "Bride of Christ" imagery.<ref>George Hunston Williams, Rodney Lawrence Petersen, Calvin Augustine Pater, The Contentious Triangle: Church, State, and University, Truman State University Press, 1999, p. 308</ref>

Two years later, in [[New York City]], Dr [[John Sung]] (1901–1944), described as a brilliant scientist with a PhD in chemistry,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://thetaiwanese.blogspot.com/2009/02/dr-john-sung.html |title=The Taiwanese 台灣人 Tâi-Oân Lâng: Dr. John Sung 宋尚節博士 |publisher=Thetaiwanese.blogspot.com |date=2009-02-13 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> was expecting to see the well known Pastor Dr. I. M. Haldeman, whom he hoped would intellectually address his current crises of faith. Instead, as part of her extremely successful New York revival crusade, the eleven-year-old Uldine Utley took to the stage. Similar to McPherson's style of simplicity and power, but with childlike innocence, Utley preached her message. Awed, Sung fervently desired the same empowerment of God he saw in the 11-year-old girl. Dr Sung eventually returned to China and became a significant evangelist, leading perhaps as many as 100,000 Chinese to Jesus Christ in three years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.ochristian.com/article2573.shtml |title=Timothy Tow - John Sung and the Asian Awakening |publisher=Articles.ochristian.com |date=1927-02-10 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> Though not as extensively media covered as McPherson, both Utley's, and Sung's ministry included many instances alleged faith healing.<ref name="towel.mysitehosted.com">{{cite web|url=http://towel.mysitehosted.com/~awakeand//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=43 |title=Awake and Go! Global Prayer Network - John Sung |publisher=Towel.mysitehosted.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rlhymersjr.com/Online_Sermons/2009/060609PM_JohnSung.html |title=The Real Conversion Of Dr. John Sung |publisher=Rlhymersjr.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

Together with [[Billy Sunday]], McPherson and Utley were named as the three major names in revivalism in 1927<ref>1927 NYTIMES Oct 27 1927, SM4</ref> Dr John Sung has been called the "John Wesley of China,"<ref name="towel.mysitehosted.com"/> and the "Billy Graham of China."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblesnet.com/John%20Sung%20Billy%20Graham%20of%20China%20by%20Dr%20Paul%20Lee%20Tan.pdf |title=Dr. John Sung - "Billy Graham of China" |author=Dr. Paul Lee Tan |publisher=Biblesnet.com |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> Ironically, the Chinese mission field was where McPherson herself started out, but was forced to abandon after the death of her first husband Robert Semple. McPherson wrote even under the best of circumstances the Chinese mission field was extremely difficult particularly due to cultural and numerous local language differences. Sung knew the culture, being born into it, however, even he preached using a regional language interpreter who relayed his message to the audience.

During the Great Depression years, as a child, Dr. [[Edwin Louis Cole]]'s mother attended LIFE Bible College and as he grew up, Cole participated in various Angelus Temple activities "witnessing the miraculous."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianmensnetwork.com/about/dr-edwin-louis-cole |title=Dr. Edwin Louis Cole |publisher=Christianmensnetwork.com |date=1981-04-24 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> Cole went onto found the Christian Men's Network and influenced many to include Coach [[Bill McCartney]] (starter of Promise Keepers), [[Pat Robertson]] (president of the 700 Club), John Maxwell (president of Injoy Ministries), [[Kenneth Copeland]], [[Oliver North]] and as [[Chuck Norris]], the martial artist and actor, writes, himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.wnd.com/2012/06/who-is-more-powerful-than-the-president |title=Who is more powerful than the president? |publisher=Mobile.wnd.com |date=2012-06-10 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

In the early 1900s it was expected traditional Protestantism would give way to rapidly developing new philosophical ideas and sciences that were being widely taught. McPherson contributed immensely to the forestalling of that predicted inevitability. [[Liberal Christianity]], which enjoyed strong growth starting in the late 19th century, regarded many of the miracles of Jesus to be superstitious interpretations of what actually occurred or metaphors for his teachings. McPherson's faith healing demonstrations instead gave credence to onlookers her claim was true: Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today and forever. It was easy to deny a God who did something 1,900 years ago, but large crowds of people were now witness to the blind seeing, the lame walking and the deaf hearing. Alleged healings were occurring faster than the journalists could write them down. Crowds clamored to reach her altar to experience a New Testament conversion that transformed many of their lives. Even large portions of the secular public admired her. The old time gospel message was being dramatically marketed by the most technologically advanced means possible, reconstructing it into something far more interesting and desirable than it was previously.<ref>Sutton, pp. 277–280</ref><ref>Epstein, pp. 229–231</ref>

McPherson's [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] approach assisted Pentecostals in learning how better to explain their faith in the context of [[Protestantism|historic church doctrine]]. Mainline churches became exposed to the more unusual [[Spiritual gift|gifts of the Holy Spirit]]. They also benefited by borrowing Pentecostal revival techniques<ref name="SuttonWildfire"/> such as more emotive expression, joyful praise worship and testimonials, forerunning the [[Charismatic Movement]].

Defying gender norms, Aimee Semple McPherson challenged what was expected from women. Females as preachers and her status as a divorcee with two failed marriages were of particular concern to many of the fundamentalist churches she wanted to work with, but her success could not be easily ignored. Meanwhile, secular society broadly labeled women as either Victorian ladies or whores,<ref>Sutton, p. 150</ref> and she bounced from one category to the other. She had her extensive relief charities and along with it, titillating scandals. Atheist [[Charles Lee Smith]] remarked publicly of McPherson, just before a debate, that she had an extraordinary mind, "particularly for a woman."<ref>''There is a God: Debate between Aimee Semple McPherson, Fundamentalist and Charles Lee Smith, Atheist'' (Foursquare Publications, 1100 Glendale BLVD Los Angeles. CA), 1934</ref>

Her continual work at church alliance building finally bore fruit in an impressive, official way, though she did not live to see it. Foursquare Gospel Church leaders were at last able to join the [[National Association of Evangelicals]] in 1952 and from there helped organize the [[Pentecostal World Fellowship]] which worked to keep the fires of religious revival burning into contemporary times.<ref>Sutton, pp. 275–276</ref> Pentecostalism which once advocated separatism and was on the fringes of Protestantism, became part of mainstream Christianity and grafted itself into American society at every level.<ref>Sutton, p. 280</ref>

==Works about McPherson==

===Books, periodicals, films, and plays===
* The character Sharon Falconer in [[Sinclair Lewis]]' ''[[Elmer Gantry]]'' (1926) was based on McPherson.<ref>Lingeman, p. 283.</ref>
* The faith-healing evangelist Big Sister in [[Nathanael West]]'s ''[[The Day of the Locust]]'' was based on McPherson.
* [[Upton Sinclair]] was fascinated with her history. After writing a poem about her dubious abduction, called "An Evangelist Drowns", he wrote her into his 1927 novel, ''[[Oil!]]'', in the character of Eli Watkins, a corrupt small-town minister. That character is called Eli Sunday in the 2007 film ''[[There Will Be Blood]]''.<ref name=mh>{{cite web|url=http://www.steamthing.com/2007/06/notebook-aimee-.html|publisher=Steamboats Are Ruining Everything|accessdate=2008-01-06|date=2007-06-29|title=Notebook: Aimee Semple McPherson|author=Caleb Crain|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071217120259/http://www.steamthing.com/2007/06/notebook-aimee-.html|archivedate=17 December 2007|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* The character of the American evangelist Mrs. Melrose Ape in [[Evelyn Waugh]]'s satirical novel ''[[Vile Bodies]]'' (1930) is thought to be based on McPherson.
* ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' published a satirical cutout [[paper doll]] based on her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG00/robertson/asm/cutoutdolls.html|publisher=Vanity Fair|title=Vanity Fair's Cutout Dolls – no. 2|accessdate=2008-01-06| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080207101146/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/robertson/asm/cutoutdolls.html| archivedate= 7 February 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
* Aimee Semple McPherson appeared in ''The Voice of Hollywood No. 9'' (1930), one in a series of popular documentaries released by [[Tiffany (movie studio)|Tiffany Studios]].<ref>{{IMDb title|0978414|The Voice of Hollywood No. 9 (1930)}}</ref>
* [[Frank Capra]]'s film ''[[The Miracle Woman]]'' (1931), starring [[Barbara Stanwyck]], was based on [[John Meehan (screenwriter)|John Meehan]]'s play ''Bless You, Sister'' which was reportedly inspired by McPherson's life.
* The character of the "sensuous sermonizer" Reno Sweeney in [[Cole Porter]]'s musical ''[[Anything Goes]]'' (1934) is thought to be based on McPherson.
* [[Agnes Moorehead]]'s role as Sister Alma in the 1971 thriller film ''[[What's the Matter with Helen?]]'' was modeled after McPherson.
* A [[television film]] about the events surrounding her 1926 disappearance, ''[[The Disappearance of Aimee]]'' (1976) starred [[Faye Dunaway]] as McPherson and [[Bette Davis]] as her mother.
* A film adaptation of the story of her life, entitled ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson (film)|Aimee Semple McPherson]]'' (2006) was directed by [[Richard Rossi]]. The same director filmed a short film ''Saving Sister Aimee'' in 2001. (The film was retitled "Sister Aimee: The Aimee Semple McPherson Story" and released on DVD April 22, 2008.) Rossi later penned the prize-winning play "Sister Aimee", honored with a cash award in the 2009 Bottletree One-Act Competition, an international playwriting contest. In 2013, both of Rossi's films on Sister Aimee were released in one collection with new material under the new title, "Richard Rossi 5th Anniversary of Sister Aimee." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bottletreeinc.com/richard_rossi.html|title=Sister Aimee by Richard Rossi|publisher=Bottletreeinc.com|accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>
* A documentary about McPherson, entitled ''Sister Aimee'', made for the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] series ''[[American Experience]]'', premiered April 2, 2007.<ref name="pbs.org"/>
* Several [[biographies]] have been written about McPherson.<ref name=mh/>
*In the [[alternate history]] novel ''[[Back in the USSA]]'', she appears as the Secretary of Manpower Resources under President [[Al Capone]].
* ''[[Escape from Hell (novel)|Escape from Hell]]'' (fiction novel) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] (Tor, 2009), features "Sister Aimee" in Hell after her death, in a supporting role as a guide and saint who is teaching the damned about Dante's route out of Hell.
* ''[[Saving Aimee (musical)|Scandalous]]'' is a musical about the life and ministry of McPherson with the book and lyrics written by [[Kathie Lee Gifford]] and music written by composer [[David Friedman (composer)|David Friedman]] and [[David Pomeranz]]; the musical ran in 2011 at the [[5th Avenue Theatre]] in Seattle, and had 29 performances in 2012 at the Neil Simon Theater on Broadway, with McPherson portrayed by Carolee Carmello.
* "''An Evangelist Drowns''" (2007) a one-woman play based on McPherson's life. Includes fictionalized accounts of relationships with Charlie Chaplin and David Hutton.
* "''Aimee Semple Mcpherson and the Resurrection of Christian America''" (2007) A biography by Matthew Avery Sutton that chronicles McPherson's life in context to her influence on culture, politics and religion in America.
* "La disparition de Soeur Aimee" (2011) in Crimes et Procès Sensationnels à Los Angeles, book by Nausica Zaballos, pp. 103–140, Paris, E-Dite, (ISBN 978-2-8460-8310-2)
* The song "[[Hooray for Hollywood (song)|Hooray for Hollywood]]" lyrics by [[Johnny Mercer]], from the film ''[[Hollywood Hotel (film)|Hollywood Hotel]]'' mentions McPherson. "Where anyone at all from Shirley Temple to Aimee Semple is equally understood."<ref>Gottlieb, Robert; Kimball, Robert; ''Reading Lyrics'' (Random House LLC, 2000) p. 438</ref><ref>Osborne, Jerry; ''Mr Music'' column; Lakeland Ledger - Dec 20, 2001 p. 21</ref>
* "Aimee: The Gospel Gold Digger", 1932, Rev John D Goben, an Assistant Pastor at Angelus Temple

==Theatre==
A production of the musical ''[[Saving Aimee (musical)|Saving Aimee]]'', with a book and lyrics by [[Kathie Lee Gifford]] and music by [[David Pomeranz]] and [[David Friedman (composer)|David Friedman]], debuted at the [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]] Performing Arts Center in October 2005 and was staged at the [[Signature Theatre (Arlington VA)|Signature Theatre]] in [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], Virginia, in April and May 2007.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} An updated, fully staged production opened September 30, 2011, at Seattle's [[5th Avenue Theatre]]. A revised version of the musical, now called ''Scandalous – The Life and Trials of Aimee Semple McPherson'' began a broadway run at the [[Neil Simon Theatre]] on October 13, 2012, with an official opening date of November 15. The musical starred [[Carolee Carmello]] as McPherson, and opened and closed within a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-scandalous-20130215,0,173775.story |title=Broadway flop 'Scandalous' a costly investment for Foursquare Church - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Latimes.com |date=2013-02-14 |accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref>

A play entitled ''The Wide Open Ocean'', a musical vaudeville, was performed at [[The Actors' Gang]] theater in [[Los Angeles]]. It was written and directed by playwright, director, actor, and educator [[Laural Meade]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

In 2003, a play entitled ''Spit Shine Glisten'', loosely based on the life of McPherson, was performed at [[California Institute of the Arts]] in [[Valencia, California]]. Written and directed by the experimental theatre artist Susan Simpson, the play used life-sized wooden puppets, human beings, and fractured and warped video projection.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

''[[As Thousands Cheer]]'', a musical revue with a book by [[Moss Hart]] and music and lyrics by [[Irving Berlin]], contains satirical sketches and musical numbers loosely based on the news and the lives and affairs of the rich and famous, including [[Joan Crawford]], [[Noël Coward]], [[Josephine Baker]], and Aimee Semple McPherson.

The musical, ''Vanishing Point'', written by Rob Hartmann, Liv Cummins, & Scott Keys, intertwines the lives of evangelist McPherson, aviatrix [[Amelia Earhart]], and mystery writer [[Agatha Christie]]. It is featured as part of the 2010–2011 season at the [[Carnegie Mellon School of Drama]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania.

In 2007, a one-woman play titled ''An Evangelist Drowns'', written by Gregory J. Thompson, debuted at [[Rogers State University]] in Claremore, Oklahoma. In 2008, the show was produced at the Tulsa Performing Arts Center. The play is partly based on the life of McPherson, but it explores a fictionalized portrayal of her recalling lost loves, regrets, and remorse in the final hours before her death in 1944.

==Aimee's Castle==
Aimee's Castle is a mansion built by McPherson. She had a house near [[Angelus Temple]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], but McPherson built this mansion in [[Lake Elsinore, California]], as a retreat. McPherson convalesced there after an injury in 1932.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All Visitors Barred from Mutton Castle; Physician Fears Any Shock to California Evangelist Might Prove to Be Fatal. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30E13F83E5513738DDDA10994DF405B828FF1D3 |publisher=New York Times |date= July 18, 1932 |accessdate=}}</ref>

In 1929, Clevelin Realty Corp. purchased land in Lake Elsinore's Country Club Heights District and was marketing the area as a resort destination for the rich and famous. To encourage celebrities to purchase there, the developers offered to give McPherson a parcel of land featuring panoramic views of the lake. She accepted the land and in 1929 commissioned the architect Edwin Bickman to design a {{convert|4400|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Moorish Revival mansion, with [[art deco]] details, on the hills above the lake's northeastern shore. The structure's white plaster wall and arches reflect an [[Irving Gill]] influence. Its large, cerulean blue-tiled dome over a prayer tower and a second silver-painted dome and faux-[[minaret]] give it mosque-like appearance from the exterior; the interior features art-deco wall treatments in several of the rooms. The domed ceiling of the formal dining room rises at least {{convert|15|ft|m}}. A narrow breakfast nook reflects an American-Indian motif.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/09/business/la-fi-home-20100509 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Scott | last=Marshutz | date=May 9, 2010 | title=Home of the Week: Sister Aimee's castle in Lake Elsinore}}</ref>

To help dispose of Angelus Temple debt, the property was sold in 1939 for an estimated amount of $190,000.<ref>about 2.6 million in 2013 dollars</ref><ref>Thomas, Lately ''Storming'' p. 311.</ref>

==Publications==
* {{cite book|author=Aimee Semple McPherson|title=The Second Coming of Christ: Is He Coming? How is He Coming? When is He Coming? For Whom is He Coming?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QeHYAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover|year=1921|publisher=A. McPherson|oclc=8122641}}
* {{cite book|author=Aimee Semple McPherson|title=This is That: Personal Experiences, Sermons and Writings of Aimee Semple McPherson, Evangelist|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_0VDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover|year=1919, revised 1923|publisher=The Bridal Call Publishing House|oclc=1053806}}
* {{cite book|author=Aimee Semple McPherson|title=In the Service of the King: The Story of My Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F9ZZAAAAMAAJ|year=1927|publisher=Boni and Liveright|oclc=513458}}
* {{cite book|author=Aimee Semple McPherson|title=Give Me My Own God|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7UJDAAAAIAAJ|year=1936|publisher=H. C. Kinsey & Company, Inc|oclc=1910039}}
* {{cite book|author=Aimee Semple McPherson|title=The Story of My Life: In Memoriam, Echo Park Evangelistic Association, Los Angeles|publisher=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L3vOAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|oclc=1596212}}

==See also==
* [[Scandalous: The Life and Trials of Aimee Semple McPherson]] (2012 Broadway musical)
{{Portal bar|Biography|Christianity}}
*[[Kobus Van Rensburg]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

* Richard R. Lingeman, ''Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street'', Minnesota Historical Society Press, June 2005, ISBN 978-0-87351-541-2.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Bahr, Robert|title=Least of All Saints: the Story of Aimee Semple McPherson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i4wcAAAAMAAJ|date=April 1979|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=978-0-13-527978-6|oclc=4493103}}
* {{cite book|author=[http://www.wheaton.edu/Academics/Faculty/B/Edith-Blumhofer Blumhofer, Edith L.] |title=Aimee Semple McPherson: Everybody's Sister|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xgrxp-5mG44C&printsec=frontcover|year=1993|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0155-5|oclc=29184439}}
* {{cite book|author=[http://www.oocities.org/heartland/7707/factsht.htm Cox, Raymond L.]|title=The Verdict is In|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5g77GAAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=R.L. Cox|oclc=11315268}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Daniel Mark Epstein|Epstein]], [http://www.danielmarkepstein.com/ Daniel Mark]|title=Sister Aimee: The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Lxod5IUlH5QC&printsec=frontcover|date=1 July 1994|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-15-600093-2|oclc=26300194}}
* {{cite book|author1=Morris, James|author2=[[Jan Morris|Morris, Jan]]|title=The Preachers|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wm5LAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=St. Martin's Press| isbn= 0-900997-41-9|oclc=704687}}
* {{cite book|author=[http://libarts.wsu.edu/history/faculty-staff/sutton.asp Sutton, Matthew Avery]|title=Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o4qvq8xcb78C&printsec=frontcover|date=31 May 2009|publisher=(at [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674032538 Harvard University Press])|isbn=978-0-674-03253-8 |oclc=77504335}}
* {{cite book|author=Thomas, Lately|title=The Vanishing Evangelist: the Aimee Semple McPherson Kidnapping Affair|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1onTAAAAMAAJ|year=1959|publisher=Viking Press|oclc=1575665}}
* {{cite book|author=Thomas, Lately|title=Storming Heaven: The Lives and Turmoils of Minnie Kennedy and Aimee Semple McPherson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sA1DAAAAIAAJ| year=1970|publisher=Morrow|oclc=92194}}
* [http://www.koyre.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article544 Zaballos, Nausica] ''La disparition de Soeur Aimee'' (23 November 2011) in [http://books.google.com/books?id=DGh3tgAACAAJ Crimes et procès sensationnels à Los Angeles 1922-1962: Au-delà du Dahlia noir], pages 103-140, Paris, E-Dite, (ISBN 978-2-84608-310-2)

==External links==
* [http://www.aimeemcpherson.com/ "Aimee McPherson" Old Time Radio]
* [http://www.foursquare.org/ Foursquare Gospel church]
* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG00/robertson/asm/front.html Aimee Semple McPherson biography]
* [http://www.libertyharbor.org/aimee.htm Biography from Liberty Harbor Foursquare Gospel Church]
* [http://www.immortalia.com/html/categorized-by-song/with-music/a/aimee-mcpherson.htm Song about the McPherson kidnapping scandal], dating from when it was a current news story. [[Pete Seeger]] recorded this on the 1961 album ''Story Songs''.
* [http://www.womanthouartgod.com/aimee.php Woman Thou Art God: Female Empowerment, Spirituality & a biography on Aimee].
* [http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiAIMEEMC;ttAIMEEMC.html The Ballad of Aimee McPherson].
* [http://www.californiamuseum.org/trails/ Aimee Semple McPherson on The California Museum's California Legacy Trails]
* [https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/8942 The theatricality of revivalism as exemplified in the artistry of Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson. ]
* [http://www.radioheritage.net/Story52.asp Did McPherson send a "Minions of Satan" message] to Herbert Hoover, and another article by the same historian [http://jeff560.tripod.com/kfsg2.html later concluding she did not send such a message.]
* {{IMDb name|id=2492420|name=Aimee Semple McPherson}}
* {{Find a Grave|700|accessdate=August 5, 2010}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=67270403}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =McPherson, Aimee Semple
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian-American evangelist
| DATE OF BIRTH =October 9, 1890
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Stratford, Ontario]]
| DATE OF DEATH =September 27, 1944
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Oakland, California]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McPherson, Aimee Semple}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:American Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:Canadian evangelicals]]
[[Category:Canadian evangelists]]
[[Category:Canadian Pentecostals]]
[[Category:Christian creationists]]
[[Category:Drug-related deaths in California]]
[[Category:Faith healers]]
[[Category:History of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Members of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:People from Oxford County, Ontario]]
[[Category:Religious scandals]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:American anti-fascists]]
[[Category:American temperance activists]]

Oxford Castle

2014-10-07T13:30:02Z

Camboxer: /* Today */ detail added

{{good article}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Oxford Castle
|location = [[Oxfordshire]], England
|coordinates = {{gbmapping|SP509063}}
|image = [[Image:Oxford Castle.JPG|225px]]
|caption = St George's Tower, Oxford Castle
|map_type = Oxfordshire
|latitude = 51.75180
|longitude = -1.26248
|coord_region=GB-OXF
|coord_display = title
|map_size = 200
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Shown within [[Oxfordshire]]
|type = [[Shell keep]] and [[Ward (fortification)|bailey]]
|materials = [[Coral rag]] and [[gravel]]
|height =
|condition = Ruined, elements used as a [[hotel]]
|ownership = [[Oxfordshire County Council]]
|open_to_public =
|battles =
|events =
}}

'''Oxford Castle''' is a large, partly ruined [[Norman architecture|Norman]] [[medieval]] [[castle]] on the western side of central [[Oxford]] in [[Oxfordshire]], England. Most of the original [[moat]]ed, wooden [[motte and bailey]] castle was replaced in stone in the 11th century and played an important role in the conflict of [[the Anarchy]]. In the 14th century the military value of the castle diminished and the site became used primarily for [[county]] administration and as a prison.

Most of the castle was destroyed in the [[English Civil War]] and by the 18th century the remaining buildings had become Oxford's local [[prison]]. A new prison complex was built on the site from 1785 onwards and expanded in 1876; this became [[Her Majesty's Prison Service|HM Prison]] Oxford.

The prison closed in 1996 and was redeveloped as a [[Malmaison (hotel chain)|hotel]]. The medieval remains of the castle, including the motte and St George's Tower and crypt, are [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I listed buildings]] and a [[Scheduled Monument]].

==History==

===Construction===
According to the ''[[Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis|Abingdon Chronicle]]'',<ref>Referenced in Harfield, p.388.</ref> Oxford Castle was built by the [[Normans|Norman]] [[baron]] [[Robert D'Oyly (Oxford)|Robert D'Oyly]] the elder from 1071–73.<ref name=JoyP28>Joy, p.28.</ref> D'Oyly had arrived in England with William I in the [[Norman Conquest of England]] in 1066 and [[William the Conqueror]] granted him extensive lands in Oxfordshire.<ref name=JoyP28/> Oxford had been stormed in the invasion with considerable damage, and William directed D'Oyly to build a castle to dominate the town.<ref>MacKenzie, 147; Tyack, p.5.</ref> In due course D'Oyly became the foremost landowner in Oxfordshire and was confirmed with a hereditary royal constableship for Oxford Castle.<ref>Amt, pp.47–8.</ref> Oxford Castle is not among the 48 recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, but not every castle in existence at the time was recorded in the survey.<ref>Harfield, pp.384, 388–9.</ref>

D'Oyly positioned his castle to the west side of the town, using the natural protection of a stream of the [[River Thames]] on the far side of the castle, now called [[Castle Mill Stream]], and diverting the stream to produce a [[moat]].<ref name=MacKenzieP147>MacKenzie, p.147.</ref> There has been debate as to whether there was an earlier English fortification on the site, but whilst there is archaeological evidence of earlier Anglo-Saxon habitation there is no conclusive evidence of fortification.<ref name=MacKenzieP147/> Oxford Castle was clearly an "urban castle" but it remains uncertain whether local buildings had to be demolished to make room for it. The [[Domesday Book]] does not record any demolition, so the land may have already been empty due to the damage caused by the Norman seizure of the town.<ref>Jope, p.79; Creighton, p.146.</ref> Alternatively the castle may have been imposed over an existing street front which would have required the demolition of at least several houses.<ref>Tyack, p.5; Creighton, p.148.</ref>

[[File:Map of Oxford Castle.png|thumb|left|Oxford Castle, around 1250. A: The keep and motte; B: St George's Tower and Chapel; C: The Round Tower; D: River Isis; E: Moat; F: City wall; G: West Gate; H: Barbican<ref>Map drawn after Hassall 1971, p.2; Tyack, p.6, p.80.</ref>]]
The initial castle was probably a large [[motte and bailey]], copying the plan of the castle that D'Oyly had already built {{convert|12|mi}} away at [[Wallingford Castle|Wallingford]].<ref name=MacKenzieP147/> The motte was originally about {{convert|60|ft}} high and {{convert|40|ft}} wide, constructed like the [[bailey (fortification)|bailey]] from layers of gravel and strengthened with clay facing.<ref>MacKenzie, p.148; [http://thehumanjourney.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=507&Itemid=40 Oxford Archaeology], accessed 12 September 2010.</ref> There has been debate over the sequencing of the motte and the bailey: it has been suggested that the bailey may have built first, which would make the initial castle design a [[ringwork]] rather than a motte and bailey.<ref name=HassallP233>Hassall 1976, p.233.</ref>

By the mid-12th century Oxford Castle had been significantly extended in stone. The first such work was St George's Tower, built of [[coral rag]] stone in 1074, {{convert|30|x|30|ft|0}} at the base and tapering significantly toward the top for stability.<ref>Tyack, p.7; MacKenzie, p.148.</ref> This was the tallest of the castle's towers, possibly because it covered the approach to the old west gate of the city.<ref name="Tyack, p.6; Hassall 1976, p.233">Tyack, p.6; Hassall 1976, p.233.</ref>

Inside the walls the tower included a crypt chapel,<ref name="Tyack, p.6; Hassall 1976, p.233"/> which may be the site of a previous church.<ref name=HassallP233/> The crypt chapel originally had a nave, chancel and an [[apse|apsidal]] sanctuary. It is a typical early Norman design with solid pillars and arches.<ref>Tyack, p.8.</ref> In 1074 D'Oyly and his close friend, [[Roger d'Ivry]] endowed a chapel with a college of priests. At an early stage it acquired a dedication to [[Saint George]].

Early in the 13th century the wooden keep on top of the motte was replaced with a ten-sided stone [[shell keep]], {{convert|58|ft}}, closely resembling those of [[Tonbridge Castle|Tonbridge]] and [[Arundel Castle]]s.<ref name=MacKenzieGravettHookP149>MacKenzie, p.149; Gravett and Hook, p.43.</ref> The keep enclosed a number of buildings, leaving an inner courtyard only {{convert|22|ft|0}} across.<ref name=MacKenzieP149>MacKenzie, p.149.</ref> Within the keep, stairs led {{convert|20|ft|0}} down to an underground {{convert|12|ft}} wide stone chamber, with an [[English Gothic architecture#Early English Gothic|Early English]] hexagonal vault and a {{convert|54|ft}} deep well providing water in the event of siege.<ref>Tyack, p.8; MacKenzie, p.149.</ref>

===Role in the Anarchy and Barons War===
[[File:Empress matilda.jpg|thumb|[[Empress Matilda]] escaped from Oxford Castle in 1141 in [[the Anarchy]].]]
[[Robert D'Oyly (Osney)|Robert D'Oyly the younger]], Robert D'Oyly the elder's nephew, had inherited the castle by the time of the civil war of [[the Anarchy]] in the 1140s.<ref name=JoyP28/> After initially supporting [[King Stephen of England|King Stephen]], Robert declared his support for [[Empress Matilda]], Stephen's cousin and rival for the throne, and in 1141 the Empress marched to Oxford to base her campaign at the castle.<ref>MacKenzie, p.149; Amt, p.48.</ref> Stephen responded by marching unexpectedly from [[Bristol]] in December, attacking and seizing the town of Oxford and besieging Matilda in the castle.<ref name=MacKenzieP149/> Stephen set up two [[Siege#Offensive|siege mounds]] beside the castle, called Jew's Mount and Mount Pelham, on which he placed siege engines, largely for show, and proceeded to wait for Matilda's supplies to run low over the next three months.<ref name=MacKenzieGravettHookP149/> Stephen would have had difficulty in supplying his men through the winter period, and this decision shows the apparent strength of Oxford Castle at the time.<ref name=GravettHookP44>Gravett and Hook, p.44.</ref>

Matilda responded by escaping from the castle; the popular version of this has the Empress waiting until the [[Castle Mill Stream]] was frozen over and then dressed in white as [[camouflage]] in the snow, being lowered down the walls with three or four knights, before escaping through Stephen's lines in the night as the king's sentries tried to raise the alarm.<ref name=MacKenzieGravettHookP149>MacKenzie, p.149; Gravett and Hook, p.44.</ref> The chronicler [[William of Malmesbury]], however, suggests Matilda did not descend the walls, but instead escaped from one of the gates.<ref name=GravettHookP44/> Matilda safely reached [[Abingdon-on-Thames]] and Oxford Castle surrendered to Stephen the next day.<ref name=MacKenzieGravettHookP149/> Robert had died in the final weeks of the siege and the castle was granted to [[William de Chesney]] for the remainder of the war.<ref>Amt, p.48.</ref> At the end of the war the constableship of Oxford Castle was granted to [[Roger de Bussy]] before being reclaimed by Henry D'Oyly, Robert D'Oyly the younger's son, in 1154.<ref>Amt, pp.56–7.</ref>

In the [[First Barons' War|Barons' War]] of 1215–17 the castle was attacked again, prompting further improvements in its defences.<ref name=HassallP235/> In 1220 [[Falkes de Breauté]], who controlled many royal castles in the middle of England, demolished the Church of St Budoc to the south-east of the castle and built a moated barbican to further defend the main gate.<ref>Hassall 1971, p.9.</ref> The remaining wooden buildings were replaced in stone, including the new Round Tower which was built in 1235.<ref>Hassall 1976, p.235; Tyack, p.8.</ref> King [[King Henry III of England|Henry III]] turned part of the castle into a prison, specifically for holding troublesome University [[Scholarly method|clerks]], and also improved the castle chapel, replacing the older barred windows with [[stained glass]] in 1243 and 1246.<ref>Davies, p.3; Marks, p.93.</ref> Due to the presence of [[Beaumont Palace]] to the north of Oxford, however, the castle never became a royal residence.<ref>Munby, p.96.</ref>

===14th–17th centuries===
[[File:Oxford Castle 15th century.jpg|thumb|How an artist in 1845 imagined Oxford Castle looked in the 15th century]]
By 1327 the fortification, particularly the castle gates and the barbican, was in poor condition and £800 was estimated to be required for repairs.<ref>Crossley and Elrington, p.297.</ref> From the 1350s onwards the castle had little military use and was increasingly allowed to fall into disrepair.<ref name=HassallP235/> The castle became the centre for the administration of the county of Oxford, a jail, and a criminal court. [[Assizes (England and Wales)|assizes]] were held there until 1577, when plague broke out in what became known as the "[[Black Assize]]": the [[Lord Lieutenant]] of Oxfordshire, two knights, eighty gentlemen and the entire [[grand jury]] for the session all died, including Sir Robert D'Oyley, a relative of the founder of the castle.<ref name=TyackHassallMacKenzieDavies>Tyack, p.8; Hassall 1976, p.235; MacKenzie, p.149; Davies, pp.91–2.</ref> Thereafter assizes ceased to be held at the castle.<ref name=TyackHassallMacKenzieDavies/>

By the 16th century the barbican had been demolished to make way for houses and the moat had begun to be occupied with housing. By 1600 the moat was almost entirely silted up and houses had been built all around the edge of the bailey wall.<ref>Hassall 1976, p.235, 254.</ref> In 1611 [[King James I of England|King James I]] sold Oxford Castle to Francis James and Robert Younglove, who in turn sold it to [[Christ Church College]] in 1613. The college then leased it to a number of local families over the coming years.<ref>Davies, p.3.</ref> By this time Oxford Castle was in a weakened state, with a large crack running down the side of the keep.<ref name="Oxford Archaeology">[http://thehumanjourney.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=507&Itemid=40 Oxford Archaeology], accessed 12 September 2010.</ref>

In 1642 the [[English Civil War]] broke out and the [[Cavaliers|Royalist]]s made Oxford their capital. Parliamentary forces successfully [[Siege of Oxford|besieged Oxford]] in 1646 and the city was occupied by Colonel Ingoldsby.<ref name=JoyP29>Joy, p.29.</ref> Ingoldsby improved the fortification of the castle rather than the surrounding town, and in 1649 demolished most of the medieval stonework, replacing it with more modern earth [[bulwark]]s and reinforcing the keep with earth works to form a probable gun-platform.<ref>Joy, p.29; [http://thehumanjourney.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=507&Itemid=40 Oxford Archaeology], accessed 12 September 2010.</ref> In 1652, in the [[third English Civil War]], the Parliamentary garrison responded to the proximity of [[King Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s forces by pulling down these defences as well and retreating to [[New College, Oxford|New College]] instead, causing great damage to the college in the process.<ref name=JoyP29/> In the event, Oxford saw no fresh fighting; early in the 18th century, however, the keep was demolished and the top of the motte landscaped to its current form.<ref name="Oxford Archaeology"/>

===Role as prison===
[[File:Oxford Castle in 1832.jpg|thumb|St George's Tower in 1832]]
After the Civil War, Oxford Castle served primarily as the local prison.<ref name=DaviesP6>Davies, p.6.</ref> As with other prisons at the time, the owners, in this case Christ Church College, leased the castle to wardens who would profit by charging prisoners for their board and lodging.<ref name=DaviesP6/> The prison also had a [[gallows]] to execute prisoners, such as [[Mary Blandy]] in 1752.<ref>Davies, p.106.</ref> For most of the 18th century, the castle prison was run by the local Etty and Wisdom families and was in increasing disrepair.<ref>Davies, pp.9–10.</ref> In the 1770s the prison reformer [[John Howard (prison reformer)|John Howard]] visited the castle several times, and criticised its size and quality, including the extent to which [[vermin]] infested the prison.<ref>Davies, p.14.</ref> Partly as a result of this criticism, it was decided by the County authorities to rebuild the Oxford Prison.<ref>Davies, p.15.</ref>

In 1785 the castle was bought by the Oxford County Justices and rebuilding began under the London architect [[William Blackburn]].<ref>Hassall 1976, p.235; Whiting, p.54.</ref> The wider castle site had already begun to change by the late 18th century, with [[New Road, Oxford|New Road]] being built through the bailey and the last parts of the castle moat being filled in to allow the building of the new [[Oxford Canal]] terminus.<ref name=HassallP235>Hassall, p.235.</ref> Building the new prison included demolishing the old college attached to St George's chapel and repositioning part of the crypt in 1794.<ref name=EH-Towers&Crypt/> The work was completed under [[Daniel Harris (Oxford)|Daniel Harris]] in 1805.<ref>Hyack, p.7; Whiting, p.54.</ref> Harris gained a reasonable salary as the new governor and used convict labour from the prison to conduct early archaeological excavations at the castle with the help of the antiquarian Edward King.<ref>Munby, p.53; Davies, p.24.</ref>

In the 19th century the site continued to be developed, with various new buildings built including the new County Hall in 1840–41 and the [[Oxfordshire Militia]] Armoury in 1854. The prison itself was extended in 1876, growing to occupy most of the remaining space.<ref name=HassallP235/> In 1888 national prison reforms led to the renaming of the county prison as [[Her Majesty's Prison Service|HM Prison]] Oxford.

===Today===
[[File:OxfordCastle StGeorgesCrypt.jpg|thumb|St George's crypt chapel, rebuilt in 1794 re-using its late 11th-century [[Norman architecture|Norman]] columns and capitals]]
Since 1954 the two oldest parts of the castle have been Grade I listed buildings: the 11th-century motte with its 13th-century well-chamber,<ref name=EH-WellHouse>''[http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1369493 Well House Oxford Castle]'', National Heritage List for England, [[English Heritage]], accessed 26 June 2013.</ref> and the 11th-century St George's tower with its crypt chapel and the 18th-century D-wing and Debtors' Tower.<ref name=EH-Towers&Crypt>''[http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1369490 St Georges Tower, St Georges Chapel Crypt and D Wing Including the Debtors Tower]'', National Heritage List for England, [[English Heritage]], accessed 26 June 2013.</ref> The site is protected as a [[Scheduled Monument]].<ref>''[http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2961.html Oxford Castle]'', Gatehouse, accessed 27 June 2013.</ref>

The prison was closed in 1996 and the site reverted to [[Oxfordshire County Council]]. The Oxford Prison buildings have since been redeveloped as a restaurant and heritage complex, with guided tours of the historic buildings and open courtyards for markets and theatrical performances. The complex includes a hotel in the [[Malmaison (hotel chain)|Malmaison]] chain, Malmaison Oxford, occupying a large part of the former prison blocks, with cells converted as guest rooms. However, those parts of the prison associated with corporal or capital punishment have been converted to offices rather than being used for guests.<ref>Smith, p.93.</ref> The [[mixed-use]] heritage project, officially opened on 5 May 2006, won the [[Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors|RICS]] Project of the Year Award 2007.<ref>{{Wayback |url= http://www.rics.org/AboutRICS/Awards/RICSAwards/RICS+Awards+2007+Winners.htm |date=20071023000124 |title=RICS Awards 2007 Winners list}}, RICS</ref>

==See also==
*[[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
*[[List of castles in England]]

==References==
[[File:OxfordCastle MotteWellVault.jpg|thumb|13th-century [[English Gothic architecture#Early English Gothic|Early English]] hexagonal vault of the well-chamber inside the motte]]
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
[[File:Oxford Malmaison Hotel.jpg|thumb|HMP Oxford has been converted into a [[Malmaison (hotel chain)|Malmaison Hotel]].]]
* Amt, Emilie. (1993) ''The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored, 1149-1159.'' Woodbridge, [[Boydell & Brewer|Boydell Press]]. ISBN 978-0-85115-348-3.
* Creighton, O. H. (2002) ''Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England.'' London: Equinox. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8.
* Crossley, Alan and C. Elrington. (eds) (1979) Victoria County History: ''[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22809 A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 4: The City of Oxford.]'' OCLC 7534514.
* Davies, Mark. (2001) ''Stories of Oxford Castle: From Dungeon to Dunghill.'' Oxford: Oxford Towpath Press. ISBN 093559335.
* Gravett, Christopher and Adam Hook. (2003) ''Norman Stone Castles: The British Isles, 1066-1216.'' Botley, Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-602-7.
*{{cite journal |last=Harfield |first=C. G. |title=A Hand-list of Castles Recorded in the Domesday Book |journal=English Historical Review |volume=106 |year=1991 |pages=371–392 |jstor=573107 |doi=10.1093/ehr/CVI.CCCCXIX.371}}
* Harrison, Colin. (ed) (1998) ''John Malchair of Oxford: Artist and Musician.'' Oxford: [[Ashmolean Museum]]. ISBN 978-1-85444-112-6.
* Hassall, T. G. (1971) "Excavations at Oxford," in ''[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society|Oxoniensia]]'', XXXVI (1971).
* Hassall, T. G. (1976) "Excavations at Oxford Castle: 1965-1973," in ''[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society|Oxoniensia]]'', XLI (1976).
* Jope, E. M. "Late Saxon Pits Under Oxford Castle Mound: Excavations in 1952," in ''[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society|Oxoniensia]]'', XVII-XVIII (1952–1953).
* Joy, T. (1831) ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eoHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Oxford Delineated: A sketch of the history and antiquities.]'' Oxford: Whessell & Bartlett. OCLC 23436981.
* MacKenzie, James Dixon. (1896/2009) ''The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure.'' [[Books LLC|General Books]]. ISBN 978-1-150-51044-1.
* Marks, Richard. (1993) ''Stained glass in England during the Middle Ages.'' London: [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0-415-03345-9.
* Munby, Julian. (1998) "Malchair and the Oxford Topographical Tradition," in Harrison (ed) 1998.
* Smith, Philip. (2008) ''Punishment and Culture.'' Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]]. ISBN 978-0-226-76610-2.
* Tyack, Geoffrey. (1998) ''Oxford: an Architectural Guide.'' Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-19-817423-3.
* Whiting, R. C. (1993) ''Oxford: Studies in the History of a University Town Since 1800.'' Manchester: [[Manchester University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-7190-3057-4.

==External links==
{{commons category|Oxford Castle}}
* [http://www.oxfordcastle.com/ Oxford Castle website]
* [http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2961.html Gatehouse Website record for Oxford Castle]
* [http://www.oxfordcastleunlocked.co.uk/ Oxford Castle Visitor Attraction]
* [http://www.malmaison.com/locations/oxford/ Malmaison Oxford]

{{Museums and galleries in Oxfordshire}}
{{Prisons in South East England}}

[[Category:1070s architecture]]
[[Category:1071 establishments]]
[[Category:Castles in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Oxford|Castle]]
[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Grade I listed prison buildings]]
[[Category:Hotels in Oxford]]
[[Category:Museums in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Norman architecture in England]]
[[Category:Prison museums in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Oxford|Castle]]

Maurzyce-Brücke

2013-11-18T09:39:00Z

Camboxer: /* Design */ links added/disambiguated

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{coord|52.1395|19.870667|type:city_region:PL|display=title}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Maurzyce most 2009.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The Maurzyce Bridge is among the most prized [[objects of cultural heritage in Poland]]
| carries = originally 2 lanes of vehicles and pedestrians, currently pedestrian-only
| crosses = [[Słudwia]] River
| locale = [[Maurzyce]] near [[Łowicz]], Poland
| owner =
| maint =
| id =
| website =
| architect = [[Stefan Bryła]]
| designer = Stefan Bryła
| engineering = Stefan Bryła, [[Wenczesław Poniż]], [[Władysław Tryliński]]
| winner =
| contracted_designer =
| design = truss bridge
| material = 370–420 MPa steel
| length = {{convert|27|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|6.76|m|ft}}
| height = {{convert|4.3|m|ft}}
| mainspan =
| spans =
| builder = K. Rudzki i S-ka
| fabricator =
| begin = 1927
| complete = December 1928
| cost =
| inaugurated = August 1929
| closed = 1977
| extra =
| references = {{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}}
}}
The '''Maurzyce Bridge''' over the [[Słudwia River]] (tributary of [[Bzura]]) in Central Poland is the first entirely [[welding|welded]] road bridge and the second welded bridge of any category in the world.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}}{{sfn|Pescatore & Borgeot|p=359}}{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} The bridge is located close to the village of [[Maurzyce]] near [[Łowicz]] in [[Łódź Voivodeship]].{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}}

==History==
=== Design ===
The bridge was designed in 1927 by [[Stefan Bryła]], one of pioneers of welding in [[civil engineering]].{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} Bryła, a professor at the [[Lwów University of Technology]], conducted extensive theoretical studies on possible usage of welded steel joints in construction, as well as various aspects of [[oxy-fuel welding and cutting|oxy-fuel welding]] and electric arc welding.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} Both procedures have been known at least since late 19th century, but their application was mostly limited to house and [[shipbuilding]]. However, since the tests proved welded joints could be powerful enough to sustain large forces, in mid-1920s Bryła decided to design a welded bridge.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} He used his earlier design of a riveted bridge, which Bryła and [[Wenczesław Poniż]] converted to use the new construction method.{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} However, the cross-beams and some elements of the chords were re-designed from scratch.{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} The design was ready in 1927,{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} and predated the construction of a similar yet shorter welded railway bridge built by [[Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing]] in [[Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania]]{{sfn|Pescatore & Borgeot|p=359}} (designed and built a couple of months before), which however was completed several months faster and as such was the first welded bridge in the world, regardless of a type.{{sfn|Pescatore & Borgeot|p=359}}

The then-new technique of [[arc welding]] allowed to save the weight of the otherwise ordinary [[truss bridge]]: its overall weight is 56 metric tons, while a [[rivet]]ed version would have weighted over 70 tons.{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} Apart from construction method, the construction itself is an ordinary [[truss bridge]] with two main truss beams, a straight bottom chord and a parabolic top chord.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} In addition to two lanes for road traffic, the bridge also included two side-walks for pedestrians.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}}

=== Construction ===
[[File:Maurzyce Spawany most na Słudwi MZW3295.JPG|thumb|left|Ground level view]]
As the task of building such a structure was considered extremely risky, the [[K. Rudzki i S-ka]] Company was chosen as the main contractor, fabricator and builder.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} The company with its seat in Warsaw and a large factory in [[Mińsk Mazowiecki]] was among the most experienced bridge building companies in Central and Eastern Europe at the time.{{sfn|Wojdyga|pp=63–67}} Established in 1853, in late 19th and early 20th century the company was the only firm in the entire [[Russian Empire]] to construct difficult bridges in remote locations.{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}} Almost 20% of all bridges constructed in Russia in that period were built by Konstanty Rudzki and his engineers.{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}} Altogether in the first two decades of 20th century the company built 5,000 metres of steel road bridges and 24,000 metres of various rail bridges for 37 different railway companies, in addition to providing them with a net of over 2 million metres of water pipelines.{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}} Among the steel bridges constructed by K. Rudzki were Warsaw's [[Poniatowski Bridge]], but also most of [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]'s river crossings, including the 1916 [[Khabarovsk Bridge]] (at over 2,500 metres of length for decades the longest bridge in Euro-Asia).{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}} The company also built bridges for the [[Saint Petersburg – Warsaw Railway]], [[Amur Railway]], [[East Siberian Railway|Ussuri Railway]] and [[Chinese Eastern Railway]], among others.{{sfn|Wojdyga|pp=63–67}} Yet, even with such experience, the construction of the bridge across Słudwia near Łowicz proved to be a difficult task.{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}}

The elements were manufactured by the K. Rudzki i S-ka factory in Mińsk Mazowiecki and then welded into place on the spot.{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} It was completed in December 1928 and opened to normal road traffic in August of the following year.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} Despite welding being much more expensive than time-consuming riveting, the overall bridge cost was much lower, in large part due to 17% less steel needed to build it and shorter construction time.{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}}

=== Later history ===
Revolutionary at the time,{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} the completion of the Maurzyce Bridge sparked a new era in bridge construction worldwide.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}} The construction was described in European and American engineering press,{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}} and engineers from around the world visited the new bridge in large numbers.{{sfn|Wojdyga|p=70}} Consequently, Poland was the first country in the world to regulate the construction of welded bridges.{{sfn|mb|pp=10–11}}

Until late 1970s the bridge was used by [[National road 92 (Poland)|National road 2]],{{sfn|PAP|p=1}} the Polish section of the [[European route E30|European route E8]]. However, as it proved too narrow,{{sfn|PAP|p=1}} in 1977 it was moved some 20 metres to the north, closed to traffic,{{sfn|GDDKiA|pp=5–6}} and a new replacement was built in its place.{{sfn|Chen & Duan|pp=600–601}}

The bridge was inscribed on the list of [[objects of cultural heritage in Poland]] on 22 November 1968 by the Monument Documentation Authority (predecessor to the [[Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa|National Heritage Board]]),{{sfn|GDDKiA|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|NID|p=32}} and initially (until that category was abolished in 1973) it was listed among the "Grade Zero monuments" ({{lang-pl|zabytek klasy 0}}), that is the most prized historical monuments of international significance.{{sfn|PAP|p=1}} Later it was re-classified as an "unmovable historical monument".{{sfn|NID|p=32}}

The bridge was refurbished in 2009.{{sfn|GDDKiA|p=5}} At the cost of 800,000 [[Polish złoty|zł]] the steel construction was cleaned of rust and repainted silver, and the road surface was replaced with a granite [[Sett (paving)|sett]].{{sfn|PAP|p=1}} In 2011 a memorial plaque to professor Bryła was unveiled in front of it.{{sfn|PAP|p=1}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |last1=Pescatore |first1=Jean-Pierre|last2=Borgeot |first2=Jean-Henri |year=2010 |origyear= |chapter=Chapter 10: Welding Steel Structures |editor1-last=Blondeau |editor1-first=Regis |title=Metallurgy and mechanics of welding: processes and industrial application | location= |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470393895 | ref={{sfnRef|Pescatore & Borgeot}} }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Chen | first1 = Wai-Fah | last2 = Duan | first2 = Lian | title = Handbook of International Bridge Engineering | date =2013 | publisher =[[CRC Press]] | location = | isbn = 978-1-4398-1029-3 | ref={{sfnRef|Chen & Duan}} }}
* {{cite journal | last1 =Wojdyga | first1=Piotr | year =2009 | month = | title =Mosty firmy K. Rudzki i S-ka | trans_title=Bridges of K. Rudzki and Co. | journal =Rocznik Mińsko Mazowiecki | volume =2009 | issue =17 | pages =63–74 | issn =1232-633X | url =http://mazowsze.hist.pl/19/Rocznik_Minsko_Mazowiecki/437/2009/15610/ | format =pdf | accessdate =7 November 2013 | ref={{sfnRef|Wojdyga}} }}
* {{cite journal | author =mb | editor=Agnieszka Kuźma-Filipek | year =2009 | month =October | title =Historia warta zapamiętania | trans_title=History worth remembering | journal =Panorama | volume =04 | issue =17 | pages =10–11 | issn = | url =http://www.mostostal.waw.pl/uploads/panorama/95732aa7ba1bcbec2ec59f78d9fabed0.pdf | format =pdf | accessdate =7 November 2013 | ref={{sfnRef|mb}}}}
* {{cite web | author=[[General Directorate for National Roads and Highways|GDDKiA]] (corporate author) | editor=Jan Stocki | title=Remonty zabytkowego mostu na rz.Słudwi w m.Maurzyce | trans_title=Refurbishment of the historical bridge over Słudwia at Maurzyce | publisher=GDDKiA | location=Kutno | year=2008 | work=Specyfikacja Istotnych Warunków Zamówienia | url=http://www.gddkia.gov.pl/pl/d/0c08b553eef554e85716f0d2ead3d251 | format=pdf | accessdate=11 November 2013 | ref={{sfnRef|GDDKiA}} }} 
* {{cite news |author1=szu |author2=ls |date=14 December 2011 |title=Tablicę ku czci prof. Bryły odsłonięto na moście w Maurzycach |trans_title=A memorial tablet to professor Bryła unveiled at the bridge in Maurzyce |url=http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/tablice-ku-czci-prof-bryly-odslonieto-na-moscie-w-maurzycach |newspaper= | agency=[[Polish Press Agency]] |location=Warsaw |publisher= |archiveurl= |archivedate=14 December 2011 |accessdate=11 November 2013 |via=dzieje.pl |ref={{sfnRef|PAP}} }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/rejestr-zabytkow/zestawienia-zabytkow-nieruchomych/stan%20na%2030.09.13/LDZ-rej.pdf | format=pdf |title=Wykaz zabytków nieruchomych wpisanych do rejestru zabytków – stan na 30 września 2013 r. – woj. łódzkie | trans_title=List of historical monuments inscribed into the registry of historical monuments as of 30 September 2013 – Łódź Voivodeship |author=[[Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa]] (corporate author) |date=30 September 2013 |website=http://www.nid.pl |publisher=Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa |accessdate=11 November 2013|ref={{sfnRef|NID}}}}

{{commonscat|Bridge in Maurzyce}}

[[Category:Bridges in Poland]]
[[Category:Zabytki]]
[[Category:Truss bridges]]

The New Monthly Magazine

2013-08-28T14:35:39Z

Camboxer: /* History */ addition

{{italic title}}
'''''The New Monthly Magazine''''' was a British monthly magazine published by [[Henry Colburn]] between 1814 and 1884.

==History==
Colburn and [[Frederic Shoberl]] established ''The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register'' as a "virulently Tory"<ref>David Higgins, [http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1682 'The New Monthly Magazine'], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 22 Oct. 2006.</ref> competitor to [[Sir Richard Phillips]]' ''[[Monthly Magazine (1796)|Monthly Magazine]]'' in 1814. "The double-column format and the comprehensive contents combined the [[Gentleman's Magazine]] with the [[Annual Register]]".<ref>'Introduction', ''Wellesley Index to Periodical Literature''</ref>

In its April 1819 issue it published [[John William Polidori|John Polidori]]'s [[Gothic fiction]] ''[[The Vampyre]]'', the first significant piece of prose [[vampire literature]] in [[English language|English]], attributing it to [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] (who partly inspired it).

In 1821 Colburn recast the magazine with a more literary and less political focus, retitling it '''''The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal'''''. Nominally edited by the poet [[Thomas Campbell (poet)|Thomas Campbell]], most editing fell to the sub-editor [[Cyrus Redding]]. Colburn paid contributors well, and they included [[Sydney Morgan]], [[Thomas Charles Morgan]], [[Peter George Patmore]], [[Mary Shelley]], [[Charles Lamb (writer)|Charles Lamb]], [[James Henry Leigh Hunt|Leigh Hunt]], [[Stendhal]], [[Thomas Noon Talfourd]], [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], [[Ugo Foscolo]], [[Richard Lalor Sheil]], [[Mary Russell Mitford]], [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Edward Bulwer]], [[James and Horace Smith]], and [[William Hazlitt]].<ref>'Introduction', ''Wellesley Index to Periodical Literature''; Higgins, ''The Literary Encyclopedia''.</ref> Hazlitt's "[[Table-Talk (Hazlitt)|Table-Talk]]" essays, begun in the ''[[London Magazine]]'', appeared in the ''New Monthly'' from late 1821, his essay "The Fight" appeared in 1822,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_7cCAAAAIAAJ&dq=The%20New%20Monthly%20Magazine%201822&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false New Monthly Magazine Vol 3, 1822 page 102] at Google Books</ref> and his series "The Spirits of the Age'" was later republished, with essays from other sources, in the book ''[[The Spirit of the Age]]'' (1825).<ref>Higgins, ''The Literary Encyclopedia''.</ref>

[[Charles Knight]]'s ''[[London Magazine]]'' merged with the ''New Monthly'' in 1829, and in that year [[Richard Bentley]] became Colburn's business partner. After Redding resigned in 1830, Campbell found himself unable to edit the magazine on his own and [[Samuel Carter Hall]] became editor for a year. In 1831 the novelist [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Edward Bulwer]] became editor, turning "the essentially apolitical, slightly Whiggish, literary journal into a vigorous radical organ shouting 'Reform' at the top of its lungs."<ref>Introduction, ''Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals''</ref> Hall, a political Conservative, had remained as sub-editor, and resisted Bulwer's efforts: Bulwer resigned in 1833, with Hall taking up the editorship once more. Contributors now included [[Catherine Gore]], [[Anna Maria Hall]], [[Felicia Hemans]], [[Caroline Norton]], [[Thomas Haynes Bayley]], and [[Theodore Edward Hook]].

In 1837 the magazine was retitled '''''The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist''''', to meet the challenge of ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]''. Now edited by Theodore Hook, it published contributions from [[James Henry Leigh Hunt|Leigh Hunt]], [[Douglas Jerrold]], [[Frederick Marryat]], [[Frances Trollope]], [[Charles Robert Forrester]], and [[W. M. Thackeray]]. Upon Hook's death in 1841, [[Thomas Hood]] was editor until 1843.<ref>'Introduction', ''Wellesley Index to Periodical Literature''. According to the [[ODNB]], the transcendentalist Francis Barham (1808–1871) edited the paper at around this time: "Two hundred pounds invested in the New Monthly Magazine procured him the joint editorship with [[John Abraham Heraud]], the poet and dramatist. Anne Taylor, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1373 ‘Barham, Francis Foster (Alist Francis Barham) (1808–1871)’], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 4 Jan 2008. Heraud's ODNB entry has him editing the ''Monthly Magazine'' from 1839 to 1842, but does not mention the ''New Monthly''.</ref>

In Colburn sold the magazine for £2500 to [[William Harrison Ainsworth]], who had earlier edited ''Bentley's Miscellany'' and who now edited his own ''Ainsworth's Magazine''. Ainsworth edited the ''New Monthly'' with his cousin [[William Francis Ainsworth]] as sub-editor. From 1871–79 William Francis Ainsworth was editor.

==Titles==
Over the years, the magazine had several titles. These are listed at ''Periodicals Online'',<ref name=PeriodicalsArchive>{{citation|title=List of periodical titles |url=http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/marketing/journalLists.jsp?collection=PAOcolBP2 |accessdate=10 June 2010}} (Scroll down to see title listings for ''The New Monthly'', listed below ''The New London Magazine'' and above ''The New Quarterly Magazine''</ref> and comprise:
*''The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register'' - February 1814 to December 1820
*''The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal'' - January 1821 to December 1836
*''The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist'' - January 1837 to December 1852
*''The New Monthly Magazine'' - January 1853 to December 1881
*''The New Monthly'' - January to October 1882.

==Editors==
The editorship of the ''New Monthly Magazine'' was complicated by the frequent use of a deputy position, or "working editor".

*1814 [[Frederic Shoberl]]<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=25450|title=Shoberl, Frederic|first=Nilanjana|last=Banerji}}</ref>
*[[John Watkins (writer)|John Watkins]]
*1819 [[Alaric Alexander Watts]]
*1821 [[Edward Dubois (wit)|Edward Dubois]], one issue only
*1821–1830 [[Thomas Campbell (poet)|Thomas Campbell]]
*1821–1830 [[Cyrus Redding]] de facto editor
*1830 [[Samuel Carter Hall]], sub-editor and then editor<ref>http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/h/Hall_SC/life.htm</ref>
*1831–1833 [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]]
*1837–1841 [[Theodore Hook]]
*1837–1841 [[Benson Earle Hill]], assistant<ref>1839–1840 [[Francis Foster Barham]] edited with [[John Abraham Heraud]], according to [[Thompson Cooper]]'s DNB article on Barham; contradicted by the ODNB biography of Heraud which says it was the ''[[Monthly Magazine]]'' 1839–1842, though supported by the ODNB biography of Barham.</ref>
*1841–1843 [[Thomas Hood]]
*1841–1853 [[Peter George Patmore]]
*1845–1870 [[William Harrison Ainsworth]] proprietor-editor
*1871 [[William Francis Ainsworth]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
Many earlier editions of this publication are now available online. Later volume numbering is sequential by year. In earlier publications, at least one example is to be found of multiple volume numbering in the same year, such as 1822, per examples listed below. The list also illustrates the titles used, and gives an indication of the publishing frequency.
* David Higgins, ‘Englishness, Effeminacy, and the New Monthly Magazine: Hazlitt’s “The Fight” in Context’, ''Romanticism'' 10:2 (Autumn 2004), 170–90
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=aW0JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 The New Monthly Magazine, and Universal Register, Vol 6. July–Dec 1816] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=_7cCAAAAIAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. Vol 3. Jan–June 1822] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K2kJAAAAQAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. 1822. Vol 4. Original Papers] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PGkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. 1822. Vol 5. Original Papers] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=BH5HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7 The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. 1822. Vol 6. Historical Register] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=l2kJAAAAQAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. 1823. Vol 9. Historical Register] at Google Books.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=GazQAAAAMAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. Vol 9. Jan–June 1825] at Google Books.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=pDYaAQAAIAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. Vol 16 Part 1, 1826] at Google Books
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=M0YFAAAAQAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. Vol 21 Part 3, 1827] at Google Books
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=LdwRAAAAYAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 36, Part 2. 1839] at Google Books.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=xzIAAAAAYAAJ The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 71, Part 2. 1844] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OisaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP17 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 88. 1850] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=nTMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 89. 1850] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YH9HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 90. 1850] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=aiwaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 91. 1851] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cN4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 93. 1851] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-H9HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 94. 1852] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CN8RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist. Vol 96. 1852] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uOAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 The New Monthly Magazine . Vol 97. 1853] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CTEaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+99%22&hl=en&ei=I2IQTNmiFZG9caqo2EM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false The New Monthly Magazine . Vol 99. 1853] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=V98RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+100%22&hl=en&ei=pWIQTO23H5yvcIKUjcgM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20100%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 100. 1854] at Google Books.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=998AAAAAYAAJ The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 101. May 1854] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YTIaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+102%22&hl=en&ei=91oQTOrHK8WPcabF1f0M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20102%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 102. 1854] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yN8RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+103%22&hl=en&ei=YGYQTJvjEpDBcaLtqP8M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20103%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 103. 1855] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=_tgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+105%22&hl=en&ei=s2cQTI_PD9Gqca_t3NEM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20105%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 105. 1855] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=_jMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+106%22&hl=en&ei=DWgQTOfvEtqDcPad9M0M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20106%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 106. 1856] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XjoFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+vol+108&hl=en&ei=mVgQTMXSM8ercceI4fMM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20vol%20108&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 108. 1856] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bOMRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+135%22&hl=en&ei=y2gQTOOWLInRcdjVmd4M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20135%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 135. 1865] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=J9sRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+136%22&hl=en&ei=HWkQTLiMLsqPcfi0iO8M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20136%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 136. 1866] at Google Books.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=QD4FAAAAQAAJ The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 138. 1866] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Vz4FAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+139%22&hl=en&ei=gWkQTMPEDI_BcZLUnIoN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 139. 1867] at Google Books.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=pCtKAAAAMAAJ The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 142. 1868] at Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wS1KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+145%22&hl=en&ei=TmsQTJHvMNK6cYLapOgM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22new%20monthly%20magazine%22%20%22vol%20145%22&f=false The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 145. 1869] at Google Books. This is the last volume for which full views are available. Thereafter, only snippet views are available per below.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ci5KAAAAMAAJ&q=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+146%22&dq=%22new+monthly+magazine%22+%22vol+146%22&hl=en&ei=0GsQTOm1GdSGcdyIzUQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ The New Monthly Magazine. Vol 146. 1870]. Snippet view at Google Books.

==External links==
*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28new%20monthly%20magazine%29 Listings for ''New Monthly Magazine''] at [[Internet Archive]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Monthly Magazine, the}}
[[Category:Publications established in 1814]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1884]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1814 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

Thomas Hanmer, 4. Baronet

2013-08-01T13:49:26Z

Camboxer: date corrected

{{redirect|Thomas Hanmer}}
[[Image:SirThomasHanmer.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sir Thomas Hanmer.]]
'''Sir Thomas Hanmer, 4th Baronet''' (24 September 1677 – 7 May 1746) was [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]] from 1714 to 1715, discharging the duties of the office with conspicuous impartiality. He is, however, perhaps best remembered as being one of the early editors of the works of [[William Shakespeare]].

He was one of the founding governors of the [[Foundling Hospital]], a charity set up for London's abandoned children in 1739, which also became a centre for the arts.<ref name="FH">R.H. Nichols and F A. Wray, ''The History of the Foundling Hospital'' London: Oxford University Press, 1935, p. 347.</ref>

Hanmer's ''Shakespeare'' was published at [[Oxford]] in 1743-44, with nearly forty illustrations by [[Francis Hayman]] and [[Hubert Gravelot]].<ref name="WU">Information from [http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/exhibits/enchant/18th-19th_centuries.html ''Washington University in St. Louis University Libraries'' Website article] on special collections containing Shakespearean illustrations, accessed November 9, 2006.</ref> ''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature'' states that "The print and binding were magnificent, and caused its value to rise to nine guineas, when Warburton’s edition was going for eighteen shillings."<ref name="Camb">A.W. Ward, et al., ''The Cambridge history of English and American literature: An encyclopedia in eighteen volumes.'' [http://www.bartleby.com/215/1113.html "XI. The Text of Shakespeare. § 13. Hanmer’s edition."] New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons; Cambridge, England: University Press, 1907–21. Accessed at [http://www.bartleby.com bartleby.com] on November 9, 2006.</ref>

Hanmer's editing, however, was based on his own selection of emendations from the Shakespeare editions of [[Alexander Pope]] and [[Lewis Theobald]], along with his own conjectures, without indicating for the reader what was in his source texts and what was editorially corrected.<ref name="Hub">Thomas Hubeart, [http://members.aol.com/basfawlty/shakpg.htm "Shaking Up Shakespeare,"] accessed on November 9, 2006.</ref> Therefore Hanmer's edition is not highly regarded today, with the editors of ''The Oxford Shakespeare'' assessing it in ''William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion'' as "one of the worst in the eighteenth century."<ref name="TC">Stanley Wells & Gary Taylor, et al., ''William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion'' (NY: Norton, 1997 [reprint of Oxford University Press ed., 1987]), p. 54. ISBN 0-393-31667-X.</ref>

Also, Hamner became the target of ridicule by Pope, who in his ''[[Dunciad]]'' lampoons him under the name Montalto (Book IV, 105ff.) and refers to him in a note (IV 113) as "An eminent person, who was about to publish a very pompous Edition of a great Author, ''at his own expense''" (emphasis original).<ref name="Pope">Quoted from John Butt, ed., ''The Poems of Alexander Pope.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 1963, p. 772. ISBN 0-300-00030-8.</ref>

However, there are some emendations of value that were made by Hanmer which have been accepted into later editions of Shakespeare.<ref name="Camb"/>

He died in 1746. He had married in 1697 [[Isabella FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton]], the widow of [[Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton]]. <ref> {{cite web| url = https://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Complete%20PDFs/Wilson%20Court/37.pdf|title= SELECTED BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES| accessdate = 2013-01-27}} </ref> There was no heir and so the baronetcy became extinct.

==See also==
*[[Shakespeare's Editors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box| title=[[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]]| years=1714–1715| before=[[William Bromley (Speaker)|William Bromley]]| after=[[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton]]}}
{{s-reg|en-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Hanmer Baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Hanmer) | years='''1701–1746 | before= [[Sir John Hanmer, 3rd Baronet|John Hanmer]] | after=Extinct}}
{{S-end}}
{{nuttall}}

{{Speaker of the British House of Commons}}

{{Persondata
| name = Hanmer, Thomas
| alternative names =
| short description = 4th Baronet Hanmer, Speaker of the House of Commons, and Shakespearean editor
| date of birth = 24 September 1677
| place of birth =
| date of death = 7 May 1746
| place of death =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanmer, Sir Thomas, 4th Baronet}}
[[Category:1677 births]]
[[Category:1746 deaths]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of England]]
[[Category:Speakers of the House of Commons of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Early editions of Shakespeare]]
[[Category:English book editors]]

Gartell Light Railway

2013-07-11T08:24:33Z

Camboxer: /* Locomotives */ detail added

{{Infobox rail
|image=Gartell_Light_Railway-by-TIM-CHAPMAN.jpg
|railroad_name=Gartell Light Railway
|gauge={{RailGauge|24}}
|system_map =
|start_year=1990
|end_year=Present
|length=¾ mile
|hq_city=Templecombe
|locale=[[England]]
}}
{{Gartell Light Railway}}

The '''Gartell Light Railway''' is a [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] [[heritage railway]] located at [[Yenston]], south of [[Templecombe]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]]. It operates a {{RailGauge|24}} gauge railway running for 0.75 mile (1.2 km), partly along the track of the old [[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway]].

== Locomotives ==

{|class="wikitable"
!Number
!Name
!Builder
!Type
!Date
!Works number
!Notes
|-
|1
|''AMANDA''
|Gartell Light Railway
|Bo-BoDH
|2000
|
|Ex [[Southend Pier Railway]], rebuilt on the railway
|-
|2
|''ANDREW''
|[[Baguley-Drewry]]
|4wDH
|1973
|3699
|Acquired in 2007
|-
|5
|''ALISON''
|[[Alan Keef]]
|4wDH
|1993
|10<ref name="IRS 14EL" />
|
|-
|6
|''Mr. G''
|North Dorset Locomotive Works
|0-4-2T
|1998
|698<ref name="IRS 14EL">{{cite book|author=Industrial Railway Society|title= Industrial Locomotives (14EL)|publisher=Industrial Railway Society|year=2007|isbn=0-901906-39-5}}</ref>
|Newly built for the line, based on the design of [[W.G. Bagnall]] locomotive ''Polar Bear''
|-
|9
|''Jean''
|North Dorset Locomotive Works
|0-4-0
|2008
|
|Expected in service during 2009<ref name="GLR Guide">{{cite book | author = Gartell Light Railway | title = Official Guide 2008 | publisher = Gartell Light Railway | year = 2008 }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[British narrow gauge railways]]

== References ==
<references />
* {{cite book| author=Thomas, Cliff|title=The Narrow Gauge in Britain & Ireland| publisher=Atlantic Publishers| year=2002|isbn=1-902827-05-8}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.glr-online.co.uk/ The Railway website]

{{coord|50.994838|N|2.402868|W|region:GB-SOM_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}

{{Heritage railways in England}}

[[Category:Heritage railways in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Somerset]]
[[Category:2ft gauge railways]]
[[Category:Museums in Somerset]]
[[Category:Railway museums in England]]

{{England-rail-transport-stub}}

Gartell Light Railway

2013-07-10T10:06:25Z

Camboxer: /* Locomotives */ updated

{{Infobox rail
|image=Gartell_Light_Railway-by-TIM-CHAPMAN.jpg
|railroad_name=Gartell Light Railway
|gauge={{RailGauge|24}}
|system_map =
|start_year=1990
|end_year=Present
|length=¾ mile
|hq_city=Templecombe
|locale=[[England]]
}}
{{Gartell Light Railway}}

The '''Gartell Light Railway''' is a [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] [[heritage railway]] located at [[Yenston]], south of [[Templecombe]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]]. It operates a {{RailGauge|24}} gauge railway running for 0.75 mile (1.2 km), partly along the track of the old [[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway]].

== Locomotives ==

{|class="wikitable"
!Number
!Name
!Builder
!Type
!Date
!Works number
!Notes
|-
|1
|''AMANDA''
|Gartell Light Railway
|Bo-BoDH
|2000
|
|Ex [[Southend Pier Railway]], rebuilt on the railway
|-
|2
|''ANDREW''
|[[Baguley-Drewry]]
|4wDH
|1973
|
|Acquired in 2007
|-
|5
|''ALISON''
|[[Alan Keef]]
|4wDH
|1993
|10<ref name="IRS 14EL" />
|
|-
|6
|''Mr. G''
|North Dorset Locomotive Works
|0-4-2T
|1998
|698<ref name="IRS 14EL">{{cite book|author=Industrial Railway Society|title= Industrial Locomotives (14EL)|publisher=Industrial Railway Society|year=2007|isbn=0-901906-39-5}}</ref>
|Newly built for the line, based on the design of [[W.G. Bagnall]] locomotive ''Polar Bear''
|-
|9
|''Jean''
|North Dorset Locomotive Works
|0-4-0
|2008
|
|Expected in service during 2009<ref name="GLR Guide">{{cite book | author = Gartell Light Railway | title = Official Guide 2008 | publisher = Gartell Light Railway | year = 2008 }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[British narrow gauge railways]]

== References ==
<references />
* {{cite book| author=Thomas, Cliff|title=The Narrow Gauge in Britain & Ireland| publisher=Atlantic Publishers| year=2002|isbn=1-902827-05-8}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.glr-online.co.uk/ The Railway website]

{{coord|50.994838|N|2.402868|W|region:GB-SOM_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}

{{Heritage railways in England}}

[[Category:Heritage railways in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Somerset]]
[[Category:2ft gauge railways]]
[[Category:Museums in Somerset]]
[[Category:Railway museums in England]]

{{England-rail-transport-stub}}

Spranger Barry

2013-04-15T10:30:59Z

Camboxer: /* Life */ links disambiguated

[[Image:R&J Sprangler Barry Isabella Nossiter 1759.jpg|thumb|right|Spranger Barry (left) as [[Romeo Montague|Romeo]] to Maria Isabella Nossiter's [[Juliet Capulet|Juliet]] in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' in [[Covent Garden]] in 1759.]]'''Spranger Barry''' (23 November 1719 – 10 January 1777) was an [[Ireland|Irish]] [[actor]].

==Life==
He was born in Skinner's Row, [[Dublin]], the son of a [[silversmith]], to whose business he was brought up. He took over the business but was not successful.<ref name=sp>{{cite book|last=Boylan|first= Henry |year=1998|title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition|pages=14|location=Dublin|publisher= Gill and MacMillan|isbn= 0-7171-2945-4}}</ref>

His first appearance on the stage was at the [[Theatre Royal, Dublin|Theatre Royal]], Smock Alley, Dublin, on the 5 February 1744, and his engagement at once increased its prosperity. His first [[London]] appearance was made in 1746 as [[Othello (character)|Othello]] at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]]. Here his talents were speedily recognized, and in ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[Macbeth]]'' he alternated with [[David Garrick]], arousing the latter's jealousy by his success as [[Romeo]]. This resulted in his leaving Drury Lane for the [[Covent Garden Theatre]] in 1750, accompanied by [[Susannah Maria Arne|Mrs Cibber]], his Juliet. Both houses now at once put on ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' for a series of rival performances, and Barry's Romeo was preferred by the critics to Garrick's.<ref name="sp"/>

In 1758 Barry opened the Crow Street theatre in Dublin, and later a new theatre in [[Cork (city)|Cork]]. He staged many successful productions but seems to have lived beyond his means.<ref name="sp"/> In 1767 returned to London to play at the [[Haymarket Theatre]], then under the management of Foote. As his second wife, he married in 1768 the actress [[Ann Street Barry|Mrs Dancer]] (1734–1801), and he and Mrs Barry played under Garrick's management, Barry appearing in 1767, after ten years absence from the London stage, in ''[[Othello]]'', his greatest part. In 1774 they both moved to Covent Garden, where Barry remained until his death.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite IrishBio|subpage=Barry, Spranger}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Barry, Spranger}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=78340076}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Barry, Spranger
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 November 1719
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 January 1777
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, Spranger}}
[[Category:1719 births]]
[[Category:1777 deaths]]
[[Category:British stage actors]]
[[Category:Irish stage actors]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]

Aidan Higgins

2013-03-15T15:06:37Z

Camboxer: typo

[[File:Aidan Higgins.jpg|thumb|Aidan Higgins in September 2011]]'''Aidan Higgins''' (born 3 March 1927) is an [[Irish people|Irish]] writer. He has written short stories, travel pieces, radio drama and novels.<ref name=IWO>[http://www.irishwriters-online.com/higgins-aidan/ "Aidan Higgins", Irish Writers Online.]</ref> He is notable for such titles as ''Langrishe, Go Down'' (1966), ''Balcony of Europe'' (1972) and more recent biographical work ''Dog Days'' (1998). He currently lives in [[Kinsale]], [[County Cork]], and is a [[Saoi]] of prominent Irish literary group [[Aosdána]].<ref name=IWO />

==Life==
His upbringing was in a [[landed family|landed]] Catholic family in [[Celbridge]], [[County Kildare]], Ireland. This later provided material for his first experimental novel, ''Langrishe, Go Down'' (1966). The book was awarded the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for fiction and was later adapted as a [[Langrishe, Go Down (film)|BBC television film]] by British playwright [[Harold Pinter]], in association with [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]].

His career before writing started in the early 1950s, when he worked in London as a [[copywriter]] for Domas Advertising.<ref name=trade15>"A Trade Recondite as Falconry", p. 15.</ref> While in London he met John Wright of John Wright's [[Marionette]] Co, and from 1958 to 1960 he worked as a puppeteer in [[Europe]], [[South Africa]] and what was then [[Rhodesia]]. His last job before writing was working as a scriptwriter with the Filmlets, and advertising firm in [[Johannesburg]].<ref name=trade15 /><ref>[http://biography.jrank.org/pages/4417/Higgins-Aidan.html Hedwig Gorski, "Aidan Higgins Biography"]</ref>

His second major novel, Balcony of Europe(Taking its name from the village where he lived in Andalusia), utilizes [[Spain|Spanish]] and Irish settings and employs various languages, primarily Spanish and different English dialects(Irish, American, English). The novel was shortlisted for the 1972 Booker prize. The book has divided critics <ref>'A Trade Recondite as Falconry' pages 7, 8</ref> with some regarding the book as illusive and odd fitting in the canon of Higgins' major work. However the book has a small cult following<ref>'A Trade as Recondite as Falconry,' p. 7.</ref>(implying a "lengthly and irrational devotion") especially among fellow writers, commending the books originality and 'extraordinary range of styles'.

Later major novels include widely acclaimed "Bornholm Night Ferry" and "Lions of the Grunwald". Various writings have been collected and reprinted by the [[Dalkey Archive Press]],<ref>[http://www.dalkeyarchive.com/catalog/show/612 Neil Murphy, ''Aidan Higgins: The Fragility of Form'', Dalkey Archive Press.]</ref> including his three-volume autobiography, ''A Bestiary'', and a collection of fiction, ''Flotsam and Jetsam'', both of which demonstrate his wide erudition and his experience of life and travel in [[South Africa]], [[Germany]] and [[London]] which gives his writing a largely cosmopolitan feel, utilizing a range of European languages in turns of phrase.

==Awards==
*Felo de Se - Trust Award, 1963<ref name=trade15 />
*Langrishe, Go Down - James Tait Black Memorial Prize, 1967<ref name=trade15 />
*Langrishe, Go Down - Booker Prize shortlist<ref name=trade15 />
*DAAD scholarship of Berlin, 1977<ref name=trade15 />
*D.D.L., National University of Ireland<ref name=trade15 />

== Works ==
*''Darkling Plains: Texts for the Air''. Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2010.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=3sK2DC5X-q8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aidan+Higgins&cd=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''A Bestiary'']. Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2004.
*''As I was Riding Down Duval Boulevard'' with Pete La Salle. Dublin: Anam Press, 2003.
*''Balcony of Europe''. London: Calder & Boyars, 1972; New York: Delacorte, 1972; Illinois, Dalkey Archive Press, 2010.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zS6En-b1R0sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aidan+Higgins&cd=5#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Bornholm Night-Ferry'']. London: Allison & Busby; Ireland: Brandon Books, 1983; London: Abacus, 1985; Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2006.
*''Dog Days: A Sequel to Donkey’s Years''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1998.
*''Donkey’s Years: Memories of a Life as Story Told''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1995.
*''Felo de Se''. London: Calder & Boyars, 1960; as ''Killachter Meadow'', New York: Grove Press, 1961; as *''Asylum and Other Stories'', London: Calder & Boyars, 1978; New York: Riverrun Press, 1979.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=Zmme_CPiG3EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aidan+Higgins&source=bl&ots=_q7vodAt0Q&sig=UQGvqI4On9ZAkVku8wFEUE3dyVc&hl=en&ei=DHhzS63oAtLcnAed5s2fCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBUQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Flotsam & Jetsam'']. London: Minerva, 1997; Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2002.
*''Helsingor Station & Other Departures: Fictions and Autobiographies 1956-1989''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1989.
*''Images of Africa: Diary (1956–60)''. London: Calder & Boyars, 1971.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=Zmme_CPiG3EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aidan+Higgins&source=bl&ots=_q7vodAt0Q&sig=UQGvqI4On9ZAkVku8wFEUE3dyVc&hl=en&ei=DHhzS63oAtLcnAed5s2fCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBUQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Langrishe, Go Down'']. London: Calder & Boyars, 1966; New York: Grove Press, 1966; London: Paladin, 1987; Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2004; Dublin: New Island, 2007.
*''Lions of the Grunewald''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1993. Also as Weaver’s Women. London: Secker & Warburg, 1993.
*''Ronda Gorge & Other Precipices: Travel Writings 1959-1989''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1989.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NCJLN0FoyZUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aidan+Higgins&cd=6#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Scenes from a Receding Past'']. London: Calder, 1977; Dallas: Riverrun Press, 1977; Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2005.
*''The Whole Hog: A Sequel to Donkey’s Years and Dog Days''. London: Secker & Warburg, 2000.
*''Windy Arbours''. Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press, 2005.

==Selected Criticism ==
'''Book'''
*Neil Murphy (Ed.) ''Aidan Higgins: The Fragility of Form'' (Essays and Commentary). Dalkey Archive Press, 2010.

'''Essays and Reviews'''
*Beja, Morris. “Felons of Our Selves: The Fiction of Aidan Higgins.” ''Irish University Review 3'', 2 (Autumn 1973): 163-78.
*Buckeye, Robert. “Form as the Extension of Content: ‘their existence in my eyes’.” ''Review of Contemporary Fiction 3.1'' (1983): 192-195.
*Wall, Eamonn. “Aidan Higgins’s Balcony of Europe: Stephen Dedalus Hits the Road.” ''Colby Quarterly'' Winter 1995: 81-87.
*Golden, Sean. “Parsing Love’s Complainte: Aidan Higgins on the Need to Name.” ''Review of Contemporary Fiction 3.1'' (1983): 210-220.
*Healy, Dermot. “Donkey’s Years: A Review,” ''Asylum Arts Review'' Vol. 1, Issue 1, (Autumn 1995): 45-6.
*Healy, Dermot. “Towards Bornholm Night-Ferry and Texts For the Air: A Rereading of Aidan Higgins.” ''Review of Contemporary Fiction 3.1'' (1983): 181-192.
*Imhof, Rüdiger. “Bornholm Night-Ferry and Journal to Stella: Aidan Higgins’s Indebtedness to Jonathan Swift.” ''The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies'', X, 2 (December 1984), 5-13.
*Imhof, Rüdiger, and Jürgen Kamm. “Coming to Grips with Aidan Higgins’s Killachter Meadow: An Analysis.” ''Études Irlandaises'' (Lillie 1984): 145-60.
*Imhof, Rüdiger. "German Influences on John Banville and Aidan Higgins", in: W. Zach & H. Kosok (eds), ''Literary Interrelations''. Ireland, England and the World, vol. II: Comparison and Impact. Tübingen: Narr, 1987: 335-47.
*Kreilkamp, Vera. “Reinventing a Form: The Big House in Aidan Higgins’s Langrishe Go Down.” ''The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 11'', 2 (1985): 27-38.
**Reprinted in, Kreilkamp, Vera. ''The Anglo-Irish Novel and the Big House''. New York: Syracuse University Press, October 1998: 234-60.
*Lubbers, Klaus. “Balcony of Europe: The Trend towards Internationalisation in Recent Irish Fiction,” in Zach & Kosok (eds), ''Literary Interrelations''. Ireland, England and the World, vol. II: Comparison and Impact. Tübingen: Gunter Narr 1987: 235-47.
*Mahon, Derek. “An anatomy of melancholy”: Review of ''Dog Days''. ''The Irish Times'', 7 March 1998: 67.
*Murphy, Neil. “Aidan Higgins.” ''The Review of Contemporary Fiction XXIII'' No. 3 (2003): 49-83.
*Murphy, Neil. “Dreams, Departures, Destinations: A Reassessment of the Work of Aidan Higgins.” ''Graph: A Journal of Literature & Ideas 1'' (1995): 64-71.
*Murphy, Neil. “Aidan Higgins - The Fragility of Form” in ''Irish Fiction and Postmodern Doubt: An Analysis of the Epistemological Crisis in Modern Irish Fiction''. NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004: 37-101.
*Murphy, Neil. “Review of Lions of the Grunewald.” ''Irish University Review'' 25.1 Spring/Summer 1995: 188-190.
*O’Brien, George. “Goodbye to All That,” ''The Irish Review'' 7 (Autumn 1989): 89-92.
*O’Brien, George. “Consumed by Memories”: Review of Donkey’s Years. ''The Irish Times'' 10 June 1995: W9.
*O’Brien, George. “On the Pig’s Back”: ''Review of The Whole Hog'' (2000), in The Irish Times 7 October 2000: 67.
*O’Brien, John. “Scenes From A Receding Past.” ''Review of Contemporary Fiction'' 1983 (Spring): 164-166.
*O’Neill, Patrick. “Aidan Higgins” in Rüdiger Imhof, ed., ''Contemporary Irish Novelists'' Studies in English and Comparative Literature, ed. Michael Kenneally & Wolfgang Zach Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag 1990: 93-107.
*Proulx, Annie. “Drift and Mastery”: Review of Flotsam & Jetsam. The Washington Post, June 16, 2002 Sunday: T07.
*Rachbauer, Otto. “Aidan Higgins, ‘Killachter Meadow’ und Langrishe, Go Down sowie Harold Pinters Fernsenfilm Langrishe, Go Down: Variationen eines Motivs,” in Siegfried Korninger, ed., ''A Yearbook of Studies in English and Language and Literature'' Vol. 3 (Vienna 1986): 135-46.
*Skelton, Robin. “Aidan Higgins and the Total Book,” in ''Mosaic'' 19 (1976): pp. 27–37;
**Reprinted as Chap. 13 of Skelton, Robin. Celtic Contraries. NY: Syracuse UP, 1990: pp. 211–23.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://library.uvic.ca/site/spcoll/guides/sc055.html Aidan Higgins fonds] at University of Victoria, Special Collections

{{Authority control|VIAF=166981043}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Higgins, Aidan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 3 March 1927
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Higgins, Aidan}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aosdána members|Higgins, Aidan (Born 1927)]]
[[Category:Irish novelists]]
[[Category:Irish short story writers]]
[[Category:Irish travel writers]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:People from Celbridge]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish writers]]

Monkstown Castle

2013-02-27T18:38:01Z

Camboxer: /* History */ stylistic amendment

{{Infobox settlement
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|other_name = {{pad top italic|Baile na Manach}}
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[[Image:Monkstown Dublin.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Monkstown showing to the left [[Monkstown Church, Dublin|Monkstown Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)]] and St. Patricks Church (Roman Catholic) to the right]]

'''Monkstown''' ({{Irish place name|Baile na Manach}}), historically known as '''Carrickbrennan''' ({{lang-gle|Carraig Bhraonáin}}), is an area in south [[Dublin]], located in [[Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown]] County, [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is on the coast, between [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]] and [[Dún Laoghaire]]. The [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit|DART]] stations of Seapoint and ''Salthill and Monkstown'' serve the area.

The lands of the Carrickbrennan estate form the greater part of the civil parish of Monkstown.

Monkstown is part of the [[Dáil Éireann]] constituency of [[Dún Laoghaire (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dún Laoghaire]].

== History ==
In 1539, King Henry VIII awarded the Monkstown lands to Sir John Travers, Master of the Ordnance in Ireland. John Travers lived in his Castle at Monkstown from 1557 to his death in 1562 (he is buried in the [[Carrickbrennan Graveyard]]) when the property fell to James Eustace 3rd Viscount Baltinglass through his marriage to Mary Travers. In 1580, the Castle was used as a rebellion stronghold, after which it was awarded to Sir Henry Wallop, Vice-Treasurer of Ireland. The lands were later returned to Mary, the widow Baltinglass, who later married Gerald Alymer. On her death in 1610 the Castle was transferred to the Chevers family through the marriage of Mary Travers's sister Catherine to John Chevers, and the property passed directly to his second son Henry Chevers, who married Catherine, daughter of Sir Richard Fitzwilliam. Henry and Catherine Chevers lived here with their four children (Walter, Thomas, Patrick, Margaret).{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Upon the death of Henry in 1640, the castle and lands were passed to Walter Cheevers. Walter and family were given command to vacate Monkstown in 1653 by the Cromwellian Commissioners, and transplanted to Killyan, [[County Galway]]. In 1660, Walter Chevers was restored to his estate at Monkstown Castle, until his death in 1678. His death occurred on the 20th day of December 1678, and he was buried at Mountoun (Monkstown), two days later on 22nd.ref: Funeral Certificate >The Shivers family of America trace their lineage to Thomas Chevers brother of Walter Chevers of Monkstown, through the Cromwellian warrant, authorized on 26 November 1653 for Captain John Whittey to transport the Thomas Chevers family to America.</ref>

Monkstown was later purchased by Bishop of Armagh [[Michael Boyle (the younger)|Michael Boyle]] where his son Murragh, [[Viscount Blessington]] enlarged the castle making it one of the finest residences.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Until about 1800, Monkstown was a rural area of open countryside, dotted here and there with large houses owned by the merchants of Dublin. The [[Monkstown Church, Dublin|Monkstown Church (Church of Ireland)]] had been built - but was smaller than the present church. Two rivers met in the area now called Pakenham Road. The river known as Micky Briens originated in Sallynoggin. A lake beside Monkstown Castle had one small island. The coastline was ragged and rocky, with a harbour stretching over 100 yards inland at the mouth of the aforementioned rivers, adjacent to the area now occupied by the West Pier. Dun Laoghaire (then called Dunleary, and later Kingstown) was then a small group of houses in the area of the Purty Kitchen, and the present area of Dún Laoghaire was an area of rocky outcrops and later, quarries.

Wednesday, November 18, 1807 was South Dublin's night of disasters. In an horrific storm, two sailing ships, the Rochdale and the Prince of Wales were blown on to the rocks, one at Seapoint and the other at Blackrock. About 400 lives in total were lost on that night, many of them washed up on the shore at Monkstown. The disaster was one of the factors which led to the building of Dun Laoghaire Harbour. Most of the victims were buried in [[Carrickbrennan Churchyard]].

The building of Dun Laoghaire harbour gave an impetus to the area, and Montpelier Terrace was the first of many terraces built in the area. The coming of the railway in 1837 had a much greater impact. Firstly, it changed the topology of the coast, and secondly, it led to Monkstown becoming a commuter suburb of the city of Dublin. Most of the houses along Monkstown Road and the avenues north of that road were constructed over the next 30 years. The maps of 1870 show this phase completed, but the rest of Monkstown consists of mansions surrounded by extensive gardens. For the following 50 years there was little change. The post-war developments of Castle Park, Richmond, Windsor, etc. and the more recent developments of Brook Court, Monkstown Valley, and Carrickbrennan Lawn mean that there is little opportunity for further development.

The diaries of the Rev John Thomas Hynes(1799-1868), a Catholic bishop who retired to Monkstown in 1861-1868 provide a valuable insight into daily life in Monkstown in that period. Hynes lived at Bloomwood, Monkstown Avenue (later renamed as Carrickbrennan Road), and later moved to Uplands, The Hill, Monkstown. The Hynes Diaries recount such details as the coming of gas lighting, the postal and travel facilities, church affairs, and lots of local gossip. The Hynes diaries are now preserved in Melbourne, but the full text has been made available online at http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/research/condon/Hynes/index.htm

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

===Documentary references===
* Monkstown is first mentioned in 1450; ''Tenants Cistercians at Carrickbrennan, Villa Monachorum''.
* Carrickbrennan, or "Carigbrenna", features on the 1598 map [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/104/zoom.html "A Modern Depiction of Ireland, One of the British Isles"] by [[Abraham Ortelius]].
* Records of the Abbey of the Blessed Virgin Mary 1640.
* Forfeiting Proprietors under the Cromwellian Settlement 1657.
* In James Joyce's "The Dead," Gabriel Conroy and his wife Gretta live in Monkstown.

{{anchor|Castle}}

== Noted buildings ==
[[Image:Monkstown Castle from the East.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Monkstown Castle, viewed from the east.]]
[[Image:Monkstown Castle from the North.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Monkstown Castle, viewed from the north.]]
Monkstown has two old established churches, Saint Mary's [[Church of Ireland]] (1831) and Saint Patrick's Catholic Church (1866), both on Carrickbrennan Road. Saint John's Church, located at Gamble's Hill, was originally constructed as a Church of Ireland Church in the 1860s but was renovated and re-consecrated by the [[Society of Saint Pius X]] after 1985. Buildings of other religious denominations include the Kingdom Hall of the Jehovah's Witnesses at Monkstown Farm, and the Meeting Hall of the [[Society of Friends]] at the junction of Packenham Road and Carrickbrennan Road. There is also the [[Friends Burial Ground, Dublin|Friends Burial Ground (Quaker)]] located at Temple Hill just off Monkstown Road.

[[Monkstown Castle, County Dublin|Monkstown Castle]], which was probably built in the 12th or 13th centuries, was erected by the monks of the abbey of the Virgin Mary, near Dublin.

Monkstown is also noted for its beautiful coastline, which displays many historical buildings of the Victorian, Georgian and Edwardian periods. One of the most notable buildings of the Salthill and Monkstown area is a [[Martello Tower]], located at Seapoint beach.

== Sports ==
Monkstown Lawn Tennis Club was founded in 1877. It was the first tennis club in Ireland.

[[Monkstown Football Club]] was founded in the village in 1883 before moving to [[Sandymount]] in 1901.

Monkstown (Dublin) Boxing Club was founded in 2004, their gym is situated in the newly built Mounttown Community Centre in Fitzgerald Park, in the Monkstown Farm Area.

Farm Utd Football Club was form in 1935, and uses part of the Monkstown Community Centre as its dressing rooms.

Monkstown also has a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu club Ribeiro Jiu Jitsu Ireland. Their gym is situated in the Mounttown Industrial Estate.

Monkstown also has a thriving hockey club, based in the Rathdown School.

== Culture ==
Monkstown has a locally known [[puppet]] theatre named [[Lambert Puppet Theatre]], a family-run business. Every year the puppet theatre hosts an international puppet festival. It used to run series on national television, [[Radio Telefís Éireann|RTÉ]]. [[Michael Jackson]] once saw a puppet show in this theatre.

[[Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann]], an organisation promoting Irish culture (particularly [[Folk music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]]), has its headquarters in Monkstown, as does [[BirdWatch Ireland]].

== Education ==
A multi-denominational primary school, Monkstown Educate Together National School (METNS), a fee paying [[Congregation of Christian Brothers]] School, [[CBC Monkstown]] Park, and [http://www.holyfamilyns.scoilnet.ie Holy Family National School] are located in the Monkstown area. A [[Gaelscoil]] is also located in Monkstown, [[Scoil Lorcáin]], teaching all classes through [[Irish language|Irish]].

St. Oliver Plunkett N.S is a school for children with a Specific Learning Difficulty (SLD). This school caters for children from a wide catchment area.

[[C.B.C. Monkstown|Christian Brother's College]] consists of two schools; an Independent preparatory school with over 200 students and a secondary school with more than 500 students. CBC caters for boys from junior infants through sixth year. It is to be demolished and rebuilt in the coming years.<ref>[http://www.cbcmonkstown.ie/ Christian Brother's College] Retrieved on 07-02-08.</ref>

== Transport ==
An [[Aircoach]] service starting in Dalkey links the area with Dublin Airport 24 hours a day.

==People==
Sir [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse]] (1800–1867) lived at 1 Eaton Place, and built several telescopes, including the world's largest telescope in 1845 which remained the world's largest for the rest of the century. Using this telescope he saw and catalogued a large number of galaxies.<ref name="bdldtrkf">Tom Roche and Ken Finlay (2003). "Blackrock, Dun Laoghaire and Dalkey (Along the coast from Booterstown to Killiney)"</ref>

Alfred Gresham Jones (1824?-1913) was an Irish architect who designed Merrion Hall on Merrion Street Lower, now the Davenport hotel, in 1862 and designed the villa ''Verona'' in Queen's Park in 1873. He lived at Queen's Park House from 1869-1872, at Clifton Lodge on Seafield Ave 1873-1876, at Villa Carlotta on Queen's Park 1886-1888, after which he emigrated to Australia.<ref>[http://www.dia.ie/architects/view/430 Alfred Gresham Jones on the Directory of Irish Architects]</ref>

[[Richard Pigott]] (1835-1889) lived at 7 De Vesci Terrace. He was an Irish journalist, best known for selling the Pigott forgeries.<ref name="bdldtrkf" />

Sir [[Howard Grubb]] (1844-1931) was a designer and maker of telescopes. He lived at De Vesci Terrace, and from 1925, at 13 Longford Terrace, which now bears a plaque.<ref name="bdldtrkf" />

*[[David Howell Evans|The Edge]].
*[[Chris DeBurgh]]
*[[Sinéad O'Connor]]
*[[Paul McGuinness]]
*[[Malcolm Arnold]]
*[[Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh]]
*[[Tim Pat Coogan]]
*[[D.J. Carey]]
*[[John O'Shea (humanitarian)]]

== See also ==
* [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.holyfamilyns.scoilnet.ie Holy Family National School]
*[http://www.metns.ie/ Monkstown Educate Together National School]
*[http://www.monkstownvillage.com/ "Monkstown Village"]
*[http://comhaltas.ie Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann]
*[http://www.craobhphiarais.com Cumann na nÓg]
*[http://www.monkstownparish.ie/maps.htm Monkstown Parish Maps]

{{Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County}}
{{Dublin residential areas}}

[[Category:Locations in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]]

[[eu:Monkstown (Dublin)]]
[[ga:Baile na Manach]]
[[ru:Монкстаун (Дун-Лэаре-Ратдаун)]]

Martyn Lloyd-Jones

2013-02-18T08:56:19Z

Camboxer: /* Preaching */ typo

{{Infobox person
| image = Martyn Lloyd-Jones.png
| imagesize =
| name = David Martyn Lloyd-Jones
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Cardiff]]
| children =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|03|01|1899|12|20}}
| death_place = [[Ealing]]
| occupation = [[Minister (Christianity)|Minister]]
| nationality = Welsh
|influences = [[Daniel Rowland]], [[Richard Sibbes]], [[Charles Spurgeon]], [[George Whitefield]]
|influenced = [[Iain Murray]], [[Terry Virgo]]}}
'''David Martyn Lloyd-Jones''' (20 December 1899 – 1 March 1981) was a Welsh [[Protestant]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], [[preacher]] and [[medical doctor]] who was influential in the [[Reformed]] wing of the [[United Kingdom| British]] [[Evangelicalism |evangelical]] movement in the 20th century. For almost 30 years, he was the minister of [[Westminster Chapel]] in [[London]]. Lloyd-Jones was strongly opposed to [[Liberal Christianity]], which had become a part of many [[Christian denominations]]; he regarded it as aberrant. He disagreed with the [[broad church]] approach and encouraged evangelical Christians (particularly [[Anglican]]s) to leave their existing denominations. He believed that true Christian fellowship was possible only amongst those who shared common convictions regarding the nature of the faith.

==Biography==
===Early life and ministry===
Lloyd-Jones was born in [[Cardiff]] and raised in [[Llangeitho]], [[Ceredigion]]. His father was a grocer, and he had two brothers: Harold died during the [[1918 flu pandemic]], while [[Vincent Lloyd-Jones|Vincent]] went on to become a [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] judge.{{Sfn | Eveson | 2004 | pp = 7–8}} Llangeitho is associated with the [[Welsh Methodist revival]], as it was the location of [[Daniel Rowland]]'s ministry. Attending a London [[grammar school]] between 1914 and 1917 and then [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] as a medical student, in 1921 he started work as assistant to the Royal Physician, [[Thomas Horder, 1st Baron Horder | Sir Thomas Horder]]. Lloyd-Jones obtained an [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] from [[London University]], and became a [[Membership of the Royal College of Physicians|Member of the Royal College of Physicians]].{{Sfn | Eveson | 2004 | p = 41}} After struggling for two years over what he sensed was a calling to preach, in 1927 Lloyd-Jones returned to Wales, having married Bethan Phillips (with whom he later had two children, Elizabeth and Ann), accepting an invitation to minister at a church in [[Aberavon]] ([[Port Talbot]]).

===Westminster Chapel===
[[File:Westminsterck.jpg|thumb|Westminster Chapel as of 2009]]
After a decade ministering in Aberavon, in 1939 he went back to London, where he had been appointed as associate pastor of [[Westminster Chapel]], working alongside [[G. Campbell Morgan]]. The day before he was officially to be accepted into his new position, [[World War II]] broke out in Europe. During the same year, he became the president of the [[Inter-Varsity Fellowship of Students]], known today as the [[Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship (UK)]]. During the war he and his family moved to [[Haslemere]], [[Surrey]]. In 1943 Morgan retired, leaving Lloyd-Jones as the sole Pastor of Westminster Chapel.

Lloyd-Jones was well known for his style of [[expository preaching]], and the Sunday morning and evening meetings at which he officiated drew crowds of several thousand, as did the Friday evening [[Bible]] studies, which were, in effect, [[sermons]] in the same style. He would take many months, even years, to expound a chapter of the Bible verse by verse. His sermons would often be around fifty minutes to an hour in length, attracting many students from universities and colleges in London. His sermons were also transcribed and printed (virtually ''verbatim'') in the weekly ''Westminster Record'', which was read avidly by those who enjoyed his preaching.

===The evangelical controversy===
Lloyd-Jones provoked a major dispute in 1966 when, at the National Assembly of Evangelicals organised by the [[Evangelical Alliance]], he called on all clergy of evangelical conviction to leave denominations that contained both liberal and evangelical congregations{{Citation needed |date=January 2013}}. This was interpreted as referring primarily to evangelicals within the [[Church of England]], although there is disagreement over whether this was his intention. As a significant figure to many in the [[Free Churches| free churches]], Lloyd-Jones had hoped to encourage those Christians who held evangelical beliefs to withdraw from any churches where alternative views were present.

However, Lloyd-Jones was criticised by the leading Anglican evangelical [[John Stott]]. Although Stott was not scheduled to speak, he used his position as chairman of the meeting to rebuke Lloyd-Jones publicly, stating that his opinion was against history and [[the Bible]]{{Citation needed |date=January 2013}} (though John Stott greatly admired Lloyd-Jones's work and would often quote him in Stott's own books).<ref>For instance, {{Citation | page = 60 | last = Stott | title = The Sermon on the Mount}}.</ref> This open clash between the two elder statesmen of British evangelicalism was widely reported in the Christian press and caused considerable controversy.

The following year saw the first [[National Evangelical Anglican Congress]], which was held at [[Keele University]]. At this conference, largely due to Stott's influence, evangelical Anglicans committed themselves to full participation in the Church of England, rejecting the separationist approach proposed by Lloyd-Jones.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cook |first = Paul |date = 2007-02 |url = http://www.evangelical-times.org/archive/item/2166/Historical/Evangelicalism-in-the-UK/ | title = Evangelicalism in the UK |publisher = [[Evangelical Times]] |accessdate = 2011-12-19}}</ref>

These two conferences effectively fixed the direction of a large part of the British evangelical community. Although there is an ongoing debate as to the exact nature of Lloyd-Jones's views, they undoubtedly caused the two groupings to adopt diametrically opposed positions. These positions, and the resulting split, continue largely unchanged to this day.<ref>{{cite news |last = Gibson |first = Alan |date = 1996-10 |url = http://www.e-n.org.uk/217-Thirty-years-of-hurt.htm | title = Thirty Years of Hurt? |publisher = [[Evangelicals Now]] |accessdate = 2007-08-30}}</ref>

===Later life===
Lloyd-Jones retired from his ministry at Westminster Chapel in 1968, following a major operation. He spoke of a belief that God had stopped him from continuing to preach through the [[New Testament]] book of [[Epistle to the Romans|the Letter to the Romans]] in his Friday evening [[Bible study (Christian) | Bible study]] exposition because he did not personally know enough about "joy in the Holy Spirit", which was to be his next sermon (based on Romans 14:17). For the rest of his life, he concentrated on editing his sermons to be published, counselling other ministers, answering letters and attending conferences. Perhaps his most famous publication is a 14 volume series of commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans, the first volume of which was published in 1970.

Despite spending most of his life living and ministering in England, Lloyd-Jones was proud of his roots in Wales. He best expressed his concern for his home country through his support of the [[Evangelical Movement of Wales]]: he was a regular speaker at their conferences,<ref name = "The Living God" /> preaching in both [[English language| English]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]]. Since his death, the movement has published various books, in English and Welsh, bringing together selections of his sermons and articles.

Lloyd-Jones preached for the last time on 8 June 1980 at [[Barcombe]] [[Baptist]] Chapel. After a lifetime of work, he died peacefully in his sleep at [[Ealing]] on 1 March 1981, [[St David's Day]]. He was buried at [[Newcastle Emlyn]], near [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], west Wales. A well-attended thanksgiving service was held at [[Westminster Chapel]] on 6 April.

Since his death, there have been various publications regarding Lloyd-Jones and his work, most popularly a biography in two volumes by [[Iain Murray]].

==Legacy==
[[File:Fred and Elizabeth Catherwood 2012.JPG|thumb|Martyn Lloyd-Jones's daughter Elizabeth and her husband, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] and Christian writer [[Fred Catherwood]], at [http://www.eden-cambridge.org/ Eden Baptist Church], Cambridge, 2012.]]
=== Charismatic Movement ===
Martyn Lloyd-Jones has admirers from many different denominations in the Christian Church today. One much-discussed aspect of his legacy is his relationship to the [[Charismatic Movement]]. Respected by leaders of many churches associated with this movement, although not directly associated with them, he did teach the [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] as a distinct experience rather than conversion and the [[regeneration (theology)|regeneration]] of the Holy Spirit.<ref name = "piper" /> Indeed, towards the end of his life he urged his listeners to actively seek an experience of the Holy Spirit. For instance, in his exposition of [[Ephesians]] 6:10–13, published in 1976, he says, "Do you know anything of this fire? If you do not, confess it to God and acknowledge it. Repent, and ask Him to send the Spirit and His love into you until you are melted and moved, until you are filled with his love divine, and know His love to you, and rejoice in it as his child, and look forward to the hope of the coming glory. 'Quench not the Spirit', but rather 'be filled with the Spirit' and 'rejoice in Christ Jesus'".{{Sfn | Lloyd‐Jones | 1976 | p = 275}}

Part of Lloyd-Jones' stress of the Christian's need of the baptism with the Holy Spirit was due to his belief that this provides an overwhelming assurance of God's love to the Christian, and thereby enables him to boldly witness for Christ to an unbelieving world.<ref name="piper">{{citation | url = http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/Biographies/1462_A_Passion_for_ChristExalting_Power/ | title = A Passion for Christ-Exalting Power | first = John | last = Piper | date = January 30, 1991 | place = Bethlehem Conference for Pastors | publisher = Desiriŋ God}}.</ref>

Aside from his insistence that the baptism with the Spirit is a work of [[Jesus Christ]] distinct from regeneration, rather than the filling of the Holy Spirit, Lloyd-Jones also opposed [[cessationism]], claiming that the doctrine is not founded upon Scripture. In fact, he requested that [[Banner of Truth Trust]], the publishing company he co-founded, publish his works on the subject only after his death.<ref name="piper" /> He claimed that those who took a position such as [[B.B. Warfield]]'s on cessationism were 'quenching the Spirit.'<ref name="piper" /> He continued to proclaim the necessity of the active working of God in the world and the need for him to miraculously demonstrate his power so that Christian preachers (and all those who witness for Christ) might gain a hearing in a contemporary world that is hostile to the true God and to Christianity in general.<ref name="The Living God">{{Citation | url = http://www.mlj.org.uk/emw_mag/article4.htm | title = The Living God | type = sermon | date = June 1971 | journal = The Evangelical Magazine of Wales | month = April | year = 1981}}; editor's note confirms regular attendance at Ministers' Conferences</ref>
{{Quote |I think it is quite without scriptural warrant to say all these gifts ended with the apostles or the apostolic era. I believe there have been undoubted miracles since then. At the same time most of the claimed miracles by the Pentecostalists and others certainly do not belong to that category and can be explained psychologically or in other ways. I am also of the opinion that most, if not all, of the people claiming to speak in tongues at the present time are certainly under a psychological rather than a spiritual influence. But again I would not dare to say that “tongues” are impossible at the present time.<ref name="Letter to Dr. Gerald Golden">{{Citation | title = Letter to Dr. Gerald Golden | type = letter | date = September 1969 | month = September | year = 1969}}.</ref>}}

=== Preaching ===
Lloyd-Jones seldom agreed to preach live on television — the exact number of occasions is not known, but it was most likely only once or twice.{{Sfn | Lloyd‐Jones | p = 248}} His reasoning behind this decision was that this type of "controlled" preaching, preaching that is constrained by time limits, "militates against the freedom of the Spirit."{{Sfn | Lloyd‐Jones | p = 248}} In other words, he believed that the preacher should be free to follow the leading of the [[Holy Spirit]] concerning the length of time in which he is allowed to preach. He recorded that he once asked a television executive who wanted him to preach on television, "What would happen to your programmes if the Holy Spirit suddenly descended upon the preacher and possessed him; what would happen to your programmes?"{{Sfn | Lloyd‐Jones | 1971 | p = 248}}

Perhaps the greatest aspect of Lloyd-Jones' legacy has to do with his preaching. Lloyd-Jones was one of the most influential preachers of the twentieth century.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/8527.htm | title = The Ten Greatest Preachers of The Twentieth Century | first = Michael | last = Duduit | publisher = Preaching Magazine}} (republished by John Mark Ministries).</ref> Many volumes of his sermons have been published by Banner of Truth, as well as other publishing companies. In his book {{Citation | title = Preaching and Preachers | publisher = Zondervan | year = 1971}}, Lloyd-Jones describes his views on preaching, or what might be called his doctrine of [[homiletics]]. In this book, he defines preaching as "Logic on fire." The meaning of this definition is demonstrated throughout the book in which he describes his own preaching style that had developed over his many years of ministry.

His preaching style may be summarized as 'logic on fire' for several reasons. First, he believed that the use of [[logic]] was vital for the preacher. But his view of logic was not the same as that of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. This is why he called it logic "on fire." The fire has to do with the activity and power of the Holy Spirit. He therefore believed that preaching was the logical demonstration of the truth of a given passage of Scripture with the aid, or unction, of the Holy Spirit.{{Sfn | Lloyd‐Jones | 1971 | pp = 304–25}} This view manifested itself in the form of Lloyd-Jones' sermons. Lloyd-Jones believed that true preaching was always [[expository]]. This means he believed that the primary purpose of the sermon was to reveal and expand the primary teaching of the passage under consideration. Once the primary teaching was revealed, he would then logically expand this theme, demonstrating that it was a biblical doctrine by showing that it was taught in other passages in the Bible, and using logic in order to demonstrate its practical use and necessity for the hearer. With this being the case, he laboured in his book ''Preaching and Preachers'' to caution young preachers against what he deemed as "commentary-style" preaching as well as "[[topical]]" preaching.{{Sfn | Lloyd‐Jones | 1971 | pp = 64–80}}

Lloyd-Jones' preaching style was therefore set apart by his sound exposition of biblical doctrine and his fire and passion in its delivery. He is thereby known as a preacher who continued in the [[Puritan]] tradition of experimental preaching.<ref name = "piper" /> A famous quote on the effects of Lloyd-Jones' preaching is given by [[theologian]] and [[preacher]] [[J.I. Packer]], who wrote that he had "never heard such preaching." It came to him "with the force of electric shock, bringing to at least one of his listeners more of a sense of God than any other man".<ref name= "piper" />

Once, while unfolding to his congregation the internal work of the Holy Spirit in the life of a Christian, Lloyd-Jones marveled at his experience preaching. “I say it again to the glory of God," he said, "this pulpit is the most romantic place in the universe as far as I’m concerned, and for this reason, that I never know what’s going to happen when I get here. Never. My anticipations are often falsified on both sides. This is wonderful. The temptation for the preacher, you see, is to think that if he has prepared what he regards as a good sermon, it’s going to be a wonderful service, and it sometimes can be a very bad one. On the other hand, the poor man may have had a very difficult and a trying week. He may have been very ill, a thousand and one things may have happened to him, and he may go into the pulpit with fear and trembling, feeling that he hasn’t done his work; he’s got nothing. And it may be one of the most glorious services he has ever had the privilege of conducting. Why? Because he doesn’t control the power [within of the Holy Spirit]. It varies. And not only in preaching but in daily life and experience. It is the well of water that is within us and we don’t control it. It controls us.”{{Sfn | Lloyd-Jones | 2011}}.

Lloyd-Jones was also an avid supporter of the [[Evangelical Library]] in London.<ref>{{Citation | last = Murray | first = Iain H | title = D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones: The Fight of Faith | place = Edinburgh | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1990 | pages = 81–86; 93–97}}.</ref>

===Recordings Trust===
Shortly after his death, a charitable trust was established to continue Lloyd-Jones's ministry by making recordings of his sermons available. The organisation currently has 1600 talks available and also produces a weekly radio program using this material.<ref>{{Citation | title = Martyn Lloyd‐Jones | place = UK | url = http://www.mlj.org.uk/}}.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Works==
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | title = Why Does God Allow War? A General Justification of the Ways of God | publisher = Crossway (originally Hodder & Stoughton) | year = 2003 | origyear = 1939 | ISBN = 978-1‐58134‐469‐1}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Plight of Man and The Power of God | publisher = Marshall Pickering (originally Abingdon) | year = 1973 | origyear = 1942 | ISBN = 978-0‐7208‐0097‐5}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Truth Unchanged, Unchanging | publisher = James Clarke (originally Revell) | year = 1956 | origyear = 1951}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = From Fear to Faith: Studies in the Book of Habakkuk | publisher = [[Inter-Varsity Press | IVP]] | year = 2011 | origyear = 1953 | ISBN = 978-1‐84474‐500‐5}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authority | publisher = The Banner of Truth Trust (originally IVP) | year = 1984 | origyear = 1958 | ISBN = 978-0‐8515‐1386‐7}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Studies in the Sermon on the Mount | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 1976 | origyear = 1958 | ISBN = 978-0-8028-0036-7}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Faith on Trial: Studies in Psalm 73 | publisher = Christian Focus (originally IVP) | year = 2008 | origyear = 1963 | ISBN = 978-1‐84550‐375‐8}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Spiritual Depression: Its Causes and Cures | publisher = Marshall Pickering (originally Eerdmans) | year = 1998 | origyear = 1964 | edition = 2nd revised | ISBN = 978-0‐5510‐3165‐4}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Preaching & Preachers | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton; Zondervan | year = 1971}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapters 3:20–4:25 — Atonement and Justification | publisher = Zondervan (originally Banner of Truth) | year = 1971a | origyear = 1970 | ISBN = 978-0‐310‐27880‐1}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapter 5 — Assurance | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1971b}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapter 6 — The New Man | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1972}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = God's Way of Reconciliation: An Exposition of Ephesians 2 | publisher = Banner of Truth (originally Baker) | year = 1981 | origyear = 1972 | ISBN = 978-0‐85151‐299‐0}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Life in the Spirit in Marriage, Home and Work: An Exposition of Ephesians 5:18–6:9 | publisher = Baker | year = 1973}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans: An Exposition of Chapter 1 — The Gospel of God | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1973}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans: An Exposition of Chapter 7:1–8:4 — The Law: Its Functions and Limits | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1974}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans: An Exposition of Chapter 8:5–17 — The Sons of God | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1974}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans: An Exposition of Chapter 8:17–39 — The Final Perseverance of the Saints | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1975}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Christian Warfare: An Exposition of Ephesians 6:10–13 | publisher = Baker | year = 1976 | place = Grand Rapids}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Christian Soldier: An Exposition of Ephesians 6:10–20 | publisher = Baker | year = 1977}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = God's Ultimate Purpose: An Exposition of Ephesians 1 | publisher = Baker | year = 1978}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Unsearchable Riches of Christ: An Exposition of Ephesians 3 | publisher = Baker | year = 1979}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Christian Unity: An Exposition of Ephesians 4:1–16 | publisher = Baker | year = 1980}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Darkness and Light: An Exposition of Ephesians 4:17–5:17 | publisher = Baker | year = 1982}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Evangelistic Sermons at Aberavon | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1983}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Expository Sermons on 2 Peter | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1983}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Joy Unspeakable: Power and Renewal in the Holy Spirit | publisher = Kingsway | year = 1984}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Cross: God's Way of Salvation | publisher = Crossway | year = 1986}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Puritans: Their Origins and Successors | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1987}}
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Revival | publisher = Crossway | year = 1987}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Knowing the Times: Addresses Delivered on Various Occasions, 1942–77 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1989}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans: An Exposition of Chapter 2:1–3:20 — The Righteous Judgment of God | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1989}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = What Is an Evangelical? | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1992}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Life in Christ: Studies in 1 John | volume = 1 — Fellowship with God | publisher = Crossway | year = 2002 | origyear = 1993 | ISBN = 978-1-58134-439-4 | editor-first = Christopher | editor-last = Catherwood}}
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Life in Christ: Studies in 1 John | volume = 2 — Walking with God | publisher = Crossway | year = 1993}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Life in Christ: Studies in 1 John | volume = 3 — Children of God | publisher = Crossway | year = 1994}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Life in Christ: Studies in 1 John | volume = 4 — The Love of God | publisher = Crossway | year = 1994}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Life in Christ: Studies in 1 John | volume = 5 — Life of God | publisher = Crossway | year = 1994}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Letters: 1919–1981 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1994}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Out of the Depths: Restoring Fellowship with God | publisher = Crossway | year = 1995}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Old Testament Evangelistic Sermons | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1996}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans: An Exposition of Chapter 10 — Saving Faith | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1997}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = True Happiness: An Exposition of Psalm One | publisher = Bryntirion | year = 1997}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Great Doctrines of the Bible | volume = 1: God the Father, God the Son | publisher = Crossway | year = 1996}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Great Doctrines of the Bible | volume = 2: God the Holy Spirit | publisher = Crossway | year = 1997}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Great Doctrines of the Bible | volume = 3: The Church and the Last Things | publisher = Crossway | year = 1998}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Life of Joy and Peace: An Exposition of Philippians | publisher = Baker Books | year = 1999 | ISBN = 978-8010-5816-5}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = God's Way Not Ours: Sermons on Isaiah 1:1–18 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1999}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Let Everybody Praise the Lord: An Exposition of Psalm 107 | publisher = Bryntirion | year = 1999}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authentic Christianity: Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles | volume = 1: Acts 1–3 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1999}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapter 11 — To God's Glory | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 1999}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapter 12 — Christian Conduct | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2000}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Assurance of Our Salvation: Exploring the Depth of Jesus Prayer for His Own (Studies in John 17) | publisher = Crossway | year = 2000}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Heirs of Salvation: Studies in Biblical Assurance | publisher = Bryntirion | year = 2000}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Studies in the Book of Acts | volume = 1: Authentic Christianity | publisher = Crossway | year = 2000}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Studies in the Book of Acts | volume = 2: Courageous Christianity | publisher = Crossway | year = 2001}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authentic Christianity: Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles | volume = 2: Acts 4–5 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2001}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = True Happiness: Psalms 1 and 107 | publisher = Crossway | year = 2001}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Life in Christ: Studies in 1 John (The Original Five Volumes in One) | publisher = Crossway | year = 2002}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authentic Christianity: Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles | volume = 3: Acts 5:17–6:8 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2003}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Great Doctrines of the Bible | volume = 1–3 | publisher = Crossway | year = 2003}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapter 13 — Life in Two Kingdoms | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2003}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Romans | volume = An Exposition of Chapter 14:1–17 — Liberty And Conscience | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2003}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Studies in the Book of Acts | volume = 3: Victorious Christianity | publisher = Crossway | year = 2003}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Studies in the Book of Acts | volume = 4: Glorious Christianity | publisher = Crossway | year = 2004}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authentic Christianity: Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles | volume = 4: Acts 7:1–29 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2004}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The All-Sufficient God: Sermons on Isaiah 40 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2005}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Seeking the Face of God: Nine Reflections on the Psalms | year = Crossway | year = 2005}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authentic Christianity: Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles | volume = 5: Acts 7:30–60 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2006}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Authentic Christianity: Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles | volume = 6: Acts 8:1–35 | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2006}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Raising Children God's Way | publisher = Banner of Truth | year = 2007}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Christian in an Age of Terror: Sermons for a Time of War | publisher = Kregel | year = 2008}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Gospel in Genesis: From Fig Leaves to Faith | publisher = Crossway | year = 2009}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Let Not Your Heart Be Troubled | publisher = Crossway | year = 2009}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Living Water: Studies in John 4 | publisher = Crossway | year = 2009}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Kingdom of God | publisher = Crossway | year = 2010}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = The Power Within, Part II | format = audio | type = sermon | loc = 19–19min 58s | url = http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/living-grace/living-grace_2011-02-06_the-power-within-part-two_20110124070857 | date = 2011‐2‐6}}.
* {{Citation | last = Lloyd‐Jones | first = David Martyn | author-mask = 3 | title = Out of the Depths: Psalm 51 | publisher = Christian Focus | year = 2011}}.

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | editor1-first = Andrew | editor1-last = Atherstone | editor2-first = David Ceri | editor2-last = Jones | title = Engaging with Martyn Lloyd-Jones: The life and legacy of “the Doctor” | place = Nottingham | publisher = IVP/Apollos | year = 2011}}.
* {{citation |last=Eveson|first=Philip H |title=Travel With Martyn Lloyd-Jones|year=2004|publisher=[[Day One Christian Ministries|Day One]]}}

==External links==
* {{Citation | url = http://www.mlj.org.uk/ | type = official site | title = The Martyn Lloyd-Jones Recordings Trust | place = UK}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.mlj-usa.org | type = official site | title = The Martyn Lloyd-Jones Recordings Trust | place = USA}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/living-grace/ | title = Living Grace Radio Program | publisher = One place}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.misterrichardson.com/mlj.html | title = Martyn Lloyd-Jones Online | publisher = Mister Richardson}}.
* {{Citation | publisher = Desiring God | url = http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/Biographies/1462_A_Passion_for_ChristExalting_Power | first = John | last = Piper | type = sermon | title = A passion for Christ-exalting power}} on Martyn Lloyd-Jones.
* {{Citation | url = http://lamblion.net/Quotations/dml_jones.htm | publisher = Lamb Lion Net | title = Quotations | first = DM | last = Lloyd-Jones}}.

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{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lloyd-Jones, Martyn
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 20 December 1899
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1 March 1981
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd-Jones, Martyn}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cardiff]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
[[Category:British sermon writers]]
[[Category:Calvinist clergy]]
[[Category:Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Welsh Christian leaders]]
[[Category:Welsh evangelicals]]
[[Category:Welsh Presbyterians]]
[[Category:People educated at St Marylebone Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]

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[[pt:Martyn Lloyd-Jones]]

Áras an Uachtaráin

2013-01-07T10:13:23Z

Camboxer: date corrected

{{Infobox building
|name=Áras an Uachtaráin
|image=Áras an Uachtaráin 2010.jpg
|caption=North Rear facade
|map_type=
|latitude=
|longitude=
|location_town=[[Phoenix Park]], [[Dublin]]
|location_country=[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|architect=[[Nathaniel Clements]]
|client=
|engineer=
|start_date=1751<ref>{{cite web|title=Outline History of Áras an Uachtaráin|url=http://www.president.ie/official-residence/|work=Áras an Uachtaráin|accessdate=2013-01-07}}</ref>|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=
|size=
}}
'''Áras an Uachtaráin'''<ref>''Áras an Uachtaráin'' translates simply to "Residence of the President", and is sometimes written "Árus an Uachtaráin".</ref> ({{IPA-ga|ˈɑːrəs ən ˈuəxt̪ərɑːnʲ}}), formerly the '''Viceregal Lodge''', is the [[List of official residences|official residence]] of the [[President of Ireland]]. It is located in the [[Phoenix Park]] on the [[Northside Dublin|northside]] of [[Dublin]].

==Origins==
The original house was designed by park ranger and amateur [[architect]], [[Nathaniel Clements]] in the mid eighteenth century. It was bought by the [[Dublin Castle|administration]] of the British [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] to become his summer residence in the 1780s. His official residence was in the Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle. The house in the park later became the ''Viceregal Lodge'', the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant (also known as the [[Viceroy]]), where he lived for most of the year from the 1820s onwards. During the [[Irish Social Season|Social Season]] (January to [[St. Patrick's Day]] in March) he lived in state in Dublin Castle.

Phoenix Park once contained three official state residences. The Viceregal Lodge, the [[Chief Secretary's Lodge]] and the [[Under Secretary's Lodge]]. The Chief Secretary's Lodge, now called [[Chief Secretary's Lodge|Deerfield]], is the residence of the [[United States]] Ambassador to Ireland. The Under Secretary's Lodge, now demolished, served for many years as the [[Apostolic Nunciature]].

Some historians have claimed that the garden front portico of Áras an Uachtaráin (which can be seen by the public from the main road through the [[Phoenix Park]]) was used as a model by Irish architect [[James Hoban]], who designed the [[White House]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] However the porticoes were not part of Hoban's original design and were in fact a later addition by [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]].

==Phoenix Park Murders==
In 1882, its grounds became the location for [[Phoenix Park Murders|two famous murders]]. The [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] (the British Cabinet minister with responsibility for Irish affairs), [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]], and his [[Undersecretary]] (chief civil servant), [[Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)|Thomas Henry Burke]], were stabbed to death with [[scalpel|surgical knives]] while walking back to the residence from [[Dublin Castle]]. A small insurgent group called [[Irish National Invincibles|the Invincibles]] was responsible for the deed. [[John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer|The Lord Lieutenant, the 5th Earl Spencer]], heard the victims' screams from a window in the ground floor drawing room.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Residence of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State==
[[File:Barack Obama at Áras an Uachtaráin.jpg|thumb|President [[Mary McAleese|McAleese]] greets US President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] at Áras an Uachtaráin on 23 May 2011.]]

In 1911, the house underwent a large extension for the visit of King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] and Queen [[Mary of Teck|Mary]]. With the creation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922, the office of Lord Lieutenant was abolished. The new state planned to place the new representative of the Crown, [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]] [[Timothy Michael Healy|Tim Healy]] in a new, smaller residence, but because of death threats from the anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|treaty]] [[Irish Republican Army (1922-1969)|IRA]], he was installed in the Viceregal Lodge temporarily. It remained the residence of the [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State]] until 1932, when the new Governor-General, [[Domhnall Ua Buachalla]], was installed in a specially hired private mansion in the southside of Dublin.

==Residence of the President of Ireland==
The house was left empty for some years, until the office of President of Ireland was created in 1937. In 1938, the first President, [[Douglas Hyde]] lived there temporarily while plans were made to build a new presidential palace on the grounds. The outbreak of [[World War II]] saved the building, which had been renamed ''Áras an Uachtaráin'' (meaning ''house of the president'' in [[Irish language|Irish]]), from demolition, as plans for its demolition and the design of a new residence were put on hold. By 1945 it had become too closely identified with the presidency of Ireland to be demolished, though its poor condition meant that extensive demolition and rebuilding of parts of the building were necessary, notably the kitchens, servants' quarters and chapel. Since then, further restoration work has been carried out from time to time.

[[File:Aras Gates.jpg|thumb|left|The main gate to Áras an Uachtaráin is located adjacent to the Phoenix Monument, at the centre of the park]]
The first President, [[Douglas Hyde]] lived in the residential quarters on the first floor of the main building. Later presidents moved to the new residential wing attached to the main house that had been built on for the visit of King George V in 1911. However, in 1990 [[Mary Robinson]] moved back to the older main building. Her successor, [[Mary McAleese]] lived in the 1911 wing.

Though Áras an Uachtaráin is possibly not as palatial as other European royal and presidential palaces, with only a handful of state rooms (the state drawing room, large and small dining rooms, the President's Office and Library, a large ballroom and a presidential corridor lined with the busts of past presidents (Francini Corridor), and some fine eighteenth and nineteenth century bedrooms above, all in the main building), it is a relatively comfortable state residence.

All [[Taoisigh]] as well as [[Minister (government)|Government Ministers]] receive their seal of office from the President at Áras an Uachtaráin as do [[Judge]]s, the [[Attorney General of Ireland|Attorney General]], the [[Comptroller and Auditor General]], and senior [[commissioned officers]] of the [[Irish Defence Forces|Defence Forces]]. It is also the venue for the meetings of the [[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Presidential Commission]] and the [[Council of State (Ireland)|Council of State]].

Áras an Uachtaráin also houses the headquarters of the [[Garda Mounted Unit]].

The [[Office of Public Works]] completely furnishes the private quarters of Áras an Uachtaráin for the presidential family.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/mammoth-task-of-moving-out-done-in-military-style-2930914.html|title=Mammoth task of moving out done in military style|work=[[Irish Independent]]|accessdate=10 November 2011|date=10 November 2011}}</ref>

==Visitors==
Various visiting British monarchs stayed at the Viceregal Lodge, notably [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] and [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]. American presidents hosted here include Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]] all of Irish descent. Other famous visitors to the Áras an Uachtaráin have been [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace of Monaco]] and her husband, [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]]; King [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]] of the Belgians; King [[Juan Carlos of Spain|Juan Carlos]] and [[Sofia of Spain|Queen Sophia]]; [[Pope John Paul II]]; Prince [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles]], and Prince [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Philip]].

On 17 May 2011, [[Elizabeth II]] became the first British monarch to visit the Áras on the occasion of her state visit to Ireland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13425722|title=Queen lays wreath on Republic of Ireland state visit|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=17 May 2011|date=17 May 2011}}</ref> She was welcomed by President McAleese, inspected a [[Honor guard|Guard of Honour]], signed the visitors book and planted an [[Quercus petraea|Irish Oak]] sapling.

Guests do not normally stay at Áras an Uachtaráin. Although it has ninety-two rooms, many of these are used for storage of presidential files, for household staff and official staff, including military ''[[aides-de-camp]]'', a Secretary to the President (somewhat equivalent to [[White House Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff in the White House]], except it is a permanent [[Civil service of the Republic of Ireland|civil service]] position) and a press office. In 2001, the Irish state opened a guest residence nearby in [[Farmleigh]], a former [[Guinness family]] mansion.

On 1 May 2004, during Ireland's six-month presidency of the [[European Union]], Áras an Uachtarain was the Venue for the ''European Day of Welcomes'' ([[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Accession Day]]) in which ten new members joined the EU. All 25 heads of government attended the flag raising ceremony in the gardens of the palace. A large security operation involving the [[Gardaí]] and the [[Irish Defence Forces]] closed off the Áras and the Phoenix Park.

Áras an Uachtaráin is open for free tours every Saturday.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Áras an Uachtaráin}}
* [http://www.president.ie/ Áras an Uachtaráin website]
* [http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=39&lang=eng Virtual tour of the state rooms]
* [http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/Dublin/PhoenixParkVisitorCentre-AshtownCastle/ Visiting information at Heritage Ireland]
{{Coord|53.359676|-6.31745|type:landmark_region:IE|display=title}}

{{Irish Viceroy Residences}}
{{Irish governmental buildings}}
{{Historic Irish houses}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aras An Uachtarain}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Official residences in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidential palaces]]
[[Category:Royal residences in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Office of the President of Ireland]]
[[Category:Entities with Irish names]]
[[Category:Museums in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:1780 architecture]]

[[ca:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[es:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[eu:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[fr:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[ga:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[it:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[nl:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[pl:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[pt:Áras an Uachtaráin]]
[[simple:Áras an Uachtaráin]]

Religious Sisters of Charity

2012-08-08T08:43:05Z

Camboxer: date corrected

The '''Religious Sisters of Charity''' or '''Irish Sisters of Charity''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[religious institute]] founded by [[Mary Aikenhead]] in Ireland in 1815.

Its motto is "Caritas Christi urget nos" (2 Corinthians 5:14).

The institute has its headquarters at [[Harold's Cross]] in Dublin and operates in the [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Nigeria]], [[Zambia]], [[USA]] and [[Venezuela]]. The website states that 'The whole congregation is governed by a congregational leader, assisted by a group of sisters known as the general leadership team or the general council.'<ref>http://www.rsccaritas.ie/features/congregational-structure</ref> The Religious [[Sisters of Charity of Australia]] is constituted as a distinct Congregation.

In England and Scotland, it operates as a [[Charitable organization|registered charity]]<ref>{{EW charity|231323|RELIGIOUS SISTERS OF CHARITY}}</ref> and in 2007–8 had a gross income of £15.5 million and 251 employees.

==History==
The religious institute was founded by Mary Frances Aikenhead (1787–1858) who opened its first convent in Dublin in 1815.

In 1834 [[St. Vincent's University Hospital|St. Vincent's Hospital]] in Dublin was set up by Mary Aikenhead<ref>{{cite book|last=Meenan|first=F. O. C.|year=1995|title=St Vincent's Hospital 1834-1994|location=Dublin|publisher=Gill and Macmillan|isbn=0-7171-2151-8}}</ref> (the first hospital staffed by nuns in the English-speaking world).

In 1838 five sisters arrived in Australia — the first religious women to set foot on Australian soil — and later opened a convent in [[Parramatta]]. Since 1842 the Australian congregation has operated independently. [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney]], was founded by the Sisters in 1857.<ref>[http://exwwwsvh.stvincents.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=132&Itemid=160 St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney: History]</ref>
In 1925, the Sisters of Charity ventured to Queensland, Australia to open a school, Mt St Michael's College - originally known as Grantuly until 1941 - in Ashgrove.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msm.qld.edu.au/history.html|title=Our History|publisher=Mt St Michael's College|accessdate=14 August 2011}}</ref>

In 1879 the Sisters opened a [[hospice]] in Harold's Cross, Dublin, pioneering the modern hospice movement. The Sisters operate a heritage centre within the grounds of [[Our Lady's Hospice]], Harold's Cross, Dublin.<ref>[http://maryaikenheadheritagecentre.org/ Mary Aikenhead Heritage Centre]</ref> In December 2003, Our Lady's Hospice opened a satellite unit for specialist palliative care in Blackrock, Co. Dublin called [[The Venerable Louis and Zelie Martin Hospice]]. It was provided through the generosity of the Louis and Zelie Martin Foundation.<ref>[http://www.olh.ie/AboutUs/OurHeritage/ Our Lady's Hospice Heritage]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sisters of Charity]]
* [[Sisters of Charity of Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Donovan, Margaret. M. (1979bc). ''Apostolate of Love: Mary Aikenhead, 1787–1858, Foundress of the Irish Sisters of Charity''. Melbourne: Polding Press.
* Meenan, F. O. C. (1995). ''St Vincent's Hospital 1834-1994''. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-2151-9.
* Whitaker, Anne-Maree (2007). ''St Vincent's Hospital 1857-2007: 150 Years of Charity, Care and Compassion''. Kingsclear Books. ISBN 978-0-908272-88-4

==External links==
* [http://www.rsccaritas.ie/ Religious Sisters of Charity website]
* [http://www.religioussistersofcharity.org/ Religious Sisters of Charity of England and Scotland website]
* [http://www.sistersofcharity.org.au/ Sisters of Charity of Australia website]
* [http://www.olh.ie/ Our Lady's Hospice]

[[Category:Roman Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic female orders and societies]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1815]]
[[Category:Charities based in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Charities based in Australia]]
[[Category:Charities based in the United Kingdom]]

[[it:Suore di Carità d'Irlanda]]

Biddick Hall

2012-05-13T10:50:21Z

Camboxer: detail added

[[File:Biddick Hall - geograph.org.uk - 236937.jpg|thumb| Biddick Hall (photograph by P Gledwright)]]

'''Biddick Hall''' is a small privately-owned 18th-century country mansion at [[Bournmoor]], [[County Durham]], near the [[City of Sunderland]] and [[Chester-le-Street]]. It is a [[Grade I listed building]] and the home of the [[Earl of Durham|Lambton family]].

The Lambtons purchased the manor house and estate at South Biddick then comprising about {{convert|450|acre|km2}} from the Bowes family in about 1594. In the early 18th century the old manor was replaced with the present red brick and stone, two storeyed, five-bay mansion in a Queen Anne [[Baroque style]].The central entrance bay has [[Ionic order]] [[pilasters]] carrying [[entablature]] and [[pediment]].

In about 1820 [[John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham|John George Lambton]] built [[Lambton Castle]] to the west on the adjoining Harraton Hall estate. He was created Baron Lambton in 1828 and [[Earl of Durham]] in 1833.

The Hall was extended by the creation of a fifth but blind bay in 1859 and the addition of a north wing in 1954.

Following the family's move to Lambton Castle, Biddick was occupied by junior members of the family or was let out. One of the tenants was Frank Stobart, Agent to the Earl, and Deputy Lieutenant and [[High Sheriff of Durham]] in 1906.

In 1932, the Castle being uninhabitable, the family once more made Biddick their home. It was remodelled by Trenwith Wills and [[Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington|Lord Gerald Wellesley]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Dan|last=Cruickshank|authorlink=Dan Cruickshank|title=Wills and Wellesley|journal=National Trust Magazine|page=38|date=Summer 2012|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

* [http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?pid=1&id=109355&mode=quick Images of England: architectural description of Biddick Hall]

* ''An Historic Topographical and Descriptive View of the County of Durham'' Vol 1. McKenzie and Ross (1834) p361 Google Books

{{coord|54.8689|-1.5114|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biddick Hall (House)}}
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in County Durham]]

Castle Hill (Filleigh)

2012-05-13T10:44:31Z

Camboxer: /* 1934 fire damage */ typos

[[File:CastleHillFilleighSouthFacade.jpg|thumb|200px|Castle Hill, Filleigh, south facade, showing central block with [[cupola]], west wing (left) & east wing (right). The architectural "sham castle" is on the hill beyond to north. The approach is from the east (right) through the stable block adjacent to the east wing, to the main entrance in the north side of the central range]]
[[File:Castlehilldevonmorris edited.jpg|thumb|200px|Castle Hill in 1880, south facade, published in Morris's "Country Seats"]]
[[File:ArmsOfFortescue.JPG|thumb|200px|Arms of Fortescue: ''Azure, a bend engrailled argent plain cottised or''. Motto: ''Forte Scutum Salus Ducum'' ("A Strong Shield is the Salvation of Leaders")<ref>Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.461</ref>. Shown on the Fortescue [[heraldic flag|standard]] flown above the house]]
[[File:CastleHillFilleighMainRange.jpg|thumb|200px|Castle Hill, main range, viewed from SW]]
'''Castle Hill''' in [[Filleigh]] parish, North Devon, is a privately owned early [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] house built in 1730 by [[Baron Clinton|Hugh Fortescue, 14th Baron Clinton]] (1696–1751), later created in 1751 1st [[Earl Fortescue|Baron Fortescue]] and 1st [[Baron Clinton|Earl of Clinton]], son of Hugh Fortescue (died 1719). It is a rare example in Devon of an 18th-century [[country house|country mansion]] on the grand scale<ref>Cherry, p.247</ref> and forms a highly impressive, unmissable and even dominating sight from the public highway which was, until 1988 when the [[A361]] North Devon Link Road was opened, the main road west to Barnstaple and which appears purposely to meander past to afford the traveller maximum viewing opportunities. It was designated a Grade II* [[listed building]] in 1967, a Grade I status perhaps having been withheld due to the substantial modern reconstruction following a disastrous fire in 1934. Today the property is owned by [[Earl of Arran|Eleanor, Countess of Arran]] (born 1949), the granddaughter of [[Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue]] (1888–1958). The only historic residence of the Fortescue family now remaining as a seat of the Earls Fortescue is [[Ebrington|Ebrington Manor]] in [[Gloucestershire]], a very modest building in comparison to Castle Hill.

==Predecessor==
The [[manor]] of Filleigh has been held by the Fortescue family since the 15th.c., although the family's main seat until the late 17th.c. was [[Weare Giffard]], some 12 miles to the west. An older late [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] [[manor house]] on the site was re-modelled in 1684 by Arthur Fortescue and his son Hugh Fortescue (d.1719). A plaque to the left of the north entrance front of the main range is inscribed in Latin: ''Re-Edificat(us) Per Arthur Fortescue AR(miger) AD 1684'' ("Re-built by Arthur Fortescue, esquire, AD 1684").<ref>Listed buildings text</ref>

==Palladian rebuilding==
Hugh Fortescue (1696–1751), who in 1721 inherited the title 14th [[Baron Clinton]], via his mother, consulted [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington| Lord Burlington]] (1694-1753), the pioneer and arbiter of palladianism in England, on the design of his proposed new mansion. In 1728/9 he appointed Burlington's favoured builder Roger Morris to reface the house in [[portland stone]]. The former hall was remodelled as a double-height saloon.

==19th century additions==
[[File:CastleHillDevonBloreServiceWing.jpg|thumb|200px|Service wing to east side of house, 1861, to design of Blore, with clock tower above. Viewed from south]]
[[File:CastleHillFilleighStableBlock.jpg|thumb|200px|The stable block, viewed from east. The main vehicular entrance to the house is through the large arch along a road which passes directly in front of the service block, the clock tower of which can be seen behind. The main range is visible to the left (south)]]
A circular library was added in the early 19th.c. In 1841 the architect [[Edward Blore]] (1787-1879) added a [[porte-cochere]] on the north side of the main range, now demolished and replaced in 1974 by an entrance porch to the design of Raymond Erith. Blore also refashioned the entrance hall and stairs and added a top storey with [[mansard roof]]. In 1861 Blore added at the east side of the house service wings and stables, thus considerably elongating the southern appearance of the building beyond the east wing. The service wing is set back from the east wing by the width of the entry road which passes directly in front of it, and is topped in its centre by a clock tower. Adjoining it on its east end and extending backwards to give the ensemble an L-shape, is Blore's stable block. This has small circular windows with portrait busts, and is pierced on its long eastern face by the imposing full height main entrance arch, through which vehicles pass and continue past the front of the service wing and through decorative inner gates into the courtyard situated between the north facade of the main range and the steep and rocky hillside.

==1934 fire damage==
{{double image|right|CastleHillFilleighEntranceApproach.jpg|85|CastleHillFilleighDevonMainCourtyard.jpg|150|Left: Castle Hill, entry approach road viewed from under entrance arch looking west towards decorative iron gates to inner courtyard, Service Block to right, beyond which is (right): North Front and main entrance courtyard, viewed westwards from gates from service courtyard, situated behind service block}}
A major fire broke out in the early morning of 9th March 1934 and burned for two days. It destroyed much of the interior and killed two members of staff, the housekeeper and a maid. The 5th Earl had recently installed a central heating system, the boiler of which, situated underneath the library floor, had malfunctioned. After the fire the house was restored to the eighteenth-century style by [[Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington|Lord Gerald Wellesley]] (1885-1972), soldier, diplomat and architect, with Trenwith Wills. Although 49 paintings, including many Fortescue family portraits, were saved from the fire with only minor smoke damage, all were shortly afterwards destroyed by fire when the delivery lorry returning them from the restorer caught fire whilst parked overnight in a garage pending their return to Castle Hill.<ref>Lauder, R. op.cit. p.81</ref>

==Grounds==
[[File:CastleHillFilleighFromOxfordDown.jpg|thumb|200px|Castle Hill, panoramic view of west side, seen from Oxford Down Hill looking eastwards. A large "Peace Clump" of Scots Pine trees was planted on Oxford Down by the 4th Earl in 1919 to commemorate the end of World War II<ref>Filleigh History Group, p.9</ref>]]
The house is surrounded by landscaped grounds containing many picturesque structures and decorative ''[[Folly|points-de-vue]]''. The former include three small classical-style [[Greek temple]]s, the Sunrise Temple (1831), the Sunset Temple (1831) and [[Satyr]]'s Temple (1861); the Traveller's Cross, erected in 1831, but formerly situated on a roadside near North Aller; Ugley Bridge (1861), an imitation of an old Devon packhorse bridge; The [[Sybil]]s' Cave (1861), filled in while the house served as a home for evacuated children during [[WWII]], but since re-opened. The ancient parish church formerly situated next to the former pre-Palladian manor house was demolished in 1732 by Lord Clinton with the licence of Stephen Weston, [[Bishop of Exeter]], and was rebuilt to a new design in its present position some one mile to the west of the house, visible from the terrace. This made available an unencumbered site for the planned landscaping. Other ''points-de-vue'' include the Sham Castle, the Triumphal Arch, the Ebrington Tower and the Sham Village (now demolished).

===Sham castle===
[[File:ShamCastle CastleHill Filleigh.jpg|thumb|200px|Architectural "Sham Castle" on top of hill to immediate north of house, with decorative cannon aimed southward, viewed from SW]]
A sham castle dating from about 1746, occupies the hill behind the house to the north, possibly inspired by [[Vanbrugh]], and is said to be the feature which gave the house its name. When [[Lord Lieutenant of Devon]], [[Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue]] (1854-1932) flew the Fortescue [[heraldic flag|standard]] from the castle, and noted in his diary that his ancestor [[Matthew Fortescue, 2nd Baron Fortescue]] (d.1785) had "armed" it, as a modern reference to which in 1991 Lady Margaret Fortescue installed the decorative cannon now present on its the south lawn. It served for a while as a banqueting hall, at which time it was lined with oak panelling from nearby North Aller House, which in 1812 was moved on to [[Weare Giffard]] Hall. The building was later converted into a dwelling house, originally intended for a couple to tend the tame pheasants, and later lived in by the huntsman of the Fortescue [[Harrier (dog)|Harriers]], Abraham Moggeridge. From the castle can be seen to the west [[Lundy Island]] and at a closer distance, Bampfylde Clump to the north in [[North Molton]] parish.

===Triumphal arch===
[[File:Castle Hill Triumphal Arch.jpg|thumb|200px|Triumphal Arch on top of hill opposite south front of house, here viewed from the Sham Castle]]
The original [[Triumphal Arch]], situated on top of the hill 1/2 mile opposite the south front of the house and on the same axis as the sham castle behind, was built by Lord Clinton in 1730. It had been allowed to become covered in ivy and in 1951 collapsed during a strong wind. Following the death of both her parents in 1958, Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1961 rebuilt the Arch in its original form in their memory. Financial contributions were made by the tenants of the estate and by friends of the family. The modern structure is of reinforced concrete faced with the original stone.<ref>Filleigh History Group, op.cit., pp.24-5</ref>

===Sham village===
A sham village, now demolished, with church tower was constructed by Lord Clinton on the horizon at High Bray.

===Ebrington Tower===
This was built in 1992 by Lady Margaret Fortescue, on the site of the former Sham Village, in memory of her only brother Viscount Ebrington, who was killed in action with the [[Royal Scots Greys]] at the [[Battle of El Alamein]] in Egypt, in 1942, aged 21, and whose mural memorial marble tablet can be seen in the Fortescue Chapel in Filleigh Church. Due to his loss, on the death of his father the 5th Earl in 1958, the family titles passed by law to the latter's younger brother, but in the absence of an [[entail]], the Castle Hill and [[Weare Giffard]] estates he was free to bequeath to his two daughters. The tower, made from local stone, consists of three stories and is crenellated on top. It was designed by Hal Moggridge who had organised much of the reparatory landscaping work following the great storm of 1990, and was built by Graham Davey.<ref>Filleigh History Group, p.22</ref>

==Descent to Countess of Arran==
[[File:Earl of Arran(Gore) COA.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Gore family, Earls of Arran: ''Gules, a fesse between three [[cross|crosses fitchée]] or'']]
The last Earl Fortescue to own Castle Hill was [[Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue]] (1888-1958) who died in June 1958, aged 70. As he had no surviving male issue he was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, [[Denzil Fortescue, 6th Earl Fortescue]]. However the 5th Earl bequeathed Castle Hill, his principal seat, to his elder surviving daughter, Lady Margaret Fortescue (born 1923). Lady Margaret had married in 1948 Bernard van Cutsem, and had issue. It is now the home of her daughter [[Earl of Arran|Eleanor, Countess of Arran]] (b.1949), who married on 28 September 1974 [[Arthur Gore, 9th Earl of Arran]] (b.1938). She was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in the [[Birthday Honours 2008|Queen's Birthday Honours 2008]]. They have two daughters, [[Lady Laura Duckworth-Chad]] and [[Lady Lucy Fortescue-Gore]]. In 2004 Laura married Major [[James Duckworth-Chad]], [[MVO]], former [[Equerry]] to The Queen, and now has issue, who should eventually inherit Castle Hill and its estate comprising Fortescue Farms and 50 let residential properties.<ref>50 properties per Castle Hill web-site</ref> Since Lord Arran has no sons by his wife, and all other lines of descent from the 4th Earl of Arran have died out, his [[heir presumptive]] to the earldom is currently a very distant and elderly cousin, Paul Annesley Gore (b. 1921), descended from the youngest brother of the 4th Earl.<ref>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p2014.htm#i20138 Paul Annesley Gore (b. 1921)]</ref>

==Public access==
The gardens are open to the public for much of the year. The house is not open to the public but occasional guided tours for small groups are arranged on application.<ref>castle Hill web-site</ref> The Grand Hall of the house and three other main rooms are however available for civil wedding ceremonies and marquee receptions are also provided. A conference room with a capacity for 100 people is available for hire.<ref>Filleigh History Group, back cover advertisement</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.devon.gov.uk/historicfilleigh www.devon.gov.uk/historicfilleigh]
*[http://www.castlehilldevon.co.uk/ Castle Hill web-site]
*[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-98946-castle-hill-house-filleigh Listed buildings text, Castle Hill]
*[http://www.fortescue.org/generations/b1135.html#P1135 www.fortescue.org, Fortescue pedigree]

==Sources==
*Cherry, Bridget & Pevsner, Nikolaus, The Buildings of England: Devon, London, 2004, Castle Hill, Filleigh, pp.247-249
*Lauder, Rosemary, Devon Families, Tiverton, 2002, Fortescue, pp.75-82
*Filleigh History Group & Arran, Countess of, The Secrets of Castle Hill Gardens, 2003. (Booklet for sale on site)

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|51.0401|-3.8969|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Country houses in Devon]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Devon]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed houses]]
[[Category:Palladian architecture]]
[[Category:Edward Blore buildings]]

Hardwick Hall

2011-12-31T14:56:58Z

Camboxer: Revert vandalism by 82.13.35.35 (talk)

{{for|Hardwick Hall, Durham|Hardwick Hall Country Park}}
{{Infobox UK property
|property_name = Hardwick Hall
|image_name =Hardwick_Hall_in_Doe_Lea_-_Derbyshire.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Hardwick Hall, built 1590–1597
|type = Country house
|NT/EH/RHS = NT
|managed =
|area =
|main = [[Elizabethan architecture|Elizabethan]] [[country house]]
|other = Garden, parkland, ruin
|public_access = Yes
|museum = No
|exhibition = Yes
|country = [[England]]
|region = [[East Midlands]]
|gridsquare = SK4663
|address = [[Doe Lea]], [[Chesterfield]], [[Derbyshire]]
|postcode = [[S postcode area|S44 5QJ]]
|refreshments = Yes
|parking = Yes
|shop = Yes
|website = http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-hardwickhall
|co_ord = {{coord|53.1689|-1.3086|display=inline,title|region:GB_type:landmark}}
}}
[[Image:Hardwick Hall - picture gallery by George Washington Wilson (d 1893).jpg|thumb|250px|Hardwick's long gallery in the 1890s.]]
[[Image:Hardwick carving Giano.gif|thumb|right|220px|Hardwick's skyline features six rooftop pavilions with Bess of Hardwick's initials "ES" ('''E'''lizabeth '''S'''hrewsbury) carved into the balustrade.]]
[[Image:Harwick Old Hall.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hardwick Old Hall]]

'''Hardwick Hall''' ({{gbmapping|SK463637}}), in [[Derbyshire]], is one of the most significant [[Elizabethan architecture|Elizabethan]] [[country house]]s in [[England]]. In common with its architect [[Robert Smythson]]'s other works at both [[Longleat House]] and [[Wollaton Hall]], Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the English interpretation of the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance style of architecture]], which came into fashion when it was no longer thought necessary to fortify one's home.

==Background==
Hardwick Hall is situated on a hilltop between [[Chesterfield]] and [[Mansfield]], overlooking the [[Derbyshire]] countryside. The house was designed for [[Bess of Hardwick]], [[Countess of Shrewsbury]] and ancestress of the [[Duke of Devonshire|Dukes of Devonshire]], by [[Robert Smythson]] in the late 16th century and remained in that family until it was handed over to [[HM Treasury]] in lieu of Estate Duty in 1956. The Treasury transferred the house to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] in 1959. As it was a secondary residence of the Dukes of Devonshire, whose main country house, [[Chatsworth House]], was in nearby [[Chatsworth]], it was little altered over the centuries and indeed, from the early 19th century, its antique atmosphere was consciously preserved.

==Features==
Hardwick is a conspicuous statement of the wealth and power of [[Bess of Hardwick]], who was the richest woman in England after [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] herself. It was one of the first English houses where the [[great hall]] was built on an axis through the centre of the house rather than at right angles to the entrance. Each of the three main storeys is higher than the one below, and a grand, winding, stone staircase leads up to a suite of [[state room]]s on the second floor, which includes one of the largest [[long gallery|long galleries]] in any English house and a little-altered, tapestry-hung [[great chamber]] with a spectacular plaster [[frieze]] of hunting scenes. The windows are exceptionally large and numerous for the 16th century and were a powerful statement of wealth at a time when glass was a luxury, leading to the saying, "Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall" (or, in another version, "more window than wall"). Sir [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] writes, "The little rhyme is: 'Hardwick Hall, more window than wall.' " <ref>Nikolaus Pevsner, ''A History of Building Types''. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976, p. 324, note 80.</ref> There is a large amount of fine [[tapestry]] and [[furniture]] from the 16th and 17th centuries. A remarkable feature of the house is that much of the present furniture and other contents are listed in an inventory dating from 1601.

Hardwick Hall contains a large collection of [[embroidery|embroideries]], mostly dating from the late 16th century, many of which are listed in the 1601 inventory. Some of the needlework on display in the house incorporates [[Bess of Hardwick|Bess]]'s monogram "ES", and may have been worked on by [[Bess of Hardwick|Bess]] herself.

==Today==
Hardwick is open to the public. It has a fine garden, including [[herbaceous border]]s, a vegetable and herb garden, and an orchard.

The extensive grounds also contain Hardwick Old Hall, a slightly earlier house which was used as guest and service accommodation after the new hall was built. The Old Hall is now a ruin. It is administered by [[English Heritage]] on behalf of the National Trust and is also open to the public.

[[architecture|Architectural]] [[history|historian]] [[Dan Cruickshank]] selected the Hall as one of his five choices for the [[2006 in television|2006]] [[BBC]] [[television]] [[documentary series]] ''[[Britain's Best Buildings]]''.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/bbb-hardwick.shtml | title=Britain's Best Buildings | accessdate=June 3, 2008 | author= | last=Cruickshank | first=Dan | authorlink= | coauthors= | date= | year= | month= | work= | publisher=BBC Four | pages= | doi= | archiveurl= | archivedate= | quote= }}</ref>

Although the hall was unconventional in its own time and did not spawn many contemporary imitators, it would serve, three centuries later, as a source of inspiration for the enormous Main Exhibition Building at the [[Centennial Exposition|Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition]] of 1876. Hardwick Hall was an ideal model for a building which was intended to merge historicism with the large expanses of glass that had, become ''de rigueur'' for the main exhibition halls at [[List of world expositions|international expositions and fairs]] in the wake of the enormous success of the [[The Crystal Palace]] constructed for the 1851 [[The Great Exhibition|London Exhibition]].<ref>Nikolaus Pevsner, ''A History of Building Types''. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976, p. 248.</ref>

==Contemporary references==
Hardwick Hall was used to film the exterior scenes of Malfoy Manor in [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]] and [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]].

It also featured in the television series ''[[Mastercrafts (tv series)|Mastercrafts]]'' episode 6 on [[Stonemasonry]],where trainees vied to create fitting sundials for the garden of Hardwick Hall.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.ntprints.com/search.php?keywords=hardwick+hall Official National Trust prints of Hardwick Hall to buy]
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-hardwickhall.htm Hardwick Hall information at the National Trust]
*[http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/reference.aspx?uid=159611&index=0&mainQuery=Hardwick%20Hall&searchType=all&form=home Images of Hardwick Hall taken by Photographer John Gay]
*[http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=79178&mode=quick Listing Building Images of Hardwick Hall]
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/hardwick-old-hall/ Hardwick Old Hall visitor information from English Heritage]
**[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/hardwick-old-hall-info-for-teachers/ Teachers' resource kit for Harwick Old Hall : English Heritage]
**[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/hardwick-old-hall-hazard-information/ Risk assessment information for teachers, Hardwick Old Hall: English Heritage]
* Panoramic images and Quicktime VR movies [http://www.flickr.com/photos/d4rr3ll/12793651/ here] and [http://www.flickr.com/photos/d4rr3ll/12790842/ here]
* Several [http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/04650/04650m.html photographs] of the exterior taken in 1989
* [http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/04650/04650b.gif Floor plan] for third floor from B. Fletcher, History of Architecture, (London, 1921) pg. 700
* [http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/04650/04650e.jpg Drawing] of plasterwork over fireplaces, from F. Simpson, A History of Architectural Development, Vol. III. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1922) p. 267, fig. 221

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}

[[Category:English Heritage sites in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Country houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions of the Peak District]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1597]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Textile museums in the United Kingdom]]

[[es:Hardwick Hall]]
[[it:Hardwick Hall]]
[[pl:Hardwick Hall]]
[[pt:Hardwick Hall]]
[[ru:Хардвик-холл]]
[[sv:Hardwick Hall]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2011-11-05T17:45:29Z

Camboxer: /* Preservation */ ref added

{{about|the preserved locomotive|the daily train service between London and Edinburgh|Flying Scotsman (train)|other uses|Flying Scotsman (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Locomotive
| name=''Flying Scotsman''
| powertype=Steam
| image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG
| caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.
| gauge={{RailGauge|ussg}}
| designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]
| cylindercount=3
| locoweight=96.25 [[long tons|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)
| length=70 feet (21.6 m)
| height=13 feet (4.0 m)
| driverdiameter=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter
| topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)
| tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])
| railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]
| railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]
| whytetype=[[4-6-2]]
| roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 502, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103
| officialname=''Flying Scotsman''
| builddate=1923
| builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]
| retiredate=1963
| restoredate=1968, 2011
| currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]
}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] No. '''4472 ''Flying Scotsman''''' (originally No. 1472) was built in 1923 for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably on the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which it was named. In its career 4472 ''Flying Scotsman'' has covered more than {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]] (GNR). It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the GNR number 1472, because the LNER had not yet decided on a system-wide numbering scheme.<ref name=RCTS2A9ibc>{{cite book |last1=Boddy |first1=M.G. |last2=Neve |first2=E. |last3=Yeadon |first3=W.B. |authorlink3=Willie Yeadon |editor-last=Fry |editor-first=E.V. |title=Part 2A: Tender Engines - Classes A1 to A10 |series=Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. |year=1986 |month=August |origyear=1973 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|RCTS]] |location=Kenilworth |isbn=0 901115 25 8 |page=9, inside back cover |ref=harv }}</ref>

''Flying Scotsman'' was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the [[British Empire Exhibition]] at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. Prior to this event, in February 1924 it acquired its name and the new number of 4472.<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|pp=9, 73, inside back cover}}</ref> From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on 1 May 1928. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a [[corridor connection]] and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train to permit replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''[[The Flying Scotsman (1929 film)|The Flying Scotsman]]''. On 30 November 1934, running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On 22 August 1928, there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On 25 April 1945, A1-class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson (engineer)|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. ''Flying Scotsman'' emerged from Doncaster works on 4 January 1947 as an A3, having received a boiler with the long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had been renumbered twice: under [[Edward Thompson (engineer)|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, it became no. 502 in January 1946; but in May the same year, under an amendment to that plan, it become no. 103.<ref name=RCTS2A9ibc /> Following nationalisation of the railways on 1 January 1948, almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000, and no. 103 duly became 60103 in December 1948.<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|loc=inside back cover}}</ref>

Between 5 June 1950 and 4 July 1954, and between 26 December 1954 and 1 September 1957, under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running [[Nottingham Victoria]] to [[London Marylebone]] services via [[Leicester Central]], and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in January 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]], who had it restored at [[Darlington Works]] as closely as possible to its LNER condition: the smoke deflectors were removed, the double chimney was replaced by a single chimney, and the [[tender locomotive|tender]] was replaced by one of the [[corridor tender|corridor type]] with which the locomotive had run between 1928 and 1936. It was also repainted into LNER livery, although the cylinder sides were painted green, whereas in LNER days they were always black. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. In the meantime, the watering facilities for locomotives were disappearing, so in September 1966 Pegler purchased a second corridor tender, and adapted as an auxiliary water tank; retaining its through gangway, this was coupled behind the normal tender.<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|pp=68–69, 70, 88}}</ref>
[[File:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Flying Scotsman'' at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
Pegler had a contract permitting him to run his locomotive on BR until 1972, but following overhaul in the winter of 1968–69 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, for which it was fitted with cowcatcher, bell, buckeye couplings, American-style whistle,<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|p=88}}</ref> air brakes and high-intensity headlamp. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972.

Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. After [[Alan Bloom (plantsman)|Alan Bloom]] made a personal phone call to him in January 1973, [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in and bought the locomotive for £25,000 direct from the finance company in [[San Francisco]] docks. After its return to the UK via the [[Panama Canal]] in February 1973, McAlpine paid for the locomotive's restoration at [[Derby Works]]. Trial runs took place on the [[Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway]] in summer 1973, after which it was transferred to [[Steamtown (Carnforth)]], from where it steamed on various tours.<ref name="RailPep">{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-news-articles/sir-william-mcalpine-talks-to-andy-milne-1087.html|title=Sir William McAlpine talks to Andy Milne|publisher=Railway people|date=2006-06-20}}</ref>
[[File:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Flying Scotsman'' at [[Seymour railway station]], Victoria in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |year=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on|author=O'Neil, Shane|journal=[[Australian Railway History]]|date=August 2008|pages=265–272}}</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the [[Aus Steam '88]] festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line]], Victoria. The ''Flying Scotsman'' stayed in Victoria for two months before heading back to New South Wales. On 8 August 1989 ''Flying Scotsman'' set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|year=1992|pages=112, 121}}</ref> A plaque on the engine records the event.

Returned to the UK, by 1995 it was in pieces at [[Southall Railway Centre]] in West London, owned by a consortia that included McAlpine as well as music guru and well-known railway enthusiast [[Pete Waterman]]. Facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation, salvation came in 1996 when [[Tony Marchington|Dr Tony Marchington]] bought the locomotive, and had it restored over three years to running condition at a cost of £1 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318968.stm|title=Scotsman flying high|publisher=BBC News|date=14 April 1999|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> Marchington's time with the ''Flying Scotsman'' was documented in two films, the [[BBC]]'s ''A Gambol on Steam,'' and the later [[Channel 4]] programme ''A Steamy Affair: The Story of Flying Scotsman.''<ref name=integra>{{cite web|url=http://kb.integracommunications.co.uk/article.php?id=0000000336|title=Dr Tony Marchington confirmed as Dinner speaker|publisher=Integra Communications|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref>
[[File:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Flying Scotsman'' at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
With ''Flying Scotsman's'' regular use on the [[Venice Simplon Orient Express#Orient Express in Britain|VSOE Pullman]], in 2002, Marchington proposed a business plan, which included the construction of a "Flying Scotman Village" in [[Edinburgh]], to create revenue from associated branding. After floating on [[OFEX]] as '''Flying Scotsman plc''' in the same year,<ref name=integra/> in 2003 Edinburgh City Council turned down the village plans, and in September 2003 Marchington was declared [[bankrupt]].<ref name=Indp569244>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/flying-scotsman-may-be-sold-abroad-569244.html|title=Flying Scotsman may be sold abroad|author=Michael Williams|publisher=The Independent|date=8 February 2004|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> At the company's AGM in October 2003, CEO [[Peter Butler (politician)|Peter Butler]] announced losses of £474,619, and with a £1.5 million overdraft at [[Barclays Bank]], stated that the company only had enough cash to trade until April 2004. The company's shares were suspended from OFEX on 3 November 2003 after it had failed to declare interim results.<ref name=Indp569244/>

With the locomotive effectively placed up for sale, after a high-profile national campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. After 12 months of interim running repairs, it ran for a while to raise funds for its forthcoming 10-year major boiler recertification.

In late 2005, ''Flying Scotsman'' entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; originally planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised,<ref>[http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/ NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January–February}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Streeter, Tony|title=Flying Scotsman - the real story|journal=Steam Railway|volume=359|pages=60–2|year=2009|month=February–March}}</ref> but late discovery of additional problems meant it would not be completed until late spring 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flying Scotsman due to return late spring 2012|publisher=[[National Railway Museum]]|date=2011-09-30|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/PressOffice/PressReleases/2011/September/scotsmansept11.aspx|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/62cuHASQq|archivedate=2011-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Gary|last=Boyd-Hope|title=''Flying Scotsman'' will not return until late spring, says NRM|journal=Steam Railway|volume=394|date=14 October–10 November 2011|pages=6-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Robin|last=Jones|title=''Flying Scotsman'': repair bill to hit £2.6 million|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=156|date=27 October–23 November 2011|pages=36-7}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive was being refurbished was on view to visitors to the NRM but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer. Early in 2009 it emerged that the overhaul would see the loco reunited with the last remaining genuine A3 boiler (acquired at the same time as the locomotive as a spare). The A4 boiler that the loco had used since the early 1980s was sold to [[Jeremy Hosking]] for potential use on his locomotive, [[LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern|LNER Class A4 4464 ''Bittern'']].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February–March}}</ref>

===Debate over restoration===
[[File:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and ''Flying Scotsman'' has attracted more than its fair share{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

The National Railway Museum (NRM) announced on 15 February 2011, that Flying Scotsman will be painted in LNER Wartime Black livery when it undergoes its steam tests and commissioning runs. The letters 'NE' appear on the sides of the tender, along with the number '103' on one side of the cab and '502' on the other - the numbers it was given under the LNER's renumbering system. Flying Scotsman will be repainted in its familiar-look Apple Green livery in the summer, but remained in black for the NRM's Flying Scotsman Preview Weekend which took place on 28–30 May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rail-news.com/2011/02/15/wartime-black-livery-for-flying-scotsman/ |title=Wartime black livery for Flying Scotsman |date=15 February 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{Ref improve section|date=October 2010}}
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK. One of its first film appearances was in the 1929 film ''[[The Flying Scotsman (1929 film)|The Flying Scotsman]]'', which featured an entire sequence set aboard the locomotive.

''Flying Scotsman'' was featured in [[The Railway Series]] books by the [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|''Enterprising Engines'']]. At this time it had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories, "Tenders for Henry". When the story was filmed for the television series [[Thomas & Friends]], only ''Flying Scotsman's'' two tenders were seen.<ref name=S02E21>{{cite episode
| title = [[Thomas and Friends - Season 3|Tender Engines]]
| series = Thomas and Friends
| serieslink = Thomas and Friends
| credits = [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]] (author, [[List of Railway Series books#Enterprising Engines|Enterprising Engines]]), [[Britt Allcroft]] (producer), [[David Mitton]] (director)
| network = [[ITV]]
| airdate = 1992-02-17
| seriesno = 3
| number = 20
| minutes =
}}</ref> A popular rumour has it that the model was due to make a larger appearance but was damaged, but in fact the modelling crew could not afford to build the whole engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sodor-island.net/steveasquithinterview.html |title=Steve Asquith - 25 Years On The Model Unit |accessdate=8 July 2010 }}</ref> 

''Flying Scotsman'' is featured in the PC game ''[[Microsoft Train Simulator]]''. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 & 2006 edition of ''[[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator''.

RailSimulator.com, developers of the simulator RailWorks, released a model and associated activities for the simulator on 5 November 2010.

''Flying Scotsman'' featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

''Flying Scotsman'' made a short appearance in an episode of the '60s spy show ''[[Danger Man]]'' episode "The Sanctuary".

The locomotive was the first choice for the [[Top Gear Race to the North|"''Top Gear'' Race to the North]]", though due to an overhaul was unable to attend, so the position went to [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado|LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 ''Tornado'']] instead.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Steam Railway Magazine
|volume=[http://www.greatmagazines.co.uk/store/displayitem.asp?sid=92&id=29957&custid=19@06@20098730@8753555719# Issue 363]
|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]
|date=29 May - 25 June 2009
}}</ref>

A model of the ''Flying Scotsman'' appeared in Episode 6 and ''The Great Train Race'' episodes of [[James_May's_Toy_Stories|James May's Toy Stories]]. It was [[James May]]s personal childhood model and was chosen by him to complete a world record for the longest model railway. The train was meant to travel 7 miles from [[Barnstaple]] to [[Bideford]], in [[North Devon]] and it failed early in the trip in Episode 6 but managed to complete it in ''The Great Train Race''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Clifford, David (comp.)|title=The world's most famous steam locomotive: Flying Scotsman|publisher=Finial|location=Swanage|year=1997|isbn=1-900467-02-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Nigel (ed.)|title=Flying Scotsman - a locomotive legend|publisher=Silver Link Publishing|location=St Michaels on Wyre|year=1988}}
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Nicholson, Peter|title=Flying Scotsman - the world's most travelled steam locomotive|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|year=1999|isbn=0-7110-2744-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Pegler, Alan, ''et al.''|title=Flying Scotsman|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|edition=3rd|year=1976|isbn=0-7110-0663-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Sharpe, Brian|title=Flying Scotsman: the legend lives on|publisher=Mortons Media|location=Horncastle|year=2005}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/ National Railway Museum's site] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

{{LNER Locomotives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lner Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1923]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]

[[de:LNER-Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2011-11-03T22:23:58Z

Camboxer: /* Preservation */ updated

{{about|the preserved locomotive|the daily train service between London and Edinburgh|Flying Scotsman (train)|other uses|Flying Scotsman (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Locomotive
| name=''Flying Scotsman''
| powertype=Steam
| image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG
| caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.
| gauge={{RailGauge|ussg}}
| designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]
| cylindercount=3
| locoweight=96.25 [[long tons|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)
| length=70 feet (21.6 m)
| height=13 feet (4.0 m)
| driverdiameter=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter
| topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)
| tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])
| railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]
| railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]
| whytetype=[[4-6-2]]
| roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 502, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103
| officialname=''Flying Scotsman''
| builddate=1923
| builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]
| retiredate=1963
| restoredate=1968, 2011
| currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]
}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] No. '''4472 ''Flying Scotsman''''' (originally No. 1472) was built in 1923 for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably on the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which it was named. In its career 4472 ''Flying Scotsman'' has covered more than {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]] (GNR). It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the GNR number 1472, because the LNER had not yet decided on a system-wide numbering scheme.<ref name=RCTS2A9ibc>{{cite book |last1=Boddy |first1=M.G. |last2=Neve |first2=E. |last3=Yeadon |first3=W.B. |authorlink3=Willie Yeadon |editor-last=Fry |editor-first=E.V. |title=Part 2A: Tender Engines - Classes A1 to A10 |series=Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. |year=1986 |month=August |origyear=1973 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|RCTS]] |location=Kenilworth |isbn=0 901115 25 8 |page=9, inside back cover |ref=harv }}</ref>

''Flying Scotsman'' was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the [[British Empire Exhibition]] at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. Prior to this event, in February 1924 it acquired its name and the new number of 4472.<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|pp=9, 73, inside back cover}}</ref> From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on 1 May 1928. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a [[corridor connection]] and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train to permit replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''[[The Flying Scotsman (1929 film)|The Flying Scotsman]]''. On 30 November 1934, running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On 22 August 1928, there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On 25 April 1945, A1-class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson (engineer)|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. ''Flying Scotsman'' emerged from Doncaster works on 4 January 1947 as an A3, having received a boiler with the long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had been renumbered twice: under [[Edward Thompson (engineer)|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, it became no. 502 in January 1946; but in May the same year, under an amendment to that plan, it become no. 103.<ref name=RCTS2A9ibc /> Following nationalisation of the railways on 1 January 1948, almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000, and no. 103 duly became 60103 in December 1948.<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|loc=inside back cover}}</ref>

Between 5 June 1950 and 4 July 1954, and between 26 December 1954 and 1 September 1957, under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running [[Nottingham Victoria]] to [[London Marylebone]] services via [[Leicester Central]], and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in January 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]], who had it restored at [[Darlington Works]] as closely as possible to its LNER condition: the smoke deflectors were removed, the double chimney was replaced by a single chimney, and the [[tender locomotive|tender]] was replaced by one of the [[corridor tender|corridor type]] with which the locomotive had run between 1928 and 1936. It was also repainted into LNER livery, although the cylinder sides were painted green, whereas in LNER days they were always black. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. In the meantime, the watering facilities for locomotives were disappearing, so in September 1966 Pegler purchased a second corridor tender, and adapted as an auxiliary water tank; retaining its through gangway, this was coupled behind the normal tender.<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|pp=68–69, 70, 88}}</ref>
[[File:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Flying Scotsman'' at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
Pegler had a contract permitting him to run his locomotive on BR until 1972, but following overhaul in the winter of 1968–69 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, for which it was fitted with cowcatcher, bell, buckeye couplings, American-style whistle,<ref>{{harvnb|Boddy|Neve|Yeadon|1986|p=88}}</ref> air brakes and high-intensity headlamp. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972.

Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. After [[Alan Bloom (plantsman)|Alan Bloom]] made a personal phone call to him in January 1973, [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in and bought the locomotive for £25,000 direct from the finance company in [[San Francisco]] docks. After its return to the UK via the [[Panama Canal]] in February 1973, McAlpine paid for the locomotive's restoration at [[Derby Works]]. Trial runs took place on the [[Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway]] in summer 1973, after which it was transferred to [[Steamtown (Carnforth)]], from where it steamed on various tours.<ref name="RailPep">{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-news-articles/sir-william-mcalpine-talks-to-andy-milne-1087.html|title=Sir William McAlpine talks to Andy Milne|publisher=Railway people|date=2006-06-20}}</ref>
[[File:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Flying Scotsman'' at [[Seymour railway station]], Victoria in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |year=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on|author=O'Neil, Shane|journal=[[Australian Railway History]]|date=August 2008|pages=265–272}}</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the [[Aus Steam '88]] festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line]], Victoria. The ''Flying Scotsman'' stayed in Victoria for two months before heading back to New South Wales. On 8 August 1989 ''Flying Scotsman'' set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|year=1992|pages=112, 121}}</ref> A plaque on the engine records the event.

Returned to the UK, by 1995 it was in pieces at [[Southall Railway Centre]] in West London, owned by a consortia that included McAlpine as well as music guru and well-known railway enthusiast [[Pete Waterman]]. Facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation, salvation came in 1996 when [[Tony Marchington|Dr Tony Marchington]] bought the locomotive, and had it restored over three years to running condition at a cost of £1 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318968.stm|title=Scotsman flying high|publisher=BBC News|date=14 April 1999|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> Marchington's time with the ''Flying Scotsman'' was documented in two films, the [[BBC]]'s ''A Gambol on Steam,'' and the later [[Channel 4]] programme ''A Steamy Affair: The Story of Flying Scotsman.''<ref name=integra>{{cite web|url=http://kb.integracommunications.co.uk/article.php?id=0000000336|title=Dr Tony Marchington confirmed as Dinner speaker|publisher=Integra Communications|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref>
[[File:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Flying Scotsman'' at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
With ''Flying Scotsman's'' regular use on the [[Venice Simplon Orient Express#Orient Express in Britain|VSOE Pullman]], in 2002, Marchington proposed a business plan, which included the construction of a "Flying Scotman Village" in [[Edinburgh]], to create revenue from associated branding. After floating on [[OFEX]] as '''Flying Scotsman plc''' in the same year,<ref name=integra/> in 2003 Edinburgh City Council turned down the village plans, and in September 2003 Marchington was declared [[bankrupt]].<ref name=Indp569244>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/flying-scotsman-may-be-sold-abroad-569244.html|title=Flying Scotsman may be sold abroad|author=Michael Williams|publisher=The Independent|date=8 February 2004|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> At the company's AGM in October 2003, CEO [[Peter Butler (politician)|Peter Butler]] announced losses of £474,619, and with a £1.5 million overdraft at [[Barclays Bank]], stated that the company only had enough cash to trade until April 2004. The company's shares were suspended from OFEX on 3 November 2003 after it had failed to declare interim results.<ref name=Indp569244/>

With the locomotive effectively placed up for sale, after a high-profile national campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. After 12 months of interim running repairs, it ran for a while to raise funds for its forthcoming 10-year major boiler recertification.

In late 2005, ''Flying Scotsman'' entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; originally planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised,<ref>[http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/ NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January–February}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Streeter, Tony|title=Flying Scotsman - the real story|journal=Steam Railway|volume=359|pages=60–2|year=2009|month=February–March}}</ref> but late discovery of additional problems meant it would not be completed until late spring 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flying Scotsman due to return late spring 2012|publisher=[[National Railway Museum]]|date=2011-09-30|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/PressOffice/PressReleases/2011/September/scotsmansept11.aspx|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/62cuHASQq|archivedate=2011-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Robin|last=Jones|title=''Flying Scotsman'': repair bill to hit £2.6 million|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=156|date=27 October–23 November 2011|pages=36-7}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive was being refurbished was on view to visitors to the NRM but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer. Early in 2009 it emerged that the overhaul would see the loco reunited with the last remaining genuine A3 boiler (acquired at the same time as the locomotive as a spare). The A4 boiler that the loco had used since the early 1980s was sold to [[Jeremy Hosking]] for potential use on his locomotive, [[LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern|LNER Class A4 4464 ''Bittern'']].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February–March}}</ref>

===Debate over restoration===
[[File:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and ''Flying Scotsman'' has attracted more than its fair share{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

The National Railway Museum (NRM) announced on 15 February 2011, that Flying Scotsman will be painted in LNER Wartime Black livery when it undergoes its steam tests and commissioning runs. The letters 'NE' appear on the sides of the tender, along with the number '103' on one side of the cab and '502' on the other - the numbers it was given under the LNER's renumbering system. Flying Scotsman will be repainted in its familiar-look Apple Green livery in the summer, but remained in black for the NRM's Flying Scotsman Preview Weekend which took place on 28–30 May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rail-news.com/2011/02/15/wartime-black-livery-for-flying-scotsman/ |title=Wartime black livery for Flying Scotsman |date=15 February 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{Ref improve section|date=October 2010}}
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK. One of its first film appearances was in the 1929 film ''[[The Flying Scotsman (1929 film)|The Flying Scotsman]]'', which featured an entire sequence set aboard the locomotive.

''Flying Scotsman'' was featured in [[The Railway Series]] books by the [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|''Enterprising Engines'']]. At this time it had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories, "Tenders for Henry". When the story was filmed for the television series [[Thomas & Friends]], only ''Flying Scotsman's'' two tenders were seen.<ref name=S02E21>{{cite episode
| title = [[Thomas and Friends - Season 3|Tender Engines]]
| series = Thomas and Friends
| serieslink = Thomas and Friends
| credits = [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]] (author, [[List of Railway Series books#Enterprising Engines|Enterprising Engines]]), [[Britt Allcroft]] (producer), [[David Mitton]] (director)
| network = [[ITV]]
| airdate = 1992-02-17
| seriesno = 3
| number = 20
| minutes =
}}</ref> A popular rumour has it that the model was due to make a larger appearance but was damaged, but in fact the modelling crew could not afford to build the whole engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sodor-island.net/steveasquithinterview.html |title=Steve Asquith - 25 Years On The Model Unit |accessdate=8 July 2010 }}</ref> 

''Flying Scotsman'' is featured in the PC game ''[[Microsoft Train Simulator]]''. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 & 2006 edition of ''[[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator''.

RailSimulator.com, developers of the simulator RailWorks, released a model and associated activities for the simulator on 5 November 2010.

''Flying Scotsman'' featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

''Flying Scotsman'' made a short appearance in an episode of the '60s spy show ''[[Danger Man]]'' episode "The Sanctuary".

The locomotive was the first choice for the [[Top Gear Race to the North|"''Top Gear'' Race to the North]]", though due to an overhaul was unable to attend, so the position went to [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado|LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 ''Tornado'']] instead.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Steam Railway Magazine
|volume=[http://www.greatmagazines.co.uk/store/displayitem.asp?sid=92&id=29957&custid=19@06@20098730@8753555719# Issue 363]
|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]
|date=29 May - 25 June 2009
}}</ref>

A model of the ''Flying Scotsman'' appeared in Episode 6 and ''The Great Train Race'' episodes of [[James_May's_Toy_Stories|James May's Toy Stories]]. It was [[James May]]s personal childhood model and was chosen by him to complete a world record for the longest model railway. The train was meant to travel 7 miles from [[Barnstaple]] to [[Bideford]], in [[North Devon]] and it failed early in the trip in Episode 6 but managed to complete it in ''The Great Train Race''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Clifford, David (comp.)|title=The world's most famous steam locomotive: Flying Scotsman|publisher=Finial|location=Swanage|year=1997|isbn=1-900467-02-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Nigel (ed.)|title=Flying Scotsman - a locomotive legend|publisher=Silver Link Publishing|location=St Michaels on Wyre|year=1988}}
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Nicholson, Peter|title=Flying Scotsman - the world's most travelled steam locomotive|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|year=1999|isbn=0-7110-2744-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Pegler, Alan, ''et al.''|title=Flying Scotsman|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|edition=3rd|year=1976|isbn=0-7110-0663-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Sharpe, Brian|title=Flying Scotsman: the legend lives on|publisher=Mortons Media|location=Horncastle|year=2005}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/ National Railway Museum's site] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

{{LNER Locomotives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lner Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1923]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]

[[de:LNER-Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

Geschichte der Biologie

2011-11-01T22:28:54Z

Camboxer: /* Etymology of "biology" */ addition

{{for|the video game|History of Biology (video game)}}
[[Image:Erasmus Darwin Temple of Nature.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The frontispiece to [[Erasmus Darwin]]'s [[evolution]]-themed poem ''The Temple of Nature'' shows a goddess pulling back the veil from nature (in the person of [[Artemis]]). Allegory and metaphor have often played an important role in the history of biology.]]
{{histOfScience}}
The '''history of biology''' traces the study of the [[life|living world]] from [[ancient]] to [[Modernity|modern]] times. Although the concept of ''[[biology]]'' as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from [[history of medicine|traditions of medicine]] and [[natural history]] reaching back to [[ayurveda]], [[ancient Egyptian medicine]] and the works of [[Aristotle]] and [[Galen]] in the ancient [[Greco-Roman world]]. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physicians]] and scholars such as [[Avicenna]]. During the European [[Renaissance]] and early modern period, biological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in [[empiricism]] and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were [[Vesalius]] and [[William Harvey|Harvey]], who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] and [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]] who began to [[Scientific classification|classify the diversity of life]] and the [[fossil record]], as well as the development and behavior of organisms. [[Microscopy]] revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for [[cell theory]]. The growing importance of [[natural theology]], partly a response to the rise of [[mechanical philosophy]], encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the [[teleological argument|argument from design]]).

Over the 18th and 19th centuries, biological sciences such as [[botany]] and [[zoology]] became increasingly professional [[scientific discipline]]s. [[Lavoisier]] and other physical scientists began to connect the animate and inanimate worlds through physics and chemistry. Explorer-naturalists such as [[Alexander von Humboldt]] investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography—laying the foundations for [[biogeography]], [[ecology]] and [[ethology]]. Naturalists began to reject [[essentialism]] and consider the importance of [[extinction]] and the [[history of evolutionary thought|mutability of species]]. [[Cell theory]] provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life. These developments, as well as the results from [[embryology]] and [[paleontology]], were synthesized in [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]]. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of [[spontaneous generation]] and the rise of the [[germ theory of disease]], though the mechanism of [[biological inheritance|inheritance]] remained a mystery.

In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of [[Gregor Mendel|Mendel's]] work led to the rapid development of [[genetics]] by [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of [[population genetics]] and natural selection in the "[[Modern evolutionary synthesis|neo-Darwinian synthesis]]". New disciplines developed rapidly, especially after [[James D. Watson|Watson]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]] proposed the structure of [[DNA]]. Following the establishment of the [[Central Dogma]] and the cracking of the [[genetic code]], biology was largely split between ''organismal biology''—the fields that deal with whole organisms and groups of organisms—and the fields related to ''[[cell biology|cellular]] and [[molecular biology]]''. By the late 20th century, new fields like [[genomics]] and [[proteomics]] were reversing this trend, with organismal biologists using molecular techniques, and molecular and cell biologists investigating the interplay between genes and the environment, as well as the genetics of natural populations of organisms.

==Etymology of "biology"==
The word ''biology'' is formed by combining the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] [[wikt:βίος|βίος]] (bios), meaning "life", and the suffix '-logy', meaning "science of", "knowledge of", "study of", based on the Greek verb [[wikt:λέγω|λέγειν]], 'legein' "to select", "to gather" (cf. the noun [[wikt:λόγος|λόγος]], 'logos' "word"). The term ''biology'' in its modern sense appears to have been introduced independently by [[Thomas Beddoes]] (in 1799),<ref>{{cite web|title=biology, ''n''.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford University Press|month=September|year=2011|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19228?redirectedFrom=Biology#eid|accessdate=2011-11-01}} {{OEDsub}}</ref> [[Karl Friedrich Burdach]] (in 1800), [[Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus]] (''Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur'', 1802) and [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] (''Hydrogéologie'', 1802).<ref>Junker ''Geschichte der Biologie'', p8.</ref><ref>Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', pp 1–2.</ref> The word itself appears in the title of Volume 3 of [[Michael Christoph Hanov]]'s ''Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae dogmaticae: Geologia, biologia, phytologia generalis et dendrologia'', published in 1766.

Before ''biology'', there were several terms used for the study of animals and plants. ''[[Natural history]]'' referred to the descriptive aspects of biology, though it also included [[mineralogy]] and other non-biological fields; from the Middle Ages through the Renaissance, the unifying framework of natural history was the ''scala naturae'' or [[Great Chain of Being]]. ''[[Natural philosophy]]'' and ''[[natural theology]]'' encompassed the conceptual and metaphysical basis of plant and animal life, dealing with problems of why organisms exist and behave the way they do, though these subjects also included what is now [[geology]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], and [[astronomy]]. Physiology and (botanical) pharmacology were the province of medicine. ''Botany'', ''zoology'', and (in the case of fossils) ''geology'' replaced ''natural history'' and ''natural philosophy'' in the 18th and 19th centuries before ''biology'' was widely adopted.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp36–37</ref><ref>Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', pp 1–3.</ref> To this day, "botany" and "zoology" are widely used, although they have been joined by other sub-disciplines of biology, such as [[mycology]] and [[molecular biology]].

==Ancient and medieval knowledge==
===Early cultures===
{{see also|History of the world|History of agriculture|History of medicine}}
The [[earliest humans]] must have had and passed on knowledge about [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s to increase their chances of survival. This may have included knowledge of human and animal anatomy and aspects of animal behavior (such as migration patterns). However, the first major turning point in biological knowledge came with the [[Neolithic Revolution]] about 10,000 years ago. Humans first domesticated plants for farming, then [[livestock]] animals to accompany the resulting sedentary societies.<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 2–3</ref>

The ancient cultures of [[Mesopotamia]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], the [[History of India|Indian subcontinent]], and [[History of China|China]], among others, produced renowned surgeons and students of the natural sciences such as [[Susruta]] and [[Zhang Zhongjing]], reflecting independent sophisticated systems of natural philosophy. However, the roots of modern biology are usually traced back to the [[secular]] tradition of [[ancient Greek philosophy]].<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 3–9</ref>

One of the oldest organised systems of medicine is known from Indian subcontinent in form of [[Ayurveda]] which originated around 1500 BC from [[Atharvaveda]] (one of the four most ancient books of Indian knowledge, wisdom and culture). Other ancient medical texts were produced by the [[Ancient Egyptian medicine|Egyptian tradition]], such as the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]]. It is also known for developing the process of [[embalming]], which was used for [[Mummy|mummification]], in order to preserve human remains and forestall [[decomposition]].<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', p. 8</ref> In ancient China, biological topics can be found dispersed across several different disciplines, including the work [[Chinese herbology|of herbologists]], physicians, alchemists [[Chinese philosophy|and philosophers]]. The [[Taoism|Taoist]] tradition of [[Chinese alchemy]], for example, can be considered part of the life sciences due to its emphasis on health (with the ultimate goal being the [[elixir of life]]). The system of [[classical Chinese medicine]] usually revolved around the theory of [[yin and yang]], and the [[Wu Xing|five phases]].<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', p. 4</ref> Taoist philosophers, such as [[Zhuangzi]] in the 4th century BC, also expressed ideas related to [[evolution]], such as denying the fixity of biological species and speculating that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|authorlink=Joseph Needham|last2=Ronan|first2=Colin Alistair|title=The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text, Vol. 1|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-521-29286-7|page=101}}</ref>

The ancient Indian [[Ayurveda]] tradition independently developed the concept of three humours, resembling that of the [[Humorism|four humours]] of [[ancient Greek medicine]], though the Ayurvedic system included further complications, such as the body being composed of [[Classical element|five elements]] and seven basic [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]. Ayurvedic writers also classified living things into four categories based on the method of birth (from the womb, eggs, heat & moisture, and seeds) and explained the conception of a [[fetus]] in detail. They also made considerable advances in the field of [[surgery]], often without the use of human [[dissection]] or animal [[vivisection]].<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', p. 6</ref> One of the earliest Ayurvedic treatises was the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', attributed to Sushruta in the 6th century BC. It was also an early [[materia medica]], describing 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources, and 57 preparations based on animal sources.<ref>{{Cite document|last=Girish Dwivedi|first=Shridhar Dwivedi|year=2007|title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-08|postscript=}}</ref>

[[Image:161Theophrastus 161 frontespizio.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of ''[[Historia Plantarum]]'' (ca. 1200), which was originally written around 300 BC]]

===Ancient Greek traditions===
{{see also|Ancient Greek medicine}}
The [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|pre-Socratic philosophers]] asked many questions about life but produced little systematic knowledge of specifically biological interest—though the attempts of the [[atomists]] to explain life in purely physical terms would recur periodically through the history of biology. However, the medical theories of [[Hippocrates]] and his followers, especially [[humorism]], had a lasting impact.<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 9–27</ref>

The philosopher [[Aristotle]] was the most influential scholar of the living world from [[classical antiquity]]. Though his early work in natural philosophy was speculative, Aristotle's later biological writings were more empirical, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and [[Abstraction|attributes]] of [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s in the world around him, which he devoted considerable attention to [[categorization|categorizing]]. In all, Aristotle classified 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. He believed that intellectual purposes, [[formal cause]]s, guided all natural processes.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 84–90, 135; Mason, ''A History of the Sciences'', p 41–44</ref>

Aristotle, and nearly all Western scholars after him until the 18th century, believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to humans: the ''scala naturae'' or [[Great Chain of Being]].<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 201–202; see also: Lovejoy, ''The Great Chain of Being''</ref> Aristotle's successor at the [[Lyceum]], [[Theophrastus]], wrote a series of books on botany—the ''[[Historia Plantarum|History of Plants]]''—which survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to botany, even into the [[Middle Ages]]. Many of Theophrastus' names survive into modern times, such as ''carpos'' for fruit, and ''pericarpion'' for seed vessel. [[Pliny the Elder]] was also known for his knowledge of plants and nature, and was the most prolific compiler of zoological descriptions.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 90–91; Mason, ''A History of the Sciences'', p 46</ref>

A few scholars in the [[Hellenistic period]] under the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]]—particularly [[Herophilos|Herophilus of Chalcedon]] and [[Erasistratus|Erasistratus of Chios]]—amended Aristotle's physiological work, even performing experimental dissections and vivisections.<ref>Barnes, ''Hellenistic Philosophy and Science'', p 383–384</ref> [[Galen|Claudius Galen]] became the most important authority on medicine and anatomy. Though a few ancient [[atomism|atomists]] such as [[Lucretius]] challenged the [[teleology|teleological]] Aristotelian viewpoint that all aspects of life are the result of design or purpose, teleology (and after the rise of [[Christianity]], [[natural theology]]) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries. [[Ernst W. Mayr]] argued that "Nothing of any real consequence happened in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance."<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 90–94; quotation from p 91</ref> The ideas of the Greek traditions of natural history and medicine survived, but they were generally taken unquestioningly in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]].<ref>Annas, ''Classical Greek Philosophy'', p 252</ref>

===Medieval and Islamic knowledge===
{{see also|Islamic medicine|Byzantine medicine|Medieval medicine}}
[[Image:ibn al-nafis page.jpg|300px|thumb|A biomedical work by [[Ibn al-Nafis]], an early adherent of experimental dissection who discovered the [[pulmonary circulation]] and [[coronary circulation]].]]

The decline of the [[Roman Empire]] led to the disappearance or destruction of much knowledge, though physicians still incorporated many aspects of the Greek tradition into training and practice. In [[Byzantium]] and the [[Islamic]] world, many of the Greek works were translated into [[Arabic]] and many of the works of Aristotle were preserved.<ref name=Mayr-91-94>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 91–94</ref>

Medieval [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physicians]], [[Islamic science|scientists]] and [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophers]] made significant contributions to biological knowledge between the 8th and 13th centuries during what is known as the "[[Islamic Golden Age]]" or "[[Muslim Agricultural Revolution]]". In [[zoology]], for example, the [[Afro-Arab]] scholar [[al-Jahiz]] (781–869) described early [[evolution]]ary ideas<ref>Mehmet Bayrakdar, "Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism", ''The Islamic Quarterly'', Third Quarter, 1983, [[London]].</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Thinking about Life: The History and Philosophy of Biology and Other Sciences|author=Paul S. Agutter & Denys N. Wheatley|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=2008|isbn=1-4020-8865-5|page=43|postscript=}}</ref> such as the [[struggle for existence]].<ref>Conway Zirkle (1941), Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' '''84''' (1): 71–123.</ref> He also introduced the idea of a [[food chain]],<ref>Frank N. Egerton, "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 6: Arabic Language Science - Origins and Zoological", ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', April 2002: 142–146 [143]</ref> and was an early adherent of [[environmental determinism]].<ref>Lawrence I. Conrad (1982), "Taun and Waba: Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' '''25''' (3), pp. 268–307 [278].</ref> The Persian biologist [[Al-Dinawari]] (828–896) is considered the founder of [[botany]] for his ''Book of Plants'', in which he described at least 637 species and discussed [[plant development]] from germination to death, describing the phases of [[plant growth]] and the production of flowers and fruit.<ref name=Fahd-815>{{Cite journal|last=Fahd|first=Toufic|contribution=Botany and agriculture|page=815}}, in {{Cite book |last1=Morelon |first1=Régis |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |year=1996 |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]] |volume=3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-12410-7 |postscript=}}</ref> Persian polymath [[Abu Rayhan Biruni]] described the idea of [[artificial selection]] and argued that nature works in much the same way, an idea that has been compared to [[natural selection]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=On the Presumed Darwinism of Alberuni Eight Hundred Years before Darwin|author=Jan Z. Wilczynski|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=50|issue=4|date=December 1959|pages=459–466|doi=10.1086/348801|postscript=}}</ref> In [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]], the [[Persian people|Persian]] physician [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi|Rhazes]] (865–925) carried out an early [[experiment]] to discredit the [[Galen]]ic theory of [[humorism]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

In [[Biomedical research|experimental medicine]], the Persian physician [[Avicenna]] (980–1037) introduced [[clinical trial]]s and [[clinical pharmacology]] in ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'',<ref name=Brater-449>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), pp. 447–450 [449].</ref> which remained an authoritative text in European medical education up until the 17th century.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-92902/The-Canon-of-Medicine The Canon of Medicine (work by Avicenna)], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref><ref>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4), pp. 357–377 [375].</ref> The [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]-[[Arab]]ian physician [[Ibn Zuhr|Avenzoar]] (1091–1161) was an early adherent of experimental [[dissection]] and [[autopsy]], which he carried out to prove that the skin disease [[scabies]] was caused by a [[parasite]], a discovery which upset the theory of humorism.<ref name=Hutchinson>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> He also introduced experimental [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2006>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", ''Saudi Medical Journal'' '''27''' (11): 1631–1641.</ref> where [[animal testing]] is used to experiment with surgical techniques prior to using them on humans.<ref name=Rabie2005>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2005), "Contributions of Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) to the progress of surgery: A study and translations from his book Al-Taisir", ''Saudi Medical Journal 2005; Vol. 26 (9): 1333–1339''.</ref> During a [[famine]] in [[Egypt]] in 1200, [[Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)|Abd-el-latif]] observed and examined a large number of [[skeleton]]s, and he discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the [[bone]]s of the lower [[jaw]] and [[sacrum]].<ref name=Emilie>Emilie Savage-Smith (1996), "Medicine", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., ''[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]'', Vol. 3, pp. 903–962 [951–952]. [[Routledge]], London and New York.</ref>

In the early 13th century, the Andalusian-Arabian biologist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati developed an early [[scientific method]] for botany, introducing [[empirical]] and [[experiment]]al techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous [[materia medica]], and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and [[observation]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Toby |last=Huff |year=2003 |title=The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West |page=218 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-52994-8 |pages=813–852}}</ref> His student [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (d. 1248) wrote a [[Pharmacy|pharmaceutical]] encyclopedia describing 1,400 [[plant]]s, [[food]]s, and [[drug]]s, 300 of which were his own original discoveries. A [[Latin]] translation of his work was useful to European biologists and pharmacists in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>Diane Boulanger (2002), "The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology", ''OISE Papers'', in ''STSE Education'', Vol. 3.</ref>

The Arabian physician [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213–1288) was another early adherent of experimental dissection and autopsy,<ref name = Oataya/><ref name=Savage-Smith>{{Cite journal |first=Emilie |last=Savage-Smith |title=Attitudes toward dissection in medieval Islam |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |year=1995 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=67–110 |pmid=7876530 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67 |postscript= }}
</ref> who in 1242 discovered [[pulmonary circulation]]<ref name=Dabbagh>S. A. Al-Dabbagh (1978). "Ibn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation", ''[[The Lancet]]'' '''1''', p. 1148.</ref> and [[coronary circulation]],<ref>Husain F. Nagamia (2003), "Ibn al-Nafīs: A Biographical Sketch of the Discoverer of Pulmonary and Coronary Circulation", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'' '''1''', pp. 22–28.</ref><ref>Matthijs Oudkerk (2004), ''Coronary Radiology'', "Preface", [[Springer Science+Business Media]], ISBN 3-540-43640-5.</ref> which form the basis of the [[circulatory system]].<ref>Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", ''Heart Views'' '''5''' (2), pp. 74–85 [80].</ref> He also described the concept of [[metabolism]],<ref name=Roubi>Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher], ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'').</ref> and discredited the incorrect Galenic and [[Avicennism|Avicennian]] theories on the four humours, [[Pulse|pulsation]],<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)", pp. 3 and 6, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615]</ref> bones, [[muscle]]s, [[intestine]]s, [[Sensory system|sensory organs]], [[Bile|bilious]] [[Canal (anatomy)|canals]], [[esophagus]] and [[stomach]].<ref name=Oataya>Dr. Sulaiman Oataya (1982), "Ibn ul Nafis has dissected the human body", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ([[cf.]] [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/index.html Ibn ul-Nafis has Dissected the Human Body], ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'').</ref>

[[Image:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|thumb|''[[De arte venandi]]'', by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]], was an influential medieval natural history text that explored bird [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].]]

During the [[High Middle Ages]], a few European scholars such as [[Hildegard of Bingen]], [[Albertus Magnus]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] expanded the natural history canon. The [[History of European research universities|rise of European universities]], though important for the development of physics and philosophy, had little impact on biological scholarship.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 91–94: {{quote|"As far as biology as a whole is concerned, it was not until the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century that the universities became centers of biological research."}}</ref>

==Renaissance and early modern developments==
{{see also|History of anatomy|Scientific Revolution}}
The [[European Renaissance]] brought expanded interest in both empirical natural history and physiology. In 1543, [[Andreas Vesalius]] inaugurated the modern era of Western medicine with his seminal [[human anatomy]] treatise ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'', which was based on dissection of corpses. Vesalius was the first in a series of anatomists who gradually replaced [[scholasticism]] with [[empiricism]] in physiology and medicine, relying on first-hand experience rather than authority and abstract reasoning. Via [[herbalism]], medicine was also indirectly the source of renewed empiricism in the study of plants. [[Otto Brunfels]], [[Hieronymus Bock]] and [[Leonhart Fuchs]] wrote extensively on wild plants, the beginning of a nature-based approach to the full range of plant life.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 94–95, 154–158</ref> [[Bestiaries]]—a genre that combines both the natural and figurative knowledge of animals—also became more sophisticated, especially with the work of [[William Turner (ornithologist)|William Turner]], [[Pierre Belon]], [[Guillaume Rondelet]], [[Conrad Gessner]], and [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]].<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 166–171</ref>

Artists such as [[Albrecht Dürer]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]], often working with naturalists, were also interested in the bodies of animals and humans, studying physiology in detail and contributing to the growth of anatomical knowledge.<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 80–83</ref> The traditions of [[alchemy]] and [[natural magic]], especially in the work of [[Paracelsus]], also laid claim to knowledge of the living world. Alchemists subjected organic matter to chemical analysis and experimented liberally with both biological and mineral [[pharmacology]].<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 90–97</ref> This was part of a larger transition in world views (the rise of the [[mechanical philosophy]]) that continued into the 17th century, as the traditional metaphor of ''nature as organism'' was replaced by the ''nature as machine'' metaphor.<ref>Merchant, ''The Death of Nature'', chapters 1, 4, and 8</ref>

===Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries===
{{see also|History of plant systematics}}
[[Scientific classification|Systematizing]], naming and classifying dominated natural history throughout much of the 17th and 18th centuries. [[Carolus Linnaeus]] published a basic [[taxonomy]] for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific names]] for all his species.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', chapter 4</ref> While Linnaeus conceived of species as unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy, the other great naturalist of the 18th century, [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], treated species as artificial categories and living forms as malleable—even suggesting the possibility of [[common descent]]. Though he was opposed to evolution, Buffon is a key figure in the [[history of evolutionary thought]]; his work would influence the evolutionary theories of both [[Lamarck]] and [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]].<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', chapter 7</ref>

The discovery and description of new species and the collection of specimens became a passion of scientific gentlemen and a lucrative enterprise for entrepreneurs; many naturalists traveled the globe in search of scientific knowledge and adventure.<ref>See Raby, ''Bright Paradise''</ref>

[[Image:Musei Wormiani Historia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cabinet of curiosities|Cabinets of curiosities]], such as that of [[Ole Worm]], were centers of biological knowledge in the early modern period, bringing organisms from across the world together in one place. Before the [[Age of Exploration]], naturalists had little idea of the sheer scale of biological diversity.]]

Extending the work of Vesalius into experiments on still living bodies (of both humans and animals), [[William Harvey]] and other natural philosophers investigated the roles of blood, veins and arteries. Harvey's ''[[De motu cordis]]'' in 1628 was the beginning of the end for Galenic theory, and alongside [[Santorio Santorio]]'s studies of metabolism, it served as an influential model of quantitative approaches to physiology.<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 103–113</ref>

In the early 17th century, the micro-world of biology was just beginning to open up. A few lensmakers and natural philosophers had been creating crude [[microscope]]s since the late 16th century, and [[Robert Hooke]] published the seminal ''[[Micrographia]]'' based on observations with his own compound microscope in 1665. But it was not until [[Antony van Leeuwenhoek|Antony van Leeuwenhoek's]] dramatic improvements in lensmaking beginning in the 1670s—ultimately producing up to 200-fold magnification with a single lens—that scholars discovered [[spermatozoa]], [[bacteria]], [[infusoria]] and the sheer strangeness and diversity of microscopic life. Similar investigations by [[Jan Swammerdam]] led to new interest in [[entomology]] and built the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and [[staining]].<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 133–144</ref>
[[Image:Cork Micrographia Hooke.png|thumb|right|upright|In ''[[Micrographia]]'', Robert Hooke had applied the word ''cell'' to biological structures such as this piece of [[Cork cambium|cork]], but it was not until the 19th century that scientists considered cells the universal basis of life.]]

As the microscopic world was expanding, the macroscopic world was shrinking. Botanists such as [[John Ray]] worked to incorporate the flood of newly discovered organisms shipped from across the globe into a coherent taxonomy, and a coherent theology ([[natural theology]]).<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 162–166</ref> Debate over another flood, the [[Noachian flood|Noachian]], catalyzed the development of [[paleontology]]; in 1669 [[Nicholas Steno]] published an essay on how the remains of living organisms could be trapped in layers of sediment and mineralized to produce [[fossil]]s. Although Steno's ideas about fossilization were well known and much debated among natural philosophers, an organic origin for all fossils would not be accepted by all naturalists until the end of the 18th century due to philosophical and theological debate about issues such as the age of the earth and [[extinction]].<ref>Rudwick, ''The Meaning of Fossils'', pp 41–93</ref>

==19th century: the emergence of biological disciplines==
Up through the 19th century, the scope of biology was largely divided between medicine, which investigated questions of form and function (i.e., physiology), and natural history, which was concerned with the diversity of life and interactions among different forms of life and between life and non-life. By 1900, much of these domains overlapped, while natural history (and its counterpart [[natural philosophy]]) had largely given way to more specialized scientific disciplines—[[cell biology|cytology]], [[bacteriology]], [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[embryology]], [[geography]], and [[geology]].

[[Image:Humboldt1805-chimborazo.jpg|thumb|left|In the course of his travels, [[Alexander von Humboldt]] mapped the distribution of plants across landscapes and recorded a variety of physical conditions such as pressure and temperature.]]

===Natural history and natural philosophy===
{{see also|Humboldtian science}}
Widespread travel by naturalists in the early-to-mid-19th century resulted in a wealth of new information about the diversity and distribution of living organisms. Of particular importance was the work of [[Alexander von Humboldt]], which analyzed the relationship between organisms and their environment (i.e., the domain of [[natural history]]) using the quantitative approaches of [[natural philosophy]] (i.e., [[physics]] and [[chemistry]]). Humboldt's work laid the foundations of [[biogeography]] and inspired several generations of scientists.<ref>Bowler, ''The Earth Encompassed'', pp 204–211</ref>

====Geology and paleontology====
{{see also|History of geology|History of paleontology}}
The emerging discipline of geology also brought natural history and natural philosophy closer together; the establishment of the [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic column]] linked the spacial distribution of organisms to their temporal distribution, a key precursor to concepts of evolution. [[Georges Cuvier]] and others made great strides in [[comparative anatomy]] and [[paleontology]] in the late 1790s and early 19th century. In a series of lectures and papers that made detailed comparisons between living mammals and [[fossil]] remains Cuvier was able to establish that the fossils were remains of species that had become [[extinct]]—rather than being remains of species still alive elsewhere in the world, as had been widely believed.<ref>Rudwick, ''The Meaning of Fossils'', pp 112–113</ref> Fossils discovered and described by [[Gideon Mantell]], [[William Buckland]], [[Mary Anning]], and [[Richard Owen]] among others helped establish that there had been an 'age of reptiles' that had preceded even the prehistoric mammals. These discoveries captured the public imagination and focused attention on the history of life on earth.<ref>Bowler, ''The Earth Encompassed'', pp 211–220</ref> Most of these geologists held to [[catastrophism]], but [[Charles Lyell|Charles Lyell's]] influential ''Principles of Geology'' (1830) popularised [[James Hutton|Hutton's]] [[uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarianism]], a theory that explained the geological past and present on equal terms.<ref>Bowler, ''The Earth Encompassed'', pp 237–247</ref>

====Evolution and biogeography====
[[Image:Darwins first tree.jpg|right|thumb|[[Charles Darwin]]'s first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his ''First Notebook on Transmutation of Species'' (1837)]]
{{see also|History of evolutionary thought}}
The most significant evolutionary theory before Darwin's was that of [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]; based on the [[inheritance of acquired characteristics]] (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 343–357</ref> The British naturalist [[Charles Darwin]], combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, [[Thomas Malthus|Thomas Malthus's]] writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on [[natural selection]]; similar evidence led [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] to independently reach the same conclusions.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', chapter 10: "Darwin's evidence for evolution and common descent"; and chapter 11: "The causation of evolution: natural selection"; Larson, ''Evolution'', chapter 3</ref>

The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in ''[[On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]'' is often considered the central event in the history of modern biology. Darwin's established credibility as a naturalist, the sober tone of the work, and most of all the sheer strength and volume of evidence presented, allowed ''Origin'' to succeed where previous evolutionary works such as the anonymous ''[[Vestiges of Creation]]'' had failed. Most scientists were convinced of evolution and [[common descent]] by the end of the 19th century. However, natural selection would not be accepted as the primary mechanism of evolution until well into the 20th century, as most contemporary theories of heredity seemed incompatible with the inheritance of random variation.<ref>Larson, ''Evolution'', chapter 5: "Ascent of Evolutionism"; see also: Bowler, ''The Eclipse of Darwinism''; Secord, ''Victorian Sensation''</ref>

Wallace, following on earlier work by [[A.P. de Candolle|de Candolle]], [[Alexander von Humbolt|Humbolt]] and Darwin, made major contributions to [[zoogeography]]. Because of his interest in the transmutation hypothesis, he paid particular attention to the geographical distribution of closely allied species during his field work first in [[South America]] and then in the [[Malay archipelago]]. While in the archipelago he identified the [[Wallace line]], which runs through the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]] dividing the fauna of the archipelago between an Asian zone and a [[New Guinea]]/Australian zone. His key question, as to why the fauna of islands with such similar climates should be so different, could only be answered by considering their origin. In 1876 he wrote ''The Geographical Distribution of Animals'', which was the standard reference work for over half a century, and a sequel, ''Island Life'', in 1880 that focused on island biogeography. He extended the six-zone system developed by [[Philip Sclater]] for describing the geographical distribution of birds to animals of all kinds. His method of tabulating data on animal groups in geographic zones highlighted the discontinuities; and his appreciation of evolution allowed him to propose rational explanations, which had not been done before.<ref>Larson, ''Evolution'', pp 72-73, 116–117; see also: Browne, ''The Secular Ark''.</ref><ref>Bowler ''Evolution: The History of an Idea'' p. 174</ref>

The scientific study of [[heredity]] grew rapidly in the wake of Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' with the work of [[Francis Galton]] and the [[biometry|biometricians]]. The origin of [[genetics]] is usually traced to the 1866 work of the [[monk]] [[Gregor Mendel]], who would later be credited with the [[laws of inheritance]]. However, his work was not recognized as significant until 35 years afterward. In the meantime, a variety of theories of inheritance (based on [[pangenesis]], [[orthogenesis]], or other mechanisms) were debated and investigated vigorously.<ref>Mayr, ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', pp 693–710</ref> [[Embryology]] and [[ecology]] also became central biological fields, especially as linked to evolution and popularized in the work of [[Ernst Haeckel]]. Most of the 19th century work on heredity, however, was not in the realm of natural history, but that of experimental physiology.

===Physiology===
Over the course of the 19th century, the scope of physiology expanded greatly, from a primarily medically oriented field to a wide-ranging investigation of the physical and chemical processes of life—including plants, animals, and even microorganisms in addition to man. ''Living things as machines'' became a dominant metaphor in biological (and social) thinking.<ref>Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', chapter 6; on the machine metaphor, see also: Rabinbach, ''The Human Motor''</ref>

[[Image:Tableau Louis Pasteur.jpg|thumb|left|Innovative [[laboratory glassware]] and experimental methods developed by [[Louis Pasteur]] and other biologists contributed to the young field of [[bacteriology]] in the late 19th century.]]

====Cell theory, embryology and germ theory====
Advances in [[microscopy]] also had a profound impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the [[cell (biology)|cell]]. In 1838 and 1839, [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Schleiden]] and [[Theodor Schwann|Schwann]] began promoting the ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of [[life]], though they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work of [[Robert Remak]] and [[Rudolf Virchow]], however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as [[cell theory]].<ref>Sapp, ''Genesis'', chapter 7; Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', chapters 2</ref>

Cell theory led biologists to re-envision individual organisms as interdependent assemblages of individual cells. Scientists in the rising field of [[cell biology|cytology]], armed with increasingly powerful microscopes and new [[staining]] methods, soon found that even single cells were far more complex than the homogeneous fluid-filled chambers described by earlier microscopists. [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]] had described the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] in 1831, and by the end of the 19th century cytologists identified many of the key cell components: [[chromosome]]s, [[centrosome]]s [[mitochondria]], [[chloroplast]]s, and other structures made visible through staining. Between 1874 and 1884 [[Walther Flemming]] described the discrete stages of mitosis, showing that they were not [[Artifact (observational)|artifacts]] of staining but occurred in living cells, and moreover, that chromosomes doubled in number just before the cell divided and a daughter cell was produced. Much of the research on cell reproduction came together in [[August Weismann]]'s theory of heredity: he identified the nucleus (in particular chromosomes) as the hereditary material, proposed the distinction between [[somatic cell]]s and [[germ cell]]s (arguing that chromosome number must be halved for germ cells, a precursor to the concept of [[meiosis]]), and adopted [[Hugo de Vries]]'s theory of [[pangene]]s. Weismannism was extremely influential, especially in the new field of experimental [[embryology]].<ref>Sapp, ''Genesis'', chapter 8; Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', chapter 3</ref>

By the mid 1850s the [[miasma theory of disease]] was largely superseded by the [[germ theory of disease]], creating extensive interest in microorganisms and their interactions with other forms of life. By the 1880s, [[bacteriology]] was becoming a coherent discipline, especially through the work of [[Robert Koch]], who introduced methods for growing pure cultures on [[Agar plate|agar gels]] containing specific nutrients in [[Petri dish]]es. The long-held idea that living organisms could easily originate from nonliving matter ([[spontaneous generation]]) was attacked in a series of experiments carried out by [[Louis Pasteur]], while debates over [[vitalism]] vs. [[mechanism (philosophy)|mechanism]] (a perennial issue since the time of Aristotle and the Greek atomists) continued apace.<ref>Magner, ''A History of the Life Sciences'', pp 254–276</ref>

====Rise of organic chemistry and experimental physiology====
In chemistry, one central issue was the distinction between organic and inorganic substances, especially in the context of organic transformations such as [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] and [[putrefaction]]. Since Aristotle these had been considered essentially biological (''[[vitalism|vital]]'') processes. However, [[Friedrich Wöhler]], [[Justus Liebig]] and other pioneers of the rising field of [[organic chemistry]]—building on the work of Lavoisier—showed that the organic world could often be analyzed by physical and chemical methods. In 1828 Wöhler showed that the organic substance [[urea]] could be created by chemical means that do not involve life, providing a powerful challenge to [[vitalism]]. Cell extracts ("ferments") that could effect chemical transformations were discovered, beginning with [[diastase]] in 1833. By the end of the 19th century the concept of [[enzymes]] was well established, though equations of [[chemical kinetics]] would not be applied to enzymatic reactions until the early 20th century.<ref>Fruton, ''Proteins, Enzymes, Genes'', chapter 4; Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', chapter 6</ref>

Physiologists such as [[Claude Bernard]] explored (through vivisection and other experimental methods) the chemical and physical functions of living bodies to an unprecedented degree, laying the groundwork for [[endocrinology]] (a field that developed quickly after the discovery of the first [[hormone]], [[secretin]], in 1902), [[biomechanics]], and the study of [[nutrition]] and [[digestion]]. The importance and diversity of experimental physiology methods, within both medicine and biology, grew dramatically over the second half of the 19th century. The control and manipulation of life processes became a central concern, and experiment was placed at the center of biological education.<ref>Rothman and Rothman, ''The Pursuit of Perfection'', chapter 1; Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century'', chapter 7</ref>

==Twentieth century biological sciences==
At the beginning of the 20th century, biological research was largely a professional endeavour. Most work was still done in the [[natural history]] mode, which emphasized morphological and phylogenetic analysis over experiment-based causal explanations. However, anti-[[vitalism|vitalist]] experimental physiologists and embryologists, especially in Europe, were increasingly influential. The tremendous success of experimental approaches to development, heredity, and metabolism in the 1900s and 1910s demonstrated the power of experimentation in biology. In the following decades, experimental work replaced natural history as the dominant mode of research.<ref>See: Coleman, ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century''; Kohler, ''Landscapes and Labscapes''; Allen, ''Life Science in the Twentieth Century''</ref>

===Ecology and environmental science===
{{see also|History of ecology}}

In the early 20th century, naturalists were faced with increasing pressure to add rigor and preferably experimentation to their methods, as the newly prominent laboratory-based biological disciplines had done. Ecology had emerged as a combination of biogeography with the [[biogeochemical cycle]] concept pioneered by chemists; field biologists developed quantitative methods such as the [[quadrat]] and adapted laboratory instruments and cameras for the field to further set their work apart from traditional natural history. Zoologists and botanists did what they could to mitigate the unpredictability of the living world, performing laboratory experiments and studying semi-controlled natural environments such as gardens; new institutions like the [[Carnegie Station for Experimental Evolution]] and the [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] provided more controlled environments for studying organisms through their entire life cycles.<ref>Kohler, ''Landscapes and Labscapes'', chapters 2, 3, 4</ref>

The [[ecological succession]] concept, pioneered in the 1900s and 1910s by [[Henry Chandler Cowles]] and [[Frederic Clements]], was important in early plant ecology. [[Alfred Lotka|Alfred Lotka's]] [[predator-prey equations]], [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson|G. Evelyn Hutchinson's]] studies of the biogeography and biogeochemical structure of lakes and rivers ([[limnology]]) and [[Charles Sutherland Elton|Charles Elton's]] studies of animal [[food chain]]s were pioneers among the succession of quantitative methods that colonized the developing ecological specialties. Ecology became an independent discipline in the 1940s and 1950s after [[Eugene P. Odum]] synthesized many of the concepts of [[ecosystem ecology]], placing relationships between groups of organisms (especially material and energy relationships) at the center of the field.<ref>Hagen, ''An Entangled Bank'', chapters 2–5</ref>

In the 1960s, as evolutionary theorists explored the possibility of multiple [[units of selection]], ecologists turned to evolutionary approaches. In [[population ecology]], debate over [[group selection]] was brief but vigorous; by 1970, most biologists agreed that natural selection was rarely effective above the level of individual organisms. The evolution of ecosystems, however, became a lasting research focus. Ecology expanded rapidly with the rise of the environmental movement; the [[International Biological Program]] attempted to apply the methods of [[big science]] (which had been so successful in the physical sciences) to ecosystem ecology and pressing environmental issues, while smaller-scale independent efforts such as [[island biogeography]] and the [[Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest]] helped redefine the scope of an increasingly diverse discipline.<ref>Hagen, ''An Entangled Bank'', chapters 8–9</ref>

===Classical genetics, the modern synthesis, and evolutionary theory===
{{see also|History of genetics|History of model organisms|Modern evolutionary synthesis}}

[[Image:Morgan crossover 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thomas Hunt Morgan|Thomas Hunt Morgan's]] illustration of [[crossing over]], part of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity]]
1900 marked the so-called ''rediscovery of Mendel'': [[Hugo de Vries]], [[Carl Correns]], and [[Erich von Tschermak]] independently arrived at [[Mendel's laws]] (which were not actually present in Mendel's work).<ref>Randy Moore, "[http://papa.indstate.edu/amcbt/volume_27/v27-2p13-24.pdf The 'Rediscovery' of Mendel's Work]", ''Bioscene'', Volume 27(2) pp. 13-24, May 2001.</ref> Soon after, cytologists (cell biologists) proposed that [[chromosome]]s were the hereditary material. Between 1910 and 1915, [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] and the "[[Drosophilists]]" in his fly lab forged these two ideas—both controversial—into the "Mendelian-chromosome theory" of heredity.<ref>T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller, C. B. Bridges (1915) [http://www.esp.org/books/morgan/mechanism/facsimile/title3.html ''The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity''] Henry Holt and Company.</ref> They quantified the phenomenon of genetic linkage and postulated that genes reside on chromosomes like beads on string; they hypothesized [[crossing over]] to explain linkage and constructed [[genetic map]]s of the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'', which became a widely used [[model organism]].<ref>Garland Allen, ''Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science'' (1978), chapter 5; see also: Kohler, ''Lords of the Fly'' and Sturtevant, ''A History of Genetics''</ref>

Hugo de Vries tried to link the new genetics with evolution; building on his work with heredity and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]], he proposed a theory of [[mutationism]], which was widely accepted in the early 20th century. [[Lamarckism]] also had many adherents. [[Darwinism]] was seen as incompatible with the continuously variable traits studied by [[biometry|biometricians]], which seemed only partially heritable. In the 1920s and 1930s—following the acceptance of the Mendelian-chromosome theory— the emergence of the discipline of [[population genetics]], with the work of [[R.A. Fisher]], [[J.B.S. Haldane]] and [[Sewall Wright]], unified the idea of evolution by [[natural selection]] with [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendelian genetics]], producing the [[modern synthesis]]. The [[inheritance of acquired characters]] was rejected, while mutationism gave way as genetic theories matured.<ref>Smocovitis, ''Unifying Biology'', chapter 5; see also: Mayr and Provine (eds.), ''The Evolutionary Synthesis''</ref>

In the second half of the century the ideas of population genetics began to be applied in the new discipline of the genetics of behavior, [[sociobiology]], and, especially in humans, [[evolutionary psychology]]. In the 1960s [[W.D. Hamilton]] and others developed [[game theory]] approaches to explain [[altruism]] from an evolutionary perspective through [[kin selection]]. The possible origin of higher organisms through [[endosymbiosis]], and contrasting approaches to molecular evolution in the [[gene-centered view of evolution|gene-centered view]] (which held selection as the predominant cause of evolution) and the [[neutral theory of molecular evolution|neutral theory]] (which made [[genetic drift]] a key factor) spawned perennial debates over the proper balance of [[adaptationism]] and contingency in evolutionary theory.<ref>Gould, ''The Structure of Evolutionary Theory'', chapter 8; Larson, ''Evolution'', chapter 12</ref>

In the 1970s [[Stephen Jay Gould]] and [[Niles Eldredge]] proposed the theory of [[punctuated equilibrium]] which holds that stasis is the most prominent feature of the fossil record, and that most evolutionary changes occur rapidly over relatively short periods of time.<ref>Larson, ''Evolution'', pp 271–283</ref> In 1980 [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Walter Alvarez]] proposed the hypothesis that an [[impact event]] was responsible for the [[Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event]].<ref>Zimmer, ''Evolution'', pp 188–195</ref> Also in the early 1980s, statistical analysis of the fossil record of marine organisms published by [[Jack Sepkoski]] and [[David M. Raup]] lead to a better appreciation of the importance of [[mass extinction events]] to the history of life on earth.<ref>Zimmer, ''Evolution'', pp 169–172</ref>

===Biochemistry, microbiology, and molecular biology===
{{see also|History of biochemistry|History of molecular biology}}

By the end of the 19th century all of the major pathways of [[drug metabolism]] had been discovered, along with the outlines of protein and fatty acid metabolism and urea synthesis.<ref>Caldwell, "Drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics"; Fruton, ''Proteins, Enzymes, Genes'', chapter 7</ref> In the early decades of the 20th century, the minor components of foods in human nutrition, the [[vitamins]], began to be isolated and synthesized. Improved laboratory techniques such as [[chromatography]] and [[electrophoresis]] led to rapid advances in physiological chemistry, which—as ''biochemistry''—began to achieve independence from its medical origins. In the 1920s and 1930s, biochemists—led by [[Hans Adolf Krebs|Hans Krebs]] and [[Carl Ferdinand Cori|Carl]] and [[Gerty Cori]]—began to work out many of the central [[metabolic pathways]] of life: the [[citric acid cycle]], [[glycogenesis]] and [[glycolysis]], and the synthesis of [[steroid]]s and [[porphyrin]]s. Between the 1930s and 1950s, [[Fritz Lipmann]] and others established the role of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] as the universal carrier of energy in the cell, and [[mitochondria]] as the powerhouse of the cell. Such traditionally biochemical work continued to be very actively pursued throughout the 20th century and into the 21st.<ref>Fruton, ''Proteins, Enzymes, Genes'', chapters 6 and 7</ref>

====Origins of molecular biology====
Following the rise of classical genetics, many biologists—including a new wave of physical scientists in biology—pursued the question of the gene and its physical nature. [[Warren Weaver]]—head of the science division of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]—issued grants to promote research that applied the methods of physics and chemistry to basic biological problems, coining the term ''[[molecular biology]]'' for this approach in 1938; many of the significant biological breakthroughs of the 1930s and 1940s were funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 8; Kay, ''The Molecular Vision of Life'', Introduction, Interlude I, and Interlude II</ref>

[[Image:TMV.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wendell Meredith Stanley|Wendell Stanley's]] crystallization of [[tobacco mosaic virus]] as a pure [[nucleoprotein]] in 1935 convinced many scientists that heredity might be explained purely through physics and chemistry.]]

Like biochemistry, the overlapping disciplines of [[bacteriology]] and [[virology]] (later combined as ''microbiology''), situated between science and medicine, developed rapidly in the early 20th century. [[Félix d'Herelle]]'s isolation of [[bacteriophage]] during [[World War I]] initiated a long line of research focused on phage viruses and the bacteria they infect.<ref>See: Summers, ''Félix d'Herelle and the Origins of Molecular Biology''</ref>

The development of standard, genetically uniform organisms that could produce repeatable experimental results was essential for the development of [[molecular genetics]]. After early work with ''Drosophila'' and [[maize]], the adoption of simpler [[Scientific modelling|model system]]s like the bread mold ''[[Neurospora crassa]]'' made it possible to connect genetics to biochemistry, most importantly with [[George Wells Beadle|Beadle]] and [[Edward Lawrie Tatum|Tatum's]] "[[one gene, one enzyme]]" hypothesis in 1941. Genetics experiments on even simpler systems like [[tobacco mosaic virus]] and [[bacteriophage]], aided by the new technologies of [[electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and [[ultracentrifuge|ultracentrifugation]], forced scientists to re-evaluate the literal meaning of ''life''; virus heredity and reproducing [[nucleoprotein]] cell structures outside the nucleus ("plasmagenes") complicated the accepted Mendelian-chromosome theory.<ref>Creager, ''The Life of a Virus'', chapters 3 and 6; Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 2</ref>

[[Image:Crick's 1958 central dogma.svg|thumb|The "[[central dogma of molecular biology]]" (originally a "dogma" only in jest) was proposed by Francis Crick in 1958.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/227561a0}}</ref> This is Crick's reconstruction of how he conceived of the central dogma at the time. The solid lines represent (as it seemed in 1958) known modes of information transfer, and the dashed lines represent postulated ones.]]

[[Oswald Avery]] showed in 1943 that [[DNA]] was likely the genetic material of the chromosome, not its protein; the issue was settled decisively with the 1952 [[Hershey-Chase experiment]]—one of many contributions from the so-called [[phage group]] centered around physicist-turned-biologist [[Max Delbrück]]. In 1953 [[James D. Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]], building on the work of [[Maurice Wilkins]] and [[Rosalind Franklin]], suggested that the structure of DNA was a double helix. In their famous paper "''[[Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids]]''", Watson and Crick noted coyly, "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."<ref>Watson, James D. and Francis Crick. "[http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]", ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', vol. 171, , no. 4356, pp 737–738</ref> After the 1958 [[Meselson-Stahl experiment]] confirmed the [[semiconservative replication]] of DNA, it was clear to most biologists that nucleic acid sequence must somehow determine [[Peptide sequence|amino acid sequence]] in proteins; physicist [[George Gamow]] proposed that a fixed [[genetic code]] connected proteins and DNA. Between 1953 and 1961, there were few known biological sequences—either DNA or protein—but an abundance of proposed code systems, a situation made even more complicated by expanding knowledge of the intermediate role of [[RNA]]. To actually decipher the code, it took an extensive series of experiments in biochemistry and bacterial genetics, between 1961 and 1966—most importantly the work of [[Marshall W. Nirenberg|Nirenberg]] and [[Har Gobind Khorana|Khorana]].<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapters 3, 4, 11, and 12; Fruton, ''Proteins, Enzymes, Genes'', chapter 8; on the Meselson-Stahl experiment, see: Holmes, ''Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA''</ref>

[[Image:Myoglobindiffraction.png|thumb|left|[[Myoglobin]] was used extensively for early crystallographic studies of protein structure, because of its availability from [[Sperm Whale]]s.]]

====Expansion of molecular biology====
In addition to the Division of Biology at [[Caltech]], the [[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]] (and its precursors) at [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]], and a handful of other institutions, the [[Pasteur Institute]] became a major center for molecular biology research in the late 1950s.<ref>On Caltech molecular biology, see Kay, ''The Molecular Vision of Life'', chapters 4–8; on the Cambridge lab, see de Chadarevian, ''Designs for Life''; on comparisons with the Pasteur Institute, see Creager, "Building Biology across the Atlantic"</ref> Scientists at Cambridge, led by [[Max Perutz]] and [[John Kendrew]], focused on the rapidly developing field of [[structural biology]], combining [[X-ray crystallography]] with [[molecular model]]ling and the new computational possibilities of [[History of computing hardware|digital computing]] (benefiting both directly and indirectly from the [[military funding of science]]). A number of biochemists led by [[Frederick Sanger]] later joined the Cambridge lab, bringing together the study of [[macromolecule|macromolecular]] structure and function.<ref>de Chadarevian, ''Designs for Life'', chapters 4 and 7</ref> At the Pasteur Institute, [[François Jacob]] and [[Jacques Monod]] followed the 1959 [[Arthur Pardee#The PaJaMo experiment|PaJaMo experiment]] with a series of publications regarding the [[lac operon|''lac'']] [[operon]] that established the concept of [[gene regulation]] and identified what came to be known as [[messenger RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pardee A |title=PaJaMas in Paris |journal=Trends Genet. |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=585–7 |year=2002 |pmid=12414189 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02780-4}}</ref> By the mid-1960s, the intellectual core of molecular biology—a model for the molecular basis of metabolism and reproduction— was largely complete.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 14</ref>

The late 1950s to the early 1970s was a period of intense research and institutional expansion for molecular biology, which had only recently become a somewhat coherent discipline. In what organismic biologist [[E. O. Wilson]] called "The Molecular Wars", the methods and practitioners of molecular biology spread rapidly, often coming to dominate departments and even entire disciplines.<ref>Wilson, ''Naturalist'', chapter 12; Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology, chapter 15</ref> Molecularization was particularly important in [[genetics]], [[immunology]], [[embryology]], and [[neurobiology]], while the idea that life is controlled by a "[[genetic program]]"—a metaphor Jacob and Monod introduced from the emerging fields of [[cybernetics]] and [[computer science]]—became an influential perspective throughout biology.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 15; Keller, ''The Century of the Gene'', chapter 5</ref> Immunology in particular became linked with molecular biology, with innovation flowing both ways: the [[clonal selection theory]] developed by [[Niels Jerne]] and [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] in the mid 1950s helped shed light on the general mechanisms of protein synthesis.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology, pp 126–132, 213–214</ref>

Resistance to the growing influence of molecular biology was especially evident in [[evolutionary biology]]. Protein sequencing had great potential for the quantitative study of evolution (through the [[molecular clock hypothesis]]), but leading evolutionary biologists questioned the relevance of molecular biology for answering the big questions of evolutionary causation. Departments and disciplines fractured as organismic biologists asserted their importance and independence: [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] made the famous statement that "[[nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution]]" as a response to the molecular challenge. The issue became even more critical after 1968; [[Motoo Kimura|Motoo Kimura's]] [[neutral theory of molecular evolution]] suggested that [[natural selection]] was not the ubiquitous cause of evolution, at least at the molecular level, and that molecular evolution might be a fundamentally different process from [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] evolution. (Resolving this "molecular/morphological paradox" has been a central focus of molecular evolution research since the 1960s.)<ref>Dietrich, "Paradox and Persuasion", pp 100–111</ref>

===Biotechnology, genetic engineering, and genomics===
{{see also|History of biotechnology}}

[[Biotechnology]] in the general sense has been an important part of biology since the late 19th century. With the industrialization of [[brewing]] and [[agriculture]], chemists and biologists became aware of the great potential of human-controlled biological processes. In particular, [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] proved a great boon to chemical industries. By the early 1970s, a wide range of biotechnologies were being developed, from drugs like [[penicillin]] and [[steroids]] to foods like ''[[Chlorella]]'' and single-cell protein to [[gasohol]]—as well as a wide range of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] [[high-yield crop]]s and agricultural technologies, the basis for the [[Green Revolution]].<ref>Bud, ''The Uses of Life'', chapters 2 and 6</ref>

[[Image:E coli at 10000x, original.jpg|thumb|left|Carefully engineered [[Strain (biology)|strains]] of the bacterium ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' are crucial tools in biotechnology as well as many other biological fields.]]

====Recombinant DNA====
Biotechnology in the modern sense of [[genetic engineering]] began in the 1970s, with the invention of [[recombinant DNA]] techniques. [[Restriction enzyme]]s were discovered and characterized in the late 1960s, following on the heels of the isolation, then duplication, then synthesis of viral [[genes]]. Beginning with the lab of [[Paul Berg]] in 1972 (aided by ''[[EcoRI]]'' from [[Herbert Boyer|Herbert Boyer's]] lab, building on work with [[ligase]] by [[Arthur Kornberg|Arthur Kornberg's]] lab), molecular biologists put these pieces together to produce the first [[transgenic organisms]]. Soon after, others began using [[plasmid]] [[Vector (molecular biology)|vectors]] and adding genes for [[antibiotic resistance]], greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapters 15 and 16</ref>

Wary of the potential dangers (particularly the possibility of a prolific bacteria with a viral cancer-causing gene), the scientific community as well as a wide range of scientific outsiders reacted to these developments with both enthusiasm and fearful restraint. Prominent molecular biologists led by Berg suggested a temporary moratorium on recombinant DNA research until the dangers could be assessed and policies could be created. This moratorium was largely respected, until the participants in the 1975 [[Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA]] created policy recommendations and concluded that the technology could be used safely.<ref>Bud, ''The Uses of Life'', chapter 8; Gottweis, ''Governing Molecules'', chapter 3; Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 16</ref>

Following Asilomar, new genetic engineering techniques and applications developed rapidly. [[DNA sequencing]] methods improved greatly (pioneered by [[Frederick Sanger]] and [[Walter Gilbert]]), as did [[oligonucleotide]] synthesis and [[transfection]] techniques.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 16</ref> Researchers learned to control the expression of [[transgene]]s, and were soon racing—in both academic and industrial contexts—to create organisms capable of expressing human genes for the production of human hormones. However, this was a more daunting task than molecular biologists had expected; developments between 1977 and 1980 showed that, due to the phenomena of split genes and [[splicing (genetics)|splicing]], higher organisms had a much more complex system of [[gene expression]] than the bacteria models of earlier studies.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 17</ref> The first such race, for synthesizing human [[insulin]], was won by [[Genentech]]. This marked the beginning of the biotech boom (and with it, the era of [[gene patent]]s), with an unprecedented level of overlap between biology, industry, and law.<ref>Krimsky, ''Biotechnics and Society'', chapter 2; on the race for insulin, see: Hall, ''Invisible Frontiers''; see also: Thackray (ed.), ''Private Science''</ref>

====Molecular systematics and genomics====
{{see also|History of molecular evolution}}
[[Image:Cycler.jpg|thumb|upright|Inside of a 48-well [[thermal cycler]], a device used to perform [[polymerase chain reaction]] on many samples at once]]

By the 1980s, protein sequencing had already transformed methods of [[scientific classification]] of organisms (especially [[cladistics]]) but biologists soon began to use RNA and DNA sequences as [[Trait (biology)|characters]]; this expanded the significance of [[molecular evolution]] within evolutionary biology, as the results of [[molecular systematics]] could be compared with traditional evolutionary trees based on [[morphology (biology)|morphology]]. Following the pioneering ideas of [[Lynn Margulis]] on [[endosymbiotic theory]], which holds that some of the [[organelles]] of [[eukaryotic]] cells originated from free living [[prokaryotic]] organisms through [[symbiotic]] relationships, even the overall division of the tree of life was revised. Into the 1990s, the five domains (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, and Monerans) became three (the [[Archaea]], the [[Bacteria]], and the [[Eukarya]]) based on [[Carl Woese]]'s pioneering [[molecular systematics]] work with [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]] sequencing.<ref>Sapp, ''Genesis'', chapters 18 and 19</ref>

The development and popularization of the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) in mid 1980s (by [[Kary Mullis]] and others at [[Cetus Corp.]]) marked another watershed in the history of modern biotechnology, greatly increasing the ease and speed of genetic analysis. Coupled with the use of [[expressed sequence tags]], PCR led to the discovery of many more genes than could be found through traditional biochemical or genetic methods and opened the possibility of sequencing entire genomes.<ref>Morange, ''A History of Molecular Biology'', chapter 20; see also: Rabinow, ''Making PCR''</ref>

The unity of much of the [[morphogenesis]] of organisms from fertilized egg to adult began to be unraveled after the discovery of the [[homeobox]] genes, first in fruit flies, then in other insects and animals, including humans. These developments led to advances in the field of [[evolutionary developmental biology]] towards understanding how the various [[body plan]]s of the animal phyla have evolved and how they are related to one another.<ref>Gould, ''The Structure of Evolutionary Theory'', chapter 10</ref>

The [[Human Genome Project]]—the largest, most costly single biological study ever undertaken—began in 1988 under the leadership of [[James D. Watson]], after preliminary work with genetically simpler model organisms such as ''[[E. coli]]'', ''[[S. cerevisiae]]'' and ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]''. [[Shotgun sequencing]] and gene discovery methods pioneered by [[Craig Venter]]—and fueled by the financial promise of gene patents with [[Celera Genomics]]— led to a public–private sequencing competition that ended in compromise with the first draft of the human DNA sequence announced in 2000.<ref>Davies, ''Cracking the Genome'', Introduction; see also: Sulston, ''The Common Thread''</ref>

==Twenty-first century biological sciences==
At the beginning of the 21st century, biological sciences converged with previously differentiated new and classic disciplines like [[Physics]] into research fields like [[Biophysics]]. Advances were made in analytical chemistry and physics instrumentation including improved sensors, optics, tracers, instrumentation, signal processing, networks, robots, satellites, and compute power for data collection, storage, analysis, modeling, visualization, and simulations. These technology advances allowed theoretical and experimental research including internet publication of molecular biochemistry, biological systems, and ecosystems science. This enabled worldwide access to better measurements, theoretical models, complex simulations, theory predictive model experimentation, analysis, worldwide internet observational data reporting, open peer-review, collaboration, and internet publication. New fields of biological sciences research emerged including [[Bioinformatics]], [[Theoretical biology]], [[Computational genomics]], [[Astrobiology]] and [[Synthetic Biology]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Allen, Garland E. ''Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1978. ISBN 0-691-08200-6
* Allen, Garland E. ''Life Science in the Twentieth Century''. Cambridge University Press, 1975.
* Annas, Julia ''Classical Greek Philosophy''. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.) ''The Oxford History of the Classical World''. Oxford University Press: New York, 1986. ISBN 0-19-872112-9
* Barnes, Jonathan ''Hellenistic Philosophy and Science''. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.) ''The Oxford History of the Classical World''. Oxford University Press: New York, 1986. ISBN 0-19-872112-9
* [[Peter J. Bowler|Bowler, Peter J.]] ''The Earth Encompassed: A History of the Environmental Sciences''. W. W. Norton & Company: New York, 1992. ISBN 0-393-32080-4
* [[Peter J. Bowler|Bowler, Peter J.]] ''The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900''. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1983. ISBN 0-8018-2932-1
* [[Peter J. Bowler|Bowler, Peter J.]] ''Evolution: The History of an Idea''. University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
* [[Janet Browne|Browne, Janet]]. ''The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography''. Yale University Press: New Have, 1983. ISBN 0-300-02460-6
* Bud, Robert. ''The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology''. Cambridge University Press: London, 1993. ISBN 0-521-38240-8
* Caldwell, John. "Drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics: the British contribution to fields of international significance." ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', Vol. 147, Issue S1 (January 2006), pp S89–S99.
* Coleman, William ''Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation''. Cambridge University Press: New York, 1977. ISBN 0-521-29293-X
* Creager, Angela N. H. ''The Life of a Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus as an Experimental Model, 1930–1965''. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2002. ISBN 0-226-12025-2
* Creager, Angela N. H. "Building Biology across the Atlantic," essay review in ''Journal of the History of Biology'', Vol. 36, No. 3 (September 2003), pp. 579–589.
* de Chadarevian, Soraya. ''Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II''. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002. ISBN 0-521-57078-6
* Dietrich, Michael R. "Paradox and Persuasion: Negotiating the Place of Molecular Evolution within Evolutionary Biology," in ''Journal of the History of Biology'', Vol. 31 (1998), pp. 85–111.
* Davies, Kevin. ''Cracking the Genome: Inside the Race to Unlock Human DNA''. The Free Press: New York, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-0479-4
* [[Joseph S. Fruton|Fruton, Joseph S.]] ''Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology''. Yale University Press: New Haven, 1999. ISBN 0-300-07608-8
* Gottweis, Herbert. ''Governing Molecules: The Discursive Politics of Genetic Engineering in Europe and the United States''. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1998. ISBN 0-262-07189-4
* [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen Jay]]. ''The Structure of Evolutionary Theory''. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 2002. ISBN 0-674-00613-5
* Hagen, Joel B. ''An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology''. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, 1992. ISBN 0-8135-1824-5
* Hall, Stephen S. ''Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene''. Atlantic Monthly Press: New York, 1987. ISBN 0-87113-147-1
* Holmes, Frederic Lawrence. ''Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA: A History of "The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology"''. Yale University Press: New Haven, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08540-0
* Junker, Thomas. ''Geschichte der Biologie''. C. H. Beck: München, 2004.
* Kay, Lily E. ''The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, The Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology''. Oxford University Press: New York, 1993. ISBN 0-19-511143-5
* Kohler, Robert E. ''Lords of the Fly: ''Drosophila'' Genetics and the Experimental Life''. Chicago University Press: Chicago, 1994. ISBN 0-226-45063-5
* Kohler, Robert E. ''Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology''. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2002. ISBN 0-226-45009-0
* Krimsky, Sheldon. ''Biotechnics and Society: The Rise of Industrial Genetics''. Praeger Publishers: New York, 1991. ISBN 0-275-93860-3
* [[Edward J. Larson|Larson, Edward J.]] ''Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory''. The Modern Library: New York, 2004. ISBN 0-679-64288-9
* {{cite web| author=Lennox, James |url=http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/aristotle-biology/ |title=Aristotle's Biology |work=[http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |date=2006-02-15 |accessdate= October 28, 2006}}
* [[Arthur Oncken Lovejoy|Lovejoy, Arthur O.]] ''The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea''. Harvard University Press, 1936. Reprinted by Harper & Row, ISBN 0-674-36150-4, 2005 paperback: ISBN 0-674-36153-9.
* Magner, Lois N. ''A History of the Life Sciences'', third edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2002. ISBN 0-8247-0824-5
* Mason, Stephen F. ''A History of the Sciences''. Collier Books: New York, 1956.
* [[Ernst Mayr|Mayr, Ernst]]. ''The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance''. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982. ISBN 0-674-36445-7
* [[Ernst W. Mayr|Mayr, Ernst]] and [[Will Provine|William B. Provine]], eds. ''The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology''. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1998. ISBN 0-674-27226-9
* Morange, Michel. ''A History of Molecular Biology'', translated by Matthew Cobb. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1998. ISBN 0-674-39855-6
* Rabinbach, Anson. ''The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity''. University of California Press, 1992. ISBN 0-520-07827-6
* [[Paul Rabinow|Rabinow, Paul]]. ''Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology''. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1996. ISBN 0-226-70146-8
* [[Martin J. S. Rudwick|Rudwick, Martin J.S.]] ''The Meaning of Fossils''. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1972. ISBN 0-226-73103-0
* Raby, Peter. ''Bright Paradise: Victorian Scientific Travellers''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1997. ISBN 0-691-04843-6
* Rothman, Sheila M. and David J. Rothman. ''The Pursuit of Perfection: The Promise and Perils of Medical Enhancement''. Vintage Books: New York, 2003. ISBN 0-679-75835-6
* [[Jan Sapp|Sapp, Jan]]. ''Genesis: The Evolution of Biology''. Oxford University Press: New York, 2003. ISBN 0-19-515618-8
* Secord, James A. ''Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2000. ISBN 0-226-74410-8
* Serafini, Anthony ''The Epic History of Biology'', Perseus Publishing, 1993.
* [[John Sulston|Sulston, John]]. ''The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome''. National Academy Press, 2002. ISBN 0-309-08409-1
* Smocovitis, Vassiliki Betty. ''Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1996. ISBN 0-691-03343-9
* Summers, William C. ''Félix d'Herelle and the Origins of Molecular Biology'', Yale University Press: New Haven, 1999. ISBN 0-300-07127-2
* [[Alfred Sturtevant|Sturtevant, A. H.]] ''[http://www.esp.org/books/sturt/history/readbook.html A History of Genetics]''. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 2001. ISBN 0-87969-607-9
* Thackray, Arnold, ed. ''Private Science: Biotechnology and the Rise of the Molecular Sciences''. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, 1998. ISBN 0-8122-3428-6
* [[E. O. Wilson|Wilson, Edward O.]] ''Naturalist''. Island Press, 1994.
* [[Carl Zimmer|Zimmer, Carl]]. ''Evolution: the triumph of an idea''. HarperCollins: New York, 2001. ISBN 0-06-113840-1

{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ishpssb.org/ International Society for History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology] – professional history of biology organization
* [http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac22 History of Biology] – Historyworld article
* [http://www.bioexplorer.net/History_of_Biology/ History of Biology] at Bioexplorer.Net – a collection of history of biology links
* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Biology Biology] – historically oriented article on Citizendium
* [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofbiology00mialrich Miall, L. C. (1911) History of biology.] Watts & Co. London

{{History of biology}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Biology}}
[[Category:History of biology| ]]

{{Link FA|el}}

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[[ca:Història de la biologia]]
[[de:Biologie#Geschichte]]
[[el:Ιστορία της βιολογίας]]
[[es:Historia de la biología]]
[[fr:Histoire de la biologie]]
[[hi:जीवविज्ञान का इतिहास]]
[[it:Storia della biologia]]
[[he:היסטוריה של הביולוגיה]]
[[hu:Biológiatörténet]]
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Thomas Beddoes

2011-11-01T17:05:23Z

Camboxer: /* Selected writings */ addition

[[Image:Thomas-beddoes.jpg|thumb|Thomas Beddoes]]

'''Thomas Beddoes''' (13 April 1760 – 24 December 1808), English [[physician]] and scientific writer, was born at [[Shifnal]] in [[Shropshire]]. He was a reforming practitioner and teacher of medicine, and an associate of leading scientific figures. Beddoes was a friend of [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], and, according to E. S. Shaffer, an important influence on Coleridge's early thinking, introducing him to the [[higher criticism]].<ref>''Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem'' (1975), particularly p.28.</ref> The poet [[Thomas Lovell Beddoes]] was his son. An excellent painting of him by Samson Towgood Roch is in the National Portrait Gallery , London.

==Life==

Educated at [[Bridgnorth Grammar School]] and at [[Pembroke College, Oxford]], Beddoes also enrolled in the [[University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh's]] medical course during the early 1780s. There he was taught chemistry by [[Joseph Black]] and natural history by [[John Walker (naturalist)|John Walker]]. Additionally, he studied medicine in London under John Sheldon (1752-1808). In 1784 he published a translation of [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]]'s ''Dissertations on Natural History'', and in 1785 produced a translation, with original notes, of [[Torbern Olof Bergman]]'s ''Essays on Elective Attractions''.

He took his degree of doctor of medicine at Oxford in 1786, and, after visiting Paris, where he became acquainted with [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier]], was appointed reader in chemistry at Oxford University in 1788. His lectures attracted large and appreciative audiences; but his sympathy with the [[French Revolution]] exciting a clamour against him, he resigned his readership in 1792. In the following year he published the ''History of Isaac Jenkins'', a story which powerfully exhibits the evils of drunkenness, and of which 40,000 copies are reported to have been sold.

=== Hope Square, Bristol ===
[[File:Hope Square, Bristol.jpg|thumb|Beddoes' first tuberculosis clinic in Bristol, at Hope Square]]
[[File:Beddoes plaque, Hope Square, Bristol.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque to Beddoes in Hope Square
|alt=Plaque: Thomas Beddoes MD (1760-1808). Scientist. Worked here 1793-1799. Clifton and Hotwells Improvement Society]]
Between 1793 and 1799 Beddoes had a clinic at Hope Square, Hotwells. Here he treated patients with [[tuberculosis]]. On the principle that [[butcher]]s seemed to suffer less from tuberculosis than others, he kept cows in a byre alongside the building and encouraged them to breathe upon his patients.<ref name="Jay, Atmosphere of Heaven, ST" >{{cite journal
|title=The Atmosphere of Heaven: The Unnatural Experiments of Dr Beddoes and his Sons of Genius
|journal=[[The Sunday Times]]
|author=Mike Jay
|author2=John Carey ''(reviewer)''
|date=26 April 2009
|url=http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/misc/thomas-beddoes.html
}}</ref> This is turn became the source of some local ridicule, amongst claims that animals were kept in the clinic's bedrooms, against the protests of landlords.<ref name="Jay, Atmosphere of Heaven, ST" />

Despite this enthusiasm for bovine medicine, he remained skeptical when the nearby [[Edward Jenner]] of [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire|Berkeley]] began using a cow-derived vaccination for smallpox a few years later.<ref name="Jay, Atmosphere of Heaven, ST" />

{{-}}

=== Bristol Pneumatic Institution ===
[[File:6 Dowry Square, Bristol.jpg|thumb|upright|Pneumatic Institution premises, 6 Dowry Square, with 7 to the right]]
About the same time he began to work at his project for the establishment of an institution for treating disease by the inhalation of different gases, ''i.e.'' [[Pneumatic school|pneumatic medicine]].<ref >Miller, David Philip and Levere, Trevor (March 2008) "“Inhale it and See?” The Collaboration between Thomas Beddoes and James Watt in Pneumatic Medicine" ''Ambix'' 55(1): pp. 5–28</ref><ref >Stansfield, Dorothy A. and Stansfield, Ronald G. (1986) "Dr Thomas Beddoes and James Watt: Preparatory Work 1794–96 for the Bristol Pneumatic Institute" ''Medical History'' 30: pp. 276–302</ref> In this he was assisted by [[Richard Lovell Edgeworth]], whose daughter, Anna, became Beddoes' wife in 1794. In 1799 the [[Pneumatic Institution]] was established at [[Dowry Square]], [[Hotwells]], [[Bristol]], its first superintendent being [[Humphry Davy]],<ref >{{cite journal
|last=Levere |first=Trevor H
|year=1977 |month=July
|title=Dr Thomas Beddoes and the Establishment of His Pneumatic Institution: A Tale of Three Presidents
|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
|volume=32 |issue=1
|pages=41–49
|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1977.0005
|pmid=11615622
}}</ref> who investigated the properties of nitrous oxide in its laboratory. The original aim of the institution was gradually abandoned; it became an ordinary sick-hospital, and was relinquished by its projector in the year before his death.

{{quote|text=Beddoes was a man of great powers and wide acquirements, which he directed to noble and philanthropic purposes. He strove to effect social good by popularizing medical knowledge, a work for which his vivid imagination and glowing eloquence eminently fitted him.|sign=''Encyc.Brit'' (1911)|source=<ref >Uncredited "Beddoes, Thomas (1760-1808)" ''In'' Chisholm, Hugh (editor) (1911) ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th edition) Volume 3, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EjMEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA614 page 614], Cambridge University Press</ref>}}

== Selected writings ==
Besides the writings mentioned above, Beddoes was also associated with the following:
* ''Chemical Essays'' by [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] (1786) translator
* ''An Account of some Appearances attending the Conversion of cast into malleable Iron. In a Letter from Thomas Beddoes, M. D. to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P.R.S.'' (''Phil. Trans. Royal Society'', 1791)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=IFkSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thomas+Beddoes#PPR1,M2 ''Observations on the Nature and Cure of Calculus, Sea Scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Fever''] (1793)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=t-I2AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Observations+on+the+nature+of+demonstrative+evidence+beddoes&lr=&as_brr=1#PPR1,M2 ''Observations on the nature of demonstrative evidence, with an explanation of certain difficulties occurring in the elements of geometry, and reflections on language''] (1793)

* ''Political Pamphlets'' (1795-1797)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=d3EFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thomas+Beddoes#PPP9,M2 ''Contributions to Physical and Medical Knowledge, principally from the West of England''] (1799). In this work (p. 4), Beddoes makes the first recorded use of the word ''[[Biology]]'' in its modern sense.<ref>{{cite web|title=biology, ''n''.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford University Press|month=September|year=2011|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19228?redirectedFrom=Biology#eid|accessdate=2011-11-01}} {{OEDsub}}</ref>
* ''Essay on Consumption'' (1799)
* ''Essay on Fever'' (1807)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=4gIAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thomas+Beddoes#PPP7,M2 Hygeia, or Essays Moral and Medical''] (1807)

Beddoes also edited the second edition of [[John Brown (doctor)|John Brown]]'s ''Elements of Medicine'' (1795).

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| first=Jacques | last= Barzun
| authorlink = Jacques Barzun
| year = 1972 | title = Thomas Beddoes M.D.
| publisher = Harper Collins
}} - essay reprinted in ''A Jacques Barzun Reader'' (2002)
* {{cite book
| author = Jay, Mike
| title = The Atmosphere Of Heaven: The Unnatural Experiments of Dr Beddoes and His Sons of Genius
| publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven
| year = 2009
| isbn = 9780300124392
}}
* {{cite journal
| author = Levere, Trevor H.
| title = Dr. Thomas Beddoes at Oxford: Radical politics in 1788-1793 and the fate of the Regius Chair in Chemistry
| journal = Ambix | volume = 28 | year = 1981
| pages = 61–69
| pmid = 11615866 | issue = 2
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Porter, Roy | year = 1992
| title = Doctor of Society: Thomas Beddoes and the Sick Trade in Late Enlightenment England
| publisher = Routledge | location = London
| authorlink = Roy Porter
}}
* {{cite journal
| author = Robinson, Eric
| title = Thomas Beddoes, M.D., and the reform of science teaching in Oxford
| journal = Annals of Science
| volume = 11 | year = 1955 | month = June
| pages = 137–141
| doi = 10.1080/00033795500200135 | issue = 2
}}
* {{cite book | author = Stansfield, Dorothy A.
| title = Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760-1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat
| year = 1984 | publisher = Springer | location =
| isbn = 9027716862
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Stock, John Edmonds
| title = Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes, M.D.
| year = 1811 | publisher = John Murray | location = London
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=4ksOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Edmonds+Stock#PPP9,M2
}}

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Thomas Beddoes}}
* {{cite web
| title = Thomas Beddoes (1760 - 1808)
| url = http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/thomas-beddoes.html
| accessdate = 2008-11-09
}}

*{{1911}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Beddoes
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 13 April 1760
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 24 December 1808
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beddoes}}
[[Category:1760 births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
[[Category:Old Bridgnorthians]]
[[Category:English medical doctors]]
[[Category:18th-century English medical doctors]]

Beycesultan

2011-01-17T12:27:15Z

Camboxer: /* Archaeology */ typo

{{coord|38.25|N|29.7|E|display=title}}
[[Image:Hittite Empire.png|thumb|200px|The Hittite Empire (red) at the height of its power ca. 1290 BC, also showing the Egyptian Empire (green)]]
'''Beycesultan''' is an archaeological site in western [[Anatolia]], located about 5 km southwest of the modern-day city of [[Çivril]] in the [[Denizli Province]] of [[Turkey]]. It lies in a bend of an old tributary of [[Büyük Menderes River]] ([[Maeander River]]),

==History==
Beycesultan was occupied beginning in the Late [[Chalcolithic]] period. The
settlement increased in size and prominence through the 3rd millennium,
with notable religious and civil buildings.
<ref>Jak Yakar, The Twin Shrines of Beycesultan, Anatolian Studies,
vol. 24, pp. 151-161, 1974</ref>
Development peaked early in the 2nd millennium with the construction
of a massive palace and associated structures. The palace was abandoned
and then destroyed circa 1700 BC. To this point, the orientation
of Beycesultan was strongly influenced from the west, mainly the Aegean
and [[Crete]].

After a few centuries of semi-abandonment, Beycesultan began to
rise again, this time more influenced by the [[Hittite]] regions of
Anatolia. Though smaller than the earlier city, the site was
of impressive size. This second flowering of Beycesultan was
completely destroyed circa 1200 BC as were many locations in
Anatolia at that time.
<ref>James Mellaart,The Second Millennium Chronology of Beycesultan,
Anatolian Studies, vol. 20, pp. 55-67, 1970</ref>

The site was also in the occupied, to a lesser scale, in
the [[Byzantium|Byzantine]], [[Seljuk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period.

==Archaeology==
The site of Beycesultan consists of two mounds, divided by the old trading road. The maximum height of 25 meters is at the western mound and the entire site is around a kilometer in diameter.

In early 1950s James Mellaart discovered specimens of "champagne-glass" style pottery in a Late Bronze Age context near the site. A search identified the höyük of Beycesultan upstream of the Menderes river.<ref>James Mellaart, Preliminary Report on a Survey of Pre-Classical Remains in Southern Turkey, Anatolian Studies, vol. 4, pp. 175-240, 1954</ref>

[[Seton Lloyd]], along with James Mellaart, excavated Beycesultan on behalf of the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara for 6 seasons from 1954 to 1959 with each dig lasting around 2 months.
<ref>Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, Beycesultan Excavations: First Preliminary Report, Anatolian Studies, vol. 5, pp. 39-92, 1955</ref>
<ref>Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, Beycesultan Excavations: Second Preliminary Report 1955, Anatolian Studies, vol. 6, pp. 101-135, 1956</ref>
<ref>Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, An Early Bronze Age Shrine at Beycesultan,
Anatolian Studies, vol. 7, pp. 27-36, 1957</ref>
<ref>Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, Beycesultan Excavations:
Fourth Preliminary Report 1957, Anatolian Studies, vol. 8, pp. 93-125, 1958</ref>
<ref>Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, Beycesultan Excavations:
1958, Anatolian Studies, vol. 9, pp. 35-50, 1959</ref>
<ref>Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, Beycesultan Excavations 1959:
Sixth Preliminary Report, Anatolian Studies, vol. 10, pp. 31-41, 1960</ref>

A renewed survey of the site and its region was conducted from 2002 to 2007 by Eşref Abay of the [[Ege University]] and new excavations at the site conducted under his direction in 2007 and 2007.

While no epigraphic material has been found as yet, a few seals have been recovered.

The early excavators reported "a row of small houses that had been destroyed by fire", with the champagne-glass pottery. There was also a palace "whose plan suggested ... [[Knossos]]", which was cleared out before its destruction:

:At one entrance of the palace was a kind of bathroom, where visitors washed themselves before making their bows at court. One odd feature of the inner chambers: floors raised about a yard above the ground. Beneath the floors were small passages. They suggest air ducts of a heating system, but nothing of the sort is known to have existed until 1,000 years later.

Outside the palace,
:Most interesting was a row of little shops. One was a Bronze Age pub with sunken vats for the wine supply and a lavish supply of glasses for serving the customers. It also had [[knucklebones]], a gambling game that did the duty of a modern bar's [[chuck-a-luck]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,807353,00.html Article:|title = Diggers| publisher=[[Time Magazine]]|date=1955-07-11}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]

==References==
*Seton Lloyd and James Mellaart, Beycesultan I. The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Levels, Occasional Publication of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, no. 6, 1962
*Seton Lloyd, Beycesultan II. Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery, Occasional Publication of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, no. 8, 1962
*James Mellaart and Ann Murray, Beycesultan III pt. 1. Late Bronze Age architecture, Occasional Publication of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1995, ISBN 1898249067
*James Mellaart and Ann Murray, Beycesultan III pt. 2. Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and Late Bronze Age Small Objects, Occasional Publication of the British nstitute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1995, ISBN 1898249067

==External links==
* {{cite web| url = http://cat.une.edu.au/page/beycesultan Beycesultan:|title = Current archaeology in Turkey|publisher=[[University of New England, Australia]]|year=|language=English, Turkish}}
* {{cite web| url = http://rubens.anu.edu.au/turkey/ankara/museums/anatolian_civilizations/ceramics/hittite/beycesultan Photographs:|title = Pottery from Beycesultan|publisher=[[Australian National University]] - [[Museum of Anatolian Civilizations]]|year=}}
{{Former settlements in Turkey}}
[[Category:Anatolia]]
[[Category:Denizli Province]]
[[Category:Hittite cities]]
[[Category:Archaeology of medieval Anatolia]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Turkey]]

[[ru:Бейджесултан]]
[[tr:Beycesultan]]

Brilliant (Schiff, 1981)

2010-10-21T13:09:26Z

Camboxer: addition

{{otherships|HMS Brilliant}}
{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Brilliant F90.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=HMS ''Brilliant'' (F90)
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=UK
|Ship flag=[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|RN Ensign]]
|Ship name=HMS ''Brilliant''
|Ship operator=[[Royal Navy]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Yarrow Shipbuilders]]
|Ship yard number=
|Ship laid down=25 March 1977
|Ship launched=15 December 1978
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=15 May 1981
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=1996
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|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
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|Ship honours=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Sold to Brazil 31 August 1996
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Brazil
|Ship flag= [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|45px|Brazilian Naval Ensign]]
|Ship name=''Dodsworth'' (F-47)
|Ship operator=[[Brazilian Navy]]
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
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|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Type 22 frigate]]
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=4,400 tons
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length=131.2 m (430 ft)
|Ship beam=14.8 m (48 ft)
|Ship height=
|Ship draught= 6.1 m (20 ft)
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship propulsion=
2 shafts, [[Combined gas and gas|COGOG]] 
2 × [[Rolls-Royce Olympus]] TM3B boost gas turbines (54,600 shp) 
2 × [[Rolls-Royce Tyne]] RM1C cruise gas turbines (9,700 shp)
|Ship speed=18 knots (33 km/h) cruise 30 knots (56 km/h) top speed
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=222
|Ship troops=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=2 × 6 [[Sea Wolf missile|GWS25 Seawolf SAM]] launchers 4 × 1 [[Exocet]] SSM launchers 2 × [[Bofors 40 mm gun|40 mm Bofors AA guns]]
|Ship armour=
|Ship aircraft=2 × [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] MK 8 helicopters
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Brilliant'' (F90)''' was a [[Type 22 frigate]] of the [[Royal Navy]].

She was part of the Task Force that took part in the [[Falklands War]], with Captain John Coward in command<ref>[[Sandy Woodward|Admiral Sandy Woodward]]: One Hundred Days, page 364. ISBN 9780007134670</ref>. During the war her two helicopters were involved in attacking the [[Argentina|Argentine]] submarine ''[[ARA Santa Fe (S-21)|Santa Fe]]'', and she was the first Royal Navy warship to fire the [[Sea Wolf missile]] in action when, on 12 May 1982, she shot down [[Argentine air forces in the Falklands War|three A-4 Skyhawks]]. On 21 May HMS ''Brilliant'' came under Argentine air attack outside San Carlos Water and was slightly damaged by cannon fire. On 23 May she joined [[HMS Yarmouth (F101)|HMS ''Yarmouth'']] in the [[Battle of Seal Cove|chase of the Argentinian supply ship ARA ''Monsunen'']]. She rescued 24 survivors from ''[[Atlantic Conveyor]]'' on 25 May. ''Brilliant'' had sailed south with a pair of [[WE.177#WE.177A|WE.177A nuclear depth charges]] onboard.<ref>[[Lawrence Freedman]], The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, Volume 2. Page 59. ISBN 9780415419116</ref>. To avoid complications arising from the [[Treaty of Tlatelolco]], these were unloaded to [[RFA Fort Austin]] on 16 April 1982.<ref>[http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4625B8A4-C533-4DAD-9FA5-0BFEE58F8D69/0/op_corporate1982_nuclear_weapons.pdf Ministry of Defence] Page 8. Retrieved 10th March 2009</ref>

''Brilliant'' starred in a [[BBC]] documentary series called ''HMS Brilliant'' in the early 1990s. In October 1990 she saw the first members of the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]] to serve officially on an operational warship. She decommissioned in 1996 and was sold to the [[Brazilian Navy]] on 31 August 1996 and renamed ''Dodsworth''.

The silhouette of HMS ''Brilliant'' is painted, with the date 21 May, on the side of [[Argentine Air Force]] [[IAI Nesher|IAI Finger]] serial number C-412. Also painted on C-412 is the silhouette of [[HMS Arrow (F173)|HMS ''Arrow'']] and the date 1 May. These kill markings (without crossing) have to do with damage to both ships in the Falklands War, HMS ''Arrow'' being slightly damaged by cannon fire 1 May 1982 and HMS ''Brilliant'' also being slightly damaged by cannon fire on 21 May. ''Finger'''s markings were painted soon after the war; they were seen during the November 2005 multi-national Exercise Ceibo in Argentina, and still there {{As of|2007|lc=on}}.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* AirForces Monthly Magazine February 2006, page 61.

==External links==
*[http://www.naval-history.net/F62brshipslost.htm British Ships lost and damaged 1 May - 12 June 1982]
*[http://www.naviosdeguerrabrasileiros.hpg.ig.com.br/D/D025/D025.htm F47 ''Dodsworth''] {{pt icon}}

{{Type_22_frigate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brilliant}}
[[Category:Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1978 ships]]
[[Category:Type 22 frigates of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Type 22 frigates of the Brazilian Navy]]

{{UK-frigate-stub}}

[[no:HMS «Brilliant» (F90)]]
[[pt:F Dodsworth (F-47)]]
[[sl:HMS Brilliant (F90)]]

Ernest Marples, Baron Marples

2010-09-23T08:16:34Z

Camboxer: typo

{{Infobox_Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] 
| name = The Lord Marples
| honorific-suffix = [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] 
| image =
| imagesize =
| office1 = [[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster General]]
| term_start1 = 17 January 1957
| term_end1 = 14 October 1959
| primeminister1 = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton|Charles Hill]]
| successor1 = [[Reginald Bevins]]
| office2 = [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister of Transport]]
| term_start2 = 14 October 1959
| term_end2 = 16 October 1964
| primeminister2 = [[Harold Macmillan]] [[Sir Alec Douglas-Home]]
| predecessor2 = [[Harold Arthur Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson|Harold Watkinson]]
| successor2 = [[Tom Fraser|Thomas Fraser]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|12|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Levenshulme]], [[Manchester]], [[Lancashire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|7|6|1907|12|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[The Princess Grace Hospital Centre]] in [[Monaco]]
| restingplace = [[Southern Cemetery, Manchester]]
| birthname = Alfred Ernest Marples
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| signature =
}}

'''Alfred Ernest Marples, Baron Marples''' [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] (9 December 1907 – 6 July 1978) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[politician]] who served as [[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] and [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister of Transport]]. Following his retirement from active politics in 1974, Marples was elevated to the peerage. His life ended in ignominy, however, after he fled the country to escape various legal and taxation difficulties.

==Early life==
Marples was born at 45 Dorset Road, [[Levenshulme]], [[Manchester]], [[Lancashire]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Ernest Marples|first=D. J.|last=Dutton|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31411|accessdate=10 October 2008}}</ref> His father had been a renowned engineering charge-hand and Manchester [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] campaigner, and his mother had worked in a local hat factory. Marples attended Victoria Park Council School and won a scholarship to [[Stretford Grammar School]]. By the age of 14 he was already active in the [[Labour Movement]], as well as earning money by selling cigarettes and sweets to Manchester football crowds. He also played football for the [[YMCA]] team.

He worked as a miner, a postman, a chef and an accountant. Commissioned into the [[Royal Artillery]] in 1941 he was later medically discharged with the rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] in 1944. He was instrumental in forming, with engineer Reginald Ridgway,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1389135/Reginald-Ridgway.html|title=Reginald Ridgway|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2002-03-29|accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> a construction company (Marples Ridgway Ltd) which was based in Westminster and specialised in civil engineering infrastructure projects and built many of the motorways built after the closure of many of the UKs railways. By 1945 he had joined the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and was elected to [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wallasey (UK Parliament constituency)|Wallasey]].

==Government work==
He joined the British government in 1957 as [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|Postmaster General]], and introduced the [[subscriber trunk dialling]] (STD) telephone system which eliminated the use of operators on national phone calls. (At that time the telephone network was still under the control of the [[General Post Office]]). On 2 June 1957, he started the first draw for the new [[Premium Bond]]s scheme. As Postmaster he introduced [[postcode]]s to the UK<ref name=postcodes>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/oct/07/newly-asked-question-royal-mail-postzon Guardian newspaper article on postcodes, 8 October 2009]</ref>; a website seeking to make postcode information available without charge has been named ''www.ernestmarples.com'' after Marples.

As [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister of Transport]] (14 October 1959–16 October 1964), he brought in roadside [[yellow lines]], [[parking meter]]s and [[seat belt]]s. It was also under Ernest Marples that Dr [[Richard Beeching]] was appointed chairman of the [[British Railways Board]]. After a study of railway traffic, Beeching produced a report in 1963 proposing the closure of a further {{convert|6000|mi|km}} of the remaining {{convert|18000|mi|km}} of Britain's railway network. The resultant closures, most of which were carried out under the [[Labour Government 1964-1970|Wilson Labour Government of 1964–1970]], became known as the [[Beeching Axe]]. To avoid a conflict of interest Marples undertook to sell his controlling shareholder interest in his road construction company as soon as he became Minister of Transport in October 1959, although there was a purchaser's requirement that he buy back the shares after he ceased to hold office, at the original price, should the purchaser so require.<ref>http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1960/jan/28/personal-statement#column_381</ref> The purchaser was later revealed to be his own wife.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

He retired from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] at the [[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|February 1974 general election]], and in May that year he was made a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Marples''', of [[Wallasey]] in [[Cheshire]].

==Conflict of interest==

Beeching had been appointed to his post as head of British Railways by Tory transport minister Marples (later 'Sir', and later still 'Lord'). Marples (1907 – 1978) was not just a government minister, he also owned a construction company, Marples-Ridgway. Marples-Ridgway's main concern was constructing roads. They contributed to several motorway projects during the fifties and sixties and also constructed the Hammersmith flyover in London. When it was pointed out that being transport minister as well as a road builder might be construed as a conflict of interest he agreed, and divested himself of his shares in Marples-Ridgway—to his wife.

In 1959 Ernest Marples had given the go-ahead for the first inter-city British motorway, the M1. This initially ran from London to Nottingham, closely following one of the London to Nottingham railway lines. Marples-Ridgway was given the contract to build the M1.

It is quite astonishing, with even a little thought applied to the matter, that the person responsible for closing the railways was also getting the contracts to build the roads that would have to replace them. It was Ernest Marples who closed one third of Britain's railways, not Beeching, who was merely the civil servant who wrote a report on the subject.[http://www.terrynorm.ic24.net/photo%20railways.htm]

==Flight to Monaco==
In early 1975, Marples suddenly fled to Monaco. Among the journalists who investigated his unexpected flight was ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' editor [[Richard Stott]]:

<blockquote>"In the early 70s ... he tried to fight off a revaluation of his assets which would undoubtedly cost him dear ... So Marples decided he had to go and hatched a plot to remove £2 million from Britain through his Lichtenstein company ... there was nothing for it but to cut and run, which Marples did just before the tax year of 1975. He left by the night ferry with his belongings crammed into tea chests, leaving the floors of his home in Belgravia littered with discarded clothes and possessions ... He claimed he had been asked to pay nearly 30 years' overdue tax ... The Treasury froze his assets in Britain for the next ten years. By then most of them were safely in Monaco and Lichtenstein." (Richard Stott, 'Dogs and Lampposts', Metro Publishing, 2002, pages 166 – 171) </blockquote>

In addition to being wanted for tax fraud Marples was being sued in Britain by tenants of his slum properties and by former employees.<ref>http://terrynorm.ic24.net/photo%20railways.htm</ref> He never returned to Britain, living for the remainder of his life in his French chateau.

When [[Alfred Denning, Baron Denning|Lord Denning]] made his 1963 investigation into the security aspects of the [[Profumo Affair]] and the rumoured affair between the [[Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)|Minister of Defence]], [[Duncan Sandys]], and the [[Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll|Duchess of Argyll]], he confirmed to [[Harold Macmillan|Macmillan]] that two further rumours appeared to be true. One of these was that Ernest Marples was in the habit of carrying on with prostitutes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lamb | first = Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Macmillan Years 1957-1963: The Unfolding Truth | publisher = John Murray | date = 1995 | location = London | page = 482 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 071955392X }}</ref> The story was suppressed and did not appear in Denning's final report.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sandbrook|first=Dominic | authorlink = Dominic Sandbrook |title=Never had it so good: a history of Britain from Suez to the Beatles |publisher=Abacus |location=London |year=2006 |page=674 |isbn=0-349-11530-3 |oclc= |doi= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-ernest-marples | Ernest Marples }}
* {{findagrave|10713289}}

{{start box}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wallasey (UK Parliament constituency)|Wallasey]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1945|1945]]–[[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|February 1974]]
| before = [[George Leonard Reakes]]
| after = [[Lynda Chalker]]
}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| title = [[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster General]]
| years = 1957–1959
| before = [[Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton|Charles Hill]]
| after = [[Reginald Bevins]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister of Transport]]
| years = 1959–1964
| before = [[Harold Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson|Harold Watkinson]]
| after = [[Tom Fraser]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Marples, Ernest
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =9 December 1907
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Levenshulme]], [[Manchester]], [[Lancashire]]
| DATE OF DEATH =6 July 1978
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[The Princess Grace Hospital Centre]] in [[Monaco]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marples, Ernest}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:British Secretaries of State]]
[[Category:Conservative MPs (UK)]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:United Kingdom Postmasters General]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Stretford|Maples, Ernest]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1945–1950]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950–1951]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951–1955]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1955–1959]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959–1964]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964–1966]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966–1970]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970–1974]]

[[pl:Ernest Marples]]

Die Eisenbahnkinder

2009-11-27T10:51:55Z

Camboxer: dates clarified

{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Book | 
| name = The Railway Children
| image = [[Image:The Railway Children (book).jpg]]
| image_caption =
| author = [[E. Nesbit|Edith Nesbit]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = {{UK}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]] 
| publisher = [[T. Fisher Unwin]]
| release_date = 1906
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages =
| isbn = NA 
}}

'''''The Railway Children''''' is a children's book by [[E. Nesbit|Edith Nesbit]], originally serialised in ''[[The London Magazine]]'' during 1905 and first published in book form in 1906. It has been adapted for the screen several times, of which the [[The Railway Children (film)|1970 film version]] is the best known.

==Plot summary==
The story concerns a family who move to a house near the railway after the father is imprisoned as a result of being falsely accused of selling state secrets to the Russians. The three children, Roberta, Peter and Phyllis, find amusement in watching the trains on the nearby railway line and waving to the passengers. They become friendly with Perks, the station porter, and with the Old Gentleman who regularly takes the 9:15 down train. He is eventually able to help prove their father's innocence, and the family is reunited.

The theme of an innocent man being falsely imprisoned for espionage and finally vindicated might have been influenced by the [[Dreyfus Affair]], which was a prominent worldwide news item a few years before the book was written. Also the Russian exile, persecuted by the Tsars for writing "a beautiful book about poor people and how to help them" and subsequently helped by the children, was most likely an amalgam of the real-life dissidents [[Sergius Stepniak]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]] who were both friends of the author.
----

----

==Adaptations==
The story has been adapted for the screen six times to date, as four television series, a feature film and a [[Television movie|made-for-television]] film.

===Television series===
The story was adapted as a television series four times by the BBC. The first of these, in 1951, was in 8 episodes of 30 minutes each. A second adaptation was then produced, which re-used some of the film from the original series but also contained new material with slight cast changes. This had 4 episodes of 60 minutes each.

The BBC again revisited the story with an 8 episode series in 1957 and again in 1968. The 1968 adaptation was placed 96th in the [[British Film Institute|BFI]]'s [[100 Greatest British Television Programmes]] poll of 2000. It starred [[Jenny Agutter]] as Roberta and [[Gillian Bailey]] as Phyllis. Of all the TV adaptations, only the 1968 version is known to be extant (it is currently available on DVD); the rest may be [[lost film|lost]].

===Film===
{{main|The Railway Children (film)}}
After the successful [[BBC]] dramatisation of the 1960s, the film rights were bought by the actor [[Lionel Jeffries]], who wrote and directed the film, released in 1970. Jenny Agutter and [[Dinah Sheridan]] starred in the film. The music was composed, arranged and conducted by [[Johnny Douglas (conductor)|Johnny Douglas]].

===2000 version===
In October 1999 [[ITV]] made a new adaptation, as a made-for-television film. This time Jenny Agutter played the role of the mother. Others in the movie include [[Jemima Rooper]] and [[JJ Feild]]. The railway being filmed was the [[Bluebell Railway]] using some of the Railway's steam engines and rolling stock and NBR C Class 0-6-0 "Maude", from the [[Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="125" | Cast !! width="125" | 1951 ([[BBC]]) !! width="125" | 1957 (BBC) !! width="125" | 1968 (BBC) !! width="125" | 1970 (Film) !! width="125" | 2000 ([[Carlton TV]])
|-
| Mother || [[Jean Anderson]] || [[Jean Anderson]] || Ann Castle || [[Dinah Sheridan]] || [[Jenny Agutter]]
|-
| Father || [[John Stuart]] || [[John Richmond (actor)|John Richmond]] || [[Frederick Treves]] || [[Iain Cuthbertson]] || [[Michael Kitchen]]
|-
| Roberta || Marion Chapman || [[Anneke Wills]]|| [[Jenny Agutter]] || [[Jenny Agutter]] || [[Jemima Rooper]]
|-
| Phyllis || Carole Lorimer || [[Sandra Michaels]] || [[Gillian Bailey]] || [[Sally Thomsett]] || [[Clare Thomas]]
|-
| Peter || Michael Croudson || Cavan Kendall || Neil McDermott || [[Gary Warren]] || [[Jack Blumenau]]
|-
| Perks || [[Michael Harding]] || [[Richard Warner]] || [[Gordon Gostelow]] || [[Bernard Cribbins]] || [[Gregor Fisher]]
|-
| Old Gentleman || DA Clarke-Smith || [[Norman Shelley]] || Joseph O'Conor || [[William Mervyn]] || [[Richard Attenborough]]
|-
| Dr Forrest || [[John Le Mesurier]] || [[John Stuart]] || [[John Ringham]] || Peter Bromilow || [[David Bamber]]
|}

===Stage versions===
In 2005 the stage musical was first presented at [[Sevenoaks]] Playhouse in Kent, UK, with a cast including [[Are You Being Served]] star [[Nicholas Smith]] as the Old Gentleman, [[Paul Henry (actor)|Paul Henry]] from [[Crossroads (TV series)|Crossroads]] as Perks and West End star Susannah Fellows as Mother. Music is by Richard John and book and lyrics by [[Julian Woolford]]. The score was recorded by TER/JAY records and the musical is published by Samuel French ltd, who also license it for professional and amateur performances.

A new stage adaption by [[Mike Kenny (writer)|Mike Kenny]] was staged in 2008 and 2009 at the [[National Railway Museum]], [[York]]. The adaption starred [[Sarah Quintrell]], [[Colin Tarrant]] and [[Marshall Lancaster]], and featured a working [[GNR Stirling 4-2-2|Stirling Single]] steam locomotive (GNR 4-2-2 No.1), utilising the existing rail tracks around which the museum is built, with a stage specially erected for the performances. The project was set up by York Theatre Royal, and involved its younger members (Youth theatre) in the production.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikisource|The Railway Children}}
* {{gutenberg|no=1874|name=The Railway Children}}
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/nesbit/railway.html HTML text with original illustrations, at Indiana]
* [http://librivox.org/railway-children-by-e-nesbit/ Free audiobook] from [[LibriVox]]
* {{imdb title|id=0392991|title=1957 TV series}}
* {{imdb title|id=0244750|title=1968 TV film}}
* {{imdb title|id=0066279|title=1970 film}}
* {{imdb title|id=0215111|title=2000 TV film}}
* [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/562525/index.html British Film Institute Screen Online (1968 series)]
* [http://www.railwaychildrenmusical.com/ Railway Children Musical]

{{E. Nesbit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Railway Children, The}}
[[Category:1906 novels]]
[[Category:British children's novels]]
[[Category:English-language novels]]
[[Category:Rail transport in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels by E. Nesbit]]

[[sh:The Railway Children]]

Benutzer:Liesel/Eisenbahnmusik

2009-10-11T23:08:08Z

Camboxer: correct dead link

The '''train song''' is an important genre, particularly within the blues and other styles of traditional American music. Following is a list of songs referencing freight and passenger trains and railroads organized in [[alphabetical order]]. The songs have appeared on commercially released [[album]]s and [[single (music)|singles]] and are notable for either their composers or the artists who performed them.

Songs with train or railroad in the title, but not about or inspired by trains should probably be deleted from the list. An example would be "Train In Vain" by The Clash.

This list was originally compiled and edited [http://www.thespoon.com/trainhop/songs.html Wes Modes].

{| id="toc" border="0"
! Contents:
| [[#top|Top]] [[#0-9|0-9]] [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
[[#More information|More information]]
[[#External links|External links]] __NOTOC__
|}

==0-9==
#"150 Hiney-Monoosh" by Margaret Bradford
#"3:10 To Yuma" by [[Sandy Denny]]
#"45th of May"
#"49 Tons" by [[Fred Eaglesmith]]
#"5.15" by [[Chris Isaak]]
#"5:15" by [[The Who]]
#"The 5603 or Death Where is Thy Sting" by Wilfred C. Knight

==A==
#"Absolutely Sweet Marie" by [[Bob Dylan]]
#"AC/DC" by [[Josie Aiello]]
#"Across the Tracks Blues" by [[Duke Ellington]]
#"Ain't No Brakeman" by [[John Mayall]]
#"Algoma Central" by [[Stompin' Tom Connors]]
#"All Aboard" by [[Del McCoury Band]]
#"All Aboard the Blue Train" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"All Down the Line" by [[The Rolling Stones]]
#"All Night Train" by [[The Allman Brothers Band]]

#"Amtrak Blues" by [[Alberta Hunter]]
#"Amtrak Is For Lovers" by [[Houston Calls]]
#"Another Journey by Train" by [[The Cure]]
#"Another Town, Another Train" by [[Abba]]
#"Another Train Coming" by [[Kim Weston]]
#"Are You Lonely For Me Baby" by [[Freddie Scott]]
#"At the Station" by [[Joe Walsh]]
#"Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe" by [[Judy Garland]]
#"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe" by [[Johnny Mercer]]
#"Atlantic Coastal Line, The" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Auctioner (Another Engine" by [[R.E.M.]]

==B==
#"'B' Movie Box Car Blues" by [[Delbert McClinton]] & [[Glen Clark]]
#"B&O Blues" by [[Big Joe Turner]]
#"B&O Trestle at Takoma Park"
#"Baby Likes to Rock It" by [[The Tractors]]
#"Back Up Train" by [[Al Green]]
#"Baggage Coach Ahead" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"Ballad of Eugene Victor Debs" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Ballad of John Henry" by [[Jimmy Dean]]
#"Ballad of the White Pass and Yukon Railroad"
#"Ben Dewberry's Final Run" by [[Steve Forbert]]
#"Ben Dewberry's Final Run" by [[Andrew Jenkins]]
#"Ben Dewberry's Final Run" by [[Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Ben Dewberry's Final Run" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Between Trains" by [[Auburn Lull]]
#"Big Black Train" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Big City Train" by No Doubt
#"Big Freight Train Carry Me Home" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Big Railroad Blues" by [[Grateful Dead]]
#"Big Rock Candy Mountain" by [[The Highwaymen]]
#"Big Rock Candy Mountain" by [[Burl Ives]]
#"Big Rock Candy Mountain" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Big Rock Candy Mountain" by [[Harry McClintock]]
#"Big Steel Rail" by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
#"Big Train from Memphis" by [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
#"Black Star" by [[Radiohead]]
#"Blow That Lonesome Whistle Casey" by [[Al Dexter]]
#"Blue Railroad Train" by [[Jorma Kaukonen]]
#"Blue Railroad Train" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Blue Train" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Blue Train" by [[Billie Holiday]] & [[John Coltrane]]
#"Blue Train Blues" by [[Robert Johnson]]
#"Blue Train Blues" by [[Bukka White]]
#"Blue Water Line" by [[The Brothers Four]]
#"Blue Yodel No. 7" by [[Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Bob Dylan's Dream" by [[Bob Dylan]]
#"Bone Against Steel" by [[38 Special (band)|38 Special]]
#"Boogie Woogie Choo Choo Train" by [[Mabel Scott]]
#"Born on a Train" by [[The Magnetic Fields]]
#"Boston & Maine" by [[Kim Wallach]]
#"Bound for Hell" by [[Love and Rockets]]
#"Boxcar Blues" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Boxcar Full Of Beer" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Boxcar Willie" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Boxcar's My Home" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Boxcar's My Home" by [[Willie Nelson]]
#"Boxcars" by [[Joe Ely]]
#"Brakeman's Blues" by [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Brave Engineer" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Bringin' in the Georgia Mail" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Bringin' in the Georgia Mail" by [[Jesse McReynolds|Jim & Jesse McReynolds]]
#"Bringin' in the Georgia Mail" by [[Don Reno|Don Reno & Bill Harrell]]
#"Bringin' in the Georgia Mail" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"Bringing My Baby Back" by [[Almaida]]
#"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" by [[The Weavers]]
#"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" by [[Peter Paul & Mary]]
#"Bummin Around" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Bummin' an Old Freight Train" by [[Lester Flatt| Lester Flatt & The Nashville Grass]]
#"BW Railroad Blues" by [[Townes Van Zandt]]
#"Bye, Bye Black Smoke Choo Choo" by [[Joe Glazer]]

==C==
#"Ca Roule" by [[CANO]]
#"Can't Let Go" by [[Lucinda Williams]]
#"Can't See You" by [[The Allman Brothers]]
#"Canadian Pacific" by [[George Hamilton IV]]
#"Canadian Pacific" by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
#"Canadian Railroad Trilogy" by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
#"Cane Train" by [[Bill Scott]]
#"Cannonball Blues" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Cannonball Blues" by [[Grandpa Jones]]
#"Cannonball Rag" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Cannonball" by [[Carter Family]]
#"Cannonball" by [[Seldom Scene]]
#"Carry Me From The Train" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Casey Jones" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Casey Jones" by [[Grateful Dead]]
#"Casey Jones" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Casey Jones, the Union Scab" by [[Joe Hill]]
#"Casey Junior" from the [[Dumbo]] [[soundtrack]]
#"Cash" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Chattanooga Choo Choo" by [[Cab Calloway]]
#"Chattanooga Choo Choo" by [[Bill Haley & His Comets]]
#"Chattanooga Choo Choo" by [[Harpers Bizarre]]
#"Chattanooga Choo Choo" by [[Glenn Miller]]
#"Cherokee Fiddle" by [[Johnny Lee]]
#"Chick-A-Choo Freight" by [[Hee Haw|Bob Newman]]
#"Chicken Train" by [[Ozark Mountain Daredevils]]
#"Chinacat Sunflower" by [[Grateful Dead]]
#"Choo Choo Ch'boogie" by [[Asleep at the Wheel]]
#"Choo Choo Ch'boogie" by [[Louis Jordan]]
#"Choo Choo Ch'boogie" by [[The Manhattan Transfer]]
#"Choo Choo Comin'" by [[The Stanley Brothers]]
#"City of New Orleans" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"City of New Orleans" by [[Arlo Guthrie]]
#"City of New Orleans" by [[C. W. McCall]]
#"City of New Orleans" by [[Steve Goodman]]
#"City of New Orleans" by [[Willie Nelson]]
#"Clear the Track, Let the Bulgine Run"
#"[[C'Mon N' Ride It (The Train)]]" by [[Quad City DJ's]]
#"Coal Smoke, Valve Oil and Steam" by [[Johnny Horton]]
#"Come On Train" by [[Don Thomas]]
#"Conjunction Junction" from [[Schoolhouse Rock!]]
#"Country Express" by [[Wayne Raney]]
#"CPR Blues" by [[Robert Charlebois]]
#"Crazy Train" by [[Ozzy Osbourne]]
#"Cross the Tracks (We Better Go Back)" by [[Maceo & The Macks]]
#"Crosstie Walker" by [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
#"Crystal Chandeliers and Burgundy" by [[Johnny Cash]]

==D==
#"Daddy was a Railroad Man" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Daddy, What's a Train" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Daddy, What's a Train?" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Daddy, What's a Train?" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Danville Girl" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Dark Hollow" by [[Grateful Dead]]
#"Daughter of A Railroad Man" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Daybreak Express" by [[Duke Ellington]]
#"Day the Train Jumped the Tracks" by [[Split Lip Rayfield]]
#"De Gospel Train" by [[Marian Anderson]]
#"Dead on Time" by [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
#"Engine Number 9" by [[The Deftones]]
#"Desert Moon" by [[Dennis DeYoung]]
#"Desperadoes Waiting for the Train" by [[Guy Clark]]
#"Desperadoes Waiting for the Train" by [[Rita Coolidge]]
#"Desperadoes Waiting for the Train" by [[Nanci Griffith]]
#"Desperadoes Waiting for a Train" by [[The Highwaymen (country supergroup)|The Highwaymen]]
#"Desperadoes Waiting for the Train" by [[Jerry Jeff Walker]]
#"Destination Anywhere" by [[The Marvelettes]]
#"Destination Victoria Station" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Devil's Train" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Different Trains" by [[Steve Reich]]
#"Diplomat, The" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Distant Train" by [[The Seldom Scene]]
#"Dixie Flyer" by [[Randy Newman]]
#"Do the Choo-Choo" by [[Archie Bell & The Drells]]
#"Don't Miss That Train" by [[Sister Wynona Carr]]
#"Down by the Station" by [[Four Preps]]
#"Down There by the Train" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Downbound Train" by [[Bruce Springsteen]]
#"Downtown Train" by [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]]
#"Downtown Train" by [[Tom Waits]]
#"Draize Train" by [[The Smiths]]
#"Drill, Ye Tarriers" by [[The Easy Riders]]
#"Drive the Last Spike" by [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
#"Driver 8" by [[R.E.M.]]
#"Drug Train" by [[Social Distortion]]
#"Dulcimer" by [[David Mallett]]
#"Dummy Line, The" by [[Anne Hills|Anne Hills & Cindy Mangsen]]
#"Dying Hobo" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Dying Hobo" by [[Doc Watson]]

==E==
#"Early Morning Rain" by [[Judy Collins]]
#"Early Morning Rain" by [[Ian & Sylvia]]
#"Early Morning Rain" by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
#"Early Morning Rain" by [[Peter Paul & Mary]]
#"Eastbound Freight Train" by [[Reno and Smiley]]
#"Eastbound Train" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Empire State Express" by [[Son House]]
#"End of Train Device" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Engine 143" by [[The Carter Family]]
#"Engine Engine Number 9" by [[Roger Miller]]
#"Engine of Love" from ''[[Starlight Express]]'' soundtrack
#"Engine Number 9" from ''[[Starlight Express]]'' soundtrack
#"Engineers Don't Wave from the Train Anymore" by [[Earl Scruggs]]
#"Express" by [[B.T. Express]]
#"Expressman Blues" by [[Sleepy John Estes]]

==F==
#"Fast Express" by [[The Stanley Brothers]]
#"Fast Freight" by [[Kingston Trio]]
#"Fast Moving Night Train" by [[Grandpa Jones]]
#"Fear of Trains" by [[The Magnetic Fields]]
#"Fireball Mail" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Fireball Mail" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Five Hundred Miles" by [[Kingston Trio]]
#"Five Hundred Miles" by [[Peter, Paul & Mary]]
#"Flyin' CPR" by [[Stompin' Tom Connors]]
#"Folsom Prison Blues" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Freedom Train" by [[James Carr]]
#"Freedom Train" by [[Merle Haggard]]
#"Freedom Train" by [[Roger Meddows-Taylor|Roger Taylor]]
#"Freight Train" by [[Elizabeth Cotten]]
#"Freight Train" by [[Peter, Paul and Mary]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Sidney Bechet]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Jimmy Dean]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Bob Dylan]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Robert Lee McCoy]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[Trixie Smith]]
#"Freight Train Blues" by [[The Weavers]]
#"Freight Train Boogie" by [[Red Foley]]
#"Freight Train Boogie" by [[Reno and Smiley]]
#"Freight Train Boogie" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Freight Train Comin'" by [[Metallica]]
#"Freight Train Heart" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Freight Train Ramble" by [[Darby & Tarlton]]
#"Friendship Train" by [[The Temptations]]
#"Frisco Road" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"From a Boxcar Door" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"From a Late Night Train" by [[The Blue Nile]]
#"From a Rolls to the Rails" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Full Throttle" by [[Kottonmouth Kings]]
#"Funky Soul Train" by [[Hank Ballard]]

==G==
#"Gambler, The" by [[Kenny Rogers]]
#"Gallopin' Goose, The" by [[C. W. McCall]]
#"Gandy Dancer's Ball" by [[Frankie Lane]]
#"Gentle on My Mind" by [[Glen Campbell]]
#"Georgia on a Fast Train" by [[Billy Joe Shaver]]
#"Georgia on a Fast Train" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Georgie on the IRT" by [[Dave van Ronk]]
#"Get Back on the Train" by [[Phish]]
#"Get Down off of the Train" by [[Isley Brothers]]
#"Getting Up Holler" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Ghetto Train" by [[Luther Ingram]]
#"Glendale Train" by [[New Riders of the Purple Sage]]
#"Ghost Train" by [[Bee Gees]]
#"Ghost Train" by [[Marc Cohn]]
#"Ghost Train" by [[Counting Crows]]
#"Ghost Train" by [[Rickie Lee Jones]]
#"Go Go Train" by [[Freda Payne]]
#"Going Away" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Going Home Train" by [[Irving Berlin]]
#"The Golden Rocket" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"The Golden Rocket" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Gone Darker" by [[Electrelane]]
#"Gone Dead Train" by [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]]
#"Gone Dead Train" by [[Randy Newman]]
#"Gone Dead Train" by [[Jack Nitzsche]]
#"Gone, Just Like a Train" by [[Bill Frisell]]
#"Gospel Train" by [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]]
#"[[Gospel Train]]" by [[Wright Brothers]]
#"Graveyard Train" by [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
#"Great American Bum" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"[[Great Crush Collision March]]" by [[Scott Joplin]]
#"Great Locomotive Chase, The" by [[Robert W. Smith]]
#"Greenville Trestle High" by [[Doc Watson]]

==H==
#"Hank Williams and the Hobo" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Happy Go Lucky Local" by [[Duke Ellington]]
#"Hear That Lonesome Whistle Blow" by [[Roger Whittaker]]
#"Hear My Train a Comin'" by [[Jimi Hendrix]]
#"Hear the Whistle Blow a Hundred Miles" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Heart Like a Locomotive" by [[Paul Butterfield]]
#"Heart Like Railway Steel" by [[Charley Patton]]
#"Heartbreak Express" by [[Dolly Parton]]
#"Heaven Bound Train" by [[Carl Story]]
#"Heaven Bound Train" by [[Jackson Gospel Singers]]
#"Hell Bound Train" by [[Love and Rockets]]
#"Hello Hopeville" by [[Michelle Shocked]]
#"Here Comes the Train" by [[Solomon Burke]]
#"Hey Porter" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Hey, Hey Train" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"High Speed Train" by [[R.E.M.]]
#"Hobo Bill" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Hobo Martin" by [[Benny Martin]]
#"Hobo Bill's Last Ride" by [[Merle Haggard]]
#"Hobo Bill's Last Ride" by [[Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Hobo Bill's Last Ride" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Hobo Blues" by [[John Lee Hooker]]
#"Hobo Heaven" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Hobo Jungle" by [[The Band]]
#"Hobo's Lullaby" by [[Woody Guthrie]]
#"Hobo's Meditation" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Hobo's Meditation" by [[Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Hobo's Meditation" by [[Linda Ronstadt]]
#"Hobo, You Can't Ride This Train" by [[Louis Armstrong]]
#"Homeward Bound" by [[Simon and Garfunkel]]
#"Honky Tonk Train Blues" by [[Meade Lux Lewis]]
#"Hot Rails to Hell" by [[Blue Oyster Cult]]

==I==
#"I Got the Train Sittin', Waitin'" by [[Waylon Jennings]]
#"I Heard That Lonesome Whistle Blow" by [[Hank Williams]]
#"I Heard That Lonesome Whistle Blow" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"I Know You Rider" by [[Grateful Dead]]
#"I Know You Rider" by [[Hot Tuna]]
#"I Love the Sound of a Whistle" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"I Often Dream of Trains" by [[Robyn Hitchcock]]
#"I Won't Give Up y Train" by [[Randy Dukes]]
#"I'll Be Home on Christmas Day" by [[Elvis Presley]]
#"I'm a Train" by [[Albert Hammond]]
#"I'm Blue, I'm Lonesome" by [[Bill Monroe]]
#"I'm Leaving on That Late, Late Train" by [[Solomon Burke]]
#"I'm Movin' On" by [[Ray Charles]]
#"I'm on Fire" by [[Bruce Springsteen]]
#"I've Been Working on the Railroad" by [[Mitch Miller]] & the Gang
#"I've Been Working on the Railroad" by [[Traditional music|Traditional]]
#"I've Got a Thing About Trains" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"If Love Was a Train" by [[Michelle Shocked]]
#"In a Station" by [[The Band]]
#"In the Pines" by [[Merle Travis]] & [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"In the Station"
#"India Pacific, The" by [[Slim Dusty]]
#"Into You Like a Train" by [[The Psychedelic Furs]]
#"I Often Dream of Trains" by [[Robyn Hitchcock]]
#"It Takes a Long Train (With a Red Caboose) by [[Bing Crosby]] & [[Peggy Lee]]
#"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" by [[Mike Bloomfield]]
#"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" by [[David Bromberg]]
#"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" by [[Bob Dylan]]
#"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" by [[Grateful Dead]]

==J==
#"Jay Gould's Daughter" by [[Pete Seeger]]
#"Jenny Dreamed of Trains" by [[Sweethearts of the Rodeo]]
#"Jerry, Go and Ile That Car" by [[Harry McClintock]]
#"Jesse James" by [[Grandpa Jones]]
#"Jimmie the Kid" by [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Jimmy Did You Know ( We were all gonna ride the train)"
#"John Henry" by [[Hylo Brown]]
#"John Henry" by [[Merle Travis]]
#"Jungle Train" by [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes in Toyland]]
#"Jump that Train" by [[Foghat]]
#"Jumping Someone Else's Train" by [[The Cure]]
#"Just Another Whistle Stop" by [[The Band]]
#"Just like this Train" by [[Joni Mitchell]]

==K==
#"Keep on Rollin' Down the Line" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Kentucky Hill Special" by [[Lonesome Pine Fiddlers]]
#"King of the Road" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"King of the Road" by [[Roger Miller]]
#"Kundalini Express" by [[Love and Rockets]]

==L==
#"L&M Don't Stop Here Anymore" by [[Michelle Shocked]]
#"L&N Don't Stop Here Anymore" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Lafayette Railroad" by [[Little Feat]]
#"Land Of Hope And Dreams" by [[Bruce Springsteen]]
#"Last Cannonball" by [[Mary McCaslin]]
#"Last Fair Deal Gone Down" by [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]]
#"Last Train" by [[Graham Central Station]]
#"Last Train" by [[Arlo Guthrie]]
#"Last Train" by [[Peter Rowan]]
#"Last Train" by [[Holy Soldier]]
#"Last Train" by [[Allen Toussaint]]
#"Last Train for Glory" by [[Arlo Guthrie]]
#"Last Train from Poor Valley" by [[Norman Blake]]
#"Last Train Home" by [[Pat Metheny]]
#"Last Train to Clarksville" by [[Four Tops]]
#"Last Train to Clarksville" by [[The Monkees]]
#"Last Train to Loveland" by [[Eddie Hinton]]
#"Last Train to San Fernando" by [[Johnny Duncan (bluegrass musician)|Johnny Duncan]]
#"Last Train to Trancentral" by [[The KLF]]
#"Le Train du Nord" by [[Felix LeClearc]]
#"Leavin' Memphis, Frisco Bound" by [[Jesse Fuller]]
#"Legend of John Henry" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Let Me Ride the Southbound" by [[Rex Allen|Rex Allen, Sr.]]
#"Let the Train Whistle Blow" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Letter, The" by [[Box Tops]]
#"Letter, The" by [[Joe Cocker]]
#"[[Charles_Davis_Tillman#.22Life.E2.80.99s_Railway_to_Heaven.22|"Life Is like a Mountain Railroad"]] by [[Charles Davis Tillman]]
#"Life Is a Mountain Railroad" by [[Carter Family]]
#"Life's Railway to Heaven" by [[Amazing Rhythm Aces]]
#"Life's Railway to Heaven" by [[Carter Family]]
#"[[Charles_Davis_Tillman#.22Life.E2.80.99s_Railway_to_Heaven.22|"Life's Railway to Heaven"]] by [[Charles Davis Tillman]]
#"Life's Railway to Heaven" by [[Patsy Cline]]
#"Light at the End of the Tunnel" by [[Richie Havens]]
#"Lincoln's Funeral Train"
#"Linin' Track" by [[Lead Belly]]
#"Linin' Track" by [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]]
#"Little Engine That Could, The" ([[Billy May]]/[[Warren Foster]]) by [[John Denver]]
#"Little Stream of Whiskey"
#"The Little Red Caboose" by [[Henry Thomas]]
#"Little Train From Caipira" by [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]]
#"Loco-Motion" by [[Little Eva]]
#"Locomotive" by [[Motörhead]]
#"Locomotive" by [[Sawyer Brown]]
#"Locomotive Breath" by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]
#"Locomotive Man" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Lokomotīve jūras krastā" by [[Dzeltenie Pastnieki]]
#"London" by [[The Smiths]]
#"London Train" by [[Oliver Sain]]
#"Lonesome Frisco Line" by [[Darby & Tarlton]]
#"Lonesome Joe" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Lonesome Railroad" by [[Lynn Morris (musician)|Lynn Morris Band]]
#"Lonesome Whistle" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Lonesome Whistle" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Lonesome Whistle" by [[Stonewall Jackson (musician)|Stonewall Jackson]]
#"Lonesome Whistle" by [[Hank Williams]]
#"Long Train" by Guy Davis
#"Long Black Train" by [[Doug Macleod (Blues Musician)|Doug Macleod]]
#"[[Long Black Train (song)]]" by [[Josh Turner]] (2003)
#"Long Train Runnin'" by [[The Doobie Brothers]]
#"Long Twin Silver Line" by [[Bob Seger]]
#"Lord of the Trains" by [[Tom Russell]]
#"Losing My Blues Tonight" by [[Slim Dusty]]
#"Lost Train Blues" by [[Woody Guthrie]]
#"Lotta Locomotion" (Andrew Lloyd Webber) by [[Josie Aiello]]
#"Love in Vain" by [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]]
#"Love in Vain" by [[Keb' Mo']]
#"Love in Vain" by [[The Rolling Stones]]
#"Love Train" by [[Jimmy Castor Bunch]]
#"Love Train" by [[The O'Jays]]
#"Love's Train" by [[Con Funk Shun]]
#"Lynnville Train" by [[Robert Earl Keen]]

==M==
#"Maine and the SOO Line"
#"Mainliner" by [[Esther Phillips]]
#"Mamie's Blues" by [[Louis Armstrong]]
#"Man of Constant Sorrow" by [[The Stanley Brothers]]
#"Man of Constant Sorrow" by [[Joan Baez]]
#"Man of Constant Sorrow" by [[Bob Dylan]]
#"Man of Constant Sorrow" by [[Rod Stewart]]
#"Man of Constant Sorrow" by [[Soggy Bottom Boys]]
#"Many a Man Killed on the Railroad" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Marbletown" by [[Mark Knopfler]]
#"Maree Line, The" by [[Ted Egan]]
#"Marrakesh Express" by [[Crosby, Stills and Nash]]
#"Me and Bobby McGee" by [[Kris Kristofferson]]
#"Me and Bobby McGee" by [[Janis Joplin]]
#"Medicine Train" by [[The Cult (band)|The Cult]]
#"Meet Me at the Station" by [[Rev. Gary Davis]]
#"Memphis Flyer" by [[Neil Diamond]]
#"Memphis Train" by [[Rufus Thomas]]
#"Metro, The" by [[Berlin]]
#"Midnight Flyer" by [[The Eagles]]
#"Midnight Flyer" by [[Osborne Brothers]]
#"Midnight Flyer" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"Midnight Special" by [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
#"Midnight Special" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Midnight Special" by [[Lead Belly]]
#"Midnight Train" by [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]]
#"Midnight Train" by [[Jesse McReynolds|Jim & Jesse McReynolds]]
#"Midnight Train to Georgia" by [[Gladys Knight & The Pips]]
#"Mobile Line, The" by [[Jim Kweskin|Jim Kweskin & His Jug Band]]
#"Monkey and the Engineer, The"
#"Moose-Turd Pie" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Morning Train" by [[Peter Paul & Mary]]
#"Morning Train" by [[Sensational Nightingales]]
#"Morning Train (9 to 5)" by [[Sheena Easton]]
#"Movin' On" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Mr. Engineer" by [[J.D. Crowe & the New South]]
#"MTA" by [[The Kingston Trio]]
#"Murdertrain a Comin'" by [[Dethklok]]
#"My Baby Thinks He's a Train" by [[Roseanne Cash]]
#"My Last Ride" by [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Mystery Train" by [[Elvis Presley]]
#"Mystery Train" by [[Ronnie Hawkins]]
#"Mystery Train" by [[Sleepy LaBeef]]
#"Mystery Train" by [[The Neville Brothers]]

==N==
#"Never Did Like That Train" by [[Murray McLauchlan]]
#"New Delhi Freight Train" by [[Little Feat]]
#"New Frisco Train, The" by [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]]
#"New Panama Limited" by [[Doug Macleod (Blues Musician)|Doug Macleod]]
#"New Rider Train" by [[The Stonemans]]
#"New River Train" by [[Raffi]]
#"New Train" by [[John Prine]]
#"Nickel Plate Road 759" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" by [[Joan Baez]]
#"Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" by [[The Band]]
#"Night Time in the Switching Yard" by [[Warren Zevon]]
#"Night Train" by [[James Brown]]
#"Night Train" by [[Buddy Morrow]]
#"Night Train" by [[Oscar Peterson]]
#"Night Train" by [[Bobby Womack]]
#"Night Train to Memphis" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Night Train to Memphis" by [[Grandpa Jones]]
#"Night Train to Memphis" by [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]
#"Night Train to Memphis" by [[Joe Maphis]]
#"Nine Hundred Miles" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Nine Hundred Miles" by [[New Christy Minstrels]]
#"Nine Hundred Miles" by [[Woodie Guthrie]]
#"Nine Pound Hammer" by [[Chet Atkins]]
#"Nine Pound Hammer" by [[Beau Brummels]]
#"Nine Pound Hammer" by [[David Grisman]]
#"Nine Pound Hammer" by [[Bill Monroe]]
#"Nine Pound Hammer" by [[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]]
#"Nine Pound Hammer" by [[Merle Travis]]
#"No Expectations" by [[The Rolling Stones]]
#"Nobody Takes the Train Anymore" by [[Holly Dunn]]
#"Nowhere Fast" by [[The Smiths]]
#"Number 9 Train" by [[Tarheel Slim]]
#"NYC" by [[Interpol]]

==O==
#"Old 901"
#"Old Buddy, Goodnight" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Old Gospel Train" by [[Dorothy Love Coate]]
#"Old Iron Trail" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Old Train" by [[Seldom Scene]]
#"Old Train" by [[Tony Rice|Tony Rice Unit]]
#"On a Cold Winter's Night"
#"On the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe" by [[Tommy Dorsey]]
#"On the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe" by [[Johnny Mercer]]
#"On the Railway" (traditional)
#"On the Slow Train" by [[Flanders and Swann]]
#"On the Southbound" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"On the Train" by [[Janis Ian]]
#"One After 909" by [[The Beatles]]
#"One More Ride" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"One More Ride" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"One Toke Over the Line" by [[Brewer & Shipley]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Charlie Daniels Band]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Johnson Mountain Boys]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Bill Monroe & His Bluegrass Boys]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Seatrain]]
#"Orange Blossom Special" by [[Carl Story]]

==P==
#"Pacific 231" by [[Arthur Honnegar]]
#"Pan American" by [[Hawkshaw Hawkins]]
#"Pan American" by [[Seldom Scene]]
#"Pan American" by [[Hank Williams]]
#"Pan American Boogie" by [[Kate MacKenzie]]
#"Panama Limited" by [[Tom Rush]]
#"Parliamentary Trains" by [[Gilbert & Sullivan]]
#"Party Train" by [[GAP Band]]
#"Passage to Bangkok, A" by [[Rush (band)|Rush]]
#"Passin' Train" by [[Sawyer Brown]]
#"Passing of the Train" by [[Rhonda Vincent]]
#"Pat Works on the Railroad" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Peace Train" by [[Cat Stevens]]
#"Pennsylvania Sunrise" by [[David Mallett]]
#"People Get Ready" by [[Chambers Brothers]]
#"People Get Ready" by [[The Impressions]]
#"People Get Ready" by [[Curtis Mayfield]]
#"People Get Ready" by [[Rod Stewart]]
#"People Got to Be Free" by [[Rascals]]
#"Petticoat Junction Theme" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Phoebe Snow" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Play a Train Song" by Todd Snider
#"Poor Little Liza, Poor Girl" by [[Homer & Jethro]]
#"Poor Paddy Works on the Railway" by [[The Pogues]]
#"Poor Poor Pitiful Me" by [[Warren Zevon]]
#"Princess of the Night" by [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]]
#"Promised Land" by [[Elvis Presley]]
#"Put Me on a Train Back to Texas" by [[Waylon Jennings]] & [[Willie Nelson]]

==Q==
#"Queen of the Rails" by [[Utah Phillips]]

==R==
#"Racing the Train" by [[Joel Timothy]]
#"Ragpicker's Dream, The" by [[Mark Knopfler]]
#"Reuben" by [[Rob Ickes]]
#"Rail Song, The" by [[Adrian Belew]]
#"Railroad Bill" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Railroad Bill" by [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]]
#"Railroad Blues" by [[Beastie Boys]]
#"Railroad Blues" by [[Dan Thomas]]
#"Railroad Bum" by [[Tex Morton]]
#"Railroad Bum, A" by [[Jim Reeves]]
#"Railroad Lady" by [[Jimmy Buffett]]
#"Railroad Jack" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Railroad Man" by [[Eels (band)|Eels]]
#"Railroad Man" by [[Murray McLauchlan]]
#"Railroad Son" by [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]
#"Railroad Song, The" by [[Jim Croce]]
#"Railroad Wife"
#"Railroad Worksong" by [[Notting Hillbillies]]
#"Railroading on the Great Divide" by [[Bill Clifton]]
#"Railroadin' and Gamblin'" by [[Uncle Dave Macon]]
#"Railroadin' Some" by [[Rory Block]]
#"Railroads and Riverboats" by [[Jim Croce]]
#"Rambler, The" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Ramblin' Man" by [[Kieran Kane]]
#"Ramblin' Man" by [[Hank Williams]]
#"Ramblin' on My Mind" by [[Eric Clapton]]
#"Ramblin' on My Mind" by [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]]
#"Ramblin' on My Mind" by [[John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers]]
#"Rambling Blues" by [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]]
#"Rambling Blues" by [[Johnny Shines]]
#"Rambling Hobo" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Red Ball to Natchez" by [[Delmore Brothers]] and [[Wayne Raney]]
#"Red Streamliner" by [[Little Feat]]
#"Refrigerator Car" by [[Spin Doctors]]
#"Reuben's Train" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Reuben's Train" by [[Sidesaddle]]
#"Reuben's Train" by [[Harry Manx]]
#"Ride the Train" by [[Alabama]]
#"Ride This Train" by [[Mel McDaniel]]
#"Ridin on the Cottonbelt" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Ridin' That Midnight Train" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Ridin' with the Driver" by [[Motörhead]]
#"Riding on a Railroad" by [[James Taylor]]
#"Riding That Midnight Train" by [[Ralph Stanley]] & the Clinch Mountain Boys
#"Riding The Rails Again" by [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Road to Paradise"
#"Roamer" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"[[Rock Chalk, Jayhawk]]" chant from the [[University of Kansas]]
#"Rock Island Line" by [[Lead Belly]]
#"Rock Island Line" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Rock Island Line" by [[Johnny Horton]]
#"Roll on Buddy" by [[Aunt Molly Jackson]]
#"Roll on Buddy" by [[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]]
#"Rollin' in My Sweet Baby's Arms" by [[George Jones]]
#"Rollin' in My Sweet Baby's Arms" by [[Buck Owens]]
#"Rollin' in My Sweet Baby's Arms" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Roots Train" by [[Junior Murvin]]
#"Roundhouse Blues" by [[Moby Grape]]
#"Roust-a-bout" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"R R Express" by [[Rose Royce]]
#"Rude Boy Train" by [[Desmond Dekker]]
#"Rudy" by [[Supertramp]]
#"Run Kate Shelly Run"
#"Runaway Train" by [[Rosanne Cash]]
#"Runaway Train" by [[Vernon Dalhart]]
#"Runaway Train" by [[Eric Clapton]]
#"Runaway Train" by [[Elton John]]
#"Runaway Train" by [[Soul Asylum]]

==S==
#"Sam's Waiting For A Train"
#"Same Train, Different Time" by [[Jimmy Rogers]]
#"Same Train" by [[Rev. Julius Cheek]]
#"San Francisco Bay Blues" by [[Jesse Fuller]]
#"Sandy Hollow Line" by [[Duke Tritton]] & [[John Dengate]]
#"Santa Fe All The Way" by [[Johnny McCollum]]
#"The Scholar (or The Train to Sligo)" by [[Midnight Well]]
#"[[Sentimental Journey]]" by [[Les Brown (bandleader)|Les Brown]]
#"Shadows on a Dime" by [[Ferron]]
#"She Caught the Katie" by Barbara Anderson 
#"She Caught the Train" by [[UB40]]
#"She'll Be Comin' Round the Mountain" by [[Tex Ritter]]
#"She'll Be Comin' Round the Mountain" by [[Pete Seeger]]

#"Shuffle Off to Buffalo" by [[The Boswell Sisters]]
#"Silver Train" by [[The Rolling Stones]]
#"Silverton, The" by [[C. W. McCall]]
#"Six Wheel Driver" by [[The Easy Riders (American band)|The Easy Riders]]
#"Six-Five Special" by [[Don Lang (musician)|Don Lang & His Frantic Five]]
#"Slow Moving Freight Train" by [[Hugh Moffatt]]
#"Slow Movin' Outlaw" by [[Waylon Jennings]]
#"Slow Train" by [[Flanders & Swann]]
#"Slow Train" by [[Soul Stirrers]]
#"Slow Train" by [[The Staple Singers]]
#"Slow Train To Paradise" by [[Tavares]] (1978)
#"Smoke Along the Track" by [[Dwight Yoakim]]
#"Smoke Along the Track" by [[Emmylou Harris]]
#"Some of my Best Friends are Trains" by [[The Waterboys]]
#"Something About Trains" by [[Jane Siberry]]
#"Southbound" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Soul Train" by [[The Manhattans]]
#"Soul Train" by [[The Three Degrees]]
#"Soul Train" by [[Mary Wells]]
#"Southbound" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Southbound Train" by [[Big Bill Broonzy]]
#"Southbound Train" by [[Crosby, Stills & Nash]]
#"Southern Cannonball" by [[Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Southern Pacific" by [[John Scofield]]
#"Southern Pacific" by [[Neil Young]]
#"Spanish Train" by [[Chris DeBurgh]]
#"Spell of a Train" by [[Ricochet]]
#"Spike Driver Blues" by [[Mississippi John Hurt]]
#"Spikedriver Blues" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Starlight on the Rails" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Starlight on the Rails" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Station to Station" by [[David Bowie]]
#"Steam" by [[Johnny Horton]]
#"Steam Engine Polka" by [[Johann Strauss]]
#"Steam Engine" by [[Monkees]]
#"Steel Drivin Man" by [[Denzel Washington]]
#"Steel Drivin Man" by [[Buddy Merrill]]
#"Steel Rails" by [[Alison Krauss]]
#"Stop and Look for the Train" by [[Andrew Jenkins]]
#"Stop That Train" by [[The Meters]]
#"Stop That Train" by [[The Wailers]]
#"Strangers on a Train" by [[New Riders of the Purple Sage]]
#"Streamlined Cannonball" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Streamlined Cannonball" by [[Esco Hankins]]
#"Streamlined Cannonball" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"Streamlined Cannonball" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Subway Joe" by [[Joe Bataan]]
#"Subways"
#"Sweet Home Woman" by [[Randy Dukes]]

==T==
#"Take the 'A' Train" by [[Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys]]
#"Take the 'A' Train" by [[Duke Ellington]] / [[Billy Strayhorn]]
#"Taking Care of Business" by [[Bachman-Turner Overdrive]]
#"Talkin' John Henry" by [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]]
#"Tennesse Central No. 9" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Terror Train" by [[Demons & Wizards]]
#"Texas Silver Zephyr" by [[Red Steagall]]
#"Texas, 1947" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Texas, 1947" by [[Guy Clark]]
#"That Memphis Train" by [[Grandpa Jones]]
#"That Old Train Whistle" by [[Smothers Brothers]]
#"The California Zephyr" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"That Train" by [[Jerry Butler]]
#"There's a Train" by [[Holmes Brothers]]
#"This City Never Sleeps" by The [[Eurhythmics]]
#"Third Class Wait Here" by [[Slim Dusty]]
#"This Train" by [[Tommy Tate]]
#"This Train" by [[Woody Guthrie]]
#"This Train Revisited" by [[Indigo Girls]]
#"This Train's a Clear Train" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"This Train Will Be Taking No Passengers" by [[Augie March]]
#"Throw Mama from the Train" by [[Patti Page]]
#"To Morrow"
#"To Stop the Train"
#"Tolono" by Bruce [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Tons of Steel" by [[Grateful Dead]]
#"Train" by [[Blue Rodeo]]
#"Train, The" by [[Lord Buckley]]
#"Train" by [[Charles Jackson]]
#"Train 45" by [[G. B. Grayson|Grayson]] and [[Henry Whitter|Whitter]]
#"Train 45" by [[Jimmy Martin]]
#"Train 45" by the [[Stanley Brothers]]
#"Train 45" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"Train A-Travelin'" by [[Bob Dylan]]
#"Train Bound for Glory Land" by [[Yonder Mountain String Band]]
#"Train Carrying Jimmie Rodgers Home, The" by [[Greg Brown (folk musician)|Greg Brown]]
#"Time between Trains" by [[Susan Werner]]
#"Train No. 1262" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Train Collector, The"
#"Train from Kansas City" by [[The Shangri-Las]]
#"Train Home" by [[Chris Smither]]
#"Train in the Distance" by [[Paul Simon]]
#"Train in the Hollow" by [[The Country Gentlemen]]
#"Train Is Coming" by [[Ken Boothe]]
#"Train Is Gone" by [[Michael Bloomfield]]
#"Train Keep on Movin'" by [[The 5th Dimension]]
#"Train Kept a Rollin" by [[Aerosmith]]
#"Train Kept a Rollin', The" by [[Tiny Bradshaw]]
#"Train Kept a Rollin" by [[Yardbirds]]
#"Train Leaves Here This Morning" by [[Eagles]]
#"Train Long-Suffering" [[Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds]]
#"Train Of Consequences" by [[Megadeth]]
#"Train of Love" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Train of Love" by [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]]
#"Train of Love" by [[Willie Hutch]]
#"Train on the Island"
#"Train Round the Bend" by [[The Velvet Underground]]
#"Train Song" by [[Vashti Bunyan]]
#"Train Song" by [[Nick Cave]]
#"Train Song" by [[Eliza Carthy]]
#"Train Song" by [[Holmes Brothers]]
#"Train Song" by [[Murray McLauchlan]]
#"Train Song" by [[Gram Parsons]]
#"Train Song" by [[Dick Siegel]]
#"Train Song" by [[Tom Waits]]
#"Train Song" by [[Listener (musician)|Listener]]
#"Train Songs" by Tom T. & Dixie Hall
#"Train That Carried My Girl from Town, The"
#"Train Time Blues" by [[Tampa Red]]
#"Train to Frisco"
#"Train to Skaville" by [[Boney M.]]
#"Train to Texas" by David Reo
#"Train Whistle Blues" by [[Steve Forbert]]
#"Train Whistle Blues" by [[Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Train Wreck" by [[Sarah McLachlan]]
#"Train, Train" by [[Blackfoot (band)|Blackfoot]]
#"Train, Train" by [[Dolly Parton]]
#"Trains" by [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]]
#"Trains" by [[Porcupine Tree]]
#"Trains" by [[Al Stewart]]
#"Trains and Boats and Planes" by [[Dionne Warwick]]
#"Trains Don't Run from Nashville" by [[Kate Campbell]]
#"Trains Make Me Lonesome" by [[George Strait]]
#"Trains of No Return" by [[Ofra Haza]]
#"Trains, Tracks and Travel" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Traintime" by [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
#"Trainwreck of Emotion" by [[Del McCoury]]
#"Trainwreck of Emotion" by [[Lorrie Morgan]]
#"Trams of Old London" by [[Robyn Hitchcock]]
#"Trans Europe Express" by [[Kraftwerk]]
#"Transit Ride" by [[Guru]]
#"Travelin' Blues" by [[Blind Willie McTell]]
#"Trolley Song"
#"Trouble Funk Express" by [[Trouble Funk]]
#"True and Trembling Brakeman, The"
#"Trusty Lariet"
#"Tweed & Lismore" by Ned McElligott
#"Two Trains Running" by [[Paul Butterfield Blues Band]]
#"Two Trains Running" by [[Little Feat]]
#"Tuesday's Gone" by [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]

==U==
#"Up On the CP Line"
#"UP Song" by [[UP Country Western Band]]

==V==
#"Valve Oil" by [[Johnny Horton]]
#"Vengeance Is Mine (Said The Train)" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"View (East from the Top of the Riggs Road/B&O Trestle)" by [[John Fahey]]

==W==
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[Chet Atkins]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[The Carter Family]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[The Chieftains]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[The Limeliters]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[Utah Phillips]]
#"Wabash Cannonball" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Waiting at the Station" by [[Aaron Neville]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Roy Acuff]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Flash and the Pan]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Jim Reeves]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Waiting for a Train" by [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Waiting for the B Train" by [[Christine Lavin]]
#"Waiting for the Siren's Call" by [[New Order]]
#"Waiting on a Train" by [[Steve Forbert]]
#"Walking Down a Railroad Line" by [[Woody Guthrie]]
#"Walkin Holes in My Shoes" by [[Boxcar Willie]]
#"Waymore's Blues" by [[Waylon Jennings]]
#"Way Out in Idaho" by [[Rosalie Sorrels]]
#"West End Blues" by [[Duke Ellington]]
#"Westbound Train" by [[Dennis Brown]]
#"What Am I Doing Hangin' 'Round?" by The [[Monkees]]
#"When Love Comes to Town" by [[B.B. King]]
#"When the Golden Train Comes Down" by [[Sons of the Pioneers]]
#"Whistle of the Gravy Train" by [[Bobby Grove]]
#"Whistle Stop" by [[Louis Prima]]
#"White Freightliner Blues" by [[Steve Earle]]
#"White Freightliner Blues" by [[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]]
#"White Freightliner Blues" by [[Townes Van Zandt]]
#"Who Buried Cedar Hill"
#"Who's Gonna Run That Test" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Will There Be Any Freight Trains in Heaven" by [[Jimmy Rogers]]
#"Will There Be Any Freight Trains In Heaven" by [[Merle Haggard]]
#"Will There Be Any Freight Trains in Heaven" by [[Dolly Parton]], [[Emmylou Harris]] & [[Linda Rondstat]]
#"Willesden Green" by [[The Kinks]]
#"Won't Be Long" by [[Aretha Franklin]]
#"Won't You Come Home Bill Baily"
#"Working On A Freight Train" [[Randy Dukes]]
#"Working on the Railway" by [[Bill Houston]]
#"Worried Man Blues" by [[The Carter Family]]
#"Worried Man Blues" by [[Cisco Houston]]
#"Wreck of the 1262" by [[Doc Watson]]
#"Wreck of the 1262" by [[Curley Fox]] and [[Texas Ruby]]
#"Wreck of the 252"
#"Wreck of the FFV"
#"Wreck of the L&N" by Phipps Family
#"Wreck of the Number Nine" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Wreck of the Number Nine" by [[Rosalie Sorrels]]
#"Wreck of the Old 49" by [[Uncle Shelby]]
#"Wreck of the Old 97" by [[Johnny Cash]]
#"Wreck of the Old 97" by [[Vernon Dalhart]]
#"Wreck of the Old 97" by [[Flatt & Scruggs]]
#"Wreck of the Old 97" by [[Woody Guthrie]]
#"Wreck of the Old 97" by [[Hank Snow]]
#"Wreck of the Old 97" by [[Mac Wiseman]]
#"Wreck of the Royal Palm" by [[Joe Glazer]]
#"Wreck of the Royal Palm Express" by [[Vernon Dalhart]]
#"Wreck of the Royal Palm Express" by [[Andrew Jenkins]]
#"Wreck of the Virginian No. 3, The" by [[Charlie Poole]] & The North Carolina Ramblers

==Y==
#"Yin and Yang (The Flowerpot Man)" by [[Love and Rockets]]
#"You Just Can't Ride the Boxcars Anymore" by [[The Long Ryders]]

==Z==
#"Zaļais garais vilciens" by [[Dzeltenie Pastnieki]]
#"Zion Train" by [[Bob Marley and the Wailers]]
#"Zoo Station" by [[U2]]

==More Information==
For a more qualitative analysis and recordings of many of the best train songs, explore this list of [http://members.home.net/tsongs/index.html the best train, railroad, and hobo songs]{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}.

Rounder Records offers several good compilations of railroad tunes.

For more information on the history and tradition of railroad-inspired music, from folk to classical, visit Philip Pacey's [http://www.philpacey.co.uk/musrail.html Music and Railways project]. "This Web page provides a chronological list of pieces of music inspired by or evoking railways, with a note of available recordings known to the compiler."

Search for more songs with the keywords "train" or "railroad" at the [http://www.mudcat.org/folksearch.cfm Digital Tradition Folk Song Database]{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}.

==External links==
*[http://railwaysongs.blogspot.com/ Australian Railway Songs]
*[http://www.thespoon.com/trainhop/songs.html Wes Modes' Collection of Train Songs]
*[http://members.home.net/tsongs/index.html the best train, railroad, and hobo songs] {{Dead link|date=April 2009}}
*[http://www.philpacey.co.uk/musrail.html Music and Railways]
*[http://www.mudcat.org/folksearch.cfm Digital Tradition Folk Song Database] {{Dead link|date=April 2009}}
*[http://www.rounder.com/index.php?id=album.php&musicalGroupId=4795&catalog_id=5100 Rounder Records Railroad Songs and Ballads]
*[http://www.rounder.com/?id=album.php&catalog_id=5495 Rounder Records Classic Railroad Songs, V. 1: Steel Rails]
*[http://www.rounder.com/?id=album.php&catalog_id=5493 Rounder Records Classic Railroad Songs, V. 2: Mystery Train]

[[Category:Lists of songs|Trains]]

West Coast Wilderness Railway

2009-08-22T21:40:41Z

Camboxer: /* Further information */ add refs

{{Heritage Railway |
|name = West Coast Wilderness Railway |
|image = [[Image:Tasmania ABT railway.jpg|250px|Locomotive on the [[West Coast Wilderness Railway]].]]
|locale = [[West Coast, Tasmania]]|
|terminus = [[Queenstown, Tasmania|Queenstown]] and [[Regatta Point, Tasmania|Regatta Point]] |
|linename = |
|builtby = Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company|
|originalgauge = {{RailGauge|42}} |
|originalrack= [[Rack railway#Abt|Abt system]] |
|preservedgauge = {{RailGauge|42}} |
|preservedrack = Abt system |
|era = |
|owned = |
|operator = Federal Hotels|
|stations = Teepookana, Dubbill Barrill|
|length = 35 km|
|originalopen = [[1899-11-01]] |
|closed = [[1963-08-10]] |
|stageyears = |
|stage = Restoration started at|
|years = 2002
|events = Reopened under the name of the Abt Wilderness Railway |
|years1 =
}}
The '''West Coast Wilderness Railway, Tasmania''' is a reconstruction of the [[Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company]] railway between [[Queenstown, Tasmania|Queenstown]] and [[Regatta Point, Tasmania|Regatta Point]].

==History==
===Original operation===
The Mount Lyell Mining Co (reformed on 29 March 1893 as the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company) began on November 1892. The railway officially opened in 1897, and again on 1 November 1899 when the line was extend from Teepookana to Regatta Point Whares and Strahan.

The railway was born out of desperation as the only way to get the copper from the mine at [[Queenstown, Tasmania]] to markets. Until 1932 when a Hobart road link was completed, it was the only access through to [[Queenstown, Tasmania]]. The motto of Kelly and Orr was, [[Labor Omnia Vincit]], encapsulates the achievement of this railway because it ran even though multiple surveyors said it was not possible, the bush lands were harsh, the weather was extreme, the trains had to climb 1m in 16m (6.25%), the train had to carry many tonnes of copper and the rail line had to survive natural disasters (including 1906 floods).

The railway utilised the [[Rack railway#Abt|Abt rack system]] of [[Rack railway|cog railway]] for steep sections. Because of the gradients, tonnages were always limited on the railway. The gauge is {{RailGauge|42}}.<ref name=Jehan>{{cite book |title=Rack Railways of Australia |last=Jehan |first=David |publisher=Illawarra Light Railway Museum Society |year=2003 |edition=2nd. Edition |isbn=0-9750452-0-2}}</ref>

The railway ceased operation on 10 August 1963 due to its financial costs and the alternative road option. The last train run was performed by the same engine that ran the first run (ABT 1 in 1896 was the first engine to steam into Queenstown). The line and most removable constructions were lifted however most of the bridges were left intact.

The formation and some of the bridges remained intact for decades after closure, however when reconstruction was a reality in the late 1990s most required replacement.

The original line continued into the Mount Lyell mining operations area in Queenstown, and at Regatta Point the line linked around the foreshore of [[Strahan, Tasmania|Strahan]] to link with the [[Strahan-Zeehan Railway|Government Line]] to [[Zeehan, Tasmania|Zeehan]].

Following the closure of the railway - rolling stock was dispersed - carriages to the [[Puffing Billy Railway]] in Victoria - and the Abt locomotives were put on static displays or in museums.

===Reconstruction===
[[Image:West Coast Wilderness Railway steam locomotive.jpg|thumb|Mount Lyell No. 5 was one of the original steam Abt locomotives on the line]]
Despite various proposals post 1963, it was not until the 1990s after the demise of the main Mount Lyell Company mining operations, and the downgrading of [[Hydro Tasmania|The Hydro]] activities of dam building on the [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]], that some very committed local West Coast people campaigned for the re-instatement of the railway.

It was made possible from money that were negotiated between the [[Government of Australia|Federal Government]] and [[Government of Tasmania|State Government]] over the fallout after the [[Franklin Dam]] issue.

During the reconstruction project the line was given various names, but a common usage was the 'Abt railway' due to the cogs in the centre of the line used to assist the engines up the steep inclines; this is a common feature on many [[mountain railway]]s.

===New railway===
It recommenced operations on 27 December 2002 under the name of the Abt Wilderness Railway, and was officially re-opened by the [[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[John Howard]] and the [[Premier of Tasmania]] [[Jim Bacon]] in 2003.

The new railway terminal in Queenstown is in the vicinity of the original station yard, and terminates at that point. At Regatta Point the railway station has been renovated and is the terminal at that point.
There has been no attempt to vary the original alignment of the railway, except for the vicinity of the 'Quarter Mile Bridge' which is very near [[Teepookana, Tasmania|Teepookana]]. The old bridge was washed away in the floods of 1974, and the new bridge for this location is just south of the original.

A number of the original engines used on the line had been reconditioned into running order, but rolling stock was totally new and oriented towards providing facilities for year round tourist operations. There were 5 original ABT steam engines, with ABT 1 and ABT 3 restored in 2001 and ABT 5 restored in 2005, ABT 2 is currently on display in Hobart in a museum and ABT 2 was scrapped into parts for the other engines.

==Stopping Places and Named Features==
Most of the historical stopping places and named locations of the original railway line have been kept. The following list is made for the journey from Queenstown, and can be read in reverse for the trip from Regatta Point.
[[Image:West Coast Wilderness Railway diesel locomotive.jpg|thumb|right|Diesel Abt locomotive at Teepookana]]
* Queenstown (terminus)
** - crosses the [[Queen River]]
* Lynchford
* Halls Creek
* Rinadeena
** - enters the western end of the [[King River, Tasmania|King Rive]]r gorge
* Dubbill Barrill ("double barrel")
* "Quarter Mile Bridge" (original destroyed by floods in 1974, reconstruction much shorter)
** - crosses the King River for the first time
* Teepookana
* "Steel Bridge"
** - crosses the King River for the second time
** - line closest to the King River between these points
** - leaves the King River near its entry into Macquarie Harbour and moves north towards Regatta Point and Strahan
* Lowana
* [[Regatta Point]] (terminus)

The current owners and operators of the Railway are the [[Federal Hotels]] group which also owns and operates other tourist operations in [[Strahan, Tasmania|Strahan]].

==Further information==
[[Image:Abt rack rail.jpg|thumb|right|Abt rack railway showing the dual racks ensuring one is always positively engaged]]
[[Federal Hotels]] produce unattributed materials about the railway and its history for travelers on the line, and users of its shops.

The most accessible recent writer regarding this railway is Lou Rae, as he has written a number of books about [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]] railways.
*{{cite book|last=Rae|first=Lou|title=The Abt Railway and Railways of the Lyell region|location=Sandy Bay, Tas|year=2001|isbn=0-9592098-7-5}}
In its latest edition:
*{{cite book|last=Rae|first=Lou|title=The Abt Railway: Tasmania’s West Coast Wilderness Railway|location=Sandy Bay, Tas.|publisher=The Author|year=2003|isbn=0-9592098-8-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Rae|first=Lou|title=The Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Co. Ltd: a pictorial history 1893-1993|location=Ulverstone|year=1993|isbn=0-9592098-3-2}}

Some other works on the Mount Lyell Railway are :-
*{{cite book|last=Jehan|first=David|title=Rack Railways of Australia|publisher=The Author|year=2003|isbn=0-9750452-0-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Atkinson, H.K.|title=Railway Tickets of Tasmania|year=1991|isbn=0-9598718-7-X}}
*{{cite book|authorlink=Charles Whitham|last=Whitham|first=Charles|title=Western Tasmania - a land of riches and beauty|edition=Reprint 2003|publisher=Municipality of Queenstown|location=Queenstown|year=2003}}
:1949 edition - Hobart: Davies Brothers. {{OCLC|48825404}}; [[ASIN]] [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FMPZ80 B000FMPZ80]
:1924 edition - Queenstown: Mount Lyell Tourist Association. {{OCLC|35070001}}; [[ASIN]] [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0008BM4XC B0008BM4XC]

*{{cite book|authorlink=Geoffrey Blainey|last=Blainey|first=Geoffrey|title=[[The Peaks of Lyell]]|year=1954}}
*{{cite journal|title=Picnic Day on the Mount Lyell Railway|author=Palmer, B.A.|journal=[[Australian Railway History|Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin]]|month=September|year=1963}}
*{{cite journal|first=Michael|last=Chapman|title=Steepest and Hardest|journal=Narrow Gauge World|month=November-December|year=2008|volume=60}}
*{{cite video|title=Tasmania’s West Coast Wilderness Railway: the rebirth of a remarkable engineering achievement|medium=DVD video|publisher=Peter Richman Productions|location=Lindisfarne, Tas.| year2=2004}}

==See also==
*[[North Mount Lyell Railway]]
*[[Railways on the West Coast of Tasmania]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.federalresorts.com.au/west-coast-wilderness-railway.php - Federal Resorts web page and info about WCWR
*http://www.railtasmania.com/arhs/ - Australian Railway Historical Society web page
*http://www.railtasmania.com/pres/ - Tasmanian Preserved Railway web page
*http://www.puretasmania.com.au - Tasmanian Tourism web-page
*http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wha/wherein/detail.html - Position in relation to World Heritage Area

{{coord missing|Australia}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Tasmania]]
[[Category:Railway museums in Australia]]
[[Category:Three foot six inch gauge railways]]
[[Category:Mountain railways]]
[[Category:Heritage railways in Australia]]
[[Category:Western Tasmania]]

Network SouthEast

2009-06-07T16:00:54Z

Camboxer: refs added

{{Infobox Rail companies |
bgcolor=FFFFFF|
logo_filename=Network SouthEast.png|
logowidth=300px|
image_filename=465034 at Waterloo East.JPG|
widthpx=250px|
franchise=Not subject to franchising|
nameforarea=region|
regions=[[London]]|
secregions=[[South East England|South East]]|
fleet= Carriages:6700 (1986)|
stations= 930 (1986)|
parent_company=[[British Rail]]|
website= |
}}
[[Image:Class 309 NSE & Jaffa Cake.jpg|thumb|right|Two units, one in NSE livery, while the other in Jaffa Cake livery.]][[Image:1586 at London Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|A train in modified NSE livery with rounded corners.]]
[[Image:NSE signs and old BR blue EMU at Farnborough North.jpg|thumb|right|Transitional scene from [[Rail blue|BR Blue]] (the train) to NSE (the signage, train sticker) at [[Farnborough North railway station]]]]
'''Network SouthEast''' (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of [[British Rail]] created in 1982. NSE principally operated [[commuter]] trains in the [[London]] area and inter-urban services in densely populated [[South East England]]. Before 1986, the sector was known as '''London & South Eastern'''.

In the [[privatisation of British Rail]] on [[1 April]] [[1994]] it was gradually broken into a number of [[Franchising|franchise]]s.
==History==
Before the sectorisation of BR in 1982 the system was split into regions: those operating around London were [[London Midland Region]] (Marylebone, Euston, St Pancras and Broad Street), [[Southern Region]] (Waterloo, Victoria, Charing Cross, Holborn Viaduct, Cannon Street and London Bridge), [[Western Region of British Railways|Western Region]] (Paddington) and Eastern Region (King's Cross, Moorgate, Broad Street, Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street). This was perceived to be a source of inefficiency, so sectorisation reorganised everything into a single organisation covering commuter services. At the same time [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] took over express services and [[Regional Railways]] took over regional services.

Upon [[British_Rail#1980-94:_Sectorisation|sectorisation]], the '''London & South Eastern''' sector took over passenger services in the South-East of England.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite book | first=David St John | last=Thomas | coauthors=Whitehouse, Patrick | year=1990 | title=BR in the Eighties | publisher= David & Charles | location=Newton Abbot | isbn=0-7153-9854-7 }}</ref> The livery of this sector was nicknamed ''Jaffa Cake''. The livery was composed of chocolate brown, orange and grey colours.

In 1986, under new chairman [[Chris Green (railway manager)|Chris Green]], L&SE was relaunched as Network SouthEast, along with the famous red, white and blue livery.<ref name="Thomas"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Network SouthEast|journal=Jane’s Railway Year|volume=6|pages=4–11}}</ref>

On privatisation, NSE was split into various [[Franchising|franchise]]s and the [[Waterloo & City Line]] sold to [[London Underground]] for a nominal sum of one pound.

The last passenger train still in NSE livery was lost on the September 15th 2007, when a Class 465, 465193, the last still in NSE colours, was sent to Stewarts Lane TMD by Southeastern for revinyling into Southeastern livery. <ref>Rail Magazine 575</ref> However, there is still a departmental ''bubble car'', used for route learning, in original NSE livery operating on the Chiltern Lines.

==Network Railcard==
{{main|Network Railcard}}

Although NSE no longer exists, the grouping of services that it defined before privatisation remain grouped by the Network Railcard,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.railcard.co.uk/network/network.htm| title=Network Railcard| accessdate=2007-11-02| }}</ref> which can be bought for £20 and which offers a 34% discount for adults and 60% discount for accompanying children after 10:00 on weekdays and all day at weekends (subject to a minimum weekday fare)

==Subdivisions==
NSE was broken down into various sub-divisions.
{| class="wikitable"
!Subdivision
!Main Route(s)
!Route Description
|-
|align="left"|Chiltern
|align="left"|[[Chiltern Main Line]], [[London to Aylesbury Line]]
|align="left"|London Marylebone-Aylesbury/Banbury
|-
|align="left"|Great Eastern
|align="left"|[[Great Eastern Main Line]]
|align="left"|London Liverpool Street-Ipswich/Harwich/Clacton-on-Sea/Walton-on-the-Naze/Southend Victoria
|-
|align="left"|Great Northern
|align="left"|[[East Coast Main Line]], [[Hitchin-Cambridge Line]]
|align="left"|London King's Cross-Peterborough/Cambridge (and subsequently London King's Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn)
|-
|align="left"|Island Line
|align="left"|[[Island Line, Isle of Wight|Island Line]]
|align="left"|Ryde-Shanklin
|-
|align="left"|Kent Link
|align="left"|[[North Kent Line]], [[Bexleyheath Line]], [[Dartford Loop Line]], [[Mid-Kent Line]], [[Catford Loop Line]], [[Hayes Line]]
|align="left"|London Victoria/Charing Cross-Dartford/Gravesend/Gillingham/Orpington/Sevenoaks/Hayes
|-
|align="left"|Kent Coast
|align="left"|[[Chatham Main Line]], [[Hastings Line]], [[Sheerness Line]]
|align="left"|London Victoria/Charing Cross-Margate/Dover/Folkestone/Ashford/Tunbridge Wells/Hastings (and subsequently North Downs services as far as Redhill/Three Bridges)
|-
|align="left"|London, Tilbury and Southend
|align="left"|[[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|LTS Line]]
|align="left"|London Fenchurch Street - Tilbury - Southend Central - Shoeburyness
|-
|align="left"|North Downs
|align="left"|[[North Downs Line]]
|align="left"|Reading-Guildford-Gatwick Airport-Tonbridge
|-
|align="left"|Northampton Line/North London Lines
|align="left"|[[West Coast Main Line]], [[Marston Vale Line]], [[North London Line]]
|align="left"|London Euston/Broad Street-Watford-Milton Keynes-Northampton-Birmingham, Bedford-Bletchley
|-
|align="left"|Solent and Wessex
|align="left"|[[Portsmouth Direct Line]], [[South Western Main Line]]
|align="left"|London Waterloo-Guildford-Portsmouth, London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Southampton-Bournemouth-Weymouth
|-
|align="left"|South London Line
|align="left"|[[South London Lines]], [[Oxted Line]], [[Sutton & Mole Valley Lines]]
|align="left"|London Victoria & London Bridge to Croydon
London Victoria-East Grinstead/Uckfield/Sutton/Epsom Downs/Dorking/Horsham
|-
|align="left"|South Western Line
|align="left"|[[Alton Line]], [[Waterloo to Reading Line|Waterloo-Reading Line]]
|align="left"|London Waterloo-Alton/Reading/Windsor/Guildford
|-
|align="left"|Sussex Coast
|align="left"|[[Brighton Main Line]], [[Arun Valley Line]], [[East Coastway Line]], [[West Coastway Line]]
|align="left"|London Victoria/London Bridge-Gatwick Airport-Brighton/Eastbourne/Littlehampton, Brighton-Hastings, Brighton-Portsmouth-Southampton
|-
|align="left"|Thames
|align="left"|[[Great Western Main Line]], [[Cotswold Line]] [[Slough to Windsor & Eton Line|Windsor branch]]
|align="left"|London Paddington-Slough- (-Windsor-) Reading-Oxford-Worcester/Stratford
|-
|align="left"|Thameslink
|[[Thameslink]]
|align="left"|Bedford-Luton-London-Gatwick Airport-Brighton
|-
|align="left"|Waterloo & City
|align="left"|[[Waterloo & City Line]]
|align="left"|Waterloo-Bank
|-
|align="left"|West Anglia
|align="left"|[[Fen Line]], [[Lea Valley Line]]
|align="left"|London Liverpool Street-Harlow-Cambridge-King's Lynn (express services to Cambridge, and almost all services to King's Lynn, were subsequently transferred to the Great Northern route from London King's Cross); London Liverpool Street-Stansted Airport
|-
|align="left"|West of England
|align="left"|[[West of England Main Line]]
|align="left"|London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Salisbury-Exeter
|-
|}

==Modernisation==

Soon after conception, Network SouthEast started to modernise parts of the network, which were run down after years of under investment. The most extreme example was the Chiltern Lines.

===Chiltern Lines===

The Chiltern Line ran on two railway lines ([[Chiltern Main Line]] and [[London to Aylesbury Line]]) from [[London Marylebone]] to [[Aylesbury railway station|Aylesbury]] and [[Banbury railway station|Banbury]]. These lines were former [[Great Western Railway|GWR]] and [[Great Central Railway|GCR]] intercity lines to [[Wolverhampton Low Level railway station|Wolverhampton]] and [[Nottingham Victoria|Nottingham]] respectively. After the [[Beeching Axe]] in the 1960s, these lines became seriously run down with a lack of investment and a reduction of services.

By the late 1980s, the 25 year old [[British Rail Class 115|Class 115s]] needed replacement; the lines had low speed limits and were still controlled by semaphore signalling from the early 1900s; stations were empty and needed more than a lick of paint; and Marylebone only served infrequent local trains from [[High Wycombe]] and Aylesbury. The lines were the best place to reminisce about the glory days of steam as there were frequent steam [[railtour]] services. It was more of a heritage railway than a commuter railway.

[[Image:Marylebone station 02.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Marylebone still with the red NSE livery for stations, around 20 years later in 2007. Marylebone was one of the stations given a facelift in the late 1980s]]

NSE realised that something needed to be done to these lines quickly. Numerous plans for the lines were proposed. One serious plan was to close the line between Marylebone and [[South Ruislip station|South Ruislip]]/[[Harrow-on-the-Hill station|Harrow-on-the-Hill]], meaning that Marylebone would close and be converted into a coach station. [[Metropolitan Line]] trains would be extended to Aylesbury and BR services from Aylesbury will be routed to [[London Paddington]] via High Wycombe. Also the line north of [[Princes Risborough railway station|Princes Risborough]] would close. However, this did not happen due to the fact that [[Baker Street tube station|London Baker Street]] and Paddington would not be able to cope with the extra trains and passengers.

What did happen was Total Route Modernisation. This was an ambitious plan to bring the lines into the modern era of rail travel. Class 115s were replaced by new state of the art [[British Rail Class 165|Class 165s]]. [[Semaphore signal]]s were replaced by standard electronic light signals and [[Automatic Train Protection|ATP]] was fitted on the line and trains. Speed limits were increased to 75mph (only 75 due to running on [[London Underground]] track between Harrow and [[Amersham]]), all remaining fast loops at stations were removed and the line between [[Bicester North railway station|Bicester North]] and [[Aynho Junction]] was singled. Stations were refurbished and even reconstructed (£10 million spent on stations alone), and signal boxes and the freight depots/sidings were demolished. Regular services to Banbury, and a few specials to Birmingham were introduced and a new maintenance depot was built at Aylesbury. This was a massive undertaking and work began in 1988 and by 1992, the route had been completely modernised, demand for the service had grown considerably and the route had become profitable.

Electrification was considered but was deemed to be too expensive as the Thames Line sector would then have to be electrified as well. Another reason electrification did not take place was that some part of the line ran on underground lines, which were electrified as 4-rail 660 v DC, while British Rail preferred 25 Kv AC overhead traction for lines north of [[London]].

Success of the modernisation implemented by NSE has made it possible for the Chiltern Main Line to compete with the [[West Coast Main Line]] and there are now plans to increase speeds and quadruple sections of the line <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/R16%20-%20Chilterns.pdf| title=Network Rail route plan for Chilterns Nov 2007| }}</ref>, returning the line back to the state it was before the Beeching Axe.

===New trains===
[[Image:165119 at Didcot Parkway.JPG|thumb|right|The later style of the Network SouthEast livery.]]
Network South East started a programme of replacing old rolling stock up to Privatisation

* '''Chiltern''' - [[British Rail Class 165]]
* '''Great Eastern''' - [[British Rail Class 321]]
* '''Great Northern''' - [[British Rail Class 365]]
* '''Island Line''' - [[British Rail Class 483]] (LU 1938 Stock) (Ex-Underground stock built from 1938; replaced older 1920s units)
* '''Kent Coast''' - [[British Rail Class 465]], [[British Rail Class 466]], [[British Rail Class 365]]
* '''North Downs''' - [[British Rail Class 165]], [[British Rail Class 166]]
* '''Northampton Line''' - [[British Rail Class 321]]
* '''Solent and Wessex''' - [[British Rail Class 442]]
* '''South London Lines''' - [[British Rail Class 456]]
* '''Thames''' - [[British Rail Class 165]], [[British Rail Class 166]]
* '''Thameslink''' [[British Rail Class 319]]
* '''Waterloo and City''' - [[British Rail Class 482]] (LU 1992 Stock)
* '''West Anglia''' [[British Rail Class 317]] and [[British Rail Class 322]]
* '''West of England''' [[British Rail Class 159]]

NOTE: The [[British Rail Class 168]] were also planned by Network SouthEast for the Chiltern line for a planned service to Birmingham but privatisation intervened. However, new private operators [[Chiltern Railways]] ordered 5 Class 168/0 units based on the NSE designs in 1996 for their service to [[Birmingham Snow Hill]].

==Privatisation==
After privatisation, NSE was divided up into several franchises:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original franchise || Route(s) || Currently
|-
| LTS Rail || [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|London, Tilbury and Southend]] || rebranded [[c2c]]
|-
| [[Chiltern Railways]] (management)|| Chiltern || unchanged
|-
|Great Eastern Railway || Great Eastern || rebranded as [[First Great Eastern]], then merged into larger franchise operated by [[National Express East Anglia]]
|-
|[[Thames Trains]] || North Downs Thames section (Gatwick/Redhill - Dorking/Guildford/Reading) || merged into larger franchise operated by [[First Great Western]]
|-
|[[Island Line Trains|Island Line]] || [[Island Line, Isle of Wight|Island Line]] || operated by Stagecoach South Western Trains, but is still called Island Line
|-
|North London Railways || Northampton Line [[North London Line]] || rebranded as [[Silverlink]], later split up into two franchises operated by [[London Midland]] (Northampton) and [[London Overground]] (N.London)
|-
|South Eastern || Kent Coast, Kent Link, North Downs (Tonbridge- Redhill section) || rebranded by original franchisee [[Connex]] as [[Connex South Eastern]], then passed to [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]
|-
|[[Network SouthCentral]] || [[South London Line]] Sussex Coast || rebranded by original franchisee [[Connex]] as [[Connex South Central]], then passed to [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]]
|-
|[[Thameslink (train operating company)|Thameslink]] || [[Thameslink]] || merged into larger franchise operated by [[First Capital Connect]]
|-
|[[WAGN (train operating company)|WAGN]] || Great Northern West Anglia || split with GN merged into First Capital Connect and WA merged into National Express East Anglia
|-
|[[South West Trains]] || Solent & Wessex South Western Line West of England Line || operated by Stagecoach South Western Trains, but is still called South West Trains
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Network SouthEast Class 317 at Harlow.jpg|An NSE [[British Rail Class 317|Class 317]] at [[Harlow Town railway station]] in the mid 1990s
Image:NSE branding of Marden station and 4CEP.jpg|An NSE train at [[Marden railway station]]
Image:NSE Class 47s.jpg|NSE [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47]]s 47711 and 47716
Image:313001 at South Hampstead.jpg|NSE Class 313 at [[South Hampstead railway station]]
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:465034 at Waterloo East.JPG| CLASS 465 034 AT LONDON WATERLOO EAST.
Image:NSE tube train fading.jpg|Fading NSE livery
Image:65507 at Bank LUL station.jpg|A Waterloo & City Line train in Network SouthEast livery.
Image:Network SouthEast branded 1992 tube stock 28-03-06.jpg|Network SouthEast logo on a Waterloo & City Line train.
Image:Isle of Wight 483 001.jpg|NSE livery on a Class 483 operating on the Island Line
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*[http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1980/129brit_rail_board_lon_southeast_com_serv.htm British Railways Board: London and South East Commuter Services], 1980 [[Competition Commission]] report
*[http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1987/216british_railway_board.htm British Railways Board: Network South East], 1987 [[Competition Commission]] report

==External links==
*[http://www.network-southeast.co.uk NSE Pages - Information and enthusiast website]
*[http://www.nsers.org.uk Network SouthEast Railway Society]
*[http://mainline.fotopic.net/c131672.html Pictures of Chiltern Lines prior to Total Route Modernisation]

{{British Rail sectors}}

[[Category:Thameslink]]
[[Category:Rail transport in the United Kingdom]]

[[simple:Network SouthEast]]

Christine Crawley, Baroness Crawley

2009-06-04T00:11:40Z

Camboxer: disambiguate category

'''Christine Mary Crawley, Baroness Crawley''' [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]] (born 9 January 1950) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] politician for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

==Early life and career==
Crawley was educated at the Notre Dame Roman Catholic Girls' School in Birmingham before going to [[Digby Stuart College]] to train as a teacher.<ref name="peer">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p19117.htm|title=ThePeerage.com - Person Page 19117|date=22 June 2008|publisher=ThePeerage.com|accessdate=2009-05-02}}</ref> After graduation she began teaching children aged between 9 and 15, and also ran the local youth theatre.<ref name="cad">{{cite web|url=http://www.db-decision.de/Interviews/Uk/Crawley.htm|title=Women in Decision-making - Interview - Crawley|publisher=European Database - Women in Decision-making|accessdate=2009-05-02}}</ref> Her work to gain funding for the youth theatre brought her into contact with local politicians, and she became involved in politics, joining the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref name="cad"/> Soon after joining the party she became secretary of the local branch, and then Social Secretary for the local Women's Branch.<ref name="cad"/> She was elected as a [[County Councillor]] for the South Oxfordshire County Council, at a time when the Labour Party was a minority party on the council.<ref name="cad"/>

In 1983 she ran for a seat in the [[House of Commons (UK)|House of Commons]] but was not elected, instead spending a year working on local issues before she was elected as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) for the Birmingham (East) (European Parliament constituency)|.<ref name="cad"/> As an MEP Crawley was active on the [[Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality]] and helped push their Maternity Leave Directive through, becoming Chair of that committee in 1989.<ref name="nwn">{{cite web|url=http://www.national-womens-network.co.uk/bio/bio2.html|title=List of patrons - Baroness Crawley|publisher=National Women's Network|accessdate=2009-05-02}}</ref> She stepped down as an MEP in 1999, and is now a member of the West Midlands Regional Assembly and a sponsor of the [[National Women's Network]].<ref name="nwn"/> She was Chair of the [[Women's National Commission]] between 1999 and 2001, and in 1998 was created '''Baroness Crawley''', of Edgbaston in the County of West Midlands.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=55210|startpage=8287|date=30 July 1998|accessdate=5 May 2009}}</ref> Between 2002 and 2008 she served as a Party Whip in the [[House of Lords]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawley, Christine Crawley, Baroness}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:British politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Birmingham, England]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2009-03-02T21:25:26Z

Camboxer: /* Further reading */ typo

{{Infobox Locomotive|
name=''Flying Scotsman''|
powertype=Steam|
image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG|
caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.|
gauge={{RailGauge|sg}}|
builddate=[[1923]]|
designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]|
cylindercount=3|
weight=96.25 [[long ton|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)|
length=70 feet (21.6 m)|
height=13 feet (4.0 m)|
driversize=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter|
topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)|
tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])|
railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]|
railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]|
whytetype=[[4-6-2]]|
roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103|
officialname=''Flying Scotsman''|
builddate=[[1923]]|
builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]|
retiredate=[[1963]]|
restoredate=[[1968]]|
currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]|
}}
{{dablink|This article is about the preserved locomotive named "Flying Scotsman". For the daily train service between London and Edinburgh, see [[Flying Scotsman (train)|"Flying Scotsman" (train)]].}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] no. '''4472 "Flying Scotsman"''' (originally no. 1472) was built in [[1923]] for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Sir Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which this locomotive was named. In its career 4472 "Flying Scotsman" has travelled {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]]. It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the number 1472.

"Flying Scotsman" was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the British Empire Exhibition at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. At this time it acquired its name and the new number of 4472. From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|''Flying Scotsman'']] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on [[1 May]] [[1928]]. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a corridor connection and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train in order to allow replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''The Flying Scotsman''. On [[30 November]] [[1934]], running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|lk=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On [[22 August]] [[1928]], there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On [[25 April]] [[1945]], A1 class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. This included "Flying Scotsman", which emerged from Doncaster works on [[4 January]] [[1947]], as an A3 having received a boiler with a long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had become no. 103 in [[Edward Thompson|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, then 60103 from [[1 January]] [[1948]], on the nationalisation of the railways when all the LNER locomotive numbers were prefixed with 60.
[[Image:Flying Scostman, BR livery.jpg|thumb|left|60103 "Flying Scotsman" painted in the darker [[British Rail|BR]] green livery it wore when withdrawn in 1963.]]

Between [[5 June]] [[1950]], and [[4 July]] [[1954]], and between [[26 December]] [[1954]], and [[1 September]] [[1957]], under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running Nottingham Victoria to London Marylebone services via Leicester Central, and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but successfully solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
[[Image:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
[[Image:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Seymour railway station, Victoria]] in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |date=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]] who had it restored as closely as possible to its original LNER condition. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. As watering facilities for locomotives had by then disappeared a second 8-wheel [[tender locomotive|tender]] was adapted as an auxiliary water tank.

In 1969 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, where it was fitted with cowcatcher, high-intensity headlamp, bell, air brakes and buckeye couplings. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972. Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. Fortunately in January 1973 [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in at the eleventh hour and had the locomotive repatriated and repaired.

In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on|author=O'Neil, Shane|journal=[[Australian Railway History]]|date=August 2008|pages=265-272}}</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the "AusSteam '88" festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line, Victoria]]. The "Flying Scotsman" stayed in Victoria for 2 months before heading back to New South Wales. On [[8 August]] [[1989]] "Flying Scotsman" set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|date=1992|pages=112,121}}</ref>

In recent years "Flying Scotsman" has continued to have an eventful existence. In [[1995]] it was in pieces at [[Southall]] depot in West London and facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation. Salvation came in [[1996]] when Dr Tony Marchington bought the locomotive and had it restored to running condition at a cost of some £750,000.

In 2004 "Flying Scotsman" was put up for sale because of the mounting debts of its owning company. After a high-profile campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. In 2007 "Flying Scotsman" entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised.<ref>http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/keepsteaming.asp NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January-February}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Streeter, Tony|title=Flying Scotsman - the real story|journal=Steam Railway|volume=359|pages=60–2|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive was being refurbished was on view to visitors to the NRM but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.

===Debate over Restoration===
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and "Flying Scotsman" has attracted more than its fair share{{Fact|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul, it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

Early in 2009 it emerged that the spare boiler, acquired following the locomotive's preservation, had been sold.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in [[The Railway Series]] of children's books by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|"Enterprising Engines"]]. At this time "Flying Scotsman" had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories.

"Flying Scotsman" is featured in the PC game [[Microsoft Train Simulator]]. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 edition of [[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

==External links==
{{commonscat|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/index.asp National Railway Museum's section] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Clifford, David (comp.)|title=The world's most famous steam locomotive: Flying Scotsman|publisher=Finial|location=Swanage|date=1997|isbn=1-900467-02-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Nigel (ed.)|title=Flying Scotsman - a locomotive legend|publisher=Silver Link Publishing|location=St Michaels on Wyre|date=1988}}
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Nicholson, Peter|title=Flying Scotsman - the world's most travelled steam locomotive|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|date=1999|isbn=0-7110-2744-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Pegler, Alan, ''et al.''|title=Flying Scotsman|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|edition=3rd|date=1976|isbn=0-7110-0663-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Sharpe, Brian|title=Flying Scotsman: the legend lives on|publisher=Mortons Media|location=Horncastle|date=2005}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

 
{{LNER Locomotives}}

[[Category:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives|A3 4472]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved British steam locomotives]]

[[de:LNER Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

Carl Gottfried Woide

2009-02-26T11:40:09Z

Camboxer: copyediting, dates and variant name added

'''Carl Gottfried Woide''' ({{lang-de|Karl Gottfried Woide}}) (1725-1790), also known in England as '''Charles Godfrey Woide''', was an Orientalist.

German by birth, Woide lived in Britain from 1768 to 1790 and worked in the [[British Museum]] as a librarian.<ref>[http://books.google.pl/books?id=Vsw_WrvbD_UC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=%22Carl+Gottfried+Woide%22&source=bl&ots=jMyyjRvDG0&sig=LeE59qmIIINYNEDRVf3D0co9zYk&hl=pl&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result Panikos Panayi, "Germans in Britain Since 1500"]</ref> He was one of the first scholars to work on the Egyptian [[Coptic language|Sahidic]] texts.<ref>[http://www.lejardindeslivres.fr/eden.htm Le Jardin des Livres]</ref>
He examined the [[Codex Alexandrinus]] and published text of the [[New Testament]] from this codex in 1786. He owned a few pages from [[Uncial 070]]. He was also a pastor.

== Works ==
* ''Lexicon Ægyptiaco-Latinum'', 1775.
* ''Novum Testamentum Graecum e codice ms. alexandrino'', London 1786.

== References ==
<references/>

== External linkns ==
* [http://correspondence.linnean-online.org/3823/ Linnean Correspondence] Karl Gottfried Woide to Carl Linnaeus (27 June 1775)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Woide, Carl Gottfried}}
[[Category:British librarians]]
[[Category:Biblical scholars]]
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1790 deaths]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2009-02-24T00:58:45Z

Camboxer: /* Further reading */ additions, textual amendments

{{Infobox Locomotive|
name=''Flying Scotsman''|
powertype=Steam|
image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG|
caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.|
gauge={{RailGauge|sg}}|
builddate=[[1923]]|
designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]|
cylindercount=3|
weight=96.25 [[long ton|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)|
length=70 feet (21.6 m)|
height=13 feet (4.0 m)|
driversize=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter|
topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)|
tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])|
railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]|
railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]|
whytetype=[[4-6-2]]|
roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103|
officialname=''Flying Scotsman''|
builddate=[[1923]]|
builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]|
retiredate=[[1963]]|
restoredate=[[1968]]|
currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]|
}}
{{dablink|This article is about the preserved locomotive named "Flying Scotsman". For the daily train service between London and Edinburgh, see [[Flying Scotsman (train)|"Flying Scotsman" (train)]].}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] no. '''4472 "Flying Scotsman"''' (originally no. 1472) was built in [[1923]] for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Sir Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which this locomotive was named. In its career 4472 "Flying Scotsman" has travelled {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]]. It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the number 1472.

"Flying Scotsman" was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the British Empire Exhibition at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. At this time it acquired its name and the new number of 4472. From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|''Flying Scotsman'']] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on [[1 May]] [[1928]]. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a corridor connection and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train in order to allow replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''The Flying Scotsman''. On [[30 November]] [[1934]], running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|lk=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On [[22 August]] [[1928]], there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On [[25 April]] [[1945]], A1 class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. This included "Flying Scotsman", which emerged from Doncaster works on [[4 January]] [[1947]], as an A3 having received a boiler with a long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had become no. 103 in [[Edward Thompson|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, then 60103 from [[1 January]] [[1948]], on the nationalisation of the railways when all the LNER locomotive numbers were prefixed with 60.
[[Image:Flying Scostman, BR livery.jpg|thumb|left|60103 "Flying Scotsman" painted in the darker [[British Rail|BR]] green livery it wore when withdrawn in 1963.]]

Between [[5 June]] [[1950]], and [[4 July]] [[1954]], and between [[26 December]] [[1954]], and [[1 September]] [[1957]], under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running Nottingham Victoria to London Marylebone services via Leicester Central, and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but successfully solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
[[Image:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
[[Image:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Seymour railway station, Victoria]] in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |date=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]] who had it restored as closely as possible to its original LNER condition. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. As watering facilities for locomotives had by then disappeared a second 8-wheel [[tender locomotive|tender]] was adapted as an auxiliary water tank.

In 1969 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, where it was fitted with cowcatcher, high-intensity headlamp, bell, air brakes and buckeye couplings. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972. Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. Fortunately in January 1973 [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in at the eleventh hour and had the locomotive repatriated and repaired.

In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on|author=O'Neil, Shane|journal=[[Australian Railway History]]|date=August 2008|pages=265-272}}</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the "AusSteam '88" festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line, Victoria]]. The "Flying Scotsman" stayed in Victoria for 2 months before heading back to New South Wales. On [[8 August]] [[1989]] "Flying Scotsman" set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|date=1992|pages=112,121}}</ref>

In recent years "Flying Scotsman" has continued to have an eventful existence. In [[1995]] it was in pieces at [[Southall]] depot in West London and facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation. Salvation came in [[1996]] when Dr Tony Marchington bought the locomotive and had it restored to running condition at a cost of some £750,000.

In 2004 "Flying Scotsman" was put up for sale because of the mounting debts of its owning company. After a high-profile campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. In 2007 "Flying Scotsman" entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised.<ref>http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/keepsteaming.asp NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January-February}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Streeter, Tony|title=Flying Scotsman - the real story|journal=Steam Railway|volume=359|pages=60–2|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive was being refurbished was on view to visitors to the NRM but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.

===Debate over Restoration===
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and "Flying Scotsman" has attracted more than its fair share{{Fact|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul, it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

Early in 2009 it emerged that the spare boiler, acquired following the locomotive's preservation, had been sold.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in [[The Railway Series]] of children's books by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|"Enterprising Engines"]]. At this time "Flying Scotsman" had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories.

"Flying Scotsman" is featured in the PC game [[Microsoft Train Simulator]]. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 edition of [[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

==External links==
{{commonscat|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/index.asp National Railway Museum's section] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Clifford, David (comp.)|title=The world's most famout steam locomotive: Flying Scotsman|publisher=Finial|location=Swanage|date=1997|isbn=1-900467-02-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Nigel (ed.)|title=Flying Scotsman - a locomotive legend|publisher=Silver Link Publishing|location=St Michaels on Wyre|date=1988}}
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Nicholson, Peter|title=Flying Scotsman - the world's most travelled steam locomotive|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|date=1999|isbn=0-7110-2744-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Pegler, Alan, ''et al.''|title=Flying Scotsman|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|edition=3rd|date=1976|isbn=0-7110-0663-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Sharpe, Brian|title=Flying Scotsman: the legend lives on|publisher=Mortons Media|location=Horncastle|date=2005}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

 
{{LNER Locomotives}}

[[Category:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives|A3 4472]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved British steam locomotives]]

[[de:LNER Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2009-02-23T23:37:57Z

Camboxer: refs added/amended

{{Infobox Locomotive|
name=''Flying Scotsman''|
powertype=Steam|
image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG|
caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.|
gauge={{RailGauge|sg}}|
builddate=[[1923]]|
designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]|
cylindercount=3|
weight=96.25 [[long ton|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)|
length=70 feet (21.6 m)|
height=13 feet (4.0 m)|
driversize=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter|
topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)|
tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])|
railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]|
railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]|
whytetype=[[4-6-2]]|
roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103|
officialname=''Flying Scotsman''|
builddate=[[1923]]|
builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]|
retiredate=[[1963]]|
restoredate=[[1968]]|
currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]|
}}
{{dablink|This article is about the preserved locomotive named "Flying Scotsman". For the daily train service between London and Edinburgh, see [[Flying Scotsman (train)|"Flying Scotsman" (train)]].}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] no. '''4472 "Flying Scotsman"''' (originally no. 1472) was built in [[1923]] for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Sir Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which this locomotive was named. In its career 4472 "Flying Scotsman" has travelled {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]]. It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the number 1472.

"Flying Scotsman" was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the British Empire Exhibition at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. At this time it acquired its name and the new number of 4472. From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|''Flying Scotsman'']] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on [[1 May]] [[1928]]. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a corridor connection and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train in order to allow replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''The Flying Scotsman''. On [[30 November]] [[1934]], running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|lk=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On [[22 August]] [[1928]], there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On [[25 April]] [[1945]], A1 class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. This included "Flying Scotsman", which emerged from Doncaster works on [[4 January]] [[1947]], as an A3 having received a boiler with a long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had become no. 103 in [[Edward Thompson|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, then 60103 from [[1 January]] [[1948]], on the nationalisation of the railways when all the LNER locomotive numbers were prefixed with 60.
[[Image:Flying Scostman, BR livery.jpg|thumb|left|60103 "Flying Scotsman" painted in the darker [[British Rail|BR]] green livery it wore when withdrawn in 1963.]]

Between [[5 June]] [[1950]], and [[4 July]] [[1954]], and between [[26 December]] [[1954]], and [[1 September]] [[1957]], under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running Nottingham Victoria to London Marylebone services via Leicester Central, and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but successfully solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
[[Image:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
[[Image:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Seymour railway station, Victoria]] in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |date=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]] who had it restored as closely as possible to its original LNER condition. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. As watering facilities for locomotives had by then disappeared a second 8-wheel [[tender locomotive|tender]] was adapted as an auxiliary water tank.

In 1969 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, where it was fitted with cowcatcher, high-intensity headlamp, bell, air brakes and buckeye couplings. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972. Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. Fortunately in January 1973 [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in at the eleventh hour and had the locomotive repaired and repatriated.

In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on|author=O'Neil, Shane|journal=[[Australian Railway History]]|date=August 2008|pages=265-272}}</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the "AusSteam '88" festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line, Victoria]]. The "Flying Scotsman" stayed in Victoria for 2 months before heading back to New South Wales. On [[8 August]] [[1989]] "Flying Scotsman" set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|date=1992|pages=112,121}}</ref>

In recent years "Flying Scotsman" has continued to have an eventful existence. In [[1995]] it was in pieces at [[Southall]] depot in West London and facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation. Salvation came in [[1996]] when Dr Tony Marchington bought the locomotive and had it restored to running condition at a cost of some £750,000.

In 2004 "Flying Scotsman" was put up for sale because of the mounting debts of its owning company. After a high-profile campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. In 2007 "Flying Scotsman" entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised.<ref>http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/keepsteaming.asp NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January-February}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Streeter, Tony|title=Flying Scotsman - the real story|journal=Steam Railway|volume=359|pages=60–2|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive is being refurbished is on view to visitors to the NRM but by 2007 the engine was dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.

===Debate over Restoration===
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and "Flying Scotsman" has attracted more than its fair share{{Fact|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul, it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

Early in 2009 it emerged that the spare boiler, acquired following the locomotive's preservation, had been sold.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in [[The Railway Series]] of children's books by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|"Enterprising Engines"]]. At this time "Flying Scotsman" had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories.

"Flying Scotsman" is featured in the PC game [[Microsoft Train Simulator]]. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 edition of [[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

==External links==
{{commonscat|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/index.asp National Railway Museum's section] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Clifford, David (comp.)|title=The world's most famout steam locomotive: Flying Scotsman|publisher=Finial|location=Swanage|date=1997|isbn=1-900467-02-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Pegler, Alan, ''et al.''|title=Flying Scotsman|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton|edition=3rd|date=1976|isbn=0-7110-0663-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

 
{{LNER Locomotives}}

[[Category:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives|A3 4472]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved British steam locomotives]]

[[de:LNER Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2009-02-23T17:33:57Z

Camboxer: reposition image to improve page layout

{{Infobox Locomotive|
name=''Flying Scotsman''|
powertype=Steam|
image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG|
caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.|
gauge={{RailGauge|sg}}|
builddate=[[1923]]|
designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]|
cylindercount=3|
weight=96.25 [[long ton|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)|
length=70 feet (21.6 m)|
height=13 feet (4.0 m)|
driversize=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter|
topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)|
tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])|
railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]|
railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]|
whytetype=[[4-6-2]]|
roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103|
officialname=''Flying Scotsman''|
builddate=[[1923]]|
builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]|
retiredate=[[1963]]|
restoredate=[[1968]]|
currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]|
}}
{{dablink|This article is about the preserved locomotive named "Flying Scotsman". For the daily train service between London and Edinburgh, see [[Flying Scotsman (train)|"Flying Scotsman" (train)]].}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] no. '''4472 "Flying Scotsman"''' (originally no. 1472) was built in [[1923]] for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Sir Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which this locomotive was named. In its career 4472 "Flying Scotsman" has travelled {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]]. It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the number 1472.

"Flying Scotsman" was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the British Empire Exhibition at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. At this time it acquired its name and the new number of 4472. From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|''Flying Scotsman'']] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on [[1 May]] [[1928]]. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a corridor connection and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train in order to allow replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''The Flying Scotsman''. On [[30 November]] [[1934]], running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|lk=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On [[22 August]] [[1928]], there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On [[25 April]] [[1945]], A1 class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. This included "Flying Scotsman", which emerged from Doncaster works on [[4 January]] [[1947]], as an A3 having received a boiler with a long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had become no. 103 in [[Edward Thompson|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, then 60103 from [[1 January]] [[1948]], on the nationalisation of the railways when all the LNER locomotive numbers were prefixed with 60.
[[Image:Flying Scostman, BR livery.jpg|thumb|left|60103 "Flying Scotsman" painted in the darker [[British Rail|BR]] green livery it wore when withdrawn in 1963.]]

Between [[5 June]] [[1950]], and [[4 July]] [[1954]], and between [[26 December]] [[1954]], and [[1 September]] [[1957]], under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running Nottingham Victoria to London Marylebone services via Leicester Central, and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but successfully solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
[[Image:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
[[Image:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Seymour railway station, Victoria]] in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |date=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]] who had it restored as closely as possible to its original LNER condition. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. As watering facilities for locomotives had by then disappeared a second 8-wheel [[tender locomotive|tender]] was adapted as an auxiliary water tank.

In 1969 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, where it was fitted with cowcatcher, high-intensity headlamp, bell, air brakes and buckeye couplings. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972. Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. Fortunately in January 1973 [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in at the eleventh hour and had the locomotive repaired and repatriated.

In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>'''''Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on''''' O'Neil, Shane ''[[Australian Railway History]]'', August, 2008 pp.265-272</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the "AusSteam '88" festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line, Victoria]]. The "Flying Scotsman" stayed in Victoria for 2 months before heading back to New South Wales. On [[8 August]] [[1989]] "Flying Scotsman" set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|date=1992|pages=112,121}}</ref>

In recent years "Flying Scotsman" has continued to have an eventful existence. In [[1995]] it was in pieces at [[Southall]] depot in West London and facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation. Salvation came in [[1996]] when Dr Tony Marchington bought the locomotive and had it restored to running condition at a cost of some £750,000.

In 2004 "Flying Scotsman" was put up for sale because of the mounting debts of its owning company. After a high-profile campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. In 2007 "Flying Scotsman" entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised.<ref>http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/keepsteaming.asp NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January-February}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive is being refurbished is on view to visitors to the NRM but as of 2007 the engine was dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.

===Debate over Restoration===
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and "Flying Scotsman" has attracted more than its fair share{{Fact|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul, it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

Early in 2009 it emerged that the spare boiler, acquired following the locomotive's preservation, had been sold.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in [[The Railway Series]] of children's books by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|"Enterprising Engines"]]. At this time "Flying Scotsman" had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories.

"Flying Scotsman" is featured in the PC game [[Microsoft Train Simulator]]. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 edition of [[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

==External links==
{{commonscat|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/index.asp National Railway Museum's section] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

 
{{LNER Locomotives}}

[[Category:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives|A3 4472]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved British steam locomotives]]

[[de:LNER Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

LNER A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

2009-02-23T17:31:41Z

Camboxer: updates & refs added, some copyediting

{{Infobox Locomotive|
name=''Flying Scotsman''|
powertype=Steam|
image=Flying_Scotsman_in_Doncaster.JPG|
caption=''Flying Scotsman'' in 2003. Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style [[smoke deflector]]s and double chimney are BR-era features.|
gauge={{RailGauge|sg}}|
builddate=[[1923]]|
designer=[[Sir Nigel Gresley]]|
cylindercount=3|
weight=96.25 [[long ton|tons]] (97.54 tonnes)|
length=70 feet (21.6 m)|
height=13 feet (4.0 m)|
driversize=80 inches (2.03 m) diameter|
topspeed=100 mph (161 km/h)|
tractiveeffort=29,385 [[lbf]] (13,329 [[kgf]], 130.7 [[kilonewton|kN]])|
railroad=[[London and North Eastern Railway]]|
railroadclass=[[LNER Class A3|A3]]|
whytetype=[[4-6-2]]|
roadnumber=1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103|
officialname=''Flying Scotsman''|
builddate=[[1923]]|
builder=[[Doncaster railway works]]|
retiredate=[[1963]]|
restoredate=[[1968]]|
currentowner=[[National Railway Museum]]|
}}
{{dablink|This article is about the preserved locomotive named "Flying Scotsman". For the daily train service between London and Edinburgh, see [[Flying Scotsman (train)|"Flying Scotsman" (train)]].}}

The [[LNER]] [[LNER Class A3|Class A3]] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] [[steam locomotive|locomotive]] no. '''4472 "Flying Scotsman"''' (originally no. 1472) was built in [[1923]] for the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) at [[Doncaster railway works|Doncaster Works]] to a design of [[Sir Nigel Gresley|H.N. Gresley]]. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably the 10am London to Edinburgh [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] service after which this locomotive was named. In its career 4472 "Flying Scotsman" has travelled {{convert|2000000|mi|km}}.

== History ==
The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]]. It was built as an [[LNER Class A1/A3|A1]], initially carrying the number 1472.

"Flying Scotsman" was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the British Empire Exhibition at [[Wembley]] in 1924 and 1925. At this time it acquired its name and the new number of 4472. From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified [[valve gear]], this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop [[Flying Scotsman (train)|''Flying Scotsman'']] train service from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]], hauling the inaugural train on [[1 May]] [[1928]]. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 [[long ton|tons]] of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the [[water trough]] system enabled them to travel the {{convert|392|mi|km}} from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]] in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a corridor connection and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train in order to allow replacement of the driver and fireman without stopping the train. The following year the locomotive appeared in the film ''The Flying Scotsman''. On [[30 November]] [[1934]], running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be ''officially'' recorded at {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on|lk=on|sigfig=4}} and earned a place in the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles]]; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.

On [[22 August]] [[1928]], there appeared an improved version of this Pacific type classified A3; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On [[25 April]] [[1945]], A1 class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 in order to make way for newer [[Edward Thompson|Thompson]] and [[A.H. Peppercorn|Peppercorn]] [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1|Pacifics]]. This included "Flying Scotsman", which emerged from Doncaster works on [[4 January]] [[1947]], as an A3 having received a boiler with a long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had become no. 103 in [[Edward Thompson|Edward Thompson's]] comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, then 60103 from [[1 January]] [[1948]], on the nationalisation of the railways when all the LNER locomotive numbers were prefixed with 60.
[[Image:Flying Scostman, BR livery.jpg|thumb|60103 "Flying Scotsman" painted in the darker [[British Rail|BR]] green livery it wore when withdrawn in 1963.]]

Between [[5 June]] [[1950]], and [[4 July]] [[1954]], and between [[26 December]] [[1954]], and [[1 September]] [[1957]], under [[British Railways]] ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running Nottingham Victoria to London Marylebone services via Leicester Central, and hauled one of the last services on that line before its closure.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double [[Kylchap]] chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type [[smoke deflector]]s fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance but successfully solved the problem.<ref>Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated - 1960s: p. 22</ref>

== Preservation ==
[[Image:4472 FLYING SCOTSMAN at Steamtown Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Carnforth]] in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors]]
[[Image:LNER 4472 Seymour 1989.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at [[Seymour railway station, Victoria]] in 1989, equipped with electric lighting for operation on Australian railways<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins| title=A Vintage Year for Steam | publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]] | location=Melbourne |date=1992 |page = 98}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2007.jpg|thumb|In the NRM Workshop (18 November 2007)]]
[[Image:Flying Scotsman 2005.jpg|thumb|"Flying Scotsman" at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005]]
Number 60103 ended service with [[British Rail]]ways in 1963 and was sold for preservation to [[Alan Pegler]] who had it restored as closely as possible to its original LNER condition. It then worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968 – the year steam traction officially ended on BR. As watering facilities for locomotives had by then disappeared a second 8-wheel [[tender locomotive|tender]] was adapted as an auxiliary water tank.

In 1969 it went on a promotional tour to the USA, where it was fitted with cowcatcher, high-intensity headlamp, bell, air brakes and buckeye couplings. The trip was initially a success, but when Pegler's backers withdrew their support he began to lose money and was finally bankrupted in 1972. Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it could take up permanent residence in America or even be cut up. Fortunately in January 1973 [[Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet|William McAlpine]] stepped in at the eleventh hour and had the locomotive repaired and repatriated.

In October 1988 the locomotive arrived in [[Australia]]<ref>'''''Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on''''' O'Neil, Shane ''[[Australian Railway History]]'', August, 2008 pp.265-272</ref> to take part in that country's [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentenary]] celebrations and during the course of the next year it travelled more than {{convert|45000|km|mi}} over Australian rails, including a transcontinental run from [[Sydney]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. It was a central attraction in the "AusSteam '88" festival, [[double heading]] with [[NSWGR]] locomotive [[3801]], and running alongside [[Victorian Railways R class]] locomotives along the {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long parallel [[Victorian broad gauge|broad]] and [[standard gauge]] tracks of the [[North East railway line, Victoria]]. The "Flying Scotsman" stayed in Victoria for 2 months before heading back to New South Wales. On [[8 August]] [[1989]] "Flying Scotsman" set another record, travelling {{convert|442|mi|km}} from [[Parkes, New South Wales|Parkes]] to [[Broken Hill]] non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malpass, Dare & Jenkins|title=A Vintage Year for Steam|publisher=[[Australian Railway Historical Society]]|location=Melbourne|date=1992|pages=112,121}}</ref>

In recent years "Flying Scotsman" has continued to have an eventful existence. In [[1995]] it was in pieces at [[Southall]] depot in West London and facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation. Salvation came in [[1996]] when Dr Tony Marchington bought the locomotive and had it restored to running condition at a cost of some £750,000.

In 2004 "Flying Scotsman" was put up for sale because of the mounting debts of its owning company. After a high-profile campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scott, Andrew|title=How we saved the ''Flying Scotsman''|journal=Railway Magazine|volume=150|issue=1238|pages=14–19|month=June | year=2004}}</ref> and it is now part of the National Collection. In 2007 "Flying Scotsman" entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to mainline running standard; planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised.<ref>http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/keepsteaming.asp NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=120|pages=8–10|year=2009|month=January-February}}</ref> The bay in which the locomotive is being refurbished is on view to visitors to the NRM but as of 2007 the engine was dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.

===Debate over Restoration===
Choice of livery is an emotive subject amongst some of those involved in the preservation of historic rolling stock, and "Flying Scotsman" has attracted more than its fair share{{Fact|date=December 2008}} as a result of 40 years continuous service, during which the locomotive underwent several changes to its livery.

Alan Pegler's preferred option was evidently to return the locomotive as far as possible to the general appearance and distinctive colour it carried at the height of its fame in the 1930s. A later option was to re-install the double [[Kylchap]] chimney and German [[smoke deflector]]s that it carried at the end of its career in the 1960s, which encouraged more complete combustion, a factor in dealing with smoke pollution and fires caused by spark throwing.

More recently, until its current overhaul, it was running in a hybrid form, retaining the modernised exhaust arrangements while carrying the LNER 'Apple Green' livery of the 1930s. Some believe that the more famous LNER colour scheme should remain, while others take the view that, to be authentic, only BR livery should be used when the loco is carrying these later additions. The subject is further complicated by the fact that, while in BR livery, the locomotive never ran with its corridor tender.

Early in 2009 it emerged that the spare boiler, acquired following the locomotive's preservation, had been sold.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Courtney, Geoff|title=NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal|journal=Heritage Railway|volume=121|pages=6|year=2009|month=February-March}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is arguably one of the most famous locomotives in the world today, and no doubt among the most famous in the UK.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in [[The Railway Series]] of children's books by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]]. The locomotive visited the fictional [[Island of Sodor]] in the book [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|"Enterprising Engines"]]. At this time "Flying Scotsman" had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories.

"Flying Scotsman" is featured in the PC game [[Microsoft Train Simulator]]. The locomotive is also included in the 2004 edition of [[Trainz]] Railroad Simulator.

"Flying Scotsman" has been featured in the film ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'', pulling the [[Orient Express]] out of London.

==External links==
{{commonscat|LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman}}
*[http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/index.asp National Railway Museum's section] about Flying Scotsman [[Flying Scotsman (train)|train]] and locomotive
*[http://www.ssplprints.com/search.php?keywords=flying+scotsman&page=1&numperpage=8&idx=4&ref=wiki&ad=sspl02 The official National Railway Museum print website] containing many Flying Scotsman prints and posters
*[http://www.hornbyrailways.com/prodimg/lrg6148.jpg Photo: from Gresley Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/railways/background_rise.shtml BBC "Nation on Film"] article with historic films of Flying Scotsman in steam.
*[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1a3a10.shtml The LNER Encyclopedia page for the Gresley A1/A3s including Flying Scotsman]
*[http://www.southernsteamtrains.com/flyingscotsman.htm History of the Flying Scotsman by Southern Steam Trains]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Hughes, Geoffrey|title=Flying Scotsman: the people’s engine|publisher=Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises|location=York|year=2004|isbn=0-9546685-3-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Roden, Andrew|title=Flying Scotsman|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84513-241-5}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

 
{{LNER Locomotives}}

[[Category:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives|A3 4472]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives|Flying Scotsman]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Doncaster]]
[[Category:Preserved British steam locomotives]]

[[de:LNER Klasse A3]]
[[nl:Flying Scotsman]]
[[ja:フライング・スコッツマン]]
[[sv:Flying Scotsman]]

Mort pour la France

2009-01-27T21:20:55Z

Camboxer: edited for style

'''Mort pour la France''' is a term used in the [[France|French]] legal system for people who died during a conflict, usually in service of the country.

== Definition ==
By decision of the French government, people who may get this distinction are members of the French military forces who died in action or from an injury or a illness contracted during the service during the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World War]]s, the [[Vietnam War|Indochina]] and [[Algeria War]]s, and fighting in [[Morocco]] and the [[Tunisian War of Independence]], and to French civil casualties killed during these conflicts.

== Copyright ==
French law gives a special 30 years extension of [[copyright]] to creative artists declared "Mort pour la France" over the usual 70 years post mortem (article L. 123-10).

== Writers ==
List of writers officially declared "Mort pour la France".

* [[Alain-Fournier]] (1914)
* [[Jacques Arthuys]] (1943)
* [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] (1918)
* [[Victor Basch]] (1944)
* [[Pierre Brossolette]] (1944)
* [[Benjamin Crémieux]] (1944)
* [[Louis Codet]] (1914)
* [[Jacques Decour]] (1942)
* [[Jean Desbordes]] (1944)
* [[Robert Desnos]] (1945)
* [[Luc Dietrich]] (1944)
* [[Benjamin Fondane]] (1944)
* [[Maurice Halbwachs]] (1945)
* [[Max Jacob]] (1944)
* [[Régis Messac]] (1945)
* [[Léon de Montesquiou]] (1915)
* [[Irène Némirovsky]] (1942)
* [[Georges Politzer]] (1942)
* [[Charles Péguy]] (1914)
* [[Louis Pergaud]] (1915)
* [[André Ruplinger]] (1914)
* [[Antoine de Saint Exupéry]] (1944)
* [[Louis de la Salle]] (1915)
* [[Albert Thierry]] (1915)
* [[Georges Valois]] (1945)
* [[François Vernet]] (1945)
* [[Jean de la Ville de Mirmont]] (1914)
* [[Jean Zay]] (1944)

== Composers ==
List of composers officially declared "Mort pour la France".
* [[Jehan Alain]] (1940)
* [[Joseph Boulnois]] (1918)
* [[Émile Goué]] (1946)
* [[Fernand Halphen]] (1917)
* [[Maurice Jaubert]] (1940)
* [[René Vierne]] (1918)

== External links ==
* [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/sga/votre_espace/monde_combattant/cartes_titres_et_mentions/mention_mort_pour_la_france/mention_mort_pour_la_france/ attribution rules] (French) on www.defense.gouv.fr
* [http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ Mémoire des Hommes] Official web site

{{law-stub}}

[[fr:Mort pour la France]]

[[Category:French law]]
[[Category:Copyright law]]

Vale of Rheidol Railway

2009-01-12T15:26:51Z

Camboxer: ref added

{{Heritage Railway |
|name = <center>Vale of Rheidol Railway ''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Rheilffordd Dyffryn Rheidol''</center>|
|image = [[Image:VoRR no 8 GWR green.jpg|thumb|right|275px|No 8 in her current livery]]
|locale = [[Ceredigion]], [[Wales]]|
|terminus = [[Aberystwyth]] and [[Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion|Devil's Bridge]]|
|linename = Rheilffordd Dyffryn Rheidol|
|builtby = Engineer: [[James Szlumper]]|
|originalgauge = {{RailGauge|23.75}}|
|preservedgauge = {{RailGauge|23.75}}|
|era = |
|owned = Trust Rheilffordd Dyffryn Rheidol|
|operator = Rheilffordd Dyffryn Rheidol Ltd.|
|
|stations = 9|
|length = 11¾ miles|
|originalopen = August 1902 Opened for passengers: 22 December 1902 [[Cambrian Railways]]: 1 July 1913 GWR Grouping: 1923 [[British Railways]]: 1948 Last BR Steam railway: from 1967|
|closed = Privatised|
|stageyears = 1989 |
|stage = Privatised|
|}}
The '''Vale of Rheidol Railway''' (VoR, [[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Rheilffordd Dyffryn Rheidol'' ) is a [[narrow-gauge]] {{RailGauge|23.75}} gauge [[heritage railway]] that runs for 11¾ miles between [[Aberystwyth]] and [[Devil's Bridge (Wales)|Devil's Bridge]] in [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]. It was the last line to be operated by steam as part of the [[Transport Act 1947|nationalised]] [[British Railways]] network, until it was privatised in 1989.

==History==
The originally-planned primary purpose of the line was to serve the mines in the [[River Rheidol|Rheidol valley]], carrying ore, especially [[lead#occurrence|lead]], and timber (for pit props etc.) to the sea and the main line railway at Aberystwyth. But by the time that the railway was built, lead mining in [[Ceredigion]] was in steep decline, and unusually tourism was its greatest earner right from when it opened, although during [[World War I]] military camps in the valley and the need for timber for the war effort meant that freight did briefly take over as the main earner. A narrow gauge line for the area was proposed after the initial route planned for the [[Manchester and Milford Railway]], from Llanidloes to Aberystwyth via Devil's Bridge, was altered (and indeed, ultimately abandoned before construction started).

Construction was begun in 1901 following an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1897. Rock was hand-hewn instead of being blasted in order to save money. The railway was unusual in that it developed its tourist potential by carrying passengers from its opening. It opened for mineral traffic in August 1902 and for passengers on 22 December 1902.

In addition to the mainline, which still operates, there was originally a branch line which ran to Aberystwyth harbour. However, the branch line was intended principally for freight services, and became redundant with the predominance of tourist passenger operations. The branch line was closed and lifted, and little evidence of it remains today.<ref>Parts of the route may be traced via the Geograph Project [http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/668867 as here, for example].</ref>

On 1 July 1913, the line was absorbed by [[Cambrian Railways]]. It was subsequently grouped into the [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR) in 1923. The GWR turned it uniquely into a completely tourist based service, freight services being withdrawn and only a summer season of trains being operated from the 1930s. The entire line was closed for the duration of [[World War II]], though maintained so that in 1946 it reopened, and in 1948 passed into the hands of British Railways. The line was finally [[privatisation of British Rail|privatised]] in 1989, sold to the [[Brecon Mountain Railway]], who in 1996 sold it on to the [[Phyllis Rampton Trust]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boyd-Hope|first=Gary|title=Rheidol revival: 20 years of private enterprise|journal=Steam Railway|volume=358|year=2009|month=January|pages=91-5}}</ref> Today it still operates as a tourist railway offering an hour-long journey through [[Cambrian Mountains|spectacular mountain scenery]], much of it at a [[grade (slope)|gradient]] of 1 in 50. The headquarters of the railway are at Aberystwyth, where it shares a terminus with the [[standard gauge]] main line, trains leaving from the former [[Carmarthen]] [[bay platform]]. For many years, it was the sole steam-operated line on the British Rail network, steam traction having ceased in 1968 on all other parts of the system. Accordingly, Aberystwyth depot was a popular and significant request for engine crews to transfer to.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}

* For details of the locomotives used on the line see: [[Vale of Rheidol Railway locomotives]]

<div style="clear: both"></div>

==The route==
[[Image:ValeofRheidolMap.png|thumb|left|600px|Map of the Vale of Rheidol Light Railway in 2006]]
<div style="clear: both"></div>

There are nine stations. Whilst all trains generally stop at block stations, for operational reasons, the other (smaller) stations are request stops.

*'''[[Aberystwyth railway station|Aberystwyth]]''' - Block station, passing loop, and terminus.
*[[Llanbadarn railway station|Llanbadarn]]
*[[Glanrafon railway station|Glanrafon]]
*'''[[Capel Bangor railway station|Capel Bangor]]''' - Block station and passing loop.
*[[Nantyronen railway station|Nantyronen]]
*'''[[Aberffrwd railway station|Aberffrwd]]''' - Block station and passing loop.
*[[Rheidol Falls railway station|Rheidol Falls]]
*[[Rhiwfron railway station|Rhiwfron]]
*'''[[Devil's Bridge railway station|Devil's Bridge]]''' - Block station, passing loop, and terminus.

When the lead mines were being worked there was an aerial cableway linking them with Rhiwfron.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Rheidol Railway.jpg|No 8 (like sister engines 7 and 9) had probably the oddest application of the [[rail blue]] livery during the 1970s
Image:VOR7 Abery2.jpg|Train with No 7 leaving Aberystwyth station
Image:No 9 At Devil's Bridge.jpg|No. 9 "Prince of Wales" rests at Devil's Bridge after arrival from Aberystwyth.
Image:Vale of Rheidol Railway No 9 At Devil's Bridge 2.jpg|Front view of No. 9
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Vale of Rheidol Railway locomotives]]
*[[British narrow gauge railways]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Vale of Rheidol Railway}}
*[http://www.rheidolrailway.co.uk/ Vale of Rheidol Railway website]
*[http://www.thesectionalappendix.co.uk/WRSHD29.html British Railways in 1960 - The Vale of Rheidol]

{{Vale of Rheidol Railway}}
{{Heritage railways in Wales}}
{{Historical Welsh railway companies‎}}

[[Category:Vale of Rheidol Railway]]
[[Category:Heritage railways in Wales]]
[[Category:Pre-grouping British railway companies]]
[[Category:Ceredigion]]
[[Category:Two foot gauge railways]]
[[Category:Great Western Railway constituents]]
[[Category:Narrow gauge railways in the United Kingdom]]

[[cy:Rheilffordd Dyffryn Rheidol]]

Sha Tau Kok Railway

2009-01-12T14:38:02Z

Camboxer: update & cleanup

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2007}}
[[Image:KCR-wgbagnall.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Steam locomotive W.G. Bagnall 0-4-4T, used on former Sha Tau Kok Branch Line.]]
[[Image:Hung Ling Station.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Former Hung Ling Station of the Sha Tau Kok Railway. Most of the stations of this railway have been demolished except this one.]]
The '''Sha Tau Kok Railway''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese:]] 沙頭角鐵路) was a {{RailGauge|24}} gauge [[narrow gauge railway]] running from [[Fanling]] to [[Sha Tau Kok]] in the northern [[New Territories]] of [[Hong Kong]]. The line began service on 1st April 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Bay/9585/eastrail/history.html|title=History of KCR East Rail}}</ref> It was built with the [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] [[railroad tracks|tracks]] of the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway]] when the latter was converted to [[standard gauge]]. It ceased operation on [[April 1]], [[1928]] when the [[Sha Tau Kok Road]], a highway parallel to the railway, came into service. Some of the old rails and a tunnel can still be traced through the dense foliage of the countryside today.

After the closure of the line, two [[locomotive]]s used on the railway were sold to the [[Philippines]], where they were used in sugar mills. Subsequently they were repurchased and brought back to Hong Kong, where one is now on display in the [[Hong Kong Railway Museum]]. The other joined the collection of the [[Phyllis Rampton Trust]] in Wales.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Boyd-Hope, Gary|title=Rheidol revival|journal=Steam Railway|volume=358|year=2009|month=January|pages=91-5}}</ref>

==Stations==
The short line had the following stations:
* Fanling
* Hung Leng or Hung Ling
* Wo Hang
* Shek Chung Au
* Sha Tau Kok

When the line closed, all but one were left standing.

==See also==
*[[MTR]]
*[[East Rail Line (MTR)|East Rail Line]]
*[[Sha Tau Kok]]
*[[Hong Kong Railway Museum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct railroads]]
[[Category:Two foot gauge railways]]
[[Category:KCR]]
[[Category:Narrow gauge railways in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:KCR East Rail]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Sha Tau Kok]]

{{MTR-stub}}

[[zh:沙頭角支線]]

Londoner Bier-Überschwemmung

2008-11-01T17:35:05Z

Camboxer: NPOV, links added

__NOTOC__
The '''London Beer Flood''' occurred on [[October 17]], [[1814]] in the [[London]] parish of [[St Giles in the Fields|St. Giles]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. At the [[Meux's Brewery|Meux and Company Brewery]] on [[Tottenham Court Road]]<ref name="bookoflists">{{cite book|last=Rennison|first=Nicholas|title=The Book of Lists: London|publisher=Canongate Books Ltd|date=[[2 November]], [[2006]]|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Lists-London-Nicholas-Rennison/dp/1841956767|isbn=9781841956763}}</ref><ref name="greenberg">{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Michael I.|title=Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Catastrophes|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|pages=156|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EZAdQAuPyKAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22beer+flood%22&hl=nl&sig=Y6Ha_T9sgglenbul8-ZzlGoTUaY|isbn=0763739898}}</ref>, a huge [[vat]] containing over 135,000 [[gallon]]s of [[beer]] ruptured, causing other vats in the same building to succumb in a [[domino effect]]. As a result, more than 323,000 gallons of beer burst out and gushed into the streets. The wave of beer destroyed two homes and crumbled the wall of the Tavistock Arms [[pub]], trapping the barmaid under the rubble.<ref name="expages">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060117063012/www.expage.com/page/beerflood London Beer Flood] at Expages.com (archived version)</ref>

The wave left 10 people dead: 8 due to drowning, one from [[effects of alcohol on the body|alcohol poisoning]] and one from [[dysentery]].<ref name="bookoflists"/>

The brewery was eventually taken to court over the accident, but the disaster was ruled to be an "[[Act of God]]" by the judge and jury, leaving no one responsible.

==See also==
*[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]
*[[Great Fire of London]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=50 "Beer Flood Claims Nine Souls"] by Alan Bellows, Damninteresting.com ([[September 28]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/beer.asp "A Brew to a Kill"] by Barbara Mikkelson at Snopes.com

[[Category:1814 disasters]]
[[Category:1814 in England]]
[[Category:History of the City of London]]
[[Category:19th century in London]]
[[Category:Industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in London]]
[[Category:Brewing in London]]

Henry Moule

2008-03-16T12:02:22Z

Camboxer: refine category

{{Anglican Portal}}
[[Image:Henry Moule's earth closet, improved version c1875.JPG|thumb|[[Henry Moule]]'s dry earth closet, which he first patented in 1873. This example is from around 1875]]

'''Henry Moule''' (1801–1880) was a priest in the [[Church of England]] and inventor of the dry earth closet.

==Life==
===Education and priesthood===
Moule, sixth son of George Moule, solicitor and banker, was born at [[Melksham]], [[Wiltshire]], 27 Jan. 1801, and educated at [[Marlborough]] grammar school. He was elected a foundation scholar of [[St John's College, Cambridge]], and graduated B.A. 1821 and M.A. 1826. He was ordained to the curacy of Melksham in 1823, and took sole charge of Gillingham, Dorset, in 1825. He was made vicar of Fordington in the same county in 1829, and remained there the remainder of his life.

For some years he undertook the duty of chaplain to the troops in Dorchester barracks, for whose use, as well as for a detached district of his own parish, he built in 1846, partly from the proceeds of his published ‘Barrack Sermons,’ 1845 (2nd edit. 1847), a church known as Christ Church, West Fordington. In 1833 his protests brought to an end the evils connected with the race meetings at [[Dorchester, Dorset|Dorchester]].

===Dry earth closet===
[[Image:dryeart.jpg|thumb|220px|Moule's earth closet design, circa 1909.]]
During the cholera visitations of 1849 and 1854 his exertions were unwearied. Impressed by the insalubrity of the houses, he turned his attention to sanitary science, and invented what is called the dry earth system. In partnership with James Bannehr, he took out a patent for the process (No. 1316, dated 28 May 1860). Among his works bearing on the subject were: ‘The Advantages of the Dry Earth System,’ 1868; ‘The Impossibility overcome: or the Inoffensive, Safe, and Economical Disposal of the Refuse of Towns and Villages,’ 1870; ‘The Dry Earth System,’ 1871; ‘Town Refuse, the Remedy for Local Taxation,’ 1872, and ‘National Health and Wealth promoted by the general adoption of the Dry Earth System,’ 1873. His system was adopted in private houses, in rural districts, in military camps, in many hospitals, and extensively in India.

===Later years===
He also wrote an important work, entitled ‘Eight Letters to Prince Albert, as President of the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall,’ 1855, prompted by the condition of Fordington parish, belonging to the duchy. In two letters in the ‘Times’ of 24 Feb. and 2 April 1874 he advocated a plan for extracting gas from Kimmeridge shale. He died at Fordington vicarage, 3 Feb. 1880, having married in 1824 Mary Mullett Evans, who died 21 Aug. 1877.

==Publications==
In addition to the works already mentioned, and many single sermons and pamphlets, Moule wrote: 1. ‘Two Conversations between a Clergyman and one of his Parishioners on the Public Baptism of Infants,’ 1843. 2. ‘Scraps of Sacred Verse,’ 1846. 3. ‘Scriptural Church Teaching,’ 1848. 4. ‘Christian Oratory during the first Five Centuries,’ 1859. 5. ‘My Kitchen-Garden: by a Country Parson,’ 1860. 6. ‘Manure for the Million. A Letter to the Cottage Gardeners of England,’ 1861; 11th thousand, 1870. 7. ‘Self-supporting Boarding Schools and Day Schools for the Children of the Industrial Classes,’ 1862; 3rd edit. 1871. 8. ‘Good out of Evil. A Series of Letters publicly addressed to Dr. Colenso,’ 1863. 9. ‘Pardon and Peace: illustrated by ministerial Memorials, to which are added some Pieces of Sacred Verse,’ 1865. 10. ‘Our Home Heathen, how can the Church of England get at them,’ 1868. 11. ‘“These from the Land of Sinim.” The Narrative of the Conversion of a Chinese Physician [Dzing, Seen Sang],’ 1868. 12. ‘Land for the Million to rent. Addressed to the Working Classes of England; by H. M.,’ 1870. 13. ‘On the Warming of Churches,’ 1870. 14. ‘The Science of Manure as the Food of Plants,’ 1870. 15. ‘The Potatoe Disease, its Cause and Remedy. Three Letters to the Times,’ 1872. 16. ‘Harvest Hymns,’ 1877.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{DNB}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moule, Henry}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Melksham]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English inventors]]
[[Category:Church of England clergy]]