Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Matthew Canavan

2017-07-25T08:41:19Z

Callinus: Italian nationality law

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] [[The Honourable]]
| name = Matthew Canavan
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Territories (Australia)#List of ministers for Northern Australia|Northern Australia]]
| term_start = 18 February 2016
| term_end =25 July 2017
| primeminister = [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| predecessor = [[Josh Frydenberg]] {{small|(as Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia / Minister for Resources and Energy)}}
| successor =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for Queensland
| term_start1 = 1 July 2014
| term_end1 =
| birth_name = Matthew James Canavan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[Southport, Queensland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Italian
| party = [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]]
| spouse = Andrea
| children = 4
| residence = [[Rockhampton]], Queensland
| alma_mater = [[University of Queensland]]
| occupation = Economist
| profession =
| religion = Roman Catholic
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matthew James Canavan''' (born 17 December 1980) is an Australian politician. He was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] representing the state of [[Queensland]] at the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]] for the term beginning 1 July 2014. He is a member of the [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Senators/Senators-elect|title=Senators-elect: terms commencing 1 July 2014|publisher=Parliament of Australia|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> In the [[First Turnbull Ministry]], Canavan has served as the [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] between 18 February and 19 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gg.gov.au/events/ministerial-swearing-ceremony-0 |title=Ministerial Swearing-in Ceremony |work=Events |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=18 February 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Canavan resigned from Cabinet over concerns that his mother, Maria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/matt-canavan-the-1980s-kid-in-the-cabinet/news-story/c79b0b51f6fbf53a1ccc528cf19f36b1|title=Matt Canavan: the 1980s kid in the cabinet
|author=Joe Kelly|date=1 Aug 2016|work=The Australian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0176%22|title=Senator CANAVAN First Speech|date=16 July 2014}}</ref> is an Italian dual citizen and applied for dual citizenship for him without his knowledge or consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/resources-minister-matt-canavan-could-be-dualitalian-citizen-and-may-have-to-resign-20170725-gxijvq.html|title=Resources Minister Matt Canavan resigns from cabinet following doubts over dual citizenship|first=James|last=Massola|date=25 July 2017|publisher=|via=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> [[Italian nationality law]] operates under ''[[Jus sanguinis]]''.

With the reelection of the [[Turnbull Government]] in [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016]], Canavan was elevated into [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] becoming the [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]] in the [[Second Turnbull Ministry]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephanie|last=Anderson|title=Election 2016: Malcolm Turnbull unveils ministry with Christopher Pyne, Greg Hunt on the move|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-18/malcolm-turnbull-unveils-new-look-ministry/7638492|newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>

Canavan was [[chief of staff]] to former Senator and current member for [[Division of New England|New England]], [[Barnaby Joyce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/toowoomba-will-soon-have-its-first-two-representat/2014427/|title=Toowoomba's first Senator to speak up for regions|date=10 September 2013|work=The Chronicle|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> He was previously an executive at [[KPMG]] and an economist at the [[Productivity Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/former-can-do-adviser-among-six-sonfirmed-qld-sena/2037753/|title=Former Can-Do adviser among six confirmed Qld Senators|date=2 October 2013|work=Daily Mercury|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/lnp-selects-top-three-for-senate-bid-20121124-2a0h0.html|title=LNP selects top three for senate bid|date=24 November 2012|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/}}
* {{OpenAustralia}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] / [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources and Energy}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Australian Cabinet}}
{{First Turnbull Ministry}}
{{Second Turnbull Ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canavan, Matthew}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Australian economists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Queensland]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Turnbull Government]]
[[Category:University of Queensland alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]

Matthew Canavan

2017-07-25T08:33:21Z

Callinus: ref format

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] [[The Honourable]]
| name = Matthew Canavan
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Territories (Australia)#List of ministers for Northern Australia|Northern Australia]]
| term_start = 18 February 2016
| term_end =25 July 2017
| primeminister = [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| predecessor = [[Josh Frydenberg]] {{small|(as Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia / Minister for Resources and Energy)}}
| successor =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for Queensland
| term_start1 = 1 July 2014
| term_end1 =
| birth_name = Matthew James Canavan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[Southport, Queensland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Italian
| party = [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]]
| spouse = Andrea
| children = 4
| residence = [[Rockhampton]], Queensland
| alma_mater = [[University of Queensland]]
| occupation = Economist
| profession =
| religion = Roman Catholic
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matthew James Canavan''' (born 17 December 1980) is an Australian politician. He was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] representing the state of [[Queensland]] at the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]] for the term beginning 1 July 2014. He is a member of the [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Senators/Senators-elect|title=Senators-elect: terms commencing 1 July 2014|publisher=Parliament of Australia|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> In the [[First Turnbull Ministry]], Canavan has served as the [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] between 18 February and 19 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gg.gov.au/events/ministerial-swearing-ceremony-0 |title=Ministerial Swearing-in Ceremony |work=Events |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=18 February 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Canavan resigned from Cabinet over concerns that his mother, Maria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/matt-canavan-the-1980s-kid-in-the-cabinet/news-story/c79b0b51f6fbf53a1ccc528cf19f36b1|title=Matt Canavan: the 1980s kid in the cabinet
|author=Joe Kelly|date=1 Aug 2016|work=The Australian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0176%22|title=Senator CANAVAN First Speech|date=16 July 2014}}</ref> is an Italian dual citizen and applied for dual citizenship for him without his knowledge or consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/resources-minister-matt-canavan-could-be-dualitalian-citizen-and-may-have-to-resign-20170725-gxijvq.html|title=Resources Minister Matt Canavan resigns from cabinet following doubts over dual citizenship|first=James|last=Massola|date=25 July 2017|publisher=|via=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

With the reelection of the [[Turnbull Government]] in [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016]], Canavan was elevated into [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] becoming the [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]] in the [[Second Turnbull Ministry]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephanie|last=Anderson|title=Election 2016: Malcolm Turnbull unveils ministry with Christopher Pyne, Greg Hunt on the move|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-18/malcolm-turnbull-unveils-new-look-ministry/7638492|newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>

Canavan was [[chief of staff]] to former Senator and current member for [[Division of New England|New England]], [[Barnaby Joyce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/toowoomba-will-soon-have-its-first-two-representat/2014427/|title=Toowoomba's first Senator to speak up for regions|date=10 September 2013|work=The Chronicle|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> He was previously an executive at [[KPMG]] and an economist at the [[Productivity Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/former-can-do-adviser-among-six-sonfirmed-qld-sena/2037753/|title=Former Can-Do adviser among six confirmed Qld Senators|date=2 October 2013|work=Daily Mercury|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/lnp-selects-top-three-for-senate-bid-20121124-2a0h0.html|title=LNP selects top three for senate bid|date=24 November 2012|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/}}
* {{OpenAustralia}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] / [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources and Energy}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Australian Cabinet}}
{{First Turnbull Ministry}}
{{Second Turnbull Ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canavan, Matthew}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Australian economists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Queensland]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Turnbull Government]]
[[Category:University of Queensland alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]

Matthew Canavan

2017-07-25T08:30:43Z

Callinus: Filled in ref reFill ()

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] [[The Honourable]]
| name = Matthew Canavan
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Territories (Australia)#List of ministers for Northern Australia|Northern Australia]]
| term_start = 18 February 2016
| term_end =25 July 2017
| primeminister = [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| predecessor = [[Josh Frydenberg]] {{small|(as Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia / Minister for Resources and Energy)}}
| successor =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for Queensland
| term_start1 = 1 July 2014
| term_end1 =
| birth_name = Matthew James Canavan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[Southport, Queensland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Italian
| party = [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]]
| spouse = Andrea
| children = 4
| residence = [[Rockhampton]], Queensland
| alma_mater = [[University of Queensland]]
| occupation = Economist
| profession =
| religion = Roman Catholic
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matthew James Canavan''' (born 17 December 1980) is an Australian politician. He was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] representing the state of [[Queensland]] at the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]] for the term beginning 1 July 2014. He is a member of the [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Senators/Senators-elect|title=Senators-elect: terms commencing 1 July 2014|publisher=Parliament of Australia|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> In the [[First Turnbull Ministry]], Canavan has served as the [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] between 18 February and 19 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gg.gov.au/events/ministerial-swearing-ceremony-0 |title=Ministerial Swearing-in Ceremony |work=Events |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=18 February 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Canavan resigned from Cabinet over concerns that his mother, Maria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/matt-canavan-the-1980s-kid-in-the-cabinet/news-story/c79b0b51f6fbf53a1ccc528cf19f36b1|title=Matt Canavan: the 1980s kid in the cabinet
|author=Joe Kelly|date=1 Aug 2016|work=The Australian}}</ref><ref>http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0176%22</ref> is an Italian dual citizen and applied for dual citizenship for him without his knowledge or consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/resources-minister-matt-canavan-could-be-dualitalian-citizen-and-may-have-to-resign-20170725-gxijvq.html|title=Resources Minister Matt Canavan resigns from cabinet following doubts over dual citizenship|first=James|last=Massola|date=25 July 2017|publisher=|via=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

With the reelection of the [[Turnbull Government]] in [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016]], Canavan was elevated into [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] becoming the [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]] in the [[Second Turnbull Ministry]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephanie|last=Anderson|title=Election 2016: Malcolm Turnbull unveils ministry with Christopher Pyne, Greg Hunt on the move|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-18/malcolm-turnbull-unveils-new-look-ministry/7638492|newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>

Canavan was [[chief of staff]] to former Senator and current member for [[Division of New England|New England]], [[Barnaby Joyce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/toowoomba-will-soon-have-its-first-two-representat/2014427/|title=Toowoomba's first Senator to speak up for regions|date=10 September 2013|work=The Chronicle|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> He was previously an executive at [[KPMG]] and an economist at the [[Productivity Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/former-can-do-adviser-among-six-sonfirmed-qld-sena/2037753/|title=Former Can-Do adviser among six confirmed Qld Senators|date=2 October 2013|work=Daily Mercury|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/lnp-selects-top-three-for-senate-bid-20121124-2a0h0.html|title=LNP selects top three for senate bid|date=24 November 2012|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/}}
* {{OpenAustralia}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] / [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources and Energy}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Australian Cabinet}}
{{First Turnbull Ministry}}
{{Second Turnbull Ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canavan, Matthew}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Australian economists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Queensland]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Turnbull Government]]
[[Category:University of Queensland alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]

Matthew Canavan

2017-07-25T08:28:59Z

Callinus: mention mother - 3 refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] [[The Honourable]]
| name = Matthew Canavan
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Territories (Australia)#List of ministers for Northern Australia|Northern Australia]]
| term_start = 18 February 2016
| term_end =25 July 2017
| primeminister = [[Malcolm Turnbull]]
| predecessor = [[Josh Frydenberg]] {{small|(as Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia / Minister for Resources and Energy)}}
| successor =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for Queensland
| term_start1 = 1 July 2014
| term_end1 =
| birth_name = Matthew James Canavan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[Southport, Queensland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Italian
| party = [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]]
| spouse = Andrea
| children = 4
| residence = [[Rockhampton]], Queensland
| alma_mater = [[University of Queensland]]
| occupation = Economist
| profession =
| religion = Roman Catholic
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matthew James Canavan''' (born 17 December 1980) is an Australian politician. He was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] representing the state of [[Queensland]] at the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]] for the term beginning 1 July 2014. He is a member of the [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Senators/Senators-elect|title=Senators-elect: terms commencing 1 July 2014|publisher=Parliament of Australia|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> In the [[First Turnbull Ministry]], Canavan has served as the [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] between 18 February and 19 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gg.gov.au/events/ministerial-swearing-ceremony-0 |title=Ministerial Swearing-in Ceremony |work=Events |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |date=18 February 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Canavan resigned from Cabinet over concerns that his mother, Maria,<ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/matt-canavan-the-1980s-kid-in-the-cabinet/news-story/c79b0b51f6fbf53a1ccc528cf19f36b1</ref><ref>http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0176%22</ref> is an Italian dual citizen and applied for dual citizenship for him without his knowledge or consent.<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/resources-minister-matt-canavan-could-be-dualitalian-citizen-and-may-have-to-resign-20170725-gxijvq.html</ref>

With the reelection of the [[Turnbull Government]] in [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016]], Canavan was elevated into [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] becoming the [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]] in the [[Second Turnbull Ministry]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephanie|last=Anderson|title=Election 2016: Malcolm Turnbull unveils ministry with Christopher Pyne, Greg Hunt on the move|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-18/malcolm-turnbull-unveils-new-look-ministry/7638492|newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=20 July 2016|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>

Canavan was [[chief of staff]] to former Senator and current member for [[Division of New England|New England]], [[Barnaby Joyce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/toowoomba-will-soon-have-its-first-two-representat/2014427/|title=Toowoomba's first Senator to speak up for regions|date=10 September 2013|work=The Chronicle|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> He was previously an executive at [[KPMG]] and an economist at the [[Productivity Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymercury.com.au/news/former-can-do-adviser-among-six-sonfirmed-qld-sena/2037753/|title=Former Can-Do adviser among six confirmed Qld Senators|date=2 October 2013|work=Daily Mercury|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/lnp-selects-top-three-for-senate-bid-20121124-2a0h0.html|title=LNP selects top three for senate bid|date=24 November 2012|work=Brisbane Times|accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mattcanavan.com.au/}}
* {{OpenAustralia}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Minister for Northern Australia]] / [[Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science#Energy and Resources|Minister for Resources]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)#List of ministers with responsibility for northern Australia|Northern Australia]]|years=2016–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Josh Frydenberg]]|as=Minister for Resources and Energy}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Australian Cabinet}}
{{First Turnbull Ministry}}
{{Second Turnbull Ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canavan, Matthew}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Australian economists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Queensland]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Turnbull Government]]
[[Category:University of Queensland alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]

Frank Karlitschek

2016-06-03T16:08:58Z

Callinus: zdnet

{{Infobox person
|name = Frank Karlitschek
|image = Gcds.jpeg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Frank Karlitschek at Akademy 2009
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|07|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Reutlingen]], West Germany
|death_date =
|death_place =
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|residence = [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|nationality = [[German people|German]]
|ethnicity =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for = [[ownCloud]], [[KDE]] contributor and [[KDE e.V.]] vice president
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation = open source developer
|years_active =
|home_town =
|salary =
|networth =
|height =
|weight =
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|awards =
|signature =
|website = [http://karlitschek.de/ karlitschek.de]
|footnotes =
|box_width =
}}

'''Frank Karlitschek''' (born 25 July 1973 in [[Reutlingen]], [[West Germany]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[open source]] [[software developer]]. He was born in Reutlingen but lives in [[Stuttgart]], Germany.

Karlitschek argues on his blog that "Privacy is the foundation of democracy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opensource.com/life/15/8/interview-frank-karlitschek-owncloud|title=What's next for the privacy-conscious ownCloud project|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160505204611/http://karlitschek.de/2016/02/the-privacy-endgame/|title=Frank Karlitschek_ » The privacy endgame|date=5 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref> He says that people should have a basic right "to control their own data in the Internet age."<ref>http://www.zdnet.com/article/user-data-manifesto-seeks-to-give-users-control-of-their-data/</ref>

== Free software ==
Karlitschek is a [[KDE]] contributor since 2001 when he mainly worked in web community and artist team. He is a member of the KDE e.V. since 2003. In summer 2009 he was elected as a board member and vice president of [[KDE e.V.]]<ref>{{cite news
|title= KDE e.V. Elects New Board of Directors
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2009/07/07/kde-ev-elects-new-board-directors
| author = Sebastian Kügler
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2009-07-07
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref>

In 2001, Karlitschek started KDE-Look.org.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Person Behind KDE-Look.org and KDE-Apps.org
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2004/01/28/person-behind-kde-lookorg-and-kde-appsorg
| author = Fabrice Mous
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2004-01-28
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> At [[Akademy]] 2008, Frank presented the vision of the [[Social Desktop]] for the KDE project.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://akademy2008.kde.org/conference/presentation/40.php
|title=Presentation of the Social Desktop as keynote of the Akademy 2008 from Frank Karlitschek
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> Karlitschek started and maintains the Open-PC and the [[Open Collaboration Services]] projects. He is the main developer and maintainer of openDesktop.org websites. Karlitschek is also a cohost of [[RadioTux]] the biggest German Linux Podcast. In 2012 Karlitschek started the User Data Manifesto initiative.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The User Data Manifesto
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2012/10/the-user-data-manifesto/
| author = Karlitschek
| agency = Karlitschek
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2012-10-19
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

Karlitschek gives keynotes at conferences like LinuxCon,<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Linux Foundation Announces Early Keynote Speaker Line Up for LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe
|url= http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/07/linux-foundation-announces-early-keynote-speaker-line-linuxcon
| author = Linux Foundation
| agency = Linux Foundation
| publisher = Linux Foundation
| date = 2014-07-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
Latinoware,<ref>{{cite news
|title= LatinoCLOUD
|url= http://2012.latinoware.org/latinocloud-2/
| author = Latinoware
| agency = Latinoware
| publisher = Latinoware
| date = 2012-09-04
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
openSUSE Conf,<ref>{{cite news
|title= Frank Karlitschek Introduces Bretzn
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/11/02/frank-karlitschek-introduces-bretzn
| author = Jos Poortvliet
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-11-02
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and Akademy.<ref>{{cite news
|title= Community Congregation
|url= http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2008/96/KDE-Akademy-2008
| author = Anika Kehrer
| agency = Linux Magazin
| publisher = Linux Magazin
| date = 2008-08-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

== ownCloud ==
In 2010 Karlitschek started the [[ownCloud]] project during a CampKDE keynote
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Camp KDE 2010 Continues with More Talks
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/01/21/camp-kde-2010-continues-more-talks
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-01-21
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and released the version 1.0 in June 2010.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= ownCloud 1.0 is here
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2010/06/owncloud-1-0-is-here/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2010-06-24
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref> He was the project leader and maintainer.

In 2011 Karlitschek co-founded ownCloud Inc. to offer an enterprise version of [[ownCloud]]. He served as the CTO and oversaw the product development and community relations.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Well we did it and happy Holidays
|url= https://owncloud.com/well-we-did-it-and-happy-holidays/
| author = Markus Rex
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2011-12-23
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

In April 2016 Karlitschek left ownCloud Inc.<ref>{{cite news
|title = big changes: I am leaving ownCloud, Inc. today
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/04/big-changes-i-am-leaving-owncloud-inc-today/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-04-27
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>
Five weeks later he started [[Nextcloud]], a fork of ownCloud.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Nextcloud
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/06/nextcloud/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-06-02
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://karlitschek.de/ Homepage of Frank Karlitschek]

{{KDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karlitschek, Frank}}
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Free software programmers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Frank Karlitschek

2016-06-03T16:03:48Z

Callinus: Filled in 2 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Infobox person
|name = Frank Karlitschek
|image = Gcds.jpeg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Frank Karlitschek at Akademy 2009
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|07|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Reutlingen]], West Germany
|death_date =
|death_place =
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|residence = [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|nationality = [[German people|German]]
|ethnicity =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for = [[ownCloud]], [[KDE]] contributor and [[KDE e.V.]] vice president
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation = open source developer
|years_active =
|home_town =
|salary =
|networth =
|height =
|weight =
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|awards =
|signature =
|website = [http://karlitschek.de/ karlitschek.de]
|footnotes =
|box_width =
}}

'''Frank Karlitschek''' (born 25 July 1973 in [[Reutlingen]], [[West Germany]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[open source]] [[software developer]]. He was born in Reutlingen but lives in [[Stuttgart]], Germany.

Karlitschek argues on his blog that "Privacy is the foundation of democracy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opensource.com/life/15/8/interview-frank-karlitschek-owncloud|title=What's next for the privacy-conscious ownCloud project|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160505204611/http://karlitschek.de/2016/02/the-privacy-endgame/|title=Frank Karlitschek_ » The privacy endgame|date=5 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

== Free software ==
Karlitschek is a [[KDE]] contributor since 2001 when he mainly worked in web community and artist team. He is a member of the KDE e.V. since 2003. In summer 2009 he was elected as a board member and vice president of [[KDE e.V.]]<ref>{{cite news
|title= KDE e.V. Elects New Board of Directors
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2009/07/07/kde-ev-elects-new-board-directors
| author = Sebastian Kügler
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2009-07-07
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref>

In 2001, Karlitschek started KDE-Look.org.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Person Behind KDE-Look.org and KDE-Apps.org
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2004/01/28/person-behind-kde-lookorg-and-kde-appsorg
| author = Fabrice Mous
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2004-01-28
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> At [[Akademy]] 2008, Frank presented the vision of the [[Social Desktop]] for the KDE project.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://akademy2008.kde.org/conference/presentation/40.php
|title=Presentation of the Social Desktop as keynote of the Akademy 2008 from Frank Karlitschek
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> Karlitschek started and maintains the Open-PC and the [[Open Collaboration Services]] projects. He is the main developer and maintainer of openDesktop.org websites. Karlitschek is also a cohost of [[RadioTux]] the biggest German Linux Podcast. In 2012 Karlitschek started the User Data Manifesto initiative.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The User Data Manifesto
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2012/10/the-user-data-manifesto/
| author = Karlitschek
| agency = Karlitschek
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2012-10-19
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

Karlitschek gives keynotes at conferences like LinuxCon,<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Linux Foundation Announces Early Keynote Speaker Line Up for LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe
|url= http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/07/linux-foundation-announces-early-keynote-speaker-line-linuxcon
| author = Linux Foundation
| agency = Linux Foundation
| publisher = Linux Foundation
| date = 2014-07-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
Latinoware,<ref>{{cite news
|title= LatinoCLOUD
|url= http://2012.latinoware.org/latinocloud-2/
| author = Latinoware
| agency = Latinoware
| publisher = Latinoware
| date = 2012-09-04
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
openSUSE Conf,<ref>{{cite news
|title= Frank Karlitschek Introduces Bretzn
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/11/02/frank-karlitschek-introduces-bretzn
| author = Jos Poortvliet
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-11-02
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and Akademy.<ref>{{cite news
|title= Community Congregation
|url= http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2008/96/KDE-Akademy-2008
| author = Anika Kehrer
| agency = Linux Magazin
| publisher = Linux Magazin
| date = 2008-08-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

== ownCloud ==
In 2010 Karlitschek started the [[ownCloud]] project during a CampKDE keynote
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Camp KDE 2010 Continues with More Talks
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/01/21/camp-kde-2010-continues-more-talks
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-01-21
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and released the version 1.0 in June 2010.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= ownCloud 1.0 is here
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2010/06/owncloud-1-0-is-here/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2010-06-24
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref> He was the project leader and maintainer.

In 2011 Karlitschek co-founded ownCloud Inc. to offer an enterprise version of [[ownCloud]]. He served as the CTO and oversaw the product development and community relations.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Well we did it and happy Holidays
|url= https://owncloud.com/well-we-did-it-and-happy-holidays/
| author = Markus Rex
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2011-12-23
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

In April 2016 Karlitschek left ownCloud Inc.<ref>{{cite news
|title = big changes: I am leaving ownCloud, Inc. today
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/04/big-changes-i-am-leaving-owncloud-inc-today/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-04-27
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>
Five weeks later he started [[Nextcloud]], a fork of ownCloud.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Nextcloud
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/06/nextcloud/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-06-02
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://karlitschek.de/ Homepage of Frank Karlitschek]

{{KDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karlitschek, Frank}}
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Free software programmers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Frank Karlitschek

2016-06-03T16:03:10Z

Callinus: archive.org blog - privacy issues

{{Infobox person
|name = Frank Karlitschek
|image = Gcds.jpeg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Frank Karlitschek at Akademy 2009
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|07|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Reutlingen]], West Germany
|death_date =
|death_place =
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|residence = [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|nationality = [[German people|German]]
|ethnicity =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for = [[ownCloud]], [[KDE]] contributor and [[KDE e.V.]] vice president
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation = open source developer
|years_active =
|home_town =
|salary =
|networth =
|height =
|weight =
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|awards =
|signature =
|website = [http://karlitschek.de/ karlitschek.de]
|footnotes =
|box_width =
}}

'''Frank Karlitschek''' (born 25 July 1973 in [[Reutlingen]], [[West Germany]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[open source]] [[software developer]]. He was born in Reutlingen but lives in [[Stuttgart]], Germany.

Karlitschek argues on his blog that "Privacy is the foundation of democracy."<ref>https://opensource.com/life/15/8/interview-frank-karlitschek-owncloud</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20160505204611/http://karlitschek.de/2016/02/the-privacy-endgame/</ref>

== Free software ==
Karlitschek is a [[KDE]] contributor since 2001 when he mainly worked in web community and artist team. He is a member of the KDE e.V. since 2003. In summer 2009 he was elected as a board member and vice president of [[KDE e.V.]]<ref>{{cite news
|title= KDE e.V. Elects New Board of Directors
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2009/07/07/kde-ev-elects-new-board-directors
| author = Sebastian Kügler
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2009-07-07
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref>

In 2001, Karlitschek started KDE-Look.org.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Person Behind KDE-Look.org and KDE-Apps.org
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2004/01/28/person-behind-kde-lookorg-and-kde-appsorg
| author = Fabrice Mous
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2004-01-28
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> At [[Akademy]] 2008, Frank presented the vision of the [[Social Desktop]] for the KDE project.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://akademy2008.kde.org/conference/presentation/40.php
|title=Presentation of the Social Desktop as keynote of the Akademy 2008 from Frank Karlitschek
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> Karlitschek started and maintains the Open-PC and the [[Open Collaboration Services]] projects. He is the main developer and maintainer of openDesktop.org websites. Karlitschek is also a cohost of [[RadioTux]] the biggest German Linux Podcast. In 2012 Karlitschek started the User Data Manifesto initiative.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The User Data Manifesto
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2012/10/the-user-data-manifesto/
| author = Karlitschek
| agency = Karlitschek
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2012-10-19
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

Karlitschek gives keynotes at conferences like LinuxCon,<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Linux Foundation Announces Early Keynote Speaker Line Up for LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe
|url= http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/07/linux-foundation-announces-early-keynote-speaker-line-linuxcon
| author = Linux Foundation
| agency = Linux Foundation
| publisher = Linux Foundation
| date = 2014-07-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
Latinoware,<ref>{{cite news
|title= LatinoCLOUD
|url= http://2012.latinoware.org/latinocloud-2/
| author = Latinoware
| agency = Latinoware
| publisher = Latinoware
| date = 2012-09-04
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
openSUSE Conf,<ref>{{cite news
|title= Frank Karlitschek Introduces Bretzn
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/11/02/frank-karlitschek-introduces-bretzn
| author = Jos Poortvliet
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-11-02
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and Akademy.<ref>{{cite news
|title= Community Congregation
|url= http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2008/96/KDE-Akademy-2008
| author = Anika Kehrer
| agency = Linux Magazin
| publisher = Linux Magazin
| date = 2008-08-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

== ownCloud ==
In 2010 Karlitschek started the [[ownCloud]] project during a CampKDE keynote
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Camp KDE 2010 Continues with More Talks
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/01/21/camp-kde-2010-continues-more-talks
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-01-21
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and released the version 1.0 in June 2010.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= ownCloud 1.0 is here
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2010/06/owncloud-1-0-is-here/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2010-06-24
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref> He was the project leader and maintainer.

In 2011 Karlitschek co-founded ownCloud Inc. to offer an enterprise version of [[ownCloud]]. He served as the CTO and oversaw the product development and community relations.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Well we did it and happy Holidays
|url= https://owncloud.com/well-we-did-it-and-happy-holidays/
| author = Markus Rex
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2011-12-23
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

In April 2016 Karlitschek left ownCloud Inc.<ref>{{cite news
|title = big changes: I am leaving ownCloud, Inc. today
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/04/big-changes-i-am-leaving-owncloud-inc-today/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-04-27
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>
Five weeks later he started [[Nextcloud]], a fork of ownCloud.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Nextcloud
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/06/nextcloud/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-06-02
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://karlitschek.de/ Homepage of Frank Karlitschek]

{{KDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karlitschek, Frank}}
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Free software programmers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Frank Karlitschek

2016-06-03T16:00:00Z

Callinus: opensource.com reference

{{Infobox person
|name = Frank Karlitschek
|image = Gcds.jpeg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Frank Karlitschek at Akademy 2009
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|07|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Reutlingen]], West Germany
|death_date =
|death_place =
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|residence = [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|nationality = [[German people|German]]
|ethnicity =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for = [[ownCloud]], [[KDE]] contributor and [[KDE e.V.]] vice president
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation = open source developer
|years_active =
|home_town =
|salary =
|networth =
|height =
|weight =
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|awards =
|signature =
|website = [http://karlitschek.de/ karlitschek.de]
|footnotes =
|box_width =
}}

'''Frank Karlitschek''' (born 25 July 1973 in [[Reutlingen]], [[West Germany]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[open source]] [[software developer]]. He was born in Reutlingen but lives in [[Stuttgart]], Germany.

Karlitschek argues on his blog that "Privacy is the foundation of democracy."<ref>https://opensource.com/life/15/8/interview-frank-karlitschek-owncloud</ref>

== Free software ==
Karlitschek is a [[KDE]] contributor since 2001 when he mainly worked in web community and artist team. He is a member of the KDE e.V. since 2003. In summer 2009 he was elected as a board member and vice president of [[KDE e.V.]]<ref>{{cite news
|title= KDE e.V. Elects New Board of Directors
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2009/07/07/kde-ev-elects-new-board-directors
| author = Sebastian Kügler
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2009-07-07
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref>

In 2001, Karlitschek started KDE-Look.org.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Person Behind KDE-Look.org and KDE-Apps.org
|url= http://dot.kde.org/2004/01/28/person-behind-kde-lookorg-and-kde-appsorg
| author = Fabrice Mous
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2004-01-28
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> At [[Akademy]] 2008, Frank presented the vision of the [[Social Desktop]] for the KDE project.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://akademy2008.kde.org/conference/presentation/40.php
|title=Presentation of the Social Desktop as keynote of the Akademy 2008 from Frank Karlitschek
| accessdate = 2011-05-14}}</ref> Karlitschek started and maintains the Open-PC and the [[Open Collaboration Services]] projects. He is the main developer and maintainer of openDesktop.org websites. Karlitschek is also a cohost of [[RadioTux]] the biggest German Linux Podcast. In 2012 Karlitschek started the User Data Manifesto initiative.<ref>{{cite news
|title= The User Data Manifesto
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2012/10/the-user-data-manifesto/
| author = Karlitschek
| agency = Karlitschek
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2012-10-19
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

Karlitschek gives keynotes at conferences like LinuxCon,<ref>{{cite news
|title= The Linux Foundation Announces Early Keynote Speaker Line Up for LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe
|url= http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/07/linux-foundation-announces-early-keynote-speaker-line-linuxcon
| author = Linux Foundation
| agency = Linux Foundation
| publisher = Linux Foundation
| date = 2014-07-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
Latinoware,<ref>{{cite news
|title= LatinoCLOUD
|url= http://2012.latinoware.org/latinocloud-2/
| author = Latinoware
| agency = Latinoware
| publisher = Latinoware
| date = 2012-09-04
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
openSUSE Conf,<ref>{{cite news
|title= Frank Karlitschek Introduces Bretzn
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/11/02/frank-karlitschek-introduces-bretzn
| author = Jos Poortvliet
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-11-02
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and Akademy.<ref>{{cite news
|title= Community Congregation
|url= http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2008/96/KDE-Akademy-2008
| author = Anika Kehrer
| agency = Linux Magazin
| publisher = Linux Magazin
| date = 2008-08-01
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

== ownCloud ==
In 2010 Karlitschek started the [[ownCloud]] project during a CampKDE keynote
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Camp KDE 2010 Continues with More Talks
|url= https://dot.kde.org/2010/01/21/camp-kde-2010-continues-more-talks
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = KDE.NEWS
| publisher = KDE
| date = 2010-01-21
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>
and released the version 1.0 in June 2010.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= ownCloud 1.0 is here
|url= http://karlitschek.de/2010/06/owncloud-1-0-is-here/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2010-06-24
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref> He was the project leader and maintainer.

In 2011 Karlitschek co-founded ownCloud Inc. to offer an enterprise version of [[ownCloud]]. He served as the CTO and oversaw the product development and community relations.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Well we did it and happy Holidays
|url= https://owncloud.com/well-we-did-it-and-happy-holidays/
| author = Markus Rex
| agency = blog
| publisher = Karlitschek
| date = 2011-12-23
| accessdate = 2014-09-07}}</ref>

In April 2016 Karlitschek left ownCloud Inc.<ref>{{cite news
|title = big changes: I am leaving ownCloud, Inc. today
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/04/big-changes-i-am-leaving-owncloud-inc-today/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-04-27
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>
Five weeks later he started [[Nextcloud]], a fork of ownCloud.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Nextcloud
|url = http://karlitschek.de/2016/06/nextcloud/
| author = Frank Karlitschek
| agency = blog
| date = 2016-06-02
| accessdate = 2016-06-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://karlitschek.de/ Homepage of Frank Karlitschek]

{{KDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karlitschek, Frank}}
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Free software programmers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-02T00:16:52Z

Callinus: change lead sentence - compatibility layer is not a version of linux, and not all linux applications (only ubuntu) are supported

{{Infobox software
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo caption =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible =
| author = [[Microsoft]], [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]
| developer =
| released = {{start date and age|2016}}
| latest release version =
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2016||}}
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]
| genre = [[Compatibility layer]]
| license =
| website = {{URL|http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/}}
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for [[Ubuntu Linux]] applications on [[Windows 10]], [[Windows Server 2016]], and [[Microsoft Azure]]. The compatibility layer project is a joint effort between [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]].<ref>http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/ Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows</ref><ref>http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/ Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy</ref><ref>http://www.cnx-software.com/2016/03/31/microsoft-brings-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows-10/ Microsoft Brings Bash on Ubuntu on Windows 10</ref><ref>http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/03/ubuntu-on-windows.html Ubuntu on Windows -- The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers</ref>

==See also==
* [[Flying pig]]
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/
* https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/

{{FLOSS}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Computer programming tools]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:Free emulation software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows-only free software]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-02T00:15:57Z

Callinus: /* See also */ Flying pig

{{Infobox software
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo caption =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible =
| author = [[Microsoft]], [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]
| developer =
| released = {{start date and age|2016}}
| latest release version =
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2016||}}
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]
| genre = [[Compatibility layer]]
| license =
| website = {{URL|http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/}}
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a version of [[Ubuntu Linux]] that can run [[Linux]] programs natively on [[Windows 10]], [[Windows Server 2016]], and [[Microsoft Azure]]. The compatibility layer project is a joint effort between [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]].<ref>http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/ Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows</ref><ref>http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/ Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy</ref><ref>http://www.cnx-software.com/2016/03/31/microsoft-brings-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows-10/ Microsoft Brings Bash on Ubuntu on Windows 10</ref><ref>http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/03/ubuntu-on-windows.html Ubuntu on Windows -- The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers</ref>

==See also==
* [[Flying pig]]
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/
* https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/

{{FLOSS}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Computer programming tools]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:Free emulation software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows-only free software]]

Breitbart News Network

2016-03-14T23:55:27Z

Callinus: Filled in 1 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox website
| name = ''Breitbart News Network''
| logo = [[File:BB-logo-highres.jpg|236px]]
| logocaption = The logo of Breitbart
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|http://www.breitbart.com}}
| slogan =
| commercial = Yes
| type = Politics, conservative news and opinion
| registration = Optional, but is required to comment
| language = English
| num_users =
| content license =
| owner =
| author = [[Andrew Breitbart]]
| editor = [[Alexander Marlow]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Byers|first1=Dylan|title=Breitbart News shakes up masthead|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/10/breitbart-news-shakes-up-masthead-175371.html|accessdate=August 17, 2015|publisher=Politico|date=October 17, 2013}}</ref>
| launch date = {{Start date and years ago|mf=yes|2007}} as Breitbart.tv
| current status = Online
| alexa = {{Increase}} 882 (Global {{as of|2016|02|15|alt=Feb 2016}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/breitbart.com |title= Breitbart.com Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= February 15, 2016 }}</ref> 265 (US {{as of|2016|02|15|alt=Feb 2016}})<ref name="alexa"/>
}}
'''''Breitbart News Network''''' (known simply as '''''Breitbart News''''', '''''Breitbart''''' or '''''Breitbart.com''''') is a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]]<ref name=Rainey_20120801 /> news and opinion website and radio program. Breitbart.com was founded in 2007 by [[Andrew Breitbart]] (1969–2012), and identifies itself as [[Right-wing politics|on the political right]].<ref name=Rainey_20120801 /><ref name=Freedlander /><ref name=Green >{{Citation |last=Green |first=Joshua |date=October 8, 2015 |title=This Man Is the Most Dangerous Political Operative in America. Steve Bannon runs the new vast right-wing conspiracy—and he wants to take down both Hillary Clinton and Jeb Bush. |publisher=''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/graphics/2015-steve-bannon/ |accessdate=October 26, 2015 }}</ref> Breitbart has exclusively re-posted the [[Anthony Weiner sexting scandal]], the [[resignation of Shirley Sherrod]], and the [[ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy]].

==History==

=== Creation ===
[[Andrew Breitbart]] launched breitbart.tv as a news website in 2007. The website featured wire stories from the [[Associated Press]], [[Reuters]], [[Agence France-Presse]], [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]], [[PR Newswire]], and [[U.S. Newswire]], as well as direct links to a number of major international newspapers. The website's initial growth was largely fueled by links from the ''[[Drudge Report]]''. In 2007, Breitbart launched a video blog, Breitbart.tv.<ref>[[Rob Owen (journalist)|Owen, Rob]]. [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07075/769897-96.stm The next wave: Ex-WTAE anchor Scott Baker changes channel to run Web news site], ''[[Post-Gazette]]''</ref><ref name="Friedersdorf-121101">{{cite web | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/11/breitbartcom-struggles-with-the-contradictions-of-its-namesake/264372/ | title=Breitbart.com Struggles With the Contradictions of Its Namesake | publisher=[[Atlantic (magazine)]] | date=November 1, 2012 | accessdate=January 4, 2015 | author=Friedersdorf, Conor}}</ref>

=== Breitbart.com ===
In August 2010, Breitbart told the [[Associated Press]] that he was "committed to the destruction of the old media guard." As part of that commitment, he founded Breitbart.com, a website designed to become "the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' of the right."<ref name="Rainey_20120801" /> Breitbart has exclusively re-posted the [[Anthony Weiner sexting scandal]], the [[resignation of Shirley Sherrod]], and the [[ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy]]. Following Breitbart's death in 2012, the site was redesigned, bringing the formerly distinct "Big" websites under one umbrella website at Breitbart.org.<ref name="Rainey_20120801">{{cite news|last1=Rainey|first1=James|title=Breitbart.com sets sights on ruling the conservative conversation|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/01/entertainment/la-et-breitbart-20120801|accessdate=October 8, 2015|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Boyle|first1=Matthew|title=Breitbart legacy lives on in relaunched websites, final column|url=http://dailycaller.com/2012/03/05/breitbart-legacy-lives-on-in-relaunched-websites-final-column/|accessdate=October 8, 2015|publisher=The Daily Caller|date=March 5, 2012|quote=...newly redesigned website that includes all of his 'Big' sites under a single umbrella.}}</ref>

In February 2014, the executive chairman of Breitbart News, [[Stephen Bannon]], announced the addition of approximately 12 staff members and the opening of Texas and London-based operations. The new offices were the beginning of an expansion plan that included the addition of a new regional site roughly every 90 days, with new locations to include [[Florida]], [[California]], [[Cairo, Egypt]] and [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="NYT-Global">{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/business/media/breitbart-news-network-plans-global-expansion.html | title=Breitbart News Network Plans Global Expansion | publisher=New York Times | work=Media | date=February 16, 2014 | accessdate=January 10, 2015 | author=Kaufman, Leslie}}</ref>

There is also Breitbart News Daily, a program that is broadcast on [[Sirius XM radio]].

=== Andrew Breitbart's death ===
Breitbart, the website's founder, died in March 2012.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news
| url = http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/03/the_empire_that_andrew_breitbart_built_is_struggling_to_maintain_its_brand_now_that_its_founder_is_dead_.html
| title = Meet the Breitbarts
| last = Weigel
| first = David
| date = March 21, 2012
| newspaper = Slate
| language = en-US
| issn = 1091-2339
| access-date = March 1, 2016
}}</ref> The website hosted a number of memorials for Breitbart.<ref name=":2" /> Editors at the website said they intended to carry out Breitbart's legacy at the website.<ref name=":2" />

Before his death, Andrew Breitbart had begun a redesign of the Breitbart website to transform from a links-aggregator into a more tabloid style website.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.buzzfeed.com/mckaycoppins/breitbarts-inheritors-battle-over-his-legacy#.dgaAW90Ng
| title = Breitbart's Inheritors Battle Over His Legacy
| last = Coppins
| first = McKay
| website = BuzzFeed
| access-date = March 1, 2016
}}</ref> The redesign was launched shortly after his death in March 2012.

An October 2012 article in [[BuzzFeed]] suggested there were internal tensions inside the website in the year after Breitbart's death as staffers battled for ownership of his legacy.<ref name=":3" />

According to a 2014 ''[[Pew Research Center]]'' study, 3% of respondents get their news from Breitbart in a typical week, and 79% of its audience report having political values that are right-of-center.<ref name="Pew">{{Citation |last= |first= |author-link= |date=October 21, 2014 |title=Where News Audiences Fit on the Political Spectrum: Consumers of Breitbart |publisher=''[[Pew Research Center]]'' |url=http://www.journalism.org/interactives/media-polarization/outlet/breitbart/ |accessdate=October 26, 2015 |quote=Just 3% of respondents get news from Breitbart in a typical week, and its audience is decidedly conservative: 79% have political values that are right-of-center ...." (31% are "mostly conservative" and 48% are "consistently conservative") }}</ref>

Breitbart is a [[For-profit corporation|for-profit entity]]. According to ''[[Politico]]'', investors include computer scientist and hedge fund CEO [[Robert Mercer (businessman)|Robert Mercer]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Byers|first1=Dylan|title=Hedge-fund magnate backing Cruz is major investor in Breitbart News Network|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2015/04/hedge-fund-magnate-backing-cruz-is-major-investor-in-breitbart-news-network-205434#ixzz3vDkfDhjm|accessdate=December 26, 2015|publisher=Politico|date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> Breitbart editors said in 2015 that Breitbart is a “private company and we don’t comment on who our investors or backers are.”<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gold|first1=Hadas|last2=Glueck|first2=Katie|last3=Vogel|first3=Kenneth|title=The Daily Cruz|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/ted-cruzs-secret-weapon-breitbartcom-119935|accessdate=December 26, 2015|publisher=Politico|date=July 10, 2015}}</ref>

=== 2016 United States Presidential Race ===
In July 2015, ''[[Politico]]'' reported that [[Ted Cruz]] "likely has the Republican presidential field’s deepest relationship with the Breitbart machine."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gold|first1=Hadas|last2=Glueck|first2=Katie|last3=Vogel|first3=Kenneth|title=The Daily Cruz|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/ted-cruzs-secret-weapon-breitbartcom-119935|accessdate=March 1, 2016|publisher=Politico|date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, an article in [[BuzzFeed]] reported that several anonymous Breitbart staffers claimed that [[Donald Trump]] had paid for favorable coverage on the site. The site's management "strongly denied" the charge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.buzzfeed.com/mckaycoppins/breitbart-staffers-believe-trump-has-given-money-to-site-for#.uwY6gZYVW
| title = Breitbart Staffers Believe Trump Has Given Money To Site For Favorable Coverage
| last = Coppins
| first = McKay
| website = BuzzFeed
| access-date = March 1, 2016
}}</ref> In March 2016, [[Lloyd Grove]] of ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' characterized the website as "Trump-friendly", writing that Breitbart "regularly savages the GOP establishment, the media elite, the Washington consultant class, and the Fox News Channel."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/01/how-breitbart-unleashes-hate-mobs-to-threaten-dox-and-troll-trump-critics.html
| title = How Breitbart Unleashes Hate Mobs to Threaten, Dox, and Troll Trump Critics
| last = Grove
| first = Lloyd
| date = March 1, 2016
| website = The Daily Beast
| access-date = March 1, 2016
}}</ref>

On March 11, 2016, Breitbart reporter [[Michelle Fields]] filed a battery complaint against [[Donald Trump]]'s campaign manager, [[Corey Lewandowski]], alleging that Lewandowski had grabbed her and bruised her while she was attempting to ask a question at an event.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Ahizia|last2=Byers|first2=Dylan|title=Breitbart reporter says she filed charges against Trump's campaign manager|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/03/11/media/donald-trump-breitbart-michelle-fields/|accessdate=March 12, 2016|publisher=CNN|date=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/14/reporter-who-says-she-was-manhandled-by-trump-campaign-manager-resigns-from-breitbart/|title=Reporter who says she was manhandled by Trump campaign manager resigns from Breitbart|last=Kaplan|first=Sarah|date=March 14, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref> As a result of the incident, Breitbart's editor-at-large [[Ben Shapiro]] and Fields resigned from Breitbart.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gray|first1=Rosie|last2=Coppins|first2=McKay|title=Michelle Fields, Ben Shapiro Resign From Breitbart|url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/rosiegray/michelle-fields-ben-shapiro-resign-from-breitbart#.ocj44G9p4|accessdate=March 13, 2016|publisher=Buzzfeed|date=March 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/campaign-2016-upheaval-at-news-website-breitbart-over-dustup-with-donald-trump-campaign/|title=Campaign 2016: Upheaval at news website Breitbart over dustup with Donald Trump campaign|website=CBS News|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref> A Breitbart article accused Shapiro of betraying Breitbart's readers; the article was subsequently removed from the Breitbart website.<ref name="yahoo.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/finance/news/infighting-erupts-conservative-news-donald-133701797.html|title=Infighting erupts at conservative news site after Donald Trump aide is accused of manhandling reporter|date=March 14, 2016|work=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> The website's spokesperson Kurt Bardella also quit following the incident, and in an interview accused the company of giving favorable Trump coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/03/14/breitbart-resignations-fields-trump/|title=Breitbart staffers quit and question whether the site is slanted toward Trump|last=UTC|first=Jason Abbruzzese2016-03-14 14:12:41|website=Mashable|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name="yahoo.com"/>

== Editions ==

===Big Hollywood===
In 2008 Breitbart launched the website "Big Hollywood," a group blog contributed to by some individuals working within [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]]. The site was an outgrowth of Breitbart's "Big Hollywood" column in ''[[The Washington Times]]'', which included issues faced by conservatives working in Hollywood.<ref name="breit-infidel">{{cite web|url=http://www.observer.com/2008/arts-culture/hollywood-infidel?page=0%2C1|title=Hollywood Infidel|date=March 16, 2007 |accessdate=October 1, 2008|work=[[The New York Observer]]| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081002012926/http://www.observer.com/2008/arts-culture/hollywood-infidel?page=0%2C1| archivedate= October 2, 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> In 2009, the site used audio from a secretly recorded conference call to accuse the [[National Endowment of the Arts]] of encouraging artists to create work in support of [[Social policy of Barack Obama|President Barack Obama's domestic policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/09/yosi-sergant-resigns.html|title='Yosi Sergant Resigns|date=September 24, 2009|work=[[ABC News]]}}</ref>

===Big Government===
Breitbart launched BigGovernment.com on September 10, 2009, with a $25,000 loan from his father.<ref name=exclusive>{{cite news|last1=Hall|first1=Colby|title=Exclusive Interview: Andrew Breitbart Announces Launch of New "Big" Sites|url=http://www.mediaite.com/online/andrew-breitbart-launching-new-sites/|accessdate=August 17, 2015|publisher=Mediaite|date=December 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Noah|title=Andrew Breitbart Borrowed $25,000 From His Father To Launch BigGovernment.comI|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/andrew-breitbart-new-york-times-biggovernmentcom-2011-6|accessdate=August 17, 2015|publisher=Business Insider|date=June 27, 2011}}</ref> He hired Mike Flynn, a former government affairs specialist at the [[Reason Foundation]], as Editor-in-Chief of Big Government.<ref>[http://reason.com/blog/2009/09/10/introducing-andrew-breitbarts "Introducing Andrew Breitbart's Big Government, Edited by Mike Flynn"], [[Nick Gillespie]], reason.com, September 10, 2009</ref> The site premiered with hidden camera video footage taken by [[Hannah Giles]] and [[James O'Keefe]] at [[Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now]] (ACORN) offices in various cities, attracting nationwide attention resulting in the [[ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy]].

===Big Journalism===
In January 2010, Breitbart launched Big Journalism. Upon the launch of Big Journalism, he told [[Mediaite]]: "Our goal at Big Journalism is to hold the mainstream media's feet to the fire. There are a lot of stories that they simply don't cover, either because it doesn't fit their world view, or because they're literally innocent of any knowledge that the story even exists, or because they are a dying organization, short-staffed, and thus can't cover stuff like they did before."<ref name=exclusive/> Big Journalism was edited by [[Michael Walsh (author)|Michael A. Walsh]], a former journalism professor and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine music critic.<ref name=exclusive/>

===National Security===
BigPeace.com, which later became the National Security component of Breitbart.com, debuted on July 4, 2010. National Security covers foreign policy, the wars in [[Iraq War|Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]], terrorism, Islamic extremism, espionage, border security, and energy issues.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chait|first1=Jonathan|title=Breitbart And Right Wing Martyrdom|url=http://www.newrepublic.com/blog/jonathan-chait/breitbart-and-right-wing-martyrdom|accessdate=August 18, 2015|publisher=New Republic|date=March 16, 2010}}</ref>

===Breitbart London===
Breitbart's London edition was launched in February 2014. It was headed at the time by executive editor [[James Delingpole]], described as a "high traffic hire" by ''[[The Spectator]]'s'' Steerpike column,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Steerpike|title=Delingpole quits Telegraph ahead of UK launch of Breitbart.com|url=http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/steerpike/2014/02/delingpole-quites-telegraph-ahead-of-uk-launch-of-brietbart-com/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=delingpole-quites-telegraph-ahead-of-uk-launch-of-brietbart-com|accessdate=July 6, 2014|publisher=The Spectator|date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> and managing editor Raheem Kassam.<ref name="Greenslade">{{cite news|last1=Greenslade|first1=Roy|title=James Delingpole and Raheem Kassam head Breitbart's new London team|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/feb/17/digital-media-dailytelegraph|accessdate=July 6, 2014|publisher=The Guardian|date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Kassam later went on to take over as Editor. Other staff include Nick Hallett, Sarkis Zeronian, Oliver Lane, Donna Rachel Edmunds and Liam Deacon. Breitbart London announced that it would have a staff of 10 along with hundreds of contributors covering Israel and the Middle East from the London office.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Tony|title=Breitbart News Launches 'Breitbart London' and 'Breitbart Texas' Verticals|url=http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Journalism/2014/02/16/Breitbart-News-Launches-Breitbart-London-Breitbart-Texas-Verticals|accessdate=July 6, 2014|publisher=Breitbart.com|date=February 16, 2014}}</ref> Regular contributors include [[Nigel Farage]] and [[Gerald Warner]]. Previous and occasional columnists have included [[Mary Ellen Synon]],<ref>{{cite web|author1=M. E. Synon|title=Cameron Breaks Pledge, Will Provide Albanians an Open Door to Britain|url=http://www.breitbart.com/london/2014/06/15/cameron-betrays-pledge-and-will-agree-to-give-albania-an-open-door-to-britain/|website=Breitbart.com|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref> [[Jonathan Foreman (journalist)|Jonathan Foreman]]<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jonathan Foreman|title=London's Rottenest Borough, Courtesy of Lutfur Rahman, Idle Police and a Sleepy Electoral Commission|url=http://www.breitbart.com/london/2015/05/05/londons-rottenest-borough-courtesy-of-lutfur-rahman-idle-police-and-a-sleepy-electoral-commission/|website=Breitbart.com|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref> and [[Katie Hopkins]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Katie Hopkins|title=Katie Hopkins: On the Joys of Going Silent for a Week|url=http://www.breitbart.com/london/2015/04/24/katie-hopkins-on-the-joy-of-going-silent-for-a-week/|website=Breitbart.com|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>

===Breitbart Tech===
On October 27, 2015, the website launched Breitbart Tech, a [[technology journalism]] subsection of the site that focuses on tech, gaming, [[esports]], and [[internet culture]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kludt|first1=Tom|title=Breitbart brings its conservative take to tech journalism|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/media/breitbart-tech-gamergate/|accessdate=January 25, 2016|publisher=CNN|date=October 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Brustein|first1=Joshua|title=Breitbart News Is Preparing to Troll Tech|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-27/breitbart-news-is-preparing-to-troll-tech|accessdate=January 25, 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Business|date=October 27, 2015}}</ref> The vertical is edited by [[Milo Yiannopoulos]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kain|first1=Erik|title=GamerGate: A Closer Look At The Controversy Sweeping Video Games|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/09/04/gamergate-a-closer-look-at-the-controversy-sweeping-video-games/|accessdate=August 18, 2015|publisher=Forbes|date=September 4, 2014}}</ref>

===Breitbart Jerusalem===
On November 17, 2015, the website launched Breitbart Jerusalem. The vertical covers events in Israel and the wider Middle East. It is edited by Israel-based American reporter [[Aaron Klein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2015/11/17/breitbart-news-continues-international-expansion-with-launch-of-breitbart-jerusalem/|title=Breitbart News Continues International Expansion With Launch Of Breitbart Jerusalem|work=Breitbart}}</ref>

==Reception and influence==
Andrew Breitbart has been lauded for his role in the "evolution of pioneering websites" including ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' and ''The Drudge Report'', and more recently his "Big" sites. Journalists such as [[Nick Gillespie]] and [[Conor Friedersdorf]] have credited Breitbart with bringing new voices to debates about politics and culture. Breitbart told ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' in 2004 that after feeling ignored by existing outlets, "We decided to go out and create our media." Described as "a series of do-it-yourself demonstration projects" and "conversation pits," the Breitbart.com websites have been both criticized and praised for their role in various political issues.<ref name=Friedersdorf-120308>{{cite web | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/03/andrew-breitbarts-legacy-credit-and-blame-where-its-due/253953/ | title=Andrew Breitbart's Legacy: Credit and Blame Where It's Due | work=[[Atlantic (magazine)]] | date=March 8, 2012 | accessdate=January 4, 2015 | author=Friedersdorf, Conor}}</ref><ref name=Gillespie>{{cite web | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/01/opinion/gillespie-breitbart/index.html | title=How Andrew Breitbart changed the news | work=[[CNN]] | date=March 2, 2012 | accessdate=January 4, 2015 | author=Gillespie, Nick}}</ref>

Andrew Breitbart has been recognized for adopting an inclusive stance with regard to LGBT participation in the conservative movement. He has also been credited with helping to derail [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories]].<ref name=Friedersdorf-120308 />

== Notable stories ==

===ACORN undercover videos===
Breitbart.com played a central role in the [[ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy|2009 ACORN video controversy]], which resulted in the reorganization of the [[Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now]] (ACORN), as well as its loss of private and government funding. Breitbart contributor Hannah Giles posed as a prostitute fleeing an abusive [[pimp]] and seeking tax and legal advice while [[James O'Keefe]], another contributor, posed as her boyfriend. They clandestinely videotaped meetings with [[Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now|ACORN]] staff who "gave advice on house-buying and how to account on tax forms for the woman's income."<ref name="CA AG Report">{{cite web|url=http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1888_acorn_report.pdf|title=REPORT OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL ON THE ACTIVITIES OF ACORN|date=April 1, 2010}}</ref>

Andrew Breitbart paid Giles and O'Keefe $32,000 and $65,000, respectively, to film, edit and blog about the videos.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.10news.com/news/deposition-reveals-payout-for-undercover-acorn-video|title=Deposition Reveals Payout For Undercover ACORN Video|date=May 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Salon_50k >{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/03/12/okeefe_partner_forced_to_pay_50k_to_fired_acorn_worker/|title=O’Keefe partner pays $50K to fired ACORN worker|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref> Giles paid $100,000 and O'Keefe paid $50,000<ref name=Salon_50k /> to settle a lawsuit brought by former ACORN employee Juan Carlos Vera regarding the videos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/148088292/Vera-OKeefe-ACORN-100000-Settlement-Agreement |title=USDC Southern District of California Case No. 10-cv-01422-L-MDD NOTICE OF SETTLEMENT |date=March 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/03/07/one_of_the_acorn_employees_caught_in_those_2009_video_stings_has_won_100.html|title=An ACORN Employee Won $100,000 in Damages for That 2009 Breitbart Video|date=March 7, 2013}}</ref>

Subsequent criminal investigations by the Brooklyn District Attorney's office and the California Attorney General found the [[ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy#Investigations of ACORN and the videos|videos were heavily edited]] in an attempt to make ACORN's responses "appear more sinister",<ref name="CA AG Report"/><ref name="NewYorker">{{cite web | last = Rovzar | first = Chris | title = Damaging Brooklyn ACORN Sting Video Ruled 'Heavily Edited,' No Charges to Be Filed |work=The New Yorker| date = March 2, 2010| url = http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2010/03/damaging_brooklyn_acorn_sting.html| accessdate =March 2, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100307173946/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2010/03/damaging_brooklyn_acorn_sting.html| archivedate= March 7, 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>[http://www.proskauer.com/files/uploads/report2.pdf An Independent Governance Assessment of ACORN], December 7, 2009</ref> and contributed to the group's demise.<ref name="FOX">{{Cite news| publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,551533,00.html | title=House Votes to Strip Funding for ACORN| date=September 17, 2009 | accessdate=September 17, 2009}}</ref><ref name="times-acorn-lorber">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/us/politics/12acorn.html | title = House Ban on Acorn Grants Is Ruled Unconstitutional |work=The New York Times | last = Lorber | first = Janie | page=A12 | date=December 11, 2009 | accessdate=February 1, 2010}}</ref> [[Clark Hoyt]], the ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[public editor]], wrote, "The videos were heavily edited. The sequence of some conversations was changed. Some workers seemed concerned for Giles, one advising her to get legal help. In two cities, Acorn workers called the police. But the most damning words match the transcripts and the audio, and do not seem out of context," but notes a former Massachusetts Attorney General hired to investigate the matter found no pattern of illegal conduct by the ACORN employees and said the news media should have been far more skeptical, demanding the raw video from which the edited versions were produced.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/21/opinion/21pubed.html The Acorn Sting Revisited] by Clark Hoyt, The New York Times, March 20, 2010</ref>

===Shirley Sherrod===
{{Main|Firing of Shirley Sherrod}}
In July 2010, Breitbart released a video titled "Proof NAACP Awards Racism" which featured [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] official [[Shirley Sherrod]] speaking at a [[NAACP]] fundraising dinner in March 2010. In the video released by Breitbart, Sherrod admits to a racial reluctance to help a white farmer obtain government aid. As a result of the video, the NAACP condemned Sherrod's remarks, and U.S. government officials called on Sherrod to resign, which she did.{{fact|date=March 2016}}

The NAACP later posted the longer 43-minute video of the speech.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/20/agriculture.employee.naacp/index.html?hpt=T1|title=NAACP 'snookered' over video of former USDA employee|date=July 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/21/us/21sherrod.html | work=The New York Times | first=Sarah | last=Wheaton | title=N.A.A.C.P. Backtracks on Official Accused of Bias | date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> In it, Sherrod said her reluctance to help a white man was wrong, and she had ended up assisting him. The NAACP then reversed their rebuke of Sherrod,<ref name="cnn.com"/> and [[Secretary of Agriculture]] [[Tom Vilsack]] apologized and offered Sherrod a new government position.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Montopoli|first1=Brian|title=Vilsack: I Will Have to Live With Shirley Sherrod Mistake|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/vilsack-i-will-have-to-live-with-shirley-sherrod-mistake/|accessdate=August 18, 2015|publisher=CBS News|date=July 21, 2010}}</ref> Breitbart said that the point of the piece was not to target Sherrod, but said the NAACP audience's reception of some parts of the speech demonstrated the same racism the NAACP's President had accused the [[Tea Party movement]] of harboring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/07/breitbart_i_was_targeting_the_naacp_honest.php|title=Breitbart: I Was Targeting The NAACP. Honest!|work=TPM}}</ref> In 2011, Sherrod sued Andrew Breitbart and his business partner Larry O'Connor for [[defamation]].<ref>{{Cite news | last = Zeleny| first = Jeff|author2= Sarah Wheaton| title = At Gathering, Ron Paul Is No. 1 for 2012| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| pages = A21 | date = February 13, 2011| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/us/politics/13cpac.html?_r=1&emc=eta1 | accessdate =February 14, 2011}}</ref> In July 2015, it was reported that Sherrod and Andrew Breitbart's estate had reached a tentative settlement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gerstein|first1=Josh|title=Breitbart, Sherrod near libel settlement|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2015/07/breitbart-sherrod-near-libel-settlement-209824.html|accessdate=August 18, 2015|publisher=Politico|date=July 1, 2015}}</ref>

===Anthony Weiner===
{{Main|Anthony Weiner sexting scandals}}
On May 28, 2011, Breitbart's BigJournalism website reported on a sexually explicit photo linked on New York Representative [[Anthony Weiner|Anthony Weiner's]] [[Twitter]] feed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/the-man-behind-weiner-s-resignation-20110616|title=The Man Behind Weiner's Resignation|last=Muñoz-Temple|first=Amanda|date=June 16, 2011|work=[[National Journal]]|accessdate=June 18, 2011}}</ref> Weiner initially denied that he had sent a 21-year-old female college student the link to the photograph, but after questions developed, he admitted to inappropriate online relationships. On June 6, 2011, Breitbart reported other photos Weiner had sent, including one that was sexually explicit. On June 8, 2011, the sexually graphic photo was leaked after Breitbart participated in a radio interview with hosts [[Opie and Anthony]]. Breitbart stated that the photo was published without his permission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/anthony-weiners-genitalia-photo-puts-196386|title=Anthony Weiner's Genitalia Photo Puts Sirius XM in Sticky Situation (Video)|last=Bond|first=Paul|date=June 9, 2011|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=June 18, 2011}}</ref> Weiner subsequently resigned from his congressional seat on June 21, 2011.

==="Friends of Hamas" story===

On February 7, 2013, [[Ben Shapiro]] published an article on Breitbart.com reporting allegations that former Senator and nominee for [[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Chuck Hagel]] (R-[[Nebraska]]) may have been paid to speak at an event sponsored by a group called "Friends of [[Hamas]]."<ref>{{Citation| last = Shapiro| first = Ben| date = February 7, 2013| title = Secret Hagel Donor?: White House Spox Ducks Question on 'Friends of Hamas'| publisher = Breitbart.com| url = http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Peace/2013/02/07/Hagel-Friends-of-Hamas-WH}}</ref> Breitbart.com said that the story was based on exclusive information from U.S. Senate sources. The story was later repeated by ''[[RedState]]'',<ref>{{Citation| last = Lane| first = Moe| date = February 7, 2013| title = Breitbart.com told that Chuck Hagel took money from "Friends of Hamas."| publisher = [[RedState]]| url = http://www.redstate.com/2013/02/07/breitbart-chuck-hagel-hamas/}}</ref> ''[[National Review]]'',<ref>{{Citation| last = Stiles| first = Andrew | date = February 8, 2013| title = Levin defends Hagel, calls GOP disclosure request "unprecedented"| publisher = [[National Review]]| url = http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/340193/levin-defends-hagel-calls-gop-disclosure-request-unprecedented-andrew-stiles}}</ref> ''[[Washington Times]]'',<ref>{{Citation| last = Gaffney| first = Frank| date = February 12, 2013| title = Gaffney: Obama’s ‘friends of Hamas’? | publisher = [[Washington Times]]| url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/12/obamas-friends-of-hamas/}}</ref> ''[[PJ Media]]''.<ref>{{Citation| last = Preston| first = Bryan| date = February 7, 2013| title = ‘Friends of Hamas,’ Friend of Chuck Hagel?| publisher = [[PJ Media]]| url = http://pjmedia.com/tatler/2013/02/07/friends-of-hamas-friend-of-chuck-hagel/}}</ref>

An investigation by ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' reporter [[David Weigel]] failed to confirm the existence of the purported group.<ref>{{Citation| last = Weigel| first = David| date = February 14, 2013| title = "Friends of Hamas": The Scary-Sounding Pro-Hagel Group That Doesn't Actually Exist| publisher = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]| url = http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/02/14/_friends_of_hamas_the_scary_sounding_pro_hagel_group_that_doesn_t_actually.html}}</ref> On February 19, New York ''[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]'' reporter Dan Friedman said that the story had originated from a sarcastic comment he had made to a congressional staffer. "Friends of Hamas" was one of several groups which Friedman considered to be so over-the-top as to be implausible and obviously fictitious. He said he made the sarcastic comment in an effort to find out what Hagel had done was considered to be anti-Israel. Friedman followed with an email to the congressional staffer asking if Hagel had received a $25,000 fee from Friends of Hamas for his speaking engagement. No reply to the email was received, and the next day, Breitbart ran a story with the headline "Secret Hagel Donor?: White House Spox Ducks Question on 'Friends of Hamas'."<ref>{{Citation| last = Friedman| first = Dan| date = February 19, 2013| title = 'Friends of Hamas': My role in the birth of a rumor| publisher = [[New York Daily News]]| url = http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/friends-hamas-rumor-started-article-1.1268284}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Taintor| first = David| date = February 20, 2013| title = NY Daily News Reporter: It Seems I Created ‘Friends Of Hamas’ Hagel Rumor| publisher = [[Talking Points Memo]]| url = http://livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/entry/ny-daily-news-reporter-it-seems-i-created}}</ref>

Breitbart.com maintained that the report was accurate, posting articles defending the website and criticizing Weigel and Friedman.<ref>{{Citation| last = Shapiro| first = Ben | date = February 20, 2013| title = NY Daily News Hack Posits He's Source of 'Friends of Hamas,' Lies by Omission| publisher = Breitbart.com| url = http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Journalism/2013/02/20/NYDaily-source-friends-hamas}}</ref><ref name=Weigel-130223>{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/02/23/media_ethics_101_from_breitbart_com.html | title=Media Ethics 101 from Breitbart.com | work=[[Slate (magazine)]] | date=February 23, 2013 | accessdate=January 4, 2015 | author=Weigel, David}}</ref> Writers for ''[[The Washington Post]]'',<ref>{{Citation| last = Wemple| first = Erik | date = February 20, 2013| title = Chuck Hagel and "Friends of Hamas": Five questions| publisher = [[Washington Post]]| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/02/20/chuck-hagel-and-friends-of-hamas-five-questions/}}</ref> ''[[New York Magazine]]''<ref>{{Citation| last = Coscarelli| first = Joe | date = February 20, 2013| title = How the Made-up ‘Friends of Hamas’ Became a Right-Wing Boogeyman| publisher = [[New York Magazine]]| url = http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/02/friends-of-hamas-made-up-chuck-hagel-boogeyman.html}}</ref> and ''[[The Daily Beast]]''<ref name=Freedlander >{{Citation| last = Freedlander| first = David| date = February 20, 2013 | title = Chuck Hagel, Friend of Hamas? How the Right-Wing Press Got It Way Wrong| publisher = [[The Daily Beast]]| url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/20/chuck-hagel-friend-of-hamas-how-the-right-wing-press-got-it-way-wrong.html}}</ref> criticized Breitbart.com for the Friends of Hamas story.

===Nancy Pelosi/Miley Cyrus ad campaign===
In April 2014, Breitbart.com created an advertising campaign to launch ''Breitbart California'' which included posters bearing an image of House minority leader [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s head superimposed onto singer [[Miley Cyrus]]'s body who was seen [[twerking]] on California governor [[Jerry Brown]], spoofing the 2013 VMAs. [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] Chairwoman and Florida Congresswoman [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] denounced the images as disrespectful to women. In response, House Majority Whip [[Kevin McCarthy (California politician)|Kevin McCarthy]] requested that his column be removed from the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/8/house-majority-whip-kevin-mccarthy-pulls-breitbart/|title=House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy pulls Breitbart column over twerking Nancy Pelosi pic|author=Jessica Chasmar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/04/democrats-breitbart-california-nancy-pelosi-105433.html|title=Democrats blast Breitbart Nancy Pelosi posters|author=Tal Kopan|work=POLITICO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2014/04/07/democrats-pelosi-breitbart-california-ads/|title=Democrats slam ‘offensive’ Pelosi image on Breitbart site — OnPolitics|work=OnPolitics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/04/nancy-pelosi-says-breitbart-altered-pic-of-her-twerking-is-tasteless/|title=Nancy Pelosi Says Breitbart-Altered Pic of Her Twerking Is ‘Tasteless’|author=ABC News|work=ABC News Blogs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/dnc-blasts-disgusting-breitbart-california-pelosi-ad|title=Democrats: Breitbart Ad Depicting Nancy Pelosi As Miley Cyrus Is 'Disgusting' (PHOTO)|work=TPM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/08/breitbart-twerks-pelosi-with-credibility-destroying-ad.html|title=Breitbart Twerks Pelosi With Credibility-Destroying Ad|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref>

Breitbart explained the inspiration for the ad campaign: a 2013 ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' skit in which Cyrus appeared as a highly sexualized version of Republican Congresswoman [[Michele Bachmann]] alongside a feminine, homosexual version of Republican Congressman and Speaker of the House [[John Boehner]].<ref name="Breitbart News">{{cite web|url=http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2014/04/07/Wasserman-Schultz-Pelosi-Condemn-Tasteless-and-Undignified-Breitbart-California-Viral-Art|title=Pelosi, Wasserman Schultz Condemn ‘Tasteless and Undignified’ Breitbart California Viral Art|publisher=Breitbart News}}</ref> Breitbart criticized female Democrats, Wasserman Schultz and Pelosi in particular, for failing to come to the defense of conservative women like Michele Bachmann and [[Sarah Palin]] for offensive comments from liberals. They mentioned specifically [[Bill Maher]]'s referring to Palin as a "cunt," [[Kathy Griffin]]'s joking that Senator [[John McCain]] picked Sarah Palin as his running mate in exchange for sexual favors, and [[Tracy Morgan]] referring to Palin as "good masturbation material," among others.<ref name="Breitbart News"/>

===Misidentification of Loretta Lynch===
On November 8, 2014, Breitbart.com posted an article by Warner Todd Huston, which erroneously reported that [[Loretta Lynch]], President Barack Obama's nominee for attorney general, had been part of [[Bill Clinton]]'s defense team during the [[Whitewater scandal]]. In fact, the two Lynches are different people. After this mistake was pointed out by ''[[Talking Points Memo]]'' and [[Media Matters for America]], Breitbart noted that the two Lynches were different people by correcting and appending the original article.<ref name=WaPoLynch/> This generated criticism from Andrew Rosenthal, ''The New York Times'' editorial page editor, who wrote: "The appended correction didn’t really do justice to the scope of the misidentification."<ref name=NYTLynch>[http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/no-comment-necessary-the-wrong-loretta-lynch/?_r=0 No Comment Necessary: The Wrong Loretta Lynch]. Rosenthal, Andrew. ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 10, 2014</ref>

The ''[[American Journalism Review]]'' noted "that Breitbart had let the mistaken fact stand in the headline and the article itself," and had published a second story containing the incorrect information on November 9. By November 10, the initial story had been deleted from Breitbart.com.<ref name="WaPoLynch">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/10/breitbart-news-attacked-the-wrong-loretta-lynch/ Breitbart News attacked the wrong Loretta Lynch] . McDonald, Soraya Nadia. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', November 10, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajr.org/2014/11/12/most-amusing-corrections-ever/|title=2 Amusing Corrections and a Confession on Common Mistakes — American Journalism Review|work=American Journalism Review}}</ref>''[[PolitiFact]]'' rated the claim "Pants on Fire" and noted that the false claim had "already spread to other conspiracy, opinion and conservative news websites," as an example of how fast false information can spread on the Internet.<ref name="PolitiFact">[http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2014/nov/10/breitbart/breitbart-gets-wrong-loretta-lynch-whitewater-clai/ Breitbart gets the wrong Loretta Lynch in Whitewater claim]. Sharockman, Aaron. ''[[PolitiFact]]'', November 10, 2014</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|United States|Conservatism|Internet}}
*{{Official website|http://www.breitbart.com/}}

{{Andrew Breitbart}}
{{Tea Party movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Breitbart.com}}
[[Category:American news websites]]
[[Category:Conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2007]]
[[Category:Media companies of the United States]]
[[Category:News aggregators]]
[[Category:American political blogs]]
[[Category:Tea Party movement]]

Slutshaming

2016-02-23T04:41:08Z

Callinus: Filled in 9 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Feminism sidebar}}
In [[human sexuality]], '''slut-shaming''' is a form of [[social stigma]] applied to people, especially women and girls, who are perceived to violate traditional expectations for sexual behaviors. Some examples of circumstances where women are "slut-shamed" include violating accepted [[dress code]]s by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 | pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=00095982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've "desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies." Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh"/> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, or being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]] (which is known as [[victim blaming]]).<ref name="asking" />

==Definitions and characteristics==
Slut-shaming is defined by many as a process in which women are attacked for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., of admonishing them for behavior or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C&|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref> [[Emily Bazelon]] says that slut shaming is "retrograde, the opposite of feminist. Calling a girl a slut warns her that there's a line: she can be sexual but not ''too'' sexual."<ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref> Amy Schalet argues that too much sex is a liability for girls, which often causes the discourse on the topic of girl's desire for sex to be non-existent, and that ignoring the fact that girls have sexual desire in sexual education, media, and the social sciences results in girl's having difficulty developing sexual subjectivity; she says sexual subjectivity is the capacity to feel connected to sexual desires and boundaries and use these to make self-directed decisions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref>
Many have stated that slut-shaming is used against women by both men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=[[Belisa Vranich]], Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref> Jessica Ringrose has argued that slut-shaming functions among women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' sexual expression".<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term ''slut-shaming'' is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]; e.g. by stating that the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> and thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt.

Men and women alike are culprits of "slut-shaming": The study "Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness," published in the ''Journal of Social and Personal Relationships'', notes that sexually lenient individuals are judged more negatively than non-permissive peers, which places those who are more permissive at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The researchers from Cornell University found that similar sentiments appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

== In the media ==
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011.]]

The [[SlutWalk]] protest march started in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident where a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "sluts".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = [[Gender and Education]], special issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–343 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref>

The term has since been used when describing the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Krystal |title=Boycott Rush |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html |work=The Blog |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=13 December 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |quote=This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line, they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut.}}</ref> Condemnation of Limbaugh following the incident is argued to have increased public attention to societal shame around women being demeaned in the media for use of birth control.<ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Kaitlin Menza argues that slut-shaming is a common form of bullying on social media, with some people using [[revenge porn]]ography tactics to spread intimate photos without consent. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Potts]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide eight days after photos of her being assaulted were distributed among her peer group.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|date = |accessdate = |website = Huff Post Teen|publisher = Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

== In social media ==
With the proliferation in the use of social networking tools, the practice of slut-shaming is becoming more prevalent among social media platforms, including YouTube and Facebook.

In the YouTube community, users such as Jenna Mourey (aka Jenna Marbles) speak out against “sluts” in their videos. In a video released in December 2012 entitled Things I don’t understand about girls Part 2: Slut edition, Mourey scorns women who engage in casual sex:

“A slut is someone that has a lot of casual sex. [...] It’s the girl that you’re like, ‘Pyeah [sic], yeah, she’s a slut.’ Yeah, that girl. Those are the group of people that I’m talking about. [...] Help the sluts of the world make less bad slutty decisions. [...] We need to look out for the sluts of the universe together. Because I think they are just a little lonely and sad.”

Lewis Webb, PhD candidate at Umeå University (Sweden), emphasizes that Mourey’s opinion is one among several in the YouTube community and that “the medium [of Youtube] is increasingly being used to attack and malign female reputations and criticize female sexual behavior.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shame transfigured: Slut-shaming from Rome to cyberspace|url = http://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5464|journal = First Monday|date = 2015-04-02|issn = 13960466|volume = 20|issue = 4|language = en|first = Lewis Mark|last = Webb}}</ref>

Slut-shaming is also commonplace on Facebook. In the summer of 2015, twenty-three year old Australia resident, Olivia Melville, was the target of slut-shaming by Chris Hall, a man who screenshotted her Tinder biography and posted it on Facebook. Melville’s biography was a lyric from the song “Only” by the rapper Drake and read: “Type of girl that will suck you dry and then eat some lunch with you.” The post spawned a plethora of comments, calling Melville a “bitch” and a “cunt.” One comment on the photo even alluded to the threat of a sexual assault: “You know the best thing about a feminist they don’t get any action so when you rape them it feels 100 times tighter.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Woman Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Tinder|url = http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|website = Mic|accessdate = 2015-11-16}}</ref>

== In literature ==
There are several instances in literature in which women are degraded or admonished for their sexual behavior. In these novels, men are largely exempt from the public outrage that their female counterparts endure for engaging in relationships deemed socially inappropriate:

* In [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', [[Hester Prynne]] is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" to display her adulterous affair to her whole town.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>
* In ''[[Tess of the D'Urbervilles]]'' by [[Thomas Hardy]], the title character is abandoned by her husband after she tells him how she was coerced into a sexual relationship with her former employer, Alec. He is completely disgusted by the revelation and claims that she is "not the woman he fell in love with."
* In ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]], the title character has a highly public affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. Anna is rejected by her friends, while the reputation of Count Vronsky remains more or less untarnished.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

==In school dress codes==
Some believe that school [[dress codes]] are a form of slut shaming, and are unfair to girls and women.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite web|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Students protest 'slut shaming' high school dress codes with mass walkouts|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/24/us-high-schools-dress-codes-protest-sexism-hemline|website=The Guardian|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> Some believe that these [[dress codes]] "violate Title IX, the [[federal law]] that ensures non-[[discrimination]] in educational environments."<ref name="Carroll"/> On Monday, September 22, 2014, "about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah."<ref name="Carroll"/> Students staged a walkout because more than a dozen [[girls]] were turned away from a [[homecoming dance]] for wearing dresses which violated the dress code rules.<ref name="Carroll"/> "School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules." It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the [[female]] students, which spawned the walkouts.<ref name="Carroll"/>

Certain dress code restrictions in schools across North America are believed to be perpetuating sexist standards, since they concentrate specifically on females and what they are and are not allowed to wear. There is also an emphasis placed on the effects that girls’ wardrobe choices have on their male classmates, which is seen by some as inappropriate. In March 2014, a group of middle-school girls from Evanston, Illinois protested their school’s dress code, which prohibited them from wearing leggings to school under the pretense that it was “too distracting for boys.” Thirteen-year-old student, Sophie Hasty, was quoted in the Evanston Review saying that “not being able to wear leggings because it’s ‘too distracting for boys’ is giving us the impression we should be guilty for what guys do.” In a Time magazine article covering the incident, Eliana Dockterman argued that teachers and administration in these schools are “walking the fine line between enforcing a dress code and slut shaming.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = When Enforcing School Dress Codes Turns Into Slut Shaming|url = http://time.com/36997/when-enforcing-school-dress-codes-turns-into-slut-shaming/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

In September 2014, a similar incident occurred at Tottenville High School in Staten Island, New York. Within the first few days of the semester, two hundred detention slips were handed out to students who violated the school’s dress code. Approximately ninety percent of the slips distributed were given to girls as their clothing was deemed “disruptive to teaching and learning.” Many claim that making girls feel guilty for the actions of boys is similar to telling victims of sexual assault that they were “asking for it” by dressing in a particular manner and has thus been linked to the practice of victim-blaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Schools Are Still Slut-Shaming Girls While Enforcing Dress Code|url = http://time.com/3394549/dress-code-long-island-new-york/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

A Canadian teenager, Lauren Wiggins, was given detention in May 2015 for wearing a floor-length dress with a halter neckline. The punishment prompted Wiggins to write an open letter to the school’s assistant vice principal at Harrison Trimble High School in Moncton, New Brunswick. In the letter, Wiggins concentrated specifically on the fact that females are often blamed for the behaviour of males, saying that if a boy “will get distracted by my upper back and shoulders then he needs to be sent home and practice self-control.” She was then given a one-day suspension after writing and submitting the letter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/14/lauren-wiggins-haltar-top_n_7284528.html|title=High Schooler Lauren Wiggins' Letter Nails Exactly What's Wrong With School Dress Codes|date=14 May 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

== Attempts to stop the practice ==
Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, ''[[Slut: The Play]]'', in which they address the damaging impact of slut-shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web|url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes: "A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by Katie Cappiello vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/>

In April 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to “provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, ''UnSlut: A Documentary Film'', coincides with the project and is screened across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unslutproject.com/about.html|title = The UnSlut Project|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Lindin|first = Emily}}</ref>

After experiencing slut-shaming first-hand, Olivia Melville, Paloma Brierly Newton and approximately a dozen other Australian women founded the organization, Sexual Violence Won’t Be Silenced, on August 25, 2015. The association seeks to raise awareness of cyber-bullying and online sexual violence. The founders also launched a petition to the Australian government, requesting that they better train and educate law enforcement officers on how to prevent and punish violent harassment on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|title=A Woman Was Slut-Shamed and Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Her Tinder Profile|author=Mic|work=Mic}}</ref>

==Gay male slut-shaming==
Gay men have traditionally been relatively tolerant of promiscuity. However, this changed considerably with the [[AIDS]] epidemic of the 1980s. [[Condom]] use as a [[safe sex]] practise became prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the [[AIDS epidemic]],<ref name="Who">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=26 November 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref> though the availability of [[antibiotics]] and [[antiretroviral]] drugs in [[advanced economies]] has led to [[condom fatigue]] among [[men who have sex with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aids.about.com/od/womenandhiv/a/Why-People-Dont-Use-Condoms-and-That-Includes-Women.htm|title=The (Real) Reasons Why People Don't Use Condoms|author=Dennis Sifris, MD and James Myhre|work=About.com Health}}</ref>

The drug [[Tenofovir/emtricitabine|Truvada]] has been approved for [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] for [[prevention of HIV/AIDS]] in some countries, after studies demonstrated it can lower the risk of new HIV infections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079639/|title=Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men|work=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref><ref>US Public Health Service [5 October 2014];Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection inthe United States - 2014 Clinical Practice Guideline http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/PrEPguidelines2014.pdf</ref> A number of HIV researchers like [[Anthony S. Fauci]] have been positive about the drug,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2010/11/24/131569907/dr-fauci-optimisitic-about-hiv-drug-truvada|title=Dr. Fauci Optimisitic About HIV Drug Truvada|date=24 November 2010|work=NPR.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4114402/aids-hiv-drug-prep/|title=PrEP Truvada: AIDS Drug Prevents HIV Infections, Study Finds|author=Alice Park|work=TIME.com}}</ref> the [[AIDS Healthcare Foundation]] has written to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] expressing concern that Truvada promotion would harm [[safer sex]] messaging that encourages condom use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354703/|title=Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV Infection: Current Status, Future Opportunities and Challenges|work=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/12/truvada-hiv-prep-stigma/418119/|title=The Danger in Comparing the HIV-Prevention Pill to Condoms|author=John Byrne|work=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/08/truvada-chill-pill-or-party-drug |title=Truvada: Chill Pill or Party Drug? |first=Scott |last=Shackford |work=reason.com |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/09/why-arent-gay-men-on-the-pill/|title=Why Aren’t Gay Men On The Pill? « The Dish|work=The Dish}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEgg6EOpNM|title=Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution (Full Length)|date=26 June 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> The phrase "Truvada whore" has been used in the media<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566537/|title=How Stigma Surrounding the Use of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Undermines Prevention and Pleasure: A Call to Destigmatize “Truvada Whores”|work=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref> and some openly gay men are afraid to disclose that they use Truvada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.out.com/news-opinion/2013/09/09/hiv-prevention-new-condom-truvada-pill-prep|title=The pill Truvada can prevent HIV: So why are so few gay men taking it?|publisher=}}</ref> while take up rates have been lower than expected. Some reports indicate that gay men who use Truvada to lower their risk of contracting HIV are shamed for doing so, based on perceptions that Truvada users are more promiscuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/truvada-mircle-pill-prevent-hiv-controversy|title=Truvada has been called the 'miracle' HIV pill – so why is uptake so slow?|author=Amanda Holpuch|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/truvada--the-other-little-blue-pill-20141128-11l1od.html|title=Truvada – the other little blue pill|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Some gay rights activists have said that environments which have slut-shaming are more likely to lead to gay men engaging in practices which lead to increased rates of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/09/08/op-ed-slut-shaming-cause-hiv |title=Op-ed: Slut-Shaming Is a Cause of HIV |first=Hussain |last=Turk |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=8 September 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
* [[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Misogynistic slurs]]

Slutshaming

2016-02-23T04:39:29Z

Callinus: /* Gay male slut-shaming */ Add some more sources - medical sources

{{Feminism sidebar}}
In [[human sexuality]], '''slut-shaming''' is a form of [[social stigma]] applied to people, especially women and girls, who are perceived to violate traditional expectations for sexual behaviors. Some examples of circumstances where women are "slut-shamed" include violating accepted [[dress code]]s by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 | pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=00095982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've "desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies." Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh"/> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, or being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]] (which is known as [[victim blaming]]).<ref name="asking" />

==Definitions and characteristics==
Slut-shaming is defined by many as a process in which women are attacked for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., of admonishing them for behavior or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C&|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref> [[Emily Bazelon]] says that slut shaming is "retrograde, the opposite of feminist. Calling a girl a slut warns her that there's a line: she can be sexual but not ''too'' sexual."<ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref> Amy Schalet argues that too much sex is a liability for girls, which often causes the discourse on the topic of girl's desire for sex to be non-existent, and that ignoring the fact that girls have sexual desire in sexual education, media, and the social sciences results in girl's having difficulty developing sexual subjectivity; she says sexual subjectivity is the capacity to feel connected to sexual desires and boundaries and use these to make self-directed decisions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref>
Many have stated that slut-shaming is used against women by both men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=[[Belisa Vranich]], Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref> Jessica Ringrose has argued that slut-shaming functions among women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' sexual expression".<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term ''slut-shaming'' is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]; e.g. by stating that the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> and thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt.

Men and women alike are culprits of "slut-shaming": The study "Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness," published in the ''Journal of Social and Personal Relationships'', notes that sexually lenient individuals are judged more negatively than non-permissive peers, which places those who are more permissive at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The researchers from Cornell University found that similar sentiments appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

== In the media ==
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011.]]

The [[SlutWalk]] protest march started in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident where a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "sluts".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = [[Gender and Education]], special issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–343 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref>

The term has since been used when describing the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Krystal |title=Boycott Rush |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html |work=The Blog |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=13 December 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |quote=This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line, they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut.}}</ref> Condemnation of Limbaugh following the incident is argued to have increased public attention to societal shame around women being demeaned in the media for use of birth control.<ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Kaitlin Menza argues that slut-shaming is a common form of bullying on social media, with some people using [[revenge porn]]ography tactics to spread intimate photos without consent. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Potts]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide eight days after photos of her being assaulted were distributed among her peer group.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|date = |accessdate = |website = Huff Post Teen|publisher = Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

== In social media ==
With the proliferation in the use of social networking tools, the practice of slut-shaming is becoming more prevalent among social media platforms, including YouTube and Facebook.

In the YouTube community, users such as Jenna Mourey (aka Jenna Marbles) speak out against “sluts” in their videos. In a video released in December 2012 entitled Things I don’t understand about girls Part 2: Slut edition, Mourey scorns women who engage in casual sex:

“A slut is someone that has a lot of casual sex. [...] It’s the girl that you’re like, ‘Pyeah [sic], yeah, she’s a slut.’ Yeah, that girl. Those are the group of people that I’m talking about. [...] Help the sluts of the world make less bad slutty decisions. [...] We need to look out for the sluts of the universe together. Because I think they are just a little lonely and sad.”

Lewis Webb, PhD candidate at Umeå University (Sweden), emphasizes that Mourey’s opinion is one among several in the YouTube community and that “the medium [of Youtube] is increasingly being used to attack and malign female reputations and criticize female sexual behavior.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shame transfigured: Slut-shaming from Rome to cyberspace|url = http://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5464|journal = First Monday|date = 2015-04-02|issn = 13960466|volume = 20|issue = 4|language = en|first = Lewis Mark|last = Webb}}</ref>

Slut-shaming is also commonplace on Facebook. In the summer of 2015, twenty-three year old Australia resident, Olivia Melville, was the target of slut-shaming by Chris Hall, a man who screenshotted her Tinder biography and posted it on Facebook. Melville’s biography was a lyric from the song “Only” by the rapper Drake and read: “Type of girl that will suck you dry and then eat some lunch with you.” The post spawned a plethora of comments, calling Melville a “bitch” and a “cunt.” One comment on the photo even alluded to the threat of a sexual assault: “You know the best thing about a feminist they don’t get any action so when you rape them it feels 100 times tighter.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Woman Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Tinder|url = http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|website = Mic|accessdate = 2015-11-16}}</ref>

== In literature ==
There are several instances in literature in which women are degraded or admonished for their sexual behavior. In these novels, men are largely exempt from the public outrage that their female counterparts endure for engaging in relationships deemed socially inappropriate:

* In [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', [[Hester Prynne]] is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" to display her adulterous affair to her whole town.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>
* In ''[[Tess of the D'Urbervilles]]'' by [[Thomas Hardy]], the title character is abandoned by her husband after she tells him how she was coerced into a sexual relationship with her former employer, Alec. He is completely disgusted by the revelation and claims that she is "not the woman he fell in love with."
* In ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]], the title character has a highly public affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. Anna is rejected by her friends, while the reputation of Count Vronsky remains more or less untarnished.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

==In school dress codes==
Some believe that school [[dress codes]] are a form of slut shaming, and are unfair to girls and women.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite web|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Students protest 'slut shaming' high school dress codes with mass walkouts|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/24/us-high-schools-dress-codes-protest-sexism-hemline|website=The Guardian|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> Some believe that these [[dress codes]] "violate Title IX, the [[federal law]] that ensures non-[[discrimination]] in educational environments."<ref name="Carroll"/> On Monday, September 22, 2014, "about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah."<ref name="Carroll"/> Students staged a walkout because more than a dozen [[girls]] were turned away from a [[homecoming dance]] for wearing dresses which violated the dress code rules.<ref name="Carroll"/> "School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules." It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the [[female]] students, which spawned the walkouts.<ref name="Carroll"/>

Certain dress code restrictions in schools across North America are believed to be perpetuating sexist standards, since they concentrate specifically on females and what they are and are not allowed to wear. There is also an emphasis placed on the effects that girls’ wardrobe choices have on their male classmates, which is seen by some as inappropriate. In March 2014, a group of middle-school girls from Evanston, Illinois protested their school’s dress code, which prohibited them from wearing leggings to school under the pretense that it was “too distracting for boys.” Thirteen-year-old student, Sophie Hasty, was quoted in the Evanston Review saying that “not being able to wear leggings because it’s ‘too distracting for boys’ is giving us the impression we should be guilty for what guys do.” In a Time magazine article covering the incident, Eliana Dockterman argued that teachers and administration in these schools are “walking the fine line between enforcing a dress code and slut shaming.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = When Enforcing School Dress Codes Turns Into Slut Shaming|url = http://time.com/36997/when-enforcing-school-dress-codes-turns-into-slut-shaming/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

In September 2014, a similar incident occurred at Tottenville High School in Staten Island, New York. Within the first few days of the semester, two hundred detention slips were handed out to students who violated the school’s dress code. Approximately ninety percent of the slips distributed were given to girls as their clothing was deemed “disruptive to teaching and learning.” Many claim that making girls feel guilty for the actions of boys is similar to telling victims of sexual assault that they were “asking for it” by dressing in a particular manner and has thus been linked to the practice of victim-blaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Schools Are Still Slut-Shaming Girls While Enforcing Dress Code|url = http://time.com/3394549/dress-code-long-island-new-york/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

A Canadian teenager, Lauren Wiggins, was given detention in May 2015 for wearing a floor-length dress with a halter neckline. The punishment prompted Wiggins to write an open letter to the school’s assistant vice principal at Harrison Trimble High School in Moncton, New Brunswick. In the letter, Wiggins concentrated specifically on the fact that females are often blamed for the behaviour of males, saying that if a boy “will get distracted by my upper back and shoulders then he needs to be sent home and practice self-control.” She was then given a one-day suspension after writing and submitting the letter.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/14/lauren-wiggins-haltar-top_n_7284528.html</ref>

== Attempts to stop the practice ==
Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, ''[[Slut: The Play]]'', in which they address the damaging impact of slut-shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web|url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes: "A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by Katie Cappiello vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/>

In April 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to “provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, ''UnSlut: A Documentary Film'', coincides with the project and is screened across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unslutproject.com/about.html|title = The UnSlut Project|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Lindin|first = Emily}}</ref>

After experiencing slut-shaming first-hand, Olivia Melville, Paloma Brierly Newton and approximately a dozen other Australian women founded the organization, Sexual Violence Won’t Be Silenced, on August 25, 2015. The association seeks to raise awareness of cyber-bullying and online sexual violence. The founders also launched a petition to the Australian government, requesting that they better train and educate law enforcement officers on how to prevent and punish violent harassment on social media.<ref>http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT</ref>

==Gay male slut-shaming==
Gay men have traditionally been relatively tolerant of promiscuity. However, this changed considerably with the [[AIDS]] epidemic of the 1980s. [[Condom]] use as a [[safe sex]] practise became prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the [[AIDS epidemic]],<ref name="Who">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=26 November 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref> though the availability of [[antibiotics]] and [[antiretroviral]] drugs in [[advanced economies]] has led to [[condom fatigue]] among [[men who have sex with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aids.about.com/od/womenandhiv/a/Why-People-Dont-Use-Condoms-and-That-Includes-Women.htm|title=The (Real) Reasons Why People Don't Use Condoms|author=Dennis Sifris, MD and James Myhre|work=About.com Health}}</ref>

The drug [[Tenofovir/emtricitabine|Truvada]] has been approved for [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] for [[prevention of HIV/AIDS]] in some countries, after studies demonstrated it can lower the risk of new HIV infections.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079639/</ref><ref>US Public Health Service [5 October 2014];Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection inthe United States - 2014 Clinical Practice Guideline http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/PrEPguidelines2014.pdf</ref> A number of HIV researchers like [[Anthony S. Fauci]] have been positive about the drug,<ref>http://www.npr.org/2010/11/24/131569907/dr-fauci-optimisitic-about-hiv-drug-truvada</ref><ref>http://time.com/4114402/aids-hiv-drug-prep/</ref> the [[AIDS Healthcare Foundation]] has written to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] expressing concern that Truvada promotion would harm [[safer sex]] messaging that encourages condom use.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354703/</ref><ref>http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/12/truvada-hiv-prep-stigma/418119/</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/08/truvada-chill-pill-or-party-drug |title=Truvada: Chill Pill or Party Drug? |first=Scott |last=Shackford |work=reason.com |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/09/why-arent-gay-men-on-the-pill/|title=Why Aren’t Gay Men On The Pill? « The Dish|work=The Dish}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEgg6EOpNM|title=Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution (Full Length)|date=26 June 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> The phrase "Truvada whore" has been used in the media<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566537/</ref> and some openly gay men are afraid to disclose that they use Truvada,<ref>http://www.out.com/news-opinion/2013/09/09/hiv-prevention-new-condom-truvada-pill-prep</ref> while take up rates have been lower than expected. Some reports indicate that gay men who use Truvada to lower their risk of contracting HIV are shamed for doing so, based on perceptions that Truvada users are more promiscuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/truvada-mircle-pill-prevent-hiv-controversy|title=Truvada has been called the 'miracle' HIV pill – so why is uptake so slow?|author=Amanda Holpuch|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/truvada--the-other-little-blue-pill-20141128-11l1od.html|title=Truvada – the other little blue pill|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Some gay rights activists have said that environments which have slut-shaming are more likely to lead to gay men engaging in practices which lead to increased rates of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/09/08/op-ed-slut-shaming-cause-hiv |title=Op-ed: Slut-Shaming Is a Cause of HIV |first=Hussain |last=Turk |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=8 September 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
* [[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Misogynistic slurs]]

Slutshaming

2016-02-23T02:37:08Z

Callinus: Reverted to revision 705057968 by 75.139.10.78: Terrible sourcing - find an academic source at least. Wikipedia is not for opinion essays that interpolate opinion pieces. (TW)

{{Feminism sidebar}}
In [[human sexuality]], '''slut-shaming''' is a form of [[social stigma]] applied to people, especially women and girls, who are perceived to violate traditional expectations for sexual behaviors. Some examples of circumstances where women are "slut-shamed" include violating accepted [[dress code]]s by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 | pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=00095982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've "desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies." Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh"/> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, or being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]] (which is known as [[victim blaming]]).<ref name="asking" />

==Definitions and characteristics==
Slut-shaming is defined by many as a process in which women are attacked for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., of admonishing them for behavior or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C&|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref> [[Emily Bazelon]] says that slut shaming is "retrograde, the opposite of feminist. Calling a girl a slut warns her that there's a line: she can be sexual but not ''too'' sexual."<ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref> Amy Schalet argues that too much sex is a liability for girls, which often causes the discourse on the topic of girl's desire for sex to be non-existent, and that ignoring the fact that girls have sexual desire in sexual education, media, and the social sciences results in girl's having difficulty developing sexual subjectivity; she says sexual subjectivity is the capacity to feel connected to sexual desires and boundaries and use these to make self-directed decisions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref>
Many have stated that slut-shaming is used against women by both men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=[[Belisa Vranich]], Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref> Jessica Ringrose has argued that slut-shaming functions among women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' sexual expression".<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term ''slut-shaming'' is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]; e.g. by stating that the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> and thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt.

Men and women alike are culprits of "slut-shaming": The study "Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness," published in the ''Journal of Social and Personal Relationships'', notes that sexually lenient individuals are judged more negatively than non-permissive peers, which places those who are more permissive at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The researchers from Cornell University found that similar sentiments appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

== In the media ==
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011.]]

The [[SlutWalk]] protest march started in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident where a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "sluts".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = [[Gender and Education]], special issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–343 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref>

The term has since been used when describing the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Krystal |title=Boycott Rush |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html |work=The Blog |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=13 December 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |quote=This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line, they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut.}}</ref> Condemnation of Limbaugh following the incident is argued to have increased public attention to societal shame around women being demeaned in the media for use of birth control.<ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Kaitlin Menza argues that slut-shaming is a common form of bullying on social media, with some people using [[revenge porn]]ography tactics to spread intimate photos without consent. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Potts]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide eight days after photos of her being assaulted were distributed among her peer group.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|date = |accessdate = |website = Huff Post Teen|publisher = Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

== In social media ==
With the proliferation in the use of social networking tools, the practice of slut-shaming is becoming more prevalent among social media platforms, including YouTube and Facebook.

In the YouTube community, users such as Jenna Mourey (aka Jenna Marbles) speak out against “sluts” in their videos. In a video released in December 2012 entitled Things I don’t understand about girls Part 2: Slut edition, Mourey scorns women who engage in casual sex:

“A slut is someone that has a lot of casual sex. [...] It’s the girl that you’re like, ‘Pyeah [sic], yeah, she’s a slut.’ Yeah, that girl. Those are the group of people that I’m talking about. [...] Help the sluts of the world make less bad slutty decisions. [...] We need to look out for the sluts of the universe together. Because I think they are just a little lonely and sad.”

Lewis Webb, PhD candidate at Umeå University (Sweden), emphasizes that Mourey’s opinion is one among several in the YouTube community and that “the medium [of Youtube] is increasingly being used to attack and malign female reputations and criticize female sexual behavior.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shame transfigured: Slut-shaming from Rome to cyberspace|url = http://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5464|journal = First Monday|date = 2015-04-02|issn = 13960466|volume = 20|issue = 4|language = en|first = Lewis Mark|last = Webb}}</ref>

Slut-shaming is also commonplace on Facebook. In the summer of 2015, twenty-three year old Australia resident, Olivia Melville, was the target of slut-shaming by Chris Hall, a man who screenshotted her Tinder biography and posted it on Facebook. Melville’s biography was a lyric from the song “Only” by the rapper Drake and read: “Type of girl that will suck you dry and then eat some lunch with you.” The post spawned a plethora of comments, calling Melville a “bitch” and a “cunt.” One comment on the photo even alluded to the threat of a sexual assault: “You know the best thing about a feminist they don’t get any action so when you rape them it feels 100 times tighter.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Woman Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Tinder|url = http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|website = Mic|accessdate = 2015-11-16}}</ref>

== In literature ==
There are several instances in literature in which women are degraded or admonished for their sexual behavior. In these novels, men are largely exempt from the public outrage that their female counterparts endure for engaging in relationships deemed socially inappropriate:

* In [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', [[Hester Prynne]] is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" to display her adulterous affair to her whole town.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>
* In ''[[Tess of the D'Urbervilles]]'' by [[Thomas Hardy]], the title character is abandoned by her husband after she tells him how she was coerced into a sexual relationship with her former employer, Alec. He is completely disgusted by the revelation and claims that she is "not the woman he fell in love with."
* In ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]], the title character has a highly public affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. Anna is rejected by her friends, while the reputation of Count Vronsky remains more or less untarnished.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

==In school dress codes==
Some believe that school [[dress codes]] are a form of slut shaming, and are unfair to girls and women.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite web|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Students protest 'slut shaming' high school dress codes with mass walkouts|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/24/us-high-schools-dress-codes-protest-sexism-hemline|website=The Guardian|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> Some believe that these [[dress codes]] "violate Title IX, the [[federal law]] that ensures non-[[discrimination]] in educational environments."<ref name="Carroll"/> On Monday, September 22, 2014, "about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah."<ref name="Carroll"/> Students staged a walkout because more than a dozen [[girls]] were turned away from a [[homecoming dance]] for wearing dresses which violated the dress code rules.<ref name="Carroll"/> "School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules." It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the [[female]] students, which spawned the walkouts.<ref name="Carroll"/>

Certain dress code restrictions in schools across North America are believed to be perpetuating sexist standards, since they concentrate specifically on females and what they are and are not allowed to wear. There is also an emphasis placed on the effects that girls’ wardrobe choices have on their male classmates, which is seen by some as inappropriate. In March 2014, a group of middle-school girls from Evanston, Illinois protested their school’s dress code, which prohibited them from wearing leggings to school under the pretense that it was “too distracting for boys.” Thirteen-year-old student, Sophie Hasty, was quoted in the Evanston Review saying that “not being able to wear leggings because it’s ‘too distracting for boys’ is giving us the impression we should be guilty for what guys do.” In a Time magazine article covering the incident, Eliana Dockterman argued that teachers and administration in these schools are “walking the fine line between enforcing a dress code and slut shaming.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = When Enforcing School Dress Codes Turns Into Slut Shaming|url = http://time.com/36997/when-enforcing-school-dress-codes-turns-into-slut-shaming/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

In September 2014, a similar incident occurred at Tottenville High School in Staten Island, New York. Within the first few days of the semester, two hundred detention slips were handed out to students who violated the school’s dress code. Approximately ninety percent of the slips distributed were given to girls as their clothing was deemed “disruptive to teaching and learning.” Many claim that making girls feel guilty for the actions of boys is similar to telling victims of sexual assault that they were “asking for it” by dressing in a particular manner and has thus been linked to the practice of victim-blaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Schools Are Still Slut-Shaming Girls While Enforcing Dress Code|url = http://time.com/3394549/dress-code-long-island-new-york/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

A Canadian teenager, Lauren Wiggins, was given detention in May 2015 for wearing a floor-length dress with a halter neckline. The punishment prompted Wiggins to write an open letter to the school’s assistant vice principal at Harrison Trimble High School in Moncton, New Brunswick. In the letter, Wiggins concentrated specifically on the fact that females are often blamed for the behaviour of males, saying that if a boy “will get distracted by my upper back and shoulders then he needs to be sent home and practice self-control.” She was then given a one-day suspension after writing and submitting the letter.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/14/lauren-wiggins-haltar-top_n_7284528.html</ref>

== Attempts to stop the practice ==
Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, ''[[Slut: The Play]]'', in which they address the damaging impact of slut-shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web|url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes: "A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by Katie Cappiello vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/>

In April 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to “provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, ''UnSlut: A Documentary Film'', coincides with the project and is screened across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unslutproject.com/about.html|title = The UnSlut Project|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Lindin|first = Emily}}</ref>

After experiencing slut-shaming first-hand, Olivia Melville, Paloma Brierly Newton and approximately a dozen other Australian women founded the organization, Sexual Violence Won’t Be Silenced, on August 25, 2015. The association seeks to raise awareness of cyber-bullying and online sexual violence. The founders also launched a petition to the Australian government, requesting that they better train and educate law enforcement officers on how to prevent and punish violent harassment on social media.<ref>http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT</ref>

==Gay male slut-shaming==
Gay men have traditionally been relatively tolerant of promiscuity. However, this changed considerably with the [[AIDS]] epidemic of the 1980s. [[Condom]] use as a [[safe sex]] practise became prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the [[AIDS epidemic]],<ref name="Who">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=26 November 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref> though the availability of [[antibiotics]] and [[antiretroviral]] drugs in [[advanced economies]] has led to [[condom fatigue]] among [[men who have sex with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aids.about.com/od/womenandhiv/a/Why-People-Dont-Use-Condoms-and-That-Includes-Women.htm|title=The (Real) Reasons Why People Don't Use Condoms|author=Dennis Sifris, MD and James Myhre|work=About.com Health}}</ref> Some public health officials argue that the government should promote increased condom use among gay men, while others believe the government should promote [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] for [[prevention of HIV/AIDS]] using drugs like [[Truvada]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/08/truvada-chill-pill-or-party-drug |title=Truvada: Chill Pill or Party Drug? |first=Scott |last=Shackford |work=reason.com |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/09/why-arent-gay-men-on-the-pill/|title=Why Aren’t Gay Men On The Pill? « The Dish|work=The Dish}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEgg6EOpNM|title=Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution (Full Length)|date=26 June 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> Some people argue that public health officials are slut-shaming men who are unwilling to use condoms. Some reports indicate that gay men who use Truvada to lower their risk of contracting HIV are shamed for doing so, based on perceptions that Truvada users are more promiscuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/truvada-mircle-pill-prevent-hiv-controversy|title=Truvada has been called the 'miracle' HIV pill – so why is uptake so slow?|author=Amanda Holpuch|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/truvada--the-other-little-blue-pill-20141128-11l1od.html|title=Truvada – the other little blue pill|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Some gay rights activists have said that environments which have slut-shaming are more likely to lead to gay men engaging in practices which lead to increased rates of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/09/08/op-ed-slut-shaming-cause-hiv |title=Op-ed: Slut-Shaming Is a Cause of HIV |first=Hussain |last=Turk |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=8 September 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
* [[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Misogynistic slurs]]

Megumi Igarashi

2016-02-08T06:22:14Z

Callinus: /* Selected bibliography */ not in English

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Megumi Igarashi 
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| residence =
| nationality =
| other_names = Rokudenashiko ({{lang-ja|ろくでなし子}} "good-for-nothing girl" or "bad girl")
| ethnicity = 
| citizenship = Japan
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Japanese sculpture|Japanese sculptor]] and [[manga]] artist<ref name=artlyst/>
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for = {{unbulleted list
|Using her vulva in works of art, including drawings and sculptures
}}
| notable_works = {{bulleted list
|''Decoman'', a series of decorated vulva molds
| A kayak modeled on a 3D scan of her own genitalia<ref name=artlyst />
}}
| style =
| home_town =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| religion = 
| denomination = 
| criminal_charge = [[Obscenity]]: distributing, or possessing obscene materials for the purpose of selling<ref name=artlyst>{{cite web|title=Japanese Artist Megumi Igarashi Arrested For Obscenity In Tokyo|url=http://www.artlyst.com/articles/japanese-artist-megumi-igarashi-arrested-for-obscenity-in-tokyo|website=ArtLyst Ltd|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> 
| criminal_penalty = Two years in jail or a fine of as much as 2.5 million [[yen]] ($21,000)<ref name=obscenitylaw-japan>{{cite web|title=Penal Code: Chapter XXII Crimes of Obscenity, Rape and Bigamy - Distribution of Obscene Objects|url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail_main?re=02&vm=&id=1960#en_pt2ch23at2|website=Japanese Law Translation Database System|publisher=Ministry of Justice, Japan|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=24 April 1907}}</ref>
| criminal_status = Indicted, not yet convicted
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}

'''Megumi Igarashi''' ({{lang-ja|五十嵐恵}}), who uses the pseudonym '''Rokudenashiko''' ({{lang-ja|ろくでなし子}} "good-for-nothing girl" or "bad girl"), is a Japanese sculptor and [[manga]] artist<ref name="Asahi Shimbun 16 July 2014">{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201407160054|title=
Artist denies obscenity charge: 'My vagina is like my arms and legs'|date=16 July 2014|website=asahi.com|publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]]}}</ref> who has received public attention for her work featuring [[female genitalia]]. She considers it her mission to demystify female genitalia in Japan where, according to her, they are "overly hidden".<ref name="The Guardian 15 July 2014">{{cite news|last1=McCurry|first1=Justin|title=Vagina selfie for 3D printers lands Japanese artist in trouble|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/15/vagina-selfie-for-3d-printers-lands-japanese-artist-in-trouble|accessdate=2014-07-15|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

==Art==
Igarashi has created, among other [[vulva]]-themed works, a series of decorated vulva molds called ''Decoman''. ''Decoman'' is a series of dioramas of her vulva shown as landscapes with space explorers, golfers, and other themes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Life size pussy boat from Japan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lCcm0--hzg|accessdate=2014-07-15|work=[[VPRO]] Metropolis|date=7 January 2014}}</ref> She made a [[kayak]] based on a [[3D scan]] of her vulva,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kendall|first1=Philip|title=Here’s that "vagina kayak" Japanese artist Megumi Igarashi made with the help of crowdfunding|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2014/07/18/heres-that-vagina-kayak-japanese-artist-megumi-igarashi-made-with-the-help-of-crowdfunding/|website=RocketNews24|publisher=SOCIO CORPORATION|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=18 July 2014}}</ref> wearable art in the form of an inflatable vulva armlet, color patterned vulva mascot tights, and a cartoon vulva costume. She has made a vulva chandelier, vulva lamps, smart phone covers and other sculptural, functional and decorative works. Her motivation for many of these works began as she did not know what other vulvas looked like and thought her vulva was abnormal. She wants to bring the vulva into pop culture and pop Art.

Igarashi also writes and draws [[manga]].

==Legal trouble==
In July 2014, Igarashi was arrested for the alleged violation of Japanese [[obscenity]] laws for e-mailing the 3D scanner data of her vulva in March to people who supported the [[crowdfunding]] campaign to build the kayak.<ref name="The Guardian 15 July 2014" /> More than 21,000 people signed an online petition urging the government to free her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese Vagina artist Megumi Igarashi released after week in jail |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/japanese-vagina-artist-megumi-igarashi-released-after-week-in-jail/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=2014-07-20}}</ref> She was released a week later after having successfully appealed her detention.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tokyo vagina artist released by police|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/tokyo-vagina-artist-released-by-police|accessdate=2014-07-20|work=[[Japan Today]]|date=19 July 2014}}</ref>

On 3 December 2014, Igarashi was arrested for suspicion of displaying an obscene object, along with Minori Watanabe (who uses the [[pseudonym]] of Minori Kitahara), a writer, [[Feminist movement|feminist activist]] and [[sex shop]] owner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manga artist arrested after displaying 'obscene' work in Tokyo shop|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201412040068|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The Asahi Shimbun Company|date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Watanabe was later released.<ref>{{cite news|title=Writer released after arrest over displaying salacious objects at adult shop|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/08/national/writer-released-after-arrest-over-displaying-salacious-objects-at-adult-shop/#.VJxcwAAAHA|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The [[Japan Times]]|date=8 December 2014}}</ref> On 24 December, Igarashi was indicted and planned on pleading not-guilty, according to her lawyer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vagina artist Megumi Igarashi indicted on charges of obscenity|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/24/national/crime-legal/vagina-artist-megumi-igarashi-indicted-charges-obscenity/#.VJsQ9sAA|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The [[Japan Times]]|date=24 December 2014}}</ref> On 26 December 2014, she was released on bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=「お酒を飲みたい」保釈されたマンガ家・ろくでなし子氏　自身のキャラクターを並べて記者会見に臨む|url=http://otapol.jp/2014/12/post-2208.html|accessdate=26 December 2014|work=otapol|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> Her trial began 14 April 2015 in Tokyo District Court.<ref name=Guardian41515>{{cite news|author1=Justin McCurry|title=Japanese artist goes on trial over 'vagina selfies' Megumi Igarashi, aka Rokudenashiko, who made kayak modelled on her genitalia, argues in court that her artwork is not obscene|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/15/japanese-artist-trial-vagina-selfies|accessdate=April 15, 2015|work=The Guardian|date=April 15, 2015|quote=If found guilty, Igarashi could face up to two years in prison or a maximum fine of 2.5m yen (£14,200) for distributing obscene objects.}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hōnen Matsuri]], annual fertility festivals in which giant phalluses are paraded through the streets
*[[Kanamara Matsuri]], another giant phallus sculpture-centered festival, specific to Kawasaki

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://6d745.com/}} {{ja icon}}
* {{twitter|6d745}}
* [http://www.tumblr.com/search/Megumi%20Igarashi Official [[Tumblr]] page]
* [http://gankagarou.weebly.com/store/c1/%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%86%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81.html Official shop]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Igarashi, Megumi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese artist
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Igarashi, Megumi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Japanese women artists]]
[[Category:Japanese sculptors]]
[[Category:Japanese feminists]]
[[Category:Feminist artists]]
[[Category:Pop artists]]
[[Category:Japanese multimedia artists]]
[[Category:Manga artists]]

Charlie Charlie Challenge

2016-01-02T18:06:45Z

Callinus: Reverted to revision 696749819 by Jeraphine Gryphon (talk): Unsourced. (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Charlie Charlie Challenge.jpg|thumb|Basic set up for the two pencil game, with the top pencil so precariously balanced that it will move with minor wind gusts]]
The '''"Charlie Charlie" game''' is a modern incarnation of a Spanish [[paper-and-pencil game]] called ''Juego de la Lapicera'' (game of the pens). Like a [[Magic 8-Ball]], the game is played by teenagers using [[Stationery|school supplies]] to produce answers to questions they ask. Teenage girls have played ''Juego de la Lapicera'' for generations in Spain and [[Hispanic America]], asking which boys in their class fancy them.<ref name=mail/>
Originally described on the internet in 2008,<ref name=emery1/> the game was popularized in the [[English-speaking world]] in 2015, partly through the [[hashtag]] #CharlieCharlieChallenge.<ref name=griffin1/><ref name=time>{{cite web|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Esther|title=Here’s Why People Are Freaking Out Over the Charlie Charlie Challenge|url=http://time.com/3897606/charlie-charlie-challenge/|work=Time|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> On 29 April 2015, an alarmist [[tabloid television]] newscast about the game being played in [[Hato Mayor Province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] was uploaded to YouTube, and the unintentional humor in the report led to the game trending on Twitter, crossing the [[language barrier]] to be played around the world.<ref name=post>{{cite news|last1=Dewey|first1=Caitlin|title=The complete, true story of Charlie Charlie, the 'demonic' teen game overtaking the Internet|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/05/26/the-complete-true-story-of-charlie-charlie-the-demonic-teen-game-overtaking-the-internet/|accessdate=28 May 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21nnsHkvkRM|title=Juego supuestamente satánico denominado Charlie – Charlie es practicado en Hato Mayor|work=Telenoticias 11/Youtube}}</ref>

==Game==
===Four pencils===

In an early version of the game, two players each hold two pencils in the shape of a square, pressing the ends of their pencils against the other player's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3096964/Children-sharing-social-media-videos-try-summon-Mexican-demon-new-Charlie-Charlie-Challenge.html|quote=There is also a two-person version of the game that uses six pencils.|title=Creepy 'Charlie Charlie Challenge' spreads across Twitter as children urge each other to 'summon Mexican demon'|work=Daily Mail|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> Like a [[Ouija]] board, it uses the [[ideomotor phenomenon]], with players moving the pencils without conscious control.<ref name=vox>{{cite web|url=http://www.vox.com/2015/6/5/8735481/charlie-charlie-challenge-explanation|title="Charlie, Charlie, are you there?" Why teens are summoning demons, explained.|date=5 June 2015|author=Phil Edawards|work=Vox}}</ref><ref name=livescience>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/51069-charlie-charlie-challenge-explained.html|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: Can You Really Summon a Demon?|work=Livescience|date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

===Two pencils===
The two pencil game involves crossing two pens or pencils to create a grid (with sectors labelled "yes" and "no") and then asking questions of a "supernatural entity" named "Charlie". The upper pencil is then expected to rotate to indicate the answer to such questions. The first question everyone asks by speaking into the pencils is "can we play?" or "are you here?"<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge – what is the spooky craze, and what is the explanation for it?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11628862/Charlie-Charlie-Challenge-what-is-it-what-is-the-explanation.html|accessdate=28 May 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

The top pencil is precariously balanced on a central pivot point, meaning that it can easily rotate on the pivot due to slight wind gusts, or the breathing of players expecting the pencil to move.<ref name=scishow>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfuhFlSGunM|title=The Truth About the Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=[[SciShow]]}}</ref><ref name=mail/><ref name=griffin1/>

==Reactions==
In Spain, teenage girls have played ''Juego de la Lapicera'' for generations in school playgrounds and sleepovers, asking which boys in their class fancied them.<ref name=mail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3116725/Children-hospitalised-mass-hysteria-mysterious-bruises-Mexican-demon-video-Dominican-Republic-spawned-satanic-Charlie-Charlie-game-sending-teenagers-panic-world.html|title=How a video in the Dominican Republic spawned the 'satanic' Charlie Charlie game sending teenagers into a panic across the world|date=10 June 2015|work=Daily Mail}}</ref> In Colombia, four teenage girls were sent to a hospital in [[Tunja]] and quickly released with a diagnosis of [[mass hysteria]].<ref>http://colombiareports.com/charlie-charlie-challenge-sends-4-hysteric-teens-to-hospital-in-central-colombia/</ref>

According to Caitlyn Dewey of ''The Washington Post,'' this game is valuable as an example of cross-cultural viral trends: <blockquote>Charlie makes a killer case study in virality and how things move in and out of languages and cultures online. You'll notice, for instance, a lot of players and reporters talking about the game as if it were new, when it's actually—and more interestingly, I think—an old game that has just recently crossed the language divide.<ref name="post"/></blockquote> Maria Elena Navez of [[BBC Mundo]] said "There's no demon called 'Charlie' in Mexico," and suggested that Mexican demons with English names (rather than, say, "Carlitos") are "usually American inventions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-32887325|title=Where did Charlie Charlie Challenge come from?|publisher=BBC|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Urban legend]] expert David Emery says that some versions of the game have copied the ghost story [[La Llorona]], popular in [[Hispanic America]], but the pencil game is not a Mexican tradition.<ref name=emery1>{{cite web|url=http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/horrors/fl/Charlie-Charlie-Challenge_2.htm|title=What's the Charlie Charlie Challenge, and Why Does It Freak People Out?|work=About.com Entertainment/Urban Legends|author=David Emery|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Joseph Laycock, a professor of religious studies at Texas State University argued that while Charlie is "most often described as a “Mexican ghost,” it appears that Christian critics reframed the game as Satanic almost immediately" due to their desire to "claim a monopoly on wholesome encounters with the supernatural."<ref name=rdlaycock>{{cite web|url=http://religiondispatches.org/the-charlie-charlie-challenge-and-teenage-yearning-for-supernatural-encounters/|title=The ‘Charlie Charlie Challenge’ and Teenage Yearning for Supernatural Encounters|work=Religion Dispatches|date=15 June 2015|author=Joseph Laycock}}</ref>

Psychological [[suggestion]] can lead people to expect a particular response, which can result in thoughts and behaviors that will help bring the anticipated outcome to fruition – for instance by breathing more heavily.<ref name=livescience/> Christopher French, head of the [[anomalistic psychology]] research unit at the [[University of London]] says that human [[agent detection]] leads people to see patterns in random events and perceive an intelligence behind them. He argues that divination games involve [[magical thinking]], saying "Often the 'answers' received [in divination games] might be vague and ambiguous, but our inherent ability to find meaning—even when it isn't there—ensures that we will perceive significance in those responses and be convinced that an intelligence of some kind lay behind them."<ref name=livescience/> Kate Knibbs, writing in [[Gizmodo]] described the game as a "a [[Vine (service)|Vine]]-ready pastiche of kitsch occultism" that "has the familiar pull of [[pareidolia]]" where people interpret patterns as having a meaning.<ref name=gizmodo>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com/2015/05/a-mexican-demon-named-charlie-is-the-internets-newest-urban-legend/|title=A Mexican Demon Named Charlie Is The Internet's Newest Urban Legend|work=Gizmodo|author=Kate Knibbs|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

Stuart Vyse, a psychology professor at [[Connecticut College]] argues that teenagers often go to see [[Paranormal fiction|paranormal movies]] in groups, and "There's a real social bonding aspect to this whole phenomenon,"<ref name=vox/> and "It's almost a developmental passage for some kids, to deal with things that are scary." Donald Saucier, a psychology professor at [[Kansas State University]] argues that teenagers go though "a period where social influence is very strong" and they are more prone to superstition. Stephen Schlozman, an assistant professor of psychiatry at [[Harvard Medical School]] said "I think kids are interested in the dares that aren't actually all that dangerous, but have that feeling of danger to them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/139957/charlie-charlie-science-behind-why-teens-brains-love-creepy-supernatural-games/|title=Why teen brains are wired to love 'Charlie Charlie' and the supernatural|publisher=fusion.net}}</ref> [[Sharon A. Hill|Sharon Hill]] argues that teenagers playing the game "overreact because of the peer situation."<ref name=sharonhill/>

Various media outlets described participants in the games as gullible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/charlie-charlie-challenge-heres-everything-5760769|quote=Brave (or gullible) participants must then repeat the words "Charlie, Charlie are you here" to summon a visit from a demon.|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: Here's everything you need to know about the bizarre internet craze|work=Mirror.ko.uk}}</ref><ref name=inquisitr>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/2117579/tweeting-christians-on-the-charlie-charlie-challenge-please-step-away-from-the-demon/|quote=In this one, two pencils are crossed over four squares. In each, the gullible participant writes 'yes' and 'no.'|title=Tweeting Christians On The 'Charlie Charlie Challenge': Please, Step Away From The Demon|date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Pastor Carl Gallups told [[WPTF]] news radio "I have done some experiments with this, and I think people are being punked. On my desk in front of me, I have the two pencils set up and the one on the top that is balanced is easily moved by just a puff of air."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2015/06/10/charlie-charlie-game-summoning-mexican-demon-goes-viral-causing-damage-real-and/|title='Charlie Charlie' game summoning Mexican demon goes viral, causing damage real and fake|date=10 June 2015|work=Fox News Latino}}</ref> He continued, "I held my phone up to pretend like I was filming it and just started breathing a little heavy, but it's indiscernible to anybody around, and the pencil just moves so easily." Fred Clark and [[Rebecca Watson]] liken the phenomenon of pencils moving on a desk to [[James Hydrick]]'s debunked claim that he could move a pencil on a desk by [[psychokinesis]].<ref name=slacktivist>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/slacktivist/2015/05/29/the-charliecharliechallenge-doesnt-lead-to-demonic-possession-but-it-can-nurture-credulity-and-willful-ignorance-which-is-worse/|title=The ‘CharlieCharlieChallenge’ doesn’t lead to demonic possession — but it can nurture credulity and willful ignorance, which is worse|author=Fred Clark|date=29 May 2015|work=Patheos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepchick.org/2015/05/charlie-charlie-the-science-of-summoning-demons-with-pencils-for-fun-and-profit/|title=Charlie Charlie: The Science of Summoning Demons with Pencils for Fun and Profit|work=Skepchick|author=[[Rebecca Watson]]|date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

Andrew Griffin wrote in ''[[The Independent]]'' that the game is "perhaps scarier than a Ouija board because it doesn't have the same explanations. With those boards, players have to keep hold of a glass while it moves around the table—so it's not difficult to imagine that people might be pushing it around without knowing it."<ref name=griffin1>{{cite web|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge explained: it's just gravity—not a Mexican demon being summoned|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/weird-news/charlie-charlie-challenge-explained-its-not-a-mexican-demon-being-summoned--its-gravity-10276557.html|work=The Independent|date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

The Racket Report, a parody website that describes itself as "not intended to communicate any true or factual information"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theracketreport.com/contact-us/about-us/|title=About Us|work=The Racket Report(satire)}}</ref> has invented the claim that 500 "mysterious" deaths resulted from playing the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hoax-busted-reports-mysterious-deaths-after-playing-charlie-charlie-challenge-are-false-635030|title=Hoax Busted: Reports of Mysterious Deaths After Playing Charlie Charlie Challenge are False|work=International Business Times India|date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Fiji Sun]] has reported claims made by the satire website as news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/06/year-1-and-2-students-play-charlie-charlie/|title=Year 1 And 2 Students Play ‘Charlie Charlie’|work=Fiji Sun|date=6 June 2015|archivedate=15 Feb 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204145/http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/06/year-1-and-2-students-play-charlie-charlie/|quote=The Racket Report reported online that Charlie Charlie is a dangerous new game going viral and is said to conjure up a group of Mexican demons. “It is considered a mash up of the Ouija board and bloody Mary, but this game is physically injuring its participants. The game, which was believed to be of demonic spirits, leads to scaring children who play the game and can even lead to suicide for those who get possessed by the spirit,” The Racket Report said.}}</ref> The Fijian Ministry of Education has banned the game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/10/schools-crack-down-on-charlie-charlie/|title=Schools Crack Down On Charlie Charlie|date=10 June 2015|work=Fiji Sun}}</ref> and three Fijian teachers in [[Tavua, Fiji|Tavua]] were taken to a police station for questioning over allegations they forced their students play the game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijione.tv/three-teachers-in-tavua-allegedly-let-students-play-the-charlie-charlie-game/|title=Three teachers in Tavua allegedly let students play the “Charlie Charlie” game|work=Fiji One News|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=309798|title=Teachers probed over Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=Fiji Times Online|date=14 June 2015}}</ref> before being cleared of all charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/30391/teachers-cleared-of-criminal-offence-for-charlie-charlie-game-|title=Teachers cleared of criminal offence for Charlie Charlie game|work=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=16 Jun 2015}}</ref>

Kate Knibbs writes that "once the paranormal fad went viral, it didn’t take long for Christian fearmongers to warn against calling on the nefarious spirit world."<ref name=gizmodo/> [[Pat Robertson]] denounced the Charlie Charlie challenge as demonic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9yxWbYy07Q|title=RWW News: Pat Robertson Warns Against 'Charlie Charlie Challenge'|date=29 May 2015|publisher=People for the American Way}}</ref> Various [[exorcist]]s<ref name=cna>{{cite news|title=Is 'Charlie Charlie' a harmless game? Exorcist says absolutely not|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/is-charlie-charlie-a-harmless-game-exorcist-says-absolutely-not-49686/|publisher=Catholic News Agency}}</ref> have promoted the idea that the game causes [[spirit possession]], along with Muslims in [[Jamaica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20150605/islamic-community-condemns-charlie-charlie-challenge|title=Islamic Community Condemns Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=Jamaica Gleaner}}</ref> and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-students-warned-against-playing-charlie-charlie-ghost-game|title=UAE students warned against playing 'Charlie, Charlie' ghost game|author=Rezan Oueiti|work=The National|location=Abu Dhabi}}</ref>

David Emery argues [[Occam's razor|parsimoniously]] that when simple scientific explanations "can sufficiently explain why a phenomenon occurs, there's no reason to assume supernatural forces are at work." Despite simple scientific explanations being offered by [[Science journalism|science journalists]],<ref name=griffin1/><ref name=cnet>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/au/news/sorry-charlie-its-a-not-a-demon-thats-controlling-the-charlie-charlie-challenge/|title=Sorry, Charlie: The Charlie Charlie Challenge is less spooky than they say|work=CNET|author=Danny Gallagher|date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=scishow/><ref name=sharonhill>{{cite web|url=http://doubtfulnews.com/2015/05/childs-play-charlie-charlie-challenge-is-same-old-same-old/|title=Child’s Play: Charlie Charlie Challenge is same old same old... |work=Doubtful News|date=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=snopes>{{cite web|url=http://m.snopes.com/2015/06/02/charlie-charlie-challenge-viral-marketing-hoax/|title=Was the Charlie Charlie Challenge Really a Viral Marketing Hoax?|work=Snopes|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> these are less readily available in mainstream news outlets.

==In popular culture==
The producers of the horror film ''[[The Gallows]]'' promoted their film on the [[bandwagon effect|bandwagon]] of the game, releasing a [[Publicity|video clip]] featuring the game.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: everyone on the internet thinks it’s a marketing stunt, but it probably isn't|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/charlie-charlie-challenge-everyone-on-the-internet-thinks-its-a-marketing-stunt-but-it-probably-isnt-10289424.html|accessdate=2 June 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bloody Mary (folklore)]]
*[[Magic 8-ball]]
*[[Paper fortune teller]]
*[[Paul the Octopus]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Challenges]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Paper-and-pencil games]]
[[Category:Divination]]
[[Category:Mass hysteria]]

Tongdaeng

2015-12-30T03:55:35Z

Callinus: added Category:Animals in politics using HotCat

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the "Thong Daeng Cat"; see [[Suphalak]].}}

'''Tongdaeng''', with variant spellings like '''Thong Daeng''' ({{lang-th|ทองแดง}}; 7 November 1998 – 26 December 2015) was a female copper-colored dog and one of the pets owned by King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand.

==Life==

The king adopted Tongdaeng in 1998 from the litter of a stray dog that had been taken in by a medical center he had recently dedicated. Her name means "copper" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>*Seth Mydans, [http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/02/12/1bkk/26a.html For Dogged Devotion to Etiquette, a Kingly Tribute], [[International Herald Tribune]], 26 December 2002</ref>

Bhumibol called her "A common dog who is uncommon," and in 2002 wrote an affectionate biography of her titled "''The Story of Tongdaeng'' (เรื่อง ทองแดง)". The book is commonly referred to as a [[parable]] on many social topics. For instance, the King wrote that "Tongdaeng is a respectful dog with proper manners; she is humble and knows protocol. She would always sit lower than the King; even when he pulls her up to embrace her, Tongdaeng would lower herself down on the floor, her ears in a respectful drooping position, as if she would say, 'I don't dare.'"<ref name="The Econ dog">{{cite news|title=Dissing the king’s dog is a crime in Thailand|url=http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21684177-dissing-kings-dog-crime-thailand-who-are-you-calling-bitch|accessdate=21 December 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

All the names of the dogs owned by the King start with the word "Thong" (lit. gold).

The book instantly sold out in Thailand. Since demand was so high, the book became an esteemed gift. The book has been reprinted several times to keep up with demand.

==Protection by lèse majesté law==

{{main|Lèse majesté in Thailand}}

Thanakorn Siripaiboon, a 27-year-old factory worker,<ref name=Head16Dec/> was charged in 2015 with insulting Tongdaeng on Facebook, under the [[Lèse majesté in Thailand|lèse majesté law in Thailand]].<ref name="bhutia">{{cite web|last1=Bhutia|first1=Jigmey|title=Thai man faces 37 years jail for 'insulting' King Bhumibol Adulyadej's dog|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/thai-man-could-be-jailed-37-years-insulting-king-bhumibol-adulyadejs-dog-1533382|website=ibtimes.co.uk|publisher=International Business Times|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> His lawyer, Anon Numpa, informed the ''[[International New York Times]]'' that the charge "had not detailed the precise insult towards the animal".<ref name="holmes">{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Thai man faces jail for insulting king's dog with 'sarcastic' internet post|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/15/thai-man-faces-jail-insulting-kings-dog-sarcastic-internet-post|website=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> The Bangkok-based printer of the ''International New York Times'' removed the story from the 14 December 2015 print edition of the paper.<ref name="holmes"/> If convicted, Siripaiboon could face up to 37 years in prison.<ref name="The Econ dog" />

According to the BBC, a prosecutor said Siripaiboon had posted to Facebook several photos of the dog that appeared to mock the King, and was additionally charged for pressing the "like" button next to a doctored photo of the Thai monarch which had been posted by another Facebook user.<ref name=Head16Dec>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35099322|title=Defaming a dog: The ways to get arrested for lese-majeste in Thailand|first=Jonathan|last=Head|date=December 16, 2015|accessdate=December 29, 2015|work=BBC}}</ref>

==In media==

A film based on Tongdaeng's biography, ''Khun Tongdaeng: The Inspirations'' (คุณทองแดงดิอินสไปเรชันส์), was released in November 2015.<ref name="panya">{{cite web|last1=Panya|first1=Duangkamol|title=Who let the dogs out?|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/topstories/779189/who-let-the-dogs-out|website=bangkokpost.com|publisher=Bangkok Post|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fufu (dog)]]

==Literature==
* Bhumibol Adulyadej. ''The Story of Tongdaeng''. Amarin, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1998 animal births]]
[[Category:2015 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Thai monarchy]]
[[Category:Lèse majesté in Thailand]]
[[Category:Animals in politics]]

Junk Food News

2015-12-06T22:15:55Z

Callinus: /* External links */ {{Media manipulation}}

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}

'''Junk food news''' is a [[sardonic]] term for news stories that deliver "sensationalized, personalized, and homogenized inconsequential trivia",<ref name=c2001>{{cite book
|title=Censored 2001
|chapter=Junk Food News 1877-2000
|last=Jensen |first=Carl
|editor-last=Phillips |editor-first=Peter
|pages=251–264 |year=2001 |publisher=Seven Stories Press
|isbn=978-1-58322-064-1}}</ref>
especially when such stories appear at the expense of serious investigative journalism. It implies a criticism of the [[mass media]] for disseminating news that, while not very nourishing, is "cheap to produce and profitable for media proprietors."<ref name=c2001/>

==Meaning of the term==
The term "junk food news" was first used in print by Carl Jensen in the March 1983 edition of ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]].'' As the leader of [[Project Censored]], he had frequently faulted the media for ignoring important stories. In response, says Jensen, editors claimed that other stories were more important, and bolstered this claim with [[ad hominem]] comments directed against him.
<blockquote>...news editors and directors...argued that the real issue isn't censorship—but rather a difference of opinion as to what information is important to publish or broadcast. Editors often point out that there is a finite amount of time and space for news delivery—about 23 minutes for a half-hour network television evening news program—and that it's their responsibility to determine which stories are most critical for the public to hear. The critics said I wasn't exploring media censorship but rather I was just another frustrated academic criticizing editorial news judgment.<ref name=c2001/></blockquote>

To give this argument a fair hearing, Jensen decided to conduct a review to determine which stories the media had considered more important. But instead of hard-hitting investigative journalism, what he discovered was the phenomenon that he termed Junk Food News—journalistic trivia served up to the public in a number of predictable categories:<ref name=c2001/>

* Brand name news ([[celebrity]] gossip)
* Sex news (exposés and [[sexual titillation]])
* Yo-yo news ([[statistic]]s that change daily, such as [[stock market]] numbers and [[box office]] totals)
* [[Show business]] news (movie openings)
* Latest craze news (brief [[fad]]s)
* [[Anniversary]] news (anniversaries of major events or celebrity deaths)
* [[Sports]] news (sports rumours)
* [[Political]] news (bi-annual coverage of congressional campaign promises)

As the flip side to its annual list of the Top 25 Censored Stories, Project Censored publishes an annual list of the Top 10 Junk Food News stories, compiled by members of the National Organization of News Ombudsmen.

As a serious term, it can also refer to local two-page news and ad [[pamphlet]]s, commonly displayed in [[cafe]]s and [[fast food restaurant]]s, available without charge.

==See also==
{{portal|Journalism}}
{{Div col|3}}
*[[Conspiracy of silence (expression)|Conspiracy of silence]]
*[[Corporate media]]
*[[Culture of fear]]
*[[Mass hysteria]]
*[[Mean world syndrome]]
*[[Media hype]]
*[[Media culture]]
*[[Missing white woman syndrome]]
*[[Moral panic]]
*[[Prolefeed]]
*[[Sensationalism]]
*[[Supermarket tabloid]], [[tabloid television]]
*[[Yellow journalism]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.projectcensored.org ''Project Censored'']
*{{wayback|http://www.projectcensored.org/newsabuse.htm ''Junk Food News''}}

{{Media manipulation}}

[[Category:Criticism of journalism]]
[[Category:Media issues]]
[[Category:Tabloid journalism]]

{{Journalism-stub}}

Baschiqa

2015-12-05T21:21:37Z

Callinus: Filled in 9 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

'''Bashiqa''' ({{lang-ar|بعشيقة}}, {{lang-syr|ܒܝܬ ܥܫܝܩܐ}}), is an historically [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] town located in the [[Mosul District]] of the [[Ninawa Governorate]] in [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], northern [[Iraq]]. Its name comes from the [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] words "Bet" and "Ashiqa," meaning "House of lovers." Bashiqa's residents are mostly [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurds]] (Yazidis and Shabaks) as well as a minority of [[Assyrians in Iraq|Assyrian]]s, and [[Arabs]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/tag/bashiqa/|title=Bashiqa - Iraq Business News|work=Iraq Business News}}</ref> Bashiqa is famous for its olive trees, olive oil, and soap. It is also famous with its onion, pickles and arak. It used to be a tourist destination to the locals in Mosul and Iraqis in general. Bashiqa is surrounded with a small mountain to the north and farms of olives all around the town.

In 2007, the town square was the location of the [[Murder of Du'a Khalil Aswad]], a [[Yazidi]] woman who was stoned to death by a crowd.

In 2012, car bombs went off in the town.<ref>http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/politics/3166/</ref>

In June 2014, when [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] militia took over the city, they changed the name to Du'a city.

[[Yazidi]] civilians fled the city in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/11/12/mass-grave-yazidis-iraq-tells-horror-story/75640706/|title=Mass grave of Yazidis in Iraq tells horror story|date=12 November 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/150220157|title=Kurdish families escape ISIS-held Bashiqa|work=Rudaw}}</ref> The region has seen fighting between ISIL and Iraqi [[Peshmerga]] forces,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrttv.com/EN/Details.aspx?Jimare=4147|title=NRT English|author=Nalia Corporation|publisher=}}</ref> but was under ISIL control in August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/peshmerga-us-strikes-fail-to-dislodge-islamic-state/a-18637059|title=Peshmerga, US strikes fail to dislodge ′Islamic State′ - Middle East - DW.COM - 09.08.2015|work=DW.COM}}</ref>

Turkish soldiers have been deployed in a training mission in the Mosul District, in 2015, without authorization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-turkey-idUSKBN0TN2HZ20151205|title=Turkish soldiers training Iraqi troops near Mosul: sources|author=Humeyra Pamuk and Orhan Coskun|date=5 December 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35012902|title=Iraq demands Turkish troops withdraw from near Mosul|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/04/turkish-troops-iraq-train-forces-fighting-isis|title=Turkish troops go into Iraq to train forces fighting Isis|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ezidipress.com/en/northern-iraq-turkish-army-sets-up-base-in-christian-yezidi-town/|title=Northern Iraq: Turkish army sets up base in Christian-Yezidi town – EzidiPress English|publisher=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nineveh Plains}}

{{coord|36|27|N|43|21|E|type:city(10000)_region:IQ-NI|display=title}}

[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Iraq]]

{{Iraq-geo-stub}}

Baschiqa

2015-12-05T21:20:39Z

Callinus: add content on recent military history - 2012 bombing (ref by niqash - pro kurdish), yazidi flight in 2014 (usa today, dw, pro-kurdish ruday, pro-kurdish NRT), add BBC, guardian, Reuters refs on turkish training, plus pro-kurdish ezidipress article

'''Bashiqa''' ({{lang-ar|بعشيقة}}, {{lang-syr|ܒܝܬ ܥܫܝܩܐ}}), is an historically [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] town located in the [[Mosul District]] of the [[Ninawa Governorate]] in [[Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], northern [[Iraq]]. Its name comes from the [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] words "Bet" and "Ashiqa," meaning "House of lovers." Bashiqa's residents are mostly [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurds]] (Yazidis and Shabaks) as well as a minority of [[Assyrians in Iraq|Assyrian]]s, and [[Arabs]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref>[http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/tag/bashiqa/]</ref> Bashiqa is famous for its olive trees, olive oil, and soap. It is also famous with its onion, pickles and arak. It used to be a tourist destination to the locals in Mosul and Iraqis in general. Bashiqa is surrounded with a small mountain to the north and farms of olives all around the town.

In 2007, the town square was the location of the [[Murder of Du'a Khalil Aswad]], a [[Yazidi]] woman who was stoned to death by a crowd.

In 2012, car bombs went off in the town.<ref>http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/politics/3166/</ref>

In June 2014, when [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] militia took over the city, they changed the name to Du'a city.

[[Yazidi]] civilians fled the city in 2014.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/11/12/mass-grave-yazidis-iraq-tells-horror-story/75640706/</ref><ref>http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/150220157</ref> The region has seen fighting between ISIL and Iraqi [[Peshmerga]] forces,<ref>http://www.nrttv.com/EN/Details.aspx?Jimare=4147</ref> but was under ISIL control in August 2015.<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/peshmerga-us-strikes-fail-to-dislodge-islamic-state/a-18637059</ref>

Turkish soldiers have been deployed in a training mission in the Mosul District, in 2015, without authorization.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-turkey-idUSKBN0TN2HZ20151205</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35012902</ref><ref>http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/04/turkish-troops-iraq-train-forces-fighting-isis</ref><ref>http://ezidipress.com/en/northern-iraq-turkish-army-sets-up-base-in-christian-yezidi-town/</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nineveh Plains}}

{{coord|36|27|N|43|21|E|type:city(10000)_region:IQ-NI|display=title}}

[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Iraq]]

{{Iraq-geo-stub}}

Black Lives Matter

2015-11-11T20:04:49Z

Callinus: expand upright image to 220 px

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = File:BLM Letterhead.png
|image_border =
|size = 200px
|caption =
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ BlackLivesMatter.com]
}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] protest at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] against [[Saint Paul Police Department]] police brutality in Minnesota.]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an international [[activist]] movement, originating in the [[African American]] community, that campaigns against violence toward [[black people]]. BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States|killings by law enforcement offers]], and broader issues of [[racial profiling]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], and [[Race in the United States criminal justice system|racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system]]. The movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[social media]] after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. Black Lives Matter received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref>

Several other African Americans deaths were protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], [[Jonathan Ferrell]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] and [[Freddie Gray]]. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march in [[Minneapolis]].]]
In the Summer of 2013, after [[George Zimmerman]]'s [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/ |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina }}</ref> BLM drew inspiration from the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], the [[Black Power]] movement, the 1980s [[black feminist]] movement, [[Pan-Africanism]], [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], [[Hip hop]], [[LGBT social movements]] and [[Occupy Wall Street]].<ref name=herbert/>

Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains [[community organizers]].<ref name=herbert/> They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal.<ref name=herbert/> Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter."<ref name=herbert/> Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born.<ref name=herbert/>

In August 2014, BLM members participated in a [[Freedom Ride]] to [[Ferguson, Missouri]] after the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref name=herbert/> More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups.<ref name=herbert/> Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.<ref name=herbert/>

Currently, there are at least twenty-three Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: [[DeRay Mckesson]], [[Shaun King (activist)|Shaun King]], [[Marissa Johnson]], [[Nekima Levy-Pounds]], [[Johnetta Elzie]].

===Tactics===
Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including [[hashtag activism]]—to reach thousands of people rapidly.<ref name=herbert>{{cite web|last1=Ruffin|first1=Herbert|title=Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement|url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-lives-matter-growth-new-social-justice-movement|publisher=blackpast.org|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> BLM generally engages in [[direct action]] tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.<ref name=tactics>{{cite web|last1=Tucker|first1=Bryan|title=Tactics of Black Lives Matter|url=http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter|publisher=KCTS9|}}</ref> For example, BLM has also been known to build power through [[protest]].<ref name=maddow>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/-black-lives-matter--presses-equality-demands-501828675508|publisher=Rachel Maddow Show|}}</ref> BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref name=seltzer>{{cite web|last1=Seltzer|first1=Alexandra|title=Corey Jones' brother, 'Black lives matter. All lives matter'|url=http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/corey-jones-brother-black-lives-matter-all-lives-m/nn7k8/|publisher=myPalmBeachPost|}}</ref> BLM has also staged [[die-in]]s and held one during the 2015 [[Twin Cities Marathon]].<ref name=mara>{{cite web|last1=Gottfried|first1=Mara|title=Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful|url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28919683/black-lives-matter-protest-at-twin-cities-marathon|website=twincities.com|publisher=Pioneer Press|}}</ref>

Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as [[Al Sharpton]], by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as [[Black church|church involvement]], [[Democratic Party (United_States)#African Americans|Democratic Party loyalty]], and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref>
[[File:NYC Rise Up and -ShutItDown for Baltimore (17291634126).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter Protest at [[Union Square, Manhattan]].]]

===Philosophy===
The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond [[extrajudicial killing]]s of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing [[intersectionality]], that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of [[Black LGBT Community|black queer and trans folks]], disabled folks, black undocumented folks, [[Collateral consequences of criminal conviction|folks with records]], [[Black feminism|women]] and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> Founder [[Alicia Garza]] summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement [[Racial inequality in the United States#Racial wealth gap|Black poverty]] and [[We Charge Genocide|genocide]] is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–[[Race in the United States criminal justice system|one half of all people in prisons or jails]]–is an act of [[state violence]]. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence."

Garza went on: "Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence; the fact that [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping|Black girls are used as negotiating chips]] during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of [[Special education in the United States#African-Americans in Special_Education|state-sponsored Darwinian experiments]] that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence."<ref name=Herstory></ref>

===Influence===
In 2014, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose #BlackLivesMatter as their [[word of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Over eleven hundred black professors expressed support for BLM.<ref name=space>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=blackspaceblog.com|publisher=Black Space|}}</ref> Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weedston|first1=Lindsey|title=12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/12-hashtags-that-changed-the-world-in-2014|accessdate=24 October 2015|publisher=Yes Magazine|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Serena Williams]] expressed her support for Black Lives Matters, writing to BLM: "Keep it up. Don’t let those trolls stop you. We’ve been through so much for so many centuries, and we shall overcome this too."<ref name=serena>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|title=The Ball Is in Your Court|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/10/serena-williams-guest-editor-race-gender-equality/|publisher=Wired|}}</ref> As a part of a general assembly, the [[Unitarian Universalist Church]] passed a resolution in support of BLM and staged a die-in in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=wiley>{{cite web|last1=Wiley|first1=Kenny|title=Black Lives Matter resolution, rally, die-in cap General Assembly|url=http://www.uuworld.org/articles/blm-rally-general-assembly|website=uuworld.org|publisher=UU World|}}</ref> [[Patrisse Cullors]], [[Opal Tometi]], and [[Alicia Garza]]—as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter"—were listed as one of the nine runners-up for ''[[The Advocate]]''{{'}}s Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Advocate.com Editors |url=http://www.advocate.com/people/2015/11/05/person-year-finalists |title=Person of the Year: The Finalists |publisher=Advocate.com |date= |}}</ref> The February issue of [[Essence Magazine]] and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Callahan|first1=Yesha|title=Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html|publisher=The Root|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest at [[Herald Square]].]]

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
===2014===
In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|}}</ref>

In November, in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |}}</ref>

In December, two thousand to three thousand people gathered at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]] to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.<ref name=reinan>{{cite web|last1=Reinan|first1=John|title=Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington|url=http://www.startribune.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-question-intertwined-relationship-between-mall-of-america-and-bloomington/311587741/|publisher=StarTribune|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref> In [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], BLM protested the [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton]] who died in April.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protested the [[Shooting of John Crawford III]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The [[Shooting of Renisha McBride]] was protested by Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|220px|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

===2015===
In March, BLM protested at [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Rahm Emanuel]]'s office, demanding reforms within the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wisniewski|first1=Mary|title=Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97|publisher=Reuters|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> In [[Cobb County, Georgia]], the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mandi|title='Black Lives Matter' rally held in Smyrna|url=http://www.cbs46.com/story/28965343/black-lives-matter-rally-held-in-smyrna|publisher=CBS|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [[Death of Freddie Gray]] which included the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hagen|first1=Sarah|title=Peaceful "Black Lives Matter" protest in Tampa|url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|publisher=10 News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=norfleet>{{cite web|last1=Norfleet|first1=Nicole|title=Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest|url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-students-walk-out-to-join-black-lives-matter-protest/302163771/|website=startribune.com|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter organizers supported the [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref> On April 14th, BLM protested across U.S. cities.<ref name=malo>{{cite web|last1=Malo|first1=Sebastien|title=Protests in U.S. cities against police violence prompt arrests|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/15/us-usa-police-protests-idUSKBN0N526W20150415#Euwd94AdEAQPqic0.97|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Zion, Illinois]], several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.<ref name=katlyn>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Katlyn|title=Protesters demand 'Justice for Justus' after black teen fatally shot by Zion police officer|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20150411/news/150419724/|publisher=Daily Herald|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> After the [[Shooting of Walter Scott]], Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In May, a protest by Black Lives Matter in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]], [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> In [[Cleveland, Ohio]], after an officer was acquitted for the [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams]], BLM protested.<ref name=CNN0526>{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Elliott|title=Cleveland protesters appear in court|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/25/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/index.html|accessdate=May 26, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin]], BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the [[Shooting of Tony Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html|publisher=''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In June, after the [[Charleston church shooting]] of a historically black church, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|work=[[TeleSUR]]|date=June 20, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.<ref name=zukic>{{cite web|last1=Zukic|first1=Rialda|title=Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hundreds-protest-hold-vigil-charleston-shooting/|publisher=PBS Newshour|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kettmann|first1=Kayla|title=UC Berkeley’s Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/19/black-student-union-holds-vigil-protest-for-charleston-victims/|website=dailycal.org|publisher=Daily Californian}}</ref> BLM was part of twenty thousand people who marched for peace on the [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]].<ref name=abc4>{{cite web|title=Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge|url=http://www.abcnews4.com/story/29372529/watch-bridge-to-peace-event-live-on-abcnews-4-or-stream-it-live|website=abcnews4.com|publisher=ABC 4|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the [[Confederate States of America]] were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROBERT E. LEE MONUMENT IN VA. VANDALIZED WITH 'BLACK LIVES MATTER'|url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/robert-e-lee-monument-in-va-vandalized-with-black-lives-matter/820850/|publisher=ABC 7|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=duda>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument|url=http://www.fox8live.com/story/29430719/black-lives-matter-spray-painted-on-new-orleans-monument|publisher=Fox 8|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested after [[2015 Texas pool party incident|a video was released]] showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [[McKinney, Texas]]—to the ground with his knees.<ref>{{cite web|title=McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33059484|website=bbc.com|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref>

In July, BLM protestors shut down [[Allen Road]] in [[Toronto]] protesting the Greater Toronto shooting deaths of two black men, Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby, at the hands of police.<ref name=adam>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Adam|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2134082/hundreds-protest-deaths-of-jermaine-carby-and-andrew-loku-in-toronto/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Global News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [[Waller County, Texas]].<ref name=bland>{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Dawn|title=More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-sandra-bland-marijuana-20150728-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web|title=Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/27/groups-in-texas-hold-vigil-protest-in-jail-death-of-sandra-bland|website=torontosun.com|publisher=Toronto Sun|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], BLM rallied and protested the [[Death of Samuel DuBose]] after he was shot and killed by a [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer.<ref name=wlwt>{{cite web|last1=Fuller|first1=Courtis|title=Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer|url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260|website=www.wlwt.com|publisher=WLWT NBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Newark, New Jersey]], over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.<ref name=demotix>{{cite web|last1=Leavy|first1=Edward|title=Million People's March through Newark for Justice and Equality|url=http://www.demotix.com/news/8201821/million-peoples-march-through-newark-justice-and-equality/all-media|publisher=Demotix|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in [[Washington, DC]], calling to stop violence against [[transgender]] women.<ref name=stein>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Perry|title=Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/08/25/black-lives-matter-organizers-hold-rally-in-d-c-for-black-trans-women/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.<ref name=blidner>{{cite web|last1=Blidner|first1=Rachelle|title=St Louis teen killed by police died from single gunshot to back; family attorney says he was 2 doors down from raided home|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/st-louis-teen-killed-police-died-gunshot-back-article-1.2332963|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]], BLM protested and staged [[die-in]]s.<ref name=kerrick>{{cite web|title=2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn|url=http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/|website=wcnc.com|publisher=NBC Charlotte|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[Janelle Monae]], [[Jidenna]] and other BLM activists marched through [[North Philadelphia]] to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.<ref name=chang>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=David|title=Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Janelle-Monae-Jidenna-North-Philadelphia-Protest-Black-Lives-Matter-321611372.html|publisher=NBC Philadelphia|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> Around August 9th, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [[St. Louis]] and across the country.<ref name=brownann>{{cite web|first1=|title=Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/ferguson-protesters-police-gather-on-west-florissant-avenue-state-of/article_7564c9cb-cc89-58cb-8787-4aaa91bcccaa.html|publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=simone>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Simone|title=Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn|url=http://patch.com/new-york/fortgreene/breaking-hundreds-blacklivesmatter-protesters-march-downtown-brooklyn|website=patch.com|publisher=Patch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:1 Year Commemoration of the Murder of Michael Brown, the Ferguson Rebellion, & the Black Lives Matter uprising. (20426285322).jpg|1100px|thumb|center|One-Year Commemoration of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[Ferguson unrest]], and the Black Lives Matter Movement at [[Barclays Center]], Brooklyn.]]

In September, BLM activists shut down streets in [[Toronto, Canada]], rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a feautured part of the [[Take Back the Night]] event in Toronto.<ref name=donato>{{cite web|last1=Donato|first1=Al|title=Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/28/black-lives-matter-toronto_n_8209932.html|publisher=Huff Post|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In [[Austin, Texas]], over five hundred BLM protestors rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [[Interstate 35]].<ref name=chron>{{cite web|last1=Baddour|first1=Dylan|title=Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Black-Lives-Matter-protest-shut-down-by-police-in-6527316.php|publisher=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Baltimore, Maryland]], BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [[Freddie Gray]] [[police brutality]] case.<ref name=hedg>{{cite web|last1=Hedgpeth|first1=Dana|title=Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/09/02/views-from-baltimore-as-protesters-rally-in-freddie-gray-case/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Sacramento, California]], about eight hundred BLM protestors rallied to support a [[California Senate]] bill that would increase police oversight.<ref name=sac>{{cite news|last1=Pedroncelli|first1=Rich|title=Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-680656-bill-protesters.html|website=ocregister.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested the [[Shooting of Jeremy McDole]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaeger|first=Kyle|url=http://www.attn.com/stories/3306/jeremy-mcdole-shooting|title=Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police|work=Attn:|date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552438456).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]].]]

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in [[Chicago]].<ref name=morris>{{cite web|last1=Walk-Morris|first1=Tatiana|title=Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2015/10/26/black-lives-matter-activists-arrested-during-protest-of-police-chiefs-conference|publisher=Chicago Reader|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Members protested Los Angeles Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] during a town hall meeting at a church in South L.A.<ref name=angel>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Black Lives Matter defends this week's protest of L.A. Mayor Garcetti|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-black-lives-matter-mayor-garcetti-20151023-story.html|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.<ref name=shaker>{{cite web|last1=Shaker|first1=Nadeen|title=“This injustice has taken genocidal proportions”: Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/10/21/this_injustice_has_taken_genocidal_proportions_why_cornel_west_and_carl_dix_are_rising_up_against_police_brutality/|publisher=Salon|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Cornel West]], participating in "Rise Up October," decried police violence.<ref name=democ>{{cite web|title=Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/10/26/voices_of_rise_up_october_quentin|publisher=Democracy Now|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> A [[Dunkin Donuts]] employee in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.<ref name=reed>{{cite web|last1=Reed|first1=Matt|title=Activists protest at Providence Dunkin' Donuts in support of black lives matter movement|url=http://turnto10.com/news/local/activists-protest-outside-providence-dunkin-donuts-in-support-of-black-lives-matter-movem|website=turnto10.com|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> At [[UCLA]], students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore [[blackface]] to a [[Kanye West]]-themed [[fraternity]] party.<ref name=rocha>{{cite web|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|title=Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-blackface-kanye-party-20151008-story.html|publisher=LA Times|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists (20439394705).jpg|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and Black Lives Matter activists in [[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], Seattle.]]
In August 2015, the [[Democratic National Committee]] passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.<ref name=seitz>{{cite web|last1=Seitz-Wald|first1=Alex|title=DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dnc-passes-resolution-supporting-black-lives-matter|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.<ref name=reena>{{cite web|last1=Flores|first1=Reena|title=Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In reply, [[Bernie Sanders]] stated "black lives matter."<ref name=reena/> [[Martin O'Malley]] said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."<ref name=carimah>{{cite web|last1=Townes|first1=Carimah|title=How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question|url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/14/3712146/black-lives-matter-debate/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Webb]], on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."<ref name=reena/ [[Hillary Clinton]] was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: “What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn’t?”<ref name=res>{{cite web|last1=Resnick|first1=Gideon|title=Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/14/every-dem-but-webb-black-lives-matter.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, [[Hillary Clinton]] pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."<ref name=vega>{{cite web|last1=Vega|first1=Tanzina|title=Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/10/14/news/economy/hillary-bernie-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{cite web|title = Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of Black Lives Matter. In August 2015, [[Ben Carson]], the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".<ref name=lerner>{{cite web|last1=Lerner|first1=Kira|title=Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly'|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/01/3685871/carson-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In the first Republican Presidential debate that took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.<ref name=alice>{{cite web|last1=Ollstein|first1=Alice|title=GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter|url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to the question, [[Scott Walker]] did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.<ref name=alice/> Republican presidential candidate [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref> Candidate [[Chris Christie]], the New Jersey Governor, criticized [[President Obama]] for supporting BLM, saying that the movement calls for the murder of police officers,<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Jake|title=Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.<ref name=akner>{{cite web|last1=Brodesser-Akner|first1=Claude|title=Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/10/christies_murder_comments_bashed_by_naacp_aclu.html|website=NJ.com|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matters activists called on the [[Democratic National Committee]] and the [[Republican National Committee]] to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.<ref name=geraghty>{{cite web|last1=Geraghty|first1=Jim|title=Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/426114/black-lives-matter-makes-good-case-hosting-democratic-debate-jim-geraghty|publisher=National Review|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Both parties, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead the parties support a townhall or forum.<ref name=lowery>{{cite web|last1=Lowery|first1=Wesley|title=DNC and RNC won’t add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/21/dnc-gives-blessing-to-black-lives-matter-presidential-town-hall-but-wont-add-debate/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

===Protests===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15305650544).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter on [[Black Friday]] at [[Times Square]].]]
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [[Marissa Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In October 2015, a speech by [[Hillary Clinton]] on criminal justice reform and race at [[Atlanta University Center]] was interrupted by BLM activists.<ref name=merica>{{cite news|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|title=Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] defended usage of the "All Lives Matter" term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

====Response====
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15902086996).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protestor at [[Macy's Herald Square]].]]
Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He went on to say "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."<ref name=tactics/>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = August 24, 2015|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref> [[Deroy Murdock]] questioned the number of black people killed by police that is reported by BLM. He wrote, "But the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."<ref name=deroy>{{cite web|last1=Murdock|first1=Deroy|title=Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/06/black-lives-matters-numbers-are-bogus/|publisher=New York Post}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Some have criticized the Black Lives Matter movement for failing to take on black-on-black crime.<ref name=john>{{cite web|last1=McWhorter|first1=John|title=Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-black-lives-matter-black-on-black-crime-20151027-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> Some black civil rights leaders have criticized the tactics of BLM.<ref name=angel2>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html|publisher=LA Times}}</ref>

===Police===
[[File:Baltimore riot police VOA.jpg|thumb|Baltimore riot policemen form a line to push back protesters and media members on April 28 as a part of the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]]]
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref> Sheriff [[David A. Clarke, Jr]] of [[Milwaukee County]] has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".<ref name=chasmar>{{cite web|last1=Chasmar|first1=Jessica|title=Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter ‘will join forces’ with Islamic State|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/28/david-clarke-black-milwaukee-sheriff-black-lives-m/|publisher=Washington Times|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref> A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.<ref name=terrorist>{{cite web|title=NC police chief who retired after calling ‘Black Lives Matter’ a ‘terrorist group’ speaks out|url=http://myfox8.com/2015/10/25/nc-police-chief-who-retired-after-calling-black-lives-matter-a-terrorist-group-speaks-out/|publisher=Fox|accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>

====Ferguson effect====
Some commentators and law enforcement have claimed that BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.<ref name=deroy/> Commentators have referred to this as the [[Ferguson effect]].<ref name=deroy/> [[FBI Director]] [[James Comey]], for example, suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.<ref name=comey>{{cite web|last1=Mathis|first1=Joel|title=Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave?|url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/is-the-black-lives-matter-movement-inspiring-a-new-crime-wave-1.11027142|publisher=Newsday|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' depicted Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=vulture>{{cite web|last1=Ajayi|first1=Luvvie|title=Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/03/scandal-recap-season-4-episode-14.html#|publisher=Vulture|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-11-11T20:04:49Z

Callinus: expand upright image to 220 px

Black Lives Matter

2015-11-11T20:03:24Z

Callinus: drop pixel count in some images for better vertical alignment at same width for some images

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = File:BLM Letterhead.png
|image_border =
|size = 200px
|caption =
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ BlackLivesMatter.com]
}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] protest at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] against [[Saint Paul Police Department]] police brutality in Minnesota.]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an international [[activist]] movement, originating in the [[African American]] community, that campaigns against violence toward [[black people]]. BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States|killings by law enforcement offers]], and broader issues of [[racial profiling]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], and [[Race in the United States criminal justice system|racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system]]. The movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[social media]] after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. Black Lives Matter received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref>

Several other African Americans deaths were protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], [[Jonathan Ferrell]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] and [[Freddie Gray]]. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march in [[Minneapolis]].]]
In the Summer of 2013, after [[George Zimmerman]]'s [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/ |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina }}</ref> BLM drew inspiration from the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], the [[Black Power]] movement, the 1980s [[black feminist]] movement, [[Pan-Africanism]], [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], [[Hip hop]], [[LGBT social movements]] and [[Occupy Wall Street]].<ref name=herbert/>

Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains [[community organizers]].<ref name=herbert/> They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal.<ref name=herbert/> Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter."<ref name=herbert/> Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born.<ref name=herbert/>

In August 2014, BLM members participated in a [[Freedom Ride]] to [[Ferguson, Missouri]] after the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref name=herbert/> More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups.<ref name=herbert/> Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.<ref name=herbert/>

Currently, there are at least twenty-three Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: [[DeRay Mckesson]], [[Shaun King (activist)|Shaun King]], [[Marissa Johnson]], [[Nekima Levy-Pounds]], [[Johnetta Elzie]].

===Tactics===
Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including [[hashtag activism]]—to reach thousands of people rapidly.<ref name=herbert>{{cite web|last1=Ruffin|first1=Herbert|title=Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement|url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-lives-matter-growth-new-social-justice-movement|publisher=blackpast.org|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> BLM generally engages in [[direct action]] tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.<ref name=tactics>{{cite web|last1=Tucker|first1=Bryan|title=Tactics of Black Lives Matter|url=http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter|publisher=KCTS9|}}</ref> For example, BLM has also been known to build power through [[protest]].<ref name=maddow>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/-black-lives-matter--presses-equality-demands-501828675508|publisher=Rachel Maddow Show|}}</ref> BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref name=seltzer>{{cite web|last1=Seltzer|first1=Alexandra|title=Corey Jones' brother, 'Black lives matter. All lives matter'|url=http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/corey-jones-brother-black-lives-matter-all-lives-m/nn7k8/|publisher=myPalmBeachPost|}}</ref> BLM has also staged [[die-in]]s and held one during the 2015 [[Twin Cities Marathon]].<ref name=mara>{{cite web|last1=Gottfried|first1=Mara|title=Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful|url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28919683/black-lives-matter-protest-at-twin-cities-marathon|website=twincities.com|publisher=Pioneer Press|}}</ref>

Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as [[Al Sharpton]], by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as [[Black church|church involvement]], [[Democratic Party (United_States)#African Americans|Democratic Party loyalty]], and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref>
[[File:NYC Rise Up and -ShutItDown for Baltimore (17291634126).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter Protest at [[Union Square, Manhattan]].]]

===Philosophy===
The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond [[extrajudicial killing]]s of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing [[intersectionality]], that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of [[Black LGBT Community|black queer and trans folks]], disabled folks, black undocumented folks, [[Collateral consequences of criminal conviction|folks with records]], [[Black feminism|women]] and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> Founder [[Alicia Garza]] summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement [[Racial inequality in the United States#Racial wealth gap|Black poverty]] and [[We Charge Genocide|genocide]] is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–[[Race in the United States criminal justice system|one half of all people in prisons or jails]]–is an act of [[state violence]]. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence."

Garza went on: "Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence; the fact that [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping|Black girls are used as negotiating chips]] during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of [[Special education in the United States#African-Americans in Special_Education|state-sponsored Darwinian experiments]] that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence."<ref name=Herstory></ref>

===Influence===
In 2014, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose #BlackLivesMatter as their [[word of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Over eleven hundred black professors expressed support for BLM.<ref name=space>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=blackspaceblog.com|publisher=Black Space|}}</ref> Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weedston|first1=Lindsey|title=12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/12-hashtags-that-changed-the-world-in-2014|accessdate=24 October 2015|publisher=Yes Magazine|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Serena Williams]] expressed her support for Black Lives Matters, writing to BLM: "Keep it up. Don’t let those trolls stop you. We’ve been through so much for so many centuries, and we shall overcome this too."<ref name=serena>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|title=The Ball Is in Your Court|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/10/serena-williams-guest-editor-race-gender-equality/|publisher=Wired|}}</ref> As a part of a general assembly, the [[Unitarian Universalist Church]] passed a resolution in support of BLM and staged a die-in in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=wiley>{{cite web|last1=Wiley|first1=Kenny|title=Black Lives Matter resolution, rally, die-in cap General Assembly|url=http://www.uuworld.org/articles/blm-rally-general-assembly|website=uuworld.org|publisher=UU World|}}</ref> [[Patrisse Cullors]], [[Opal Tometi]], and [[Alicia Garza]]—as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter"—were listed as one of the nine runners-up for ''[[The Advocate]]''{{'}}s Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Advocate.com Editors |url=http://www.advocate.com/people/2015/11/05/person-year-finalists |title=Person of the Year: The Finalists |publisher=Advocate.com |date= |}}</ref> The February issue of [[Essence Magazine]] and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Callahan|first1=Yesha|title=Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html|publisher=The Root|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest at [[Herald Square]].]]

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
===2014===
In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|}}</ref>

In November, in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |}}</ref>

In December, two thousand to three thousand people gathered at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]] to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.<ref name=reinan>{{cite web|last1=Reinan|first1=John|title=Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington|url=http://www.startribune.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-question-intertwined-relationship-between-mall-of-america-and-bloomington/311587741/|publisher=StarTribune|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref> In [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], BLM protested the [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton]] who died in April.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protested the [[Shooting of John Crawford III]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The [[Shooting of Renisha McBride]] was protested by Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

===2015===
In March, BLM protested at [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Rahm Emanuel]]'s office, demanding reforms within the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wisniewski|first1=Mary|title=Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97|publisher=Reuters|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> In [[Cobb County, Georgia]], the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mandi|title='Black Lives Matter' rally held in Smyrna|url=http://www.cbs46.com/story/28965343/black-lives-matter-rally-held-in-smyrna|publisher=CBS|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [[Death of Freddie Gray]] which included the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hagen|first1=Sarah|title=Peaceful "Black Lives Matter" protest in Tampa|url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|publisher=10 News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=norfleet>{{cite web|last1=Norfleet|first1=Nicole|title=Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest|url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-students-walk-out-to-join-black-lives-matter-protest/302163771/|website=startribune.com|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter organizers supported the [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref> On April 14th, BLM protested across U.S. cities.<ref name=malo>{{cite web|last1=Malo|first1=Sebastien|title=Protests in U.S. cities against police violence prompt arrests|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/15/us-usa-police-protests-idUSKBN0N526W20150415#Euwd94AdEAQPqic0.97|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Zion, Illinois]], several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.<ref name=katlyn>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Katlyn|title=Protesters demand 'Justice for Justus' after black teen fatally shot by Zion police officer|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20150411/news/150419724/|publisher=Daily Herald|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> After the [[Shooting of Walter Scott]], Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In May, a protest by Black Lives Matter in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]], [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> In [[Cleveland, Ohio]], after an officer was acquitted for the [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams]], BLM protested.<ref name=CNN0526>{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Elliott|title=Cleveland protesters appear in court|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/25/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/index.html|accessdate=May 26, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin]], BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the [[Shooting of Tony Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html|publisher=''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In June, after the [[Charleston church shooting]] of a historically black church, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|work=[[TeleSUR]]|date=June 20, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.<ref name=zukic>{{cite web|last1=Zukic|first1=Rialda|title=Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hundreds-protest-hold-vigil-charleston-shooting/|publisher=PBS Newshour|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kettmann|first1=Kayla|title=UC Berkeley’s Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/19/black-student-union-holds-vigil-protest-for-charleston-victims/|website=dailycal.org|publisher=Daily Californian}}</ref> BLM was part of twenty thousand people who marched for peace on the [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]].<ref name=abc4>{{cite web|title=Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge|url=http://www.abcnews4.com/story/29372529/watch-bridge-to-peace-event-live-on-abcnews-4-or-stream-it-live|website=abcnews4.com|publisher=ABC 4|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the [[Confederate States of America]] were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROBERT E. LEE MONUMENT IN VA. VANDALIZED WITH 'BLACK LIVES MATTER'|url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/robert-e-lee-monument-in-va-vandalized-with-black-lives-matter/820850/|publisher=ABC 7|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=duda>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument|url=http://www.fox8live.com/story/29430719/black-lives-matter-spray-painted-on-new-orleans-monument|publisher=Fox 8|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested after [[2015 Texas pool party incident|a video was released]] showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [[McKinney, Texas]]—to the ground with his knees.<ref>{{cite web|title=McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33059484|website=bbc.com|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref>

In July, BLM protestors shut down [[Allen Road]] in [[Toronto]] protesting the Greater Toronto shooting deaths of two black men, Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby, at the hands of police.<ref name=adam>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Adam|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2134082/hundreds-protest-deaths-of-jermaine-carby-and-andrew-loku-in-toronto/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Global News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [[Waller County, Texas]].<ref name=bland>{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Dawn|title=More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-sandra-bland-marijuana-20150728-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web|title=Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/27/groups-in-texas-hold-vigil-protest-in-jail-death-of-sandra-bland|website=torontosun.com|publisher=Toronto Sun|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], BLM rallied and protested the [[Death of Samuel DuBose]] after he was shot and killed by a [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer.<ref name=wlwt>{{cite web|last1=Fuller|first1=Courtis|title=Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer|url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260|website=www.wlwt.com|publisher=WLWT NBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Newark, New Jersey]], over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.<ref name=demotix>{{cite web|last1=Leavy|first1=Edward|title=Million People's March through Newark for Justice and Equality|url=http://www.demotix.com/news/8201821/million-peoples-march-through-newark-justice-and-equality/all-media|publisher=Demotix|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in [[Washington, DC]], calling to stop violence against [[transgender]] women.<ref name=stein>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Perry|title=Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/08/25/black-lives-matter-organizers-hold-rally-in-d-c-for-black-trans-women/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.<ref name=blidner>{{cite web|last1=Blidner|first1=Rachelle|title=St Louis teen killed by police died from single gunshot to back; family attorney says he was 2 doors down from raided home|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/st-louis-teen-killed-police-died-gunshot-back-article-1.2332963|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]], BLM protested and staged [[die-in]]s.<ref name=kerrick>{{cite web|title=2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn|url=http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/|website=wcnc.com|publisher=NBC Charlotte|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[Janelle Monae]], [[Jidenna]] and other BLM activists marched through [[North Philadelphia]] to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.<ref name=chang>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=David|title=Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Janelle-Monae-Jidenna-North-Philadelphia-Protest-Black-Lives-Matter-321611372.html|publisher=NBC Philadelphia|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> Around August 9th, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [[St. Louis]] and across the country.<ref name=brownann>{{cite web|first1=|title=Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/ferguson-protesters-police-gather-on-west-florissant-avenue-state-of/article_7564c9cb-cc89-58cb-8787-4aaa91bcccaa.html|publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=simone>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Simone|title=Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn|url=http://patch.com/new-york/fortgreene/breaking-hundreds-blacklivesmatter-protesters-march-downtown-brooklyn|website=patch.com|publisher=Patch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:1 Year Commemoration of the Murder of Michael Brown, the Ferguson Rebellion, & the Black Lives Matter uprising. (20426285322).jpg|1100px|thumb|center|One-Year Commemoration of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[Ferguson unrest]], and the Black Lives Matter Movement at [[Barclays Center]], Brooklyn.]]

In September, BLM activists shut down streets in [[Toronto, Canada]], rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a feautured part of the [[Take Back the Night]] event in Toronto.<ref name=donato>{{cite web|last1=Donato|first1=Al|title=Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/28/black-lives-matter-toronto_n_8209932.html|publisher=Huff Post|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In [[Austin, Texas]], over five hundred BLM protestors rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [[Interstate 35]].<ref name=chron>{{cite web|last1=Baddour|first1=Dylan|title=Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Black-Lives-Matter-protest-shut-down-by-police-in-6527316.php|publisher=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Baltimore, Maryland]], BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [[Freddie Gray]] [[police brutality]] case.<ref name=hedg>{{cite web|last1=Hedgpeth|first1=Dana|title=Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/09/02/views-from-baltimore-as-protesters-rally-in-freddie-gray-case/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Sacramento, California]], about eight hundred BLM protestors rallied to support a [[California Senate]] bill that would increase police oversight.<ref name=sac>{{cite news|last1=Pedroncelli|first1=Rich|title=Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-680656-bill-protesters.html|website=ocregister.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested the [[Shooting of Jeremy McDole]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaeger|first=Kyle|url=http://www.attn.com/stories/3306/jeremy-mcdole-shooting|title=Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police|work=Attn:|date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552438456).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]].]]

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in [[Chicago]].<ref name=morris>{{cite web|last1=Walk-Morris|first1=Tatiana|title=Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2015/10/26/black-lives-matter-activists-arrested-during-protest-of-police-chiefs-conference|publisher=Chicago Reader|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Members protested Los Angeles Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] during a town hall meeting at a church in South L.A.<ref name=angel>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Black Lives Matter defends this week's protest of L.A. Mayor Garcetti|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-black-lives-matter-mayor-garcetti-20151023-story.html|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.<ref name=shaker>{{cite web|last1=Shaker|first1=Nadeen|title=“This injustice has taken genocidal proportions”: Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/10/21/this_injustice_has_taken_genocidal_proportions_why_cornel_west_and_carl_dix_are_rising_up_against_police_brutality/|publisher=Salon|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Cornel West]], participating in "Rise Up October," decried police violence.<ref name=democ>{{cite web|title=Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/10/26/voices_of_rise_up_october_quentin|publisher=Democracy Now|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> A [[Dunkin Donuts]] employee in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.<ref name=reed>{{cite web|last1=Reed|first1=Matt|title=Activists protest at Providence Dunkin' Donuts in support of black lives matter movement|url=http://turnto10.com/news/local/activists-protest-outside-providence-dunkin-donuts-in-support-of-black-lives-matter-movem|website=turnto10.com|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> At [[UCLA]], students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore [[blackface]] to a [[Kanye West]]-themed [[fraternity]] party.<ref name=rocha>{{cite web|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|title=Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-blackface-kanye-party-20151008-story.html|publisher=LA Times|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists (20439394705).jpg|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and Black Lives Matter activists in [[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], Seattle.]]
In August 2015, the [[Democratic National Committee]] passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.<ref name=seitz>{{cite web|last1=Seitz-Wald|first1=Alex|title=DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dnc-passes-resolution-supporting-black-lives-matter|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.<ref name=reena>{{cite web|last1=Flores|first1=Reena|title=Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In reply, [[Bernie Sanders]] stated "black lives matter."<ref name=reena/> [[Martin O'Malley]] said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."<ref name=carimah>{{cite web|last1=Townes|first1=Carimah|title=How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question|url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/14/3712146/black-lives-matter-debate/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Webb]], on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."<ref name=reena/ [[Hillary Clinton]] was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: “What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn’t?”<ref name=res>{{cite web|last1=Resnick|first1=Gideon|title=Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/14/every-dem-but-webb-black-lives-matter.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, [[Hillary Clinton]] pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."<ref name=vega>{{cite web|last1=Vega|first1=Tanzina|title=Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/10/14/news/economy/hillary-bernie-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{cite web|title = Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of Black Lives Matter. In August 2015, [[Ben Carson]], the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".<ref name=lerner>{{cite web|last1=Lerner|first1=Kira|title=Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly'|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/01/3685871/carson-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In the first Republican Presidential debate that took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.<ref name=alice>{{cite web|last1=Ollstein|first1=Alice|title=GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter|url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to the question, [[Scott Walker]] did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.<ref name=alice/> Republican presidential candidate [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref> Candidate [[Chris Christie]], the New Jersey Governor, criticized [[President Obama]] for supporting BLM, saying that the movement calls for the murder of police officers,<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Jake|title=Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.<ref name=akner>{{cite web|last1=Brodesser-Akner|first1=Claude|title=Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/10/christies_murder_comments_bashed_by_naacp_aclu.html|website=NJ.com|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matters activists called on the [[Democratic National Committee]] and the [[Republican National Committee]] to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.<ref name=geraghty>{{cite web|last1=Geraghty|first1=Jim|title=Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/426114/black-lives-matter-makes-good-case-hosting-democratic-debate-jim-geraghty|publisher=National Review|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Both parties, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead the parties support a townhall or forum.<ref name=lowery>{{cite web|last1=Lowery|first1=Wesley|title=DNC and RNC won’t add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/21/dnc-gives-blessing-to-black-lives-matter-presidential-town-hall-but-wont-add-debate/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

===Protests===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15305650544).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter on [[Black Friday]] at [[Times Square]].]]
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [[Marissa Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In October 2015, a speech by [[Hillary Clinton]] on criminal justice reform and race at [[Atlanta University Center]] was interrupted by BLM activists.<ref name=merica>{{cite news|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|title=Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] defended usage of the "All Lives Matter" term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

====Response====
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15902086996).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protestor at [[Macy's Herald Square]].]]
Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He went on to say "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."<ref name=tactics/>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = August 24, 2015|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref> [[Deroy Murdock]] questioned the number of black people killed by police that is reported by BLM. He wrote, "But the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."<ref name=deroy>{{cite web|last1=Murdock|first1=Deroy|title=Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/06/black-lives-matters-numbers-are-bogus/|publisher=New York Post}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Some have criticized the Black Lives Matter movement for failing to take on black-on-black crime.<ref name=john>{{cite web|last1=McWhorter|first1=John|title=Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-black-lives-matter-black-on-black-crime-20151027-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> Some black civil rights leaders have criticized the tactics of BLM.<ref name=angel2>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html|publisher=LA Times}}</ref>

===Police===
[[File:Baltimore riot police VOA.jpg|thumb|Baltimore riot policemen form a line to push back protesters and media members on April 28 as a part of the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]]]
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref> Sheriff [[David A. Clarke, Jr]] of [[Milwaukee County]] has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".<ref name=chasmar>{{cite web|last1=Chasmar|first1=Jessica|title=Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter ‘will join forces’ with Islamic State|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/28/david-clarke-black-milwaukee-sheriff-black-lives-m/|publisher=Washington Times|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref> A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.<ref name=terrorist>{{cite web|title=NC police chief who retired after calling ‘Black Lives Matter’ a ‘terrorist group’ speaks out|url=http://myfox8.com/2015/10/25/nc-police-chief-who-retired-after-calling-black-lives-matter-a-terrorist-group-speaks-out/|publisher=Fox|accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>

====Ferguson effect====
Some commentators and law enforcement have claimed that BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.<ref name=deroy/> Commentators have referred to this as the [[Ferguson effect]].<ref name=deroy/> [[FBI Director]] [[James Comey]], for example, suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.<ref name=comey>{{cite web|last1=Mathis|first1=Joel|title=Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave?|url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/is-the-black-lives-matter-movement-inspiring-a-new-crime-wave-1.11027142|publisher=Newsday|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' depicted Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=vulture>{{cite web|last1=Ajayi|first1=Luvvie|title=Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/03/scandal-recap-season-4-episode-14.html#|publisher=Vulture|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-11-11T20:03:24Z

Callinus: drop pixel count in some images for better vertical alignment at same width for some images

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = File:BLM Letterhead.png
|image_border =
|size = 200px
|caption =
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ BlackLivesMatter.com]
}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] protest at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] against [[Saint Paul Police Department]] police brutality in Minnesota.]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an international [[activist]] movement, originating in the [[African American]] community, that campaigns against violence toward [[black people]]. BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States|killings by law enforcement offers]], and broader issues of [[racial profiling]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], and [[Race in the United States criminal justice system|racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system]]. The movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[social media]] after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. Black Lives Matter received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref>

Several other African Americans deaths were protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], [[Jonathan Ferrell]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] and [[Freddie Gray]]. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march in [[Minneapolis]].]]
In the Summer of 2013, after [[George Zimmerman]]'s [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/ |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina }}</ref> BLM drew inspiration from the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], the [[Black Power]] movement, the 1980s [[black feminist]] movement, [[Pan-Africanism]], [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], [[Hip hop]], [[LGBT social movements]] and [[Occupy Wall Street]].<ref name=herbert/>

Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains [[community organizers]].<ref name=herbert/> They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal.<ref name=herbert/> Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter."<ref name=herbert/> Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born.<ref name=herbert/>

In August 2014, BLM members participated in a [[Freedom Ride]] to [[Ferguson, Missouri]] after the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref name=herbert/> More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups.<ref name=herbert/> Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.<ref name=herbert/>

Currently, there are at least twenty-three Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: [[DeRay Mckesson]], [[Shaun King (activist)|Shaun King]], [[Marissa Johnson]], [[Nekima Levy-Pounds]], [[Johnetta Elzie]].

===Tactics===
Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including [[hashtag activism]]—to reach thousands of people rapidly.<ref name=herbert>{{cite web|last1=Ruffin|first1=Herbert|title=Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement|url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-lives-matter-growth-new-social-justice-movement|publisher=blackpast.org|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> BLM generally engages in [[direct action]] tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.<ref name=tactics>{{cite web|last1=Tucker|first1=Bryan|title=Tactics of Black Lives Matter|url=http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter|publisher=KCTS9|}}</ref> For example, BLM has also been known to build power through [[protest]].<ref name=maddow>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/-black-lives-matter--presses-equality-demands-501828675508|publisher=Rachel Maddow Show|}}</ref> BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref name=seltzer>{{cite web|last1=Seltzer|first1=Alexandra|title=Corey Jones' brother, 'Black lives matter. All lives matter'|url=http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/corey-jones-brother-black-lives-matter-all-lives-m/nn7k8/|publisher=myPalmBeachPost|}}</ref> BLM has also staged [[die-in]]s and held one during the 2015 [[Twin Cities Marathon]].<ref name=mara>{{cite web|last1=Gottfried|first1=Mara|title=Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful|url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28919683/black-lives-matter-protest-at-twin-cities-marathon|website=twincities.com|publisher=Pioneer Press|}}</ref>

Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as [[Al Sharpton]], by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as [[Black church|church involvement]], [[Democratic Party (United_States)#African Americans|Democratic Party loyalty]], and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref>
[[File:NYC Rise Up and -ShutItDown for Baltimore (17291634126).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter Protest at [[Union Square, Manhattan]].]]

===Philosophy===
The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond [[extrajudicial killing]]s of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing [[intersectionality]], that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of [[Black LGBT Community|black queer and trans folks]], disabled folks, black undocumented folks, [[Collateral consequences of criminal conviction|folks with records]], [[Black feminism|women]] and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> Founder [[Alicia Garza]] summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement [[Racial inequality in the United States#Racial wealth gap|Black poverty]] and [[We Charge Genocide|genocide]] is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–[[Race in the United States criminal justice system|one half of all people in prisons or jails]]–is an act of [[state violence]]. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence."

Garza went on: "Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence; the fact that [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping|Black girls are used as negotiating chips]] during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of [[Special education in the United States#African-Americans in Special_Education|state-sponsored Darwinian experiments]] that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence."<ref name=Herstory></ref>

===Influence===
In 2014, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose #BlackLivesMatter as their [[word of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Over eleven hundred black professors expressed support for BLM.<ref name=space>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=blackspaceblog.com|publisher=Black Space|}}</ref> Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weedston|first1=Lindsey|title=12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/12-hashtags-that-changed-the-world-in-2014|accessdate=24 October 2015|publisher=Yes Magazine|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Serena Williams]] expressed her support for Black Lives Matters, writing to BLM: "Keep it up. Don’t let those trolls stop you. We’ve been through so much for so many centuries, and we shall overcome this too."<ref name=serena>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|title=The Ball Is in Your Court|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/10/serena-williams-guest-editor-race-gender-equality/|publisher=Wired|}}</ref> As a part of a general assembly, the [[Unitarian Universalist Church]] passed a resolution in support of BLM and staged a die-in in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=wiley>{{cite web|last1=Wiley|first1=Kenny|title=Black Lives Matter resolution, rally, die-in cap General Assembly|url=http://www.uuworld.org/articles/blm-rally-general-assembly|website=uuworld.org|publisher=UU World|}}</ref> [[Patrisse Cullors]], [[Opal Tometi]], and [[Alicia Garza]]—as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter"—were listed as one of the nine runners-up for ''[[The Advocate]]''{{'}}s Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Advocate.com Editors |url=http://www.advocate.com/people/2015/11/05/person-year-finalists |title=Person of the Year: The Finalists |publisher=Advocate.com |date= |}}</ref> The February issue of [[Essence Magazine]] and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Callahan|first1=Yesha|title=Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html|publisher=The Root|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest at [[Herald Square]].]]

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
===2014===
In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|}}</ref>

In November, in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |}}</ref>

In December, two thousand to three thousand people gathered at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]] to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.<ref name=reinan>{{cite web|last1=Reinan|first1=John|title=Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington|url=http://www.startribune.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-question-intertwined-relationship-between-mall-of-america-and-bloomington/311587741/|publisher=StarTribune|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref> In [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], BLM protested the [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton]] who died in April.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protested the [[Shooting of John Crawford III]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The [[Shooting of Renisha McBride]] was protested by Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

===2015===
In March, BLM protested at [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Rahm Emanuel]]'s office, demanding reforms within the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wisniewski|first1=Mary|title=Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97|publisher=Reuters|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> In [[Cobb County, Georgia]], the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mandi|title='Black Lives Matter' rally held in Smyrna|url=http://www.cbs46.com/story/28965343/black-lives-matter-rally-held-in-smyrna|publisher=CBS|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [[Death of Freddie Gray]] which included the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hagen|first1=Sarah|title=Peaceful "Black Lives Matter" protest in Tampa|url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|publisher=10 News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=norfleet>{{cite web|last1=Norfleet|first1=Nicole|title=Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest|url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-students-walk-out-to-join-black-lives-matter-protest/302163771/|website=startribune.com|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter organizers supported the [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref> On April 14th, BLM protested across U.S. cities.<ref name=malo>{{cite web|last1=Malo|first1=Sebastien|title=Protests in U.S. cities against police violence prompt arrests|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/15/us-usa-police-protests-idUSKBN0N526W20150415#Euwd94AdEAQPqic0.97|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Zion, Illinois]], several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.<ref name=katlyn>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Katlyn|title=Protesters demand 'Justice for Justus' after black teen fatally shot by Zion police officer|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20150411/news/150419724/|publisher=Daily Herald|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> After the [[Shooting of Walter Scott]], Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In May, a protest by Black Lives Matter in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]], [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> In [[Cleveland, Ohio]], after an officer was acquitted for the [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams]], BLM protested.<ref name=CNN0526>{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Elliott|title=Cleveland protesters appear in court|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/25/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/index.html|accessdate=May 26, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin]], BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the [[Shooting of Tony Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html|publisher=''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In June, after the [[Charleston church shooting]] of a historically black church, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|work=[[TeleSUR]]|date=June 20, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.<ref name=zukic>{{cite web|last1=Zukic|first1=Rialda|title=Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hundreds-protest-hold-vigil-charleston-shooting/|publisher=PBS Newshour|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kettmann|first1=Kayla|title=UC Berkeley’s Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/19/black-student-union-holds-vigil-protest-for-charleston-victims/|website=dailycal.org|publisher=Daily Californian}}</ref> BLM was part of twenty thousand people who marched for peace on the [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]].<ref name=abc4>{{cite web|title=Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge|url=http://www.abcnews4.com/story/29372529/watch-bridge-to-peace-event-live-on-abcnews-4-or-stream-it-live|website=abcnews4.com|publisher=ABC 4|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the [[Confederate States of America]] were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROBERT E. LEE MONUMENT IN VA. VANDALIZED WITH 'BLACK LIVES MATTER'|url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/robert-e-lee-monument-in-va-vandalized-with-black-lives-matter/820850/|publisher=ABC 7|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=duda>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument|url=http://www.fox8live.com/story/29430719/black-lives-matter-spray-painted-on-new-orleans-monument|publisher=Fox 8|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested after [[2015 Texas pool party incident|a video was released]] showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [[McKinney, Texas]]—to the ground with his knees.<ref>{{cite web|title=McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33059484|website=bbc.com|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref>

In July, BLM protestors shut down [[Allen Road]] in [[Toronto]] protesting the Greater Toronto shooting deaths of two black men, Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby, at the hands of police.<ref name=adam>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Adam|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2134082/hundreds-protest-deaths-of-jermaine-carby-and-andrew-loku-in-toronto/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Global News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [[Waller County, Texas]].<ref name=bland>{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Dawn|title=More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-sandra-bland-marijuana-20150728-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web|title=Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/27/groups-in-texas-hold-vigil-protest-in-jail-death-of-sandra-bland|website=torontosun.com|publisher=Toronto Sun|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], BLM rallied and protested the [[Death of Samuel DuBose]] after he was shot and killed by a [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer.<ref name=wlwt>{{cite web|last1=Fuller|first1=Courtis|title=Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer|url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260|website=www.wlwt.com|publisher=WLWT NBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Newark, New Jersey]], over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.<ref name=demotix>{{cite web|last1=Leavy|first1=Edward|title=Million People's March through Newark for Justice and Equality|url=http://www.demotix.com/news/8201821/million-peoples-march-through-newark-justice-and-equality/all-media|publisher=Demotix|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in [[Washington, DC]], calling to stop violence against [[transgender]] women.<ref name=stein>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Perry|title=Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/08/25/black-lives-matter-organizers-hold-rally-in-d-c-for-black-trans-women/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.<ref name=blidner>{{cite web|last1=Blidner|first1=Rachelle|title=St Louis teen killed by police died from single gunshot to back; family attorney says he was 2 doors down from raided home|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/st-louis-teen-killed-police-died-gunshot-back-article-1.2332963|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]], BLM protested and staged [[die-in]]s.<ref name=kerrick>{{cite web|title=2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn|url=http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/|website=wcnc.com|publisher=NBC Charlotte|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[Janelle Monae]], [[Jidenna]] and other BLM activists marched through [[North Philadelphia]] to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.<ref name=chang>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=David|title=Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Janelle-Monae-Jidenna-North-Philadelphia-Protest-Black-Lives-Matter-321611372.html|publisher=NBC Philadelphia|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> Around August 9th, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [[St. Louis]] and across the country.<ref name=brownann>{{cite web|first1=|title=Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/ferguson-protesters-police-gather-on-west-florissant-avenue-state-of/article_7564c9cb-cc89-58cb-8787-4aaa91bcccaa.html|publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=simone>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Simone|title=Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn|url=http://patch.com/new-york/fortgreene/breaking-hundreds-blacklivesmatter-protesters-march-downtown-brooklyn|website=patch.com|publisher=Patch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:1 Year Commemoration of the Murder of Michael Brown, the Ferguson Rebellion, & the Black Lives Matter uprising. (20426285322).jpg|1100px|thumb|center|One-Year Commemoration of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[Ferguson unrest]], and the Black Lives Matter Movement at [[Barclays Center]], Brooklyn.]]

In September, BLM activists shut down streets in [[Toronto, Canada]], rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a feautured part of the [[Take Back the Night]] event in Toronto.<ref name=donato>{{cite web|last1=Donato|first1=Al|title=Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/28/black-lives-matter-toronto_n_8209932.html|publisher=Huff Post|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In [[Austin, Texas]], over five hundred BLM protestors rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [[Interstate 35]].<ref name=chron>{{cite web|last1=Baddour|first1=Dylan|title=Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Black-Lives-Matter-protest-shut-down-by-police-in-6527316.php|publisher=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Baltimore, Maryland]], BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [[Freddie Gray]] [[police brutality]] case.<ref name=hedg>{{cite web|last1=Hedgpeth|first1=Dana|title=Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/09/02/views-from-baltimore-as-protesters-rally-in-freddie-gray-case/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Sacramento, California]], about eight hundred BLM protestors rallied to support a [[California Senate]] bill that would increase police oversight.<ref name=sac>{{cite news|last1=Pedroncelli|first1=Rich|title=Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-680656-bill-protesters.html|website=ocregister.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested the [[Shooting of Jeremy McDole]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaeger|first=Kyle|url=http://www.attn.com/stories/3306/jeremy-mcdole-shooting|title=Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police|work=Attn:|date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552438456).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]].]]

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in [[Chicago]].<ref name=morris>{{cite web|last1=Walk-Morris|first1=Tatiana|title=Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2015/10/26/black-lives-matter-activists-arrested-during-protest-of-police-chiefs-conference|publisher=Chicago Reader|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Members protested Los Angeles Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] during a town hall meeting at a church in South L.A.<ref name=angel>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Black Lives Matter defends this week's protest of L.A. Mayor Garcetti|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-black-lives-matter-mayor-garcetti-20151023-story.html|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.<ref name=shaker>{{cite web|last1=Shaker|first1=Nadeen|title=“This injustice has taken genocidal proportions”: Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/10/21/this_injustice_has_taken_genocidal_proportions_why_cornel_west_and_carl_dix_are_rising_up_against_police_brutality/|publisher=Salon|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Cornel West]], participating in "Rise Up October," decried police violence.<ref name=democ>{{cite web|title=Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/10/26/voices_of_rise_up_october_quentin|publisher=Democracy Now|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> A [[Dunkin Donuts]] employee in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.<ref name=reed>{{cite web|last1=Reed|first1=Matt|title=Activists protest at Providence Dunkin' Donuts in support of black lives matter movement|url=http://turnto10.com/news/local/activists-protest-outside-providence-dunkin-donuts-in-support-of-black-lives-matter-movem|website=turnto10.com|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> At [[UCLA]], students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore [[blackface]] to a [[Kanye West]]-themed [[fraternity]] party.<ref name=rocha>{{cite web|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|title=Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-blackface-kanye-party-20151008-story.html|publisher=LA Times|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists (20439394705).jpg|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and Black Lives Matter activists in [[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], Seattle.]]
In August 2015, the [[Democratic National Committee]] passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.<ref name=seitz>{{cite web|last1=Seitz-Wald|first1=Alex|title=DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dnc-passes-resolution-supporting-black-lives-matter|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.<ref name=reena>{{cite web|last1=Flores|first1=Reena|title=Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In reply, [[Bernie Sanders]] stated "black lives matter."<ref name=reena/> [[Martin O'Malley]] said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."<ref name=carimah>{{cite web|last1=Townes|first1=Carimah|title=How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question|url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/14/3712146/black-lives-matter-debate/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Webb]], on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."<ref name=reena/ [[Hillary Clinton]] was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: “What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn’t?”<ref name=res>{{cite web|last1=Resnick|first1=Gideon|title=Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/14/every-dem-but-webb-black-lives-matter.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, [[Hillary Clinton]] pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."<ref name=vega>{{cite web|last1=Vega|first1=Tanzina|title=Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/10/14/news/economy/hillary-bernie-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{cite web|title = Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of Black Lives Matter. In August 2015, [[Ben Carson]], the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".<ref name=lerner>{{cite web|last1=Lerner|first1=Kira|title=Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly'|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/01/3685871/carson-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In the first Republican Presidential debate that took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.<ref name=alice>{{cite web|last1=Ollstein|first1=Alice|title=GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter|url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to the question, [[Scott Walker]] did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.<ref name=alice/> Republican presidential candidate [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref> Candidate [[Chris Christie]], the New Jersey Governor, criticized [[President Obama]] for supporting BLM, saying that the movement calls for the murder of police officers,<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Jake|title=Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.<ref name=akner>{{cite web|last1=Brodesser-Akner|first1=Claude|title=Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/10/christies_murder_comments_bashed_by_naacp_aclu.html|website=NJ.com|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matters activists called on the [[Democratic National Committee]] and the [[Republican National Committee]] to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.<ref name=geraghty>{{cite web|last1=Geraghty|first1=Jim|title=Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/426114/black-lives-matter-makes-good-case-hosting-democratic-debate-jim-geraghty|publisher=National Review|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Both parties, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead the parties support a townhall or forum.<ref name=lowery>{{cite web|last1=Lowery|first1=Wesley|title=DNC and RNC won’t add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/21/dnc-gives-blessing-to-black-lives-matter-presidential-town-hall-but-wont-add-debate/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

===Protests===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15305650544).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter on [[Black Friday]] at [[Times Square]].]]
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [[Marissa Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In October 2015, a speech by [[Hillary Clinton]] on criminal justice reform and race at [[Atlanta University Center]] was interrupted by BLM activists.<ref name=merica>{{cite news|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|title=Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] defended usage of the "All Lives Matter" term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

====Response====
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15902086996).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protestor at [[Macy's Herald Square]].]]
Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He went on to say "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."<ref name=tactics/>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = August 24, 2015|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref> [[Deroy Murdock]] questioned the number of black people killed by police that is reported by BLM. He wrote, "But the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."<ref name=deroy>{{cite web|last1=Murdock|first1=Deroy|title=Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/06/black-lives-matters-numbers-are-bogus/|publisher=New York Post}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Some have criticized the Black Lives Matter movement for failing to take on black-on-black crime.<ref name=john>{{cite web|last1=McWhorter|first1=John|title=Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-black-lives-matter-black-on-black-crime-20151027-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> Some black civil rights leaders have criticized the tactics of BLM.<ref name=angel2>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html|publisher=LA Times}}</ref>

===Police===
[[File:Baltimore riot police VOA.jpg|thumb|Baltimore riot policemen form a line to push back protesters and media members on April 28 as a part of the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]]]
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref> Sheriff [[David A. Clarke, Jr]] of [[Milwaukee County]] has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".<ref name=chasmar>{{cite web|last1=Chasmar|first1=Jessica|title=Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter ‘will join forces’ with Islamic State|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/28/david-clarke-black-milwaukee-sheriff-black-lives-m/|publisher=Washington Times|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref> A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.<ref name=terrorist>{{cite web|title=NC police chief who retired after calling ‘Black Lives Matter’ a ‘terrorist group’ speaks out|url=http://myfox8.com/2015/10/25/nc-police-chief-who-retired-after-calling-black-lives-matter-a-terrorist-group-speaks-out/|publisher=Fox|accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>

====Ferguson effect====
Some commentators and law enforcement have claimed that BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.<ref name=deroy/> Commentators have referred to this as the [[Ferguson effect]].<ref name=deroy/> [[FBI Director]] [[James Comey]], for example, suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.<ref name=comey>{{cite web|last1=Mathis|first1=Joel|title=Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave?|url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/is-the-black-lives-matter-movement-inspiring-a-new-crime-wave-1.11027142|publisher=Newsday|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' depicted Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=vulture>{{cite web|last1=Ajayi|first1=Luvvie|title=Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/03/scandal-recap-season-4-episode-14.html#|publisher=Vulture|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-11-11T19:59:17Z

Callinus: normalize all images to 200px

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = File:BLM Letterhead.png
|image_border =
|size = 200px
|caption =
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ BlackLivesMatter.com]
}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|200px|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] protest at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] against [[Saint Paul Police Department]] police brutality in Minnesota.]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an international [[activist]] movement, originating in the [[African American]] community, that campaigns against violence toward [[black people]]. BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States|killings by law enforcement offers]], and broader issues of [[racial profiling]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], and [[Race in the United States criminal justice system|racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system]]. The movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[social media]] after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. Black Lives Matter received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref>

Several other African Americans deaths were protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], [[Jonathan Ferrell]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] and [[Freddie Gray]]. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march in [[Minneapolis]].]]
In the Summer of 2013, after [[George Zimmerman]]'s [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/ |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina }}</ref> BLM drew inspiration from the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], the [[Black Power]] movement, the 1980s [[black feminist]] movement, [[Pan-Africanism]], [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], [[Hip hop]], [[LGBT social movements]] and [[Occupy Wall Street]].<ref name=herbert/>

Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains [[community organizers]].<ref name=herbert/> They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal.<ref name=herbert/> Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter."<ref name=herbert/> Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born.<ref name=herbert/>

In August 2014, BLM members participated in a [[Freedom Ride]] to [[Ferguson, Missouri]] after the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref name=herbert/> More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups.<ref name=herbert/> Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations. On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.<ref name=herbert/>

Currently, there are at least twenty-three Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: [[DeRay Mckesson]], [[Shaun King (activist)|Shaun King]], [[Marissa Johnson]], [[Nekima Levy-Pounds]], [[Johnetta Elzie]].

===Tactics===
Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including [[hashtag activism]]—to reach thousands of people rapidly.<ref name=herbert>{{cite web|last1=Ruffin|first1=Herbert|title=Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement|url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-lives-matter-growth-new-social-justice-movement|publisher=blackpast.org|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> BLM generally engages in [[direct action]] tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.<ref name=tactics>{{cite web|last1=Tucker|first1=Bryan|title=Tactics of Black Lives Matter|url=http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter|publisher=KCTS9|}}</ref> For example, BLM has also been known to build power through [[protest]].<ref name=maddow>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/-black-lives-matter--presses-equality-demands-501828675508|publisher=Rachel Maddow Show|}}</ref> BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref name=seltzer>{{cite web|last1=Seltzer|first1=Alexandra|title=Corey Jones' brother, 'Black lives matter. All lives matter'|url=http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/corey-jones-brother-black-lives-matter-all-lives-m/nn7k8/|publisher=myPalmBeachPost|}}</ref> BLM has also staged [[die-in]]s and held one during the 2015 [[Twin Cities Marathon]].<ref name=mara>{{cite web|last1=Gottfried|first1=Mara|title=Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful|url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28919683/black-lives-matter-protest-at-twin-cities-marathon|website=twincities.com|publisher=Pioneer Press|}}</ref>

Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as [[Al Sharpton]], by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as [[Black church|church involvement]], [[Democratic Party (United_States)#African Americans|Democratic Party loyalty]], and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref>
[[File:NYC Rise Up and -ShutItDown for Baltimore (17291634126).jpg|thumb|200px|Black Lives Matter Protest at [[Union Square, Manhattan]].]]

===Philosophy===
The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond [[extrajudicial killing]]s of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing [[intersectionality]], that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of [[Black LGBT Community|black queer and trans folks]], disabled folks, black undocumented folks, [[Collateral consequences of criminal conviction|folks with records]], [[Black feminism|women]] and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> Founder [[Alicia Garza]] summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement [[Racial inequality in the United States#Racial wealth gap|Black poverty]] and [[We Charge Genocide|genocide]] is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–[[Race in the United States criminal justice system|one half of all people in prisons or jails]]–is an act of [[state violence]]. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence."

Garza went on: "Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence; the fact that [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping|Black girls are used as negotiating chips]] during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of [[Special education in the United States#African-Americans in Special_Education|state-sponsored Darwinian experiments]] that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence."<ref name=Herstory></ref>

===Influence===
In 2014, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose #BlackLivesMatter as their [[word of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Over eleven hundred black professors expressed support for BLM.<ref name=space>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=blackspaceblog.com|publisher=Black Space|}}</ref> Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weedston|first1=Lindsey|title=12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/12-hashtags-that-changed-the-world-in-2014|accessdate=24 October 2015|publisher=Yes Magazine|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Serena Williams]] expressed her support for Black Lives Matters, writing to BLM: "Keep it up. Don’t let those trolls stop you. We’ve been through so much for so many centuries, and we shall overcome this too."<ref name=serena>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|title=The Ball Is in Your Court|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/10/serena-williams-guest-editor-race-gender-equality/|publisher=Wired|}}</ref> As a part of a general assembly, the [[Unitarian Universalist Church]] passed a resolution in support of BLM and staged a die-in in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=wiley>{{cite web|last1=Wiley|first1=Kenny|title=Black Lives Matter resolution, rally, die-in cap General Assembly|url=http://www.uuworld.org/articles/blm-rally-general-assembly|website=uuworld.org|publisher=UU World|}}</ref> [[Patrisse Cullors]], [[Opal Tometi]], and [[Alicia Garza]]—as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter"—were listed as one of the nine runners-up for ''[[The Advocate]]''{{'}}s Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Advocate.com Editors |url=http://www.advocate.com/people/2015/11/05/person-year-finalists |title=Person of the Year: The Finalists |publisher=Advocate.com |date= |}}</ref> The February issue of [[Essence Magazine]] and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Callahan|first1=Yesha|title=Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html|publisher=The Root|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest at [[Herald Square]].]]

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
===2014===
In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|}}</ref>

In November, in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |}}</ref>

In December, two thousand to three thousand people gathered at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]] to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.<ref name=reinan>{{cite web|last1=Reinan|first1=John|title=Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington|url=http://www.startribune.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-question-intertwined-relationship-between-mall-of-america-and-bloomington/311587741/|publisher=StarTribune|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref> In [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], BLM protested the [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton]] who died in April.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protested the [[Shooting of John Crawford III]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The [[Shooting of Renisha McBride]] was protested by Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

===2015===
In March, BLM protested at [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Rahm Emanuel]]'s office, demanding reforms within the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wisniewski|first1=Mary|title=Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97|publisher=Reuters|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> In [[Cobb County, Georgia]], the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mandi|title='Black Lives Matter' rally held in Smyrna|url=http://www.cbs46.com/story/28965343/black-lives-matter-rally-held-in-smyrna|publisher=CBS|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [[Death of Freddie Gray]] which included the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hagen|first1=Sarah|title=Peaceful "Black Lives Matter" protest in Tampa|url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|publisher=10 News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=norfleet>{{cite web|last1=Norfleet|first1=Nicole|title=Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest|url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-students-walk-out-to-join-black-lives-matter-protest/302163771/|website=startribune.com|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter organizers supported the [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref> On April 14th, BLM protested across U.S. cities.<ref name=malo>{{cite web|last1=Malo|first1=Sebastien|title=Protests in U.S. cities against police violence prompt arrests|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/15/us-usa-police-protests-idUSKBN0N526W20150415#Euwd94AdEAQPqic0.97|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Zion, Illinois]], several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.<ref name=katlyn>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Katlyn|title=Protesters demand 'Justice for Justus' after black teen fatally shot by Zion police officer|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20150411/news/150419724/|publisher=Daily Herald|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> After the [[Shooting of Walter Scott]], Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In May, a protest by Black Lives Matter in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]], [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> In [[Cleveland, Ohio]], after an officer was acquitted for the [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams]], BLM protested.<ref name=CNN0526>{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Elliott|title=Cleveland protesters appear in court|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/25/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/index.html|accessdate=May 26, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin]], BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the [[Shooting of Tony Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html|publisher=''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In June, after the [[Charleston church shooting]] of a historically black church, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|work=[[TeleSUR]]|date=June 20, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.<ref name=zukic>{{cite web|last1=Zukic|first1=Rialda|title=Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hundreds-protest-hold-vigil-charleston-shooting/|publisher=PBS Newshour|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kettmann|first1=Kayla|title=UC Berkeley’s Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/19/black-student-union-holds-vigil-protest-for-charleston-victims/|website=dailycal.org|publisher=Daily Californian}}</ref> BLM was part of twenty thousand people who marched for peace on the [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]].<ref name=abc4>{{cite web|title=Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge|url=http://www.abcnews4.com/story/29372529/watch-bridge-to-peace-event-live-on-abcnews-4-or-stream-it-live|website=abcnews4.com|publisher=ABC 4|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the [[Confederate States of America]] were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROBERT E. LEE MONUMENT IN VA. VANDALIZED WITH 'BLACK LIVES MATTER'|url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/robert-e-lee-monument-in-va-vandalized-with-black-lives-matter/820850/|publisher=ABC 7|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=duda>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument|url=http://www.fox8live.com/story/29430719/black-lives-matter-spray-painted-on-new-orleans-monument|publisher=Fox 8|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested after [[2015 Texas pool party incident|a video was released]] showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [[McKinney, Texas]]—to the ground with his knees.<ref>{{cite web|title=McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33059484|website=bbc.com|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref>

In July, BLM protestors shut down [[Allen Road]] in [[Toronto]] protesting the Greater Toronto shooting deaths of two black men, Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby, at the hands of police.<ref name=adam>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Adam|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2134082/hundreds-protest-deaths-of-jermaine-carby-and-andrew-loku-in-toronto/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Global News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [[Waller County, Texas]].<ref name=bland>{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Dawn|title=More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-sandra-bland-marijuana-20150728-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web|title=Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/27/groups-in-texas-hold-vigil-protest-in-jail-death-of-sandra-bland|website=torontosun.com|publisher=Toronto Sun|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], BLM rallied and protested the [[Death of Samuel DuBose]] after he was shot and killed by a [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer.<ref name=wlwt>{{cite web|last1=Fuller|first1=Courtis|title=Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer|url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260|website=www.wlwt.com|publisher=WLWT NBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Newark, New Jersey]], over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.<ref name=demotix>{{cite web|last1=Leavy|first1=Edward|title=Million People's March through Newark for Justice and Equality|url=http://www.demotix.com/news/8201821/million-peoples-march-through-newark-justice-and-equality/all-media|publisher=Demotix|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in [[Washington, DC]], calling to stop violence against [[transgender]] women.<ref name=stein>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Perry|title=Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/08/25/black-lives-matter-organizers-hold-rally-in-d-c-for-black-trans-women/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.<ref name=blidner>{{cite web|last1=Blidner|first1=Rachelle|title=St Louis teen killed by police died from single gunshot to back; family attorney says he was 2 doors down from raided home|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/st-louis-teen-killed-police-died-gunshot-back-article-1.2332963|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]], BLM protested and staged [[die-in]]s.<ref name=kerrick>{{cite web|title=2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn|url=http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/|website=wcnc.com|publisher=NBC Charlotte|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[Janelle Monae]], [[Jidenna]] and other BLM activists marched through [[North Philadelphia]] to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.<ref name=chang>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=David|title=Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Janelle-Monae-Jidenna-North-Philadelphia-Protest-Black-Lives-Matter-321611372.html|publisher=NBC Philadelphia|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> Around August 9th, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [[St. Louis]] and across the country.<ref name=brownann>{{cite web|first1=|title=Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/ferguson-protesters-police-gather-on-west-florissant-avenue-state-of/article_7564c9cb-cc89-58cb-8787-4aaa91bcccaa.html|publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=simone>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Simone|title=Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn|url=http://patch.com/new-york/fortgreene/breaking-hundreds-blacklivesmatter-protesters-march-downtown-brooklyn|website=patch.com|publisher=Patch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:1 Year Commemoration of the Murder of Michael Brown, the Ferguson Rebellion, & the Black Lives Matter uprising. (20426285322).jpg|1100px|thumb|center|One-Year Commemoration of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[Ferguson unrest]], and the Black Lives Matter Movement at [[Barclays Center]], Brooklyn.]]

In September, BLM activists shut down streets in [[Toronto, Canada]], rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a feautured part of the [[Take Back the Night]] event in Toronto.<ref name=donato>{{cite web|last1=Donato|first1=Al|title=Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/28/black-lives-matter-toronto_n_8209932.html|publisher=Huff Post|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In [[Austin, Texas]], over five hundred BLM protestors rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [[Interstate 35]].<ref name=chron>{{cite web|last1=Baddour|first1=Dylan|title=Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Black-Lives-Matter-protest-shut-down-by-police-in-6527316.php|publisher=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Baltimore, Maryland]], BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [[Freddie Gray]] [[police brutality]] case.<ref name=hedg>{{cite web|last1=Hedgpeth|first1=Dana|title=Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/09/02/views-from-baltimore-as-protesters-rally-in-freddie-gray-case/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Sacramento, California]], about eight hundred BLM protestors rallied to support a [[California Senate]] bill that would increase police oversight.<ref name=sac>{{cite news|last1=Pedroncelli|first1=Rich|title=Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-680656-bill-protesters.html|website=ocregister.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested the [[Shooting of Jeremy McDole]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaeger|first=Kyle|url=http://www.attn.com/stories/3306/jeremy-mcdole-shooting|title=Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police|work=Attn:|date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552438456).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]].]]

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in [[Chicago]].<ref name=morris>{{cite web|last1=Walk-Morris|first1=Tatiana|title=Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2015/10/26/black-lives-matter-activists-arrested-during-protest-of-police-chiefs-conference|publisher=Chicago Reader|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Members protested Los Angeles Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] during a town hall meeting at a church in South L.A.<ref name=angel>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Black Lives Matter defends this week's protest of L.A. Mayor Garcetti|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-black-lives-matter-mayor-garcetti-20151023-story.html|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.<ref name=shaker>{{cite web|last1=Shaker|first1=Nadeen|title=“This injustice has taken genocidal proportions”: Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/10/21/this_injustice_has_taken_genocidal_proportions_why_cornel_west_and_carl_dix_are_rising_up_against_police_brutality/|publisher=Salon|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Cornel West]], participating in "Rise Up October," decried police violence.<ref name=democ>{{cite web|title=Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/10/26/voices_of_rise_up_october_quentin|publisher=Democracy Now|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> A [[Dunkin Donuts]] employee in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.<ref name=reed>{{cite web|last1=Reed|first1=Matt|title=Activists protest at Providence Dunkin' Donuts in support of black lives matter movement|url=http://turnto10.com/news/local/activists-protest-outside-providence-dunkin-donuts-in-support-of-black-lives-matter-movem|website=turnto10.com|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> At [[UCLA]], students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore [[blackface]] to a [[Kanye West]]-themed [[fraternity]] party.<ref name=rocha>{{cite web|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|title=Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-blackface-kanye-party-20151008-story.html|publisher=LA Times|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists (20439394705).jpg|200px|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and Black Lives Matter activists in [[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], Seattle.]]
In August 2015, the [[Democratic National Committee]] passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.<ref name=seitz>{{cite web|last1=Seitz-Wald|first1=Alex|title=DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dnc-passes-resolution-supporting-black-lives-matter|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.<ref name=reena>{{cite web|last1=Flores|first1=Reena|title=Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In reply, [[Bernie Sanders]] stated "black lives matter."<ref name=reena/> [[Martin O'Malley]] said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."<ref name=carimah>{{cite web|last1=Townes|first1=Carimah|title=How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question|url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/14/3712146/black-lives-matter-debate/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Webb]], on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."<ref name=reena/ [[Hillary Clinton]] was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: “What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn’t?”<ref name=res>{{cite web|last1=Resnick|first1=Gideon|title=Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/14/every-dem-but-webb-black-lives-matter.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, [[Hillary Clinton]] pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."<ref name=vega>{{cite web|last1=Vega|first1=Tanzina|title=Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/10/14/news/economy/hillary-bernie-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{cite web|title = Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of Black Lives Matter. In August 2015, [[Ben Carson]], the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".<ref name=lerner>{{cite web|last1=Lerner|first1=Kira|title=Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly'|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/01/3685871/carson-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In the first Republican Presidential debate that took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.<ref name=alice>{{cite web|last1=Ollstein|first1=Alice|title=GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter|url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to the question, [[Scott Walker]] did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.<ref name=alice/> Republican presidential candidate [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref> Candidate [[Chris Christie]], the New Jersey Governor, criticized [[President Obama]] for supporting BLM, saying that the movement calls for the murder of police officers,<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Jake|title=Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.<ref name=akner>{{cite web|last1=Brodesser-Akner|first1=Claude|title=Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/10/christies_murder_comments_bashed_by_naacp_aclu.html|website=NJ.com|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matters activists called on the [[Democratic National Committee]] and the [[Republican National Committee]] to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.<ref name=geraghty>{{cite web|last1=Geraghty|first1=Jim|title=Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/426114/black-lives-matter-makes-good-case-hosting-democratic-debate-jim-geraghty|publisher=National Review|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Both parties, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead the parties support a townhall or forum.<ref name=lowery>{{cite web|last1=Lowery|first1=Wesley|title=DNC and RNC won’t add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/21/dnc-gives-blessing-to-black-lives-matter-presidential-town-hall-but-wont-add-debate/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

===Protests===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15305650544).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter on [[Black Friday]] at [[Times Square]].]]
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [[Marissa Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In October 2015, a speech by [[Hillary Clinton]] on criminal justice reform and race at [[Atlanta University Center]] was interrupted by BLM activists.<ref name=merica>{{cite news|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|title=Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] defended usage of the "All Lives Matter" term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

====Response====
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15902086996).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protestor at [[Macy's Herald Square]].]]
Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He went on to say "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."<ref name=tactics/>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = August 24, 2015|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref> [[Deroy Murdock]] questioned the number of black people killed by police that is reported by BLM. He wrote, "But the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."<ref name=deroy>{{cite web|last1=Murdock|first1=Deroy|title=Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/06/black-lives-matters-numbers-are-bogus/|publisher=New York Post}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Some have criticized the Black Lives Matter movement for failing to take on black-on-black crime.<ref name=john>{{cite web|last1=McWhorter|first1=John|title=Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-black-lives-matter-black-on-black-crime-20151027-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> Some black civil rights leaders have criticized the tactics of BLM.<ref name=angel2>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html|publisher=LA Times}}</ref>

===Police===
[[File:Baltimore riot police VOA.jpg|200px|thumb|Baltimore riot policemen form a line to push back protesters and media members on April 28 as a part of the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]]]
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref> Sheriff [[David A. Clarke, Jr]] of [[Milwaukee County]] has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".<ref name=chasmar>{{cite web|last1=Chasmar|first1=Jessica|title=Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter ‘will join forces’ with Islamic State|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/28/david-clarke-black-milwaukee-sheriff-black-lives-m/|publisher=Washington Times|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref> A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.<ref name=terrorist>{{cite web|title=NC police chief who retired after calling ‘Black Lives Matter’ a ‘terrorist group’ speaks out|url=http://myfox8.com/2015/10/25/nc-police-chief-who-retired-after-calling-black-lives-matter-a-terrorist-group-speaks-out/|publisher=Fox|accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>

====Ferguson effect====
Some commentators and law enforcement have claimed that BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.<ref name=deroy/> Commentators have referred to this as the [[Ferguson effect]].<ref name=deroy/> [[FBI Director]] [[James Comey]], for example, suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.<ref name=comey>{{cite web|last1=Mathis|first1=Joel|title=Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave?|url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/is-the-black-lives-matter-movement-inspiring-a-new-crime-wave-1.11027142|publisher=Newsday|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' depicted Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=vulture>{{cite web|last1=Ajayi|first1=Luvvie|title=Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/03/scandal-recap-season-4-episode-14.html#|publisher=Vulture|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-11-11T19:59:17Z

Callinus: normalize all images to 200px

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = File:BLM Letterhead.png
|image_border =
|size = 200px
|caption =
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ BlackLivesMatter.com]
}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21587635011).jpg|200px|thumb|Black Lives Matter [[die-in]] protest at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] against [[Saint Paul Police Department]] police brutality in Minnesota.]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an international [[activist]] movement, originating in the [[African American]] community, that campaigns against violence toward [[black people]]. BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States|killings by law enforcement offers]], and broader issues of [[racial profiling]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], and [[Race in the United States criminal justice system|racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system]]. The movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[social media]] after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. Black Lives Matter received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref>

Several other African Americans deaths were protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], [[Jonathan Ferrell]], [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] and [[Freddie Gray]]. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march in [[Minneapolis]].]]
In the Summer of 2013, after [[George Zimmerman]]'s [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/ |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina }}</ref> BLM drew inspiration from the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], the [[Black Power]] movement, the 1980s [[black feminist]] movement, [[Pan-Africanism]], [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], [[Hip hop]], [[LGBT social movements]] and [[Occupy Wall Street]].<ref name=herbert/>

Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains [[community organizers]].<ref name=herbert/> They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal.<ref name=herbert/> Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter."<ref name=herbert/> Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born.<ref name=herbert/>

In August 2014, BLM members participated in a [[Freedom Ride]] to [[Ferguson, Missouri]] after the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref name=herbert/> More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations.<ref name=herbert/> Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups.<ref name=herbert/> Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations. On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.<ref name=herbert/>

Currently, there are at least twenty-three Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: [[DeRay Mckesson]], [[Shaun King (activist)|Shaun King]], [[Marissa Johnson]], [[Nekima Levy-Pounds]], [[Johnetta Elzie]].

===Tactics===
Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including [[hashtag activism]]—to reach thousands of people rapidly.<ref name=herbert>{{cite web|last1=Ruffin|first1=Herbert|title=Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement|url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-lives-matter-growth-new-social-justice-movement|publisher=blackpast.org|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> BLM generally engages in [[direct action]] tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.<ref name=tactics>{{cite web|last1=Tucker|first1=Bryan|title=Tactics of Black Lives Matter|url=http://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/tactics-black-lives-matter|publisher=KCTS9|}}</ref> For example, BLM has also been known to build power through [[protest]].<ref name=maddow>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/-black-lives-matter--presses-equality-demands-501828675508|publisher=Rachel Maddow Show|}}</ref> BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref name=seltzer>{{cite web|last1=Seltzer|first1=Alexandra|title=Corey Jones' brother, 'Black lives matter. All lives matter'|url=http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/corey-jones-brother-black-lives-matter-all-lives-m/nn7k8/|publisher=myPalmBeachPost|}}</ref> BLM has also staged [[die-in]]s and held one during the 2015 [[Twin Cities Marathon]].<ref name=mara>{{cite web|last1=Gottfried|first1=Mara|title=Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful|url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28919683/black-lives-matter-protest-at-twin-cities-marathon|website=twincities.com|publisher=Pioneer Press|}}</ref>

Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as [[Al Sharpton]], by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as [[Black church|church involvement]], [[Democratic Party (United_States)#African Americans|Democratic Party loyalty]], and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref>
[[File:NYC Rise Up and -ShutItDown for Baltimore (17291634126).jpg|thumb|200px|Black Lives Matter Protest at [[Union Square, Manhattan]].]]

===Philosophy===
The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond [[extrajudicial killing]]s of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing [[intersectionality]], that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of [[Black LGBT Community|black queer and trans folks]], disabled folks, black undocumented folks, [[Collateral consequences of criminal conviction|folks with records]], [[Black feminism|women]] and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> Founder [[Alicia Garza]] summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement [[Racial inequality in the United States#Racial wealth gap|Black poverty]] and [[We Charge Genocide|genocide]] is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–[[Race in the United States criminal justice system|one half of all people in prisons or jails]]–is an act of [[state violence]]. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence."

Garza went on: "Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence; the fact that [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping|Black girls are used as negotiating chips]] during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of [[Special education in the United States#African-Americans in Special_Education|state-sponsored Darwinian experiments]] that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence."<ref name=Herstory></ref>

===Influence===
In 2014, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose #BlackLivesMatter as their [[word of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Over eleven hundred black professors expressed support for BLM.<ref name=space>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=blackspaceblog.com|publisher=Black Space|}}</ref> Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weedston|first1=Lindsey|title=12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/12-hashtags-that-changed-the-world-in-2014|accessdate=24 October 2015|publisher=Yes Magazine|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Serena Williams]] expressed her support for Black Lives Matters, writing to BLM: "Keep it up. Don’t let those trolls stop you. We’ve been through so much for so many centuries, and we shall overcome this too."<ref name=serena>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|title=The Ball Is in Your Court|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/10/serena-williams-guest-editor-race-gender-equality/|publisher=Wired|}}</ref> As a part of a general assembly, the [[Unitarian Universalist Church]] passed a resolution in support of BLM and staged a die-in in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=wiley>{{cite web|last1=Wiley|first1=Kenny|title=Black Lives Matter resolution, rally, die-in cap General Assembly|url=http://www.uuworld.org/articles/blm-rally-general-assembly|website=uuworld.org|publisher=UU World|}}</ref> [[Patrisse Cullors]], [[Opal Tometi]], and [[Alicia Garza]]—as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter"—were listed as one of the nine runners-up for ''[[The Advocate]]''{{'}}s Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Advocate.com Editors |url=http://www.advocate.com/people/2015/11/05/person-year-finalists |title=Person of the Year: The Finalists |publisher=Advocate.com |date= |}}</ref> The February issue of [[Essence Magazine]] and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Callahan|first1=Yesha|title=Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.theroot.com/blogs/the_grapevine/2015/01/essence_dedicates_february_cover_to_blacklivesmatter.html|publisher=The Root|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest at [[Herald Square]].]]

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
===2014===
In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|}}</ref>

In November, in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |}}</ref>

In December, two thousand to three thousand people gathered at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]] to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.<ref name=reinan>{{cite web|last1=Reinan|first1=John|title=Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington|url=http://www.startribune.com/black-lives-matter-protesters-question-intertwined-relationship-between-mall-of-america-and-bloomington/311587741/|publisher=StarTribune|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref> In [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], BLM protested the [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton]] who died in April.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter protested the [[Shooting of John Crawford III]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The [[Shooting of Renisha McBride]] was protested by Black Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

===2015===
In March, BLM protested at [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Rahm Emanuel]]'s office, demanding reforms within the [[Chicago Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wisniewski|first1=Mary|title=Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-usa-chicago-police-protest-idUSKBN0MK27M20150324#6g77MosfDso29GjZ.97|publisher=Reuters|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> In [[Cobb County, Georgia]], the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mandi|title='Black Lives Matter' rally held in Smyrna|url=http://www.cbs46.com/story/28965343/black-lives-matter-rally-held-in-smyrna|publisher=CBS|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [[Death of Freddie Gray]] which included the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hagen|first1=Sarah|title=Peaceful "Black Lives Matter" protest in Tampa|url=http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/2015/05/02/peaceful-black-lives-matter-protest-in-tampa/26782995/|publisher=10 News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=norfleet>{{cite web|last1=Norfleet|first1=Nicole|title=Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest|url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-students-walk-out-to-join-black-lives-matter-protest/302163771/|website=startribune.com|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter organizers supported the [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref> On April 14th, BLM protested across U.S. cities.<ref name=malo>{{cite web|last1=Malo|first1=Sebastien|title=Protests in U.S. cities against police violence prompt arrests|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/15/us-usa-police-protests-idUSKBN0N526W20150415#Euwd94AdEAQPqic0.97|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Zion, Illinois]], several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.<ref name=katlyn>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Katlyn|title=Protesters demand 'Justice for Justus' after black teen fatally shot by Zion police officer|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20150411/news/150419724/|publisher=Daily Herald|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref> After the [[Shooting of Walter Scott]], Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Liz |title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police |url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In May, a protest by Black Lives Matter in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]], [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> In [[Cleveland, Ohio]], after an officer was acquitted for the [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams]], BLM protested.<ref name=CNN0526>{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Elliott|title=Cleveland protesters appear in court|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/25/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/index.html|accessdate=May 26, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> In [[Madison, Wisconsin]], BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the [[Shooting of Tony Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html|publisher=''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In June, after the [[Charleston church shooting]] of a historically black church, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|work=[[TeleSUR]]|date=June 20, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.<ref name=zukic>{{cite web|last1=Zukic|first1=Rialda|title=Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hundreds-protest-hold-vigil-charleston-shooting/|publisher=PBS Newshour|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kettmann|first1=Kayla|title=UC Berkeley’s Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/19/black-student-union-holds-vigil-protest-for-charleston-victims/|website=dailycal.org|publisher=Daily Californian}}</ref> BLM was part of twenty thousand people who marched for peace on the [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]].<ref name=abc4>{{cite web|title=Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge|url=http://www.abcnews4.com/story/29372529/watch-bridge-to-peace-event-live-on-abcnews-4-or-stream-it-live|website=abcnews4.com|publisher=ABC 4|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the [[Confederate States of America]] were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROBERT E. LEE MONUMENT IN VA. VANDALIZED WITH 'BLACK LIVES MATTER'|url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/robert-e-lee-monument-in-va-vandalized-with-black-lives-matter/820850/|publisher=ABC 7|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=duda>{{cite web|title='Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument|url=http://www.fox8live.com/story/29430719/black-lives-matter-spray-painted-on-new-orleans-monument|publisher=Fox 8|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested after [[2015 Texas pool party incident|a video was released]] showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [[McKinney, Texas]]—to the ground with his knees.<ref>{{cite web|title=McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33059484|website=bbc.com|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref>

In July, BLM protestors shut down [[Allen Road]] in [[Toronto]] protesting the Greater Toronto shooting deaths of two black men, Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby, at the hands of police.<ref name=adam>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Adam|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2134082/hundreds-protest-deaths-of-jermaine-carby-and-andrew-loku-in-toronto/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Global News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]], an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [[Waller County, Texas]].<ref name=bland>{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Dawn|title=More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-sandra-bland-marijuana-20150728-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web|title=Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/27/groups-in-texas-hold-vigil-protest-in-jail-death-of-sandra-bland|website=torontosun.com|publisher=Toronto Sun|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], BLM rallied and protested the [[Death of Samuel DuBose]] after he was shot and killed by a [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer.<ref name=wlwt>{{cite web|last1=Fuller|first1=Courtis|title=Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer|url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260http://www.wlwt.com/news/black-lives-matter-hold-rally-after-charges-filed-against-uc-officer-ray-tensing/34427260|website=www.wlwt.com|publisher=WLWT NBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Newark, New Jersey]], over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.<ref name=demotix>{{cite web|last1=Leavy|first1=Edward|title=Million People's March through Newark for Justice and Equality|url=http://www.demotix.com/news/8201821/million-peoples-march-through-newark-justice-and-equality/all-media|publisher=Demotix|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in [[Washington, DC]], calling to stop violence against [[transgender]] women.<ref name=stein>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Perry|title=Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/08/25/black-lives-matter-organizers-hold-rally-in-d-c-for-black-trans-women/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[St. Louis, Missouri]], BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.<ref name=blidner>{{cite web|last1=Blidner|first1=Rachelle|title=St Louis teen killed by police died from single gunshot to back; family attorney says he was 2 doors down from raided home|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/st-louis-teen-killed-police-died-gunshot-back-article-1.2332963|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]], BLM protested and staged [[die-in]]s.<ref name=kerrick>{{cite web|title=2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn|url=http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/local/randall-kerrick-trial/2015/08/21/kerrick-trial-protesters-blocking-4th-street/32137825/|website=wcnc.com|publisher=NBC Charlotte|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[Janelle Monae]], [[Jidenna]] and other BLM activists marched through [[North Philadelphia]] to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.<ref name=chang>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=David|title=Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Janelle-Monae-Jidenna-North-Philadelphia-Protest-Black-Lives-Matter-321611372.html|publisher=NBC Philadelphia|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> Around August 9th, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [[St. Louis]] and across the country.<ref name=brownann>{{cite web|first1=|title=Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/ferguson-protesters-police-gather-on-west-florissant-avenue-state-of/article_7564c9cb-cc89-58cb-8787-4aaa91bcccaa.html|publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=simone>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Simone|title=Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn|url=http://patch.com/new-york/fortgreene/breaking-hundreds-blacklivesmatter-protesters-march-downtown-brooklyn|website=patch.com|publisher=Patch|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:1 Year Commemoration of the Murder of Michael Brown, the Ferguson Rebellion, & the Black Lives Matter uprising. (20426285322).jpg|1100px|thumb|center|One-Year Commemoration of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[Ferguson unrest]], and the Black Lives Matter Movement at [[Barclays Center]], Brooklyn.]]

In September, BLM activists shut down streets in [[Toronto, Canada]], rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a feautured part of the [[Take Back the Night]] event in Toronto.<ref name=donato>{{cite web|last1=Donato|first1=Al|title=Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/28/black-lives-matter-toronto_n_8209932.html|publisher=Huff Post|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In [[Austin, Texas]], over five hundred BLM protestors rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [[Interstate 35]].<ref name=chron>{{cite web|last1=Baddour|first1=Dylan|title=Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Black-Lives-Matter-protest-shut-down-by-police-in-6527316.php|publisher=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Baltimore, Maryland]], BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [[Freddie Gray]] [[police brutality]] case.<ref name=hedg>{{cite web|last1=Hedgpeth|first1=Dana|title=Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/09/02/views-from-baltimore-as-protesters-rally-in-freddie-gray-case/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Sacramento, California]], about eight hundred BLM protestors rallied to support a [[California Senate]] bill that would increase police oversight.<ref name=sac>{{cite news|last1=Pedroncelli|first1=Rich|title=Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-680656-bill-protesters.html|website=ocregister.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> BLM protested the [[Shooting of Jeremy McDole]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaeger|first=Kyle|url=http://www.attn.com/stories/3306/jeremy-mcdole-shooting|title=Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police|work=Attn:|date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality (21552438456).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]].]]

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in [[Chicago]].<ref name=morris>{{cite web|last1=Walk-Morris|first1=Tatiana|title=Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2015/10/26/black-lives-matter-activists-arrested-during-protest-of-police-chiefs-conference|publisher=Chicago Reader|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Members protested Los Angeles Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] during a town hall meeting at a church in South L.A.<ref name=angel>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Black Lives Matter defends this week's protest of L.A. Mayor Garcetti|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-black-lives-matter-mayor-garcetti-20151023-story.html|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.<ref name=shaker>{{cite web|last1=Shaker|first1=Nadeen|title=“This injustice has taken genocidal proportions”: Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/10/21/this_injustice_has_taken_genocidal_proportions_why_cornel_west_and_carl_dix_are_rising_up_against_police_brutality/|publisher=Salon|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Cornel West]], participating in "Rise Up October," decried police violence.<ref name=democ>{{cite web|title=Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/10/26/voices_of_rise_up_october_quentin|publisher=Democracy Now|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> A [[Dunkin Donuts]] employee in [[Providence, Rhode Island]] wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.<ref name=reed>{{cite web|last1=Reed|first1=Matt|title=Activists protest at Providence Dunkin' Donuts in support of black lives matter movement|url=http://turnto10.com/news/local/activists-protest-outside-providence-dunkin-donuts-in-support-of-black-lives-matter-movem|website=turnto10.com|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> At [[UCLA]], students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore [[blackface]] to a [[Kanye West]]-themed [[fraternity]] party.<ref name=rocha>{{cite web|last1=Rocha|first1=Veronica|title=Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-ucla-blackface-kanye-party-20151008-story.html|publisher=LA Times|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
[[File:Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists (20439394705).jpg|200px|thumb|[[Bernie Sanders]] and Black Lives Matter activists in [[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], Seattle.]]
In August 2015, the [[Democratic National Committee]] passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.<ref name=seitz>{{cite web|last1=Seitz-Wald|first1=Alex|title=DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/dnc-passes-resolution-supporting-black-lives-matter|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.<ref name=reena>{{cite web|last1=Flores|first1=Reena|title=Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In reply, [[Bernie Sanders]] stated "black lives matter."<ref name=reena/> [[Martin O'Malley]] said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."<ref name=carimah>{{cite web|last1=Townes|first1=Carimah|title=How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question|url=http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/10/14/3712146/black-lives-matter-debate/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Webb]], on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."<ref name=reena/ [[Hillary Clinton]] was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: “What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn’t?”<ref name=res>{{cite web|last1=Resnick|first1=Gideon|title=Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/14/every-dem-but-webb-black-lives-matter.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, [[Hillary Clinton]] pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."<ref name=vega>{{cite web|last1=Vega|first1=Tanzina|title=Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters?|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/10/14/news/economy/hillary-bernie-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{cite web|title = Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of Black Lives Matter. In August 2015, [[Ben Carson]], the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".<ref name=lerner>{{cite web|last1=Lerner|first1=Kira|title=Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly'|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/01/3685871/carson-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In the first Republican Presidential debate that took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.<ref name=alice>{{cite web|last1=Ollstein|first1=Alice|title=GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter|url=http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2015/08/06/3689058/gop-debate-spends-less-than-a-minute-on-police-violence-and-black-lives-matter/|publisher=Think Progress|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> In response to the question, [[Scott Walker]] did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.<ref name=alice/> Republican presidential candidate [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref> Candidate [[Chris Christie]], the New Jersey Governor, criticized [[President Obama]] for supporting BLM, saying that the movement calls for the murder of police officers,<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Jake|title=Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.<ref name=akner>{{cite web|last1=Brodesser-Akner|first1=Claude|title=Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/10/christies_murder_comments_bashed_by_naacp_aclu.html|website=NJ.com|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matters activists called on the [[Democratic National Committee]] and the [[Republican National Committee]] to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.<ref name=geraghty>{{cite web|last1=Geraghty|first1=Jim|title=Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/426114/black-lives-matter-makes-good-case-hosting-democratic-debate-jim-geraghty|publisher=National Review|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Both parties, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead the parties support a townhall or forum.<ref name=lowery>{{cite web|last1=Lowery|first1=Wesley|title=DNC and RNC won’t add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/21/dnc-gives-blessing-to-black-lives-matter-presidential-town-hall-but-wont-add-debate/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

===Protests===
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15305650544).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter on [[Black Friday]] at [[Times Square]].]]
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [[Marissa Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In October 2015, a speech by [[Hillary Clinton]] on criminal justice reform and race at [[Atlanta University Center]] was interrupted by BLM activists.<ref name=merica>{{cite news|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|title=Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/politics/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] defended usage of the "All Lives Matter" term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>

====Response====
[[File:Black Lives Matter Black Friday (15902086996).jpg|thumb|Black Lives Matter protestor at [[Macy's Herald Square]].]]
Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He went on to say "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."<ref name=tactics/>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = August 24, 2015|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref> [[Deroy Murdock]] questioned the number of black people killed by police that is reported by BLM. He wrote, "But the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."<ref name=deroy>{{cite web|last1=Murdock|first1=Deroy|title=Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/06/black-lives-matters-numbers-are-bogus/|publisher=New York Post}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]|publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Some have criticized the Black Lives Matter movement for failing to take on black-on-black crime.<ref name=john>{{cite web|last1=McWhorter|first1=John|title=Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-black-lives-matter-black-on-black-crime-20151027-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> Some black civil rights leaders have criticized the tactics of BLM.<ref name=angel2>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Angel|title=Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-black-lives-matter-20151030-story.html|publisher=LA Times}}</ref>

===Police===
[[File:Baltimore riot police VOA.jpg|200px|thumb|Baltimore riot policemen form a line to push back protesters and media members on April 28 as a part of the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]]]
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|accessdate = September 17, 2015|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref> Sheriff [[David A. Clarke, Jr]] of [[Milwaukee County]] has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".<ref name=chasmar>{{cite web|last1=Chasmar|first1=Jessica|title=Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter ‘will join forces’ with Islamic State|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/28/david-clarke-black-milwaukee-sheriff-black-lives-m/|publisher=Washington Times|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref> A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.<ref name=terrorist>{{cite web|title=NC police chief who retired after calling ‘Black Lives Matter’ a ‘terrorist group’ speaks out|url=http://myfox8.com/2015/10/25/nc-police-chief-who-retired-after-calling-black-lives-matter-a-terrorist-group-speaks-out/|publisher=Fox|accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>

====Ferguson effect====
Some commentators and law enforcement have claimed that BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.<ref name=deroy/> Commentators have referred to this as the [[Ferguson effect]].<ref name=deroy/> [[FBI Director]] [[James Comey]], for example, suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.<ref name=comey>{{cite web|last1=Mathis|first1=Joel|title=Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave?|url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/is-the-black-lives-matter-movement-inspiring-a-new-crime-wave-1.11027142|publisher=Newsday|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' depicted Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=vulture>{{cite web|last1=Ajayi|first1=Luvvie|title=Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/03/scandal-recap-season-4-episode-14.html#|publisher=Vulture|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter| ]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Junk Food News

2015-11-10T09:08:52Z

Callinus: /* See also */ Missing white woman syndrome

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}

'''Junk food news''' is a [[sardonic]] term for news stories that deliver "sensationalized, personalized, and homogenized inconsequential trivia",<ref name=c2001>{{cite book
|title=Censored 2001
|chapter=Junk Food News 1877-2000
|last=Jensen |first=Carl
|editor-last=Phillips |editor-first=Peter
|pages=251–264 |year=2001 |publisher=Seven Stories Press
|isbn=978-1-58322-064-1}}</ref>
especially when such stories appear at the expense of serious investigative journalism. It implies a criticism of the [[mass media]] for disseminating news that, while not very nourishing, is "cheap to produce and profitable for media proprietors."<ref name=c2001/>

==Meaning of the term==
The term "junk food news" was first used in print by Carl Jensen in the March 1983 edition of ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]].'' As the leader of [[Project Censored]], he had frequently faulted the media for ignoring important stories. In response, says Jensen, editors claimed that other stories were more important, and bolstered this claim with [[ad hominem]] comments directed against him.
<blockquote>...news editors and directors...argued that the real issue isn't censorship—but rather a difference of opinion as to what information is important to publish or broadcast. Editors often point out that there is a finite amount of time and space for news delivery—about 23 minutes for a half-hour network television evening news program—and that it's their responsibility to determine which stories are most critical for the public to hear. The critics said I wasn't exploring media censorship but rather I was just another frustrated academic criticizing editorial news judgment.<ref name=c2001/></blockquote>

To give this argument a fair hearing, Jensen decided to conduct a review to determine which stories the media had considered more important. But instead of hard-hitting investigative journalism, what he discovered was the phenomenon that he termed Junk Food News—journalistic trivia served up to the public in a number of predictable categories:<ref name=c2001/>

* Brand name news ([[celebrity]] gossip)
* Sex news (exposés and [[sexual titillation]])
* Yo-yo news ([[statistic]]s that change daily, such as [[stock market]] numbers and [[box office]] totals)
* [[Show business]] news (movie openings)
* Latest craze news (brief [[fad]]s)
* [[Anniversary]] news (anniversaries of major events or celebrity deaths)
* [[Sports]] news (sports rumours)
* [[Political]] news (bi-annual coverage of congressional campaign promises)

As the flip side to its annual list of the Top 25 Censored Stories, Project Censored publishes an annual list of the Top 10 Junk Food News stories, compiled by members of the National Organization of News Ombudsmen.

As a serious term, it can also refer to local two-page news and ad [[pamphlet]]s, commonly displayed in [[cafe]]s and [[fast food restaurant]]s, available without charge.

==See also==
{{portal|Journalism}}
{{Div col|3}}
*[[Conspiracy of silence (expression)|Conspiracy of silence]]
*[[Corporate media]]
*[[Culture of fear]]
*[[Mass hysteria]]
*[[Mean world syndrome]]
*[[Media hype]]
*[[Media culture]]
*[[Missing white woman syndrome]]
*[[Moral panic]]
*[[Prolefeed]]
*[[Sensationalism]]
*[[Supermarket tabloid]], [[tabloid television]]
*[[Yellow journalism]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.projectcensored.org ''Project Censored'']
*{{wayback|http://www.projectcensored.org/newsabuse.htm ''Junk Food News''}}

[[Category:Criticism of journalism]]
[[Category:Media issues]]
[[Category:Tabloid journalism]]

{{Journalism-stub}}

Fitbit

2015-10-31T00:07:30Z

Callinus: /* Privacy concerns */ ce grammar "GPS data was used"

{{Infobox company
| name = Fitbit Inc.
| logo = [[File:Fitbit logo.svg|190px]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|FIT}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| foundation = [[San Francisco]], California, United States ({{Start date|2007|10}})<ref name=crunchbase>{{cite web |title=Fitbit Company Profile |url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/fitbit |work=CrunchBase |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |accessdate=September 17, 2009}}</ref>
| founders = {{unbulleted list|James Park|Eric Friedman}}
| location_city = San Francisco, CA
| location_country = USA
| area_served = International
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|James Park, CEO|Eric Friedman, CTO}}
| industry = [[Consumer electronics]]
| products = Fitbit Tracker
| homepage = {{url|http://www.fitbit.com|www.fitbit.com}}
}}

'''Fitbit Inc.''' is a company headquartered in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Founded and managed by James Park and Eric Friedman, the company is known for its products of the same name, which are [[activity tracker]]s, [[wireless]]-enabled [[wearable technology]] devices that measure data such as the [[Pedometer|number of steps walked]], quality of [[sleep]], steps climbed, and other personal metrics. The first of these was the '''Fitbit Tracker'''.

On May 7, 2015, Fitbit announced it had filed for [[IPO]] with a [[NYSE]] listing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-07/fitbit-files-for-ipo-to-seek-nyse-listing-i9el5rz0 |title=Fitbit Files for IPO, to Seek NYSE Listing |date=May 7, 2015 |author=Hadi, Mohammed |agency=Bloomberg News |accessdate=May 10, 2015 }}</ref> The IPO was filed for $100 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2015/05/07/fitbit-files-for-100-million-ipo/ |title=Fitbit files for $100 million IPO, shows big profits |author=Dan Primack |publisher=Fortune |date=May 7, 2015 }}</ref> The company's trading symbol is "FIT".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seekingalpha.com/news/2504406-fitbit-files-for-ipo-reports-strong-growth-profits |title=Fitbit files for IPO, reports strong growth/profits |date=May 7, 2015 |accessdate=May 10, 2015 |author=Jhonsa, Eric }}</ref>

== Fitbit Products ==
[[File:Fitbit Ultra - teal.jpg|thumb|Fitbit Ultra activity tracker in teal clipped to pocket]]
=== Fitbit Tracker ===
The Fitbit Tracker uses a three-dimensional [[accelerometer]], similar to that in the [[Wii Remote]], to sense user movement. The Tracker measures steps taken, and combines it with user data to calculate distance walked, calories burned, floors climbed and activity duration and intensity. It uses an [[Organic light-emitting diode|OLED display]] to display this and other information such as the battery level. It also measures sleep quality by tracking periods of restlessness, how long it takes the wearer to fall asleep and how long they are actually asleep.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/11/fitbit-tracker-pedometer-lifestyle-heatlh-lifetracking.html| title=Getting Fitbit| last=Ewalt| first=David M.| date=June 11, 2010| publisher=Forbes| access-date=September 22, 2015}}</ref>

A [[wireless]] base station is included to receive data from the Tracker and also charge its battery. When connected to a computer the base station will upload data to the Fitbit website, where a number of features are available: seeing an overview of physical activity, setting and tracking goals, keeping food and activity logs and interacting with friends. Use of the website is free.

The Fitbit Classic tracked only steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned, activity intensity and sleep. It was designed to be a small black and teal device that could be clipped discreetly onto clothing and worn 24/7.

At the [[TechCrunch50]] during the "Mobile" session on September 9, 2008,<ref>{{cite web |first=Kate |last=Greene |title=Self Surveillance |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/21361/page1/ |work=Technology Review |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=September 10, 2008 |accessdate=September 19, 2009}}</ref> Fitbit received positive reactions during its panel from experts like [[Rafe Needleman]], [[Tim O'Reilly]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]] who cited its wearability, price point, and lack of subscription fees.

=== Fitbit Ultra ===
[[File:White Fitbit Zip.jpg|thumb|left|A white Fitbit Zip, showing the distance in miles covered by the wearer]]
A new hardware upgrade was announced on October 3, 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=522|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> called the '''Fitbit Ultra'''. The new features included:
* an [[altimeter]] that measures elevation gain in terms of floors, with one floor roughly equivalent to ten feet.
* a digital clock visible on the device's display
* a [[stopwatch]] that can be used to time activities
* randomized "Chatter" messages show when the Ultra is moved after sitting idle for a while, and there's a custom field to write in a personal "Greeting".
* new colors (plum or blue, as opposed to the original teal)

The Fitbit Ultra is powered by a small [[Lithium polymer battery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.takeitapart.com/guide/11|title=Fitbit Ultra|work=takeitapart.com}}</ref>

=== Fitbit One ===
Announced on September 17, 2012, the Fitbit One is an update to the Fitbit Ultra that uses a more vivid digital display, has a separate clip and a separate charging cable and wireless sync [[dongle]].<ref name="Co.Design article about new One">{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Mark|title=Fitbit’s Newest Gadget: 24/7 Fitness Tracking Meets 24/7 App Syncing|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1670906/fitbits-newest-gadget-247-fitness-tracking-meets-247-app-syncing#1|publisher=Co.Design by Fast Company|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> The Fitbit One and the Fitbit Zip were the first wireless activity trackers to sync using Bluetooth 4.0 or [[Bluetooth SMART]] technology. The wireless syncing is currently available on [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher.<ref name="fitbit.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbit.com/devices|title=Fitbit Supported Devices|work=fitbit.com}}</ref> Fitbit One can record several daily activities, including but not limited to, number of steps taken, distance travelled on foot, number of floors climbed, calories burned, vigorously active minutes, sleep efficiency, delicate movements during sleep, number of wake-ups during sleep, etc.

=== Fitbit Zip ===
Announced on September 17, 2012, the Fitbit Zip is roughly the size of [[Quarter (United States coin)|a United States quarter]] and tracks only steps taken, distance travelled, and calories burned. Compared to the other Fitbit trackers, the Zip is the first Fitbit product to include a disposable battery. It also has a lower price point than other Fitbit trackers. Similar to the Fitbit One, it is able to sync its data wirelessly to supported mobile devices, such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher.<ref name="fitbit.com" />

=== Fitbit Flex ===
[[File:Fitibit Flex.jpg|thumb|Fitibit Flex with accompanying wristband]]
In May 2013, Fitbit released the Fitbit Flex, which is a device that one wears on the wrist. It tracks movement 24 hours a day, including sleep patterns. It has a simple display of 5 LED lights which indicate the number of steps taken in a day, and it vibrates to indicate that your goal has been reached. The lights also indicate battery level. The Fitbit Flex has almost all the same sync functions as the Fitbit One and Zip. The Flex is also the most water-resistant tracker; it can be worn while showering, but not while swimming. The Fitbit Flex includes a specialized USB charger; the battery lasts 5–7 days, and it takes 1–2 hours to charge.

=== Fitbit Force ===
The Fitbit Force was announced on October 10, 2013. It has an OLED display<ref>{{cite web|title=The best activity tracker yet... The Fitbit Force reviewed|url=http://www.fitgadgetreviews.com/fitbit-force-review/}}</ref> that shows time and daily activity. The Force tracks a number of statistics in real-time, including steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned, stairs climbed and active minutes throughout the day. At night, the Force tracks sleep and can wake a user silently with a vibrating alarm.

On January 13, 2014 it was reported that an unconfirmed number of Fitbit customers who have purchased the Force have complained about skin irritation after wearing the Force for extended periods of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/14/fitbit-apologies-_n_4599193.html|title=Fitbit Apologizes To Customers Who've Experienced Skin Reactions|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Fitbit stated on its website that the company consulted with medical professionals whose assessments are that these irritations are most likely [[allergic contact dermatitis|allergic reactions to nickel]], a component of the surgical-grade steel or the adhesives used to assemble the Fitbit Force.<ref name="ForceCEO">[https://www.fitbit.com/forcesupport CEO letter 2/20/14]. February 20, 2014.</ref> Fitbit, working with the Consumer Protection Safety Commission, recalled the Fitbit Force on February 20, 2014.<ref name="ForceCEO" /> On March 12, 2014 the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) made the recall official.<ref name="ForceRecall">{{cite web|url=https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Fitbit-Recalls-Force-Activity-Tracking-Wristband/|title=Fitbit Recalls Force Activity-Tracking Wristband Due to Risk of Skin Irritation|date=12 March 2014|work=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission}}</ref> At that time it was revealed that The Fitbit Force had caused about 9,900 injuries.<ref name="ForceRecall" /> Its is no longer for sale on Fitbit's website.

=== Fitbit Charge ===
[[File:Fitbit Charge HR.jpg|thumb|Fitbit Charge]]
Announced in October 2014, the Fitbit Charge is a replacement for the Fitbit Force. It was released in November 2014 for US$130 retail. Unlike the Force, Charge's wrist band is slightly different and textured and can display caller ID information from a connected smartphone.<ref name="techcrunch.com">Burns, Matt. October 27, 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]"</ref><ref>[http://www.cio.com/article/2851913/mobile-apps/two-surprises-in-fitbits-new-charge-fitness-tracker.html Two Surprises in Fitbit's New Charge Fitness Tracker], CIO.com, November 25, 2014</ref>

=== Fitbit Charge HR ===
Announced in October 2014 and released in early January 2015, the Charge HR is the Charge plus a heart-rate monitor and a calorie counter. With this addition the 7-day battery life is reduced to 5 days. The Charge HR has the same textured band as the Charge and comes in black, plum, blue, and tangerine. The Charge HR band clasp resembles that of a traditional watch instead of the snap-on band the original Charge has.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.fitbit.com/chargehr#specs|title=Fitbit Charge HR Wireless Heart Rate + Activity Wristband|work=fitbit.com}}</ref><ref>Burns, Matt. October 27, 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]" TechCrunch.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humavox.com/blog/wearable-week-fitbit-charge-hr/|title=Fitbit Charge HR}}</ref>

=== Fitbit Surge ===
[[File:Fitbit Surge.JPG|thumb|Fitbit Surge]]
Announced in October 2014, the Surge is more like a smart-watch than an activity tracker and aimed for the fitness demographic. The Surge includes a heart-rate monitor and the ability to track pace, distance, and elevation using the GPS on the device.

== Fitbit Aria ==
[[File:Fitbit Aria.jpg|thumb|150px|Fitbit Aria]]
In April 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gdgt.com/fitbit/|title=Fitbit|work=Engadget}}</ref> Fitbit released a "Wi-Fi smart scale" called the Fitbit Aria. It recognizes users who are wearing Fitbit trackers and measures weight, body mass index ([[body mass index|BMI]]) and percentage of body fat of the user. It can keep track of eight individual users and updates information to fitbit.com automatically via Wi-Fi network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbit.com/product/aria|title=Fitbit Aria™ Wi-Fi Smart Scale|work=fitbit.com}}</ref> The information is also updated to the mobile apps.

== Fitbit Mobile Apps ==
In October 2011, just a few weeks after the launch of the Fitbit Ultra, Fitbit launched a native app for the [[iPhone]].<ref name="Fitbit iPhone app">{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=530|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> In March 2012 Fitbit launched a native app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. Users could log their food, activities, water intake and weight, as well as track their fitness goals throughout the day even while offline. Originally the iOS and Android apps could only retrieve data from the user's Fitbit account, rather than connecting directly to the fitness tracker, but in September 2012 the Fitbit One and Zip were announced with Bluetooth support for syncing directly with phones. When the One and Zip were released, only newer iOS devices were supported,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/new-fitbits-can-sync-with-iphones-androids-via-bluetooth-4-0/|title=New Fitbits can sync with iPhones, Androids via Bluetooth 4.0|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> but in February 2013, Fitbit released an update that would allow wireless syncing from Fitbit One and Zip devices to the Samsung Galaxy S III and Galaxy Note II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/finally-wireless-sync-beta-on-android/|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> An update in May 2013 added support for the Galaxy S4,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/android-update-fitbit-now-syncs-to-the-galaxy-s4/|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> and on January 6, 2014, Fitbit announced an update to the Android app adding support for many more devices including the Nexus 4, Nexus 5, Moto X, HTC One, and LG G2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/android-update-12-new-android-phones-now-sync-with-fitbit-trackers/|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> On July 28, 2014, the official Windows Phone app was released.

== Fitbit website ==
Fitbit offers a free website that can be used with or without the Fitbit Tracker. Users have the ability to log their food, activities, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose levels to track over time. Users also have the ability to set daily and weekly goals for themselves for steps, calories burned and consumed, and distance walked.

=== Badges ===
On August 9, 2011, Fitbit launched badges for various step and distance milestones. Step badges could be earned based on how many steps a user took in a single day, while lifetime distance badges gave users a badge based on how much distance they've logged since they started using the Fitbit Tracker. With the launch of Fitbit Ultra, they came out with new Ultra-only badges that can be earned for floor climbing, and launched new step and distance badges that anyone could earn.

== Reception ==

=== Awards ===
Fitbit has won numerous awards, including runner-up at TechCrunch50 in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2008/09/10/yammer-takes-techcrunch50s-top-prize/|title=Yammer Takes Top Prize At TechCrunch50|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch}}</ref> and CES 2009 Innovation honoree and best in the Health & Wellness category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cesweb.org/awards/innovations/2009honorees.asp|title=CES Innovation Awards|work=International CES}}</ref>

=== Privacy concerns ===
Starting in June 2011, Fitbit was criticized for its website's default activity sharing settings, which made users' manually entered physical activities available for public viewing.<ref name="Fitbit blog response">{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=463|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> All users had the option to make their physical activity information private, but some users were unaware that the information was public by default. One specific issue which technology blogs made fun of was that some users were including details about their sex lives in their daily exercise logs, and this information was by default publicly available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gizmodo.com/5817784/dear-fitbit-users-kudos-on-the-30-minutes-of-vigorous-sexual-activity-last-night|title=Dear Fitbit Users, Kudos On the 30 Minutes of "Vigorous Sexual Activity" Last Night|author=Jack Loftus|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Gizmodo}}</ref> Fitbit responded to criticism by making all such data private by default and requesting that search engines remove indexed user profile pages from their databases.<ref name="Fitbit blog response" /> Fitbit devices have been used in criminal investigations, in one instance GPS data was used to invalidate evidence in a rape trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc27.com/2015/06/19/police-womans-fitness-watch-disproved-rape-report/|title=Police: Woman’s fitness watch disproved rape report|work=ABC27|date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/158292/fitbit-data-just-undermined-a-womans-rape-claim/|title=Fitbit data just undermined a woman’s rape claim|date=29 June 2015|work=Fusion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/when-fitbit-is-the-expert-witness/382936/|title=When Fitbit Is the Expert Witness|work=The Atlantic|date=19 Nov 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/how-your-fitbit-data-can-and-will-be-used-against-you-in-a-court-of-law-34580|title=How your Fitbit data can and will be used against you in a court of law|date=24 Nov 2014|work=The Conversation|author=David Glance}}</ref>

=== Efficacy ===
A 2014 study done at [[Iowa State University]] tested eight fit band devices including the Fitbit Zip and the Fitbit One. Using a sample of 30 men and 30 women, researchers had participants wear bands during 69-minute workouts that included a series of 13 different activities. Results showed the bands were at best 'reasonably accurate,' with the Fitbit Zip and Fitbit One scoring 10.1 per cent and 10.4 per cent error ratings, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title = Does your fitness band really work? Scientists analyse tracking tech|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2653178/Does-fitness-band-really-work-Scientists-analyse-tracking-tech-Fitbit-no-effective-pedometer.html|accessdate = 2015-09-10}}</ref>

== Fitbit and Fitbug Legal Fight ==
In May 2011 a European Union [[trademark]] was filed for Fitbit. The status is in the category [[Computer]], [[Software]], [[Electrical]] and [[Scientific]] Products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/ctm/fitbit-836385_en-US.htm|title=Trademarkia|work=trademarkia.com}}</ref>
Fitbug Holdings PLC, the [[London Stock Exchange]] AIM market ([[Alternative Investment Market]]) quoted provider of online personal health and [[well-being]] services, continue their appeals in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[United Kingdom trade mark law]]) and [[European Union]] ([[Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market]]) to try and cancel Fitbit's European Union trademark and defend their trademark in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12260464.html|title=Appeals Decision On Fitbit Trademark Infringement|work=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref>

Fitbug Holdings PLC, filed a lawsuit against [[San Francisco]]-based Fitbit that alleges trademark infringement and unfair business practices, which Fitbug claims has caused it irreparable harm and damage. A [[cease and desist]] letter had been sent to Fitbit, and an official [[lawsuit]] filed on March 29, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobihealthnews.com/21792/did-fitbit-copy-fitbug-lawsuit-claims-it-did/|title=Did Fitbit copy Fitbug? Lawsuit claims it did – mobihealthnews|work=mobihealthnews.com}}</ref>

Fitbug requested the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] to order Fitbit to permanently cease use of its Fitbit mark and from engaging in conduct that is causing confusion with Fitbug's brand and services. Summary judgment was made in January 2015 in favour of Fitbit due to an unreasonable delay 'Defence of [[Laches (equity)]]' by Fitbug in bringing the claim. Fitbug said they were in discussion with their advisors following the verdict. Fitbug Holdings PLC, filed an appeal, in February 2015, of the decision by the US District Court for the Northern District of California concerning its trademark dispute against Fitbit Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/76652/fitbug-holdings-feels-the-burn-as-it-suffers-legal-setback-76652.html|title=Fitbug Holdings feels the burn as it suffers legal setback|author=John Harrington|work=Proactiveinvestors UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12228946.html|title=Update re Legal Action Against Fitbit Inc|work=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetrademarkhub.com/pages/newsitem/protecting-your-intellectual-property-trade-mark-fight-in-the-digital-fitness-arena|title=News and Blog The Trademark Hub – Protecting your Intellectual Property – Trade Mark Fight in the Digital Fitness Arena|work=thetrademarkhub.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jawbone (company)|Jawbone]]
* [[Microsoft Band]]
* [[Quantified Self]]
* [[Smart keychain]]
* [[Smartwatch]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.fitbit.com/}}

[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Activity trackers]]
[[Category:Wireless transmitters]]
[[Category:Smart bands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]

Slutshaming

2015-10-26T15:13:34Z

Callinus: /* In the media */ ce rewrite sentences

{{Feminism sidebar}}
In [[human sexuality]], '''slut-shaming''' is a form of [[social stigma]] applied to people who are perceived to violate traditional expectations for sexual behaviors, commonly applied to women and girls. Some examples of circumstances where women are "slut-shamed" include violating accepted [[dress code]]s by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 | pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=00095982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've "desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies." Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh"/> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, or being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]] (which is known as [[victim blaming]]).<ref name="asking" />

==Definitions and characteristics==
Slut shaming is defined by many as a process in which women are attacked for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., of admonishing them for behavior or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C&|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref> [[Emily Bazelon]] says that slut shaming is "retrograde, the opposite of feminist. Calling a girl a slut warns her that there's a line: she can be sexual but not ''too'' sexual."<ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref> Amy Schalet argues that too much sex is a liability for girls, which often causes the discourse on the topic of girl's desire for sex to be non-existent, and that ignoring the fact that girls have sexual desire in sexual education, media, and the social sciences results in girl's having difficulty developing sexual subjectivity; she says sexual subjectivity is the capacity to feel connected to sexual desires and boundaries and use these to make self-directed decisions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref>
Many have stated that slut shaming is used against women by both men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=Belisa Vranich, Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref> Jessica Ringrose has argued that slut-shaming functions among women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' sexual expression".<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term ''slut-shaming'' is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]; e.g. by stating that the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> and thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt.

Men and women alike are culprits of "slut-shaming": The study "Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness," published in the ''Journal of Social and Personal Relationships'', notes that sexually lenient individuals are judged more negatively than non-permissive peers, which places those who are more permissive at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The researchers from Cornell University found that similar sentiments appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

== In the media ==
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011.]]

The [[SlutWalk]] protest march started in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident where a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "sluts".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = [[Gender and Education]], special issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333-343 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref>

The term has since been used when describing the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Krystal |title=Boycott Rush |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html |work=The Blog |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=13 December 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |quote=This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line, they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut.}}</ref> Condemnation of Limbaugh following the incident is argued to have increased public attention to societal shame around women being demeaned in the media for use of birth control.<ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Kaitlin Menza argues that slut-shaming is a common form of bullying on social media, with some people using [[revenge porn|revenge pornography]] tactics to spread intimate photos without consent. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Potts]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide eight days after photos of her being assaulted were distributed among her peer group.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|date = |accessdate = |website = Huff Post Teen|publisher = Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

== In literature ==
There are several instances in literature in which women are degraded or admonished for their sexual behavior. In these novels, men are largely exempt from the public outrage that their female counterparts endure for engaging in relationships deemed socially inappropriate:

* In [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', [[Hester Prynne]] is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" to display her adulterous affair to her whole town.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>

* In ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]], the title character has a highly public affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. Anna is rejected by her friends, while the reputation of Count Vronsky remains more or less untarnished.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

== Attempts to stop the practice ==

Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, "Slut", in which they address the damaging impact of slut shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web|url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes: "A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by Katie Cappiello vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/>

In April of 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to “provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, ''UnSlut: A Documentary Film'', coincides with the project and is screened across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unslutproject.com/about.html|title = The UnSlut Project|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Lindin|first = Emily}}</ref>

Some believe that school [[dress codes]] are a form of slut shaming, and are unfair to girls and women.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite web|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Students protest 'slut shaming' high school dress codes with mass walkouts|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/24/us-high-schools-dress-codes-protest-sexism-hemline|website=The Guardian|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> Some believe that these [[dress codes]] "violate Title IX, the [[federal law]] that ensures non-[[discrimination]] in educational environments."<ref name="Carroll"/> On Monday, September 22, 2014, "about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah."<ref name="Carroll"/> Students staged a walkout because more than a dozen [[girls]] were turned away from a [[homecoming dance]] for wearing dresses which violated the dress code rules.<ref name="Carroll"/> "School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules." It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the [[female]] students, which spawned the walkouts.<ref name="Carroll"/>

==Gay male slut-shaming==
Gay men have traditionally been relatively tolerant of promiscuity. However, this changed considerably with the [[AIDS]] epidemic of the 1980s. [[Condom]] use as a [[safe sex]] practise became prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the [[AIDS epidemic]],<ref name="Who">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=26 November 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref> though the availability of [[antibiotics]] and [[antiretroviral]] drugs in [[advanced economies]] has led to [[condom fatigue]] among [[men who have sex with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aids.about.com/od/womenandhiv/a/Why-People-Dont-Use-Condoms-and-That-Includes-Women.htm|title=The (Real) Reasons Why People Don't Use Condoms|author=Dennis Sifris, MD and James Myhre|work=About.com Health}}</ref> Some public health officials argue that the government should promote increased condom use among gay men, while others believe the government should promote [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] for [[prevention of HIV/AIDS]] using drugs like [[Truvada]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/08/truvada-chill-pill-or-party-drug |title=Truvada: Chill Pill or Party Drug? |first=Scott |last=Shackford |work=reason.com |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/09/why-arent-gay-men-on-the-pill/|title=Why Aren’t Gay Men On The Pill? « The Dish|work=The Dish}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEgg6EOpNM|title=Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution (Full Length)|date=26 June 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> Some people argue that public health officials are slut-shaming men who are unwilling to use condoms. Some reports indicate that gay men who use Truvada to lower their risk of contracting HIV are shamed for doing so, based on perceptions that Truvada users are more promiscuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/truvada-mircle-pill-prevent-hiv-controversy|title=Truvada has been called the 'miracle' HIV pill – so why is uptake so slow?|author=Amanda Holpuch|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/truvada--the-other-little-blue-pill-20141128-11l1od.html|title=Truvada – the other little blue pill|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Some gay rights activists have said that environments which have slut-shaming are more likely to lead to gay men engaging in practices which lead to increased rates of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/09/08/op-ed-slut-shaming-cause-hiv |title=Op-ed: Slut-Shaming Is a Cause of HIV |first=Hussain |last=Turk |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=8 September 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
* [[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Sexuality and gender-related slurs]]

Slutshaming

2015-10-26T15:11:13Z

Callinus: /* In the media */ rm conjecture/interpolation

{{Feminism sidebar}}
In [[human sexuality]], '''slut-shaming''' is a form of [[social stigma]] applied to people who are perceived to violate traditional expectations for sexual behaviors, commonly applied to women and girls. Some examples of circumstances where women are "slut-shamed" include violating accepted [[dress code]]s by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 | pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=00095982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've "desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies." Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh"/> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, or being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]] (which is known as [[victim blaming]]).<ref name="asking" />

==Definitions and characteristics==
Slut shaming is defined by many as a process in which women are attacked for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., of admonishing them for behavior or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C&|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref> [[Emily Bazelon]] says that slut shaming is "retrograde, the opposite of feminist. Calling a girl a slut warns her that there's a line: she can be sexual but not ''too'' sexual."<ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref> Amy Schalet argues that too much sex is a liability for girls, which often causes the discourse on the topic of girl's desire for sex to be non-existent, and that ignoring the fact that girls have sexual desire in sexual education, media, and the social sciences results in girl's having difficulty developing sexual subjectivity; she says sexual subjectivity is the capacity to feel connected to sexual desires and boundaries and use these to make self-directed decisions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref>
Many have stated that slut shaming is used against women by both men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=Belisa Vranich, Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref> Jessica Ringrose has argued that slut-shaming functions among women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' sexual expression".<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term ''slut-shaming'' is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]; e.g. by stating that the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> and thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt.

Men and women alike are culprits of "slut-shaming": The study "Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness," published in the ''Journal of Social and Personal Relationships'', notes that sexually lenient individuals are judged more negatively than non-permissive peers, which places those who are more permissive at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The researchers from Cornell University found that similar sentiments appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

== In the media ==
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011.]]

The [[SlutWalk]] protest march started in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident where a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "sluts".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = [[Gender and Education]], special issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333-343 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref>

The term has since been used when describing the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Krystal |title=Boycott Rush |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html |work=The Blog |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=13 December 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |quote=This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line, they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut.}}</ref> Condemnation of Limbaugh following the incident is argued to have increased public attention to societal shame around women being demeaned in the media for use of birth control.<ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Kaitlin Menza states that slut-shaming is a common form of bullying on social media, due to the ability share intimate photos and texts quickly on a widespread level. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Potts]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide after a photo "from that night was circulated and gawked at by her classmates".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|date = |accessdate = |website = Huff Post Teen|publisher = Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

== In literature ==
There are several instances in literature in which women are degraded or admonished for their sexual behavior. In these novels, men are largely exempt from the public outrage that their female counterparts endure for engaging in relationships deemed socially inappropriate:

* In [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', [[Hester Prynne]] is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" to display her adulterous affair to her whole town.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>

* In ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]], the title character has a highly public affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. Anna is rejected by her friends, while the reputation of Count Vronsky remains more or less untarnished.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

== Attempts to stop the practice ==

Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, "Slut", in which they address the damaging impact of slut shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web|url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes: "A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by Katie Cappiello vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/>

In April of 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to “provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, ''UnSlut: A Documentary Film'', coincides with the project and is screened across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unslutproject.com/about.html|title = The UnSlut Project|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Lindin|first = Emily}}</ref>

Some believe that school [[dress codes]] are a form of slut shaming, and are unfair to girls and women.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite web|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Students protest 'slut shaming' high school dress codes with mass walkouts|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/24/us-high-schools-dress-codes-protest-sexism-hemline|website=The Guardian|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> Some believe that these [[dress codes]] "violate Title IX, the [[federal law]] that ensures non-[[discrimination]] in educational environments."<ref name="Carroll"/> On Monday, September 22, 2014, "about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah."<ref name="Carroll"/> Students staged a walkout because more than a dozen [[girls]] were turned away from a [[homecoming dance]] for wearing dresses which violated the dress code rules.<ref name="Carroll"/> "School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules." It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the [[female]] students, which spawned the walkouts.<ref name="Carroll"/>

==Gay male slut-shaming==
Gay men have traditionally been relatively tolerant of promiscuity. However, this changed considerably with the [[AIDS]] epidemic of the 1980s. [[Condom]] use as a [[safe sex]] practise became prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the [[AIDS epidemic]],<ref name="Who">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=26 November 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref> though the availability of [[antibiotics]] and [[antiretroviral]] drugs in [[advanced economies]] has led to [[condom fatigue]] among [[men who have sex with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aids.about.com/od/womenandhiv/a/Why-People-Dont-Use-Condoms-and-That-Includes-Women.htm|title=The (Real) Reasons Why People Don't Use Condoms|author=Dennis Sifris, MD and James Myhre|work=About.com Health}}</ref> Some public health officials argue that the government should promote increased condom use among gay men, while others believe the government should promote [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] for [[prevention of HIV/AIDS]] using drugs like [[Truvada]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/08/truvada-chill-pill-or-party-drug |title=Truvada: Chill Pill or Party Drug? |first=Scott |last=Shackford |work=reason.com |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/09/why-arent-gay-men-on-the-pill/|title=Why Aren’t Gay Men On The Pill? « The Dish|work=The Dish}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEgg6EOpNM|title=Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution (Full Length)|date=26 June 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> Some people argue that public health officials are slut-shaming men who are unwilling to use condoms. Some reports indicate that gay men who use Truvada to lower their risk of contracting HIV are shamed for doing so, based on perceptions that Truvada users are more promiscuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/truvada-mircle-pill-prevent-hiv-controversy|title=Truvada has been called the 'miracle' HIV pill – so why is uptake so slow?|author=Amanda Holpuch|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/truvada--the-other-little-blue-pill-20141128-11l1od.html|title=Truvada – the other little blue pill|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Some gay rights activists have said that environments which have slut-shaming are more likely to lead to gay men engaging in practices which lead to increased rates of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/09/08/op-ed-slut-shaming-cause-hiv |title=Op-ed: Slut-Shaming Is a Cause of HIV |first=Hussain |last=Turk |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=8 September 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
* [[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Sexuality and gender-related slurs]]

Matt Dillahunty

2015-10-23T12:49:25Z

Callinus: wikilink

{{Infobox person
|name = Matt Dillahunty
|image = Matt Dillahunty SashaCon.jpg
|caption = Matt Dillahunty, speaking at the University of Missouri in 2014
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|31}} 
|birth_place = [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]]
|other_names =
|known_for = [[Atheism]] and [[secular]] activism
|occupation =
|spouse = [[Beth Presswood]]
|nationality = [[Americans|American]]
{{infobox military person|embed=yes|
|branch = [[File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|20px|United States Navy seal]] [[United States Navy]]
|serviceyears = 1987–1995<ref name=flynn/>
}}
}}

'''Matt Dillahunty''' (born March 31, 1969) is an American public speaker and internet personality, and was the president of the Atheist Community of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] from 2006 to 2013.<ref>{{citation|title=ACA Lecture Series: Matt Dillahunty — Reflections on a "lifetime" as ACA President|date=May 12, 2013|quote=Matt has been the President of ACA for many years and is stepping down.|publisher=Atheist Community of Austin|url=http://www.atheist-community.org/lectures/speakers.php?id=118|accessdate=2013-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.twitch.tv/mattdillahunty | title=MattDillahunty - Twitch | accessdate=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matt Dillahunty|url=http://www.texassecularconvention.org/80-matt-dillahunty|website=http://www.texassecularconvention.org/|publisher=Texas Secular Convention|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> He has hosted the Austin-based webcast and cable-access television show ''[[The Atheist Experience]]'' since c. 2005,<ref name=TWCN>{{citation|title=Public-Access TV Fights for Relevance in the YouTube Age | author=Mike Rosen-Molina | date=December 17, 2008 | publisher=[[PBS]]|url=http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2008/12/public-access-tv-fights-for-relevance-in-the-youtube-age352}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title="You Piece of S**t!": Atheist TV Hosts Hang Up on "Christian" Caller After Fiery Exchange Over God & Child Rape|work=[[TheBlaze]]|date=January 9, 2013|author=Billy Hallowell|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/01/09/you-piece-of-st-atheist-tv-hosts-hang-up-on-christian-caller-after-fiery-exchange-over-god-child-rape/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Research Shows Christian Population in Decline | first=John |last=Salazar |type=television newscast|date=May 18, 2015|work=[[Time Warner Cable News]]|location=San Antonio, Texas|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/san-antonio/news/2015/05/18/research-shows-christian-population-in-decline.html}}</ref> and formerly hosted the live internet radio show ''Non-Prophets Radio''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularstudents.org/mattdillahunty |title=Matt Dillahunty |author=Lyz |date=February 22, 2010 |work= |publisher=[[Secular Student Alliance]] |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Lloyd|title=On Atheism|journal=The Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges|date=2012|volume=18|issue=1|page=23|url=http://www.aaanet.org/sections/sacc/content/uploads/2012/04/TASN-1814.1-final-final.pdf#page=23|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> He is also the founder and contributor of the [[counter-apologetics]] encyclopedia ''Iron Chariots'' and its subsidiary sites.<ref>{{citation|title=User:Sans Deity|publisher=Iron Chariots - the counter-apologetics wiki.|author=Matt Dillahunty (username Sans Deity)|url=http://wiki.ironchariots.org/index.php?title=Matt_Dillahunty}}</ref>

He is regularly engaged in formal debates and travels the United States speaking to local secular organizations and university groups as part of the [[Secular Student Alliance]]'s Speakers Bureau.<ref>[http://secularstudents.org/2012con/speakers#Matt 2012 Conference Speakers!, [[Secular Student Alliance]], Retrieved 2012-07-12]</ref> Alongside fellow activists Seth Andrews and [[AronRa Nelson|Aron Ra]], he traveled to Australia in March, 2015 as a member of the Unholy Trinity Tour.<ref>{{citation|title=Pub talk with an atheist and an Anglican|author=Sophie Timothy|work=Eternity News|date=22 March 2015|publisher=[[Bible Society Australia]]|url=http://www.biblesociety.org.au/news/pub-talk-with-an-atheist-and-an-anglican}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Unholy Trinity Down Under Tour|publisher=Atheist Foundation of Australia|date=September 10, 2014|url=http://atheistfoundation.org.au/2014/09/10/the-unholy-trinity-down-under-tour/}}</ref> In April, 2015 he was an invited speaker at the [[Merseyside Skeptics Society]] QEDCon in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{citation|title=The Mancunian Way|work=Butterflies and Wheels|editor=[[Ophelia Benson]]|author=Al Lee|date=April 27, 2015|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/butterfliesandwheels/2015/04/guest-post-the-mancunian-way/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[Lanyrd]]|title=Panel: Daring to Disagree, A session at QED 2015|url=http://lanyrd.com/2015/qedcon/sdktdm/}}</ref>

==Biography==
Raised [[Southern Baptist]], Dillahunty sought to become a [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]].<ref name=flynn>{{cite news |title=Preaching his own gospel of atheism |author=Eileen E. Flynn |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=117F829CB4CBAFA0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |newspaper=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |date=March 18, 2007 |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> His religious studies, instead of bolstering his faith as he intended, led him to no longer believe in Christianity and, eventually, all religions.<ref name=bio>[http://www.atheist-experience.com/people/matt_dillahunty/ Atheist Experience: Matt Dillahunty]</ref> Dillahunty spent eight years in the US Navy,<ref name=flynn/><ref name=TWCN/> before leaving to work in the field of computer software design. In 2011, he married ''The Atheist Experience'' colleague and co-host of the ''[[Godless Bitches]]'' podcast [[Beth Presswood]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Presswood|url=http://reasonnc.com/beth-presswood/|website=Reason Con 2015|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

{{anchor|My Week in Atheism}}
Dillahunty is one of the subjects of the 2014 [[documentary film]] ''My Week in Atheism'' by director John Christy.<ref name=Charisma>{{citation|first=Melanie|last=Korb|title=Christian, Atheist Display Complicated Friendship in New Documentary|journal=[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]|date=February 20, 2014|url=http://www.charismanews.com/culture/42871-christian-atheist-display-complicated-friendship-in-new-documentary}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Christian Filmmaker, Atheist Activist Release Their New Film 'My Week in Atheism'|author= Anugrah Kumar|date=February 18, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Christian Post]]|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-filmmaker-atheist-activist-release-their-new-film-my-week-in-atheism---114739/}}</ref>

==Speaking and debates==
[[File:Matt Dillahunty2.jpg|thumb|Matt Dillahunty, speaking at the American Atheists Convention 2011]]
Dillahunty has spoken at atheist and freethought conferences around the country and debated numerous Christian apologists, including [[Ray Comfort]] (on ''The Atheist Experience'') and with [[David Robertson (Free Church Minister)|David Robertson]] on [[Premier Christian Radio]]'s ''Unbelievable''.<ref name=Robertson/> At the 2014 American Atheists Convention in Salt Lake City, he gave a workshop that outlined some key ideas in effective debating: "Take the opponent seriously: 'The audience has to sense that I can perfectly understand their views, and have rejected them.' Use logic: 'I tell them that I can write a better book than the Bible. Simple: I copy it word for word, except the parts about slavery.' And don't forget emotion: 'It is theater. That is my advantage with a Baptist background over someone like [[Richard Dawkins]], although he knows more about science.'"<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/3683060/2014/07/03/Onder-ongelovigen.dhtml |title=Onder ongelovigen |author=Bas den Hond |work=[[Trouw]] |publisher=[[De Persgroep]] |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=3 June 2014|language=nl}}</ref> He has also stated that he is willing to say "I don't know" in a debate, a "scary concept" to some of his audience.<ref>{{citation|first=Heather|last=Adams|date=March 17, 2014|publisher=[[KBIA|KBIA mid-Missouri public radio]]|url=http://kbia.org/post/mu-skeptics-group-brings-big-name-atheists-campus|title=MU skeptics group brings big-name atheists to campus}}</ref>

Aside from people such as Ray Comfort and others who he has said he will not debate again, Dillahunty rejects the idea that debates are a waste of time: "I am absolutely convinced from my experience and the evidence that I've gathered over the years of doing this that they are incredibly valuable."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyBSKZ3BpQI |title=Matt Dillahunty - The Value of Debates |date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>

==Views on morality==
One of Dillahunty's recurring themes has been the superiority of [[Secular ethics|secular morality]] over [[Morality and religion|non-secular morality]]. His key contentions on the issue are that secular moral systems are inclusive, dynamic, encourage change, and serve the interests of the participants, whereas non-secular moral systems only serve the interests of an external authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blip.tv/the-atheist-experience-tv-show/matt-dillahunty-the-superiority-of-secular-morality-4192742 |title=Matt Dillahunty: The Superiority of Secular Morality |date=September 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Collin Boots | title=The superiority of secular morality: Why do we think religion is required for morality when godless morality may well serve us better?|newspaper=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|date=April 30, 2014 | url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/04/secular-morality}}</ref> He touched on the subject again at a lecture at the 2013 American Atheists Convention in Austin: "They say we're immoral, when we're the only ones who understand that morality is derived from empathy, fairness, cooperation, and the physical facts about interacting in this universe. They've broken their moral compass and sacrificed their humanity on the altar of religion. They say we're lost and broken and in need of salvation, when we're the ones who are free."<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EDoEzOymkk |title=AACON 2013 Matt Dillahunty speaks on Skepticism and Atheism |date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> Dillahunty holds the view that advocating infinite reward or punishment for finite deeds is "morally inferior".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dyken|first1=J. J.|title=The Divine Default: Why Faith is Not the Answer|date=2013|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=9781628940084|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1FP8NZezPgC&pg=PA94}}</ref>

==Advocacy of abortion rights==
Dillahunty has become an outspoken advocate of [[reproductive rights|abortion rights]]. After hearing that [[Secular Pro-Life]] set up a table at the 2012 [[American Atheists]] convention, Dillahunty challenged a representative of the organization to a public debate on the issue. The debate took place at the 2012 Texas Freethought Convention, with Dillahunty debating Kristine Kruszelnicki. Dillahunty used [[Bodily integrity|bodily autonomy]] as his primary argument for abortion rights, which is based on [[Judith Jarvis Thompson]]'s [[A Defense of Abortion|essay on the subject]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P78_V1Z9CO4 |title=Abortion Debate at Texas Freethought Convention, Matt Dillahunty vs. Kristine Kruszelnicki |date=October 22, 2012}}</ref> In March 2014, Dillahunty debated Clinton Wilcox, who is not a member of Secular Pro-Life, though the debate was advertised on their blog. The aftermath led to a falling out with the organization, and he announced in a Facebook post that he would not debate them in public again.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/matt-dillahunty/debates-delusions-and-dishonesty-why-i-have-no-respect-for-kelsey-hazzard-and-sp/10152770027383902 |title=Debates, Delusions and Dishonesty - Why I have no respect for Kelsey Hazzard and SPL |date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> He and Beth Presswood later appeared on [[Amanda Marcotte]]'s podcast ''RH Reality Check'' to explain the events of the preceding years, and said that "the optics of a [[cisgender|cis male]] without a womb" debating women's rights is not what he wanted to advocate, and would let others take the lead in public on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rhrealitycheck.org/reality-cast/2014/04/14/secular-anti-choicers-and-vance-mcallister/ |title=Is Secular Anti-Choice a Thing? And How Big a Hypocrite Is Rep. Vance McAllister? |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Skepticism==
[[File:QEDCon Day One-39 (16682468904).jpg|thumb|Dillahunty at QED 2015, a [[list of skeptical conferences|skeptical conference]] in [[Manchester]].]]
Advocacy of the primacy of [[Scientific skepticism|skepticism]] is another of Dillahunty's recurring themes. He said at the American Atheists convention in Austin in 2013 that the closest thing he has to a motto is "to believe as many true things and as few false things as possible," taking his inspiration from [[David Hume]]. In the same lecture, he said that being a skeptic is the most important identifier of who he is. In addition, Dillahunty said that skepticism has something to say about untested religious claims, and that philosophical skepticism will lead to atheism.<ref name="youtube.com"/>
While he respects that skepticism and atheism are two separate social movements, he sees atheism as a subset of skepticism. He doesn't see why skepticism should not address religious claims, something that has become a point of controversy in the skeptic community. Dillahunty rhetorically asked, "how popular would psychics be, how popular would ghosts be, if there wasn't this monolithic idea that 70-80% of the population believe, that within each of us is an eternal soul that leaves the body when we're dead and either goes on to some afterlife or lingers around here on the earth?...If you teach people about what we know, about what most likely happens when we die, they will strive to treat people better while they're alive, and their grief will be lessened because they understand reality." He admonished "don't just do skepticism with the goal of getting it right, do it with the goal of not being able to get it wrong." In an interview published by the [[Norwegian Humanist Association]], he said he doesn't see why religious claims about reality should be treated any differently by skeptics than conspiracy theories and allegations about [[alien visitation]].<ref>{{citation|title=Tåpelig av skeptikere å frede religion—Matt Dillahunty har omvendt mange amerikanere til ateisme. Men han er først og fremst skeptiker, og ser på ateisme er en nødvendig konsekvens.|work=Fritanke.no|trans_title="It is foolish for skeptics to spare religion": Matt Dillahunty has converted many Americans to atheism. But he is first and foremost a skeptic, and sees atheism is a necessary consequence.|publisher=[[Norwegian Humanist Association]]|date=October 9, 2014|language=Norwegian|url=http://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=9552|accessdate=2015-01-05}}</ref>

===Gumball analogy===
Dillahunty's explanation of the [[philosophical burden of proof]] is presented in his gumball analogy. For a hypothetical jar filled with a large number of gumballs, any positive claim about whether there were an odd or even number of gumballs would be dubious without further supporting evidence.<ref name=Burden>{{cite book|author1=Armin Navabi|editor1-last=Hise|editor1-first=Nicki|title=Why There Is No God|date=6 October 2014|publisher=Atheist Republic|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW2-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22matt+dillahunty%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5F88VezpCsqggwT49ICQAg&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22matt%20dillahunty%22&f=false|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> He also uses this analogy to demonstrate that the non-acceptance of one part of a true dichotomy does not necessarily indicate the acceptance of the contrary. That is to say if a person is not convinced that the number of gumballs in the jar is even, that doesn't mean they think that it's odd. He also regularly uses a courtroom analogy to make this point.

==Awards==
In 2011, Dillahunty was awarded the Atheist of the Year award, nicknamed the "Hitchie" for [[Christopher Hitchens]], by Staks Rosch writing for [[Examiner.com]].<ref>{{citation|title=Ex-evangelista recebe o prêmio de “ateu do ano”|trans_title=Ex-evangelist receives the Atheist of the Year award|work=Gospel Prime|language=Portuguese|url=http://noticias.gospelprime.com.br/ex-evangelista-recebe-o-premio-de-ateu-do-ano/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Staks|last=Rosch|title=The 2011 Hitchie Award winner is… | publisher=[[Examiner.com]] | work= Atheism Examiner| date=January 5, 2012|}}</ref> The award process, in which Rosch's readers voted for nominees he selected, was criticized by [[Greta Christina]] and [[Ophelia Benson]] for not including any women nominees.<ref>{{citation|title=What Makes a Great Atheist?|date=January 5, 2012 |first=Leah |last=Libresco | work=[[Patheos]] Catholic channel | url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/unequallyyoked/2012/01/what-makes-a-great-atheist.html}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tokenism Is Not Inclusivity|first=Greta |last=Christina|authorlink=Greta Christina|work=Greta Christina's blog|publisher=freethoughtblogs.com|date=January 5, 2012|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/greta/2012/01/05/tokenism-is-not-inclusivity/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Token women|work=Butterflies and Wheels (blog)|first=Ophelia |last=Benson|authorlink=Ophelia Benson|date=January 5, 2012|publisher=freethoughtblogs.com|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/butterfliesandwheels/2012/01/token-women/}}</ref>

He received the 2012 Catherine Fahringer Freethinker of the Year Award from the Freethinkers Association of Central Texas.<ref>{{citation|title=Freethinkers of Central Texas honors Matt Dillahunty | date=November 14, 2012|publisher=Atheist Community of Austin|url=http://www.atheist-community.org/news/news.php?id=139}}</ref>

==Reception==
He has received note in Christian publications ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'' and ''[[Christian Today]]'', and from the pro-[[intelligent design]] [[Discovery Institute]], for his activism.<ref name=Charisma/><ref>{{citation|title=Is Intelligent Design a Circular Argument? A Conversation with Atheist Activist Matt Dillahunty|author=Jonathan M. |work=Evolution News and Views|publisher=[[Discovery Institute]]'s [[Center for Science and Culture]]|location=[[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]|date=September 11, 2014|url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2014/09/is_intelligent_2089731.html}}</ref><ref name=Robertson>{{citation|journal=[[Christian Today]]|title=Should Christians be nice in dealing with nasty atheists?|first=David |last=Robertson |date=11 March 2014|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/should.christians.be.nice.in.dealing.with.nasty.atheists/36162.htm}}</ref> He was described by [[David Robertson (Free Church Minister)|David Robertson]] in ''[[Christian Today]]'' as one of the representatives of "[[New Atheism|New Atheist]] Fundamentalism".<ref name=Robertson/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{collist|2|
* {{Twitter|matt_dillahunty|Matt Dillahunty}}
* {{Facebook|pages/Matt-Dillahunty/355438852599|Matt Dillahunty}}
* {{YouTube|u=SansDeity|title= Matt Dillahunty}}
* {{IMDB name|5844231}}
* {{Twitch|mattdillahunty}}
* [http://www.atheist-experience.com/ ''The Atheist Experience'']
* {{YouTube|u=TheAtheistExperience|title= ''The Atheist Experience'' |link=no}}
* [http://ironchariots.org ''Iron Chariots'']
}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Dillahunty, Matt
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American activist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 31 March 1969
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dillahunty, Matt}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category:Atheism activists]]
[[Category:Atheist Community of Austin people]]
[[Category:American pro-choice activists]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:Former Baptists]]
[[Category:People from Austin, Texas]]

Collabora

2015-10-21T11:26:47Z

Callinus: add sentence on cloud/online groupware

{{Infobox company
|name = Collabora
|logo = [[File:COLLABORA LOGO.svg|Collabora Logo]]
|type = [[Private company limited by shares|Ltd.]]
|foundation = {{Start date|2005|07}} 
|founder = Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf and Robert Taylor
|location = Kett House, Station Road, CB1 2JH [[Cambridge]] - [[United Kingdom]] 
|locations = 
|key_people = Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf, Michael Meeks, Guy Lunardi
|area_served = Worldwide
|industry = Software Consulting, Software Products, Open Source
|products = [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy Communications framework]], [[GStreamer]], [[Webkit]], [[Blink_(layout_engine)|Blink]], [[DLNA]], [[LibreOffice]], [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]], [[PulseAudio]]
|services = [[Open source]] consultancy and engineering
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees = 84<ref>[http://people.collabora.com/ Collabora People]. People.collabora.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|caption = '''Open First'''
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.collabora.com}}
|dissolved =
|footnotes =
|intl = 
}}

'''Collabora''' is a global [[private company]] founded by Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf and Robert Taylor based in [[Cambridge, United Kingdom]], with offices in [[Cambridge]] and [[Montreal]]. Collabora's mission is to accelerate the adoption of [[open source]] technologies, methodologies and philosophy.<ref>[http://www.collabora.com/about/ About us]</ref> It does this by providing consultancy to companies who are deploying open source technologies in their products, by providing its own open source based products and through knowledge sharing activities such as training.<ref>https://www.collabora.com/services/training/</ref>

Collabora's initial focus was [[instant messaging]] (IM), [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) and [[videoconferencing]] technologies, but the company has since expanded its offering to include general multimedia, mobile web technologies, collaboration infrastructure, automotive infotainment platforms, graphics optimization, multimedia interoperability & [[productivity software]]. It is one of the main developers of [[LibreOffice]].<ref>http://www.collabora.co.uk/press/2007/10/collabora-expands-with-new-multimedia-division.html</ref><ref>https://www.collabora.com/press/2013/09/collabora-productivity-targets-a-marketplace-of-one-billion-desktops.html</ref><ref>http://betanews.com/2015/03/25/libreoffice-moves-to-the-cloud-to-take-on-office-online-and-google-docs/</ref>

Collabora's customers include many large IT corporations such as [[Nokia]], [[Samsung]], [[Intel]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Google]] and the [[Crown Commercial Service]].<ref>[http://www.collabora.co.uk/about/ About us]. Collabora. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/collabora-deal-will-provide-savings-on-open-source-office-software|title=Collabora deal will provide savings on Open Source office software|work=www.gov.uk}}</ref>

== Projects sponsored or founded by Collabora ==
* [[LibreOffice]]: Collabora Productivity sells support and development services on the office suite. The former [[SUSE]] development team joined Collabora in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collabora.com/press/2013/09/collabora-productivity-targets-a-marketplace-of-one-billion-desktops.html |title=Collabora Productivity targets a marketplace of one billion desktops |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.collabora.com/projects/libreoffice Collabora's LibreOffice Website]</ref>
The company announced a collaboration with [[IceWarp]] to work on LibreOffice Online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/03/libreoffice-in-the-browser-revealed-in-2011-finally-close-to-reality/|title=LibreOffice in the browser, revealed in 2011, finally close to reality|work=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://betanews.com/2015/03/25/libreoffice-moves-to-the-cloud-to-take-on-office-online-and-google-docs/|title=LibreOffice moves to the cloud to take on Office Online and Google Docs|work=BetaNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/uk-government-is-kicking-out-microsoft-office-and-adopts-libreoffice-494919.shtml|title=UK Government Kicks Out Microsoft Office and Adopts LibreOffice|author=Silviu Stahie|date=20 October 2015|work=softpedia}}</ref>
* [[GStreamer]] - a multimedia framework.
* [[D-Bus]] - an free and open-source inter-process communication (IPC) system.
* [[PulseAudio]] - a sound system for POSIX OSes used as the default audio server on most GNU/Linux open source distributions.
* [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland & Weston]] - Collabora employs major Wayland contributors such as Daniel Stone and [[Pekka Paalanen]] <ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/wayland/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref><ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/weston/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref>
* [[Linux kernel]] Bluetooth Subsystem - Collabora employs [[Gustavo Padovan]], the Linux kernel Bluetooth subsystem maintainer <ref>https://www.kernel.org/doc/linux/MAINTAINERS</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://padovan.org/blog/2010/10/bluetooth-subsystem-maintainership-change/|title=Bluetooth Subsystem maintainership change|work=Gustavo Padovan}}</ref> who also contributes to [[BlueZ]]<ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/bluez/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref>
* [[Farstream]] and [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy]] - a VoIP and collaboration framework created by Collabora founders. Includes the Empathy chat client.
* [[Pitivi]] and GES, a video editor for the [[free software]] desktop. Between 2008 and 2009, Collabora's Multimedia division worked on improving Pitivi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supporting Pitivi {{!}} Christian Schaller|url = https://blogs.gnome.org/uraeus/2008/10/09/supporting-pitivi/|website = blogs.gnome.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The GES library was initially created by Collabora in 2011 to provide video editing capabilities to the [[MeeGo]] platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitivi.org/videos/talks/meeconf-2011.webm}}</ref>
* [[Maynard (software)|Maynard]], a Weston shell

== See also ==
* [[Fluendo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.collabora.com/}}
* [http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org GStreamer]
* [http://www.bluez.org/ BlueZ]
* [http://wayland.freedesktop.org/ Wayland]
* [http://libreoffice.org/ LibreOffice]
* [http://pulseaudio.org/ PulseAudio]
* [http://telepathy.freedesktop.org/wiki/ Telepathy]
* [http://live.gnome.org/Empathy Empathy]

[[Category:Companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in Cambridge]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:LibreOffice]]

Collabora

2015-10-21T09:23:15Z

Callinus: Filled in 2 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Infobox company
|name = Collabora
|logo = [[File:COLLABORA LOGO.svg|Collabora Logo]]
|type = [[Private company limited by shares|Ltd.]]
|foundation = {{Start date|2005|07}} 
|founder = Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf and Robert Taylor
|location = Kett House, Station Road, CB1 2JH [[Cambridge]] - [[United Kingdom]] 
|locations = 
|key_people = Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf, Michael Meeks, Guy Lunardi
|area_served = Worldwide
|industry = Software Consulting, Software Products, Open Source
|products = [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy Communications framework]], [[GStreamer]], [[Webkit]], [[Blink_(layout_engine)|Blink]], [[DLNA]], [[LibreOffice]], [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]], [[PulseAudio]]
|services = [[Open source]] consultancy and engineering
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees = 84<ref>[http://people.collabora.com/ Collabora People]. People.collabora.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|caption = '''Open First'''
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.collabora.com}}
|dissolved =
|footnotes =
|intl = 
}}

'''Collabora''' is a global [[private company]] founded by Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf and Robert Taylor based in [[Cambridge, United Kingdom]], with offices in [[Cambridge]] and [[Montreal]]. Collabora's mission is to accelerate the adoption of [[open source]] technologies, methodologies and philosophy.<ref>[http://www.collabora.com/about/ About us]</ref> It does this by providing consultancy to companies who are deploying open source technologies in their products, by providing its own open source based products and through knowledge sharing activities such as training.<ref>https://www.collabora.com/services/training/</ref>

Collabora's initial focus was [[instant messaging]] (IM), [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) and [[videoconferencing]] technologies, but the company has since expanded its offering to include general multimedia, mobile web technologies, collaboration infrastructure, automotive infotainment platforms, graphics optimization, multimedia interoperability & [[productivity software]]. It is one of the main developers of [[LibreOffice]].<ref>http://www.collabora.co.uk/press/2007/10/collabora-expands-with-new-multimedia-division.html</ref><ref>https://www.collabora.com/press/2013/09/collabora-productivity-targets-a-marketplace-of-one-billion-desktops.html</ref>

Collabora's customers include many large IT corporations such as [[Nokia]], [[Samsung]], [[Intel]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Google]] and the [[Crown Commercial Service]].<ref>[http://www.collabora.co.uk/about/ About us]. Collabora. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/collabora-deal-will-provide-savings-on-open-source-office-software|title=Collabora deal will provide savings on Open Source office software|work=www.gov.uk}}</ref>

== Projects sponsored or founded by Collabora ==
* [[LibreOffice]]: Collabora Productivity sells support and development services on the office suite. The former [[SUSE]] development team joined Collabora in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collabora.com/press/2013/09/collabora-productivity-targets-a-marketplace-of-one-billion-desktops.html |title=Collabora Productivity targets a marketplace of one billion desktops |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.collabora.com/projects/libreoffice Collabora's LibreOffice Website]</ref>
* [[GStreamer]] - a multimedia framework.
* [[D-Bus]] - an free and open-source inter-process communication (IPC) system.
* [[PulseAudio]] - a sound system for POSIX OSes used as the default audio server on most GNU/Linux open source distributions.
* [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland & Weston]] - Collabora employs major Wayland contributors such as Daniel Stone and [[Pekka Paalanen]] <ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/wayland/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref><ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/weston/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref>
* [[Linux kernel]] Bluetooth Subsystem - Collabora employs [[Gustavo Padovan]], the Linux kernel Bluetooth subsystem maintainer <ref>https://www.kernel.org/doc/linux/MAINTAINERS</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://padovan.org/blog/2010/10/bluetooth-subsystem-maintainership-change/|title=Bluetooth Subsystem maintainership change|work=Gustavo Padovan}}</ref> who also contributes to [[BlueZ]]<ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/bluez/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref>
* [[Farstream]] and [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy]] - a VoIP and collaboration framework created by Collabora founders. Includes the Empathy chat client.
* [[Pitivi]] and GES, a video editor for the [[free software]] desktop. Between 2008 and 2009, Collabora's Multimedia division worked on improving Pitivi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supporting Pitivi {{!}} Christian Schaller|url = https://blogs.gnome.org/uraeus/2008/10/09/supporting-pitivi/|website = blogs.gnome.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The GES library was initially created by Collabora in 2011 to provide video editing capabilities to the [[MeeGo]] platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitivi.org/videos/talks/meeconf-2011.webm}}</ref>
* [[Maynard (software)|Maynard]], a Weston shell

== See also ==
* [[Fluendo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.collabora.com/}}
* [http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org GStreamer]
* [http://www.bluez.org/ BlueZ]
* [http://wayland.freedesktop.org/ Wayland]
* [http://libreoffice.org/ LibreOffice]
* [http://pulseaudio.org/ PulseAudio]
* [http://telepathy.freedesktop.org/wiki/ Telepathy]
* [http://live.gnome.org/Empathy Empathy]

[[Category:Companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in Cambridge]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:LibreOffice]]

Collabora

2015-10-21T09:22:09Z

Callinus: crown commercial service

{{Infobox company
|name = Collabora
|logo = [[File:COLLABORA LOGO.svg|Collabora Logo]]
|type = [[Private company limited by shares|Ltd.]]
|foundation = {{Start date|2005|07}} 
|founder = Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf and Robert Taylor
|location = Kett House, Station Road, CB1 2JH [[Cambridge]] - [[United Kingdom]] 
|locations = 
|key_people = Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf, Michael Meeks, Guy Lunardi
|area_served = Worldwide
|industry = Software Consulting, Software Products, Open Source
|products = [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy Communications framework]], [[GStreamer]], [[Webkit]], [[Blink_(layout_engine)|Blink]], [[DLNA]], [[LibreOffice]], [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]], [[PulseAudio]]
|services = [[Open source]] consultancy and engineering
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees = 84<ref>[http://people.collabora.com/ Collabora People]. People.collabora.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|caption = '''Open First'''
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.collabora.com}}
|dissolved =
|footnotes =
|intl = 
}}

'''Collabora''' is a global [[private company]] founded by Robert McQueen, Philippe Kalaf and Robert Taylor based in [[Cambridge, United Kingdom]], with offices in [[Cambridge]] and [[Montreal]]. Collabora's mission is to accelerate the adoption of [[open source]] technologies, methodologies and philosophy.<ref>[http://www.collabora.com/about/ About us]</ref> It does this by providing consultancy to companies who are deploying open source technologies in their products, by providing its own open source based products and through knowledge sharing activities such as training.<ref>https://www.collabora.com/services/training/</ref>

Collabora's initial focus was [[instant messaging]] (IM), [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) and [[videoconferencing]] technologies, but the company has since expanded its offering to include general multimedia, mobile web technologies, collaboration infrastructure, automotive infotainment platforms, graphics optimization, multimedia interoperability & [[productivity software]]. It is one of the main developers of [[LibreOffice]].<ref>http://www.collabora.co.uk/press/2007/10/collabora-expands-with-new-multimedia-division.html</ref><ref>https://www.collabora.com/press/2013/09/collabora-productivity-targets-a-marketplace-of-one-billion-desktops.html</ref>

Collabora's customers include many large IT corporations such as [[Nokia]], [[Samsung]], [[Intel]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Google]] and the [[Crown Commercial Service]].<ref>[http://www.collabora.co.uk/about/ About us]. Collabora. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref><ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/news/collabora-deal-will-provide-savings-on-open-source-office-software</ref>

== Projects sponsored or founded by Collabora ==
* [[LibreOffice]]: Collabora Productivity sells support and development services on the office suite. The former [[SUSE]] development team joined Collabora in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collabora.com/press/2013/09/collabora-productivity-targets-a-marketplace-of-one-billion-desktops.html |title=Collabora Productivity targets a marketplace of one billion desktops |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.collabora.com/projects/libreoffice Collabora's LibreOffice Website]</ref>
* [[GStreamer]] - a multimedia framework.
* [[D-Bus]] - an free and open-source inter-process communication (IPC) system.
* [[PulseAudio]] - a sound system for POSIX OSes used as the default audio server on most GNU/Linux open source distributions.
* [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland & Weston]] - Collabora employs major Wayland contributors such as Daniel Stone and [[Pekka Paalanen]] <ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/wayland/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref><ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/weston/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref>
* [[Linux kernel]] Bluetooth Subsystem - Collabora employs [[Gustavo Padovan]], the Linux kernel Bluetooth subsystem maintainer <ref>https://www.kernel.org/doc/linux/MAINTAINERS</ref><ref>http://padovan.org/blog/2010/10/bluetooth-subsystem-maintainership-change/</ref> who also contributes to [[BlueZ]]<ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/bluez/contributors?query=&sort=commits</ref>
* [[Farstream]] and [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy]] - a VoIP and collaboration framework created by Collabora founders. Includes the Empathy chat client.
* [[Pitivi]] and GES, a video editor for the [[free software]] desktop. Between 2008 and 2009, Collabora's Multimedia division worked on improving Pitivi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supporting Pitivi {{!}} Christian Schaller|url = https://blogs.gnome.org/uraeus/2008/10/09/supporting-pitivi/|website = blogs.gnome.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The GES library was initially created by Collabora in 2011 to provide video editing capabilities to the [[MeeGo]] platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitivi.org/videos/talks/meeconf-2011.webm}}</ref>
* [[Maynard (software)|Maynard]], a Weston shell

== See also ==
* [[Fluendo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.collabora.com/}}
* [http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org GStreamer]
* [http://www.bluez.org/ BlueZ]
* [http://wayland.freedesktop.org/ Wayland]
* [http://libreoffice.org/ LibreOffice]
* [http://pulseaudio.org/ PulseAudio]
* [http://telepathy.freedesktop.org/wiki/ Telepathy]
* [http://live.gnome.org/Empathy Empathy]

[[Category:Companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in Cambridge]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:LibreOffice]]

Charlie Charlie Challenge

2015-10-05T02:22:07Z

Callinus: Reverted to revision 684165150 by I dream of horses (talk): Unsourced. (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Charlie Charlie Challenge.jpg|thumb|Basic set up for the two pencil game, with the top pencil so precariously balanced that it will move with minor wind gusts]]
The '''"Charlie Charlie" game''' is a modern incarnation of a Spanish [[paper-and-pencil game]] called ''Juego de la Lapicera'' (game of the pens). Like a [[Magic 8-Ball]], the game is played by teenagers using [[Stationery|school supplies]] to produce answers to questions they ask. Teenage girls have played ''Juego de la Lapicera'' for generations in Spain and [[Hispanic America]], asking which boys in their class fancy them.<ref name=mail/>
Originally described on the internet in 2008,<ref name=emery1/> the game was popularized in the [[English-speaking world]] in 2015, partly through the [[hashtag]] #CharlieCharlieChallenge.<ref name=griffin1/><ref name=time>{{cite web|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Esther|title=Here’s Why People Are Freaking Out Over the Charlie Charlie Challenge|url=http://time.com/3897606/charlie-charlie-challenge/|work=Time|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> On 29 April 2015, an alarmist [[tabloid television]] newscast about the game being played in [[Hato Mayor Province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] was uploaded to YouTube, and the unintentional humor in the report led to the game trending on Twitter, crossing the [[language barrier]] to be played around the world.<ref name=post>{{cite news|last1=Dewey|first1=Caitlin|title=The complete, true story of Charlie Charlie, the 'demonic' teen game overtaking the Internet|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/05/26/the-complete-true-story-of-charlie-charlie-the-demonic-teen-game-overtaking-the-internet/|accessdate=28 May 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21nnsHkvkRM|title=Juego supuestamente satánico denominado Charlie – Charlie es practicado en Hato Mayor|work=Telenoticias 11/Youtube}}</ref>

==Game==
===Four pencils===
In an early version of the game, two players each hold two pencils in the shape of a square, pressing the ends of their pencils against the other player's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3096964/Children-sharing-social-media-videos-try-summon-Mexican-demon-new-Charlie-Charlie-Challenge.html|quote=There is also a two-person version of the game that uses six pencils.|title=Creepy 'Charlie Charlie Challenge' spreads across Twitter as children urge each other to 'summon Mexican demon'|work=Daily Mail|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> Like a [[Ouija]] board, it uses the [[ideomotor phenomenon]], with players moving the pencils without conscious control.<ref name=vox>{{cite web|url=http://www.vox.com/2015/6/5/8735481/charlie-charlie-challenge-explanation|title="Charlie, Charlie, are you there?" Why teens are summoning demons, explained.|date=5 June 2015|author=Phil Edawards|work=Vox}}</ref><ref name=livescience>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/51069-charlie-charlie-challenge-explained.html|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: Can You Really Summon a Demon?|work=Livescience|date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

===Two pencils===
The two pencil game involves crossing two pens or pencils to create a grid (with sectors labelled "yes" and "no") and then asking questions of a "supernatural entity" named "Charlie". The upper pencil is then expected to rotate to indicate the answer to such questions. The first question everyone asks by speaking into the pencils is "can we play?"<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge – what is the spooky craze, and what is the explanation for it?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11628862/Charlie-Charlie-Challenge-what-is-it-what-is-the-explanation.html|accessdate=28 May 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

The top pencil is precariously balanced on a central pivot point, meaning that it can easily rotate on the pivot due to slight wind gusts, or the breathing of players expecting the pencil to move.<ref name=scishow>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfuhFlSGunM|title=The Truth About the Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=[[SciShow]]}}</ref><ref name=mail/><ref name=griffin1/>

==Reactions==
In Spain, teenage girls have played ''Juego de la Lapicera'' for generations in school playgrounds and sleepovers, asking which boys in their class fancied them.<ref name=mail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3116725/Children-hospitalised-mass-hysteria-mysterious-bruises-Mexican-demon-video-Dominican-Republic-spawned-satanic-Charlie-Charlie-game-sending-teenagers-panic-world.html|title=How a video in the Dominican Republic spawned the 'satanic' Charlie Charlie game sending teenagers into a panic across the world|date=10 June 2015|work=Daily Mail}}</ref> In Colombia, four teenage girls were sent to a hospital in [[Tunja]] and quickly released with a diagnosis of [[mass hysteria]].<ref>http://colombiareports.com/charlie-charlie-challenge-sends-4-hysteric-teens-to-hospital-in-central-colombia/</ref>

According to Caitlyn Dewey of ''The Washington Post,'' this game is valuable as an example of cross-cultural viral trends: <blockquote>Charlie makes a killer case study in virality and how things move in and out of languages and cultures online. You'll notice, for instance, a lot of players and reporters talking about the game as if it were new, when it's actually—and more interestingly, I think—an old game that has just recently crossed the language divide.<ref name="post"/></blockquote> Maria Elena Navez of [[BBC Mundo]] said "There's no demon called 'Charlie' in Mexico," and suggested that Mexican demons with English names (rather than, say, "Carlitos") are "usually American inventions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-32887325|title=Where did Charlie Charlie Challenge come from?|publisher=BBC|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Urban legend]] expert David Emery says that some versions of the game have copied the ghost story [[La Llorona]], popular in [[Hispanic America]], but the pencil game is not a Mexican tradition.<ref name=emery1>{{cite web|url=http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/horrors/fl/Charlie-Charlie-Challenge_2.htm|title=What's the Charlie Charlie Challenge, and Why Does It Freak People Out?|work=About.com Entertainment/Urban Legends|author=David Emery|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Joseph Laycock, a professor of religious studies at Texas State University argued that while Charlie is "most often described as a “Mexican ghost,” it appears that Christian critics reframed the game as Satanic almost immediately" due to their desire to "claim a monopoly on wholesome encounters with the supernatural."<ref name=rdlaycock>{{cite web|url=http://religiondispatches.org/the-charlie-charlie-challenge-and-teenage-yearning-for-supernatural-encounters/|title=The ‘Charlie Charlie Challenge’ and Teenage Yearning for Supernatural Encounters|work=Religion Dispatches|date=15 June 2015|author=Joseph Laycock}}</ref>

Psychological [[suggestion]] can lead people to expect a particular response, which can result in thoughts and behaviors that will help bring the anticipated outcome to fruition – for instance by breathing more heavily.<ref name=livescience/> Christopher French, head of the [[anomalistic psychology]] research unit at the [[University of London]] says that human [[agent detection]] leads people to see patterns in random events and perceive an intelligence behind them. He argues that divination games involve [[magical thinking]], saying "Often the 'answers' received [in divination games] might be vague and ambiguous, but our inherent ability to find meaning—even when it isn't there—ensures that we will perceive significance in those responses and be convinced that an intelligence of some kind lay behind them."<ref name=livescience/> Kate Knibbs, writing in [[Gizmodo]] described the game as a "a Vine-ready pastiche of kitsch occultism" that "has the familiar pull of [[pareidolia]]" where people interpret patterns as having a meaning.<ref name=gizmodo>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com/2015/05/a-mexican-demon-named-charlie-is-the-internets-newest-urban-legend/|title=A Mexican Demon Named Charlie Is The Internet's Newest Urban Legend|work=Gizmodo|author=Kate Knibbs|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

Stuart Vyse, a psychology professor at [[Connecticut College]] argues that teenagers often go to see [[Paranormal fiction|paranormal movies]] in groups, and "There's a real social bonding aspect to this whole phenomenon,"<ref name=vox/> and "It's almost a developmental passage for some kids, to deal with things that are scary." Donald Saucier, a psychology professor at [[Kansas State University]] argues that teenagers go though "a period where social influence is very strong" and they are more prone to superstition. Stephen Schlozman, an assistant professor of psychiatry at [[Harvard Medical School]] said "I think kids are interested in the dares that aren't actually all that dangerous, but have that feeling of danger to them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/139957/charlie-charlie-science-behind-why-teens-brains-love-creepy-supernatural-games/|title=Why teen brains are wired to love 'Charlie Charlie' and the supernatural|publisher=fusion.net}}</ref> [[Sharon A. Hill|Sharon Hill]] argues that teenagers playing the game "overreact because of the peer situation."<ref name=sharonhill/>

Various media outlets described participants in the games as gullible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/charlie-charlie-challenge-heres-everything-5760769|quote=Brave (or gullible) participants must then repeat the words "Charlie, Charlie are you here" to summon a visit from a demon.|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: Here's everything you need to know about the bizarre internet craze|work=Mirror.ko.uk}}</ref><ref name=inquisitr>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/2117579/tweeting-christians-on-the-charlie-charlie-challenge-please-step-away-from-the-demon/|quote=In this one, two pencils are crossed over four squares. In each, the gullible participant writes 'yes' and 'no.'|title=Tweeting Christians On The 'Charlie Charlie Challenge': Please, Step Away From The Demon|date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Pastor Carl Gallups told [[WPTF]] news radio "I have done some experiments with this, and I think people are being punked. On my desk in front of me, I have the two pencils set up and the one on the top that is balanced is easily moved by just a puff of air."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2015/06/10/charlie-charlie-game-summoning-mexican-demon-goes-viral-causing-damage-real-and/|title='Charlie Charlie' game summoning Mexican demon goes viral, causing damage real and fake|date=10 June 2015|work=Fox News Latino}}</ref> He continued, "I held my phone up to pretend like I was filming it and just started breathing a little heavy, but it's indiscernible to anybody around, and the pencil just moves so easily." Fred Clark and [[Rebecca Watson]] liken the phenomenon of pencils moving on a desk to [[James Hydrick]]'s debunked claim that he could move a pencil on a desk by [[psychokinesis]].<ref name=slacktivist>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/slacktivist/2015/05/29/the-charliecharliechallenge-doesnt-lead-to-demonic-possession-but-it-can-nurture-credulity-and-willful-ignorance-which-is-worse/|title=The ‘CharlieCharlieChallenge’ doesn’t lead to demonic possession — but it can nurture credulity and willful ignorance, which is worse|author=Fred Clark|date=29 May 2015|work=Patheos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepchick.org/2015/05/charlie-charlie-the-science-of-summoning-demons-with-pencils-for-fun-and-profit/|title=Charlie Charlie: The Science of Summoning Demons with Pencils for Fun and Profit|work=Skepchick|author=[[Rebecca Watson]]|date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

Andrew Griffin wrote in ''[[The Independent]]'' that the game is "perhaps scarier than a Ouija board because it doesn't have the same explanations. With those boards, players have to keep hold of a glass while it moves around the table—so it's not difficult to imagine that people might be pushing it around without knowing it."<ref name=griffin1>{{cite web|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge explained: it's just gravity—not a Mexican demon being summoned|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/weird-news/charlie-charlie-challenge-explained-its-not-a-mexican-demon-being-summoned--its-gravity-10276557.html|work=The Independent|date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

The Racket Report, a parody website that describes itself as "not intended to communicate any true or factual information"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theracketreport.com/contact-us/about-us/|title=About Us|work=The Racket Report(satire)}}</ref> has invented the claim that 500 "mysterious" deaths resulted from playing the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hoax-busted-reports-mysterious-deaths-after-playing-charlie-charlie-challenge-are-false-635030|title=Hoax Busted: Reports of Mysterious Deaths After Playing Charlie Charlie Challenge are False|work=International Business Times India|date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Fiji Sun]] has reported claims made by the satire website as news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/06/year-1-and-2-students-play-charlie-charlie/|title=Year 1 And 2 Students Play ‘Charlie Charlie’|work=Fiji Sun|date=6 June 2015|archivedate=15 Feb 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204145/http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/06/year-1-and-2-students-play-charlie-charlie/|quote=The Racket Report reported online that Charlie Charlie is a dangerous new game going viral and is said to conjure up a group of Mexican demons. “It is considered a mash up of the Ouija board and bloody Mary, but this game is physically injuring its participants. The game, which was believed to be of demonic spirits, leads to scaring children who play the game and can even lead to suicide for those who get possessed by the spirit,” The Racket Report said.}}</ref> The Fijian Ministry of Education has banned the game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/10/schools-crack-down-on-charlie-charlie/|title=Schools Crack Down On Charlie Charlie|work=10 June 2015|work=Fiji Sun}}</ref> and three Fijian teachers in [[Tavua, Fiji|Tavua]] were taken to a police station for questioning over allegations they forced their students play the game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijione.tv/three-teachers-in-tavua-allegedly-let-students-play-the-charlie-charlie-game/|title=Three teachers in Tavua allegedly let students play the “Charlie Charlie” game|work=Fiji One News|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=309798|title=Teachers probed over Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=Fiji Times Online|date=14 June 2015}}</ref> before being cleared of all charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/30391/teachers-cleared-of-criminal-offence-for-charlie-charlie-game-|title=Teachers cleared of criminal offence for Charlie Charlie game|work=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=16 Jun 2015}}</ref>

Kate Knibbs writes that "once the paranormal fad went viral, it didn’t take long for Christian fearmongers to warn against calling on the nefarious spirit world."<ref name=gizmodo/> [[Pat Robertson]] denounced the Charlie Charlie challenge as demonic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9yxWbYy07Q|title=RWW News: Pat Robertson Warns Against 'Charlie Charlie Challenge'|date=29 May 2015|publisher=People for the American Way}}</ref> Various [[exorcist]]s<ref name=cna>{{cite news|title=Is 'Charlie Charlie' a harmless game? Exorcist says absolutely not|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/is-charlie-charlie-a-harmless-game-exorcist-says-absolutely-not-49686/|publisher=Catholic News Agency}}</ref> have promoted the idea that the game causes [[spirit possession]], along with Muslims in [[Jamaica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20150605/islamic-community-condemns-charlie-charlie-challenge|title=Islamic Community Condemns Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=Jamaica Gleaner}}</ref> and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-students-warned-against-playing-charlie-charlie-ghost-game|title=UAE students warned against playing 'Charlie, Charlie' ghost game|author=Rezan Oueiti|work=The National|location=Abu Dhabi}}</ref>

David Emery argues [[Occam's razor|parsimoniously]] that when simple scientific explanations "can sufficiently explain why a phenomenon occurs, there's no reason to assume supernatural forces are at work." Despite simple scientific explanations being offered by [[Science journalism|science journalists]],<ref name=griffin1/><ref name=cnet>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/au/news/sorry-charlie-its-a-not-a-demon-thats-controlling-the-charlie-charlie-challenge/|title=Sorry, Charlie: The Charlie Charlie Challenge is less spooky than they say|work=CNET|author=Danny Gallagher|date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=scishow/><ref name=sharonhill>{{cite web|url=http://doubtfulnews.com/2015/05/childs-play-charlie-charlie-challenge-is-same-old-same-old/|title=Child’s Play: Charlie Charlie Challenge is same old same old... |work=Doubtful News|date=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=snopes>{{cite web|url=http://m.snopes.com/2015/06/02/charlie-charlie-challenge-viral-marketing-hoax/|title=Was the Charlie Charlie Challenge Really a Viral Marketing Hoax?|work=Snopes|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> these are less readily available in mainstream news outlets.

==In popular culture==
The producers of the horror film ''[[The Gallows]]'' promoted their film on the [[bandwagon effect|bandwagon]] of the game, releasing a [[Publicity|video clip]] featuring the game.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: everyone on the internet thinks it’s a marketing stunt, but it probably isn't|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/charlie-charlie-challenge-everyone-on-the-internet-thinks-its-a-marketing-stunt-but-it-probably-isnt-10289424.html|accessdate=2 June 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref> In addition to the film ''The Gallows'', Charlie Charlie and the media reaction were featured in June 2015 entries of the webcomic ''[[Something Positive]]''.

==See also==
*[[Bloody Mary (folklore)]]
*[[Magic 8-ball]]
*[[Paper fortune teller]]
*[[Paul the Octopus]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Challenges]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Paper-and-pencil games]]
[[Category:Divination]]
[[Category:Mass hysteria]]

Religionsfreiheit in China

2015-10-04T23:02:05Z

Callinus: /* Legal framework */ WP:NPOV, WP:EGG - change wikilink to destination title

'''Freedom of religion in China''' is provided for by the [[Constitution of China|country's constitution]],<ref name=constitution>[[Constitution of China]], Chapter 2, Article 36.</ref> with an important caveat. Namely, the government protects what it calls "normal religious activity," defined in practice as activities that take place within government-sanctioned religious organizations and registered places of [[worship]]. Human rights bodies have criticized this differentiation as falling short of international standards for the protection of religious freedom.<ref name=CECC2011>Congressional-Executive Commission on China, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130213223223/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt11/AR2011final.pdf Annual Report 2011], Oct 2011.</ref>

[[China]]'s five officially sanctioned religious organizations are the [[Buddhist Association of China]], [[Chinese Taoist Association]], [[Islamic Association of China]], [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] and [[Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association]]. These groups are afforded a degree of protection, but are subject to restrictions and controls under the [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]]. Unregistered religious groups—including [[Chinese house church|house churches]], [[Falun Gong]], [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]], underground [[Catholics]], and [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] Muslims—face varying degrees of harassment, including imprisonment, torture, and [[forced conversion|forced religious conversion]].<ref name=CECC2011/>

== Legal framework ==

The article 36 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]] of 1982 specify that:
{{Block quote|Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.<ref>[http://en.people.cn/constitution/constitution.html English translation of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China of 1982] (page visited on 20 February 2015).</ref>}}

This protection is extended only to what is called "normal religious activities," generally understood to refer to religions that submit to state control via the State Administration for Religious Affairs.<ref name=IRFR2010/> The Constitution further forbids the use of religion to "engage in activities that disrupt social order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious organizations and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign dominance.”<ref name=constitution/>

The law affords protection to five officially sanctioned religions: the [[Buddhist Association of China]], [[Chinese Taoist Association]], [[Islamic Association of China]], [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] and [[Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association]]. Religious groups are required to register with the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA, formerly known as the central Religious Affairs Bureau) or its provincial and local offices (still known as Religious Affairs Bureaus (RABs)). SARA and the RABs are responsible for monitoring and judging the legitimacy of religious activity.

Proselytizing is only permitted in private settings or within registered houses of worship. Proselytization in public, in unregistered churches or temples, or by foreigners is prohibited.<ref name=IRFR2010/> Members of the [[Communist Party of China]] are strongly discouraged from holding religious faith.<ref>Xinhua News Agency, [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90785/7681240.html 'CPC members shall not believe in religion: senior official'], 19 Dec 2011.</ref>

A significant number of non-sanctioned churches and temples exist, attended by locals and foreigners alike. Unregistered or underground churches are not officially banned, but are not permitted to openly conduct religious services. These bodies may face varying degrees of interference, harassment, and persecution by state and party organs. In some instances, unregistered religious believers and leaders have been charged with "illegal religious activities" or "disrupting social stability."<ref name=IRFR2010/> Religious believers have also been charged under article 300 of the criminal code, which forbids using heretical organizations to "undermine the implementation of the law."<ref name="Amnesty1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/011/2000/en/7a361a8e-df70-11dd-acaa-7d9091d4638f/asa170112000en.html |title=China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organizations'|date=23 March 2000|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> An extrajudicial, Communist Party-led security organ called the [[6-10 Office]] oversees the suppression of Falun Gong and, increasingly, other unregistered religious organizations.<ref name=Jamestown>Sarah Cook and Leeshai Lemish, [http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38411&cHash=2dff246d80ffd78112de97e280ce9725 ‘The 610 Office:Policing the Chinese Spirit’], China Brief , Volume 11 Issue 17 (9 November 2011).</ref><ref name=CECC2009>Congressional-Executive Commission on China, [http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt09/CECCannRpt2009.pdf ‘Annual Report 2009’], 10 October 2009</ref>

Folk religions, though not officially protected, are sometimes tolerated by authorities. The State Administration for Religious Affairs has created a department to oversee the management of folk religion.<ref>United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, [http://www.uscirf.gov/images/book%20with%20cover%20for%20web.pdf Annual Report 2011], May 2011.</ref>

==Christianity==
{{Main|Christianity in China}}
Christianity has had a presence in China dating as far back as the [[Tang dynasty]], and accumulated a following in China with the arrival of large numbers of missionaries during the [[Qing dynasty]]. Missionaries were expelled from China in 1949 when the Communist Party came to power, and the religion was associated with Western imperialism. However, Christianity experienced a resurgence of popularity since the reforms under [[Deng Xiaoping]] in the late 1970s and 1980s. By 2011, approximately 60 million Chinese citizens were estimated to be practicing Protestantism or Catholicism. The majority of these do not belong to the state-sanctioned churches.<ref name=Gardam>Tim Gardam, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14838749 Christians in China: Is the country in spiritual crisis?] BBC, 11 Sept 2011.</ref>

Religious practices are still often tightly controlled by government authorities. Chinese over age 18 in Mainland China are permitted to be involved with officially sanctioned Christian meetings through the [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]] or the [[Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]]s.

===Roman Catholicism===
{{Main|Roman Catholicism in China}}
[[File:Catholic Church Cizhong Yunnan China.jpg|thumb|right|A Roman Catholic church by the Lancang (Mekong) River at Cizhong, Yunnan Province, China]]
China is home to an estimated 12 million Catholics, the majority of whom worship outside the official [[Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]] (CPA). The State Administration for Religious Affairs states that there are 5.3 million Catholics belonging to the official Catholic Patriotic Association, which oversees 70 bishops, and approximately 6,000 churches nationwide.<ref name=IRFR2010>U.S Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148863.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2010: China], 17 Nov 2010.</ref> In addition, there are roughly 40 bishops unordained by the CPA who operate unofficially, and recognize the authority of the Vatican.<ref name=IRFR2010/>

The state-sanctioned church appoints its own bishops, and as with all official religious, exercises control over the doctrine and leadership of the religion.<ref name=CECC2011/> As a matter of maintaining autonomy and rejecting foreign intervention, the official church has no official contact with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]], and does not recognize its authority. However, the CPA has allowed for unofficial Vatican approval of ordinations. Although the CPA continues to carry out ordinations opposed by the Holy See, the majority of CPA bishops are now recognized by both authorities.<ref name=Gardam/> In addition to overseeing the practice of the Catholic faith, the CPA espouses politically oriented objectives as well. [[Liu Bainian]], chairman of the CPA and the Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church in China, stated in a 2011 interview that the church needed individuals who "love the country and love religion: politically, they should respect the Constitution, respect the law, and fervently love the socialist motherland.’’<ref name=CECC2011/>

Some Catholics who recognize the authority of the Holy See choose to worship clandestinely due to the risk of harassment from authorities. Several underground Catholic bishops have been reported disappeared or imprisoned, and harassment of unregistered bishops and priests is common.<ref name=IRFR2010/> There are reports of Catholic bishops and priests being forced by authorities to attend the ordination ceremonies for bishops who had not gained Vatican approval.<ref name=CECC2011/> Chinese authorities also have reportedly pressured Catholics to break communion with the Vatican by requiring them to renounce an essential belief in Roman Catholicism, the [[papal primacy|primacy]] of the Roman Pontiff. In other instances, however, authorities have permitted Vatican-loyal churches to carry out operations.<ref name=IRFR2010/>

===Protestantism===
{{Main|Protestantism in China}}
The [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]], National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Churches in China; the Three-Self Church) or "TSPM" is the government-sanctioned ("patriotic") [[Christian]] organization in China. Known in combination with the [[China Christian Council]] as the [[lianghui]], they form the only state-sanctioned ("registered") [[Protestant]] church in [[mainland China]]. All other Protestant denominations are illegal.

[[Chinese house church]]es are a religious movement of unregistered assemblies of [[Christian]]s in China, which operate independently of the government-run Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC) for Protestant groups and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA) and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC) for Catholics. They are also known as the "Underground" Church or the "Unofficial" Church, although this is somewhat of a misnomer as they are collections of unrelated individual churches rather than a single unified church. They are called "house churches" because as they are not officially registered organizations, they cannot independently own property and hence they meet in private houses, often in secret for fear of arrest or imprisonment.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q-7pfn04PxAC&pg=PA95&dq=falun+homosexuality&cd=7#v=onepage&q=house%20churches&f=false |title=Understanding modern East Asian politics
|first=Christian |last=Schafferer |year=2005 |isbn=1-59454-505-7}}</ref>

==Buddhism==

===Tibetan Buddhism===
{{Main|Tibetan Buddhism}}
[[File:IMG 1972 Sakya.jpg|thumb|right|Two young Tibetan Buddhists at the Sakya Monastery in southern Tibet]]
China took full control of [[Tibet]] in 1959. In the wake of the takeover and especially during the [[cultural revolution]] many [[Buddhist monastery|monasteries]] were destroyed and many [[monk]]s and laypeople killed. The [[14th Dalai Lama]] fled to India and has since ceded temporal power to an elected government-in-exile. The current [[Dalai Lama]] has attempted to negotiate with the Chinese authorities for greater autonomy and religious freedom for Tibet. As various high-ranking [[Lama]]s in the country have died, the authorities have proposed their own candidates on the religious authorities, which has led at times to rival claimants to the same position. In an effort to control this, the Chinese government passed a law in 2007 requiring a [[Reincarnation Application]] be completed and approved for all lamas wishing to reincarnate.<ref name="Daily">{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-08/04/content_5448242.htm|date=4 August 2007|title=Reincarnation of living Buddha needs gov't approval|publisher=China Daily|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>

The present incarnation of the [[Panchen Lama]] is disputed. The Dalai Lama recognises [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]]; however, the Chinese government recognises [[Gyaincain Norbu]] as the incarnation of the 11th Panchen Lama.<ref>China Tibet Information Center [http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt/panchen/banchan.html The 11th Panchen]</ref> Exile Tibetan sources allege that Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was kidnapped by the Chinese government.<ref>BBC news, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4551425.stm Tibet's Missing Spiritual Guide], May 6, 2005</ref> The identity of the Panchen Lama is of critical importance{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} to Tibetan Buddhism because he is one of the authorities that must approve the next Dalai Lama.

==Taoism==
[[Taoism|Taoist]] practitioners are required to register with the state-controlled Chinese Taoist Association (CTA), which exercises control over religious doctrine and personnel.<ref name=CECC2011/> Local governments restrict the construction of Taoist temples and statues, and call for abandonment of practices they deem to be "superstitious" or "feudal." The CTA dictates the proper interpretation of Taoist doctrine, and exhorts Taoist practitioners to support the Communist Party and the state. For example, a Taoist scripture reading class held by the CTA in November 2010 required participants to ‘‘fervently love the socialist motherland [and] uphold the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.’’<ref name=CECC2011/>

==Islam==
[[File:Hui family eid.jpg|thumb|left|An ethnic Hui family celebrates Eid]]
The State Administration for Religious Affairs places the number of Muslims in China at approximately 21 million, while independent estimates suggest the number could be upwards of 50 million.<ref name=IRFR2010/> According to a 2000 census, 96 percent of 20.3 million reported Muslims belong to three ethnic groups: Hui, Uyghur, and Kazakh. Most Hui Muslims live in [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]], and [[Gansu]] provinces, while Uyghur Muslims are found predominantly in the [[Xinjiang]].<ref name=IRFR2010/>

The state-run [[Islamic Association of China]] (IAC) oversees the practice of Islam, though many Muslims worship outside the state system. The IAC regulates the content of sermons and interpretation of religious scripture, exercises control over the confirmation of religious leaders, and monitors overseas pilgrimages. In 2001, the IAC established a committee to ensure that scriptures were interpreted in a manner to serve the interests of the Chinese government and Communist Party.<ref name=CECC2011/>

Authorities in Xinjiang impose rigid controls over religious expression, particularly over Uyghurs. Human rights reports indicate that crackdowns on religion are frequently integrated into security campaigns.<ref name=CECC2011/> Authorities monitor mosques, restrict the observation of Ramadan by government officials and students, and enact campaigns to prevent Uyghur men from wearing beards.<ref name=CECC2011/> Uyghur Muslims worshiping independently have been detained and charged with conducting "illegal religious activities."<ref name=IRFR2010/>

However, the suppression of the Uyghurs has more to do with the fact that they are separatist, rather than Muslim. China banned a book titled "Xing Fengsu" ("Sexual Customs") which insulted Islam and placed its authors under arrest in 1989 after protests in Lanzhou and Beijing by Chinese [[Hui people|Hui]] Muslims, during which the Chinese police provided protection to the Hui Muslim protestors, and the Chinese government organized public burnings of the book.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989], p. 13.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bcsmAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw Gladney 1991], p. 2.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GomyOthrHjUC&pg=PA154&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bHDOVO75GMe7ggSL1oOwAg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Schein 2000], p. 154.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA66&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bHDOVO75GMe7ggSL1oOwAg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Gladney 2004], p. 66.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sQLiMYUk-nIC&pg=PA104&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bHDOVO75GMe7ggSL1oOwAg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Bulag 2010], p. 104.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=icZJJN0wYPcC&pg=PA257&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bHDOVO75GMe7ggSL1oOwAg&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Gladney 2005], p. 257.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WGOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dHLOVPb1BOjCsASe0YDADg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Gladney 2013], p. 144.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HH94dPJrkA4C&pg=PA79&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dHLOVPb1BOjCsASe0YDADg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Sautman 2000], p. 79.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA341&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dHLOVPb1BOjCsASe0YDADg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Gladney 1996], p. 341.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&pg=PA299&dq=xing+fengsu+sexual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dHLOVPb1BOjCsASe0YDADg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=xing%20fengsu%20sexual&f=false Lipman 1996], p. 299.</ref> The Chinese government assisted them and gave into their demands because Hui do not have a separatist movement, unlike the Uyghurs,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA581#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=China: a history|author=Harold Miles Tanner|year=2009|publisher=Hackett Publishing|location=|page=581|isbn=0-87220-915-6|page=610|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Hui Muslim protestors who violently rioted by vandalizing property during the protests against the book were let off by the Chinese government and went unpunished while Uyghur protestors were imprisoned.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA232&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o23OVLLEGoaxggTAj4TwBw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=sexual%20customs%20banned%20book&f=false Gladney 2004], p. 232.</ref>

[[File:Jiangwan Mosque - Eid Al-Adha.JPG|thumb|[[Eid al-Adha]] at [[Jiangwan Mosque]], [[Shanghai]].]]

In 2007, anticipating the coming "Year of the Pig" in the [[Chinese calendar]], depictions of pigs were banned from [[China Central Television|CCTV]] "to avoid conflicts with ethnic minorities".<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7213210|title= Ban Thwarts 'Year of the Pig' Ads in China|last= Lim|first= Louisa|date= 6 February 2007|publisher=National Public Radio}}</ref> This is believed to refer to China's population of 20 million [[Muslim]]s (to whom pigs are considered "[[Unclean animals|unclean]]").

In response to the 2015 [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] Chinese state-run media attacked Charlie Hebdo for publishing the cartoons insulting Muhammad, with the state-run ''[[Xinhua]]'' advocated limiting freedom of speech, while another state-run newspaper ''[[Global Times]]'' said the attack was "payback" for what it characterised as Western colonialism and accusing Charlie Hebdo of trying to incite a clash of civilizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/01/12/charlie-hebdo-attack-shows-need-for-press-limits-xinhua-says/|title=Charlie Hebdo Attack Shows Need for Press Limits, Xinhua Says|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/13/asia-pacific/beijing-jumps-onto-paris-attack-to-feed-state-propaganda-machine/|title=Beijing jumps onto Paris attack to feed state propaganda machine|work=Japan Times|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>

Different Muslim ethnic groups in different regions are treated differently by the Chinese government in regards to religious freedom. Religious freedom is present for Hui Muslims, who can practice their religion, build Mosques, and have their children attend Mosques, while more controls are placed specifically on Uyghurs in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004|issue=|author=Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations|editor=State Dept (U S )|others=Compiled by State Dept (U S )|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|date=|year=2005|publisher=Government Printing Office|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=04dlwzB2SvcC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=159–60|isbn=0160725526|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Since the 1980s Islamic private schools have been supported and permitted by the Chinese government among Muslim areas, only specifically excluding Xinjiang from allowing these schools because of separatist sentiment there.<ref name="VersteeghEid2005">{{cite book|author1=Kees Versteegh|author2=Mushira Eid|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA383|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-14473-6|pages=383–|quote=The People's Republic, founded in 1949, banned private confessional teaching from the early 1950s to the 1980s, until a more liberal stance allowed religious mosque education to resume and private Muslim schools to open. Moreoever, except in Xinjiang for fear of secessionist feelings, the government allowed and sometimes encouraged the founding of private Muslim schools in order to provide education for people who could not attend increasingly expensive state schools or who left them early, for lack of money or lack of satisfactory achievements.}}</ref>

Although religious education for children is officially forbidden by law in China, the Communist party allows Hui Muslims to violate this law and have their children educated in religion and attend Mosques while the law is enforced on Uyghurs. After secondary education is completed, China then allows Hui students who are willing to embark on religious studies under an Imam.<ref>[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003], p. 14.</ref> China does not enforce the law against children attending Mosques on non-Uyghurs in areas outside of Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004|issue=|author=Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations|editor=State Dept (U S )|others=Compiled by State Dept (U S )|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|date=|year=2005|publisher=Government Printing Office|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=04dlwzB2SvcC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=160|isbn=0160725526|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Szadziewski|first1=Henryk|title=Religious Repression of Uyghurs in East Turkestan|url=http://www.venninstitute.org/uncategorized/religious-repression-of-uyghurs-in-east-turkestan|website=Venn Institute|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>

Hui Muslims who are employed by the state are allowed to fast during Ramadan unlike Uyghurs in the same positions, the amount of Hui going on Hajj is expanding, and Hui women are allowed to wear veils, while Uyghur women are discouraged from wearing them.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Beech|first1=Hannah|title=If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival?|url=http://time.com/3099950/china-muslim-hui-xinjiang-uighur-islam/|accessdate=25 June 2015|agency=TIME magazine|date=Aug 12, 2014}}</ref>

Hui religious schools are allowed a massive autonomous network of mosques and schools run by a Hui Sufi leader was formed with the approval of the Chinese government even as he admitted to attending an event where Bin Laden spoke.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land|issue=|first=Gardner|last=Bovingdon|editor=|editor-first=|editor-last=|others=|edition=illustrated|date=|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NrtIa77Sj2IC&pg=PT90&dq=Hui+religious+leader+Sufi+sect+virtual+religious+state++acknowledging&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wSv2U-3lD-zksAT-yIFA&ved=0CCYQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hui%20religious%20leader%20Sufi%20sect%20virtual%20religious%20state%20%20acknowledging&f=false|pages=|isbn=0231519419|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>Savadove, Bill. 2005. [http://www.scmp.com/article/512501/faith-flourishes-arid-wasteland "Faith Flourishes in an Arid Wasteland; Muslim Sect in Ningxia Accepts Beijing's Authority and Is Allowed to Build a Virtual Religious State."] ''South China Morning Post'', August 17.</ref>

"The Diplomat" reported on the fact that while Uyghur's religious activities are curtailed, Hui Muslims are granted widespread religious freedom and that therefore the policy of the Chinese government towards Uyghurs in Xinjiang is not directed against Islam, but rather aggressively stamping out the Uyghur separatist threat.<ref>Crane, Brent. 2014. [http://thediplomat.com/2014/08/a-tale-of-two-chinese-muslim-minorities/ "A Tale of Two Chinese Muslim Minorities"]''The Diplomat'', August 22.</ref>

Uyghur views vary by the oasis they live in. China has historically favored Turpan and Hami. Uyghurs in Turfan and Hami and their leaders like Emin Khoja allied with the Qing against Uyghurs in [[Altishahr]]. During the Qing dynasty, China enfeoffed the rulers of Turpan and Hami (Kumul) as autonomous princes, while the rest of the Uyghurs in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin) were ruled by Begs.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false Rudelson & Rudelson 1997], p. 31.</ref> Uyghurs from Turpan and Hami were appointed by China as officials to rule over Uyghurs in the Tarim Basin. Turpan is more economically prosperous and views China more positively than the rebellious Kashgar, which is the most anti-China oasis. Uyghurs in Turpan are treated leniently and favourably by China with regards to religious policies, while Kashgar is subjected to controls by the government.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false Rudelson & Rudelson 1997], pp. 46-7.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=cQppAAAAMAAJ&q=Turpan+liberalization+religious&dq=Turpan+liberalization+religious&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NifdU7nqMdPfsATz7ICQBQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg ''Central Asia Monitor'' 1993], p. 19.</ref> In Turpan and Hami, religion is viewed more positively by China than religion in Kashgar and Khotan in southern Xinjiang.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3EWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false Mackerras 2003], p. 118.</ref> Both Uyghur and Han Communist officials in Turpan turn a blind eye to the law and allow religious Islamic education for Uyghur children.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=jTVjWTllOGgC&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false Svanberg & Westerlund 2012], p. 202.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false Rudelson & Rudelson 1997], p. 81.</ref> Celebrating at religious functions and going on Hajj to Mecca is encouraged by the Chinese government, for Uyghur members of the Communist party. From 1979-1989, 350 mosques were built in Turpan.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false Rudelson & Rudelson 1997], p. 129.</ref> Han, Hui, and the Chinese government are viewed much more positively by Uyghurs specifically in Turpan, with the government providing better economic, religious, and political treatment for them.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=jTVjWTllOGgC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false Svanberg & Westerlund 2012], p. 205.</ref>

The Uyghur terrorist organization [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]]'s magazine ''Islamic Turkistan'' has accused the Chinese "Muslim Brotherhood" (the [[Yihewani]]) of being responsible for the moderation of Hui Muslims and the lack of Hui joining terrorist jihadist groups in addition to blaming other things for the lack of Hui Jihadists, such as the fact that for more than 300 years Hui and Uyghurs have been enemies of each other, no separatist Islamist organizations among the Hui, the fact that the Hui view China as their home, and the fact that the "infidel Chinese" language is the language of the Hui.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zenn |first=Jacob |last2= |first2= |date=March 17, 2011  |title=Jihad in China? Marketing the Turkistan Islamic Party |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=37662&no_cache=1#.Vf3TiJdGQrc |journal=Terrorism Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=9|issue=11 |pages= |doi= |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Zenn |first= Jacob |last2= |first2= |date=February 2013 |title=Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown_articles_-_Terrorism_in_Central_Asia_February_2013.pdf |journal= |publisher= |volume= |issue= |page=57 |doi= |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>

==Falun Gong==
{{Main|Persecution of Falun Gong|History of Falun Gong}}

The Communist Party launched a campaign to "eradicate" [[Falun Gong]] on 20 July 1999. The suppression is characterised by multifaceted propaganda campaign, a program of enforced ideological conversion and re-education, and a variety of extralegal coercive measures such as arbitrary arrests, [[forced labor]], and physical [[torture]], sometimes resulting in death.<ref name="Amnesty1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/011/2000/en |title=China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called "heretical organizations"|date=23 March 2000|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref>

An extra-constitutional body called the [[6-10 Office]] was created to lead the suppression of Falun Gong.<ref name=CECC2008>Congressional-Executive Commission on China (31 October 2008) [http://www.cecc.gov/publications/annual-reports/2008-annual-report ‘Annual Report 2008’] Retrieved 24 December 2013.</ref> The authorities mobilized the state media apparatus, judiciary, police, army, the education system, families and workplaces against the group.<ref name=wildgrass>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Ian|title=Wild Grass: Three Portraits of Change in Modern China|year=2005|publisher=Vintage|location=New York, NY|isbn=0375719199|url=http://www.amazon.com/Wild-Grass-Portraits-Change-Modern/dp/0375719199}}</ref> The campaign is driven by large-scale propaganda through television, newspaper, radio and internet.<ref name=Leung>Leung, Beatrice (2002) 'China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era', Journal of Contemporary China, 11:33, 761 – 784</ref> There are reports of systematic torture,<ref name=heretical>(23 March 2000) [http://web.archive.org/web/20030711022606/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA170112000 The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called ''heretical organizations''], Amnesty International</ref><ref name=breaking>{{cite news|author=Philip Pan and John Pomfret|title=Torture is Breaking Falun Gong|newspaper= Washington Post|date= 5 August 2001| url=http://faluninfo.net/article/566/ | accessdate=10 April 2012 }}</ref> illegal imprisonment, forced labor, [[Persecution of Falun Gong#Organ harvesting|organ harvesting]]<ref name=orgharv/> and abusive psychiatric measures, with the apparent aim of forcing practitioners to recant their belief in Falun Gong.<ref>Mickey Spiegel (2002) [http://hrw.org/reports/2002/china "Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong"] Human Rights Watch</ref>

Foreign observers estimate that hundreds of thousands and perhaps millions of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained in "re-education through labor" camps, prisons and other detention facilities for refusing to renounce the spiritual practice.<ref name=CECC2008/><ref name=Departmentof>U.S. Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135989.htm 2009 Country Report on Human Rights: China (includes Hong Kong and Macau)]</ref> Former prisoners have reported that Falun Gong practitioners consistently received "the longest sentences and worst treatment" in labor camps, and in some facilities Falun Gong practitioners formed the substantial majority of detainees.<ref name=HumanRights>Human Rights Watch [http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china1205/6.htm V. Abuses Against Petitioners in Beijing] of report [http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china1205/ "We Could Disappear at Any Time"] December 2005</ref><ref>Leeshai Lemish, [http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2008/10/07/leeshai-lemish-the-games-are-over-the-persecution-continues.aspx "The Games are Over, the Persecution Continues"], National Post 7 October 2008</ref> As of 2009 at least 2,000 Falun Gong adherents had been tortured to death in the persecution campaign,<ref>Andrew Jacobs. [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/world/asia/28china.html 'China Still Presses Crusade Against Falun Gong'], New York Times, 27 April 2009.</ref> with some observers putting the number much higher.<ref name=Jay/>

===Organ Harvesting===
{{Main|Persecution of Falun Gong#Organ harvesting|Kilgour–Matas report}}
In 2006 allegations emerged that the vital organs of non-consenting [[Falun Gong]] practitioners had been used to supply China's organ tourism industry.<ref name=orgharv/><ref>[[Ethan Gutmann]] (24 November 2008) [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/824qbcjr.asp "China’s Gruesome Organ Harvest"] The Weekly Standard</ref> The [[Kilgour-Matas report]]<ref name=orgharv/> stated, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and "we believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners".<ref name=orgharv>[[David Kilgour]], [[David Matas]] (6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) [http://organharvestinvestigation.net An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China] (free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net</ref>

[[Ethan Gutmann]] interviewed over 100 witnesses on 4 continents and estimated that 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.<ref name=Jay>[[Jay Nordlinger]] (25 August 2014) [http://www.nationalreview.com/sites/default/files/nordlinger_gutmann08-25-14.html "Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China’s Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann"], National Review</ref><ref name=Slaughter>Ethan Gutmann (August 2014) [http://www.amazon.com/The-Slaughter-Killings-Harvesting-Dissident/dp/161614940X The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting and China’s Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem] p. 368 amazon.com</ref><ref>Barbara Turnbull (21 October 2014) [http://www.thestar.com/life/2014/10/21/qa_author_and_analyst_ethan_gutmann_discusses_chinas_illegal_organ_trade.html Q&A: Author and analyst Ethan Gutmann discusses China’s illegal organ trade] The Toronto Star</ref>

In 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since the year 2000".<ref>[http://www.theinformationdaily.com/2008/05/09/united-nations-human-rights-special-rapporteurs-reiterate-findings-on-chinas-organ-harvesting-from-falun-gong-practitioners "United Nations Human Rights Special Rapporteurs Reiterate Findings on China's Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners"], The Information Daily.com, 9 May 2008</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148863.htm
| title = International Religious Freedom Report 2010 - PRC
| accessdate = 2010-12-01
| author =
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =
| year =
| month =
| work =
| publisher = U.S. Department of State
| pages =
| language =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
}}
{{Religion in China}}
{{Asia topic|Freedom of religion in}}
{{Opposition to NRMs}}

[[Category:Religion in China]]
[[Category:Freedom of religion by country|China]]
[[Category:Human rights in China]]
[[Category:Torture in China]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-09-04T09:47:00Z

Callinus: WP:SOAP - doesn't need to validate any "official" perspectives

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=8 September 2015|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protesters carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is an [[activist]] movement in the United States that began in the wake of the July 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the Florida [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. The Black Lives Matter movement campaigns against what it calls [[police brutality in the United States]] against African-Americans. The group received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two unarmed African Americans, teenager [[shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] in [[Ferguson, Missouri]] and 43 year old [[Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]]; in both cases the grand jury did not indict the officers and no charges were brought. Several unarmed African Americans who died at the hands of law enforcement have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]] (whose death sparked the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]). Numerous media organizations have referred to it as "a new [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|civil rights movement]]."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref>

The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref> Although the three run a stable website and organization, the overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network, and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref> The movement reached national awareness with the [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]] in August 2014, although Garza, Cullors and Tometi were not initially involved in those events.<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref>

The shooting of Walter Scott by a white policeman was recorded by a bystander, who contacted a local activist involved with Black Lives Matter; they, in turn, contacted Scott's family to take possession of the video. Soon after the video was released to the public, the officer was arrested and charged with murder. The case is pending.<ref name=ABCNews.policeshooting>{{cite news|title=Police Shooting Witness Says He Saw Officer Drop Something by Walter Scott's Body|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|first= Meghan |last= Keneally |publisher= [[ABC News]] |accessdate=April 9, 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150409202903/http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|archivedate=April 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Description and events==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> The organization states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to what they view as [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[Statistics of incarcerated African-American males|mass incarceration of African-Americans]], and the [[militarization of police|militarization of many U.S. police departments]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by [[Alicia Garza]] and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[State v. Zimmerman|Trayvon Martin trial]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)] |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> [[Vida Johnson]] and other black professors support the movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=http://blackspaceblog.com/|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Sean Bell Protest NYC 2008-06-12 arrest.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sean Bell]] protest, 2008]] As of August 15, 2015, at least 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations had been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]
The "informal branch of Black Lives Matter in Ferguson" has been involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref> Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref> The movement tends to be skeptical of [[nonviolence]] and embraces a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref>

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!", and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle." The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

On August 19, 2015, Black Lives Matter issued a statement against the murder of black transgender women, titled "It's Time! Putting the T Back in Black."<ref>{{cite web|author=Monica Roberts |url=http://transgriot.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-08-22T00:00:00-05:00 |title=TransGriot |publisher=Transgriot.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2015-08-29}}</ref>

On August, 29, 2015, marchers using the Black Lives Matter banner were recorded in a 19-second video posted on Twitter showing marchers chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. The reference to police as "pigs" drew criticism from Dave Titus, president of the St. Paul Police Federation, who called the language "outrageous and disgusting".<ref>Gottfried, Mara. [http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police], ''St. Paul Pioneer Press'', August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</ref>

==Influence==

In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In a Twitter post, Black Lives Matter said, "If you really believe that all lives matter, you will fight like hell for Black lives."<ref>{{cite web|title=@Blklivesmatter|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/541159362610212866|website=http://twitter.com|accessdate=April 30, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' expressed support to the Black Lives Matter movement on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=Beast>{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center]] in [[Downtown Denver]]. At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in Phoenix demonstrators from Black Alliance for Just Immigration booed and shouted at Democratic presidential candidate [[Martin O'Malley]] when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." He later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

==List of deaths protested by Black Lives Matter==
{{POV-section|talk=Description and aftermath|date=August 2015}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="killed"
|-
! Link !! Date !! style="white-space:nowrap;"|Name (age) !! City, state !! Description and aftermath
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=State of the Black Union|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/state-of-the-black-union|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> || {{dts|2010|05|16}} || [[Death of Aiyana Jones|Aiyana Jones]] (7) || [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] || Shot by policeman Joseph Weekley during a house raid. Weekley was ultimately cleared of all charges after multiple mistrials.<ref>{{cite news |title = Charges Dropped Against Cop Who Shot Sleeping 7-Year-Old Girl|url = http://social.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/28/joseph-weekley-charges-dismissed-aiyana-stanley-jones_n_6566032.html|website = The Huffington Post|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=BAU>{{cite web|title=Black and unarmed.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/56266044551/caseybruce-black-and-unarmed-remember-the|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs|first1=Mike|title=Coming Together program explores deadly race issues in America|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/skokie/news/ct-skr-moving-targets-tl-0219-20150216-story.html |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2011|11|19}} || [[Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.|Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.]] (68) || [[White Plains, New York]] || Shot by policeman Anthony Carelli in Chamberlain's home. No criminal charges filed. Emergency services were drawn to Chamberlain's home after his medical alert device activated. Chamberlain refused to let them in, with police breaking down the door to enter.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rose Arce and Soledad O'Brien |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/03/justice/new-york-chamberlain-death |title=Police officer cleared in shooting death of ailing veteran in New York |publisher=CNN |date=May 4, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=All #BlackLivesMatter. This is Not a Moment, but a Movement|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nobody>{{cite news |last1=Williams|first1=Yohuru|title=You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yohuru-williams/youre-nobody-till-somebod_b_7167028.html|publisher=The Huffington Post |accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|02|26}} || [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|Trayvon Martin]] (17) || [[Sanford, Florida]] || [[Trayvon Martin]] was shot outdoors by [[neighborhood watch]] coordinator [[George Zimmerman]], who was later [[State of Florida v. George Zimmerman|charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Botelho|first = Greg|title = Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict|url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate = May 7, 2015|date = July 13, 2013|publisher = CNN}}</ref> Resulted in the speech "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]" by President [[Barack Obama]]. Directly inspired the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| <ref name=naked/><ref>{{cite web|title=Officer Who Killed Rekia Boyd Not Guilty of All Charges, Judge Rules|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/590235860882305024|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|March 2012}} || [[Shooting of Rekia Boyd|Rekia Boyd]] (22) || [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] || Shot by policeman Dante Servin after Servin confronted a group of people in a local park. A [[directed verdict]] found Servin not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.<ref>{{cite news|title = Chicago Police Detective Cleared of Manslaughter in Shooting Death|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/us/chicago-police-detective-cleared-of-manslaughter-in-shooting-death.html?_r=0|accessdate = April 28, 2015|work = NY Daily News|date = April 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref name=keynote/> || {{dts|2012|11|23}} || [[Shooting of Jordan Davis|Jordan Davis]] (17) || [[Jacksonville, Florida]] || Shot by software developer Michael David Dunn over an argument over loud music. Dunn was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole.<ref>{{cite news |title = Life without parole for loud-music murderer in Florida - CNN.com|url = http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/17/justice/michael-dunn-sentencing/index.html|website = CNN|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|title=Protests, arrests follow acquittal of Cleveland police officer|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/23/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|11|29}} || [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams|Multiple]]: Timothy Russell (43) Malissa Williams (30) || [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] || Both were shot during a car chase, each being hit more than 20 times. 13 policemen fired 137 shots into the car; the car chase stemmed from police thinking they were being shot at by the car's occupants, but no gun was found in the car and the sound was later determined to be due to the [[back-fire]] of the [[Chevrolet Malibu]]. Policeman Michael Brelo was charged with voluntary manslaughter, but was cleared in 2014. The judge found that because other policemen had also fired, it was not beyond reasonable doubt Brelo was responsible for killing the duo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/12/east_cleveland_police_shooting.html |title=Cleveland police-chase shooting: As more information emerges, so do the questions |newspaper=The Plain Dealer| accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32863458 | title=Cleveland arrests after US officer cleared of unarmed deaths | publisher=BBC News | date=May 24, 2015 | accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite news|last1=Katz|first1=Jonathan M.|title=Mistrial for Charlotte Police Officer in Death of Unarmed Black Man|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/us/charlotte-trial-jonathan-ferrell-police-officer-randall-kerrick.html|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|accessdate=August 27, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2013|09|14}} || [[Shooting of Jonathan Ferrell|Jonathan Ferrell]] (24) || [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] || Shot by policeman Randall Kerrick who was responding to a [[breaking and entering]] report. Ferrell was unarmed and had approached a house seeking help after a car accident. Kerrick was charged with voluntary manslaughter. On August 21, 2015, a [[mistrial]] was declared after the jury reached a deadlock.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://abc11.com/news/protests-in-charlotte-after-kerrick-mistrial/951156/ |title = Two arrested during Kerrick trial protests in Charlotte |publisher = [[WTVD]] |date = August 21, 2015 | accessdate= August 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooke|first1=Christina|title=Mistrial for officer and no justice for unarmed man: family vows to fight on|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/22/mistrial-officer-randall-kerrick-jonathan-ferrell-familiy-want-new-trial|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=August 27, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=I am Renisha McBride and my life matters|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/66895438889/download-poster-at-dignidadrebelde-com-seeking|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2013|11|02}} || [[Shooting of Renisha McBride|Renisha McBride]] (19) || [[Dearborn Heights, Michigan]] || Shot by airport maintenance worker Theodore Wafer, after McBride had approached Wafer's home on a rainy early morning after a car accident, seeking help. Wafer was sentenced to at least 17 years in jail for second-degree murder, manslaughter and felony firearm usage.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.yahoo.com/suburban-detroit-man-sentenced-fatal-porch-shooting-110641230.html|title = Tearful judge gives man 17 years for Michigan porch shooting|date = September 3, 2014|accessdate = May 7, 2015 |publisher = Yahoo! News |last = |first = }}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=From our family Young, Gifted and Black in Madison, WI.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408103392694245|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|04|30}} || [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton|Dontre Hamilton]] (31) || [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Christopher Manney, when a fight broke out when Manney attempted to frisk Hamilton. Although he did not face criminal charges, Manney was fired from the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-milwaukee-officer-not-charged-in-fatal-shooting-of-mentally-ill-man|title=Dontre Hamilton case: Former officer not charged in fatal Milwaukee shooting|date=December 22, 2014 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast>{{cite web|title=Activists blast NYPD attempts to silence movement for change|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/activists-blast-nypd-attempts-to-silence-movement-for-change/|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|07|17}} || [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] (43) || [[New York City]], [[New York]] || Died from a [[chokehold]] by policeman Daniel Pantaleo as well as the police's compression of Garner's chest. Garner was being arrested on the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Staten Island Man Died From Chokehold During Arrest, Autopsy Finds|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/nyregion/staten-island-man-died-from-officers-chokehold-autopsy-finds.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = August 1, 2014|access-date = May 8, 2015|issn = 0362-4331|first = Joseph|last = Goldstein|first2 = Marc|last2 = Santora}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=but john Crawford was shot dead in less than 4 seconds in the Walmart in Ohio. Didn't resist.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/548627110651510784|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|05}} || [[Shooting of John Crawford III|John Crawford III]] (22) || [[Dayton, Ohio]] || Shot by policeman Sean Williams when police answered a 911 call alleging a man waving a gun in a [[Walmart]] store. Crawford was holding a [[Air gun|pellet]]/[[BB gun]] being sold in the store itself. A grand jury declined to indict any policemen, but the United States Department of Justice is investigating.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/09/25/ohio-wal-mart-surveillance-video-shows-police-shooting-and-killing-john-crawford-iii/ |title=Ohio Wal-Mart surveillance video shows police shooting and killing John Crawford III |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= |author= |accessdate= December 14, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=oversight>{{cite web|last1=Fields|first1=Liz|title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police|url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter stands in solidarity and support with the Ferguson community in its call for #JusticeforMikeBrown and for all black people affected by state violence.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/ferguson|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|09}} || [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] (18) || [[Ferguson, Missouri]] || Shot by policeman Darren Wilson on a street. The two struggled through the window of Wilson's police vehicle, where Wilson shot Brown, who fled with Wilson pursuing. When Brown turned around and advanced on Wilson, Wilson shot Brown multiple times in the front. Both a St. Louis County grand jury and the United States Department of Justice decided not to charge Wilson.<ref>{{cite news |first=Holbrook |last=Mohr |first2=David A. |last2=Lieb |title=Feds: Evidence Backs Ferguson Officer's Account in Shooting |date=March 4, 2015 |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20150403031435/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archivedate=April 3, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Resulted in several waves of the [[Ferguson unrest]], as well as the "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]" saying.
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter Solidarity Justice For Ezell Ford & Fallen Angels Action Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/380671745437410?reply_comment_id=382197668618151&total_comments=1|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Branson-Potts|first1=Hailey|title=Police abuse, black-on-black violence focus of rally in South L.A.|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-0222-ezell-ford-rally-20150222-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|11}} || [[Shooting of Ezell Ford|Ezell Ford]] (25) || [[Florence, Los Angeles]] || Shot by policemen Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, who confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ktla.com/2014/08/13/man-fatally-shot-by-police-in-south-l-a-tried-to-grab-officers-gun-lapd/|title=Man Fatally Shot by Police in South L.A. Tried to Grab Officer's Gun: LAPD|date=August 13, 2014|accessdate=December 27, 2014|publisher=[[KTLA]]|first1=Melissa|last1=Pamer|first2=Nerissa|last2=Knight}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=A statement from members of the #BlackLivesMatter team|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/369845739853344|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Prupis|first1=Nadia|title=NYPD Officer Indicted in Shooting of Akai Gurley: Reports|url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/02/10/nypd-officer-indicted-shooting-akai-gurley-reports|publisher=[[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|11|20}} || [[Shooting of Akai Gurley|Akai Gurley]] (28)||[[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]|| Shot by policeman Peter Liang, who drew his gun and accidentally discharged it. A round ricocheted and hit Gurley, who was elsewhere on the same stairwell as Liang. Liang was [[indict]]ed by a grand jury on [[manslaughter]], [[assault]], and other criminal charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/02/10/wcbs-880-rookie-nypd-officer-peter-liang-indicted-in-fatal-shooting-of-akai-gurley-family-attorney-says/ |title=NYPD Officer Peter Liang Indicted In Fatal Shooting Of Akai Gurley |publisher= CBS New York |date= |author= |accessdate= February 11, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast/><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|11|22}} || [[Shooting of Tamir Rice|Tamir Rice]] (12)||[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]|| Shot in a city park by policeman Timothy Loehmann.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Izadi|first1=Elahe|last2=Holley|first2=Peter|title=Video shows Cleveland officer shooting 12-year-old Tamir Rice within seconds|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/11/26/officials-release-video-names-in-fatal-police-shooting-of-12-year-old-cleveland-boy|accessdate=November 26, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> Rice had been allegedly pointing his air-soft pellet gun replica at passersby prior to getting shot. A grand jury will decide whether either Loehmann or his partner Garmback will be indicted.
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Mariah|last=Stewart|first2=Carly|last2=Schwartz|title=Protesters Mourn Antonio Martin, Shut Down Missouri Highway On Christmas Eve|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/25/antonio-martin-protest_n_6379124.html |publisher=The Huffington Post |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Wesley|last=Lowry|title=Police: Multiple witnesses say Antonio Martin pulled gun on officer|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/30/police-multiple-witnesses-say-antonio-martin-pulled-gun-on-officer/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2014|12|23}}||[[Shooting of Antonio Martin|Antonio Martin]] (18)|| [[Berkeley, Missouri]]||Shot by an unidentified white police officer after Martin pulled a gun on him while the officer was responding to a [[shoplifting]] report at a convenience store.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christine|last=Byers|first2=Jesse|last2=Bogan|first3=Valerie|last3=Schremp Hahn|title=St. Louis region on edge in wake of fatal police shooting in Berkeley |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/region-on-edge-in-wake-of-fatal-police-shooting-in/article_3ff750c3-aa53-53eb-bad2-049acd33e83c.html|newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#StopKillingUs|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408509309320320?comment_id=415942471910337&offset=0&total_comments=63|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|03|06}} || [[Shooting of Tony Robinson|Tony Robinson]] (19) || [[Madison, Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Matt Kenny during an altercation as Kenny was responding to reports of a man jumping in front of cars and attempting to strangle someone. The [[Wisconsin Department of Justice]] will investigate the Robinson shooting.<ref>{{cite news|last1 = Fieldstadt|first1 = Elisha|title = Tony Robinson Shooting: Protests Continue in Madison, Wisconsin|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/madison-n319616|accessdate = March 10, 2015|work = NBC News|date = March 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name="Boing Boing">{{cite web|last1=Siede|first1=Caroline|title=#SayHerName movement brings attention to female victims of police brutality|url=http://boingboing.net/2015/05/22/sayhername-movement-brings-at.html|website=Boing Boing|date=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Ebony>{{cite web|author1=D. Smith|title=[OFFICER INVOLVED] Meagan Hockaday: Dead in 20 Seconds|url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/officer-involved-ft-lauderdale-cops-fired-after-racist-obama-video-403#axzz3auAnTe00|website=Ebony|date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|3|28}} || [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]] (26) || [[Oxnard, California]] || Shot by policeman Roger Garcia after Hockaday ran at Garcia and his partner with a knife while they were responding to a [[domestic dispute]] report. Garcia has been placed on administrative leave and the case is currently being investigated.<ref name="VC Star - police id">{{cite news|title=Oxnard police identify officer involved in fatal shooting of woman|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/oxnard-police-identify-officer-involved-in-fatal-shooting-of-woman_38368445|accessdate=30 April 2015|newspaper=Ventura County Star|date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=oversight/><ref>{{cite web|title=#WalterScott|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/426194080885176|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|04}} || [[Shooting of Walter Scott|Walter Scott]] (50) || [[North Charleston, South Carolina]] || Shot by police officer Michael Slager during a [[traffic stop]]. Slager was charged with murder after a video surfaced showing him shooting Scott multiple times from behind while Scott was fleeing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Frances |last=Robles |last2=Blinder |first2=Alan|title=Racism Denounced at Walter Scott's Funeral One Week After Police Shooting |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/us/walter-scott-funeral-police-shooting.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Grey.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/433662133471704|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Durkin|first1=Erin|last2=Yaniv|first2=Oren|last3=Siemaszko|first3=Corky|title=Baltimore burns as riots over Freddie Gray's death convulse city, prompt officials to declare state of emergency, call in National Guard|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/thousands-expected-freddie-gray-funeral-baltimore-article-1.2200229 |location=New York |newspaper=Daily News|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|12}} || [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]] (25) || [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] || Fell into a [[coma]] while being transported by police after they arrested him. Gray died a week later of injuries to his [[spinal cord]]. Charges have been filed against six policemen after a medical examiner's report that ruled Gray's death a [[homicide]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Gray's death ruled a homicide|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/freddie-grays-death-ruled-homicide/|website=pbs.org|accessdate=May 1, 2015|format=video & text|date=May 1, 2015}}</ref> Resulted in the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Charleston, 8 dead, white gun person. Black Church.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/611370411851386880|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|publisher=[[TeleSUR]]|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|06|17}} || [[Charleston church shooting|Emanuel Nine]] (multiple) || [[Charleston, South Carolina]] || A mass shooting, allegedly by [[Dylann Roof]], at the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] resulted in nine dead and one injured.<ref>{{cite web|title = Charleston Shooting Victims Identified|url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/charleston-shooting-victims-identified/story?id=31863489|website = ABC News|date = June 18, 2015|accessdate = June 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/sandra-bland-hillary-clinton-democrats-2016/|title=Clinton, Sanders and O'Malley respond to Sandra Bland arrest video - CNNPolitics.com|author=Dan Merica|date=July 22, 2015|work=CNN}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|7|13}} || [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]] (28) || [[Waller County, Texas]] || Pulled over by police, arrested, and found dead in her jail cell. Her death was ruled a suicide by the county medical examiner, with no evidence of foul play.<ref name=NYTAutopsy>{{cite news|last1=Rogers |first1=Katie |title=The Death of Sandra Bland: Questions and Answers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/23/us/23blandlisty.html |accessdate=23 July 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|title=At least 983 Black Lives Matter demonstrations have been held in the last 376 days|url=https://elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2015|7|19}}||[[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] (43) || [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]] || Shot by [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer Ray Tensing during a traffic stop when DuBose failed to step out of his vehicle and may have attempted to drive off.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/21/us/cincinnati-police-shooting/|title=Investigation finished in Cincinnati police shooting|publisher=CNN|date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> Tensing has been charged with murder.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perez-Pena|first1=Richard|title=University of Cincinnati Officer Indicted in Fatal Shooting of Driver|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/university-of-cincinnati-officer-indicted-in-shooting-death-of-motorist.html|accessdate=July 30, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 29, 2015}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[Racial bias in criminal news]]
* "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://blacklivesmatter.com Official website]
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://static1.squarespace.com/static/55ad38b1e4b0185f0285195f/t/55d62096e4b0239f4fd06279/1440096406544/Federal+State+and+Local+Policy+Agendas.pdf Campaign zero federal, state and local policy agenda]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

John Ioannidis

2015-08-30T22:20:20Z

Callinus: /* See also */ project

{{Infobox scientist
| name = John P. A. Ioannidis
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1965|8|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = [[Greek American]]
| fields = [[Medicine]]
| workplaces = [[Stanford School of Medicine]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Athens Medical School]] [[Athens College]]
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}

'''John P. A. Ioannidis''' (born August 21, 1965, in New York City) is a Professor of Health Research and Policy at [[Stanford School of Medicine]], the University's Rehnborg Chair in Disease Prevention and director of its Prevention Research Center, and co-director, along with Steven Goodman, of the [[Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford]] (METRICS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis|title = John P. A. Ioannidis|publisher = [[Stanford School of Medicine]] CAP Profiles|accessdate = May 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prevention.stanford.edu/|title = Prevention Research Center |publisher= [[Stanford School of Medicine]]|accessdate = May 24, 2014}}</ref> He was chairman at the Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, [[University of Ioannina]] School of Medicine as well as [[adjunct professor]] at [[Tufts University School of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web
| title = John P. A. Ioannidis
| url = http://users.uoi.gr/hyepilab/people.php
| publisher = Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, [[University of Ioannina School of Medicine]]
| accessdate = 2008-12-31
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Ioannidis
|first=John P.A.
|title=Curriculum Vitae
|url=http://www.dhe.med.uoi.gr/data/cv/CV102010D.pdf
|accessdate=4 November 2010
}}</ref> He is best known for his research and published papers on scientific studies, particularly the 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False".

==Biography==
[[File:Ioannidis (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False..pdf|thumb|Ioannidis (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False.<ref name=Ioannidis2005/>]]
Born in New York City in 1965, Ioannidis was raised in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].<ref>[http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/john-ioannidis/ John Ioannidis] Harvard School of Public Health</ref> He was [[Valedictorian]] of his class at [[Athens College]], graduating in 1984. He also graduated first in his class at the [[University of Athens Medical School]], then attended [[Harvard University]] for his [[medical residency]] in [[internal medicine]]. He did a [[fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]] at [[Tufts University]] for [[infectious disease]].<ref name=wrong>{{cite book |author=[[David H. Freedman]] |coauthors= |title=Wrong: Why Experts Keep Failing Us|year=2010 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |page= |quote=Born in 1965 in the United States to parents who were both physicians, he was raised in Athens, where he showed unusual aptitude in mathematics and snagged Greece's top student math prize. ... |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XS4TQgAACAAJ&dq |isbn=0-316-02378-7 }}</ref>

==Research findings==

Ioannidis's 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False"<ref name=Ioannidis2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J. P. A. | authorlink1 = John P. A. Ioannidis| title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e124 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16060722 | pmc = 1182327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124}}</ref>
has been the most downloaded technical paper from the journal ''[[PLoS Medicine]]''.<ref>{{Cite news
| author = [[Robert Lee Hotz]]
| title = Most Science Studies Appear to Be Tainted By Sloppy Analysis
| url = http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB118972683557627104.html
| work = Science Journal WSJ.com
| publisher = Dow Jones & Company
| date = 2007-09-14
}}</ref> A profile of his work in this area appears in the November 2010 issue of ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref>David H. Freedman (November 2010) ''[http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/2010/11/lies-damned-lies-and-medical-science/8269 Lies, Damned Lies, and Medical Science]'', [[The Atlantic]]</ref> Statisticians Goodman and [[Sander Greenland|Greenland]] agreed that "many medical research findings are less definitive than readers suspect" but disputed his headline claims as unsupportable by the methods used.<ref>{{Cite web
| author = Steven Goodman and Sander Greenland
| title = Assessing the unreliability of the medical literature: A response to "Why most published research findings are false"
| url = http://www.bepress.com/jhubiostat/paper135
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biostatistics
| year = 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Goodman | first1 = S. | last2 = Greenland | first2 = S. | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168 | title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: Problems in the Analysis | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = e168 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17456002| pmc =1855693 }}</ref> Ioannidis responded to this critique.<ref>{{Cite doi | 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040215}}</ref>

In another 2005 paper, Ioannidis analyzed "49 of the most highly regarded research findings in medicine over the previous 13 years". In the paper Ioannidis compared the 45 studies that claimed to have uncovered effective interventions with data from subsequent studies with larger sample sizes: 7 (16%) of the studies were contradicted, 7 (16%) the effects were smaller than in the initial study, 20 (44%) were replicated and 11 (24%) of the studies remained largely unchallenged.<ref name="Ioannidis2005">{{cite pmid| 16014596}}</ref>

He coined the term [[Proteus phenomenon]] for the tendency of replication studies to refute their parent.

[[Richard Horton (editor)|Richard Horton]] made a similar statement in 2015 ("Much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue").<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2960696-1.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reproducibility]]
* [[Reproducibility Project]]
* [[Publication bias]]
* [[Meta-analysis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://prevention.stanford.edu/ Prevention Research Center] Stanford School of Medicine
*[https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis?tab=publications Publications of John Ioannidis] Stanford University Profile
* [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62227-8/fulltext Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis] The Lancet, Volume 383, Issue 9912, Pages 166 - 175, 11 January 2014 John P A Ioannidis, Sander Greenland, Mark A Hlatky, Muin J Khoury, Malcolm R Macleod, David Moher, Kenneth F Schulzand Robert Tibshirani
* ''[http://www.szgene.org/ Szgene.org]'', meta-analytic database of schizophrenia gene studies of which Dr. Ioannidis helped create.

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ioannidis, John P. A.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Greek epidemiologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 21, 1965
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ioannidis, John P. A.}}
[[Category:Criticism of science]]
[[Category:Greek physicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty]]

Gagaʻemauga

2015-08-28T07:19:56Z

Callinus: rm blacklist ref

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Gaga'emauga
|nickname=
|settlement_type=District
|image_skyline = Samoan fale, Lelepa village, Savaii, Samoa 2009.JPG
|image_caption=''Fale tele'', meeting house, [[Lelepa (village)|Lelepa]] village in Gaga'emauga district. [[Architecture of Samoa]] dictate seating positions in cultural ceremony & ritual.
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map = Samoa-Gaga'emauga.png
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Map of Samoa showing Gaga'emauga district
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Samoa}}
|subdivision_type1 =District
|subdivision_name1 =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total =
|area_land =
|area_water =
|population_as_of = 2007
|population_note =
|population_total = 7,108
|population_footnotes =
|population_metro =
|population_density =
|timezone =-11
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=
|longd=
|elevation_m=
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Gaga'emauga''' is an electoral [[districts of Samoa|district]] on the island of [[Savai'i]] in [[Samoa]]. The district is situated on the central north side of Savai'i. The name Gaga'emauga literally means: “near side of the mountain” meaning the eastern side of the mountain chain running through the centre of Savai'i.

The traditional centre of the district is [[Saleaula]], where the district chiefs ([[fa'amatai|''matai'']]) and orators meet at Vaitu’utu’u malae.

Like most villages in Samoa, the villages in Gaga'emauga are situated by the sea although there are some settlements inland, including [[Patamea]] and [[Samalae'ulu]].

[[George Pratt (missionary)|Reverend George Pratt]] (1817–1894), a missionary with the [[London Missionary Society]], lived in [[Matautu]] (1839–1879)<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=oHti_3z18r8C&pg=PA19&dq=Rev+George+Pratt+Samoa&lr=#v=onepage&q=Rev%20George%20Pratt%20Samoa&f=false
|title=Works of ta'unga: records of a polynesian traveller in the south seas, 1833-1896
|first=Majorie Crocombe
|last=Ron Crocombe
|page=19
|year=
|publisher=University of the South Pacific
|isbn=982-02-0232-9}}</ref> and authored the first grammar and dictionary of the [[Samoan language]], "A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, with English and Samoan Vocabulary", which was first printed in 1862 at the Samoa Mission Press.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-121543.html
| title = New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
| accessdate = 2009-04-16
}}</ref>

The village of Saleaula maintains strong traditional connections with [[Safotulafai]] to the east, through the paramount chiefly title of Letufuga. Safotulafai is the capital of the political district [[Fa'asaleleaga]].

==Exclaves on Upolu==
[[File:Matavanu volcanic eruption - Savai'i 1905.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Mt Matavanu]] eruption, 1905. (photo by [[Alfred John Tattersall]])]]

Two small [[exclave]]s of Gaga'emauga district are situated on the island of [[Upolu]], following the resettlement of villages destroyed during volcanic eruptions of [[Mt Matavanu]] in the early 1900s. These exclaves are [[Le'auva'a]] and [[Salamumu]] villages which remain politically part of Savai'i despite their relocation.

==Volcanic eruptions 1900s==
[[File:Lava Fields - Savai'i island - Samoa.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Lava fields on Savai'i.]]
The relocated villages of Gaga'emauga district on the main island Upolu was a result of 1905 - 1911 volcanic eruptions of [[Mt Matavanu]],<ref>http://www.samoa.travel/default.aspx</ref> situated about 11 km inland from [[Matautu]] on the central north coast. Lava flows from eruptions destroyed villages in its path, including Saleaula and Salago villages, transforming the northern half of this district into lava fields which are still visible today, especially at Saleaula. The people of the affected areas were evacuated to Upolu, where they established the villages of [[Le'auva'a]] and [[Salamumu]]. Despite the move, they still retain their traditional links and ''fa'alupega'' (geneaology) affiliations to Gagaemauga. The names Leava'a and Salamumu denote the events of the 1905 Mt Matavanu eruption. In recent years, a few families have re-built houses on the lava fields where vegetation is still sparse.
[[File:Matautu village Savai'i 1902.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Matautu, 1902, Gaga'emauga district]]

==Itu o Tane==
Gaga'emauga and the neighbouring political district [[Gagaifomauga]] are together referred to as Itu-o-Tane, 'The Side of Men.'<ref name="test">[http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Gt_RrCAkctwC&pg=PA121&dq=Saleaula#v=onepage&q=Itu%20o%20Tane&f=false] Lagaga: a short history of Western Samoa by Malama Meleisea and Penelope Schoeffel Meleisea, p.121</ref> The term Itu-o-Tane originates from the bravery of this north coast side in war, and in particular the 1830 war with A'ana.<ref name="test">[http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-TanSamo-c22.html] O Samoa Anamua by Siaosi Tana, p.197, 1884. Retrieved 27 October 2009</ref> In contrast, part of the island's south coast is known as Itu-o-Fafine, 'The Side of Women.'

==Government administration==
During [[World War II]], the village of [[Fagamalo]], a sub-village ''pito nu'u'' of the larger [[Matautu]] village, had a wharf and anchorage and was the main government administrative centre on Savai'i. Fagamalo was also the home of the colonial resident commissioner of Savai'i when Allied forces were defending the South Pacific against Japan.<ref name="test">[http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA87&dq=Savaii&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false], World War II Pacific Island Guide:a geo military study by Gordon L. Rottman p.88</ref> In modern times, the government administration on Savai'i has moved to [[Tuasivi]] in the [[Fa'asaleleaga]] district, where there's a hospital, police station and judicial court offices.

==Schools==
*[[Vaipouli College]]

==See also==
*[[List of schools in Savai'i]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.samoa.travel/default.aspx Official Samoa Visitors Bureau website]

{{Samoa}}

{{Gaga'emauga}}

{{coord|13|30|S|172|15|W|display=title|region:WS_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Districts of Samoa]]

My Ship

2015-08-25T01:16:08Z

Callinus: rm blacklist ref

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0119, Kurt Weill.jpg|thumb|right|Composer Kurt Weill]]

'''"My Ship"''' is a popular song written for the 1941 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical ''[[Lady in the Dark]]'', with music by [[Kurt Weill]] and lyrics by [[Ira Gershwin]].

The music is marked "Andante espressivo"; Gershwin describes it as "orchestrated by Kurt to sound sweet and simple at times, mysterious and menacing at other".<ref>{{cite book | last=Gershwin | first=Ira | title=Lyrics on Several Occasions | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Knopf | year=1959 | oclc=538209}}</ref>

It was premiered by [[Gertrude Lawrence]] in the role of Liza Elliott, the editor of a fashion magazine. In the context of the show, the song comes in a sequence in which Elliott, in psychoanalysis, recalls a turn-of-the-century song she knew in her childhood.

The song was not included in the 1944 [[Hollywood]] film ''[[Lady in the Dark (film)|Lady in the Dark]]'', a fact which Ira Gershwin found inexplicable:

{{quote| Later, when ''Lady in the Dark'' was filmed, the script necessarily had many references to the song. But for some unfathomable reason the song itself—as essential to this musical drama as a stolen necklace or a missing will to a melodrama—was omitted. Although the film was successful financially, audiences evidently were puzzled or felt thwarted or something, because items began to appear in movie-news columns mentioning that the song frequently referred to in ''Lady in the Dark'' was 'My Ship'. I hold a brief for Hollywood, having been more or less a movie-goer since I was nine; but there are times...
|sign= Ira Gershwin<ref>{{cite book | last=Gershwin | first=Ira | title=Lyrics on Several Occasions | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Knopf | year=1959 | oclc=538209}}</ref>
}}

==Cover versions==
Artists who have recorded the song include (in alphabetical order):
* [[Ernestine Anderson]] - ''The Toast of the Nation's Critics'' (1958)
* [[Cindy Blackman]] - ''Works on Canvas'' (1999)
* [[Betty Buckley]] - ''An Evening at Carnegie Hall'' (1996)
* [[Dee Dee Bridgewater]] - ''This Is New'' (Verve, 2002)
* [[Ron Carter]] - ''[[Peg leg (album)|Peg Leg]]'' (Milestone, 1978)
* [[June Christy]] - ''[[Ballads for Night People]]'' (1959)
* [[Jacqui Dankworth]] - ''As the Sun Shines Down on Me'' (2002)
* [[Miles Davis]] with [[Gil Evans]] - ''[[Miles Ahead]]'' (Columbia, 1957)
* Steve Davis - ''Eloquence'' (2010)
* [[Doris Day]] - ''[[I Have Dreamed (Doris Day album)|I Have Dreamed]]'' (1961)
* [[Judy Garland]] (1953)
* [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Michael Brecker]], [[Roy Hargrove]] - ''[[Directions in Music: Live at Massey Hall]]'' (2002)
* [[Johnny Hartman]] - ''The Voice That Is!'' (1964)
* [[Caroline Henderson (singer)|Caroline Henderson]] - ''Lonely House'' (2013)
* [[Roland Kirk]] - ''[[I Talk with the Spirits]]'' (1964)
* [[Ute Lemper]]
* [[Carmen Lundy]] - ''Self Portrait'' (JVC, 1996)
* [[Doretta Morrow]]
* [[Sonny Rollins]] - ''[[The Standard Sonny Rollins]]'' (RCA Victor, 1964)
* [[Helen Schneider]]
* [[George Shearing]] - ''My Ship'' (MPS, 1975)
* [[Stan Kenton]] Road Band '67
* [[Jeri Southern]] - ''When Your Heart's on Fire'' (1957)
* [[Dawn Upshaw]] - ''I Wish It So'' (Nonesuch, 1994)
* [[Cedar Walton]] - ''[[Cedar!]]'' (Prestige, 1967)
* [[Larry Willis]] - ''[[This Time the Dream's on Me]]'' (HighNote, 2012)
* [[Cassandra Wilson]] & [[Jacky Terrasson]] - ''Rendezvous'' (1997)
* [[Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)|Nancy Wilson]] - ''[[Broadway - My Way]]'' (1964)
* [[Cal Tjader (vibraphonist)]] - ''[Soul Burst - Verve Records]'' (1966)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Furia | first=Philip | coauthors= | title=Ira Gershwin: The Art of the Lyricist | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | isbn=0-19-508299-0 }}
* McClung, Bruce (2007). ''Lady in the Dark, Biography of a Musical''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512012-4

{{Lotte Lenya}}

[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Ira Gershwin]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Kurt Weill]]
[[Category:Nancy Wilson (jazz singer) songs]]
[[Category:1941 songs]]

Front Porch Step

2015-08-24T17:10:08Z

Callinus: rm blacklist ref

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Front Porch Step
| image =
| image_size = 400 x 400
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Jake Mcelfresh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias = Front Porch Step
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|11|06}}
| birth_place = Newark, Ohio
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Acoustic music|Acoustic]], [[pop rock]]
| instrument = Acoustic guitar
| years_active = 2012–present
| label = [[Pure Noise Records|Pure Noise]] (formerly)
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|http://frontporchstepmusic.com/}}
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Front Porch Step''' is the solo acoustic project of [[Newark, Ohio]] musician Jake Mcelfresh.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Whitt|first1=Cassie|title=Song Premiere: Front Porch Step, "Drown"|url=http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/song_premiere_front_porch_step_drown|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>

==History==
Front Porch Step began in 2012. In 2013, Front Porch Step signed to [[Pure Noise Records]] and released his debut album Aware. In 2013, he supported [[Never Shout Never]] on four of their tour dates.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Matt|title=Front Porch Step to tour with Never Shout Never|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/front_porch_step_to_tour_with_never_shout_never|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> In the summer of 2014, Front Porch Step played on the [[Vans Warped Tour]]. In the fall of 2014, Front Porch Step played on the Pure Noise Records Tour with [[State Champs]], [[Handguns (band)|Handguns]], and [[Forever Came Calling]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Tyler|title=Handguns, Forever Came Calling added to Pure Noise Records Tour|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/handguns_forever_came_calling_added_to_pure_noise_records_tour|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> In February and March 2015, Front Porch Step planned to go on his first headlining tour, with support from [[Have Mercy (band)|Have Mercy]], Alcoa, and Head North. Due to sexual assault allegations, Mcelfresh has suspended his tour until further notice.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Tyler|title=Front Porch Step announces tour with Have Mercy, Alcoa, Head North, more|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/front_porch_step_announces_tour_with_have_mercy_alcoa_head_north_more|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref> Front Porch Step was going to partake in the 2015 [[Vans Warped Tour]], which is held annually throughout the summer, but was removed from the tour due to the allegations brought up against him.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Matt|title=Neck Deep, Palisades, Front Porch Step, Handguns, more announced for Warped Tour 2015|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/neck_deep_palisades_front_porch_step_handguns_more_announced_for_warped_tou|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>

==Sexual harassment controversies==
Jake Mcelfresh has been accused by several young people of sexual harassment through mobile phones, including sending nude pictures of himself to underaged girls.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Coscarelli|first1=Joe|title=A Pop-Punk Singer and the Blurred Line Between Digital Fan Mail and Trouble|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/01/10/arts/music/front-porch-step-is-accused-of-misconduct-with-teenagers-online.html?_r=0|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> This led to a petition demanding he be removed from the 2015 [[Warped Tour]]. His record label, [[Pure Noise Records]], and [[Kevin Lyman]], creator of the Warped Tour, have announced they are aware of the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shotwell|first1=James|title=FRONT PORCH STEP ACCUSED OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT, LABEL RESPONDS|url=http://www.underthegunreview.net/2014/12/30/front-porch-step-accused-of-sexual-harassment-label-responds/|accessdate=30 December 2014|work=Under the Gun Review|publisher=[[SpinMedia]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

On 4 January 2015 Mcelfresh announced via his Facebook page that he had suspended all current tour dates, including Warped Tour, due to the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shotwell|first1=James|title=Front Porch Step Issues New Statement, Cancels All Tour Plans|url=http://www.underthegunreview.net/2015/01/04/front-porch-step-issues-new-statement-cancels-all-tour-plans/|accessdate=11 January 2015|work=Under the Gun Review|publisher=[[SpinMedia]]|date=4 January 2015}}</ref>
On 3 April 2015, Mcelfresh issued a public statement via [[Facebook]]. In it, he explained that when growing up, he had self-esteem issues and "certainly was not a ladies man," and when he finally got his breakthrough with music, he was surprised at how much attention from female fans he received. He admitted that he had corresponded through text messages with women, some of whom were underaged, but claimed that the conversations were "not as one sided as they seem," pointing out that no charges had been brought against him. He also stated that even though some of the conversations were sexual in nature, "(he) only had conversations with willing participants". He described how for the past months, when allegations were brought up, he "wondered if (he) wanted to be alive anymore", and took a break from social media after being dropped by his label and removed from all tours, considering it the "greatest thing (he) could have ever done". He also stated that he intends to return to music in the summer.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/frontporchstep/posts/610329782401197</ref>

On 1 July 2015, Mcelfresh performed his first show since the allegations were brought, at the Acoustic Basement at the Nashville, Tennessee stop of Warped Tour.<ref>http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/front_porch_step_reportedly_playing_warped_tour_today</ref> Warped Tour founder [[Kevin Lyman]] stated that he had spoken with Mcelfresh's personal counselor, who said that the performance would be a part of his therapy, he would not be paid for the show, and he would not appear at any other stops of the tour. Lyman stated that he allowed Mcelfresh to perform the show because he has not been charged with a misdemeanor, stating that "If he was a legitimate danger to anyone, he simply wouldn't be here.<ref>http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/warped_tours_kevin_lyman_responds_to_front_porch_step_controversy_exclusive</ref>" Many bands tweeted their opinions of the situation, many in distaste.<ref>http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/musicians_react_to_front_porch_step_playing_warped_tour</ref> Mcelfresh also dealt with a concertgoer in the crowd who harassed him with taunts, saying "The difference between you and me is that I know who I am, and I fucking am very proud of that. So you can go ahead, watch my set. Thank you very much. Thanks for the ticket money, dude.<ref>http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/front_porch_step_makes_opening_statement_at_warped_tour_i_know_who_i_am</ref>"

The controversy was the subject of a song by [[Stray From the Path]] entitled "D.I.E.P.I.G.", which attacks musicians who use their fame to abuse young girls.<ref>[http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/stray_from_the_path_attack_sexual_predators_on_d.i.e.p.i.g_exclusive Stray From The Path attack sexual predators on “D.I.E.P.I.G” (exclusive)] AltPress. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</ref>

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:18px;" rowspan="2"|Year
! style="width:245px;" rowspan="2"|Album
!colspan="1"|Chart positions
|-
! style="width:50px;"|[[Top Heatseekers]]
|-
| 2013
| '''Aware<ref>{{cite web|last1=Slessor|first1=Dan|title=Front Porch Step - Aware|url=http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/front_porch_step_aware|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Zarrillo|first1=Zack|title=POZ Stream: Front Porch Step - Aware|url=http://propertyofzack.com/post/66198691570/poz-stream-front-porch-step-aware|publisher=Property of Zack|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>'''
*Released: November 12, 2013
*Label: [[Pure Noise Records]]
*Format: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Gramophone record|LP]], [[music download|digital download]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 39
|-
|}

===EPs===
{|class="wikitable"
! width="20"| Year
! width="370"| Album details
|-
| 2014
| '''''Whole Again<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Matt|title=Front Porch Step - "A Lovely Mess" song premiere and EP announcement|url=http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/front_porch_step_a_lovely_mess_song_premiere_and_ep_announcement|publisher=Alternative Press.|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref>
'''''
*Released: December 2, 2014
*Label: Pure Noise Records
*Format: CD, Vinyl, music download
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://frontporchstepmusic.com/}}
* {{facebook|frontporchstep}}
* {{twitter|Frontporchstep}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Front Porch Step
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American musician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 6 November 1991
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Newark, Ohio
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Musicians from Ohio]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Helene D. Gayle

2015-08-24T15:11:25Z

Callinus: rm blacklist ref - not self published - one of many sites that can have bio

{{Infobox person
| name = Helene D. Gayle
| image = Helene D. Gayle - World Economic Forum on East Asia 2012 crop.jpg
| caption = Helene D. Gayle at the [[World Economic Forum]] on East Asia in 2012
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, NY]]
| residence = [[Atlanta, GA]]
| citizenship = USA
| education = [[Barnard College]] (B.A.), [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]]), [[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Master of Public Health|M.P.H.]])
| organization = [http://www.mckinseysocialinitiative.org McKinsey Social Initiative]
| title = CEO
| website =
}}

'''Helene D. Gayle''', M.D., [[Master of Public Health|M.P.H.]], is CEO of [http://www.mckinseysocialinitiative.org McKinsey Social Initiative], a nonprofit organization that implements programs that bring together varied stakeholders to address complex global and social challenges. McKinsey Social Initiative's first program, [http://www.generationinitiative.org Generation], addresses the problem of youth unemployment, with programs in five countries--India, Kenya, Mexico, Spain, and the United States--and a goal of connecting one million young people with skills and jobs in five years. Previously, Dr. Gayle was president and CEO of CARE USA, a member of [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE International]] (a leading [[humanitarian aid]] organization fighting [[global poverty]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org/about/index.asp |title=CARE |publisher=CARE |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> Before joining CARE USA in 2006, Gayle directed the HIV, [[Tuberculosis|TB]], and [[Reproductive Health]] Program at the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] and spent 20 years at the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), focusing primarily on [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r010515.htm |title=CDC |publisher=Cdc.gov |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> Gayle also served as [[Chairman|chair]] of the [[Obama administration]]'s [[Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aids.gov/federal-resources/policies/pacha/ |title=AIDS.gov |publisher=AIDS.gov |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> She has been called one of the top female leaders and global thinkers in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/10/03/helping-at-home-and-overseas.html |title=Newsweek |work=Newsweek |date=October 3, 2008 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/30/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,28 |title=Foreign Policy |publisher=Foreign Policy |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> As of 2014, she is listed as the 78th most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes''.<ref name=Forbes14>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|url=http://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall|website=Forbes|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=26 June 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Helene D. Gayle was born and raised in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[NY]]. She earned a B.A. in [[psychology]] at Barnard College, an M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania and an M.P.H. at Johns Hopkins University. She is [[board certified]] in [[pediatrics]], completing a [[residency (medicine)|residency]] in [[pediatrics|pediatric medicine]] at [[Children's National Medical Center]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org/about/et.asp |title=Executive Team |publisher=Care.org |date=August 29, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

Helene D. Gayle is CEO of [http://www.mckinseysocialinitiative.org McKinsey Social Initiative], a nonprofit organization that implements programs that bring together varied stakeholders to address complex global and social challenges. As the inaugural CEO, Dr. Gayle is setting direction and building the organization. McKinsey Social Initiative's first program, [http://www.generationinitiative.org Generation], addresses the problem of youth unemployment, with programs in five countries--India, Kenya, Mexico, Spain, and the United States--and a goal of connecting one million young people with skills and jobs in five years.

She was previously president and CEO of [[CARE USA]], a leading international humanitarian organization with approximately 10,000 staff whose poverty-fighting programs have reached 82 million people in 87 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org/newsroom/publications/annualreports/index.asp |title=CARE USA Annual Reports |publisher=Care.org |date=August 29, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> After joining CARE USA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org/newsroom/articles/2005/12/20051202_gayle_president_pr.asp |title=CARE Board Names Dr. Helene Gayle As New President/CEO |publisher=Care.org |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> in 2006, Gayle led efforts to reinforce CARE’s commitment to empowering girls and women to bring lasting change to poor communities. Under her leadership, CARE USA strengthened its focus on long-term impact, increased policy and advocacy efforts and deepened connections between poverty and the environment. Gayle leveraged the power of CARE’s corporate and NGO partners to significantly expand CARE’s reach across the globe.

An expert on health, global development and humanitarian issues, she spent 20 years with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), focused primarily on combating HIV/AIDS. She was appointed as the first director of the National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, and achieved the rank of Rear Admiral and Assistant Surgeon General in the U.S. Public Health Service. Gayle also served as the AIDS coordinator and chief of the HIV/AIDS division for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Gayle then directed the HIV, TB and Reproductive Health Program at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, directing programs on HIV/AIDS and other [[global health]] issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r010515.htm |title=CDC Media Relations: Press Release |publisher=Cdc.gov |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

Under Gayle's leadership, CARE USA introduced three signature programs as part of its "Pathway to Empowerment." "Mothers Matter" focuses on child and [[maternal health]], seeking to improve access to safe pregnancy and delivery services for 30 million women in Africa, Asia, and Latin America by 2015. "Power Within" focuses on [[girls' education]], seeking to [[empowerment|empower]] 10 million girls around the world to access quality primary education and gain leadership skills by 2015. And "Access Africa" focuses on [[microfinance|microfinancing]], seeking to ensure that 30 million people in 39 countries have access to a set of basic [[financial services]] by the next decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care.org/campaigns/ |title=CARE Campaigns |publisher=Care.org |date=August 29, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

Gayle serves on several boards, including the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Rockefeller Foundation, Colgate-Palmolive Company, ONE and [[Friends of the Global Fight Against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the American Public Health Association. Gayle also chaired the Obama Administration's Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS, and currently serves on the President's Commission on White House Fellowships.

Gayle has been named one of Foreign Policy magazine's "Top 100 Global Thinkers,",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/30/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,28 |title=Foreign Policy's First Annual List of the 100 Top Global Thinkers |publisher=Foreign Policy |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Newsweek]]'s top 10 "Women in Leadership,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/10/03/helping-at-home-and-overseas.html |title=Helene Gayle on Fighting Global Disease – The Daily Beast |work=Newsweek |date=October 3, 2008 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> and the [[Wall Street Journal]]'s "50 Women to Watch,"<ref name=autogenerated1>Chase, Marilyn. "The 50 Women to Watch 2006." The Wall Street Journal [New York, NY] November 20, 2006.</ref> as well as one of the "100 Most Influential Atlantans"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2010/06/21/focus2.html?b=1277092800^3526031&page=8 |title=100 Most Influential Atlantans – Atlanta Business Chronicle |publisher=Atlanta.bizjournals.com |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> and the "100 Most Influential Georgians."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiatrend.com/cover-story/01_09_influential.shtml |title=Most Influential: Georgia's Power List – Georgia Trend – January 2009 – Atlanta, GA |publisher=Georgia Trend |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

Gayle has published numerous [[scientific literature|scientific articles]] and been featured by media outlets like [[The New York Times]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/28/health/conversation-with-helene-gayle-charge-take-aids-messages-national-global-scale.html |title=A CONVERSATION WITH: HELENE GAYLE; A Charge to Take AIDS Messages From a National to a Global Scale – New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=August 28, 2001 |accessdate=January 12, 2012 |first=Linda |last=Villarosa}}</ref> [[The Washington Post]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051601788.html |title=Nora Boustany – CARE's Envoy to the Powerful and the Poor |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=January 12, 2012 |date=May 17, 2006}}</ref> [[ForbesWoman]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/16/women-philanthropy-girl-effect-forbes-woman-power-women-giving.html |title=The Giving Chain |work=Forbes |date=November 16, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamour.com/magazine/2007/10/get-a-promotion |title=Exactly What'll Get You a Promotion: Magazine |publisher=glamour.com |date=October 1, 2007 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> [[O magazine]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahradio/Bobby-Shriver-and-Dr-Helene-Gayle |title=Bobby Shriver and Dr. Helene Gayle |publisher=Oprah.com |date=October 31, 2007 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> [[National Public Radio]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Tell Me More |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91684112 |title='I am Powerful' Brings Resources, Hope to Women |publisher=NPR |date=June 19, 2008 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> and [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/08/16/helene.gayle.cnna/index.html |title=CNN.com – Dr. Helene Gayle: Early HIV diagnosis important – August 16, 2001 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> Starting in June 2009, Gayle served as co-chair of the [[Center for Strategic & International Studies]] Commission on Smart Global Health Policy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartglobalhealth.org |title=The CSIS Global Health Policy Center |publisher=Smartglobalhealth.org |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> alongside four star Admiral [[William J. Fallon]].

Her contributions have been honored with awards from [[Columbia University]], [[Spelman College]], the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill, the [[U.S. Public Health Service]] and [[Bryn Mawr College]] among others. She has received numerous honorary degrees and holds faculty appointments at the [[University of Washington]] and [[Emory University]].

As of 2014, she is listed as the 78th most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes''.<ref name=Forbes14/>

In 2015 she signed an open letter which the [[ONE Campaign]] had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to [[Angela Merkel]] and [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively, which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tracy McVeigh |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/07/povert-sexist-letter-women-equality-gaga-sandberg-beyonce |title=Poverty is sexist: leading women sign up for global equality | Life and style |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2015-05-08}}</ref>

==Current board memberships==
*[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] Board of Trustees, 2007 – present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/about-us/board-trustees |title=Board of Trustees | Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=Csis.org |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Colgate-Palmolive]] Board, 2010 – present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/Governance/BoardofDirectors/BoardMembers.cvsp |title=Colgate-Palmolive Board Of Directors | Colgate-Palmolive Board Members |publisher=Colgate.com |date=January 8, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Friends of the Global Fight Against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theglobalfight.org/board-of-directors/|title=Friends of the Global Fight Board of Directors |publisher=theglobalfight.org |accessdate=February 19, 2015}}</ref>
*[[ONE campaign|ONE]] Board, 2006 – present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.org/us/about/oneboard.html |title=Board Of Directors |publisher=One |date=April 28, 1954 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Rockefeller Foundation]] Board of Trustees, 2009 – present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/board-trustees |title=Board of Trustees |publisher=The Rockefeller Foundation |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[USAID]] Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid (ACVFA), 2007 – present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/acvfa/acvfamem.html |title=USAID: ACVFA Members |publisher=Usaid.gov |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Coca-Cola]], 2013–present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/board-of-directors-helene-d-gayle |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Coca-Cola |accessdate=January 16, 2014}}</ref>

==Professional society memberships==
*[[Council on Foreign Relations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=G# |title=Membership Roster – Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Institute of Medicine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iom.edu/About-IOM/Leadership-Staff/Council.aspx |title=IOM Council – Institute of Medicine |publisher=Iom.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Delta Omega]] Society<ref>[http://www.deltaomega.org/domanager/MemberList.cfm?u=G Delta Omega Member Search Form]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref>
*[[American Public Health Association]]<ref>[http://www.apha.org/about/news/pressreleases/2006/06amconcludes.htm APHA: APHA Concludes 2006 Annual Meeting]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref>
*[[National Medical Association]]
*[[American Medical Women's Association]]
*Society for Public Health Education
*Rotary Club of Atlanta

==Honorary degrees==
*[[Oberlin College]], [[Doctor of Science]], 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.oberlin.edu/home/news-media/press/detail.dot?id=2787305 |title=News – Oberlin College |publisher=New.oberlin.edu |date=March 15, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Columbia University]], [[Doctor of Laws]], 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1587 |title=Columbia University |publisher=News.columbia.edu |date=June 11, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Agnes Scott College]], Doctor of Science, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agnesscott.edu/news/newsDetails.aspx?Channel=%2FChannels%2FAdmissions%2FAdmissions+Content&WorkflowItemID=7cf51aef-3e65-40bd-9d16-3ea199fd661e |title=Agnes Scott |publisher=Agnesscott.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Brandeis University]], [[Doctor of Humane Letters]], 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr.html |title=Brandeis University |publisher=Brandeis.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Morehouse School of Medicine]], Doctor of Science, 2008
*[[Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] of [[New York University]], Doctor of Humane Letters, 2008
*[[Duke University]], Doctor of Science, 2008<ref>[http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2008/03/honorary.html Duke University]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref>
*[[Meharry Medical College]], Doctor of Science 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmc.edu/news/132_commencement_celebration.html |title=Meharry Medical College |publisher=Mmc.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Smith College]], Doctor of Science, 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/collegerelations/honorary.php |title=Smith College |publisher=Smith.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Pennsylvania State University]], Doctor of Science, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://live.psu.edu/story/6106 |title=Pennsylvania State University |publisher=Live.psu.edu |date=March 25, 2004 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Jackson State University]], Doctor of Humane Letters, 2004

==Awards and honors==
*Forbes Magazine 100 Most Powerful Women, 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/helene-gayle/ |title=Helene Gayle |work=Forbes |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*The NonProfit Times Power and Influence Top 50, 2010<ref>http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/print/1311972127_Top50Power&Influence.pdf</ref>
*Bryn Mawr College, Katharine Hepburn Award, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/hepburn/medal.shtml |title=Katharine Houghton Hepburn Center | Bryn Mawr College| Hepburn Medal |publisher=Brynmawr.edu |date=February 12, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*AARP Inspire Award, 2010
*Bennett High Alumni Honor Roll, 2010
*Georgia State University, Ethics Advocate Award, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsu.edu/39545.html |title=CARE CEO Helene Gayle receives Ethics Advocate Award – Georgia State University |publisher=Gsu.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*Business to Business Magazine, Women of Excellence Award, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btobmagazine.com/Articles/2009/July_Aug_2009/2009woe.html |title=B2B Magazine |publisher=Btobmagazine.com |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*100 Most Influential Atlantans Award, 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2010/06/21/focus2.html?page=8 |title=Atlanta Business Chronicle |publisher=Atlanta.bizjournals.com |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts|Ivan Allen College]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage]], 2009
*South African Partners, [[Desmond Tutu]] Award, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/South_Africa_Partners/2009/prweb1928544.htm |title=PRWeb |publisher=PRWeb |date=January 29, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Morehouse College]], [[Coca-Cola]] Leadership Award, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morehouse.edu/centers/leadershipcenter/cocacolalectures.html |title=Morehouse College |publisher=Morehouse.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Americans for Informed Democracy]], Innovator in International Development Award, 2008<ref>[http://www.aidemocracy.org/Innovators2008.php Americans for Informed Democracy]</ref>
*[[Cable Positive]], Humanitarian of the Year Award, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://think.mtv.com/044FDFFFF00EDB49500170098EB6F/ |title=think MTV |publisher=think MTV |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Wall Street Journal]], "50 Women to Watch", 2006<ref name=autogenerated1 />
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] [[Val-Kill]] Medal, 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ervk.org/html/medalists.html |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill |publisher=Ervk.org |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Helen Hunt Jackson|Helen H. Jackson]], Woman of Valor Award, 2006
*[[Arthur Ashe]] Institute for Urban Health, Leadership in Global Medicine Award, 2005
*Women of Color, Health Science & Technology Awards: Medical Leadership in Industry, 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackengineer.com/Newsletters/newsletters/Women%20of%20ColorWinners%20Release.htm |title=Career Communications Group, Inc |publisher=Blackengineer.com |date=February 21, 2002 |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[National Medical Association]], Scroll of Merit Award, 2000
*Women Looking Ahead, Inc., The Women Looking Ahead (WLA) 100s List Award, 1999
*[[100 Black Men of America]], Inc., Woman of the Year Award, 1999
*[[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], Secretary's Award for Distinguished Service, 1999, 2001
*Atlanta Business League, Women of Influence Award, 1998
*U.S. Public Service Foreign Duty Service Award, 1997
*U.S. Public Health Meritorious Service Medal, 1996
*[[Columbia University]] Medal of Excellence, 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/university_medal_for_excellence_recipients.pdf |title=Columbia University |publisher=Columbia.edu |accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref>
*[[National Coalition of 100 Black Women]], Inc., Service Award, 1999
*Who's Who Among Black Americans, 1990, 1993 and 1994

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.care.org/}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Gayle, Helene D.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=NGO CEO, Humanitarian, HIV/AIDS expert
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Buffalo, NY
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH= }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gayle, Helene D.}}
[[Category:American humanitarians]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS researchers]]
[[Category:Women nonprofit executives]]
[[Category:American women chief executives]]
[[Category:Barnard College alumni]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American nonprofit chief executives]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni]]

Charlie Charlie Challenge

2015-08-24T13:49:55Z

Callinus: Reverted to revision 677325511 by ClueBot NG (talk). (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Charlie Charlie Challenge.jpg|thumb|Basic set up for the two pencil game, with the top pencil so precariously balanced that it will move with minor wind gusts]]
The '''"Charlie Charlie" game''' is a modern incarnation of a Spanish [[paper-and-pencil game]] called ''Juego de la Lapicera'' (game of the pens). Like a [[Magic 8-Ball]], the game is played by teenagers using [[Stationery|school supplies]] to produce answers to questions they ask. Teenage girls have played ''Juego de la Lapicera'' for generations in Spain and [[Hispanic America]], asking which boys in their class fancy them.<ref name=mail/>

Originally described on the internet in 2008,<ref name=emery1/> the game was popularized in the [[English-speaking world]] in 2015, partly through the [[hashtag]] #CharlieCharlieChallenge.<ref name=griffin1/><ref name=time>{{cite web|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Esther|title=Here’s Why People Are Freaking Out Over the Charlie Charlie Challenge|url=http://time.com/3897606/charlie-charlie-challenge/|work=Time|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> On 29 April 2015, an alarmist [[tabloid television]] newscast about the game being played in [[Hato Mayor Province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] was uploaded to YouTube, and the unintentional humor in the report led to the game trending on Twitter, crossing the [[language barrier]] to be played around the world.<ref name=post>{{cite news|last1=Dewey|first1=Caitlin|title=The complete, true story of Charlie Charlie, the 'demonic' teen game overtaking the Internet|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/05/26/the-complete-true-story-of-charlie-charlie-the-demonic-teen-game-overtaking-the-internet/|accessdate=28 May 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21nnsHkvkRM|title=Juego supuestamente satánico denominado Charlie – Charlie es practicado en Hato Mayor|work=Telenoticias 11/Youtube}}</ref>

==Game==
===Four pencils===
In an early version of the game, two players each hold two pencils in the shape of a square, pressing the ends of their pencils against the other player's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3096964/Children-sharing-social-media-videos-try-summon-Mexican-demon-new-Charlie-Charlie-Challenge.html|quote=There is also a two-person version of the game that uses six pencils.|title=Creepy 'Charlie Charlie Challenge' spreads across Twitter as children urge each other to 'summon Mexican demon'|work=Daily Mail|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> Like a [[Ouija]] board, it uses the [[ideomotor phenomenon]], with players moving the pencils without conscious control.<ref name=vox>{{cite web|url=http://www.vox.com/2015/6/5/8735481/charlie-charlie-challenge-explanation|title="Charlie, Charlie, are you there?" Why teens are summoning demons, explained.|date=5 June 2015|author=Phil Edawards|work=Vox}}</ref><ref name=livescience>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/51069-charlie-charlie-challenge-explained.html|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: Can You Really Summon a Demon?|work=Livescience|date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

===Two pencils===
The two pencil game involves crossing two pens or pencils to create a grid (with sectors labelled "yes" and "no") and then asking questions of a "supernatural entity" named "Charlie". The upper pencil is then expected to rotate to indicate the answer to such questions. The first question everyone asks by speaking into the pencils is "can we play?"<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge – what is the spooky craze, and what is the explanation for it?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11628862/Charlie-Charlie-Challenge-what-is-it-what-is-the-explanation.html|accessdate=28 May 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

The top pencil is precariously balanced on a central pivot point, meaning that it can easily rotate on the pivot due to slight wind gusts, or the breathing of players expecting the pencil to move.<ref name=scishow>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfuhFlSGunM|title=The Truth About the Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=[[SciShow]]}}</ref><ref name=mail/><ref name=griffin1/>

==Reactions==
In Spain, teenage girls have played ''Juego de la Lapicera'' for generations in school playgrounds and sleepovers, asking which boys in their class fancied them.<ref name=mail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3116725/Children-hospitalised-mass-hysteria-mysterious-bruises-Mexican-demon-video-Dominican-Republic-spawned-satanic-Charlie-Charlie-game-sending-teenagers-panic-world.html|title=How a video in the Dominican Republic spawned the 'satanic' Charlie Charlie game sending teenagers into a panic across the world|date=10 June 2015|work=Daily Mail}}</ref> In Colombia, four teenage girls were sent to a hospital in [[Tunja]] and quickly released with a diagnosis of [[mass hysteria]].<ref>http://colombiareports.com/charlie-charlie-challenge-sends-4-hysteric-teens-to-hospital-in-central-colombia/</ref>

According to Caitlyn Dewey of ''The Washington Post,'' this game is valuable as an example of cross-cultural viral trends: <blockquote>Charlie makes a killer case study in virality and how things move in and out of languages and cultures online. You'll notice, for instance, a lot of players and reporters talking about the game as if it were new, when it's actually—and more interestingly, I think—an old game that has just recently crossed the language divide.<ref name="post"/></blockquote> Maria Elena Navez of [[BBC Mundo]] said "There's no demon called 'Charlie' in Mexico," and suggested that Mexican demons with English names (rather than, say, "Carlitos") are "usually American inventions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-32887325|title=Where did Charlie Charlie Challenge come from?|publisher=BBC|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Urban legend]] expert David Emery says that some versions of the game have copied the ghost story [[La Llorona]], popular in [[Hispanic America]], but the pencil game is not a Mexican tradition.<ref name=emery1>{{cite web|url=http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/horrors/fl/Charlie-Charlie-Challenge_2.htm|title=What's the Charlie Charlie Challenge, and Why Does It Freak People Out?|work=About.com Entertainment/Urban Legends|author=David Emery|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Joseph Laycock, a professor of religious studies at Texas State University argued that while Charlie is "most often described as a “Mexican ghost,” it appears that Christian critics reframed the game as Satanic almost immediately" due to their desire to "claim a monopoly on wholesome encounters with the supernatural."<ref name=rdlaycock>{{cite web|url=http://religiondispatches.org/the-charlie-charlie-challenge-and-teenage-yearning-for-supernatural-encounters/|title=The ‘Charlie Charlie Challenge’ and Teenage Yearning for Supernatural Encounters|work=Religion Dispatches|date=15 June 2015|author=Joseph Laycock}}</ref>

Psychological [[suggestion]] can lead people to expect a particular response, which can result in thoughts and behaviors that will help bring the anticipated outcome to fruition – for instance by breathing more heavily.<ref name=livescience/> Christopher French, head of the [[anomalistic psychology]] research unit at the [[University of London]] says that human [[agent detection]] leads people to see patterns in random events and perceive an intelligence behind them. He argues that divination games involve [[magical thinking]], saying "Often the 'answers' received [in divination games] might be vague and ambiguous, but our inherent ability to find meaning—even when it isn't there—ensures that we will perceive significance in those responses and be convinced that an intelligence of some kind lay behind them."<ref name=livescience/> Kate Knibbs, writing in [[Gizmodo]] described the game as a "a Vine-ready pastiche of kitsch occultism" that "has the familiar pull of [[pareidolia]]" where people interpret patterns as having a meaning.<ref name=gizmodo>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com/2015/05/a-mexican-demon-named-charlie-is-the-internets-newest-urban-legend/|title=A Mexican Demon Named Charlie Is The Internet's Newest Urban Legend|work=Gizmodo|author=Kate Knibbs|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

Stuart Vyse, a psychology professor at [[Connecticut College]] argues that teenagers often go to see [[Paranormal fiction|paranormal movies]] in groups, and "There's a real social bonding aspect to this whole phenomenon,"<ref name=vox/> and "It's almost a developmental passage for some kids, to deal with things that are scary." Donald Saucier, a psychology professor at [[Kansas State University]] argues that teenagers go though "a period where social influence is very strong" and they are more prone to superstition. Stephen Schlozman, an assistant professor of psychiatry at [[Harvard Medical School]] said "I think kids are interested in the dares that aren't actually all that dangerous, but have that feeling of danger to them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/139957/charlie-charlie-science-behind-why-teens-brains-love-creepy-supernatural-games/|title=Why teen brains are wired to love 'Charlie Charlie' and the supernatural|publisher=fusion.net}}</ref> [[Sharon A. Hill|Sharon Hill]] argues that teenagers playing the game "overreact because of the peer situation."<ref name=sharonhill/>

Various media outlets described participants in the games as gullible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/charlie-charlie-challenge-heres-everything-5760769|quote=Brave (or gullible) participants must then repeat the words "Charlie, Charlie are you here" to summon a visit from a demon.|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: Here's everything you need to know about the bizarre internet craze|work=Mirror.ko.uk}}</ref><ref name=inquisitr>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/2117579/tweeting-christians-on-the-charlie-charlie-challenge-please-step-away-from-the-demon/|quote=In this one, two pencils are crossed over four squares. In each, the gullible participant writes 'yes' and 'no.'|title=Tweeting Christians On The 'Charlie Charlie Challenge': Please, Step Away From The Demon|date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Pastor Carl Gallups told [[WPTF]] news radio "I have done some experiments with this, and I think people are being punked. On my desk in front of me, I have the two pencils set up and the one on the top that is balanced is easily moved by just a puff of air."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2015/06/10/charlie-charlie-game-summoning-mexican-demon-goes-viral-causing-damage-real-and/|title='Charlie Charlie' game summoning Mexican demon goes viral, causing damage real and fake|date=10 June 2015|work=Fox News Latino}}</ref> He continued, "I held my phone up to pretend like I was filming it and just started breathing a little heavy, but it's indiscernible to anybody around, and the pencil just moves so easily." Fred Clark and [[Rebecca Watson]] liken the phenomenon of pencils moving on a desk to [[James Hydrick]]'s debunked claim that he could move a pencil on a desk by [[psychokinesis]].<ref name=slacktivist>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/slacktivist/2015/05/29/the-charliecharliechallenge-doesnt-lead-to-demonic-possession-but-it-can-nurture-credulity-and-willful-ignorance-which-is-worse/|title=The ‘CharlieCharlieChallenge’ doesn’t lead to demonic possession — but it can nurture credulity and willful ignorance, which is worse|author=Fred Clark|date=29 May 2015|work=Patheos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepchick.org/2015/05/charlie-charlie-the-science-of-summoning-demons-with-pencils-for-fun-and-profit/|title=Charlie Charlie: The Science of Summoning Demons with Pencils for Fun and Profit|work=Skepchick|author=[[Rebecca Watson]]|date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

Andrew Griffin wrote in ''[[The Independent]]'' that the game is "perhaps scarier than a Ouija board because it doesn't have the same explanations. With those boards, players have to keep hold of a glass while it moves around the table—so it's not difficult to imagine that people might be pushing it around without knowing it."<ref name=griffin1>{{cite web|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge explained: it's just gravity—not a Mexican demon being summoned|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/weird-news/charlie-charlie-challenge-explained-its-not-a-mexican-demon-being-summoned--its-gravity-10276557.html|work=The Independent|date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

The Racket Report, a parody website that describes itself as "not intended to communicate any true or factual information"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theracketreport.com/contact-us/about-us/|title=About Us|work=The Racket Report(satire)}}</ref> has invented the claim that 500 "mysterious" deaths resulted from playing the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hoax-busted-reports-mysterious-deaths-after-playing-charlie-charlie-challenge-are-false-635030|title=Hoax Busted: Reports of Mysterious Deaths After Playing Charlie Charlie Challenge are False|work=International Business Times India|date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Fiji Sun]] has reported claims made by the satire website as news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/06/year-1-and-2-students-play-charlie-charlie/|title=Year 1 And 2 Students Play ‘Charlie Charlie’|work=Fiji Sun|date=6 June 2015|archivedate=15 Feb 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204145/http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/06/year-1-and-2-students-play-charlie-charlie/|quote=The Racket Report reported online that Charlie Charlie is a dangerous new game going viral and is said to conjure up a group of Mexican demons. “It is considered a mash up of the Ouija board and bloody Mary, but this game is physically injuring its participants. The game, which was believed to be of demonic spirits, leads to scaring children who play the game and can even lead to suicide for those who get possessed by the spirit,” The Racket Report said.}}</ref> The Fijian Ministry of Education has banned the game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/06/10/schools-crack-down-on-charlie-charlie/|title=Schools Crack Down On Charlie Charlie|work=10 June 2015|work=Fiji Sun}}</ref> and three Fijian teachers in [[Tavua, Fiji|Tavua]] were taken to a police station for questioning over allegations they forced their students play the game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fijione.tv/three-teachers-in-tavua-allegedly-let-students-play-the-charlie-charlie-game/|title=Three teachers in Tavua allegedly let students play the “Charlie Charlie” game|work=Fiji One News|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=309798|title=Teachers probed over Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=Fiji Times Online|date=14 June 2015}}</ref> before being cleared of all charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/30391/teachers-cleared-of-criminal-offence-for-charlie-charlie-game-|title=Teachers cleared of criminal offence for Charlie Charlie game|work=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=16 Jun 2015}}</ref>

Kate Knibbs writes that "once the paranormal fad went viral, it didn’t take long for Christian fearmongers to warn against calling on the nefarious spirit world."<ref name=gizmodo/> [[Pat Robertson]] denounced the Charlie Charlie challenge as demonic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9yxWbYy07Q|title=RWW News: Pat Robertson Warns Against 'Charlie Charlie Challenge'|date=29 May 2015|publisher=People for the American Way}}</ref> Various [[exorcist]]s<ref name=cna>{{cite news|title=Is 'Charlie Charlie' a harmless game? Exorcist says absolutely not|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/is-charlie-charlie-a-harmless-game-exorcist-says-absolutely-not-49686/|publisher=Catholic News Agency}}</ref> have promoted the idea that the game causes [[spirit possession]], along with Muslims in [[Jamaica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20150605/islamic-community-condemns-charlie-charlie-challenge|title=Islamic Community Condemns Charlie Charlie Challenge|work=Jamaica Gleaner}}</ref> and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-students-warned-against-playing-charlie-charlie-ghost-game|title=UAE students warned against playing 'Charlie, Charlie' ghost game|author=Rezan Oueiti|work=The National|location=Abu Dhabi}}</ref>

David Emery argues [[Occam's razor|parsimoniously]] that when simple scientific explanations "can sufficiently explain why a phenomenon occurs, there's no reason to assume supernatural forces are at work." Despite simple scientific explanations being offered by [[Science journalism|science journalists]],<ref name=griffin1/><ref name=cnet>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/au/news/sorry-charlie-its-a-not-a-demon-thats-controlling-the-charlie-charlie-challenge/|title=Sorry, Charlie: The Charlie Charlie Challenge is less spooky than they say|work=CNET|author=Danny Gallagher|date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=scishow/><ref name=sharonhill>{{cite web|url=http://doubtfulnews.com/2015/05/childs-play-charlie-charlie-challenge-is-same-old-same-old/|title=Child’s Play: Charlie Charlie Challenge is same old same old... |work=Doubtful News|date=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=snopes>{{cite web|url=http://m.snopes.com/2015/06/02/charlie-charlie-challenge-viral-marketing-hoax/|title=Was the Charlie Charlie Challenge Really a Viral Marketing Hoax?|work=Snopes|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> these are less readily available in mainstream news outlets.

==In popular culture==
The producers of the horror film ''[[The Gallows]]'' promoted their film on the [[bandwagon effect|bandwagon]] of the game, releasing a [[Publicity|video clip]] featuring the game.<ref name=indy1>{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=Charlie Charlie Challenge: everyone on the internet thinks it’s a marketing stunt, but it probably isn't|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/charlie-charlie-challenge-everyone-on-the-internet-thinks-its-a-marketing-stunt-but-it-probably-isnt-10289424.html|accessdate=2 June 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref> In addition to the film ''The Gallows'', Charlie Charlie and the media reaction were featured in June 2015 entries of the webcomic ''[[Something Positive]]''.

==See also==
*[[Bloody Mary (folklore)]]
*[[Magic 8-ball]]
*[[Paper fortune teller]]
*[[Paul the Octopus]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Challenges]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Paper-and-pencil games]]
[[Category:Divination]]
[[Category:Mass hysteria]]

Fitbit

2015-08-23T07:19:59Z

Callinus: Reverted good faith edits by 201.191.135.145 (talk): No. WP:NOTSTATSBOOK WP:FANCRUFT. (TW)

{{Infobox company
| name = Fitbit Inc.
| logo = [[File:Fitbit logo.svg|190px]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|FIT}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| foundation = [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]], United States ({{Start date|2007|10}})<ref name=crunchbase>{{cite web |title=Fitbit Company Profile |url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/fitbit |work=CrunchBase |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |accessdate=September 17, 2009}}</ref>
| founder = James Park Eric Friedman
| location_city = San Francisco, CA
| location_country = USA
| area_served = USA
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|James Park, CEO|Eric Friedman, CTO}}
| industry = [[Consumer electronics]]
| products = Fitbit Tracker
| homepage = {{url|http://www.fitbit.com|www.fitbit.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Fitbit Inc.''' is a company headquartered in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Founded and managed by James Park and Eric Friedman, the company is known for its products of the same name, which are [[activity tracker]]s, [[wireless]]-enabled [[wearable technology]] devices that measure data such as the [[Pedometer|number of steps walked]], quality of [[sleep]], steps climbed, and other personal metrics. The first of these was the '''Fitbit Tracker'''.

On May 7, 2015, Fitbit announced it had filed for [[IPO]] with a [[NYSE]] listing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-07/fitbit-files-for-ipo-to-seek-nyse-listing-i9el5rz0 |title=Fitbit Files for IPO, to Seek NYSE Listing |date=May 7, 2015 |author=Hadi, Mohammed |agency=Bloomberg News |accessdate=May 10, 2015 }}</ref> The IPO was filed for $100 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2015/05/07/fitbit-files-for-100-million-ipo/ |title=Fitbit files for $100 million IPO, shows big profits |author=Dan Primack |publisher=Fortune |date=May 7, 2015 }}</ref> The company's trading symbol is "FIT".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seekingalpha.com/news/2504406-fitbit-files-for-ipo-reports-strong-growth-profits |title=Fitbit files for IPO, reports strong growth/profits |date=May 7, 2015 |accessdate=May 10, 2015 |author=Jhonsa, Eric }}</ref>

==Fitbit Products==
===Fitbit Tracker===
[[File:Fitbit Ultra - teal.jpg|thumb|Fitbit Ultra activity tracker in teal clipped to pocket]]
The Fitbit Tracker uses a three-dimensional [[accelerometer]], similar to that in the [[Wii Remote]], to sense user movement. The Tracker measures steps taken, and combines it with user data to calculate distance walked, calories burned, floors climbed and activity duration and intensity. It uses an [[Organic light-emitting diode|OLED display]] to display this and other information such as the battery level. It also measures sleep quality by tracking periods of restlessness, how long it takes the wearer to fall asleep and how long they are actually asleep.

A [[wireless]] base station is included to receive data from the Tracker and also charge its battery. When connected to a computer the base station will upload data to the Fitbit website, where a number of features are available: seeing an overview of physical activity, setting and tracking goals, keeping food and activity logs and interacting with friends. Use of the website is free.

The Fitbit Classic tracked only steps taken, distance travelled, calories burned, activity intensity and sleep. It was designed to be a small black and teal device that could be clipped discreetly onto clothing and worn 24/7.

At the [[TechCrunch50]] during the "Mobile" session on September 9, 2008,<ref>{{cite web |first=Kate |last=Greene |title=Self Surveillance |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/21361/page1/ |work=Technology Review |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=September 10, 2008 |accessdate=September 19, 2009}}</ref> Fitbit received positive reactions during its panel from experts like [[Rafe Needleman]], [[Tim O'Reilly]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]] who cited its wearability, price point, and lack of subscription fees.

===Fitbit Ultra===

A new hardware upgrade was announced on October 3, 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=522|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> called the '''Fitbit Ultra'''. The new features included:
* an [[altimeter]] that measures elevation gain in terms of floors, with one floor roughly equivalent to ten feet.
* a digital clock visible on the device's display
* a [[stopwatch]] that can be used to time activities
* randomized "Chatter" messages show when the Ultra is moved after sitting idle for a while, and there's a custom field to write in a personal "Greeting".
* new colors (plum or blue, as opposed to the original teal)

The Fitbit Ultra is powered by a small [[Lithium polymer battery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.takeitapart.com/guide/11|title=Fitbit Ultra|work=takeitapart.com}}</ref>

===Fitbit One===

Announced on September 17, 2012, the Fitbit One is an update to the Fitbit Ultra that uses a more vivid digital display, has a separate clip and a separate charging cable and wireless sync [[dongle]].<ref name="Co.Design article about new One">{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Mark|title=Fitbit’s Newest Gadget: 24/7 Fitness Tracking Meets 24/7 App Syncing|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1670906/fitbits-newest-gadget-247-fitness-tracking-meets-247-app-syncing#1|publisher=Co.Design by Fast Company|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> The Fitbit One and the Fitbit Zip were the first wireless activity trackers to sync using Bluetooth 4.0 or [[Bluetooth SMART]] technology. The wireless syncing is currently available on [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher.<ref name="fitbit.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbit.com/devices|title=Fitbit Supported Devices|work=fitbit.com}}</ref> Fitbit One can record several daily activities, including but not limited to, number of steps taken, distance travelled on foot, number of floors climbed, calories burned, vigorously active minutes, sleep efficiency, delicate movements during sleep, number of wake-ups during sleep, etc.

===Fitbit Zip===

[[File:White Fitbit Zip.jpg|thumb|A white Fitbit Zip, showing the distance in miles covered by the wearer]]
Announced on September 17, 2012, the Fitbit Zip is roughly the size of [[Quarter (United States coin)|a quarter]] and tracks only steps taken, distance travelled, and calories burned. Compared to the other Fitbit trackers, the Zip is the first Fitbit product to include a disposable battery. It also has a lower price point than other Fitbit trackers. Similar to the Fitbit One, it is able to sync its data wirelessly to supported mobile devices, such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher.<ref name="fitbit.com"/>

===Fitbit Flex===
[[File:Fitibit Flex.jpg|thumb|Fitibit Flex with accompanying wristband]]
In May 2013, Fitbit released the Fitbit Flex, which is a device that one wears on the wrist. It tracks movement 24 hours a day, including sleep patterns. It has a simple display of 5 LED lights which indicate the number of steps taken in a day, and it vibrates to indicate that your goal has been reached. The lights also indicate battery level. The Fitbit Flex has almost all the same sync functions as the Fitbit One and Zip. The Flex is also the most water-resistant tracker; it can be worn while showering, but not while swimming. The Fitbit Flex includes a specialized USB charger; the battery lasts 5-7 days, and it takes 1-2 hours to charge.

===Fitbit Force===

The Fitbit Force was announced on October 10, 2013. It has an OLED display<ref>{{cite web|title=The best activity tracker yet... The Fitbit Force reviewed|url=http://www.fitgadgetreviews.com/fitbit-force-review/}}</ref> that shows time and daily activity. The Force tracks a number of statistics in real-time, including steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned, stairs climbed and active minutes throughout the day. At night, the Force tracks sleep and can wake a user silently with a vibrating alarm.

On January 13, 2014 it was reported that an unconfirmed number of Fitbit customers who have purchased the Force have complained about skin irritation after wearing the Force for extended periods of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/14/fitbit-apologies-_n_4599193.html|title=Fitbit Apologizes To Customers Who've Experienced Skin Reactions|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Fitbit stated on its website that the company consulted with medical professionals whose assessments are that these irritations are most likely [[allergic contact dermatitis|allergic reactions to nickel]], a component of the surgical-grade steel or the adhesives used to assemble the Fitbit Force.<ref name="ForceCEO">[https://www.fitbit.com/forcesupport CEO letter 2/20/14]. February 20, 2014.</ref> Fitbit, working with the Consumer Protection Safety Commission, recalled the Fitbit Force on February 20, 2014.<ref name="ForceCEO"/> On March 12, 2014 the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) made the recall official.<ref name="ForceRecall">{{cite web|url=https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Fitbit-Recalls-Force-Activity-Tracking-Wristband/|title=Fitbit Recalls Force Activity-Tracking Wristband Due to Risk of Skin Irritation|date=12 March 2014|work=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission}}</ref> At that time it was revealed that The Fitbit Force had caused about 9,900 injuries.<ref name="ForceRecall"/> Its is no longer for sale on Fitbit's website.

===Fitbit Charge===
[[File:Fitbit Charge HR.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fitbit Charge]]
Announced in October 2014, the Fitbit Charge is a replacement for the Fitbit Force. It was released in November 2014 for US$130 retail. Unlike the Force, Charge's wrist band is slightly different and textured and can display caller ID information from a connected smartphone.<ref name="techcrunch.com">Burns, Matt. October 27, 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]"</ref><ref>[http://www.cio.com/article/2851913/mobile-apps/two-surprises-in-fitbits-new-charge-fitness-tracker.html Two Surprises in Fitbit's New Charge Fitness Tracker], CIO.com, November 25, 2014</ref>

===Fitbit Charge HR===
Announced in October 2014 and released in early January 2015, the Charge HR is the Charge plus a heart-rate monitor. With this addition the 7-day battery life is reduced to 5 days. The Charge HR has the same textured band as the Charge and comes in black, plum, blue, and tangerine. The Charge HR band clasp resembles that of a traditional watch instead of the snap-on band the original Charge has.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.fitbit.com/chargehr#specs|title=Fitbit Charge HR Wireless Heart Rate + Activity Wristband|work=fitbit.com}}</ref><ref>Burns, Matt. October 27, 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]". TechCrunch.</ref>

===Fitbit Surge===
Announced in October 2014, the Surge is more like a smart-watch than an activity tracker and aimed for the fitness demographic. The Surge includes a heart-rate monitor and the ability to track pace, distance, and elevation using the GPS on the device.

==Fitbit Aria==
[[File:Fitbit Aria.jpg|thumb|150px|Fitbit Aria]]
In April 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gdgt.com/fitbit/|title=Fitbit|work=Engadget}}</ref> Fitbit released a "Wi-Fi smart scale" called the Fitbit Aria. It recognizes users who are wearing Fitbit trackers and measures weight, body mass index ([[body mass index|BMI]]) and percentage of body fat of the user. It can keep track of eight individual users and updates information to fitbit.com automatically via Wi-Fi network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbit.com/product/aria|title=Fitbit Aria™ Wi-Fi Smart Scale|work=fitbit.com}}</ref> The information is also updated to the mobile apps.

==Fitbit Mobile Apps==
In October 2011, just a few weeks after the launch of the Fitbit Ultra, Fitbit launched a native app for the [[iPhone]].<ref name="Fitbit iPhone app">{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=530|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> In March 2012 Fitbit launched a native app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. Users could log their food, activities, water intake and weight, as well as track their fitness goals throughout the day even while offline. Originally the iOS and Android apps could only retrieve data from the user's Fitbit account, rather than connecting directly to the fitness tracker, but in September 2012 the Fitbit One and Zip were announced with Bluetooth support for syncing directly with phones. When the One and Zip were released, only newer iOS devices were supported,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/new-fitbits-can-sync-with-iphones-androids-via-bluetooth-4-0/|title=New Fitbits can sync with iPhones, Androids via Bluetooth 4.0|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> but in February 2013, Fitbit released an update that would allow wireless syncing from Fitbit One and Zip devices to the Samsung Galaxy S III and Galaxy Note II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/finally-wireless-sync-beta-on-android/|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> An update in May 2013 added support for the Galaxy S4,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/android-update-fitbit-now-syncs-to-the-galaxy-s4/|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> and on January 6, 2014, Fitbit announced an update to the Android app adding support for many more devices including the Nexus 4, Nexus 5, Moto X, HTC One, and LG G2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/android-update-12-new-android-phones-now-sync-with-fitbit-trackers/|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> On July 28, 2014, the official Windows Phone app was released.

==Fitbit website==
Fitbit offers a free website that can be used with or without the Fitbit Tracker. Users have the ability to log their food, activities, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose levels to track over time. Users also have the ability to set daily and weekly goals for themselves for steps, calories burned and consumed, and distance walked.

===Badges===
On August 9, 2011, Fitbit launched badges for various step and distance milestones. Step badges could be earned based on how many steps a user took in a single day, while lifetime distance badges gave users a badge based on how much distance they've logged since they started using the Fitbit Tracker. With the launch of Fitbit Ultra, they came out with new Ultra-only badges that can be earned for floor climbing, and launched new step and distance badges that anyone could earn.

==Reception==

===Awards===
Fitbit has won numerous awards, including runner-up at TechCrunch50 in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2008/09/10/yammer-takes-techcrunch50s-top-prize/|title=Yammer Takes Top Prize At TechCrunch50|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch}}</ref> and CES 2009 Innovation honoree and best in the Health & Wellness category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cesweb.org/awards/innovations/2009honorees.asp|title=CES Innovation Awards|work=International CES}}</ref>

===Privacy concerns===
Starting in June 2011, Fitbit was criticized for its website's default activity sharing settings, which made users' manually entered physical activities available for public viewing.<ref name="Fitbit blog response">{{cite web|url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=463|title=Fitbit Blog|work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> All users had the option to make their physical activity information private, but some users were unaware that the information was public by default. One specific issue which technology blogs made fun of was that some users were including details about their sex lives in their daily exercise logs, and this information was by default publicly available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gizmodo.com/5817784/dear-fitbit-users-kudos-on-the-30-minutes-of-vigorous-sexual-activity-last-night|title=Dear Fitbit Users, Kudos On the 30 Minutes of "Vigorous Sexual Activity" Last Night|author=Jack Loftus|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Gizmodo}}</ref> Fitbit responded to criticism by making all such data private by default and requesting that search engines remove indexed user profile pages from their databases.<ref name="Fitbit blog response"/> Fitbit devices have been used in criminal investigations, in one instance using GPS tracking to invalidate evidence in a rape trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc27.com/2015/06/19/police-womans-fitness-watch-disproved-rape-report/|title=Police: Woman’s fitness watch disproved rape report|work=ABC27|date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/158292/fitbit-data-just-undermined-a-womans-rape-claim/|title=Fitbit data just undermined a woman’s rape claim|date=29 June 2015|work=Fusion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/when-fitbit-is-the-expert-witness/382936/|title=When Fitbit Is the Expert Witness|work=The Atlantic|date=19 Nov 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/how-your-fitbit-data-can-and-will-be-used-against-you-in-a-court-of-law-34580|title=How your Fitbit data can and will be used against you in a court of law|date=24 Nov 2014|work=The Conversation|author=David Glance}}</ref>

==Fitbit and Fitbug Legal Fight==
In May 2011 a European Union [[trademark]] was filed for Fitbit. The status is in the category [[Computer]], [[Software]], [[Electrical]] and [[Scientific]] Products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/ctm/fitbit-836385_en-US.htm|title=Trademarkia|work=trademarkia.com}}</ref>
Fitbug Holdings PLC, the [[London Stock Exchange]] AIM market ([[Alternative Investment Market]]) quoted provider of online personal health and [[well-being]] services, continue their appeals in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[United Kingdom trade mark law]]) and [[European Union]] ([[Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market]]) to try and cancel Fitbit's European Union trademark and defend their trademark in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12260464.html|title=Appeals Decision On Fitbit Trademark Infringement|work=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref>

Fitbug Holdings PLC, filed a lawsuit against [[San Francisco]]-based Fitbit that alleges trademark infringement and unfair business practices, which Fitbug claims has caused it irreparable harm and damage. A [[cease and desist]] letter had been sent to Fitbit, and an official [[lawsuit]] filed on March 29, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobihealthnews.com/21792/did-fitbit-copy-fitbug-lawsuit-claims-it-did/|title=Did Fitbit copy Fitbug? Lawsuit claims it did - mobihealthnews|work=mobihealthnews.com}}</ref>

Fitbug requested the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] to order Fitbit to permanently cease use of its Fitbit mark and from engaging in conduct that is causing confusion with Fitbug's brand and services. Summary judgment was made in January 2015 in favour of Fitbit due to an unreasonable delay 'Defence of [[Laches (equity)]]' by Fitbug in bringing the claim. Fitbug said they were in discussion with their advisors following the verdict. Fitbug Holdings Plc, filed an appeal, in February 2015, of the decision by the US District Court for the Northern District of California concerning its trademark dispute against Fitbit Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/76652/fitbug-holdings-feels-the-burn-as-it-suffers-legal-setback-76652.html|title=Fitbug Holdings feels the burn as it suffers legal setback|author=John Harrington|work=Proactiveinvestors UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12228946.html|title=Update re Legal Action Against Fitbit Inc|work=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetrademarkhub.com/pages/newsitem/protecting-your-intellectual-property-trade-mark-fight-in-the-digital-fitness-arena|title=News and Blog The Trademark Hub - Protecting your Intellectual Property - Trade Mark Fight in the Digital Fitness Arena|work=thetrademarkhub.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jawbone (company)|Jawbone]]
* [[Microsoft Band]]
* [[Quantified Self]]
* [[Smart keychain]]
* [[Smartwatch]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.fitbit.com/}}

[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Activity trackers]]
[[Category:Wireless transmitters]]
[[Category:Smart bands]]

Luftangriff

2015-08-17T11:57:18Z

Callinus: Filled in 4 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Air strikers|the basketball team|Dayton Air Strikers}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
[[Image:Sremska mitrovica all force.jpg|thumb|200px|Result of an airstrike during the [[Kosovo War]]]]
An '''airstrike''' or '''air strike'''<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/a/2237.html air strike- DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms] {{Dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> is an attack on a specific objective by [[military aviation|military aircraft]] during an offensive mission. Air strikes are commonly delivered from aircraft such as [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[bomber]]s, [[ground attack aircraft]], and [[attack helicopters]]. The official definition includes all sorts of targets, including enemy air targets, but in popular use the term is usually narrowed to a [[Military tactics|tactical]] (small-scale) attack on a ground or [[naval]] objective. Weapons used in an airstrike can range from [[machine gun]] [[bullet]]s and [[missile]]s to various types of [[bomb]]s. It is also commonly referred to as an '''air raid'''.

In [[close air support]], air strikes are usually controlled by [[Forward air control|trained observers]] for coordination with friendly ground troops in a manner derived from [[artillery]] tactics.

==History==
{{Expand section|date=October 2008}}
[[Image:Korean War bombing Wonsan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[A-26 Invader|A-26]] airstrike on warehouses in [[Wonsan]] during the [[Korean War]]]]

On November 1, 1911, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] aviator Second Lieutenant [[Giulio Gavotti]] dropped four bombs on two Turkish-held [[oasis|oases]] in Libya, carrying out the world's first air strike as part of the [[Italo-Turkish War]].<ref>U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Pre_WWI/AP1.htm Aviation at the Start of the First World War]</ref> Use of air strikes were extended in [[World War I]]. For example, at the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] in 1915, the British [[Royal Flying Corps]] dropped bombs on German rail communications. However, it was not until World War II that the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] first records usage of the term "air strike,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/4366?redirectedFrom=airstrike#eid7952116|title=air, n.1|work=oed.com}}</ref> which remained two separate words for some time thereafter. The [[Second World War]] also saw the first development of [[precision-guided munitions]], which were fielded successfully by the Germans, and contributed to the modern sense of air "strike," a precision targeted attack as opposed to a [[strafing|strafing run]] or [[area bombing]]. The importance of precision targeting cannot be overstated: by some statistics, over a hundred raids were necessary to destroy a point target in World War 2; by the [[Persian Gulf War]], the [[U.S. Air Force]] was able to release to media precise footage of television- or radar-guided bombs directly hitting the target without significant collateral damage (using, for example, the [[LANTIRN]] pod). [[Paul Fussell]] noted in his seminal work [[The Great War and Modern Memory]] the popular 20th century tendency to assume an errant bomb hitting a church, for example, was completely deliberate and reflective of the inherent evil of the enemy; over time, expectations for reduced collateral damage have increased to the point that developed countries engaging in war against less technologically advanced countries approach near-zero in terms of such damage and to a large degree, they have done so.

Today, airstrike terminology has extended to the concept of the [[strike aircraft]], what earlier generations of military aviators referred to as [[light bombers]] or [[attack aircraft]]. With the near-complete air supremacy enjoyed by developed nations in undeveloped regions, fighter jets can often be modified to add strike capability in a manner less practicable in earlier generations, e.g. [[Strike Eagle]].

Airstrikes can be carried out for strategic purposes outside of general warfare. [[Operation Opera]] was a single eight-ship Israeli airstrike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor, criticized by world opinion but not leading to a general outbreak of war. Such an example of the [[Preventive war|preventive strike]] has created new questions for international law.

==Non-combatant deaths==
{{Expand section|date=December 2012}}
[[Image:Two F-22A Raptor in column flight - (Noise reduced).jpg|right|thumb|150px|Most modern military aircraft such as this [[F-22 Raptor]] carry [[precision-guided munition]], which military sources promote as decreasing civilian deaths.]]
{{main|Aerial bombardment and international law|Civilian casualty ratio|Collateral damage}}

Airstrike campaigns always cause the deaths of [[non-combatants]], including civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/03/pentagon-in-denial-about-civilian-casualties-of-u-s-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria/|title=Pentagon in Denial About Civilian Casualties of U.S. Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria|work=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/airstrikes-launched-amid-intelligence-gaps/|title=Airstrikes launched amid intelligence gaps|work=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> International [[laws of war]] apply the principles of <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cha_chapter4_rule14|title=Customary IHL - Practice Relating to Rule 14. Proportionality in Attack|work=icrc.org}}</ref> ''[[military necessity]]'', ''[[distinction (law)|distinction]]'', and ''[[proportionality (international humanitarian law)|proportionality]]'': An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.

Military sources refer to civilian deaths with the euphemism "[[collateral damage]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6007/is_56/ai_n14700122/pg_16 |title=Air Force Law Review |date=Winter 2005 |publisher=Jefferson D. Reynolds}}</ref>

Collateral damage may occur to non-combatant facilities and lead to [[Friendly fire|accidental injury of friendly combatants]] near the intended target.<ref>see [[190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident]]</ref> When calling in an airstrike that is close to friendly forces, the forward air controllers will normally use the radio code "[[Danger Close]]."

==See also==
* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
* [[Aerial warfare]]
* [[Air raid (disambiguation)]]
* [[Time On Target]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Airstrikes| *]]

Luftangriff

2015-08-17T11:09:13Z

Callinus: /* Collateral damage */ add sources - NPOV - change text and language - civilian casualties always result from bombing, and the term collateral damage is correctly identified as a euphemism

{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Air strikers|the basketball team|Dayton Air Strikers}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
[[Image:Sremska mitrovica all force.jpg|thumb|200px|Result of an airstrike during the [[Kosovo War]]]]
An '''airstrike''' or '''air strike'''<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/a/2237.html air strike- DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms] {{Dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> is an attack on a specific objective by [[military aviation|military aircraft]] during an offensive mission. Air strikes are commonly delivered from aircraft such as [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[bomber]]s, [[ground attack aircraft]], and [[attack helicopters]]. The official definition includes all sorts of targets, including enemy air targets, but in popular use the term is usually narrowed to a [[Military tactics|tactical]] (small-scale) attack on a ground or [[naval]] objective. Weapons used in an airstrike can range from [[machine gun]] [[bullet]]s and [[missile]]s to various types of [[bomb]]s. It is also commonly referred to as an '''air raid'''.

In [[close air support]], air strikes are usually controlled by [[Forward air control|trained observers]] for coordination with friendly ground troops in a manner derived from [[artillery]] tactics.

==History==
{{Expand section|date=October 2008}}
[[Image:Korean War bombing Wonsan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[A-26 Invader|A-26]] airstrike on warehouses in [[Wonsan]] during the [[Korean War]]]]

On November 1, 1911, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] aviator Second Lieutenant [[Giulio Gavotti]] dropped four bombs on two Turkish-held [[oasis|oases]] in Libya, carrying out the world's first air strike as part of the [[Italo-Turkish War]].<ref>U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Pre_WWI/AP1.htm Aviation at the Start of the First World War]</ref> Use of air strikes were extended in [[World War I]]. For example, at the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] in 1915, the British [[Royal Flying Corps]] dropped bombs on German rail communications. However, it was not until World War II that the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] first records usage of the term "air strike,"<ref>[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/4366?redirectedFrom=airstrike#eid7952116 OED]</ref> which remained two separate words for some time thereafter. The [[Second World War]] also saw the first development of [[precision-guided munitions]], which were fielded successfully by the Germans, and contributed to the modern sense of air "strike," a precision targeted attack as opposed to a [[strafing|strafing run]] or [[area bombing]]. The importance of precision targeting cannot be overstated: by some statistics, over a hundred raids were necessary to destroy a point target in World War 2; by the [[Persian Gulf War]], the [[U.S. Air Force]] was able to release to media precise footage of television- or radar-guided bombs directly hitting the target without significant collateral damage (using, for example, the [[LANTIRN]] pod). [[Paul Fussell]] noted in his seminal work [[The Great War and Modern Memory]] the popular 20th century tendency to assume an errant bomb hitting a church, for example, was completely deliberate and reflective of the inherent evil of the enemy; over time, expectations for reduced collateral damage have increased to the point that developed countries engaging in war against less technologically advanced countries approach near-zero in terms of such damage and to a large degree, they have done so.

Today, airstrike terminology has extended to the concept of the [[strike aircraft]], what earlier generations of military aviators referred to as [[light bombers]] or [[attack aircraft]]. With the near-complete air supremacy enjoyed by developed nations in undeveloped regions, fighter jets can often be modified to add strike capability in a manner less practicable in earlier generations, e.g. [[Strike Eagle]].

Airstrikes can be carried out for strategic purposes outside of general warfare. [[Operation Opera]] was a single eight-ship Israeli airstrike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor, criticized by world opinion but not leading to a general outbreak of war. Such an example of the [[Preventive war|preventive strike]] has created new questions for international law.

==Non-combatant deaths==
{{Expand section|date=December 2012}}
[[Image:Two F-22A Raptor in column flight - (Noise reduced).jpg|right|thumb|150px|Most modern military aircraft such as this [[F-22 Raptor]] carry [[precision-guided munition]], which military sources promote as decreasing civilian deaths.]]
{{main|Aerial bombardment and international law|Civilian casualty ratio|Collateral damage}}

Airstrike campaigns always cause the deaths of [[non-combatants]], including civilians.<ref>http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/03/pentagon-in-denial-about-civilian-casualties-of-u-s-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria/</ref><ref>http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/airstrikes-launched-amid-intelligence-gaps/</ref> International [[laws of war]] apply the principles of <ref>https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cha_chapter4_rule14</ref> ''[[military necessity]]'', ''[[distinction (law)|distinction]]'', and ''[[proportionality (international humanitarian law)|proportionality]]'': An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.

Military sources refer to civilian deaths with the euphemism "[[collateral damage]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6007/is_56/ai_n14700122/pg_16 |title=Air Force Law Review |date=Winter 2005 |publisher=Jefferson D. Reynolds}}</ref>

Collateral damage may occur to non-combatant facilities and lead to [[Friendly fire|accidental injury of friendly combatants]] near the intended target.<ref>see [[190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident]]</ref> When calling in an airstrike that is close to friendly forces, the forward air controllers will normally use the radio code "[[Danger Close]]."

==See also==
* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
* [[Aerial warfare]]
* [[Air raid (disambiguation)]]
* [[Time On Target]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Airstrikes| *]]

Fitbit

2015-08-16T09:43:12Z

Callinus: Undid revision 676338252 by Timiney (talk) WP:NOTEVERYTHING WP:NOTJARGON WP:RAWDATA WP:NOTTRIVIA

Black Lives Matter

2015-08-16T07:36:25Z

Callinus: /* Description and events */ clarification two sentences from daily beast source - two different orgs use the name "Black lives matter seattle" on facebook and sent threatening messages to the first page

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protesters carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is a [[grassroots]] [[activist]] movement in the United States that began in the wake of the July 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the Florida [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. The group received fresh impetus from the 2014 [[shooting of Michael Brown]], an African-American teen, and the death of [[Eric Garner]]. In both cases the grand jury did not indict the officer and no charges were brought. The Black Lives Matter movement also campaigns against [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality against African-Americans]] in the United States. Some of the unarmed African-Americans who died at the hands of law enforcement have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]] (whose death sparked the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]).

The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref>

The [[shooting of Walter Scott]] by a white policeman was recorded by a bystander, who contacted a local activist involved with Black Lives Matter; they, in turn, contacted Scott's family to take possession of the video. Soon after the video was released to the public, the officer was arrested and charged with murder. The case is pending.<ref name=ABCNews.policeshooting>{{cite news|title=Police Shooting Witness Says He Saw Officer Drop Something by Walter Scott's Body|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|first= Meghan |last= Keneally |work= [[ABC News]] |accessdate=April 9, 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150409202903/http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|archivedate=April 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Description and events==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> The organization states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to what they view as [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[Statistics of incarcerated African-American males|mass incarceration of African-Americans]], and the [[militarization of police|militarization of many U.S. police departments]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by [[Alicia Garza]] and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[State v. Zimmerman|Trayvon Martin trial]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)] |publisher= [[The Economist]] |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> [[Vida Johnson]] and other black professors support the movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=http://blackspaceblog.com/|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Sean Bell Protest NYC 2008-06-12 arrest.jpg|thumb|left|Sean Bell Protest]] As of August 15, 2015, at least 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations had been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

The "informal branch of Black Lives Matter in Ferguson" has been involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!", and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: ‘Burn Everything Down!’|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title=‘Black Lives Matter’ Protesters Shout Just What They’re Gonna Do If Someone Dies ‘in Police Custody’|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protestors shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group called Outside Agitators 206<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/08/09/1410195/-Seattle-BLM-Protest-Was-Not-BLM-Sorta|title=Seattle BLM Protest Was Not BLM (Sorta)|work=dailykos.com}}</ref> (who associate themselves with the Black Lives Matter label), who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and White Supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by the Outside Agitators women that she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle" while the founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title=‘Black Lives Matter’ activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Influence==
Founder Alicia Garza has denounced corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan that she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important–it means that black lives, which are seen as without value within [[white supremacy]], are important to your liberation".<ref name=Herstory />

In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In a Twitter post, Black Lives Matter said, "If you really believe that all lives matter, you will fight like hell for Black lives."<ref>{{cite web|title=@Blklivesmatter|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/541159362610212866|website=http://twitter.com|accessdate=April 30, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' expressed support to the Black Lives Matter movement on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=Beast>{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center]] in [[Downtown Denver]]. At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in Phoenix demonstrators from Black Alliance for Just Immigration booed and shouted at Democratic presidential candidate [[Martin O'Malley]] when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." He later apologized for his remarks telling that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

==List of deaths protested by Black Lives Matter==
{{POV-section|talk=Description and aftermath|date=August 2015}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="killed"
|-
! Link !! Date !! nowrap|Name (age) !! City, state !! Description and aftermath
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=State of the Black Union|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/state-of-the-black-union|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> || {{dts|2010|05|16}} || [[Death of Aiyana Jones|Aiyana Jones]] (7) || [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] || Shot by policeman Joseph Weekley during a house raid. Weekley was ultimately cleared of all charges after multiple mistrials.<ref>{{cite news |title = Charges Dropped Against Cop Who Shot Sleeping 7-Year-Old Girl|url = http://social.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/28/joseph-weekley-charges-dismissed-aiyana-stanley-jones_n_6566032.html|website = The Huffington Post|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=BAU>{{cite web|title=Black and unarmed.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/56266044551/caseybruce-black-and-unarmed-remember-the|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs|first1=Mike|title=Coming Together program explores deadly race issues in America|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/skokie/news/ct-skr-moving-targets-tl-0219-20150216-story.html |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2011|11|19}} || [[Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.|Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.]] (68) || [[White Plains, New York]] || Shot by policeman Anthony Carelli in Chamberlain's home. No criminal charges filed. Emergency services were drawn to Chamberlain's home after his medical alert device activated. Chamberlain refused to let them in, with police breaking down the door to enter.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rose Arce and Soledad O'Brien |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/03/justice/new-york-chamberlain-death |title=Police officer cleared in shooting death of ailing veteran in New York |publisher=CNN |date=May 4, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=All #BlackLivesMatter. This is Not a Moment, but a Movement|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nobody>{{cite news |last1=Williams|first1=Yohuru|title=You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yohuru-williams/youre-nobody-till-somebod_b_7167028.html|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|02|26}} || [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|Trayvon Martin]] (17) || [[Sanford, Florida]] || [[Trayvon Martin]] was shot outdoors by [[neighborhood watch]] coordinator [[George Zimmerman]], who was later [[State of Florida v. George Zimmerman|charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Botelho|first = Greg|title = Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict|url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate = May 7, 2015|date = July 13, 2013|publisher = CNN}}</ref> Resulted in the speech "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]" by President [[Barack Obama]]. Directly inspired the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| <ref name=naked/><ref>{{cite web|title=Officer Who Killed Rekia Boyd Not Guilty of All Charges, Judge Rules|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/590235860882305024|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|March 2012}} || [[Shooting of Rekia Boyd|Rekia Boyd]] (22) || [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] || Shot by policeman Dante Servin after Servin confronted a group of people in a local park. A [[directed verdict]] found Servin not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.<ref>{{cite news|title = Chicago Police Detective Cleared of Manslaughter in Shooting Death|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/us/chicago-police-detective-cleared-of-manslaughter-in-shooting-death.html?_r=0|accessdate = April 28, 2015|work = NY Daily News|date = April 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref name=keynote/> || {{dts|2012|11|23}} || [[Shooting of Jordan Davis|Jordan Davis]] (17) || [[Jacksonville, Florida]] || Shot by software developer Michael David Dunn over an argument over loud music. Dunn was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole.<ref>{{cite news |title = Life without parole for loud-music murderer in Florida - CNN.com|url = http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/17/justice/michael-dunn-sentencing/index.html|website = CNN|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|title=Protests, arrests follow acquittal of Cleveland police officer|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/23/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|11|29}} || [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams|Multiple]]: Timothy Russell (43) Malissa Williams (30) || [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] || Both were shot during a car chase, each being hit more than 20 times. 13 policemen fired 137 shots into the car; the car chase stemmed from police thinking they were being shot at by the car's occupants, but no gun was found in the car and the sound was later determined to be due to the [[back-fire]] of the [[Chevrolet Malibu]]. Policeman Michael Brelo was charged with voluntary manslaughter, but was cleared in 2014. The judge found that because other policemen had also fired, it was not beyond reasonable doubt Brelo was responsible for killing the duo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/12/east_cleveland_police_shooting.html |title=Cleveland police-chase shooting: As more information emerges, so do the questions |newspaper=The Plain Dealer| accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32863458 | title=Cleveland arrests after US officer cleared of unarmed deaths | publisher=BBC News | date=May 24, 2015 | accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=I am Renisha McBride and my life matters|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/66895438889/download-poster-at-dignidadrebelde-com-seeking|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2013|11|02}} || [[Shooting of Renisha McBride|Renisha McBride]] (19) || [[Dearborn Heights, Michigan]] || Shot by airport maintenance worker Theodore Wafer, after McBride had approached Wafer's home on a rainy early morning after a car accident, seeking help. Wafer was sentenced to at least 17 years in jail for second-degree murder, manslaughter and felony firearm usage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://news.yahoo.com/suburban-detroit-man-sentenced-fatal-porch-shooting-110641230.html|title = Tearful judge gives man 17 years for Michigan porch shooting|date = September 3, 2014|accessdate = May 7, 2015 |publisher = Yahoo! News |last = |first = }}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=From our family Young, Gifted and Black in Madison, WI.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408103392694245|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|04|30}} || [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton|Dontre Hamilton]] (31) || [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Christopher Manney, when a fight broke out when Manney attempted to frisk Hamilton. Although he did not face criminal charges, Manney was fired from the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-milwaukee-officer-not-charged-in-fatal-shooting-of-mentally-ill-man|title=Dontre Hamilton case: Former officer not charged in fatal Milwaukee shooting|date=December 22, 2014 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast>{{cite web|title=Activists blast NYPD attempts to silence movement for change|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/activists-blast-nypd-attempts-to-silence-movement-for-change/|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|07|17}} || [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] (43) || [[New York City]], [[New York]] || Died from a [[chokehold]] by policeman Daniel Pantaleo as well as the police's compression of Garner's chest. Garner was being arrested on the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Staten Island Man Died From Chokehold During Arrest, Autopsy Finds|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/nyregion/staten-island-man-died-from-officers-chokehold-autopsy-finds.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = August 1, 2014|access-date = May 8, 2015|issn = 0362-4331|first = Joseph|last = Goldstein|first2 = Marc|last2 = Santora}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=but john Crawford was shot dead in less than 4 seconds in the Walmart in Ohio. Didn't resist.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/548627110651510784|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|05}} || [[Shooting of John Crawford III|John Crawford III]] (22) || [[Dayton, Ohio]] || Shot by policeman Sean Williams when police answered a 911 call alleging a man waving a gun in a [[Walmart]] store. Crawford was holding a [[Air gun|pellet]]/[[BB gun]] being sold in the store itself. A grand jury declined to indict any policemen, but the United States Department of Justice is investigating.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/09/25/ohio-wal-mart-surveillance-video-shows-police-shooting-and-killing-john-crawford-iii/ |title=Ohio Wal-Mart surveillance video shows police shooting and killing John Crawford III |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= |author= |accessdate= December 14, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=oversight>{{cite web|last1=Fields|first1=Liz|title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police|url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter stands in solidarity and support with the Ferguson community in its call for #JusticeforMikeBrown and for all black people affected by state violence.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/ferguson|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|09}} || [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] (18) || [[Ferguson, Missouri]] || Shot by policeman Darren Wilson on a street. After Brown robbed a convenience store, he was confronted by Officer Wilson. The two struggled through the window of Wilson's police vehicle, where Wilson shot Brown, who fled with Wilson pursuing. When Brown turned around and advanced on Wilson, Wilson shot Brown multiple times in the front. Both a St. Louis County grand jury and the United States Department of Justice decided not to charge Wilson.<ref>{{cite news |first=Holbrook |last=Mohr |first2=David A. |last2=Lieb |title=Feds: Evidence Backs Ferguson Officer's Account in Shooting |date=March 4, 2015 |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20150403031435/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archivedate=April 3, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Resulted in several waves of the [[Ferguson unrest]], as well as the "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]" saying.
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter Solidarity Justice For Ezell Ford & Fallen Angels Action Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/380671745437410?reply_comment_id=382197668618151&total_comments=1|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Branson-Potts|first1=Hailey|title=Police abuse, black-on-black violence focus of rally in South L.A.|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-0222-ezell-ford-rally-20150222-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|11}} || [[Shooting of Ezell Ford|Ezell Ford]] (25) || [[Florence, Los Angeles]] || Shot by policemen Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, who confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ktla.com/2014/08/13/man-fatally-shot-by-police-in-south-l-a-tried-to-grab-officers-gun-lapd/|title=Man Fatally Shot by Police in South L.A. Tried to Grab Officer's Gun: LAPD|date=August 13, 2014|accessdate=December 27, 2014|publisher=[[KTLA]]|first1=Melissa|last1=Pamer|first2=Nerissa|last2=Knight}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=A statement from members of the #BlackLivesMatter team|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/369845739853344|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Prupis|first1=Nadia|title=NYPD Officer Indicted in Shooting of Akai Gurley: Reports|url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/02/10/nypd-officer-indicted-shooting-akai-gurley-reports|publisher=[[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|11|20}} || [[Shooting of Akai Gurley|Akai Gurley]] (28)||[[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]|| Shot by policeman Peter Liang, who drew his gun and accidentally discharged it. A round ricocheted and hit Gurley, who was elsewhere on the same stairwell as Liang. Liang was [[indict]]ed by a grand jury on [[manslaughter]], [[assault]], and other criminal charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/02/10/wcbs-880-rookie-nypd-officer-peter-liang-indicted-in-fatal-shooting-of-akai-gurley-family-attorney-says/ |title=NYPD Officer Peter Liang Indicted In Fatal Shooting Of Akai Gurley |publisher= CBS New York |date= |author= |accessdate= February 11, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast/><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|11|22}} || [[Shooting of Tamir Rice|Tamir Rice]] (12)||[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]|| Shot in a city park by policeman Timothy Loehmann.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Izadi|first1=Elahe|last2=Holley|first2=Peter|title=Video shows Cleveland officer shooting 12-year-old Tamir Rice within seconds|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/11/26/officials-release-video-names-in-fatal-police-shooting-of-12-year-old-cleveland-boy|accessdate=November 26, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> Rice had been allegedly pointing his air-soft pellet gun replica at passersby prior to getting shot. A grand jury will decide whether either Loehmann or his partner Garmback will be indicted.
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Mariah|last=Stewart|first2=Carly|last2=Schwartz|title=Protesters Mourn Antonio Martin, Shut Down Missouri Highway On Christmas Eve|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/25/antonio-martin-protest_n_6379124.html |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Wesley|last=Lowry|title=Police: Multiple witnesses say Antonio Martin pulled gun on officer|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/30/police-multiple-witnesses-say-antonio-martin-pulled-gun-on-officer/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2014|12|23}}||[[Shooting of Antonio Martin|Antonio Martin]] (18)|| [[Berkeley, Missouri]]||Shot by an unidentified white police officer after Martin pulled a gun on him while the officer was responding to a [[shoplifting]] report at a convenience store.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christine|last=Byers|first2=Jesse|last2=Bogan|first3=Valerie|last3=Schremp Hahn|title=St. Louis region on edge in wake of fatal police shooting in Berkeley |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/region-on-edge-in-wake-of-fatal-police-shooting-in/article_3ff750c3-aa53-53eb-bad2-049acd33e83c.html|newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#StopKillingUs|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408509309320320?comment_id=415942471910337&offset=0&total_comments=63|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|03|06}} || [[Shooting of Tony Robinson|Tony Robinson]] (19) || [[Madison, Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Matt Kenny during an altercation as Kenny was responding to reports of a man jumping in front of cars and attempting to strangle someone. The [[Wisconsin Department of Justice]] will investigate the Robinson shooting.<ref>{{cite news|last1 = Fieldstadt|first1 = Elisha|title = Tony Robinson Shooting: Protests Continue in Madison, Wisconsin|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/madison-n319616|accessdate = March 10, 2015|work = NBC News|date = March 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name="Boing Boing">{{cite web|last1=Siede|first1=Caroline|title=#SayHerName movement brings attention to female victims of police brutality|url=http://boingboing.net/2015/05/22/sayhername-movement-brings-at.html|website=Boing Boing|date=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Ebony>{{cite web|author1=D. Smith|title=[OFFICER INVOLVED] Meagan Hockaday: Dead in 20 Seconds|url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/officer-involved-ft-lauderdale-cops-fired-after-racist-obama-video-403#axzz3auAnTe00|website=Ebony|date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|3|28}} || [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]] (26) || [[Oxnard, California]] || Shot by policeman Roger Garcia after Hockaday ran at Garcia and his partner with a knife while they were responding to a [[domestic dispute]] report. Garcia has been placed on administrative leave and the case is currently being investigated.<ref name="VC Star - police id">{{cite news|title=Oxnard police identify officer involved in fatal shooting of woman|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/oxnard-police-identify-officer-involved-in-fatal-shooting-of-woman_38368445|accessdate=30 April 2015|newspaper=Ventura County Star|date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=oversight/><ref>{{cite web|title=#WalterScott|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/426194080885176|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|04}} || [[Shooting of Walter Scott|Walter Scott]] (50) || [[North Charleston, South Carolina]] || Shot by police officer Michael Slager during a [[traffic stop]]. Slager was charged with murder after a video surfaced showing him shooting Scott multiple times from behind while Scott was fleeing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Frances |last=Robles |last2=Blinder |first2=Alan|title=Racism Denounced at Walter Scott's Funeral One Week After Police Shooting |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/us/walter-scott-funeral-police-shooting.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Grey.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/433662133471704|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Durkin|first1=Erin|last2=Yaniv|first2=Oren|last3=Siemaszko|first3=Corky|title=Baltimore burns as riots over Freddie Gray's death convulse city, prompt officials to declare state of emergency, call in National Guard|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/thousands-expected-freddie-gray-funeral-baltimore-article-1.2200229 |location=New York |newspaper=Daily News|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|12}} || [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]] (25) || [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] || Fell into a [[coma]] while being transported by police after they arrested him. Gray died a week later of injuries to his [[spinal cord]]. Charges have been filed against six policemen after a medical examiner's report that ruled Gray's death a [[homicide]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Gray's death ruled a homicide|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/freddie-grays-death-ruled-homicide/|website=pbs.org|accessdate=May 1, 2015|format=video & text|date=May 1, 2015}}</ref> Resulted in the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Charleston, 8 dead, white gun person. Black Church.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/611370411851386880|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|publisher=[[TeleSUR]]|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|06|17}} || [[Charleston church shooting|Emanuel Nine]] (multiple) || [[Charleston, South Carolina]] || A mass shooting, allegedly by [[Dylann Roof]], at the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] resulted in nine dead and one injured.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Charleston Shooting Victims Identified|url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/charleston-shooting-victims-identified/story?id=31863489|website = ABC News|date = June 18, 2015|accessdate = June 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/sandra-bland-hillary-clinton-democrats-2016/|title=Clinton, Sanders and O'Malley respond to Sandra Bland arrest video - CNNPolitics.com|author=Dan Merica|date=July 22, 2015|work=CNN}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|7|13}} || [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]] (28) || [[Waller County, Texas]] || Pulled over by police, arrested, and found dead in her jail cell. Her death was ruled a suicide by the county medical examiner, with no evidence of foul play.<ref name=NYTAutopsy>{{cite news|last1=Rogers |first1=Katie |title=The Death of Sandra Bland: Questions and Answers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/23/us/23blandlisty.html |accessdate=23 July 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|title=At least 983 Black Lives Matter demonstrations have been held in the last 376 days|url=https://elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2015|7|19}}||[[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] (43) || [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]] || Shot by [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer Ray Tensing during a traffic stop when DuBose failed to step out of his vehicle and may have attempted to drive off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/21/us/cincinnati-police-shooting/|title=Investigation finished in Cincinnati police shooting|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> Tensing has been charged with murder.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perez-Pena|first1=Richard|title=University of Cincinnati Officer Indicted in Fatal Shooting of Driver|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/university-of-cincinnati-officer-indicted-in-shooting-death-of-motorist.html|accessdate=July 30, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 29, 2015}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[Racial bias in criminal news]]
* "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://blacklivesmatter.com Official website]
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-08-16T07:07:34Z

Callinus: Filled in 3 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protesters carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is a [[grassroots]] [[activist]] movement in the United States that began in the wake of the July 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the Florida [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. The group received fresh impetus from the 2014 [[shooting of Michael Brown]], an African-American teen, and the death of [[Eric Garner]]. In both cases the grand jury did not indict the officer and no charges were brought. The Black Lives Matter movement also campaigns against [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality against African-Americans]] in the United States. Some of the unarmed African-Americans who died at the hands of law enforcement have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]] (whose death sparked the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]).

The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref>

The [[shooting of Walter Scott]] by a white policeman was recorded by a bystander, who contacted a local activist involved with Black Lives Matter; they, in turn, contacted Scott's family to take possession of the video. Soon after the video was released to the public, the officer was arrested and charged with murder. The case is pending.<ref name=ABCNews.policeshooting>{{cite news|title=Police Shooting Witness Says He Saw Officer Drop Something by Walter Scott's Body|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|first= Meghan |last= Keneally |work= [[ABC News]] |accessdate=April 9, 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150409202903/http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|archivedate=April 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Description and events==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> The organization states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to what they view as [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[Statistics of incarcerated African-American males|mass incarceration of African-Americans]], and the [[militarization of police|militarization of many U.S. police departments]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by [[Alicia Garza]] and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[State v. Zimmerman|Trayvon Martin trial]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)] |publisher= [[The Economist]] |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> [[Vida Johnson]] and other black professors support the movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=http://blackspaceblog.com/|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Sean Bell Protest NYC 2008-06-12 arrest.jpg|thumb|left|Sean Bell Protest]] As of August 15, 2015, at least 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations had been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

The "informal branch of Black Lives Matter in Ferguson" has been involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!", and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: ‘Burn Everything Down!’|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title=‘Black Lives Matter’ Protesters Shout Just What They’re Gonna Do If Someone Dies ‘in Police Custody’|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protestors shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group called Outside Agitators 206<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/08/09/1410195/-Seattle-BLM-Protest-Was-Not-BLM-Sorta|title=Seattle BLM Protest Was Not BLM (Sorta)|work=dailykos.com}}</ref> (who associate themselves with the Black Lives Matter label), who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and White Supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> The protestors claimed they wanted to confront Sanders for failing to address their concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter later dismissed criticism of the disruption, after the events sparked a heated debate about its tactics.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title=‘Black Lives Matter’ activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Influence==
Founder Alicia Garza has denounced corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan that she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important–it means that black lives, which are seen as without value within [[white supremacy]], are important to your liberation".<ref name=Herstory />

In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In a Twitter post, Black Lives Matter said, "If you really believe that all lives matter, you will fight like hell for Black lives."<ref>{{cite web|title=@Blklivesmatter|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/541159362610212866|website=http://twitter.com|accessdate=April 30, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' expressed support to the Black Lives Matter movement on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=Beast>{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center]] in [[Downtown Denver]]. At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in Phoenix demonstrators from Black Alliance for Just Immigration booed and shouted at Democratic presidential candidate [[Martin O'Malley]] when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." He later apologized for his remarks telling that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

==List of deaths protested by Black Lives Matter==
{{POV-section|talk=Description and aftermath|date=August 2015}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="killed"
|-
! Link !! Date !! nowrap|Name (age) !! City, state !! Description and aftermath
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=State of the Black Union|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/state-of-the-black-union|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> || {{dts|2010|05|16}} || [[Death of Aiyana Jones|Aiyana Jones]] (7) || [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] || Shot by policeman Joseph Weekley during a house raid. Weekley was ultimately cleared of all charges after multiple mistrials.<ref>{{cite news |title = Charges Dropped Against Cop Who Shot Sleeping 7-Year-Old Girl|url = http://social.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/28/joseph-weekley-charges-dismissed-aiyana-stanley-jones_n_6566032.html|website = The Huffington Post|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=BAU>{{cite web|title=Black and unarmed.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/56266044551/caseybruce-black-and-unarmed-remember-the|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs|first1=Mike|title=Coming Together program explores deadly race issues in America|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/skokie/news/ct-skr-moving-targets-tl-0219-20150216-story.html |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2011|11|19}} || [[Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.|Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.]] (68) || [[White Plains, New York]] || Shot by policeman Anthony Carelli in Chamberlain's home. No criminal charges filed. Emergency services were drawn to Chamberlain's home after his medical alert device activated. Chamberlain refused to let them in, with police breaking down the door to enter.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rose Arce and Soledad O'Brien |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/03/justice/new-york-chamberlain-death |title=Police officer cleared in shooting death of ailing veteran in New York |publisher=CNN |date=May 4, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=All #BlackLivesMatter. This is Not a Moment, but a Movement|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nobody>{{cite news |last1=Williams|first1=Yohuru|title=You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yohuru-williams/youre-nobody-till-somebod_b_7167028.html|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|02|26}} || [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|Trayvon Martin]] (17) || [[Sanford, Florida]] || [[Trayvon Martin]] was shot outdoors by [[neighborhood watch]] coordinator [[George Zimmerman]], who was later [[State of Florida v. George Zimmerman|charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Botelho|first = Greg|title = Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict|url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate = May 7, 2015|date = July 13, 2013|publisher = CNN}}</ref> Resulted in the speech "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]" by President [[Barack Obama]]. Directly inspired the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| <ref name=naked/><ref>{{cite web|title=Officer Who Killed Rekia Boyd Not Guilty of All Charges, Judge Rules|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/590235860882305024|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|March 2012}} || [[Shooting of Rekia Boyd|Rekia Boyd]] (22) || [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] || Shot by policeman Dante Servin after Servin confronted a group of people in a local park. A [[directed verdict]] found Servin not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.<ref>{{cite news|title = Chicago Police Detective Cleared of Manslaughter in Shooting Death|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/us/chicago-police-detective-cleared-of-manslaughter-in-shooting-death.html?_r=0|accessdate = April 28, 2015|work = NY Daily News|date = April 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref name=keynote/> || {{dts|2012|11|23}} || [[Shooting of Jordan Davis|Jordan Davis]] (17) || [[Jacksonville, Florida]] || Shot by software developer Michael David Dunn over an argument over loud music. Dunn was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole.<ref>{{cite news |title = Life without parole for loud-music murderer in Florida - CNN.com|url = http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/17/justice/michael-dunn-sentencing/index.html|website = CNN|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|title=Protests, arrests follow acquittal of Cleveland police officer|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/23/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|11|29}} || [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams|Multiple]]: Timothy Russell (43) Malissa Williams (30) || [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] || Both were shot during a car chase, each being hit more than 20 times. 13 policemen fired 137 shots into the car; the car chase stemmed from police thinking they were being shot at by the car's occupants, but no gun was found in the car and the sound was later determined to be due to the [[back-fire]] of the [[Chevrolet Malibu]]. Policeman Michael Brelo was charged with voluntary manslaughter, but was cleared in 2014. The judge found that because other policemen had also fired, it was not beyond reasonable doubt Brelo was responsible for killing the duo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/12/east_cleveland_police_shooting.html |title=Cleveland police-chase shooting: As more information emerges, so do the questions |newspaper=The Plain Dealer| accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32863458 | title=Cleveland arrests after US officer cleared of unarmed deaths | publisher=BBC News | date=May 24, 2015 | accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=I am Renisha McBride and my life matters|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/66895438889/download-poster-at-dignidadrebelde-com-seeking|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2013|11|02}} || [[Shooting of Renisha McBride|Renisha McBride]] (19) || [[Dearborn Heights, Michigan]] || Shot by airport maintenance worker Theodore Wafer, after McBride had approached Wafer's home on a rainy early morning after a car accident, seeking help. Wafer was sentenced to at least 17 years in jail for second-degree murder, manslaughter and felony firearm usage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://news.yahoo.com/suburban-detroit-man-sentenced-fatal-porch-shooting-110641230.html|title = Tearful judge gives man 17 years for Michigan porch shooting|date = September 3, 2014|accessdate = May 7, 2015 |publisher = Yahoo! News |last = |first = }}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=From our family Young, Gifted and Black in Madison, WI.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408103392694245|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|04|30}} || [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton|Dontre Hamilton]] (31) || [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Christopher Manney, when a fight broke out when Manney attempted to frisk Hamilton. Although he did not face criminal charges, Manney was fired from the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-milwaukee-officer-not-charged-in-fatal-shooting-of-mentally-ill-man|title=Dontre Hamilton case: Former officer not charged in fatal Milwaukee shooting|date=December 22, 2014 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast>{{cite web|title=Activists blast NYPD attempts to silence movement for change|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/activists-blast-nypd-attempts-to-silence-movement-for-change/|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|07|17}} || [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] (43) || [[New York City]], [[New York]] || Died from a [[chokehold]] by policeman Daniel Pantaleo as well as the police's compression of Garner's chest. Garner was being arrested on the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Staten Island Man Died From Chokehold During Arrest, Autopsy Finds|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/nyregion/staten-island-man-died-from-officers-chokehold-autopsy-finds.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = August 1, 2014|access-date = May 8, 2015|issn = 0362-4331|first = Joseph|last = Goldstein|first2 = Marc|last2 = Santora}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=but john Crawford was shot dead in less than 4 seconds in the Walmart in Ohio. Didn't resist.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/548627110651510784|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|05}} || [[Shooting of John Crawford III|John Crawford III]] (22) || [[Dayton, Ohio]] || Shot by policeman Sean Williams when police answered a 911 call alleging a man waving a gun in a [[Walmart]] store. Crawford was holding a [[Air gun|pellet]]/[[BB gun]] being sold in the store itself. A grand jury declined to indict any policemen, but the United States Department of Justice is investigating.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/09/25/ohio-wal-mart-surveillance-video-shows-police-shooting-and-killing-john-crawford-iii/ |title=Ohio Wal-Mart surveillance video shows police shooting and killing John Crawford III |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= |author= |accessdate= December 14, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=oversight>{{cite web|last1=Fields|first1=Liz|title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police|url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter stands in solidarity and support with the Ferguson community in its call for #JusticeforMikeBrown and for all black people affected by state violence.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/ferguson|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|09}} || [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] (18) || [[Ferguson, Missouri]] || Shot by policeman Darren Wilson on a street. After Brown robbed a convenience store, he was confronted by Officer Wilson. The two struggled through the window of Wilson's police vehicle, where Wilson shot Brown, who fled with Wilson pursuing. When Brown turned around and advanced on Wilson, Wilson shot Brown multiple times in the front. Both a St. Louis County grand jury and the United States Department of Justice decided not to charge Wilson.<ref>{{cite news |first=Holbrook |last=Mohr |first2=David A. |last2=Lieb |title=Feds: Evidence Backs Ferguson Officer's Account in Shooting |date=March 4, 2015 |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20150403031435/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archivedate=April 3, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Resulted in several waves of the [[Ferguson unrest]], as well as the "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]" saying.
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter Solidarity Justice For Ezell Ford & Fallen Angels Action Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/380671745437410?reply_comment_id=382197668618151&total_comments=1|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Branson-Potts|first1=Hailey|title=Police abuse, black-on-black violence focus of rally in South L.A.|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-0222-ezell-ford-rally-20150222-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|11}} || [[Shooting of Ezell Ford|Ezell Ford]] (25) || [[Florence, Los Angeles]] || Shot by policemen Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, who confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ktla.com/2014/08/13/man-fatally-shot-by-police-in-south-l-a-tried-to-grab-officers-gun-lapd/|title=Man Fatally Shot by Police in South L.A. Tried to Grab Officer's Gun: LAPD|date=August 13, 2014|accessdate=December 27, 2014|publisher=[[KTLA]]|first1=Melissa|last1=Pamer|first2=Nerissa|last2=Knight}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=A statement from members of the #BlackLivesMatter team|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/369845739853344|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Prupis|first1=Nadia|title=NYPD Officer Indicted in Shooting of Akai Gurley: Reports|url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/02/10/nypd-officer-indicted-shooting-akai-gurley-reports|publisher=[[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|11|20}} || [[Shooting of Akai Gurley|Akai Gurley]] (28)||[[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]|| Shot by policeman Peter Liang, who drew his gun and accidentally discharged it. A round ricocheted and hit Gurley, who was elsewhere on the same stairwell as Liang. Liang was [[indict]]ed by a grand jury on [[manslaughter]], [[assault]], and other criminal charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/02/10/wcbs-880-rookie-nypd-officer-peter-liang-indicted-in-fatal-shooting-of-akai-gurley-family-attorney-says/ |title=NYPD Officer Peter Liang Indicted In Fatal Shooting Of Akai Gurley |publisher= CBS New York |date= |author= |accessdate= February 11, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast/><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|11|22}} || [[Shooting of Tamir Rice|Tamir Rice]] (12)||[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]|| Shot in a city park by policeman Timothy Loehmann.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Izadi|first1=Elahe|last2=Holley|first2=Peter|title=Video shows Cleveland officer shooting 12-year-old Tamir Rice within seconds|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/11/26/officials-release-video-names-in-fatal-police-shooting-of-12-year-old-cleveland-boy|accessdate=November 26, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> Rice had been allegedly pointing his air-soft pellet gun replica at passersby prior to getting shot. A grand jury will decide whether either Loehmann or his partner Garmback will be indicted.
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Mariah|last=Stewart|first2=Carly|last2=Schwartz|title=Protesters Mourn Antonio Martin, Shut Down Missouri Highway On Christmas Eve|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/25/antonio-martin-protest_n_6379124.html |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Wesley|last=Lowry|title=Police: Multiple witnesses say Antonio Martin pulled gun on officer|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/30/police-multiple-witnesses-say-antonio-martin-pulled-gun-on-officer/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2014|12|23}}||[[Shooting of Antonio Martin|Antonio Martin]] (18)|| [[Berkeley, Missouri]]||Shot by an unidentified white police officer after Martin pulled a gun on him while the officer was responding to a [[shoplifting]] report at a convenience store.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christine|last=Byers|first2=Jesse|last2=Bogan|first3=Valerie|last3=Schremp Hahn|title=St. Louis region on edge in wake of fatal police shooting in Berkeley |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/region-on-edge-in-wake-of-fatal-police-shooting-in/article_3ff750c3-aa53-53eb-bad2-049acd33e83c.html|newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#StopKillingUs|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408509309320320?comment_id=415942471910337&offset=0&total_comments=63|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|03|06}} || [[Shooting of Tony Robinson|Tony Robinson]] (19) || [[Madison, Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Matt Kenny during an altercation as Kenny was responding to reports of a man jumping in front of cars and attempting to strangle someone. The [[Wisconsin Department of Justice]] will investigate the Robinson shooting.<ref>{{cite news|last1 = Fieldstadt|first1 = Elisha|title = Tony Robinson Shooting: Protests Continue in Madison, Wisconsin|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/madison-n319616|accessdate = March 10, 2015|work = NBC News|date = March 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name="Boing Boing">{{cite web|last1=Siede|first1=Caroline|title=#SayHerName movement brings attention to female victims of police brutality|url=http://boingboing.net/2015/05/22/sayhername-movement-brings-at.html|website=Boing Boing|date=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Ebony>{{cite web|author1=D. Smith|title=[OFFICER INVOLVED] Meagan Hockaday: Dead in 20 Seconds|url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/officer-involved-ft-lauderdale-cops-fired-after-racist-obama-video-403#axzz3auAnTe00|website=Ebony|date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|3|28}} || [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]] (26) || [[Oxnard, California]] || Shot by policeman Roger Garcia after Hockaday ran at Garcia and his partner with a knife while they were responding to a [[domestic dispute]] report. Garcia has been placed on administrative leave and the case is currently being investigated.<ref name="VC Star - police id">{{cite news|title=Oxnard police identify officer involved in fatal shooting of woman|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/oxnard-police-identify-officer-involved-in-fatal-shooting-of-woman_38368445|accessdate=30 April 2015|newspaper=Ventura County Star|date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=oversight/><ref>{{cite web|title=#WalterScott|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/426194080885176|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|04}} || [[Shooting of Walter Scott|Walter Scott]] (50) || [[North Charleston, South Carolina]] || Shot by police officer Michael Slager during a [[traffic stop]]. Slager was charged with murder after a video surfaced showing him shooting Scott multiple times from behind while Scott was fleeing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Frances |last=Robles |last2=Blinder |first2=Alan|title=Racism Denounced at Walter Scott's Funeral One Week After Police Shooting |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/us/walter-scott-funeral-police-shooting.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Grey.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/433662133471704|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Durkin|first1=Erin|last2=Yaniv|first2=Oren|last3=Siemaszko|first3=Corky|title=Baltimore burns as riots over Freddie Gray's death convulse city, prompt officials to declare state of emergency, call in National Guard|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/thousands-expected-freddie-gray-funeral-baltimore-article-1.2200229 |location=New York |newspaper=Daily News|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|12}} || [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]] (25) || [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] || Fell into a [[coma]] while being transported by police after they arrested him. Gray died a week later of injuries to his [[spinal cord]]. Charges have been filed against six policemen after a medical examiner's report that ruled Gray's death a [[homicide]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Gray's death ruled a homicide|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/freddie-grays-death-ruled-homicide/|website=pbs.org|accessdate=May 1, 2015|format=video & text|date=May 1, 2015}}</ref> Resulted in the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Charleston, 8 dead, white gun person. Black Church.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/611370411851386880|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|publisher=[[TeleSUR]]|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|06|17}} || [[Charleston church shooting|Emanuel Nine]] (multiple) || [[Charleston, South Carolina]] || A mass shooting, allegedly by [[Dylann Roof]], at the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] resulted in nine dead and one injured.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Charleston Shooting Victims Identified|url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/charleston-shooting-victims-identified/story?id=31863489|website = ABC News|date = June 18, 2015|accessdate = June 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/sandra-bland-hillary-clinton-democrats-2016/|title=Clinton, Sanders and O'Malley respond to Sandra Bland arrest video - CNNPolitics.com|author=Dan Merica|date=July 22, 2015|work=CNN}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|7|13}} || [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]] (28) || [[Waller County, Texas]] || Pulled over by police, arrested, and found dead in her jail cell. Her death was ruled a suicide by the county medical examiner, with no evidence of foul play.<ref name=NYTAutopsy>{{cite news|last1=Rogers |first1=Katie |title=The Death of Sandra Bland: Questions and Answers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/23/us/23blandlisty.html |accessdate=23 July 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|title=At least 983 Black Lives Matter demonstrations have been held in the last 376 days|url=https://elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2015|7|19}}||[[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] (43) || [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]] || Shot by [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer Ray Tensing during a traffic stop when DuBose failed to step out of his vehicle and may have attempted to drive off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/21/us/cincinnati-police-shooting/|title=Investigation finished in Cincinnati police shooting|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> Tensing has been charged with murder.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perez-Pena|first1=Richard|title=University of Cincinnati Officer Indicted in Fatal Shooting of Driver|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/university-of-cincinnati-officer-indicted-in-shooting-death-of-motorist.html|accessdate=July 30, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 29, 2015}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[Racial bias in criminal news]]
* "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://blacklivesmatter.com Official website]
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-08-16T07:07:02Z

Callinus: /* Description and events */ group name - daily kos. names called include "racists" and "white supremacists". Move embedded link to ref, change Vox ref for Daily Beast

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protesters carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is a [[grassroots]] [[activist]] movement in the United States that began in the wake of the July 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the Florida [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]]. The group received fresh impetus from the 2014 [[shooting of Michael Brown]], an African-American teen, and the death of [[Eric Garner]]. In both cases the grand jury did not indict the officer and no charges were brought. The Black Lives Matter movement also campaigns against [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality against African-Americans]] in the United States. Some of the unarmed African-Americans who died at the hands of law enforcement have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]] (whose death sparked the [[2015 Baltimore protests]]).

The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref>

The [[shooting of Walter Scott]] by a white policeman was recorded by a bystander, who contacted a local activist involved with Black Lives Matter; they, in turn, contacted Scott's family to take possession of the video. Soon after the video was released to the public, the officer was arrested and charged with murder. The case is pending.<ref name=ABCNews.policeshooting>{{cite news|title=Police Shooting Witness Says He Saw Officer Drop Something by Walter Scott's Body|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|first= Meghan |last= Keneally |work= [[ABC News]] |accessdate=April 9, 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150409202903/http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-shooting-witness-officer-drop-walter-scotts-body/story?id=30187376|archivedate=April 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Description and events==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]], and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> The organization states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to what they view as [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[Statistics of incarcerated African-American males|mass incarceration of African-Americans]], and the [[militarization of police|militarization of many U.S. police departments]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by [[Alicia Garza]] and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[State v. Zimmerman|Trayvon Martin trial]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)] |publisher= [[The Economist]] |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref> [[Vida Johnson]] and other black professors support the movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://blackspaceblog.com/2014/12/08/an-open-letter-of-love-to-black-students-blacklivesmatter/|website=http://blackspaceblog.com/|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Sean Bell Protest NYC 2008-06-12 arrest.jpg|thumb|left|Sean Bell Protest]] As of August 15, 2015, at least 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations had been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

The "informal branch of Black Lives Matter in Ferguson" has been involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!", and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: ‘Burn Everything Down!’|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title=‘Black Lives Matter’ Protesters Shout Just What They’re Gonna Do If Someone Dies ‘in Police Custody’|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protestors shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name=cnn.omalley>{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group called Outside Agitators 206<ref>http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/08/09/1410195/-Seattle-BLM-Protest-Was-Not-BLM-Sorta</ref> (who associate themselves with the Black Lives Matter label), who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and White Supremacists.<ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg</ref> The protestors claimed they wanted to confront Sanders for failing to address their concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Black Lives Matter later dismissed criticism of the disruption, after the events sparked a heated debate about its tactics.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title=‘Black Lives Matter’ activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Influence==
Founder Alicia Garza has denounced corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan that she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important–it means that black lives, which are seen as without value within [[white supremacy]], are important to your liberation".<ref name=Herstory />

In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In a Twitter post, Black Lives Matter said, "If you really believe that all lives matter, you will fight like hell for Black lives."<ref>{{cite web|title=@Blklivesmatter|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/541159362610212866|website=http://twitter.com|accessdate=April 30, 2015}}</ref>

Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' expressed support to the Black Lives Matter movement on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name=Beast>{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center]] in [[Downtown Denver]]. At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in Phoenix demonstrators from Black Alliance for Just Immigration booed and shouted at Democratic presidential candidate [[Martin O'Malley]] when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." He later apologized for his remarks telling that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name=cnn.omalley>{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

==List of deaths protested by Black Lives Matter==
{{POV-section|talk=Description and aftermath|date=August 2015}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="killed"
|-
! Link !! Date !! nowrap|Name (age) !! City, state !! Description and aftermath
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=State of the Black Union|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/state-of-the-black-union|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref> || {{dts|2010|05|16}} || [[Death of Aiyana Jones|Aiyana Jones]] (7) || [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] || Shot by policeman Joseph Weekley during a house raid. Weekley was ultimately cleared of all charges after multiple mistrials.<ref>{{cite news |title = Charges Dropped Against Cop Who Shot Sleeping 7-Year-Old Girl|url = http://social.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/28/joseph-weekley-charges-dismissed-aiyana-stanley-jones_n_6566032.html|website = The Huffington Post|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=BAU>{{cite web|title=Black and unarmed.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/56266044551/caseybruce-black-and-unarmed-remember-the|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs|first1=Mike|title=Coming Together program explores deadly race issues in America|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/skokie/news/ct-skr-moving-targets-tl-0219-20150216-story.html |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2011|11|19}} || [[Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.|Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr.]] (68) || [[White Plains, New York]] || Shot by policeman Anthony Carelli in Chamberlain's home. No criminal charges filed. Emergency services were drawn to Chamberlain's home after his medical alert device activated. Chamberlain refused to let them in, with police breaking down the door to enter.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rose Arce and Soledad O'Brien |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/03/justice/new-york-chamberlain-death |title=Police officer cleared in shooting death of ailing veteran in New York |publisher=CNN |date=May 4, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=All #BlackLivesMatter. This is Not a Moment, but a Movement|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nobody>{{cite news |last1=Williams|first1=Yohuru|title=You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yohuru-williams/youre-nobody-till-somebod_b_7167028.html|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|02|26}} || [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|Trayvon Martin]] (17) || [[Sanford, Florida]] || [[Trayvon Martin]] was shot outdoors by [[neighborhood watch]] coordinator [[George Zimmerman]], who was later [[State of Florida v. George Zimmerman|charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Botelho|first = Greg|title = Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict|url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate = May 7, 2015|date = July 13, 2013|publisher = CNN}}</ref> Resulted in the speech "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]" by President [[Barack Obama]]. Directly inspired the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| <ref name=naked/><ref>{{cite web|title=Officer Who Killed Rekia Boyd Not Guilty of All Charges, Judge Rules|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/590235860882305024|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|March 2012}} || [[Shooting of Rekia Boyd|Rekia Boyd]] (22) || [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] || Shot by policeman Dante Servin after Servin confronted a group of people in a local park. A [[directed verdict]] found Servin not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.<ref>{{cite news|title = Chicago Police Detective Cleared of Manslaughter in Shooting Death|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/us/chicago-police-detective-cleared-of-manslaughter-in-shooting-death.html?_r=0|accessdate = April 28, 2015|work = NY Daily News|date = April 21, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref name=keynote/> || {{dts|2012|11|23}} || [[Shooting of Jordan Davis|Jordan Davis]] (17) || [[Jacksonville, Florida]] || Shot by software developer Michael David Dunn over an argument over loud music. Dunn was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole.<ref>{{cite news |title = Life without parole for loud-music murderer in Florida - CNN.com|url = http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/17/justice/michael-dunn-sentencing/index.html|website = CNN|accessdate = May 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=BAU/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|title=Protests, arrests follow acquittal of Cleveland police officer|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/23/us/cleveland-police-verdict-reaction/|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|11|29}} || [[Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams|Multiple]]: Timothy Russell (43) Malissa Williams (30) || [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] || Both were shot during a car chase, each being hit more than 20 times. 13 policemen fired 137 shots into the car; the car chase stemmed from police thinking they were being shot at by the car's occupants, but no gun was found in the car and the sound was later determined to be due to the [[back-fire]] of the [[Chevrolet Malibu]]. Policeman Michael Brelo was charged with voluntary manslaughter, but was cleared in 2014. The judge found that because other policemen had also fired, it was not beyond reasonable doubt Brelo was responsible for killing the duo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/12/east_cleveland_police_shooting.html |title=Cleveland police-chase shooting: As more information emerges, so do the questions |newspaper=The Plain Dealer| accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32863458 | title=Cleveland arrests after US officer cleared of unarmed deaths | publisher=BBC News | date=May 24, 2015 | accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=I am Renisha McBride and my life matters|url=http://blacklivesmatter.tumblr.com/post/66895438889/download-poster-at-dignidadrebelde-com-seeking|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson|first1=Michelle|title=Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|mLive Media Group]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2013|11|02}} || [[Shooting of Renisha McBride|Renisha McBride]] (19) || [[Dearborn Heights, Michigan]] || Shot by airport maintenance worker Theodore Wafer, after McBride had approached Wafer's home on a rainy early morning after a car accident, seeking help. Wafer was sentenced to at least 17 years in jail for second-degree murder, manslaughter and felony firearm usage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://news.yahoo.com/suburban-detroit-man-sentenced-fatal-porch-shooting-110641230.html|title = Tearful judge gives man 17 years for Michigan porch shooting|date = September 3, 2014|accessdate = May 7, 2015 |publisher = Yahoo! News |last = |first = }}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=From our family Young, Gifted and Black in Madison, WI.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408103392694245|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seigle|first1=Max|title=Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown|url=http://www.wisn.com/news/many-participate-in-black-lives-matter-rally-downtown/30233084|publisher=[[WISN-TV]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|04|30}} || [[Shooting of Dontre Hamilton|Dontre Hamilton]] (31) || [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Christopher Manney, when a fight broke out when Manney attempted to frisk Hamilton. Although he did not face criminal charges, Manney was fired from the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-milwaukee-officer-not-charged-in-fatal-shooting-of-mentally-ill-man|title=Dontre Hamilton case: Former officer not charged in fatal Milwaukee shooting|date=December 22, 2014 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
|-
|<ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast>{{cite web|title=Activists blast NYPD attempts to silence movement for change|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/activists-blast-nypd-attempts-to-silence-movement-for-change/|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|07|17}} || [[Death of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] (43) || [[New York City]], [[New York]] || Died from a [[chokehold]] by policeman Daniel Pantaleo as well as the police's compression of Garner's chest. Garner was being arrested on the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Staten Island Man Died From Chokehold During Arrest, Autopsy Finds|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/nyregion/staten-island-man-died-from-officers-chokehold-autopsy-finds.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = August 1, 2014|access-date = May 8, 2015|issn = 0362-4331|first = Joseph|last = Goldstein|first2 = Marc|last2 = Santora}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=but john Crawford was shot dead in less than 4 seconds in the Walmart in Ohio. Didn't resist.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/548627110651510784|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallce|first1=Lewis|title=Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today|url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/42439|publisher=[[WKSU-FM]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|05}} || [[Shooting of John Crawford III|John Crawford III]] (22) || [[Dayton, Ohio]] || Shot by policeman Sean Williams when police answered a 911 call alleging a man waving a gun in a [[Walmart]] store. Crawford was holding a [[Air gun|pellet]]/[[BB gun]] being sold in the store itself. A grand jury declined to indict any policemen, but the United States Department of Justice is investigating.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/09/25/ohio-wal-mart-surveillance-video-shows-police-shooting-and-killing-john-crawford-iii/ |title=Ohio Wal-Mart surveillance video shows police shooting and killing John Crawford III |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= |author= |accessdate= December 14, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=oversight>{{cite web|last1=Fields|first1=Liz|title=After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police|url=https://news.vice.com/article/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice News]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter stands in solidarity and support with the Ferguson community in its call for #JusticeforMikeBrown and for all black people affected by state violence.|url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/ferguson|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|09}} || [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] (18) || [[Ferguson, Missouri]] || Shot by policeman Darren Wilson on a street. After Brown robbed a convenience store, he was confronted by Officer Wilson. The two struggled through the window of Wilson's police vehicle, where Wilson shot Brown, who fled with Wilson pursuing. When Brown turned around and advanced on Wilson, Wilson shot Brown multiple times in the front. Both a St. Louis County grand jury and the United States Department of Justice decided not to charge Wilson.<ref>{{cite news |first=Holbrook |last=Mohr |first2=David A. |last2=Lieb |title=Feds: Evidence Backs Ferguson Officer's Account in Shooting |date=March 4, 2015 |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20150403031435/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/04/us/ap-us-ferguson-shooting-report.html |archivedate=April 3, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Resulted in several waves of the [[Ferguson unrest]], as well as the "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]" saying.
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#BlackLivesMatter Solidarity Justice For Ezell Ford & Fallen Angels Action Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/380671745437410?reply_comment_id=382197668618151&total_comments=1|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Branson-Potts|first1=Hailey|title=Police abuse, black-on-black violence focus of rally in South L.A.|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-0222-ezell-ford-rally-20150222-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|08|11}} || [[Shooting of Ezell Ford|Ezell Ford]] (25) || [[Florence, Los Angeles]] || Shot by policemen Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, who confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ktla.com/2014/08/13/man-fatally-shot-by-police-in-south-l-a-tried-to-grab-officers-gun-lapd/|title=Man Fatally Shot by Police in South L.A. Tried to Grab Officer's Gun: LAPD|date=August 13, 2014|accessdate=December 27, 2014|publisher=[[KTLA]]|first1=Melissa|last1=Pamer|first2=Nerissa|last2=Knight}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=A statement from members of the #BlackLivesMatter team|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/369845739853344|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Prupis|first1=Nadia|title=NYPD Officer Indicted in Shooting of Akai Gurley: Reports|url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/02/10/nypd-officer-indicted-shooting-akai-gurley-reports|publisher=[[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2014|11|20}} || [[Shooting of Akai Gurley|Akai Gurley]] (28)||[[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]|| Shot by policeman Peter Liang, who drew his gun and accidentally discharged it. A round ricocheted and hit Gurley, who was elsewhere on the same stairwell as Liang. Liang was [[indict]]ed by a grand jury on [[manslaughter]], [[assault]], and other criminal charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/02/10/wcbs-880-rookie-nypd-officer-peter-liang-indicted-in-fatal-shooting-of-akai-gurley-family-attorney-says/ |title=NYPD Officer Peter Liang Indicted In Fatal Shooting Of Akai Gurley |publisher= CBS New York |date= |author= |accessdate= February 11, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref name=Blast/><ref name=oversight/> || {{dts|2014|11|22}} || [[Shooting of Tamir Rice|Tamir Rice]] (12)||[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]|| Shot in a city park by policeman Timothy Loehmann.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Izadi|first1=Elahe|last2=Holley|first2=Peter|title=Video shows Cleveland officer shooting 12-year-old Tamir Rice within seconds|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/11/26/officials-release-video-names-in-fatal-police-shooting-of-12-year-old-cleveland-boy|accessdate=November 26, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> Rice had been allegedly pointing his air-soft pellet gun replica at passersby prior to getting shot. A grand jury will decide whether either Loehmann or his partner Garmback will be indicted.
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Mariah|last=Stewart|first2=Carly|last2=Schwartz|title=Protesters Mourn Antonio Martin, Shut Down Missouri Highway On Christmas Eve|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/25/antonio-martin-protest_n_6379124.html |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Wesley|last=Lowry|title=Police: Multiple witnesses say Antonio Martin pulled gun on officer|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/30/police-multiple-witnesses-say-antonio-martin-pulled-gun-on-officer/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2014|12|23}}||[[Shooting of Antonio Martin|Antonio Martin]] (18)|| [[Berkeley, Missouri]]||Shot by an unidentified white police officer after Martin pulled a gun on him while the officer was responding to a [[shoplifting]] report at a convenience store.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christine|last=Byers|first2=Jesse|last2=Bogan|first3=Valerie|last3=Schremp Hahn|title=St. Louis region on edge in wake of fatal police shooting in Berkeley |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/region-on-edge-in-wake-of-fatal-police-shooting-in/article_3ff750c3-aa53-53eb-bad2-049acd33e83c.html|newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|accessdate=July 28, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=#StopKillingUs|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/408509309320320?comment_id=415942471910337&offset=0&total_comments=63|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spicuzza|first1=Mary|last2=Glauber|first2=Bill|title=Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/303390891.html |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|03|06}} || [[Shooting of Tony Robinson|Tony Robinson]] (19) || [[Madison, Wisconsin]] || Shot by policeman Matt Kenny during an altercation as Kenny was responding to reports of a man jumping in front of cars and attempting to strangle someone. The [[Wisconsin Department of Justice]] will investigate the Robinson shooting.<ref>{{cite news|last1 = Fieldstadt|first1 = Elisha|title = Tony Robinson Shooting: Protests Continue in Madison, Wisconsin|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/madison-n319616|accessdate = March 10, 2015|work = NBC News|date = March 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name="Boing Boing">{{cite web|last1=Siede|first1=Caroline|title=#SayHerName movement brings attention to female victims of police brutality|url=http://boingboing.net/2015/05/22/sayhername-movement-brings-at.html|website=Boing Boing|date=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Ebony>{{cite web|author1=D. Smith|title=[OFFICER INVOLVED] Meagan Hockaday: Dead in 20 Seconds|url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/officer-involved-ft-lauderdale-cops-fired-after-racist-obama-video-403#axzz3auAnTe00|website=Ebony|date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|3|28}} || [[Shooting of Meagan Hockaday|Meagan Hockaday]] (26) || [[Oxnard, California]] || Shot by policeman Roger Garcia after Hockaday ran at Garcia and his partner with a knife while they were responding to a [[domestic dispute]] report. Garcia has been placed on administrative leave and the case is currently being investigated.<ref name="VC Star - police id">{{cite news|title=Oxnard police identify officer involved in fatal shooting of woman|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/oxnard-police-identify-officer-involved-in-fatal-shooting-of-woman_38368445|accessdate=30 April 2015|newspaper=Ventura County Star|date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=oversight/><ref>{{cite web|title=#WalterScott|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/426194080885176|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|04}} || [[Shooting of Walter Scott|Walter Scott]] (50) || [[North Charleston, South Carolina]] || Shot by police officer Michael Slager during a [[traffic stop]]. Slager was charged with murder after a video surfaced showing him shooting Scott multiple times from behind while Scott was fleeing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Frances |last=Robles |last2=Blinder |first2=Alan|title=Racism Denounced at Walter Scott's Funeral One Week After Police Shooting |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/us/walter-scott-funeral-police-shooting.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| <ref name=nobody/><ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Grey.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter/posts/433662133471704|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=May 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Durkin|first1=Erin|last2=Yaniv|first2=Oren|last3=Siemaszko|first3=Corky|title=Baltimore burns as riots over Freddie Gray's death convulse city, prompt officials to declare state of emergency, call in National Guard|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/thousands-expected-freddie-gray-funeral-baltimore-article-1.2200229 |location=New York |newspaper=Daily News|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|04|12}} || [[Death of Freddie Gray|Freddie Gray]] (25) || [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] || Fell into a [[coma]] while being transported by police after they arrested him. Gray died a week later of injuries to his [[spinal cord]]. Charges have been filed against six policemen after a medical examiner's report that ruled Gray's death a [[homicide]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Freddie Gray's death ruled a homicide|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/freddie-grays-death-ruled-homicide/|website=pbs.org|accessdate=May 1, 2015|format=video & text|date=May 1, 2015}}</ref> Resulted in the [[2015 Baltimore protests]].
|-
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Charleston, 8 dead, white gun person. Black Church.|url=https://twitter.com/blklivesmatter/status/611370411851386880|publisher=Black Lives Matter|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Black-Lives-Matter-Charleston-Shooting-Was-an-Act-of-Terror-20150620-0010.html|publisher=[[TeleSUR]]|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|06|17}} || [[Charleston church shooting|Emanuel Nine]] (multiple) || [[Charleston, South Carolina]] || A mass shooting, allegedly by [[Dylann Roof]], at the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] resulted in nine dead and one injured.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Charleston Shooting Victims Identified|url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/charleston-shooting-victims-identified/story?id=31863489|website = ABC News|date = June 18, 2015|accessdate = June 18, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/sandra-bland-hillary-clinton-democrats-2016/|title=Clinton, Sanders and O'Malley respond to Sandra Bland arrest video - CNNPolitics.com|author=Dan Merica|date=July 22, 2015|work=CNN}}</ref> || {{dts|2015|7|13}} || [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]] (28) || [[Waller County, Texas]] || Pulled over by police, arrested, and found dead in her jail cell. Her death was ruled a suicide by the county medical examiner, with no evidence of foul play.<ref name=NYTAutopsy>{{cite news|last1=Rogers |first1=Katie |title=The Death of Sandra Bland: Questions and Answers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/23/us/23blandlisty.html |accessdate=23 July 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{cite web|title=At least 983 Black Lives Matter demonstrations have been held in the last 376 days|url=https://elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>||{{dts|2015|7|19}}||[[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]] (43) || [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]] || Shot by [[University of Cincinnati]] police officer Ray Tensing during a traffic stop when DuBose failed to step out of his vehicle and may have attempted to drive off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/21/us/cincinnati-police-shooting/|title=Investigation finished in Cincinnati police shooting|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> Tensing has been charged with murder.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perez-Pena|first1=Richard|title=University of Cincinnati Officer Indicted in Fatal Shooting of Driver|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/university-of-cincinnati-officer-indicted-in-shooting-death-of-motorist.html|accessdate=July 30, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 29, 2015}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[Racial bias in criminal news]]
* "[[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://blacklivesmatter.com Official website]
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]