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Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2011-12-06T17:21:27Z

CSZero: rvv

{{Other people|Francis Cabot Lowell}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francis Cabot Lowell
| image = Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg
| caption = Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.
| birth_date = April 7, 1775
| birth_place = [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates>{{cite web|url=http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0251|title=Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817) Papers: Guide to the Collection|publisher=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]]|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref>
| death_date = August 10, 1817 (age 42)
| death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/>
| education = [[Phillips Academy]] (1786) [[Harvard University]] (1793)
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = Hannah Jackson Lowell (m. 1798)
| children = John Lowell Jr. Francis Cabot Lowell Jr. Edward Lowell Susanna Lowell
| parents = [[John Lowell]] Susanna Cabot}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' (April 7, 1775<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/> - August 10, 1817) was an [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] is named. He was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

==Early life==
Lowell was born in the city of [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]].<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/> His father was [[John Lowell|John Lowell II]], member of the Continental Congress and United States judge for the district of Massachusetts. His mother was Susanna [[Cabot family|Cabot]].<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/>

In 1786, Lowell graduated from [[Phillips Academy]].<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellAndover>{{cite web|url=http://www.andover.edu/About/NotableAlumni/LongList/Pages/1700s.aspx|title=Notable Alumni Long List: 1700s|publisher=[[Phillips Academy]]|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref> In 1793, he graduated from [[Harvard College]].

==Career==
[[File:BMC Mill Waltham.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]
After graduation, Lowell set out on a merchant ship carrying cargo to the port of [[Bordeaux, France]]. Despite the anxieties of his family, he spent a year touring France, gripped in its bloody revolution. In July 1796, he returned to Boston and with his father's financial support, set up as a merchant on Long Wharf.

From 1798 to 1808 Lowell was engaged in overseas trade, especially importing silks and tea from China and hand-spun and hand-woven cotton textiles from India. Starting in 1802, with Uriah Cotting, [[Harrison Gray Otis (politician)|Harrison Gray Otis]] and others, Francis Cabot Lowell developed India Wharf and its warehouses on Boston harbor, which became the center of the trade with the Orient. Later, the same group of investors developed the Broad Street area for the retail trade. To enlarge his fortune, Lowell bought a rum distillery, importing [[molasses]] from the Caribbean sugar-producing islands. Lowell spent months improving on the machinery of his rum distilling process. He also acquired many properties in and around Boston, which he rented out or resold at a profit.

Despite political independence, the United States remained dependent on imports for manufactured goods. The conflicts between the European Powers and the Embargo of 1807 severely disrupted trade between the United States, Great Britain, France and the Orient. Lowell reached the conclusion that to be truly independent, the United States needed to manufacture goods at home. On a two-year visit with his family to [[Scotland]] and [[England]], starting June 1810, Lowell secretly studied the textile industries of Lancashire and Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving machines, operated by water power or steam power. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

===Textiles===
In 1813, he enlisted the support of his brothers-in-law, Charles, James and [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and obtained the financial backing of the merchant [[Nathan Appleton]] to establish the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]]<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellPBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html|title=Who Made America? Pioneers: Francis Cabot Lowell|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref> at [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], using the power of the [[Charles River]]. The BMC was the first "integrated" textile mill in America in which all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. Lowell hired the gifted machinist [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] to assist him in designing efficient cotton spinning and weaving machines, based on the British models, but with many technological improvements suited to the conditions of [[New England]].

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to a select group of wealthy investors, such as Senators James Lloyd Jr. and [[Christopher Gore]], [[Israel Thorndike|Israel Thorndike Sr.]] and [[Harrison Gray Otis (politician)|Harrison Gray Otis]]. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American [[businesses]], and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]] built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]] was the first manager of the BMC with Paul Moody in charge of the machinery. The Waltham mill, where raw cotton was processed into finished cloth, was the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as Lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities. The Waltham Machine Shop attached to the BMC made power looms for sale to other American cotton mills Nathan Appleton established a region-wide system to sell the cloth manufactured by the BMC.

The end of the [[War of 1812]] was a severe threat to the budding domestic textile industry as the British dumped cheap cotton cloth on the American market. In 1816, Francis Cabot Lowell traveled to Washington to lobby for protective tariffs on cotton products that they were included in the Tariff of 1816.

Although he died early at age 42, only three years after building his first mill, Lowell left the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]] in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. The success of the BMC at Waltham exhausted the water power of the [[Charles River]]. To expand the enterprise, in 1822, Lowell's partners moved north to the more powerful [[Merrimack River]] and named their new mill town at the [[Pawtucket Falls (Massachusetts)|Pawtucket Falls]] on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. Many textiles mills were built in [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], using the power of the fast-flowing [[Merrimack River]]. The Lowell Machine Shop built power looms for sale, and later expanded to build locomotives. With the introduction of steam power, the importance of a river site for the mills began to decline. The Lowell System, first introduced at Waltham, was expanded to the new industrial city of Lowell and soon spread to the Midwest and the South. The mechanized textile system, introduced by Francis Cabot Lowell, remained dominant in [[New England]] for a century until the industry shifted to the Midwest and the South. By the close of the nineteenth-century the United States had a thriving textile industry for home consumption and for export.

==Personal life==
In 1798, Lowell married Hannah Jackson, daughter of Jonathan Jackson and Hannah Tracy. They had four children: John Lowell Jr., benefactor of [[Lowell Institute]], businessman Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., Edward Lowell, a lawyer, and Susanna Lowell, who married her first cousin John Amory Lowell.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Francis Cabot Lowell was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1978.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External reading==
* {{cite book
|title=The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition
|author=[[Robert Sobel]]
|year=1974
|publisher=Weybright & Talley
|isbn=0-679-40064-8
}} See chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master''
* {{cite book
|title=The Life and Times of Francis Cabot Lowell, 1775-1817
|author=Chaim M. Rosenberg
|year=2010
|publisher=Lexington Books
|isbn=0739146831
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJ5x0m0UP40C
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:Cabot family]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American manufacturing businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2011-12-06T17:21:11Z

CSZero: rvv...more to do...

{{Other people|Francis Cabot Lowell}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francis Cabot Lowell
| image = Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg
| caption = Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.
| birth_date = April 7, 1775
| birth_place = [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates>{{cite web|url=http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0251|title=Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817) Papers: Guide to the Collection|publisher=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]]|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref>
| death_date = August 10, 1817 (age 42)
| death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/>
| education = [[Phillips Academy]] (1786) [[Harvard University]] (1793)
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = Hannah Jackson Lowell (m. 1798)
| children = John Lowell Jr. Francis Cabot Lowell Jr. Edward Lowell Susanna Lowell
| parents = [[John Lowell]] Susanna Cabot}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' (April 7, 1775<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/> - August 10, 1817) was an [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] is named. He was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

==Early life==
Lowell was born in the swag of [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]].<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/> His father was [[John Lowell|John Lowell II]], member of the Continental Congress and United States judge for the district of Massachusetts. His mother was Susanna [[Cabot family|Cabot]].<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellDates/>

In 1786, Lowell graduated from [[Phillips Academy]].<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellAndover>{{cite web|url=http://www.andover.edu/About/NotableAlumni/LongList/Pages/1700s.aspx|title=Notable Alumni Long List: 1700s|publisher=[[Phillips Academy]]|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref> In 1793, he graduated from [[Harvard College]].

==Career==
[[File:BMC Mill Waltham.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]
After graduation, Lowell set out on a merchant ship carrying cargo to the port of [[Bordeaux, France]]. Despite the anxieties of his family, he spent a year touring France, gripped in its bloody revolution. In July 1796, he returned to Boston and with his father's financial support, set up as a merchant on Long Wharf.

From 1798 to 1808 Lowell was engaged in overseas trade, especially importing silks and tea from China and hand-spun and hand-woven cotton textiles from India. Starting in 1802, with Uriah Cotting, [[Harrison Gray Otis (politician)|Harrison Gray Otis]] and others, Francis Cabot Lowell developed India Wharf and its warehouses on Boston harbor, which became the center of the trade with the Orient. Later, the same group of investors developed the Broad Street area for the retail trade. To enlarge his fortune, Lowell bought a rum distillery, importing [[molasses]] from the Caribbean sugar-producing islands. Lowell spent months improving on the machinery of his rum distilling process. He also acquired many properties in and around Boston, which he rented out or resold at a profit.

Despite political independence, the United States remained dependent on imports for manufactured goods. The conflicts between the European Powers and the Embargo of 1807 severely disrupted trade between the United States, Great Britain, France and the Orient. Lowell reached the conclusion that to be truly independent, the United States needed to manufacture goods at home. On a two-year visit with his family to [[Scotland]] and [[England]], starting June 1810, Lowell secretly studied the textile industries of Lancashire and Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving machines, operated by water power or steam power. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

===Textiles===
In 1813, he enlisted the support of his brothers-in-law, Charles, James and [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and obtained the financial backing of the merchant [[Nathan Appleton]] to establish the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]]<ref name=FrancisCabotLowellPBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html|title=Who Made America? Pioneers: Francis Cabot Lowell|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref> at [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], using the power of the [[Charles River]]. The BMC was the first "integrated" textile mill in America in which all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. Lowell hired the gifted machinist [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] to assist him in designing efficient cotton spinning and weaving machines, based on the British models, but with many technological improvements suited to the conditions of [[New England]].

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to a select group of wealthy investors, such as Senators James Lloyd Jr. and [[Christopher Gore]], [[Israel Thorndike|Israel Thorndike Sr.]] and [[Harrison Gray Otis (politician)|Harrison Gray Otis]]. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American [[businesses]], and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]] built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]] was the first manager of the BMC with Paul Moody in charge of the machinery. The Waltham mill, where raw cotton was processed into finished cloth, was the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as Lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities. The Waltham Machine Shop attached to the BMC made power looms for sale to other American cotton mills Nathan Appleton established a region-wide system to sell the cloth manufactured by the BMC.

The end of the [[War of 1812]] was a severe threat to the budding domestic textile industry as the British dumped cheap cotton cloth on the American market. In 1816, Francis Cabot Lowell traveled to Washington to lobby for protective tariffs on cotton products that they were included in the Tariff of 1816.

Although he died early at age 42, only three years after building his first mill, Lowell left the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]] in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. The success of the BMC at Waltham exhausted the water power of the [[Charles River]]. To expand the enterprise, in 1822, Lowell's partners moved north to the more powerful [[Merrimack River]] and named their new mill town at the [[Pawtucket Falls (Massachusetts)|Pawtucket Falls]] on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. Many textiles mills were built in [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], using the power of the fast-flowing [[Merrimack River]]. The Lowell Machine Shop built power looms for sale, and later expanded to build locomotives. With the introduction of steam power, the importance of a river site for the mills began to decline. The Lowell System, first introduced at Waltham, was expanded to the new industrial city of Lowell and soon spread to the Midwest and the South. The mechanized textile system, introduced by Francis Cabot Lowell, remained dominant in [[New England]] for a century until the industry shifted to the Midwest and the South. By the close of the nineteenth-century the United States had a thriving textile industry for home consumption and for export.

==Personal life==
In 1798, Lowell married Hannah Jackson, daughter of Jonathan Jackson and Hannah Tracy. They had four children: John Lowell Jr., benefactor of [[Lowell Institute]], businessman Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., Edward Lowell, a lawyer, and Susanna Lowell, who married her first cousin John Amory Lowell.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Francis Cabot Lowell was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1978.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External reading==
* {{cite book
|title=The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition
|author=[[Robert Sobel]]
|year=1974
|publisher=Weybright & Talley
|isbn=0-679-40064-8
}} See chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master''
* {{cite book
|title=The Life and Times of Francis Cabot Lowell, 1775-1817
|author=Chaim M. Rosenberg
|year=2010
|publisher=Lexington Books
|isbn=0739146831
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJ5x0m0UP40C
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:Cabot family]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American manufacturing businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Frankenstrat

2011-11-21T06:45:06Z

CSZero: /* Variants */ Wikilink

{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}
[[Image:EVH frankenstrat.jpg|thumb|Eddie Van Halen's Frankenstrat, pictured with 22 fret Kramer neck.]]

'''Frankenstrat''' is a [[electric guitar|guitar]] created by [[Eddie Van Halen]].

==Overview of the Frankenstrat==
The Frankenstrat represented Van Halen's attempt to combine the sound of a classic [[Gibson]] guitar with the physical attributes of a [[Fender]]. It was originally made from an ash [[Stratocaster]] body, with pickup routing that Eddie altered to fit a Gibson PAF [[humbucker|humbucking]] bridge [[Pick up (music technology)|pickup]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Eddie Van Halen - Heavy-Metal Guitarist from California Hits the Charts at Age 21 |first=Jas |last=Obrecht |date=November 1978 |magazine=[[Guitar Player Magazine]]|url=http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/eddie-van-halen/jan-00/4788 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081224061525/http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/eddie-van-halen/jan-00/4788 |archivedate=2008-12-14 |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> It had a [[maple]] neck and fretboard, chrome hardware, and most notably, a color scheme consisting of red, with black and white stripes. It is a six-string guitar with an original [[Floyd Rose]] [[tremolo arm|tremolo]].

==Building the Frankenstrat==
===Body and Neck===
Eddie Van Halen bought the Frankenstrat's ash body and maple neck for a total of $130. Both of these parts were procured from Wayne Charvel, who sold [[Boogie Body]]-made bodies and necks. The body of the guitar was a 'second', so called because it was not cosmetically pleasing. In Van Halen's case, the body had a [[wood knot|knot]] in the wood. He bought it at a discount ($50) because he believed it would perform fine. The maple neck cost $80.<ref name="EdVideo">{{cite web|first=Matt |last=Bruck |title=Eddie Van Halen Unveils His 'Frankenstein' Replica Guitar |page=Part 1 |format=Flash video |date=February 27, 2007 |publisher=''Guitar World'' |accessdate=2011-07-15 |url=http://www.guitarworld.com/article/eddie_van_halen_on_recreating_frankenstein}}</ref>

===Bridge===
Eddie originally used a Fender Tremolo System from his '58 Fender Stratocaster. The Floyd Rose was added later.

===Pickup===
Eddie originally equipped the Frankenstrat with a PAF (Patent Applied For) pickup he removed from his [[Gibson ES-335]]. He potted the pickup in [[paraffin wax]] to reduce microphonic feedback, a technique that had been popular before machine-winding. He screwed the pickup to the guitar in the bridge position, slightly sideways to compensate for the different string spacing between Gibson's pickup and Fender's bridge. The pickup was later replaced with a Seymour Duncan humbucker.

===Controls===
Van Halen got rid of both tone control [[potentiometers]] and wired the pickups in a simple circuit, largely due to his limited knowledge of electrical circuitry. Van Halen famously used a knob reading 'tone' on the volume control spot. He then used a vinyl record he carved as a [[pickguard]] to cover the controls. Later, the pickguard was changed to a real pickguard that had been similarly hacked. A strip of double-sided masking tape was also added near the pickguard, on which he would place several picks.

===Paint and Finish===
Eddie painted the guitar black. After it was dry he put strips of masking tape on the body and painted it white. This would create the classic version of the Frankenstrat.<ref>Bruck, part 2.</ref> Due to companies selling guitars with similar finishes, he stopped playing the guitar in public, instead using the famous black and yellow "bumble bee" guitar (pictured on [[Van Halen II]]). In 1979, after much disappointment with the performance of the black and yellow guitar, Eddie re-taped the body of the original white and black Frankenstrat, and painted over that with Red Schwinn Bicycle paint. As Eddie said, "The Schwinn Bicycle paint gives it pop."

==Later upgrades==
The Frankenstrat has gone through many necks over the years. The bridge has evolved from the '58 Fender tremolo to original Floyd Rose bridges with and without fine tuners. The placement of the 1971 quarter was a spontaneous addition when it was recruited to keep the Floyd Rose bridge flush on the body. He also attached truck reflectors to the rear of the body purely for amusement value.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many guitar companies tried to capitalize on Van Halen's popularity by manufacturing Frankenstrat lookalikes. In an attempt to mislead such companies, Edward Van Halen installed a red single-coil pickup in the neck position of the red, black, and white Frankenstrat, but it remained non-functional. To confuse imitators even further, Van Halen screwed a three-way switch into the empty middle-pickup rout in the guitar's body. Like the neck pickup, it was purely decorative, intended to do nothing but keep observers guessing.

==Variants==
===Kramers===
Kramer was the first company that Eddie officially endorsed. It started in 1983, when Kramer built a Frankenstrat replica for him. During this time, he replaced his original Frankenstrat neck with a Kramer neck. In 1984, Edward was presented with the "[[Hot for Teacher]]" guitar (as seen in the video clip for "Hot for Teacher"), and started appearing in Kramer advertisements. Paul Unkert, "The Guitar Guy" and of UNK guitars, worked on the Frankenstrat and put his own "Unk" stamp on it.

The most famous Kramer that Edward had was the "[[5150]]", which he built in the Kramer factory. It is widely thought that this guitar was made out of a [[Kramer Baretta]] body, but it was actually made out of Prototype [[Kramer Pacer|Pacer]] body.
This guitar was used from the [[1984 (Van Halen album)|1984]] tour through the [[OU812]] tour, and was last used in the recording for "Judgement Day", for the album [[For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge]]. It is now retired.

A number of other Kramers were also built and used by Eddie during these years, the most notable being the "1984" Kramer, while most were simply striped designs without other markings. These guitars were primarily used as backups for the "5150" guitar during the tours, and were likewise retired at the same time. Some were simply given away to various people, or in cases such as the "1984" Kramer, in contests.

===Charvel Hybrid VH2 a.k.a. Bumblebee===
The second Frankenstrat that appeared in time for the Van Halen II LP and tour was the black and yellow striped guitar. It was buried with [[Dimebag Darrell]] of [[Pantera]], who had asked for a Charvel Art Series replica before they were released. Eddie instead presented the original guitar at his funeral.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 15, 2004|title=Thousands Gather To Mourn Dimebag Darrell |first=Gil |last=Kaufman|newspaper=VH1 News|url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1494878/20041215/damageplan.jhtml?headlines=true|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://vhnd.com/old/articles/041215-01.shtml |title=Ed Pays Respects to Dimebag Darrell |date=December 15, 2004 |publisher=Van Halen News Desk|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref>

===The Ibanez Destroyer a.k.a. Shark===
This guitar was a dual humbucker instrument that was created from a [[korina]] [[Ibanez Destroyer]]. Eddie removed a large chunk of the wood with a hacksaw, giving it an open jaw-like shape. The name "Shark" was given to it because the chunk he cut out was serrated and gave the appearance of shark teeth. This guitar was used in the videos for "[[Runnin' With the Devil]]" and "[[You Really Got Me]]". Unfortunately, the removal of the wood destroyed the sound of the guitar, which resulted in its retirement.

===Fender/Charvel===
Charvel introduced a signature model EVH called the "Charvel EVH Art Series Guitar" that was equipped with a single custom wound pickup, a Floyd Rose locking tremolo, and could be ordered in white with black stripes, black with yellow stripes, or red with black and white stripes. The guitars are not relic'ed, but feature a neck profile similar to the original Frankenstrat.

300 relic'ed replicas of the red with black and white stripe Frankenstrat were painstaking created, scratches and all, and offered under Van Halen's "EVH" brand for $25,000.

===''Guitar Hero: Van Halen''===
The design of this guitar was used as the box art for ''[[Guitar Hero: Van Halen]]'', and it appears in-game numerous times as well, including as a [[Wipe (transition)|transitional effect]] at the end of songs (the stripes appear, one by one, in rapid succession, and then are removed).

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
:*{{cite web |title=Rock Chronicles 1980s: Wayne Charvel (interview)|date=March 22, 2008 |publisher=UltimateGuitar.com|url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/interviews/rock_chronicles/rock_chronicles_1980s_wayne_charvel.html }}
{{refend}}

{{Fender Stratocaster}}
{{Van Halen}}

[[Category:Fender Stratocasters]]
[[Category:Individual guitars]]
[[Category:Instruments of musicians]]
[[Category:Van Halen]]

[[nl:Frankenstein (gitaar)]]
[[pt:Frankenstrat]]
[[ru:Frankenstrat]]

Storrow Drive

2011-09-28T21:11:35Z

CSZero: Strange sentence. Does this work?

{{Infobox street
|name=Storrow Drive
|image=Storrow_Drive.png
|length_mi=1.98
|length_ref=
|length_notes=
|established=1951
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a={{jct|state=MA|MA|2}} (continues as [[Soldiers Field Road]])
|junction={{jct|state=MA|MA|2A}}
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b={{jct|state=MA|MA|28}}(continues as Embankment Road)
|maint=[[Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)|DCR]]
}}

[[Image:Solarapex DSC05755.JPG|thumb|right|240px|Storrow Drive, Leverett Circle Tunnel]]

'''Storrow Drive''' is a major cross town expressway in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], running south and west from Leverett Circle along the [[Charles River]].<ref name=gershkoff>{{cite book|title=The Boston Driver's Handbook: Wild in the Streets: The Almost Post Big Dig Edition |edition=3rd |first=Ira|last=Gershkoff|coauthors=Richard Trachtman|pages=27–29|year=2004|publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=0306813262 |oclc=53970660 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Cx4nXwtU2Q8C&lpg=PA28&pg=PA27#v=twopage&f=false}}</ref> It is a [[parkway]]—it is restricted to cars; trucks and buses are not permitted on it. The road legally known as '''[[James Jackson Storrow]] Memorial Drive''' officially ends at its eastward junction with [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] and continues as Embankment Road, part of Route 28.

Boston drivers use the route for quick access to downtown locations.<ref name=gershkoff/> Westbound Storrow Drive has a junction with the [[Harvard Bridge]] ([[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]], or [[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Mass. Ave]]). It passes along the northern edge of [[Boston University]] until it reaches a partial junction with the [[Boston University Bridge]] ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]), where it becomes [[Soldiers Field Road]].

Both Storrow Drive and Soldiers Field Road are maintained by the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]] and are part of the parkway system interconnecting the [[Emerald Necklace]] in Boston and [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]]. Together with [[Memorial Drive (Cambridge)|Memorial Drive]] and the Cambridge Parkway, Storrow Drive is also part of the [[Charles River Basin Historic District]] (listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]). Prior to 1989, Storrow Drive also carried the [[U.S. Route 1]] designation. (U.S. Route 1 is now routed along [[Interstate 93]]).

==Namesake==

The parkway is named for James J. Storrow, an investment banker who led a campaign to create the Charles River Basin and preserve and improve the riverbanks as a public park. He had never advocated a parkway beside the river, and his widow publicly opposed it.<ref>{{cite paper | author = Berg, FASLA, Shary Page | title = Cultural Landscape Report, The Esplanade, Boston, Massachusetts | publisher = The Esplanade Association | date = January 2007 | url = http://www.esplanadeassociation.org/news/documents/landscperprt_website.pdf | format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |page=33 | accessdate = 2009-05-03 }}</ref>

==Traffic issues==
[[Image:Storrowandcitgo.JPG|thumb|right|240px|Storrow Drive mid-afternoon]]
The road is notorious for speeding and aggressive driving because police enforcement along the road is difficult without a breakdown lane. Radio traffic reports have warned motorists about "ponding" on Storrow Drive, which occurs when snow and frozen ground prevent water from draining properly into storm drains.<ref>{{cite book |title=Morsels from the Better Mousetrap: Tips, Tricks and Tales About Corporate Communications for Small Businesses |first=Dick |last=Amsterdam |coauthors=Nancy Parsons |year=2000 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=0738816744 |oclc=0738816744 |page=143}}</ref> The underpasses also commonly flood during heavy rains, sometimes stalling low-riding cars.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

===Concert parking===
During some summer night concerts at the [[Hatch Shell]], many drivers park their cars in the outbound lanes of Storrow Drive.<ref name=gershkoff/> The free concerts and fireworks displays attract 200,000 people, and many take advantage of the free parking.<ref name=gershkoff/>

===Low clearance===
A newcomer to Boston might be surprised at an abundance of signs giving road clearance height.<ref name=gershkoff/> Periodically, despite the signs, a truck or other large vehicle will get wedged under a bridge, which causes traffic to back up for several miles.<ref name=gershkoff/> In one incident a truck full of scissors became stuck and spilled its cargo, causing over 30 cars to get flat tires—two got four flat tires—and the road was backed up well into the afternoon.<ref name=gershkoff/>

==History==
Between 1958 and 1971, Storrow Drive was designated '''Massachusetts Route C9'''.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
===Early opposition===
[[James Storrow]] had been instrumental in earlier projects along the Charles River, in particular the Charles River Dam. Additions to the [[Esplanade]] had been made during the 1930s only by omitting an important part of the project, a proposed highway from the [[Longfellow Bridge]] to the Cottage Farm (Boston University) Bridge, which had provoked tremendous protest.<ref name=seaholes>{{cite book |title=Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston|first=Nancy S.|last=Seasholes|year=2003|publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=0262194945|page=206 |oclc=470179960 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GAHs1C9q1EsC&lpg=PA206&pg=PA206#v=onepage&f=false}}</ref> After [[Helen Storrow]], the wife of the now deceased James Storrow, supported a group opposed to the highway, it was dropped;<ref name=seaholes/> part of the funding was to have come from a million-dollar gift from her.<ref>"Fight begins on $4,855,000 Basin Project", ''[[Boston Evening Transcript]]'', March 6, 1929.</ref> Soon after Helen Storrow's death in 1944, a new proposal for the construction of the highway was pushed through the Massachusetts Legislature. In spite of still strong opposition, and through some dubious parliamentary procedures, the bill approving construction of the highway and naming it after James Storrow was passed in 1949.<ref>"Embankment Road approved by House in stormy session", ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', April 29, 1949.</ref>

===Construction===
Construction took place in the years 1950–1951. As part of the attempt to preserve park land, any land used by the highway had to be replaced by reclaiming new land along the shoreline.<ref>[[Massachusetts General Court]] Acts of 1949, Chap. 262</ref> Storrow Drive was officially opened in a ribbon cutting ceremony by Governor [[Paul A. Dever]] on 15 June 1951.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A1EFF3C5B16738FDDAF0994DE405B8189F1D3
|title=Massachusetts Road Opened
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=1951-06-16
|at=Sports section, Page 13
|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref>

==Future plans==
The Storrow Drive Tunnel, through which Storrow Drive runs along the [[Charles River Reservation|Esplanade]] just north of Clarendon, Berkeley and Arlington Streets, has been deteriorating since it was built in 1951, and by mid-2007 the [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation|Department of Conservation and Recreation]] determined that repairing the tunnel may be impossible because it was not waterproofed when it was built, and damage in the intervening years has been significant. Consequently the tunnel may be rebuilt at a cost upward of $200 million, a project that would require closing critical sections of Storrow Drive to traffic.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/07/24/storrow_tunnel_may_need_replacing/
|title=Storrow Tunnel may need replacing
|work=[[The Boston Globe]]
|date=2007-07-24
|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>

Despite the chaos this would cause to drivers, it also could present an opportunity for the city to improve the area. For example, [[Thomas Menino|Boston Mayor Thomas Menino]] has proposed covering Storrow Drive near the pedestrian Fiedler Bridge, replacing the old bridge with a wide, ground-level park space that would better connect the green space of [[Boston Public Garden|Boston's Public Garden]] with the Esplanade.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2008/03/19/new_vision_over_storrow_drive/
|title=New vision over Storrow Drive
|work=[[The Boston Globe]]
|date=2008-03-19
|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>

Other plans for the road include closing it to traffic Sunday mornings in the summer, much as is done across the river on [[Memorial Drive (Cambridge)|Memorial Drive]]. This would create a recreational area for walking, biking and roller blading on weekends, though some have criticized this proposal as unnecessary due to the presence of the Esplanade paths and the existing Memorial Drive road closure. The drive however is usually closed during the July fourth independence celebration at the Esplanade.

==Exit list==
Exits on Storrow Drive are unnumbered. Mileposts are a continuation from [[Soldiers Field Road]].
{|class=wikitable
!Mile
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
!colspan=3|Road continues as [[Soldiers Field Road]]
|-
|4.1
|University Road – [[Boston University]], [[Brookline (MA)|Brookline]]
|Eastbound exit only. To [[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]
|-
|5.0
|[[Kenmore Square]], [[Fenway (parkway)|Fenway]]
|Old alignment of [[U.S. Route 1]].
|-
|5.1
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]] (Massachusetts Avenue) – [[Cambridge (MA)|Cambridge]]
|Westbound exit only.
|-
|6.0
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] South – [[Copley Square]], [[Back Bay]]
|Official eastern terminus of Storrow Drive.
|-
!colspan=3|Road continues as Embankment Road / [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] North
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Massachusetts}}
{{Boston Road Transportation}}
{{Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston}}
{{Streets and squares in Boston}}

[[Category:Streets in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Parkways in Massachusetts]]

Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)

2011-09-28T21:10:09Z

CSZero: Undid revision 452741631 by 89.243.109.147 (talk)

{{Infobox road
|state=MA
|route=495
|type=I
|map=Interstate_495_Massachusetts.png
|maint=
|length_mi=120.74 
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref>[http://www.mass.gov/mgis/eotroads.htm Executive Office of Transportation - Office of Transportation Planning Roads] GIS Data</ref>
|established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{jct|state=MA|I|195|MA|25}} in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]]
|junction={{jct|state=MA|US|44}} in [[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]] 
{{jct|state=MA|MA|24}} in [[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]] 
{{jct|state=MA|I|95}} in [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] 
{{jct|state=MA|US|1}} in [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]] 
{{jct|state=MA|I|90|name1=[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]]}} in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] 
{{jct|state=MA|US|20}} in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] 
{{jct|state=MA|I|290}} in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]] 
{{jct|state=MA|MA|2}} in [[Littleton, Massachusetts|Littleton]] 
{{jct|state=MA|US|3}} in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]] 
{{jct|state=MA|I|93}} in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b={{jct|state=MA|I|95}} in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]
|counties=[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth]], [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol]], [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk]], [[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]], [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex]]
|previous_type=I
|previous_route=395
|next_type=I
|next_route=695
}}
'''Interstate 495''' (abbreviated '''I-495''') is the designation of an [[Interstate Highway]] half-[[beltway]] in [[Massachusetts]]. It was the longest auxiliary Interstate Highway of its kind—measuring 120.74 miles (194.40 kilometers)—until 1996, when the [[Pennsylvania Route 9|PA Route 9]] section of the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] was redesignated as [[Interstate 476 (Pennsylvania)|Interstate 476]], making it about {{convert|11|mi|km}} longer than I-495.<ref>[http://www.paturnpike.com/news/1996/Nov/nr11-01-96.aspx Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission], November 1, 1996.</ref><ref>[http://www.pahighways.com/interstates/I476.html Interstate 476, pahighways.com.]</ref><ref>[http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/long3di.html#longest Shortest and Longest 3-digit interstates, kurumi.com.] Note the discrepancy between the mileage listed on kurumi.com and the actual mileage indicated by the exit list from [[Interstate 476 (Pennsylvania)#Exit_list|Interstate 476]]. [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=I-476+S+%4041.485973,+-75.686810&daddr=Unknown+road+%4039.868198,+-75.344985&hl=en&geocode=15303337189087951858,41.485973,-75.686810%3B15506315128338708761,39.867273,-75.343939%3B16313230114491641772,39.868198,-75.344985&mra=ls&sll=39.860472,-75.347328&sspn=0.068388,0.154495&ie=UTF8&ll=40.554244,-75.470324&spn=2.165983,4.943848&z=8 Google Maps] lists the distance as {{convert|130|mi|km}}.</ref>
I-495 has its northern terminus at [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]. The highway, forming an arc approximately {{convert|30|mi|km}} from [[Boston]], intersects eight major radial [[expressways]] along its route: [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 3]], [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]], [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 290]], [[Interstate 90]] (The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]]), [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] and Interstate 95 (twice). It has its southern terminus in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]], where [[Interstate 195 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 195]] and [[Route 25 (Massachusetts)|Route 25]] meet. Originally, the stretch from Route 24 to Interstate 195 was signed as Route 25; that status now only begins south of I-195.

I-495 is often regarded as the outermost boundary of the [[Greater Boston]] region: its northern segment parallels the border with New Hampshire, at one point coming as close as 400 feet; its southern end is just north of [[Cape Cod]]; west of I-495 is the [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] area and Central Massachusetts. In a more restricted sense, The [[Yankee Division Highway]] ([[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] and the first {{convert|6.5|mi|km}} of [[Interstate 93]]), which is parallel to I-495 but closer to the city, is sometimes regarded as the outer boundary of Boston's immediate [[suburb]]s.

The stretch of 495 north and east of [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] until its terminus at [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] in Salisbury is also the main limited access highway connecting the communities of the more urbanized [[Merrimack Valley]] region, separate from its purpose as a beltway for Boston.

==Route description==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2010}}
Interstate 495 begins as the direct continuation of [[Massachusetts Route 25|Route 25]] at the intersection with [[Interstate 195 (Rhode Island-Massachusetts)|Interstate 195]] in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|West Wareham]]. The junction includes the unusual transition of shrinking from the six-lane Route 25 to the four-lane interstate, due to the third lane of Route 25 joining to and from I-195. The road heads roughly northwest, passing through the towns of [[Rochester, Massachusetts|Rochester]] and [[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]] (where the road meets [[U.S. Route 44]]) as a four lane highway before entering [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]] at [[Raynham, Massachusetts|Raynham]]. There, it becomes a six-lane highway just southeast of the [[Massachusetts Route 24|Route 24]] interchange (which is actually in neighboring [[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]]).

The road continues northwest through [[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]] and [[Norton, Massachusetts|Norton]] before entering [[Mansfield, Massachusetts|Mansfield]], where there is a short exit lane concurrency with [[Massachusetts Route 140|Route 140]]. Interstate 495 makes its southern junction with its parent route, [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] on the border between Mansfield in Bristol County and [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] in [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]]. The road continues through [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]] (where there is a junction with [[U.S. Route 1]], a popular exit for those heading to [[Gillette Stadium]]) and [[Wrentham, Massachusetts|Wrentham]] (where the Wrentham Village Premium Outlets lie beside the highway at [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]]) before beginning to turn to a more northerly direction through [[Franklin, Massachusetts|Franklin]] and [[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]].

Interstate 495 then begins to weave between far eastern [[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]] and western [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], passing through [[Milford, Massachusetts|Milford]] in Worcester County, to [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] in Middlesex County (where the junction with the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]], or Interstate 90, is located). It then passes back into Worcester County a second time, going through Westborough (where the road meets [[Massachusetts Route 9|Route 9]]) and [[Southborough, Massachusetts|Southborough]]. It then returns to Middlesex County briefly in the towns of [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (where the road meets [[U.S. Route 20]] and [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 290]]) and [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]] before making its final pass through Worcester County in the towns of [[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]], [[Bolton, Massachusetts|Bolton]] (where the road finally begins to turn northeasterly) and [[Harvard, Massachusetts|Harvard]].

After weaving through the edge of Worcester County, the road finally re-enters Middlesex County, passing through [[Boxborough, Massachusetts|Boxborough]], [[Littleton, Massachusetts|Littleton]] (where there is an intersection with [[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]]), [[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]] and [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]]. At the Chelmsford-[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] line lies the intersection with [[U.S. Route 3]] and the [[Lowell Connector]] (formerly Business Spur 495). The road continues through Lowell and [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] before entering [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]] at [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]].

In Andover, the road has a junction with [[Interstate 93]]. It then enters the city of [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], where the road turns due north, crossing the [[Shawsheen River]] into [[North Andover, Massachusetts|North Andover]] before crossing the [[Merrimack River]] at the O'Reilly Bridge back into Lawrence. It then heads into [[Methuen, Massachusetts|Methuen]], where the road turns back to a northeasterly route after the junction with the [[Massachusetts Route 213|Loop Connector]] (Rte. 213). The road heads into [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], crossing the Merrimack twice more at a bend in the [[Bradford, Massachusetts|Bradford]] section of town. It passes north of downtown Haverhill, coming within 150 yards of the [[New Hampshire]] state line, the closest the road comes to leaving the state. Interstate 495 then passes through the towns of [[Merrimac, Massachusetts|Merrimac]] and [[Amesbury, Massachusetts|Amesbury]] before finally terminating as it merges with Interstate 95 in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]], approximately {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} south of where that interstate enters New Hampshire.

Throughout its path, the road passes closely to several existing state highways. From Wareham through to the Middleborough Rotary, it parallels [[Massachusetts Route 28|Route 28]]. For much of the stretch between Norton and Milford, the road is within a few miles of Route 140, with two junctions of that highway in Mansfield and Franklin. From Milford to Bolton, the road passes just west of [[Massachusetts Route 85|Route 85]]. Much of the northern third of the route also roughly parallels [[Massachusetts Route 110]].<ref>[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/I-495_MA/ BostonRoads.com, ''Outer Circumferential Highway: Historical Overview'' Retrieved Jan. 24, 2010]{{Self-published inline|date=November 2010}}</ref>

==Possible Improvements==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
Some improvements expected to come to I-495 in the next few years include a project that will install fiber optic cable, traffic cameras & VMS Signs on I-495 from I-90 (Hopkinton) to I-93 (Andover). The new ITS system will help commuters and the state better understand the traffic congestion on I-495.

==Exit list==
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1
!County
!Location
!Mile<ref>Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation. 2007. "Interchange Exit Lists (I-495)". Downloaded from: http://www.eot.state.ma.us/default.asp?pgid=planning/disc/interchanges&sid=dtable August 7, 2011.</ref>
!Exit #
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=8|[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth]]
|rowspan=3|[[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]]
|0.00
|
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|25|dir1=east|city1=Cape Cod}}
|-
|0.02
|1
|{{jct|state=MA|I|195|dir1=west|city1=New Bedford}}, [[Providence, RI]]
|Mainline continues as {{jct|state=MA|MA|25}}
|-
|2.49
|2
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|58|city1=Carver|city2=Plymouth}}
|Signed on overhead signs as Route 58 North; Route 58 South not marked on signs at end of either off-ramp, but actually ends just {{convert|.45|mi|km}} south at Route 28
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]]
|7.60
|3
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|MA-28]] – Rock Village, South Middleborough
|-
|12.07
|4
|[[Image:MA Route 105.svg|25px]] [[Route 105 (Massachusetts)|MA-105]] – Middleborough Center, [[Lakeville, Massachusetts|Lakeville]]
|-
|14.31
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 18.svg|20px]] [[Route 18 (Massachusetts)|MA-18]] – NB: [[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]], Plymouth; SB: Lakeville, New Bedford
|Route 18 North to US 44 East
|-
|14.73
|6
|{{jct|state=MA|US|44|city1=Taunton|city2=Middleborough|city3=Plymouth}}, Providence, RI
|-
||[[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]]
|19.08
|7
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|24|city1=Boston|city2=Fall River}}
|Split into 7A and 7B
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol]]
|[[Raynham, Massachusetts|Raynham]]
|21.68
|8
|[[Image:MA Route 138.svg|25px]] [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|MA-138]] – [[Stoughton, Massachusetts|Stoughton]], Taunton
|-
|[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
|24.51
|9
|[[Bay Road (Bristol County, Massachusetts)|Bay Street]] – Taunton, [[Easton, Massachusetts|Easton]]
|-
|[[Norton, Massachusetts|Norton]]
|26.91
|10
|[[Image:MA Route 123.svg|25px]] [[Route 123 (Massachusetts)|MA-123]] – Norton, East Mansfield, Easton
|To [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|Route 140]] South; main northbound access route to the [[Comcast Center (amphitheatre)|Comcast Center]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mansfield, Massachusetts|Mansfield]]
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|29.9
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|11
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|{{jct|state=MA|MA|140|dir1=south|city1=Norton}}
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|Partial interchange: SB exit/NB entrance only; main southbound access route to the [[Comcast Center (amphitheatre)|Comcast Center]]
|-
|30.71
|12
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|140|dir1=north|city1=Mansfield}}
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk]]
|[[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]]
|32.89
|13
|{{jct|state=MA|I|95|city1=Boston}}, Providence, RI
|Split into 13A and 13B
|-
|[[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]]
|35.57
|14
|{{jct|state=MA|US|1|city1=Wrentham|city2=North Attleborough}}
|Split into 14A and 14B; main access route from I-495 to [[Gillette Stadium]] and Patriot Place
|-
|[[Wrentham, Massachusetts|Wrentham]]
|37.56
|15
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|MA-1A]] – Wrentham, [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Franklin, Massachusetts|Franklin]]
|40.95
|16
|King Street – Franklin, [[Woonsocket, RI]]
|-
|43.18
|17
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] – Franklin, Bellingham
|-
|[[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]]
|45.82
|18
|[[Image:MA Route 126.svg|25px]] [[Route 126 (Massachusetts)|MA-126]] – [[Medway, Massachusetts|Medway]], Bellingham
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|rowspan=2|[[Milford, Massachusetts|Milford]]
|48.32
|19
|[[Image:MA Route 109.svg|25px]] [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|MA-109]] – Milford, Medway, [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts|Uxbridge]]
|-
|50.25
|20
|[[Image:MA Route 85.svg|20px]] [[Route 85 (Massachusetts)|MA-85]] – Milford, Hopkinton, Uxbridge
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]]
|54.15
|21
|West Main Street – Hopkinton, [[Upton, Massachusetts|Upton]], [[Northbridge, Massachusetts|Northbridge]]
|Split into 21A and 21B
|-
|57.89
|22
|{{jct|state=MA|I|90|name1=[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]]|city1=Boston}}, [[Albany, NY]]
|-
|Worcester
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]]
|59.41
|23
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|MA-9]] – [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|Split into 23A and 23B
|-
|rowspan=4|Middlesex
|rowspan=4|[[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
|61.71
|23C
|Simarano Drive – Marlborough, [[Southborough, Massachusetts|Southborough]]
|Interchange constructed in 2000.
|-
|63.11
|24
|{{jct|state=MA|US|20|city1=Marlborough|city2=Northborough}}
|Split into 24A and 24B
|-
|64.86
|25A
|To [[Image:MA Route 85.svg|20px]] [[Route 85 (Massachusetts)|MA-85]] – [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
|Connection via unnumbered connector road
|-
|64.86
|25B
|{{jct|state=MA|I|290|dir1=west|city1=Worcester}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Worcester
|[[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]]
|67.24
|26
|[[Image:MA Route 62.svg|20px]] [[Route 62 (Massachusetts)|MA-62]] – Berlin, Hudson
|-
|[[Bolton, Massachusetts|Bolton]]
|69.93
|27
|[[Image:MA Route 117.svg|25px]] [[Route 117 (Massachusetts)|MA-117]] – Bolton, [[Stow, Massachusetts|Stow]]
|-
|rowspan=13|Middlesex
|[[Boxborough, Massachusetts|Boxborough]]
|74.56
|28
|[[Image:MA Route 111.svg|25px]] [[Route 111 (Massachusetts)|MA-111]] – Boxborough, [[Harvard, Massachusetts|Harvard]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Littleton, Massachusetts|Littleton]]
|77.56
|29
|[[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|MA-2]] – [[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]], Boston
|Split into 29A and 29B.
|-
|79.09
|30
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|MA-2A]], [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Littleton, [[Ayer, Massachusetts|Ayer]]
|-
|80.10
|31
|[[Image:MA Route 119.svg|25px]] [[Route 119 (Massachusetts)|MA-119]] – [[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]], [[Acton, Massachusetts|Acton]]
|-
|[[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]]
|83.17
|32
|Boston Road – Westford
|To {{jct|state=MA|MA|225}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]]
|-
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|87.56
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|33
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|[[Image:MA Route 4.svg|20px]] [[Route 4 (Massachusetts)|MA-4]] – [[North Chelmsford, Massachusetts|North Chelmsford]]
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|Partial interchange: NB exit/SB entrance only
|-
|88.05
|34
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Chelmsford, Lowell
|Route 110 west to Route 4
|-
|89.04
|35
|{{jct|state=MA|US|3|city1=Burlington}}, [[Nashua, NH]]
|Split into 35A and 35B
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]
|89.31
|35C
|[[Lowell Connector]] – Lowell
|Former exit 36
|-
|91.07
|37
|Woburn Street – South Lowell, [[North Billerica, Massachusetts|North Billerica]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]]
|92.16
|38
|[[Image:MA Route 38.svg|20px]] [[Route 38 (Massachusetts)|MA-38]] – Lowell, Tewksbury
|-
|94.49
|39
|[[Image:MA Route 133.svg|25px]] [[Route 133 (Massachusetts)|MA-133]] – [[Dracut, Massachusetts|Dracut]], Andover
|-
|rowspan=17|[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex]]
|rowspan=2|[[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
|96.91
|40
|{{jct|state=MA|I|93|city1=Boston}}, [[Concord, NH]]
|Split into 40A and 40B
|-
|99.31
|41
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|MA-28]] – Lawrence, Andover
|Split northbound into 41A and 41B.
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]
|100.03
|42
|[[Image:MA Route 114.svg|25px]] [[Route 114 (Massachusetts)|MA-114]] – [[Middleton, Massachusetts|Middleton]], South Lawrence
|Split into 42A and 42B.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North Andover, Massachusetts|North Andover]]
|100.83
|43
|Massachusetts Avenue
|Also signed northbound for Commonwealth Avenue.
|-
|101.27
|44
|Merrimack Street
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]
|101.82
|45
|Marston Street – Lawrence
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Methuen, Massachusetts|Methuen]]
|103.00
|46
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] (Merrimac Street) – Pleasant Valley
|-
|103.93
|47
|[[Image:MA Route 213.svg|25px]] [[Route 213 (Massachusetts)|MA-213]] (Loop Connector)
|Exit 5 from route 213
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]]
|105.66
|48
|To [[Image:MA Route 125.svg|25px]] [[Route 125 (Massachusetts)|MA-125]] – Ward Hill, [[Bradford, Massachusetts|Bradford]]
|Via unnumbered connector road.
|-
|106.50
|49
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|110|MA|113|name2=River Street}}
|
|-
|107.18
|50
|[[Image:MA Route 97.svg|20px]] [[Route 97 (Massachusetts)|MA-97]] – Haverhill, [[Salem, NH]]
|-
|108.85
|51
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|125|city1=Haverhill}}, [[Plaistow, NH]]
|Split into 51A and 51B
|-
|111.04
|52
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Haverhill, Merrimac
|-
|[[Merrimac, Massachusetts|Merrimac]]
|114.75
|53
|Broad Street – Merrimac, [[Merrimacport, Massachusetts|Merrimacport]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Amesbury, Massachusetts|Amesbury]]
|117.71
|54
|{{jct|state=MA|MA|150|city1=Amesbury}}
|-
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|118.74
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|55
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|{{jct|state=MA|MA|110|to2=to|I|95|dir2=south|city1=Salisbury|city2=Boston}}
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|Partial interchange: NB exit/SB entrance only. Entrance from 110 WB only.
|-
|[[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|120.74
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|''(56)''
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|{{jct|state=MA|I|95|dir1=north}} - [[Portsmouth, NH]]
|bgcolor=FFCCCC|Northbound [[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] I-495 merges onto northbound [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]. Access to southbound I-495 from southbound I-95 only.<ref>[http://www.shadyjay.com/NET/listings/interstate/i-495ma.htm Mass 25 & Interstate 495 – shadyjay.com]</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)}}
*[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/I-495_MA/ Interstate 495 at Steve Anderson's Boston Roads site]

{{3di|95}}
{{MA Interstate}}

[[Category:Three-digit Interstate Highways|95-4 Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Interstate Highways in Massachusetts|95-4]]
[[Category:Interstate 95|4 Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Bristol County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Plymouth County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Worcester County, Massachusetts]]

[[zh:495号州际公路 (马萨诸塞州)]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2011-09-19T01:45:47Z

CSZero: More info in the template.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area
|MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}}
|name = Greater Boston
|map = greaterboston2.png
|largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|other_cities = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
|rank_us = 10th
|population = 4,522,858 (2008 est.)<ref>[http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/metro.html Census.gov], Retrieved November 30, 2009</ref>
|density_mi2 = 947 
|density_km2 = 366 
|area_mi2 = 4,674
|area_km2 = 12,105
|states = [[Massachusetts]] [[New Hampshire]]
|highest_ft = 334
|highest_m = 102
|lowest_ft = 0
|lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston and that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston is [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth in population among U.S. metropolitan statistical areas]] in the United States, home to over 4.6 million people as of the 2010 U.S. Census and is ranked fifth among CSA's, having over 7.6 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the [[List of cities by GDP|sixth-largest]] [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country and 12th-largest in the world.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Lg.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{specify|date=January 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]

===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050155/http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html  |archivedate = 2007-02-21}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC district is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref name="mpo-draft2030">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/3_programs/1_transportation_plan/plan.html|title=Transportation Plan – Overview |year=2009|publisher=Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization|accessdate=2009-09-27}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref name="NECTA-principal" /> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of approximately 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|tenth-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*[[Providence metropolitan area|Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''The Census Bureau defines the following as principal cities in the Boston NECTA''<ref name="NECTA-principal">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/lists/2008/List8.txt|title=New England City and Town Areas and Principal Cities|date=November 2008|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> ''using criteria developed for what the [[Office of Management and Budget]] calls a [[Core Based Statistical Area]]:''<ref name="OMB-standards">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/files/00-32997.pdf|title=Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|date=December 27, 2000|publisher=Office of Management and Budget|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order of population, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2008):''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! City !! 2008 population<ref name="census-2008est">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-25.xls |title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in Massachusetts, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="census-2008estNH">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-33.xls|title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Hampshire, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]||align="right"|620,535
|-
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]||align="right"|105,596
|-
|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]||align="right"|103,615
|-
|[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]||align="right"|93,007
|-
|[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]||align="right"|92,339
|-
|[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]||align="right"|86,957
|-
|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]||align="right"|82,139
|-
|[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]||align="right"|75,662
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]||align="right"|70,014
|}

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

==Major companies==
References:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/globe100/globe_100_2009/mass_based_employers/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=2009 Globe 100 - Top Massachusetts-based employers - The Boston Globe | date=2010-01-19}}</ref><ref>[http://ucso.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/Students/CareerResources/CityScapes/Boston.pdf UCSO.indiana.edu]</ref>
* Companies along, inside or outside [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|I-495]]:
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in Boston (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's Wholesale Club|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Marlborough
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[Marshalls]], Inc, in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[The MathWorks]], in Natick
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** [[Philips Healthcare]], in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
** [[Red Hat]], in [[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]] (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Reed & Barton]] in [[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]] (Factory & Headquarters)
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Sepracor|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Stop & Shop]], in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] (Headquarters)
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton, Massachusetts|Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] ([[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]]), not including Boston:
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biocell Center]], in [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin' Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (R&D)
** [[General Electric Aviation]], in [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]
** Greater Boston Tickets,{{Where|date=August 2011}}
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[IBM]], in Waltham, Cambridge and Littleton
** [[ITA Software]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[LogMeIn]], in [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS and Viacom), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[National Grid plc|National Grid]], in Waltham (US Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in Waltham
** [[Oracle Corporation]] in Burlington
** [[Osram Sylvania]] in [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]] (Headquarters)
** [[Parametric Technology Corporation]] in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Progress Software]] in [[Bedford, Massachusetts|Bedford]] (Headquarters)
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in Burlington
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)
** [[Thermo Fisher Scientific]], in Waltham (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston proper:
** [[American Tower Corporation|American Tower]] (headquarters)
** [[Au Bon Pain]] (headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[CSN Stores]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** Sonesta International Hotels Corp. (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)
** [[Zipcar]] (headquarters)

==Demographics==
{{Expand section|Focuses on just two groups.|date=September 2011}}
Greater Boston has a sizable [[Jew]]ish community, estimated at between 210,000 people,<ref name=jewglobe>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/11/10/jewish_population_in_region_rises/|publisher=Boston Globe|title=Jewish population in region rises|accessdate=2009-11-29|author=Michael Paulson | date=2006-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_judaism.html#cities|title=Cities with the Largest Jewish Population in the Diaspora|accessdate=2009-11-29|publisher=adherents.com}}</ref> and 261,000<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/metro/1123_2000.asp|title=Metro Area Membership Report|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|accessdate=2009-11-29}}</ref> or 5-6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.<ref name=jewglobe/>

The City of Boston also has one of the largest [[LGBT]] populations per capita. It ranks 5th of all major cities in the country (behind [[San Francisco]], and slightly behind [[Seattle]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Minneapolis]] respectively), with 12.3% of the city recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/zoom/html/2003432941.html |title=12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says |accessdate=2009-05-01 |work=The Seattle Times |publisher=The Seattle Times Company |year=2006}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Boston}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
!Established
!League Titles
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1924
|6 [[Stanley Cups]] 7 Eastern Conference Titles
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Harvard Stadium]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|2001
|None
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1946
|17 [[NBA Championships]] 21 Eastern Conference Titles
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1901
|7-time [[MLB]] [[World Series]] Champions 12 American League Pennants
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|1960 (as Boston Patriots)
|3-time [[Super Bowl]] Champions 6-time AFC Champions
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|1995
|1 US Open Cup 1 SuperLiga
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

==Higher education==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.

{{See also|Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan Boston}}

==Transportation==
{{See also|Boston Transportation}}

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs, to Framingham and Pittsfield
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]], carrying [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]] Northbound
* [[Sumner Tunnel]], carrying [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]] Southbound
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]], carrying [[Interstate 90|I-90]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]], carrying [[Interstate 93|I-93]] and Routes 1 and 3 concurrently.
* [[Tobin Bridge]], carrying [[U.S. Route 1|Route 1]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]], carrying [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 1|Route 1]] and [[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] concurrently.

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston, 3 mi (5 km) northeast of downtown Boston, New England's largest transportation center.
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]
* [[Beverly Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, generally known as the "T".)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* Amtrak ''[[Downeaster]]'' service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

==Geography==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New Hampshire}}
{{Rhode Island}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Boston}}
*{{cite book
|last = Wilson
|first = Susan
|year = 2005
|title = The Literary Trail of Greater Boston: A Tour of Sites in Boston, Cambridge, and Concord, Revised Edition
|publisher = Commonwealth Editions
|isbn = 1889833673
}} An informative guidebook, with facts and data about literary figures, publishers, bookstores, libraries, and other historic sites on the newly designated Literary Trail of Greater Boston.

*{{cite book
|last = Warner
|first = Sam, Jr.
|year = 2001
|title = Greater Boston: Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present
|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
|isbn = 0812217691
}}

{{USLargestMetros}}
{{Coord missing|Massachusetts|date=June 2009}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[es:Gran Boston]]
[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2011-09-18T06:58:29Z

CSZero: /* Demographics */ This section gives undue weight to two groups. We can say Middlesex has the largest per-capita Irish-American population in America, and I bet Boston has an atypically small Black population.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area
|MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}}
|name = Greater Boston
|map = greaterboston2.png
|largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|other_cities = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
|rank_us = 10th
|population = 4,522,858 (2008 est.)<ref>[http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/metro.html Census.gov], Retrieved November 30, 2009</ref>
|density_mi2 = 947 
|density_km2 = 366 
|area_mi2 = 4,674
|area_km2 = 12,105
|states = [[Massachusetts]] [[New Hampshire]]
|highest_ft = 334
|highest_m = 102
|lowest_ft = 0
|lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston and that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston is [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth in population among U.S. metropolitan statistical areas]] in the United States, home to over 4.6 million people as of the 2010 U.S. Census and is ranked fifth among CSA's, having over 7.6 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the [[List of cities by GDP|sixth-largest]] [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country and 12th-largest in the world.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Lg.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{specify|date=January 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]

===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050155/http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html  |archivedate = 2007-02-21}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC district is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref name="mpo-draft2030">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/3_programs/1_transportation_plan/plan.html|title=Transportation Plan – Overview |year=2009|publisher=Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization|accessdate=2009-09-27}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref name="NECTA-principal" /> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of approximately 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|tenth-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*[[Providence metropolitan area|Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''The Census Bureau defines the following as principal cities in the Boston NECTA''<ref name="NECTA-principal">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/lists/2008/List8.txt|title=New England City and Town Areas and Principal Cities|date=November 2008|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> ''using criteria developed for what the [[Office of Management and Budget]] calls a [[Core Based Statistical Area]]:''<ref name="OMB-standards">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/files/00-32997.pdf|title=Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|date=December 27, 2000|publisher=Office of Management and Budget|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order of population, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2008):''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! City !! 2008 population<ref name="census-2008est">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-25.xls |title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in Massachusetts, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="census-2008estNH">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-33.xls|title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Hampshire, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]||align="right"|620,535
|-
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]||align="right"|105,596
|-
|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]||align="right"|103,615
|-
|[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]||align="right"|93,007
|-
|[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]||align="right"|92,339
|-
|[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]||align="right"|86,957
|-
|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]||align="right"|82,139
|-
|[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]||align="right"|75,662
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]||align="right"|70,014
|}

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

==Major companies==
References:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/globe100/globe_100_2009/mass_based_employers/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=2009 Globe 100 - Top Massachusetts-based employers - The Boston Globe | date=2010-01-19}}</ref><ref>[http://ucso.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/Students/CareerResources/CityScapes/Boston.pdf UCSO.indiana.edu]</ref>
* Companies along, inside or outside [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|I-495]]:
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in Boston (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's Wholesale Club|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Marlborough
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[Marshalls]], Inc, in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[The MathWorks]], in Natick
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** [[Philips Healthcare]], in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
** [[Red Hat]], in [[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]] (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Reed & Barton]] in [[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]] (Factory & Headquarters)
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Sepracor|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Stop & Shop]], in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] (Headquarters)
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton, Massachusetts|Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] ([[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]]), not including Boston:
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biocell Center]], in [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin' Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (R&D)
** [[General Electric Aviation]], in [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]
** Greater Boston Tickets,{{Where|date=August 2011}}
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[IBM]], in Waltham, Cambridge and Littleton
** [[ITA Software]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[LogMeIn]], in [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS and Viacom), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[National Grid plc|National Grid]], in Waltham (US Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in Waltham
** [[Oracle Corporation]] in Burlington
** [[Osram Sylvania]] in [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]] (Headquarters)
** [[Parametric Technology Corporation]] in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Progress Software]] in [[Bedford, Massachusetts|Bedford]] (Headquarters)
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in Burlington
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)
** [[Thermo Fisher Scientific]], in Waltham (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston proper:
** [[American Tower Corporation|American Tower]] (headquarters)
** [[Au Bon Pain]] (headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[CSN Stores]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** Sonesta International Hotels Corp. (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)
** [[Zipcar]] (headquarters)

==Demographics==
{{expand}}
Greater Boston has a sizable [[Jew]]ish community, estimated at between 210,000 people,<ref name=jewglobe>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/11/10/jewish_population_in_region_rises/|publisher=Boston Globe|title=Jewish population in region rises|accessdate=2009-11-29|author=Michael Paulson | date=2006-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_judaism.html#cities|title=Cities with the Largest Jewish Population in the Diaspora|accessdate=2009-11-29|publisher=adherents.com}}</ref> and 261,000<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/metro/1123_2000.asp|title=Metro Area Membership Report|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|accessdate=2009-11-29}}</ref> or 5-6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.<ref name=jewglobe/>

The City of Boston also has one of the largest [[LGBT]] populations per capita. It ranks 5th of all major cities in the country (behind [[San Francisco]], and slightly behind [[Seattle]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Minneapolis]] respectively), with 12.3% of the city recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/zoom/html/2003432941.html |title=12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says |accessdate=2009-05-01 |work=The Seattle Times |publisher=The Seattle Times Company |year=2006}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Boston}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
!Established
!League Titles
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1924
|6 [[Stanley Cups]] 7 Eastern Conference Titles
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Harvard Stadium]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|2001
|None
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1946
|17 [[NBA Championships]] 21 Eastern Conference Titles
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1901
|7-time [[MLB]] [[World Series]] Champions 12 American League Pennants
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|1960 (as Boston Patriots)
|3-time [[Super Bowl]] Champions 6-time AFC Champions
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|1995
|1 US Open Cup 1 SuperLiga
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

==Higher education==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.

{{See also|Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan Boston}}

==Transportation==
{{See also|Boston Transportation}}

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs, to Framingham and Pittsfield
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]], carrying [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]] Northbound
* [[Sumner Tunnel]], carrying [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]] Southbound
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]], carrying [[Interstate 90|I-90]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]], carrying [[Interstate 93|I-93]] and Routes 1 and 3 concurrently.
* [[Tobin Bridge]], carrying [[U.S. Route 1|Route 1]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]], carrying [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 1|Route 1]] and [[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] concurrently.

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston, 3 mi (5 km) northeast of downtown Boston, New England's largest transportation center.
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]
* [[Beverly Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, generally known as the "T".)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* Amtrak ''[[Downeaster]]'' service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

==Geography==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New Hampshire}}
{{Rhode Island}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Boston}}
*{{cite book
|last = Wilson
|first = Susan
|year = 2005
|title = The Literary Trail of Greater Boston: A Tour of Sites in Boston, Cambridge, and Concord, Revised Edition
|publisher = Commonwealth Editions
|isbn = 1889833673
}} An informative guidebook, with facts and data about literary figures, publishers, bookstores, libraries, and other historic sites on the newly designated Literary Trail of Greater Boston.

*{{cite book
|last = Warner
|first = Sam, Jr.
|year = 2001
|title = Greater Boston: Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present
|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
|isbn = 0812217691
}}

{{USLargestMetros}}
{{Coord missing|Massachusetts|date=June 2009}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[es:Gran Boston]]
[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Back Bay (Boston)

2011-01-18T15:49:52Z

CSZero: This read like an ad.

{{redirect6|Back Bay|the railroad/subway station therein|Back Bay (MBTA station)|other uses}}
{{Infobox nrhp
|name =Back Bay Historic District
|nrhp_type =hd
|image=Back_Bay1.jpg
|caption=Skyline of the Back Bay, from across the [[Charles River]]
|location=[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
|locmapin = Massachusetts
|area=
|architect=Multiple
|architecture=Mid 19th Century Revival, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian
|added=August 14, 1973
|governing_body=Local
|settlement_type=[[Neighborhoods in Boston|Neighborhood of Boston]]
|refnum=73001948 <ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
}}
'''Back Bay''' is an [[Neighborhoods in Boston|officially recognized neighborhood]] of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] famous for its rows of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[brownstone]] homes, which are considered one of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States, as well as numerous architecturally significant individual buildings and important cultural institutions such as the [[Boston Public Library]].
It is also a fashionable shopping destination, and home to some of Boston's tallest office buildings, the [[Hynes Convention Center]], and numerous major hotels.

Prior to a monumental 19th-century filling project, the Back Bay was an actual bay. Today, along with neighboring [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]], it is one of Boston's two most expensive residential neighborhoods.<ref>[http://www.bostonbackbay.com/ Welcome to the Back Bay!]</ref><ref>[http://www.moving.com/real-estate/boston-massachusetts/boston-neighborhoods.asp Great Neighborhoods: Boston]</ref><ref>[http://www.luxist.com/2008/10/16/bostons-most-expensive-penthouse-listed-at-17-million/ Boston's Most Expensive Penthouse Listed at $17 Million]</ref>




The [[Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay]] considers the neighborhood's bounds to be "[[Charles River]] on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the New York New Haven and Hartford right-of-way (South of Stuart Street and Copley Place), [[Huntington Avenue (Boston)|Huntington Avenue]], Dalton Street, and the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] on the South; Charlesgate East on the West."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabbonline.com/about_us/about_nabb|title=About NABB|publisher=Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay|accessdate=2009-02-25}} While the city of Boston does officially recognize various neighborhoods within its confines, it does not assign precise boundaries.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}</ref><ref name="BBADbounds"/>

== History ==
[[Image:Oldandnewboston.jpg|200px|thumb|The effect of landfill on size of Boston.]]

Before its transformation into buildable land by a 19th-century filling project, the Back Bay was literally a bay, located west of the [[Shawmut Peninsula]] (on the far side from [[Boston Harbor]]) between Boston and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], with the [[Charles River]] entering from the west. This bay was tidal: the water rose and fell several feet over the course of each day, and at low tide much of the bay's bed was exposed as a marshy flat.
As early as 5,200 years before present, Native Americans built fishweirs here, evidence of which was discovered during subway construction in 1913 (''see'' [[Ancient Fishweir Project]] and [[Boylston Street Fishweir]]).

In 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a [[milldam]], which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], bypassing [[Boston Neck]]. However, the project was an economic failure,{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} and in 1857 a massive project was begun to "make land" by filling the area enclosed by the dam.

The firm of Goss and Munson built {{convert|6|mi|km}} of railroad from quarries in [[Needham, Massachusetts]]; 35-car trains arrived in the Back Bay 16 times each day, carrying gravel and other fill. ([[William Dean Howells]] recalled "the beginnings of Commonwealth Avenue, and the other streets of the Back Bay, laid out with their basements left hollowed in the made land, which the gravel trains were yet making out of the westward hills.") <ref>{{cite book|title=Boston: The Place and the People|last=Antony|first=Mark|authorlink=|coauthors=Howe, DeWolfe|year=1903|publisher=MacMillan|location=New York|isbn=|page=359|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YToOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc#PPA360,M1}}</ref> Present-day Back Bay itself was filled by 1882; the project reached existing land at what is now [[Kenmore Square]] in 1890, and finished in the [[Back Bay Fens|Fens]]{{Vague|date=January 2011}} in 1900.<ref>However, the Kenmore and Fenway land was not all built up immediately, as explained by Bainbridge Bunting in 1967: ''By 1900 the Back Bay residential area had almost ceased to grow. After 1910 only thirty new houses were constructed, after 1917 none at all. Instead of paying high prices for filled land on which to erect a home within walking distance of his office, the potential home builder escaped to the suburbs on the electric trolley or in his automobile. This flight from the city left empty much of the area west of [[Kenmore Square]] and adjacent to [[Fenway Park]], and only later was it occupied by non-descript and closely-built apartments.''</ref> Much of the old mill dam remains buried under present-day Beacon Street.<ref>[http://www.nabbonline.com/about_us/back_bay_history Back Bay History] Accessed 2009-02-25</ref>
The project was the largest of a number of [[land reclamation]] projects which, beginning in 1820, more than doubled the size of the original Shawmut Peninsula. (It is frequently observed that this would have been impossible under modern environmental laws.){{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}



Completion, in 1910, of the [[Charles River Dam]] converted the former Charles estuary into a freshwater basin; the [[Charles River Esplanade]] was constructed to capitalize on the river's newly-enhanced recreational value.{{Vague|date=January 2011}}<ref name="100years">{{cite web|url|http://www.boston.com/yourtown/cambridge/articles/2010/07/04/100_years_of_celebrating_the_fourth_of_july_at_esplanade/|title=100 years of celebrating the Fourth of July at Esplanade|accessdate=2010-08-11|date=2010-07-04}}</ref> The Esplanade has since undergone several changes, including the construction of [[Storrow Drive]].

== Architecture ==
[[File:Boston backbay brownstones.jpg|thumb|left|The Back Bay's defining brownstones]]
The plan of Back Bay, by [[Arthur Gilman]] of the firm [[Gridley James Fox Bryant]], was greatly influenced by [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris]], with wide, parallel, tree-lined avenues unlike anything seen in other Boston neighborhoods.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Five east-west corridors -- [[Beacon Street]] (closest to the Charles), Marlborough Street, [[Commonwealth Avenue, Boston|Commonwealth Avenue]], [[Newbury Street (Boston)|Newbury Street]] and [[Boylston Street]] -- are intersected at regular intervals by north-south cross streets: Arlington (running along the west boundary of the [[Public Garden (Boston)|Public Garden]]), Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford.<ref>A 1903 guidebook{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} noted the trisyllabic-disyllabic alternation attending aforesaid alphabetic appellations, and the series continues in the adjacent Fenway neighborhood with Ipswich, Jersey, and Kilmarnock Streets.</ref>
All Back Bay streets are one-way with the exception of Commonwealth Avenue, which is actually two one-way thoroughfares flanking the tree-lined pedestrian Commonwealth Avenue Mall. 

[[Setback_(land_use)|Setback]] requirements and other restrictions, written into the lot deeds of the newly-filled Back Bay, produced harmonious rows of dignified three- and four-story residential [[brownstone]]s (though most along Newbury Street are now in commerical use). The Back Bay is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], and is considered{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} one of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban architecture in the United States. In 1966, the Massachusetts Legislature, "to safeguard the heritage of the city of Boston by preventing the despoliation" of the Back Bay, created the [[Back Bay Architectural Commission]] to regulate exterior changes to Back Bay buildings.<ref name="BBADbounds">The Back Bay Architectural District, somewhat smaller than "Back Bay" as defined by the Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay, is bounded by "the centerlines of Back Street on the north, Embankment Road and Arlington Street on the east, Boylston Street on the south, and Charlesgate East on the west."</ref><ref>[http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/15993/1966acts0625.txt?sequence=1], [http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/29930/1981acts0624.txt?sequence=1] </ref>

[[Copley Square]] contains [[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]], the [[Boston Public Library]], the [[John Hancock Tower]], and other notable buildings. The Prudential Center was awarded the Urban Land Institute's Award for Best Mixed use Property in 2006.<ref>[http://casestudies.uli.org "Case Studies"] -- Urban Land Institute</ref>

Back Bay has at times been home to some of the area's leading institutions.
The current site of the Newbry Building (formerly the New England Life Building) was once{{When|date=January 2011}} occupied by one of Back Bay's first monumental structures, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT's]] Rogers Building, designed by [[William G. Preston]] together with{{Vague|date=January 2011}} a building for the Natural History Society.<ref>[[Mark Jarzombek]], ''Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech'' (Northeastern University Press, 2004.</ref> (The Natural History Society building now houses clothier Louis Boston.)

=== Prominent Back Bay buildings ===
[[Image:Trinitychurchboston.jpg|261px|right|thumb|Trinity Church c. 1903]]
* The first monumental building on the square was the '[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] building. Begun in 1870, it opened in 1876, with a large portion of its collection taken from the Boston Athenaeum Art Gallery. Its red [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style building was torn down and rebuilt as [[the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel]] (1912) which still exists today.
* [[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]] (1872–77), designed by [[Henry Hobson Richardson]], called "deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America" by ''Baedeker's United States'' in 1893.
* The [[Boston Public Library]] (1888–92), designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]], is a leading example of [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be "a palace for the people." [[Baedeker]]'s 1893 guide terms it "dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly," and "a worthy mate... to Trinity Church." At that time, its 600,000 volumes made it the largest free public library in the world.
* The [[Old South Church]], also called the New Old South Church (645 Boylston Street on Copley Square), 1872-75, is located across the street from the Boston Public Library. It was designed by the Boston architectural firm of [[Cummings and Sears]] in the [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Gothic]] style. The style follows the precepts of the British cultural theorist and architectural critic [[John Ruskin]] (1819–1900) as outlined in his treatise ''The Stones of Venice''. Old South Church remains a significant example of Ruskin's influence on architecture in the US. [[Charles Amos Cummings]] and Willard T. Sears also designed the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]].
* The 52-story [[Prudential Tower]], thought a marvel in 1964, is now considered ugly by some.<ref name=lyndon>{{cite book|first=Donlyn|last=Lyndon|title=The City Observed: Boston|isbn=0-394-74894-8|publisher=Vintage|year=1982}}: the Hancock "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull;" the Prudential is "an energetically ugly, square shaft that offends the Boston skyline more than any other structure."</ref>
[[Image:Backbay from south.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Back Bay in Boston at night as it is seen from the South End.]]
* '''[[Arlington Street Church]]''' ([[Arthur Gilman]], 1861), inspired by London's [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]], was the first church built in the newly-filled Back Bay. (Architect Gilman also designed Back Bay's grid-style street plan.)
* '''Berkeley Building''' ([[Codman and Despradelle|Constant-Désiré Despradelle]], 1905) features a white [[terra cotta]] [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] facade on a steel frame. 
* There were at various time three "Hancock buildings":
** The '''Stephen L. Brown Building''' ([[Parker, Thomas & Rice]], 1922) was the first of the three Hancock buildings:
** '''The Old John Hancock Building''' ([[HDB/Cram and Ferguson|Cram and Ferguson]], 1947) was the tallest building in Back Bay until construction of the Prudential Tower. (Sometimes called the [[Berkeley Building]], though not to be confused with the actual Berkeley Building, ''above''.)
** [[John Hancock Tower]] ([[I. M. Pei]] , 1972), at sixty stories Boston's tallest building -- is a dark-blue glass tower with a plan in the form of a narrow parallelogram.  Admirers assert that it does not diminish the impact of Trinity Church, although its construction did damage the church's foundations.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} The architect Donlyn Lyndon, who served as head the Department of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the late 1960s and early 1970s, noted that an early Hancock press release had "the gall to pronounce that 'the building will reflect the architectural character of the neighborhood.'" Lyndon opines that it "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull."<ref name="lyndon"/>
* The '''[[Gibson House Museum|Gibson House]]''' (1860), preserved very much as it was in the 19th century, is now a museum.
* '''[[The First Church of Christ, Scientist]]''' (1894; extended 1904), the centerpiece of the Christian Science Plaza, which also features a reflecting pool and the [[Maparium]]. 
* '''The Colonnade Hotel''' (1971) with its row of columns. 
[[Image:Boston Back Bay.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Aerial view of the spine of skyscrapers in the Back Bay, including the Prudential Center and [[John Hancock Tower]].]]
* '''[[111 Huntington Avenue]]''' (2002), a 36-story tower south of the Prudential Center, is Boston's eighth-tallest building. Featuring a glass "Wintergarden"{{clarify|date=January 2011}} and a {{convert|1.2|acre|m2|sing=on}} fully-landscaped South Garden, it won the 2002 Emporis Skyscraper Award.{{reference needed|date=January 2011}}{{clarify|date=January 2011}}
* The '''[[Saint Clement Eucharistic Shrine]]''' (Arthur F. Gray, 1922) is a Roman Catholic church built for the Second Universalist Society.{{clarify|date=January 2011}}
* '''[[Church of the Covenant (Boston)|Church of the Covenant]]''' ( [[Richard M. Upjohn]], 1865-1867) is a Presbyterian church of [[Roxbury conglomerate|Roxbury puddingstone]] in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival style]], which its designer intended as "a high gothic edifice ... which no ordinary dwelling house would overtop."<ref>[http://cotcbos.org/pmwiki.php?n=Main.TiffanyWindows "Church of the Covenant:Tiffany Windows"]</ref>

== The Saint Botolph Neighborhood ==
The St. Botolph neighborhood, stretching from Huntington Ave. to the north, the Southwest Corridor to the south, Harcourt Ave. to the east, and Massachusetts Ave. to the west, is a lesser known part of the Back Bay; residential parking is available to those with a Back Bay parking sticker. Consisting almost entirely of brownstones (or row houses) and many dead-end streets abutting the Southwest Corridor, the neighborhood also borders the South End.

Cross streets in the St. Botolph neighborhood, like those that cross Newbury, are alphabetical with the exception of W. Newton (Albermarle, Blackwood, Cumberland, Durham, *W. Newton, Follen, Garrison, Harcourt). Unlike the alphabetical streets in northern Back Bay where Arlington begins to the east and Hereford to the west; Albermarle is located to the west and Harcourt to the east.

== Commercial and educational ==
Back Bay is home to many boutiques and stores, primarily on [[Newbury Street (Boston)|Newbury]] and [[Boylston Street]]s and in the [[Prudential Center]] and [[Copley Place]] malls.
The [[Hynes Convention Center]] is complemented by numerous hotels, including the [[The Lenox Hotel|Lenox]], [[Colonnade Hotel (Boston)|Colonnade]], [[Westin Copley Place|Westin]], [[Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel|Fairmont]], [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts|Marriott]], Four Seasons, [[Boston Park Plaza Hotel & Towers|Park Plaza]], and [[Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group#Mandarin Oriental, Boston|Mandarin Oriental]].

The [[Berklee College of Music]] is located in the Back Bay. 

Back Bay is served by [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay station]] (MBTA Commuter Rail and Orange Line, and Amtrak) and the Arlington, Copley, and Hynes Convention Center stations on the Green Line. 

[[Image:Backbay.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Main streets of Back Bay.]]

== See also ==
* [[Boston By Foot]]
* [[Copley Square]]
* [[High Spine]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Ibid|date=March 2010}}
* Bacon, Edwin M. (1903) ''Boston: A Guide Book.'' Ginn and Company, Boston, 1903.
* Bunting, Bainbridge (1967) "Houses of Boston's Back Bay", Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-40901-9
* Fields, W.C.: "My Little Chickadee" (1940), in which the Fields character calls himself "one of the Back Bay Twillies."
* [[Mark Jarzombek|Jarzombek, Mark]], ''Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech''. (Northeastern University Press, 2004)
* Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Back Bay Boston: The City as a Work of Art. With Essays by Lewis Mumford & Walter Muir Whitehill (Boston, 1969).
* Shand-Tucci, Douglass, ''Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-2000.''(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999).
* Train, Arthur (1921), "The Kid and the Camel," from ''By Advice of Counsel.'' ("William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person...")
* Howells, William Dean, ''Literary Friends and Acquaintance: My First Visit to New England''

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Back Bay, Boston}}
* [http://www.nabbonline.com/ Neighborhood Association of Back Bay]; [http://www.nabbonline.com/history.htm Back Bay timeline]
* [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill.html History of the Boston landfill projects] Course notes with illustrations by Professor Jeffrey Howe, Boston College
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-012Spring2002/Readings/detail/build_back_bay_the_old_colony_trust_comp.htm MIT OpenCourseWare: "Building the Back Bay" (1926 account)] Accessed 2009-10-08
* [http://www.djtrealestate.com/back-bay-condos.htm Back Bay History]
* [http://www.visitbostonbackbay.com/site/about/history/ Concise Back Bay History] by [http://www.bostonbackbay.com/ Back Bay Association] business member group
* [http://beckydaroff.com/arthistory/backbay/index.html Interactive photo-map: Architectural Landmarks of Boston's Back Bay]

{{Boston neighborhoods}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}

{{coord|42|21|4.66|N|71|4|49.28|W|name=Back Bay, Boston|display=title|type:landmark}}

[[Category:Neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Historic districts in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Back Bay, Boston| ]]

[[fr:Back Bay (Boston)]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2010-12-08T01:18:10Z

CSZero: /* Major companies */ I will one-up the removal of "very" unique and remove the whole sentence. It's not clear what it means, and high tech extends well beyond 128 today.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,522,858 (2008 est.)<ref>http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/metro.html, Retrieved November 30, 2009</ref> |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states = [[Massachusetts]] [[New Hampshire]] |
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston is [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth in population among U.S. metropolitan statistical areas]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people as of the April 1, 2000 U.S. Census (with the CSA having over 7.4 million people).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the ninth-largest [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Lg.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]

===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070221050155/http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html  |archivedate = 2007-02-21}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC district is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref name="mpo-draft2030">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/3_programs/1_transportation_plan/plan.html|title=Transportation Plan – Overview |year=2009|publisher=Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization|accessdate=2009-09-27}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref name="NECTA-principal" /> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of approximately 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|tenth-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*[[Providence metropolitan area|Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''The Census Bureau defines the following as principal cities in the Boston NECTA''<ref name="NECTA-principal">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/lists/2008/List8.txt|title=New England City and Town Areas and Principal Cities|date=November 2008|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> ''using criteria developed for what the [[Office of Management and Budget]] calls a [[Core Based Statistical Area]]:''<ref name="OMB-standards">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/files/00-32997.pdf|title=Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|date=December 27, 2000|publisher=Office of Management and Budget|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order of population, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2008):''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! City !! 2008 population<ref name="census-2008est">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-25.xls |title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in Massachusetts, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="census-2008estNH">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-33.xls|title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Hampshire, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]||align="right"|620,535
|-
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]||align="right"|105,596
|-
|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]||align="right"|103,615
|-
|[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]||align="right"|93,007
|-
|[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]||align="right"|92,339
|-
|[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]||align="right"|86,957
|-
|[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]||align="right"|86,576
|-
|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]||align="right"|82,139
|-
|[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]||align="right"|75,662
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]||align="right"|70,014
|}

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

==Major companies==
References:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/globe100/globe_100_2009/mass_based_employers/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=2009 Globe 100 - Top Massachusetts-based employers - The Boston Globe | date=2010-01-19}}</ref><ref>http://ucso.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/Students/CareerResources/CityScapes/Boston.pdf</ref>
* Companies along, inside or outside [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|I-495]]:
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in [[Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[Marshalls]], Inc, in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], rolling steel mill technology
** [[Philips Healthcare]], in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
** [[Red Hat]], in [[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]] (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Reed & Barton]] in [[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]] (Factory & Headquarters)
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Stop & Shop]], in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] (Headquarters)
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton, Massachusetts|Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] ([[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]]), not including Boston:
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biocell Center]], in [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin' Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (R&D)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[IBM]], in Waltham
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS and Viacom), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[National Grid]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Osram Sylvania]] in [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]] (Headquarters)
** [[Progress Software]] in [[Bedford, Massachusetts|Bedford]] (Headquarters)
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston proper:
** [[American Tower Corporation|American Tower]] (headquarters)
** [[Au Bon Pain]] (headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[CSN Stores]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** Sonesta International Hotels Corp. (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)
** [[Zipcar]] (headquarters)

==Demographics==
Greater Boston has a sizable [[Jew]]ish community, estimated at between 210,000 people,<ref name=jewglobe>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/11/10/jewish_population_in_region_rises/|publisher=Boston Globe|title=Jewish population in region rises|accessdate=2009-11-29|author=Michael Paulson | date=2006-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_judaism.html#cities|title=Cities with the Largest Jewish Population in the Diaspora|accessdate=2009-11-29|publisher=adherents.com}}</ref> and 261,000<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/metro/1123_2000.asp|title=Metro Area Membership Report|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|accessdate=2009-11-29}}</ref> or 5-6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.<ref name=jewglobe/>

The City of Boston also has one of the largest [[LGBT]] populations per capita. It ranks 5th of all major cities in the country (behind [[San Francisco]], and slightly behind [[Seattle]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Minneapolis]] respectively), with 12.3% of the city recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/zoom/html/2003432941.html |title=12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says |accessdate=2009-05-01 |work=The Seattle Times |publisher=The Seattle Times Company |year=2006}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Boston}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
!Established
!League Titles
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1924
|5 [[Stanley Cups]] 7 Eastern Conference Titles
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Harvard Stadium]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|2001
|None
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1946
|17 [[NBA Championships]] 21 Eastern Conference Titles
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|1901
|7-time [[MLB]] [[World Series]] Champions 12 American League Pennants
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|1960 (as Boston Patriots)
|3-time [[Super Bowl]] Champions 6-time AFC Champions
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|1995
|1 US Open Cup 1 SuperLiga
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

==Higher education==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.

{{See also|Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

==Transportation==
{{See also|Boston Transportation}}

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs, to Framingham and Pittsfield
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]], carrying [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]] Northbound
* [[Sumner Tunnel]], carrying [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]] Southbound
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]], carrying [[Interstate 90|I-90]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]], carrying [[Interstate 93|I-93]] and Routes 1 and 3 concurrently.
* [[Tobin Bridge]], carrying [[U.S. Route 1|Route 1]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]], carrying [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 1|Route 1]] and [[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] concurrently.

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston, 3 mi (5 km) northeast of downtown Boston, New England's largest transportation center.
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]
* [[Beverly Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, generally known as the "T".)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* Amtrak ''[[Downeaster]]'' service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

==Geography==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New Hampshire}}
{{Rhode Island}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Boston}}
*{{cite book
|last = Wilson
|first = Susan
|year = 2005
|title = The Literary Trail of Greater Boston: A Tour of Sites in Boston, Cambridge, and Concord, Revised Edition
|publisher = Commonwealth Editions
|isbn = 1889833673
}} An informative guidebook, with facts and data about literary figures, publishers, bookstores, libraries, and other historic sites on the newly designated Literary Trail of Greater Boston.

*{{cite book
|last = Warner
|first = Sam, Jr.
|year = 2001
|title = Greater Boston: Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present
|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
|isbn = 0812217691
}}

{{USLargestMetros}}
{{Coord missing|Massachusetts|date=June 2009}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Massachusetts Route 128

2010-05-18T19:58:33Z

CSZero: Whoops, did citation wrong. See last edit.

{{Infobox road|
state=MA|
type=|
route=128|
map=Massachusetts_Route_128.png|
length_mi=57.58<ref name="inventory">[[Executive Office of Transportation (Massachusetts)|Executive Office of Transportation]], [http://www.eot.state.ma.us/default.asp?pgid=content/plan02&sid=about Office of Transportation Planning - 2005 Road Inventory]</ref>|
length_km=92.67|
established=by 1927|
direction_a=South|
direction_b=North|
starting_terminus=[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[I-93 (MA)|I-93]]/[[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[US 1 (MA)|US 1]] in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]]|
junction=[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[I-90 (MA)|I-90]] in [[Weston (MA)|Weston]] [[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]] [[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[US 3 (MA)|US 3]] in [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]] [[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[I-93 (MA)|I-93]] in [[Reading (MA)|Reading]] [[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[US 1 (MA)|US 1]] in [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]] [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]] in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]|
ending_terminus=[[Image:MA Route 127A.svg|25px]] [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]|
previous_type=|
previous_route=127A|
next_type=|
next_route=129
}}

'''Route 128''', also known as the '''Yankee Division Highway''' (for the [[26th Infantry Division (United States)|26th Infantry Division]]), and originally the '''Circumferential Highway''', is a partial [[beltway]] around [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. The majority of the highway is built to [[freeway]] standards, and about 3/5 of it is part of the [[Interstate Highway System]]. With the rapid growth of [[high-technology industry]] in the [[suburban]] areas along Route 128 from the 1960s to the 1980s, Route 128 came to symbolize the Boston high-tech community itself. However, today the industry has expanded significantly onto [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]] as well, the next beltway out. <ref>[http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=246 "MassMoments: Route 128 Opens Boston's High-Tech Age."] Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. Accessed 05-18-2010.</ref>
In local culture, Route 128 is seen as something of a dividing line between the inner municipalities of Greater Boston and the more far-flung suburbs. The road's roughly {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} radius, for example, also delimits most of the area accessible by the [[MBTA]] [[rapid transit]] system. Much of the area within Route 128 was developed before World War II, while the area outside it was developed more recently.

The south end of Route 128 is in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]], where [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] heads south toward [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], just east of the [[Northeast Corridor]]'s [[Route 128 Station]]. Common usage, as well as signs until 1997, continues Route 128 east along the first 7 miles (11 km) of [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] to the [[Braintree Split]] in [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]], where I-93 turns north with [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] toward downtown Boston. This section of former Route 128 serves as the north end of [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] to [[Fall River (MA)|Fall River]]. (Until 1965, Route 128 continued further, southeast along [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and roughly north on [[Route 228 (Massachusetts)|Route 228]] to [[Hull (MA)|Hull]].)

From Canton, Route 128 and Interstate 95 heads northwest, north, northeast and east around the Boston area to [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]], where I-95 splits to head north toward [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]], [[New Hampshire]]. Along this section, Route 128 has major [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s with [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] (the [[Mass Pike]]), [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]], [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]], and [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]]. On roads approaching Route 128 here, guide signs only list I-95; Route 128 shields are in a separate sign assembly. [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] has also run along Route 128 near [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] since 1989, forming a three-way [[wrong-way concurrency]], with I-95 and Route 128 going one way and US 1 the other. (US 1 continues east on I-93 — former Route 128 — to Braintree, and turns north there with I-93 into Boston.)

After it splits from I-95 in Peabody, Route 128 continues east into [[Cape Ann]]. The [[freeway]] (termed a highway or expressway in Massachusetts) ends at a [[rotary (intersection)|rotary]] with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]], and the last bit of Route 128 is a surface road that bypasses downtown Gloucester to the northeast. After crossing Route 127 again (Route 127 runs in a loop through Gloucester and [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]), Route 128 ends at [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] east of downtown Gloucester.

==The road==
The route 128 number dates from the origin of the Massachusetts highway system in the 1920s. By the 1950s, it ran from Nantasket Beach in [[Hull, Massachusetts|Hull]] to [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]]. The first, {{convert|27|mi|km|adj=on}}, section of the current limited-access highway from [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]] to Gloucester was opened in 1951. It was the first limited-access circumferential highway in the United States.

[[Image:128 south end.jpg|thumb|400px|Since 1997, the south end of Route 128 has been in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]], where [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] south leaves the beltway and [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] north begins. [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] north continues straight.]]
Route 128 runs concurrently with [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] from [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] north to [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] and, when I-95 continues north from Peabody toward [[New Hampshire]], east from Peabody to Gloucester. Until the early 1990s, it also ran concurrently with the present [[Interstate 93]] from Canton to Braintree. This stretch of Interstate 93, which is now also designated as part of U.S. Route 1, though no longer officially part of Route 128, is still often referred to as "Route 128" by locals. The I-95 and I-93 signage were added in the mid-1970s when plans to construct [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] through Boston, directly connecting the two I-95/Route 128 interchanges, were cancelled. An unused [[Cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf]] in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], now removed, was the one leftover structure from this plan.

Until [[1965]], while and shortly after the [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] freeway to Cape Cod was fully finished, the section of current Route 3 between exits 15 and 20 was also designated as Route 128. The route's southern end was then truncated to its intersection with Route 3 in Braintree. The non-freeway section of Route 128 from Route 3 through [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]] to Nantasket was redesignated Route 228. The [[MassHighway|Massachusetts Highway Department]] has tried twice, in [[1997]] and [[2003]], to truncate 128 even further, back to its intersection with [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in Peabody, but local opposition has convinced them to back down. A reflection of these attempts are along every interchange, where the main signage on the intersecting route indicates the highway as I-95, while smaller signage to the sides also identifies the road as Route 128.

[[Image:128 north end.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The north end of Route 128 is at [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]. The sign pointing Route 127A south straight is incorrect; it is actually to the right, where the sign points "ALT 127".]]
The area along the western part of Route 128 is home to a number of high-technology firms and corporations. This part of Route 128 has been dubbed "America's Technology Highway", and through to the end of the 1980s, was second only to [[Silicon Valley]].

Route 128 makes more than a 180-degree arc around Boston, and clockwise is "north" even when the road heads slightly south of east when approaching the Atlantic Ocean. [[Hacker (computing)|Hackers]] in the area refer to this as going "logical north" on the route. Interstate 93, going north-and-south, intersects Route 128, which nominally goes north-and-south, at a right angle, about {{convert|15|mi|km}} north of Boston. A traveller going "logical south" on 128 (compass west) from the I-93 interchange will soon find himself driving due west, travelling logically south on 128 and I-95, and north on [[U.S. Route 3|US 3]] in a [[wrong-way concurrency]].

Like the I-95 signage mapping onto 128, the mapping of US 3 onto this stretch of 128 is due to US 3 as a separate limited access highway terminating in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] on 128 instead of further south at [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] as originally envisioned. This abrupt termination requires the US 3 signage to continue along 128 for somewhat over a mile until it can interchange the old US 3 surface arterial. Moreover, when I-93 and Route 128 ran concurrently south of Boston, before the route was truncated to the I-95 interchange in Canton, they were signed in opposite directions, so it was possible to travel north on I-93 and south on Route 128 at the same time.

Much of Route 128 is now part of the Interstate system, being concurrent with I-95 (and formerly I-93). However, the vast majority of locals will refer to these stretches as 128; it is uncommon for a local to use the Interstate designation(s) in ordinary conversation or while giving directions.

[[Image:128 north approaching exit 10.jpg|thumb|150px|Exit 10 is signed heading northbound as the [[at-grade intersection]] with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]].]]
The northernmost several exits along Route 128, past exit 12, are not [[grade separation|grade-separated]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s. Exit 10 is signed as the [[traffic signal|signalized]] intersection with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]], and there are two [[rotaries (road)|rotaries]] between that and exit 12 (the Crafts Road interchange).

In the 1990s, the exit system was changed from concurrency along 128 to a system using the I-95 exits. The exits, which had gone from Gloucester to Braintree, were renumbered along I-95, from the [[Rhode Island]] state line to the border with [[New Hampshire]]. Exit 37 had been the interchange with I-93, which also had its exit numbered 37 at that interchange. Coincidentally, with the renumbering, exit 37 remained exit 37.

[[Route 128 Station]] is located along the highway in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Massachusetts]] and is served by [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]] line and [[MBTA]] [[commuter rail]].

==The high-tech region==
In 1955, ''Business Week'' ran an article titled "New England Highway Upsets Old Way of Life" and referred to Route 128 as "the Magic Semicircle". By 1958, it needed to be widened from six to eight lanes, and business growth continued. In 1957, there were 99 companies employing 17,000 workers along 128; in 1965, 574; in 1973, 1,212. In the 1980s, the positive effects of this growth on the Massachusetts economy were dubbed the "[[Massachusetts Miracle]]".

Major companies located in the broader Route 128 area included [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], [[Data General]], [[Thermo Electron Corporation]], [[Analog Devices]], [[Computervision]], [[GTE]], [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[BEA Systems]] and [[Raytheon]].

==History==
===Surface roads and south Circumferential Highway===
Route 128 was assigned by 1927<ref name="1927 map">1927 Rand McNally Boston and vicinity map</ref> along local roads, running from [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] in [[Milton (MA)|Milton]] around the west side of Boston to [[Route 107 (Massachusetts)|Route 107]] (Essex Street or Bridge Street) in [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]. Its route was as follows:
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Milton Street
|-
|[[Boston (MA)|Boston]] ([[Hyde Park (MA)|Hyde Park]])
|[[Neponset Valley Parkway]], Milton Street
|-
|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|Milton Street, High Street, Common Street, West Street
|-
|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|Dedham Avenue, Highland Avenue
|-
|[[Newton (MA)|Newton]]
|Needham Street, Winchester Street, Centre Street, Walnut Street, Crafts Street, Waltham Street
|-
|[[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|High Street, Newton Street, Main Street ([[U.S. Route 20 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 20]]), Lexington Street
|-
|[[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]
|Waltham Street, [[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]] ([[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]], now [[Route 4 (Massachusetts)|Route 4]]/[[Route 225 (Massachusetts)|Route 225]]), Woburn Street
|-
|[[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]
|Lexington Street, Pleasant Street, Montvale Avenue
|-
|[[Stoneham (MA)|Stoneham]]
|Montvale Avenue, Main Street ([[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]]), Elm Street
|-
|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|Albion Street, North Avenue, Water Street, Vernon Street, New Salem Street, Salem Street
|-
|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|Salem Street
|-
|[[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]
|Lynnfield Street, Washington Street, Main Street
|-
|[[Salem (MA)|Salem]]
|Boston Street
|}

By 1928, it had been extended east to [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]] from its south end along the following streets, ending at the intersection of [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and [[Route 3A (southeastern Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] (now Route 3A and [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]):<ref name="1928 map">1928 map of numbered routes in Boston and vicinity, prepared by the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Works]] for the New England Affairs Bureau, Boston Chamber of Commerce</ref>
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]]
|Washington Street, Hancock Street, Adams Street
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Adams Street, Centre Street, Canton Avenue, Dollar Lane
|}

The first section of the new '''Circumferential Highway''', in no way the [[freeway]] that it is now, was the piece from [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] in [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]] around the south side of Boston to [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]) in [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]]. Parts of this were built as new roads, but most of it was along existing roads that were improved to handle the traffic. In 1931, the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Works]] acquired a [[easement|right-of-way]] from [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]] through [[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]], [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] and [[Needham (MA)|Needham]] to Route 9 in Wellesley. This was mostly 80 feet (24 m) wide, only shrinking to 70 feet (21 m) in Needham, in the area of Great Plain Avenue and the [[Needham Line]]. Much of this was along new alignment, but about half — mostly in Needham — was along existing roads:
*Royall Street from west of Route 138 to east of Green Street (Canton)
*Green Lodge Street from Royall Street (now cut by Route 128) to [[Route 128 Station]] (Canton and Westwood)
*Greendale Avenue from Lyons Street and Common Street just south of the [[Charles River]] to Hunting Avenue (Dedham and Needham)
*Fremont Street north from Highland Avenue (Needham)
*Reservoir Street from Central Avenue to Route 9 (Needham and Wellesley)<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plans:
*Canton: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Canton/Layouts/2807/ 2807] (July 14, 1931)
*Westwood: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Westwood/Layouts/2808/ 2808] (July 14, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Westwood/Layouts/2831/ 2831] (October 13, 1931)
*Dedham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Dedham/Layouts/2806/ 2806] (July 14, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Dedham/Layouts/2833/ 2833] (October 13, 1931)
*Needham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Needham/Layouts/2832/ 1832] (October 13, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Needham/Layouts/2858/ 2858] (December 22, 1931)
*Wellesley: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Wellesley/Layouts/2857/ 2857] (December 22, 1931)</ref>

From Route 138 in Canton east through the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in Canton, [[Milton (MA)|Milton]], [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]] and [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]], [[Norfolk County (MA)|Norfolk County]] acquired a right-of-way in 1927<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Canton/Layouts/3960/3960.tif 3960]</ref> and built the Blue Hill River Road. This tied into West Street in northwest Braintree, which itself had been taken over by the county in 1923.<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/6741/6741-6.TIF 6741]</ref>

West Street led to [[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]], which ran southeast to Braintree center. This part of Route 37 had been taken over by the state in 1919 (to Braintree center)<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/1823/ 1823] (June 24, 1919)</ref> and 1917 (in Braintree center).<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/1765/ 1765] (September 4, 1917)</ref>

The rest of the new highway, from Route 37 east to [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]), through Braintree, [[Weymouth (MA)|Weymouth]] and [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]], was taken over by the state in 1929. This was all along existing roads, except possibly the part of Park Avenue west of [[Route 18 (Massachusetts)|Route 18]] in Weymouth.<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plans:
*Hingham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Hingham/Layouts/2604/ 2604] (September 3, 1929)
*Weymouth: plan 2603 is missing
*Braintree: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/2602/ 2602] (September 3, 1929)</ref>

By 1933,<ref name="1933 map">1933 General Drafting Boston and vicinity map</ref> the whole Circumferential Highway had been completed, and, except for the piece from [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] in [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]] south to Highland Avenue in [[Needham (MA)|Needham]], was designated as Route 128. Former Route 128 along Highland Avenue into Needham center was left unnumbered (as was the Circumferential Highway north of Highland Avenue), but the rest of former Route 128, from Needham center east to [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]], became part of [[Route 135 (Massachusetts)|Route 135]]. Thus the full route of the Circumferential Highway, as it existed by 1933, is now the following roads:
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]]
|Derby Street, Old Derby Street
|-
|[[Weymouth (MA)|Weymouth]]
|Ralph Talbot Street, Park Avenue, Columbian Street
|-
|[[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]
|Columbian Street, Grove Street, Washington Street ([[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]]), Franklin Street (Route 37), West Street, closed road in the [[Blue Hills Reservation]]
|-
|[[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]]
|closed road in the Blue Hills Reservation (partly upgraded on the spot to Route 128), Blue Hill River Road
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Blue Hill River Road, Hillside Street
|-
|[[Canton (MA)|Canton]]
|Blue Hill River Road, Royall Street, Green Lodge Street (cut by the Route 128/[[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]])
|-
|[[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|Blue Hill Drive (cut by [[Route 128 Station]], and later upgraded on the spot as northbound Route 128)
|-
|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] and Westwood
|upgraded on the spot as northbound Route 128 (under [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]]) and then mostly in the [[median (road)|median]]
|-
|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|Greendale Avenue, Hunting Road, southbound Route 128 under Highland Avenue, Reservoir Street
|-
|[[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|inside the present [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]]
|}

At the same time as Route 128 was extended along the new Circumferential Highway, it was extended further into [[Hull (MA)|Hull]]. This alignment, not part of the Circumferential Highway, ran southeast on [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]) (Whiting Street) to the border of [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]] and [[Norwell (MA)|Norwell]], where it turned north on present [[Route 228 (Massachusetts)|Route 228]] (Main Street) through Hingham and into [[Hull (MA)|Hull]]. The exact route through Hingham was Main Street, Short Street, Leavitt Street, East Street, and Hull Street. The end of the numbered route was at the south end of [[Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts|Nantasket Beach]], where Nantasket Avenue curves northwest to follow the shore of [[Massachusetts Bay]].<ref>1937 Massachusetts Department of Public Works map of Hull</ref>

===West and north Circumferential Highway and extension to Gloucester===
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}

===Upgrades===
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}

The MassDOT Highway Divison is working on several improvements to highway. The bridge over the Annisquam River is being rehabilitated, and repaving and signage upgrades are underway. The Route 128 Add-A-Lane Project will widen the road between Route 1A and Route 24 (Phases 2-3) and from Route 1A to Route 9 (Phases 4-5). The Route 2 and Route 2A bridges are to be replaced, the I-93 interchange reconstructed, and a new interchange constructed in Beverley.

{{-}}

==Signage==
{| class=wikitable
|width=304|[[Image:9 west approaching 128 north.jpg|200px]][[Image:Washington south approaching elm in Dedham.jpg|100px]]
|Signs installed before [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] was moved onto Route 128 in the 1970s prominently displayed the Route 128 designation. Even though it was built to freeway standards, Route 128 was never initially intended to be part of the Interstate system. ''The left sign was an overhead on Route 9 westbound for the interchange with 128 in Wellesley. This sign was replaced in 2009 with one indicating only the I-95 designation.'' ''The right sign was located on Washington Street approaching Elm Street in Dedham, and has since been removed.''
|-
|[[Image:I-90 east at I-95.jpg|300px]]
|Signage on [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] - the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] - clearly shows both routes. ''Westbound Exit 15 signage also shows both routes, and the signs remain present.''
|-
|[[Image:Old US 1 south at I-95 in Dedham.jpg|150px]][[Image:Walnut Street south at 95 north.jpg|150px]]
|After I-95 was moved to Route 128, new signs instead featured only that designation, with Route 128 marked only on separate sign assemblies. ''The left signage is present on US-1 northbound at its junction with I-95 (Exits 15A-B) in Dedham.'' ''The right signage is present on Walnut Street in Lynnfield, at the Exit 43 ramps to/from I-95.
|-
|[[Image:I-95 south exit 45.jpg|150px]][[Image:I-95 south exit 44.jpg|150px]]
|Other than on the [[Mass Pike]], the only overhead signs to include both I-95 and Route 128 are near their northern split in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]. ''All signage in both directions for the I-95/Route 128 split was replaced in 2009 with I-95 the sole designation south of the split (with ground signage for 128 present). The right signage (at Exit 44 southbound) is the only remaining overhead on I-95 showing the Route 128 designation.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north at I-95 128 old sign.jpg|250px]]
|The overhead sign on U.S. Route 1 north at the exit to Route 128 in [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]], near the split in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]], originally indicated both directions of Route 128. (I-95 is only marked south because a more direct ramp to I-95 north exists straight ahead.) A standard sign assembly for Route 128 south was also installed.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north at I-95 128.jpg|200px]]
|When the above sign was replaced in 2003 or 2004, Route 128 south was removed.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north ramp to I-95 128.jpg|200px]]
|Overhead signage on the ramp from US 1 north to Route 128 similarly only shows Route 128 north.
|-
|[[Image:Independence south at 3 north.jpg|50px]][[Image:Ramp from independence to 3 north.jpg|250px]]
|Until 1997, Route 128's south end was at the [[Braintree Split]] in [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]. Several signs for [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] in that area still indicated that in 2001.
|}

==Exit list==
This exit list covers all of Route 128 as it existed before 1997.

Its stretch north of I-95, as well as the rest of its length before I-95 exit numbering was applied, has decreasing exit numbers as you travel northbound (contrary to almost all highways in the U.S. with numbered exits). Additionally, the lowest exit number on the highway is Exit 10 (which is an at-grade intersection near the highway's northern end). Route 128 is also the only highway in the state to contain directional exit division (N/S or E/W after the number, as opposed to the traditional A/B/C in Massachusetts).

Route 128 currently has 18 numbered interchanges, starting at 29 (southbound) and continuing to 10 (Exit 27, an at-grade intersection, was removed, and there is no Exit 11).

{| class=wikitable
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Milepost]]
!rowspan=2|Municipality
!colspan=3|[[exit number|#]]
!rowspan=2|Destinations
!rowspan=2|Notes
|-
!colspan=2|Old
!
|-
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]
|
|69
|
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] north; [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] north; [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] north - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]
|southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|69
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] south - [[Cape Cod (MA)|Cape Cod]]
|southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|68
|6
|[[Image:MA Route 37.svg|20px]] [[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]] - [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]; [[Holbrook (MA)|Holbrook]]
|-
|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Randolph (MA)|Randolph]]
|
|67
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] - [[Randolph (MA)|Randolph]]; [[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|split into 5A and 5B
|-
|
|
|66
|4
|[[Image:MA Route 24.svg|20px]] [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] south - [[Brockton (MA)|Brockton]]; [[Fall River (MA)|Fall River]]
|-
|2.978
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|
|65
|3
|Ponkapoag Trail - [[Houghton's Pond]]
|-
|1.781
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Canton (MA)|Canton]]
|61 60
|64
|2
|[[Image:MA Route 138.svg|25px]] [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] - [[Stoughton (MA)|Stoughton]]; [[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|split into 2A and 2B
|-
|
|
|63
|1
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] south - [[Providence, RI]]
|I-95 joins northbound and leaves southbound; I-93 ends southbound and begins northbound. This interchange has unused ramps and an unused bridge that would have been part of the [[Southwest Corridor]] project.
|-
|
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|59
|62
|13
|University Avenue - [[Route 128 Station|MBTA/Amtrak station]]
|-
|28.553 28.719
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|58
|61
|14
|East Street; Canton Street
|-
|29.32
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|57 56
|60
|15
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] to [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|Route 1A]]; [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] south - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[Norwood (MA)|Norwood]]
|split into 15A and 15B
|-
|30.82
|55B 55A
|59
|16
|[[Image:MA Route 109.svg|25px]] [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|Route 109]] - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|split into 16A and 16B
|-
|32.3
|55
|58
|17
|[[Image:MA Route 135.svg|25px]] [[Route 135 (Massachusetts)|Route 135]] - [[Needham (MA)|Needham]]; [[Natick (MA)|Natick]]
|[[Norfolk County Correctional Center]] is in the median of Route 128 located on Route 135.
|-
|32.77
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|54A
|57
|18
|Great Plain Avenue - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[West Roxbury (MA)|West Roxbury]]
|-
|35.55
|54 53
|56
|19
|Highland Avenue - [[Newton Highlands (MA)|Newton Highlands]]; [[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|split into 19A and 19B
|-
|36.6
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|52 51
|55
|20
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] - [[Brookline (MA)|Brookline]]; [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Framingham (MA)|Framingham]]; [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
|split into 20A and 20B
|-
|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Newton (MA)|Newton]]
|50 49
|54
|21
|[[Image:MA Route 16.svg|20px]] [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] - [[Newton (MA)|Newton]]; [[Waban (MA)|Waban]]; [[West Newton (MA)|West Newton]]; [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|split into 21A and 21B southbound
|-
|
|
|53
|22
|Grove Street - [[Riverside (MBTA station)|MBTA station]]; [[Auburndale (MA)|Auburndale]]
|-
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Weston (MA)|Weston]]
|
|52
|23
|Recreation Road
|northbound exit and entrance
|-
|39.218
|
|51
|24
|[[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] - [[Newton (MA)|Newton]]; [[Wayland (MA)|Wayland]]
|-
|
|
|50
|25
|[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] - [[Mass Pike]]; [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
|-
|41.16 41.31
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|44 43
|49
|26
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 20]] - [[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]; [[Weston (MA)|Weston]]
|-
|43.09
|42A
|48
|27
|Totten Pond Road; Wyman Street; Winter Street - [[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|split into 27A and 27B
|-
|44.35
|42
|47
|28
|Trapelo Road - [[Belmont (MA)|Belmont]]; [[Lincoln (MA)|Lincoln]]
|split into 28A and 28B northbound
|-
|45.22
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]
|41 40
|46
|29
|[[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] - [[Arlington (MA)|Arlington]]; [[Cambridge (MA)|Cambridge]]; [[Acton (MA)|Acton]]; [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
|split into 29A and 29B
|-
|46.3
|39 38
|45
|30
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]] - [[East Lexington, Massachusetts|East Lexington]]; [[Hanscom Field]]; [[Concord (MA)|Concord]]
|split into 30A and 30B
|-
|48.5
|37 36
|44
|31
|[[Image:MA Route 4.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 225.svg|25px]] - [[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]; [[Bedford (MA)|Bedford]]
|split into 31A and 31B
|-
|49.87
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]
|35A
|43
|32A
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]] north - [[Lowell (MA)|Lowell]]; [[Nashua, NH]]
|US 3 joins northbound and leaves southbound
|-
|
|35
|42
|32B
|[[Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] - [[Arlington (MA)|Arlington]]; [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]
|-
|51.565
|34 33
|41
|33
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3A.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]] south; [[Route 3A (northeastern Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] north - [[Winchester (MA)|Winchester]]; [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]; [[Billerica (MA)|Billerica]]
|split into 33A and 33B; US 3 joins southbound and leaves northbound
|-
|52.44
|32
|40
|34
|Winn Street - [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]; [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Billerica (MA)|Billerica]]
|-
|53.487 53.581
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]
|31 30
|39
|35
|[[Image:MA Route 38.svg|20px]] [[Route 38 (Massachusetts)|Route 38]] - [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Wilmington (MA)|Wilmington]]
|-
|
|
|38
|36
|Washington Street - [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Winchester (MA)|Winchester]]
|-
|55.151
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Reading (MA)|Reading]]
|
|37
|37
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Concord, NH]]
|split into 37A and 37B
|-
|
|
|36
|38
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] - [[Stoneham (MA)|Stoneham]]; [[Reading (MA)|Reading]]
|split into 38A and 38B
|-
|57.590
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|
|35
|39
|North Avenue - [[Reading (MA)|Reading]]; [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|58.259 58.416
|
|34
|40
|[[Image:MA Route 129.svg|25px]] [[Route 129 (Massachusetts)|Route 129]] - [[Wakefield Center, Massachusetts|Wakefield Center]]; [[Wilmington (MA)|Wilmington]]
|-
|59.11
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|
|33
|41
|Main Street - [[Lynnfield Center, Massachusetts|Lynnfield Center]]; [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|60.669
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|
|32
|42
|Salem Street - [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|61.319
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|
|31
|43
|Walnut Street - [[Saugus (MA)|Saugus]]; [[Lynn (MA)|Lynn]]; [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|-
|62.701 0.000
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]
|
|30
|44
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 129.svg|25px]] [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]]; [[Route 129 (Massachusetts)|Route 129]] - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|split into 44A and 44B northbound
|-
|2.365
|
|colspan=2|29
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] north - [[Portsmouth, NH]]
|I-95 joins southbound and leaves northbound
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|28
|Forest Street; Centennial Drive
|Summit Street, an at-grade intersection, was "exit 27"
|-
|
|18
|colspan=2|26
|Lowell Street - [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]; [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]
|-
|3.71
|17 16
|colspan=2|25
|[[Image:MA Route 114.svg|25px]] [[Route 114 (Massachusetts)|Route 114]] - [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]; [[Marblehead (MA)|Marblehead]]; [[Middleton (MA)|Middleton]]
|split into 25A and 25B
|-
|4.42
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|15A
|colspan=2|24
|Endicott Street
|-
|5.13
|
|colspan=2|23
|[[Image:MA Route 35.svg|20px]] [[Route 35 (Massachusetts)|Route 35]] - [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|split into 23N and 23S
|-
|5.73
|
|colspan=2|22
|[[Image:MA Route 62.svg|20px]] [[Route 62 (Massachusetts)|Route 62]] - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]; [[Middleton (MA)|Middleton]]
|split into 22W and 22E northbound
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|21
|Trask Lane - [[Folly Hill, Massachusetts|Folly Hill]]
|northbound exit and entrance
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|21
|Conant Street - Industrial Park
|southbound exit and entrance
|-
|7.45
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]
|
|colspan=2|20
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|Route 1A]] - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Hamilton (MA)|Hamilton]]
|split into 20A and 20B
|-
|8.100
|
|colspan=2|19
|Sohier Road; Brimbal Avenue - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Montserrat, Massachusetts|Montserrat]]
|-
|9.329
|
|colspan=2|18
|[[Image:MA Route 22.svg|20px]] [[Route 22 (Massachusetts)|Route 22]] - [[Essex (MA)|Essex]]; [[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]; [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]
|-
|11.406
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]
|
|colspan=2|17
|Grapevine Road - [[Beverly Farms, Massachusetts|Beverly Farms]]; [[Prides Crossing, Massachusetts|Prides Crossing]]; [[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]
|-
|13.03
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]
|
|colspan=2|16
|Pine Street - [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Magnolia, Massachusetts|Magnolia]]
|-
|14.391
|
|colspan=2|15
|School Street - [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Magnolia, Massachusetts|Magnolia]]
|-
|17.469
|rowspan=7 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]
|
|colspan=2|14
|[[Image:MA Route 133.svg|25px]] [[Route 133 (Massachusetts)|Route 133]] - [[West Gloucester, Massachusetts|West Gloucester]]; [[Gloucester Harbor]]; [[Essex (MA)|Essex]]; [[Ipswich (MA)|Ipswich]]
|-
|18.193
|
|colspan=2|13
|Concord Street - [[Wingaersheek Beach]]
|-
|18.942
|
|colspan=2|12
|Crafts Road - [[Rust Island]]
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|11
|[[Image:MA Route 127.svg|25px]] [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] north - [[Annisquam, Massachusetts|Annisquam]]; [[Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts|Pigeon Cove]]
|[[Grant Circle]]
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|
|Blackburn Industrial Park Boulevard
|[[Blackburn Circle]]
|-
|21.6
|
|colspan=2|10
|[[Image:MA Route 127.svg|25px]] [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] - [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]; [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]
|[[at-grade intersection]]
|-
|21.769
|
|colspan=2|9
|[[Image:MA Route 127A.svg|25px]] [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] - State Pier; [[Bass Rocks, Massachusetts|Bass Rocks]]; [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]; [[Eastern Point, Massachusetts|Eastern Point]]
|[[at-grade intersection]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Susan Rosegrant, David R. Lampe, ''Route 128: Lessons from Boston's High-Tech Community,'' Basic Books, 1992, ISBN 0-465-04639-8. The story of the Boston high-tech industry, starting from its 19th-century roots.

==External links==
* [http://www.128bc.org/ The Route 128 Business Council]
* http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/MA-128/ - Historical overview
* http://www.route128history.org/ - Links about the region's tech history
* http://www.bambinomusical.com/128 - Includes a "virtual tour" of the highway's early days and construction, as well as movies of the 1951 opening ceremony.

{{Boston Road Transportation|hide}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:128}}
[[Category:Numbered routes in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts|Route 128]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 1]]
[[Category:Interstate 95]]
[[Category:Economy of Massachusetts|Route 128]]
[[Category:Freeways in the United States|Massachusetts Route 128]]
[[Category:Braintree, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Essex County, Massachusetts]]

[[fr:Massachusetts Route 128]]
[[pl:Droga 128]]

Massachusetts Route 128

2010-05-18T19:57:42Z

CSZero: Better? I can't imagine this being a controversial claim that sprawl has caused a lot of the tech industry that 128 is famous for to move out to cheaper 495.

{{Infobox road|
state=MA|
type=|
route=128|
map=Massachusetts_Route_128.png|
length_mi=57.58<ref name="inventory">[[Executive Office of Transportation (Massachusetts)|Executive Office of Transportation]], [http://www.eot.state.ma.us/default.asp?pgid=content/plan02&sid=about Office of Transportation Planning - 2005 Road Inventory]</ref>|
length_km=92.67|
established=by 1927|
direction_a=South|
direction_b=North|
starting_terminus=[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[I-93 (MA)|I-93]]/[[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[US 1 (MA)|US 1]] in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]]|
junction=[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[I-90 (MA)|I-90]] in [[Weston (MA)|Weston]] [[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]] [[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[US 3 (MA)|US 3]] in [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]] [[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[I-93 (MA)|I-93]] in [[Reading (MA)|Reading]] [[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[US 1 (MA)|US 1]] in [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]] [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]] in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]|
ending_terminus=[[Image:MA Route 127A.svg|25px]] [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]|
previous_type=|
previous_route=127A|
next_type=|
next_route=129
}}

'''Route 128''', also known as the '''Yankee Division Highway''' (for the [[26th Infantry Division (United States)|26th Infantry Division]]), and originally the '''Circumferential Highway''', is a partial [[beltway]] around [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. The majority of the highway is built to [[freeway]] standards, and about 3/5 of it is part of the [[Interstate Highway System]]. With the rapid growth of [[high-technology industry]] in the [[suburban]] areas along Route 128 from the 1960s to the 1980s, Route 128 came to symbolize the Boston high-tech community itself. However, today the industry has expanded significantly onto [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]] as well, the next beltway out. <ref>[http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=246 "MassMoments: Route 128 Opens Boston's High-Tech Age." Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. Accessed 05-18-2010.]</ref>
In local culture, Route 128 is seen as something of a dividing line between the inner municipalities of Greater Boston and the more far-flung suburbs. The road's roughly {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} radius, for example, also delimits most of the area accessible by the [[MBTA]] [[rapid transit]] system. Much of the area within Route 128 was developed before World War II, while the area outside it was developed more recently.

The south end of Route 128 is in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]], where [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] heads south toward [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], just east of the [[Northeast Corridor]]'s [[Route 128 Station]]. Common usage, as well as signs until 1997, continues Route 128 east along the first 7 miles (11 km) of [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] to the [[Braintree Split]] in [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]], where I-93 turns north with [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] toward downtown Boston. This section of former Route 128 serves as the north end of [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] to [[Fall River (MA)|Fall River]]. (Until 1965, Route 128 continued further, southeast along [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and roughly north on [[Route 228 (Massachusetts)|Route 228]] to [[Hull (MA)|Hull]].)

From Canton, Route 128 and Interstate 95 heads northwest, north, northeast and east around the Boston area to [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]], where I-95 splits to head north toward [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]], [[New Hampshire]]. Along this section, Route 128 has major [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s with [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] (the [[Mass Pike]]), [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]], [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]], and [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]]. On roads approaching Route 128 here, guide signs only list I-95; Route 128 shields are in a separate sign assembly. [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] has also run along Route 128 near [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] since 1989, forming a three-way [[wrong-way concurrency]], with I-95 and Route 128 going one way and US 1 the other. (US 1 continues east on I-93 — former Route 128 — to Braintree, and turns north there with I-93 into Boston.)

After it splits from I-95 in Peabody, Route 128 continues east into [[Cape Ann]]. The [[freeway]] (termed a highway or expressway in Massachusetts) ends at a [[rotary (intersection)|rotary]] with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]], and the last bit of Route 128 is a surface road that bypasses downtown Gloucester to the northeast. After crossing Route 127 again (Route 127 runs in a loop through Gloucester and [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]), Route 128 ends at [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] east of downtown Gloucester.

==The road==
The route 128 number dates from the origin of the Massachusetts highway system in the 1920s. By the 1950s, it ran from Nantasket Beach in [[Hull, Massachusetts|Hull]] to [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]]. The first, {{convert|27|mi|km|adj=on}}, section of the current limited-access highway from [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]] to Gloucester was opened in 1951. It was the first limited-access circumferential highway in the United States.

[[Image:128 south end.jpg|thumb|400px|Since 1997, the south end of Route 128 has been in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]], where [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] south leaves the beltway and [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] north begins. [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] north continues straight.]]
Route 128 runs concurrently with [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] from [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] north to [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] and, when I-95 continues north from Peabody toward [[New Hampshire]], east from Peabody to Gloucester. Until the early 1990s, it also ran concurrently with the present [[Interstate 93]] from Canton to Braintree. This stretch of Interstate 93, which is now also designated as part of U.S. Route 1, though no longer officially part of Route 128, is still often referred to as "Route 128" by locals. The I-95 and I-93 signage were added in the mid-1970s when plans to construct [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] through Boston, directly connecting the two I-95/Route 128 interchanges, were cancelled. An unused [[Cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf]] in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], now removed, was the one leftover structure from this plan.

Until [[1965]], while and shortly after the [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] freeway to Cape Cod was fully finished, the section of current Route 3 between exits 15 and 20 was also designated as Route 128. The route's southern end was then truncated to its intersection with Route 3 in Braintree. The non-freeway section of Route 128 from Route 3 through [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]] to Nantasket was redesignated Route 228. The [[MassHighway|Massachusetts Highway Department]] has tried twice, in [[1997]] and [[2003]], to truncate 128 even further, back to its intersection with [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in Peabody, but local opposition has convinced them to back down. A reflection of these attempts are along every interchange, where the main signage on the intersecting route indicates the highway as I-95, while smaller signage to the sides also identifies the road as Route 128.

[[Image:128 north end.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The north end of Route 128 is at [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]. The sign pointing Route 127A south straight is incorrect; it is actually to the right, where the sign points "ALT 127".]]
The area along the western part of Route 128 is home to a number of high-technology firms and corporations. This part of Route 128 has been dubbed "America's Technology Highway", and through to the end of the 1980s, was second only to [[Silicon Valley]].

Route 128 makes more than a 180-degree arc around Boston, and clockwise is "north" even when the road heads slightly south of east when approaching the Atlantic Ocean. [[Hacker (computing)|Hackers]] in the area refer to this as going "logical north" on the route. Interstate 93, going north-and-south, intersects Route 128, which nominally goes north-and-south, at a right angle, about {{convert|15|mi|km}} north of Boston. A traveller going "logical south" on 128 (compass west) from the I-93 interchange will soon find himself driving due west, travelling logically south on 128 and I-95, and north on [[U.S. Route 3|US 3]] in a [[wrong-way concurrency]].

Like the I-95 signage mapping onto 128, the mapping of US 3 onto this stretch of 128 is due to US 3 as a separate limited access highway terminating in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] on 128 instead of further south at [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] as originally envisioned. This abrupt termination requires the US 3 signage to continue along 128 for somewhat over a mile until it can interchange the old US 3 surface arterial. Moreover, when I-93 and Route 128 ran concurrently south of Boston, before the route was truncated to the I-95 interchange in Canton, they were signed in opposite directions, so it was possible to travel north on I-93 and south on Route 128 at the same time.

Much of Route 128 is now part of the Interstate system, being concurrent with I-95 (and formerly I-93). However, the vast majority of locals will refer to these stretches as 128; it is uncommon for a local to use the Interstate designation(s) in ordinary conversation or while giving directions.

[[Image:128 north approaching exit 10.jpg|thumb|150px|Exit 10 is signed heading northbound as the [[at-grade intersection]] with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]].]]
The northernmost several exits along Route 128, past exit 12, are not [[grade separation|grade-separated]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s. Exit 10 is signed as the [[traffic signal|signalized]] intersection with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]], and there are two [[rotaries (road)|rotaries]] between that and exit 12 (the Crafts Road interchange).

In the 1990s, the exit system was changed from concurrency along 128 to a system using the I-95 exits. The exits, which had gone from Gloucester to Braintree, were renumbered along I-95, from the [[Rhode Island]] state line to the border with [[New Hampshire]]. Exit 37 had been the interchange with I-93, which also had its exit numbered 37 at that interchange. Coincidentally, with the renumbering, exit 37 remained exit 37.

[[Route 128 Station]] is located along the highway in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Massachusetts]] and is served by [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]] line and [[MBTA]] [[commuter rail]].

==The high-tech region==
In 1955, ''Business Week'' ran an article titled "New England Highway Upsets Old Way of Life" and referred to Route 128 as "the Magic Semicircle". By 1958, it needed to be widened from six to eight lanes, and business growth continued. In 1957, there were 99 companies employing 17,000 workers along 128; in 1965, 574; in 1973, 1,212. In the 1980s, the positive effects of this growth on the Massachusetts economy were dubbed the "[[Massachusetts Miracle]]".

Major companies located in the broader Route 128 area included [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], [[Data General]], [[Thermo Electron Corporation]], [[Analog Devices]], [[Computervision]], [[GTE]], [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[BEA Systems]] and [[Raytheon]].

==History==
===Surface roads and south Circumferential Highway===
Route 128 was assigned by 1927<ref name="1927 map">1927 Rand McNally Boston and vicinity map</ref> along local roads, running from [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] in [[Milton (MA)|Milton]] around the west side of Boston to [[Route 107 (Massachusetts)|Route 107]] (Essex Street or Bridge Street) in [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]. Its route was as follows:
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Milton Street
|-
|[[Boston (MA)|Boston]] ([[Hyde Park (MA)|Hyde Park]])
|[[Neponset Valley Parkway]], Milton Street
|-
|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|Milton Street, High Street, Common Street, West Street
|-
|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|Dedham Avenue, Highland Avenue
|-
|[[Newton (MA)|Newton]]
|Needham Street, Winchester Street, Centre Street, Walnut Street, Crafts Street, Waltham Street
|-
|[[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|High Street, Newton Street, Main Street ([[U.S. Route 20 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 20]]), Lexington Street
|-
|[[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]
|Waltham Street, [[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]] ([[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]], now [[Route 4 (Massachusetts)|Route 4]]/[[Route 225 (Massachusetts)|Route 225]]), Woburn Street
|-
|[[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]
|Lexington Street, Pleasant Street, Montvale Avenue
|-
|[[Stoneham (MA)|Stoneham]]
|Montvale Avenue, Main Street ([[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]]), Elm Street
|-
|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|Albion Street, North Avenue, Water Street, Vernon Street, New Salem Street, Salem Street
|-
|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|Salem Street
|-
|[[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]
|Lynnfield Street, Washington Street, Main Street
|-
|[[Salem (MA)|Salem]]
|Boston Street
|}

By 1928, it had been extended east to [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]] from its south end along the following streets, ending at the intersection of [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and [[Route 3A (southeastern Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] (now Route 3A and [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]):<ref name="1928 map">1928 map of numbered routes in Boston and vicinity, prepared by the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Works]] for the New England Affairs Bureau, Boston Chamber of Commerce</ref>
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]]
|Washington Street, Hancock Street, Adams Street
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Adams Street, Centre Street, Canton Avenue, Dollar Lane
|}

The first section of the new '''Circumferential Highway''', in no way the [[freeway]] that it is now, was the piece from [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] in [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]] around the south side of Boston to [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]) in [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]]. Parts of this were built as new roads, but most of it was along existing roads that were improved to handle the traffic. In 1931, the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Works]] acquired a [[easement|right-of-way]] from [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]] through [[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]], [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] and [[Needham (MA)|Needham]] to Route 9 in Wellesley. This was mostly 80 feet (24 m) wide, only shrinking to 70 feet (21 m) in Needham, in the area of Great Plain Avenue and the [[Needham Line]]. Much of this was along new alignment, but about half — mostly in Needham — was along existing roads:
*Royall Street from west of Route 138 to east of Green Street (Canton)
*Green Lodge Street from Royall Street (now cut by Route 128) to [[Route 128 Station]] (Canton and Westwood)
*Greendale Avenue from Lyons Street and Common Street just south of the [[Charles River]] to Hunting Avenue (Dedham and Needham)
*Fremont Street north from Highland Avenue (Needham)
*Reservoir Street from Central Avenue to Route 9 (Needham and Wellesley)<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plans:
*Canton: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Canton/Layouts/2807/ 2807] (July 14, 1931)
*Westwood: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Westwood/Layouts/2808/ 2808] (July 14, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Westwood/Layouts/2831/ 2831] (October 13, 1931)
*Dedham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Dedham/Layouts/2806/ 2806] (July 14, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Dedham/Layouts/2833/ 2833] (October 13, 1931)
*Needham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Needham/Layouts/2832/ 1832] (October 13, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Needham/Layouts/2858/ 2858] (December 22, 1931)
*Wellesley: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Wellesley/Layouts/2857/ 2857] (December 22, 1931)</ref>

From Route 138 in Canton east through the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in Canton, [[Milton (MA)|Milton]], [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]] and [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]], [[Norfolk County (MA)|Norfolk County]] acquired a right-of-way in 1927<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Canton/Layouts/3960/3960.tif 3960]</ref> and built the Blue Hill River Road. This tied into West Street in northwest Braintree, which itself had been taken over by the county in 1923.<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/6741/6741-6.TIF 6741]</ref>

West Street led to [[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]], which ran southeast to Braintree center. This part of Route 37 had been taken over by the state in 1919 (to Braintree center)<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/1823/ 1823] (June 24, 1919)</ref> and 1917 (in Braintree center).<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/1765/ 1765] (September 4, 1917)</ref>

The rest of the new highway, from Route 37 east to [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]), through Braintree, [[Weymouth (MA)|Weymouth]] and [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]], was taken over by the state in 1929. This was all along existing roads, except possibly the part of Park Avenue west of [[Route 18 (Massachusetts)|Route 18]] in Weymouth.<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plans:
*Hingham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Hingham/Layouts/2604/ 2604] (September 3, 1929)
*Weymouth: plan 2603 is missing
*Braintree: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/2602/ 2602] (September 3, 1929)</ref>

By 1933,<ref name="1933 map">1933 General Drafting Boston and vicinity map</ref> the whole Circumferential Highway had been completed, and, except for the piece from [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] in [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]] south to Highland Avenue in [[Needham (MA)|Needham]], was designated as Route 128. Former Route 128 along Highland Avenue into Needham center was left unnumbered (as was the Circumferential Highway north of Highland Avenue), but the rest of former Route 128, from Needham center east to [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]], became part of [[Route 135 (Massachusetts)|Route 135]]. Thus the full route of the Circumferential Highway, as it existed by 1933, is now the following roads:
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]]
|Derby Street, Old Derby Street
|-
|[[Weymouth (MA)|Weymouth]]
|Ralph Talbot Street, Park Avenue, Columbian Street
|-
|[[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]
|Columbian Street, Grove Street, Washington Street ([[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]]), Franklin Street (Route 37), West Street, closed road in the [[Blue Hills Reservation]]
|-
|[[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]]
|closed road in the Blue Hills Reservation (partly upgraded on the spot to Route 128), Blue Hill River Road
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Blue Hill River Road, Hillside Street
|-
|[[Canton (MA)|Canton]]
|Blue Hill River Road, Royall Street, Green Lodge Street (cut by the Route 128/[[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]])
|-
|[[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|Blue Hill Drive (cut by [[Route 128 Station]], and later upgraded on the spot as northbound Route 128)
|-
|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] and Westwood
|upgraded on the spot as northbound Route 128 (under [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]]) and then mostly in the [[median (road)|median]]
|-
|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|Greendale Avenue, Hunting Road, southbound Route 128 under Highland Avenue, Reservoir Street
|-
|[[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|inside the present [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]]
|}

At the same time as Route 128 was extended along the new Circumferential Highway, it was extended further into [[Hull (MA)|Hull]]. This alignment, not part of the Circumferential Highway, ran southeast on [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]) (Whiting Street) to the border of [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]] and [[Norwell (MA)|Norwell]], where it turned north on present [[Route 228 (Massachusetts)|Route 228]] (Main Street) through Hingham and into [[Hull (MA)|Hull]]. The exact route through Hingham was Main Street, Short Street, Leavitt Street, East Street, and Hull Street. The end of the numbered route was at the south end of [[Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts|Nantasket Beach]], where Nantasket Avenue curves northwest to follow the shore of [[Massachusetts Bay]].<ref>1937 Massachusetts Department of Public Works map of Hull</ref>

===West and north Circumferential Highway and extension to Gloucester===
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}

===Upgrades===
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}

The MassDOT Highway Divison is working on several improvements to highway. The bridge over the Annisquam River is being rehabilitated, and repaving and signage upgrades are underway. The Route 128 Add-A-Lane Project will widen the road between Route 1A and Route 24 (Phases 2-3) and from Route 1A to Route 9 (Phases 4-5). The Route 2 and Route 2A bridges are to be replaced, the I-93 interchange reconstructed, and a new interchange constructed in Beverley.

{{-}}

==Signage==
{| class=wikitable
|width=304|[[Image:9 west approaching 128 north.jpg|200px]][[Image:Washington south approaching elm in Dedham.jpg|100px]]
|Signs installed before [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] was moved onto Route 128 in the 1970s prominently displayed the Route 128 designation. Even though it was built to freeway standards, Route 128 was never initially intended to be part of the Interstate system. ''The left sign was an overhead on Route 9 westbound for the interchange with 128 in Wellesley. This sign was replaced in 2009 with one indicating only the I-95 designation.'' ''The right sign was located on Washington Street approaching Elm Street in Dedham, and has since been removed.''
|-
|[[Image:I-90 east at I-95.jpg|300px]]
|Signage on [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] - the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] - clearly shows both routes. ''Westbound Exit 15 signage also shows both routes, and the signs remain present.''
|-
|[[Image:Old US 1 south at I-95 in Dedham.jpg|150px]][[Image:Walnut Street south at 95 north.jpg|150px]]
|After I-95 was moved to Route 128, new signs instead featured only that designation, with Route 128 marked only on separate sign assemblies. ''The left signage is present on US-1 northbound at its junction with I-95 (Exits 15A-B) in Dedham.'' ''The right signage is present on Walnut Street in Lynnfield, at the Exit 43 ramps to/from I-95.
|-
|[[Image:I-95 south exit 45.jpg|150px]][[Image:I-95 south exit 44.jpg|150px]]
|Other than on the [[Mass Pike]], the only overhead signs to include both I-95 and Route 128 are near their northern split in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]. ''All signage in both directions for the I-95/Route 128 split was replaced in 2009 with I-95 the sole designation south of the split (with ground signage for 128 present). The right signage (at Exit 44 southbound) is the only remaining overhead on I-95 showing the Route 128 designation.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north at I-95 128 old sign.jpg|250px]]
|The overhead sign on U.S. Route 1 north at the exit to Route 128 in [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]], near the split in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]], originally indicated both directions of Route 128. (I-95 is only marked south because a more direct ramp to I-95 north exists straight ahead.) A standard sign assembly for Route 128 south was also installed.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north at I-95 128.jpg|200px]]
|When the above sign was replaced in 2003 or 2004, Route 128 south was removed.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north ramp to I-95 128.jpg|200px]]
|Overhead signage on the ramp from US 1 north to Route 128 similarly only shows Route 128 north.
|-
|[[Image:Independence south at 3 north.jpg|50px]][[Image:Ramp from independence to 3 north.jpg|250px]]
|Until 1997, Route 128's south end was at the [[Braintree Split]] in [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]. Several signs for [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] in that area still indicated that in 2001.
|}

==Exit list==
This exit list covers all of Route 128 as it existed before 1997.

Its stretch north of I-95, as well as the rest of its length before I-95 exit numbering was applied, has decreasing exit numbers as you travel northbound (contrary to almost all highways in the U.S. with numbered exits). Additionally, the lowest exit number on the highway is Exit 10 (which is an at-grade intersection near the highway's northern end). Route 128 is also the only highway in the state to contain directional exit division (N/S or E/W after the number, as opposed to the traditional A/B/C in Massachusetts).

Route 128 currently has 18 numbered interchanges, starting at 29 (southbound) and continuing to 10 (Exit 27, an at-grade intersection, was removed, and there is no Exit 11).

{| class=wikitable
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Milepost]]
!rowspan=2|Municipality
!colspan=3|[[exit number|#]]
!rowspan=2|Destinations
!rowspan=2|Notes
|-
!colspan=2|Old
!
|-
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]
|
|69
|
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] north; [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] north; [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] north - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]
|southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|69
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] south - [[Cape Cod (MA)|Cape Cod]]
|southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|68
|6
|[[Image:MA Route 37.svg|20px]] [[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]] - [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]; [[Holbrook (MA)|Holbrook]]
|-
|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Randolph (MA)|Randolph]]
|
|67
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] - [[Randolph (MA)|Randolph]]; [[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|split into 5A and 5B
|-
|
|
|66
|4
|[[Image:MA Route 24.svg|20px]] [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] south - [[Brockton (MA)|Brockton]]; [[Fall River (MA)|Fall River]]
|-
|2.978
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|
|65
|3
|Ponkapoag Trail - [[Houghton's Pond]]
|-
|1.781
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Canton (MA)|Canton]]
|61 60
|64
|2
|[[Image:MA Route 138.svg|25px]] [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] - [[Stoughton (MA)|Stoughton]]; [[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|split into 2A and 2B
|-
|
|
|63
|1
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] south - [[Providence, RI]]
|I-95 joins northbound and leaves southbound; I-93 ends southbound and begins northbound. This interchange has unused ramps and an unused bridge that would have been part of the [[Southwest Corridor]] project.
|-
|
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|59
|62
|13
|University Avenue - [[Route 128 Station|MBTA/Amtrak station]]
|-
|28.553 28.719
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|58
|61
|14
|East Street; Canton Street
|-
|29.32
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|57 56
|60
|15
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] to [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|Route 1A]]; [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] south - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[Norwood (MA)|Norwood]]
|split into 15A and 15B
|-
|30.82
|55B 55A
|59
|16
|[[Image:MA Route 109.svg|25px]] [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|Route 109]] - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|split into 16A and 16B
|-
|32.3
|55
|58
|17
|[[Image:MA Route 135.svg|25px]] [[Route 135 (Massachusetts)|Route 135]] - [[Needham (MA)|Needham]]; [[Natick (MA)|Natick]]
|[[Norfolk County Correctional Center]] is in the median of Route 128 located on Route 135.
|-
|32.77
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|54A
|57
|18
|Great Plain Avenue - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[West Roxbury (MA)|West Roxbury]]
|-
|35.55
|54 53
|56
|19
|Highland Avenue - [[Newton Highlands (MA)|Newton Highlands]]; [[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|split into 19A and 19B
|-
|36.6
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|52 51
|55
|20
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] - [[Brookline (MA)|Brookline]]; [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Framingham (MA)|Framingham]]; [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
|split into 20A and 20B
|-
|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Newton (MA)|Newton]]
|50 49
|54
|21
|[[Image:MA Route 16.svg|20px]] [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] - [[Newton (MA)|Newton]]; [[Waban (MA)|Waban]]; [[West Newton (MA)|West Newton]]; [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|split into 21A and 21B southbound
|-
|
|
|53
|22
|Grove Street - [[Riverside (MBTA station)|MBTA station]]; [[Auburndale (MA)|Auburndale]]
|-
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Weston (MA)|Weston]]
|
|52
|23
|Recreation Road
|northbound exit and entrance
|-
|39.218
|
|51
|24
|[[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] - [[Newton (MA)|Newton]]; [[Wayland (MA)|Wayland]]
|-
|
|
|50
|25
|[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] - [[Mass Pike]]; [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
|-
|41.16 41.31
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|44 43
|49
|26
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 20]] - [[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]; [[Weston (MA)|Weston]]
|-
|43.09
|42A
|48
|27
|Totten Pond Road; Wyman Street; Winter Street - [[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|split into 27A and 27B
|-
|44.35
|42
|47
|28
|Trapelo Road - [[Belmont (MA)|Belmont]]; [[Lincoln (MA)|Lincoln]]
|split into 28A and 28B northbound
|-
|45.22
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]
|41 40
|46
|29
|[[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] - [[Arlington (MA)|Arlington]]; [[Cambridge (MA)|Cambridge]]; [[Acton (MA)|Acton]]; [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
|split into 29A and 29B
|-
|46.3
|39 38
|45
|30
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]] - [[East Lexington, Massachusetts|East Lexington]]; [[Hanscom Field]]; [[Concord (MA)|Concord]]
|split into 30A and 30B
|-
|48.5
|37 36
|44
|31
|[[Image:MA Route 4.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 225.svg|25px]] - [[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]; [[Bedford (MA)|Bedford]]
|split into 31A and 31B
|-
|49.87
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]
|35A
|43
|32A
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]] north - [[Lowell (MA)|Lowell]]; [[Nashua, NH]]
|US 3 joins northbound and leaves southbound
|-
|
|35
|42
|32B
|[[Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] - [[Arlington (MA)|Arlington]]; [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]
|-
|51.565
|34 33
|41
|33
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3A.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]] south; [[Route 3A (northeastern Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] north - [[Winchester (MA)|Winchester]]; [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]; [[Billerica (MA)|Billerica]]
|split into 33A and 33B; US 3 joins southbound and leaves northbound
|-
|52.44
|32
|40
|34
|Winn Street - [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]; [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Billerica (MA)|Billerica]]
|-
|53.487 53.581
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]
|31 30
|39
|35
|[[Image:MA Route 38.svg|20px]] [[Route 38 (Massachusetts)|Route 38]] - [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Wilmington (MA)|Wilmington]]
|-
|
|
|38
|36
|Washington Street - [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Winchester (MA)|Winchester]]
|-
|55.151
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Reading (MA)|Reading]]
|
|37
|37
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Concord, NH]]
|split into 37A and 37B
|-
|
|
|36
|38
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] - [[Stoneham (MA)|Stoneham]]; [[Reading (MA)|Reading]]
|split into 38A and 38B
|-
|57.590
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|
|35
|39
|North Avenue - [[Reading (MA)|Reading]]; [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|58.259 58.416
|
|34
|40
|[[Image:MA Route 129.svg|25px]] [[Route 129 (Massachusetts)|Route 129]] - [[Wakefield Center, Massachusetts|Wakefield Center]]; [[Wilmington (MA)|Wilmington]]
|-
|59.11
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|
|33
|41
|Main Street - [[Lynnfield Center, Massachusetts|Lynnfield Center]]; [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|60.669
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|
|32
|42
|Salem Street - [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|61.319
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|
|31
|43
|Walnut Street - [[Saugus (MA)|Saugus]]; [[Lynn (MA)|Lynn]]; [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|-
|62.701 0.000
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]
|
|30
|44
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 129.svg|25px]] [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]]; [[Route 129 (Massachusetts)|Route 129]] - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|split into 44A and 44B northbound
|-
|2.365
|
|colspan=2|29
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] north - [[Portsmouth, NH]]
|I-95 joins southbound and leaves northbound
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|28
|Forest Street; Centennial Drive
|Summit Street, an at-grade intersection, was "exit 27"
|-
|
|18
|colspan=2|26
|Lowell Street - [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]; [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]
|-
|3.71
|17 16
|colspan=2|25
|[[Image:MA Route 114.svg|25px]] [[Route 114 (Massachusetts)|Route 114]] - [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]; [[Marblehead (MA)|Marblehead]]; [[Middleton (MA)|Middleton]]
|split into 25A and 25B
|-
|4.42
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|15A
|colspan=2|24
|Endicott Street
|-
|5.13
|
|colspan=2|23
|[[Image:MA Route 35.svg|20px]] [[Route 35 (Massachusetts)|Route 35]] - [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|split into 23N and 23S
|-
|5.73
|
|colspan=2|22
|[[Image:MA Route 62.svg|20px]] [[Route 62 (Massachusetts)|Route 62]] - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]; [[Middleton (MA)|Middleton]]
|split into 22W and 22E northbound
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|21
|Trask Lane - [[Folly Hill, Massachusetts|Folly Hill]]
|northbound exit and entrance
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|21
|Conant Street - Industrial Park
|southbound exit and entrance
|-
|7.45
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]
|
|colspan=2|20
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|Route 1A]] - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Hamilton (MA)|Hamilton]]
|split into 20A and 20B
|-
|8.100
|
|colspan=2|19
|Sohier Road; Brimbal Avenue - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Montserrat, Massachusetts|Montserrat]]
|-
|9.329
|
|colspan=2|18
|[[Image:MA Route 22.svg|20px]] [[Route 22 (Massachusetts)|Route 22]] - [[Essex (MA)|Essex]]; [[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]; [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]
|-
|11.406
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]
|
|colspan=2|17
|Grapevine Road - [[Beverly Farms, Massachusetts|Beverly Farms]]; [[Prides Crossing, Massachusetts|Prides Crossing]]; [[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]
|-
|13.03
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]
|
|colspan=2|16
|Pine Street - [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Magnolia, Massachusetts|Magnolia]]
|-
|14.391
|
|colspan=2|15
|School Street - [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Magnolia, Massachusetts|Magnolia]]
|-
|17.469
|rowspan=7 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]
|
|colspan=2|14
|[[Image:MA Route 133.svg|25px]] [[Route 133 (Massachusetts)|Route 133]] - [[West Gloucester, Massachusetts|West Gloucester]]; [[Gloucester Harbor]]; [[Essex (MA)|Essex]]; [[Ipswich (MA)|Ipswich]]
|-
|18.193
|
|colspan=2|13
|Concord Street - [[Wingaersheek Beach]]
|-
|18.942
|
|colspan=2|12
|Crafts Road - [[Rust Island]]
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|11
|[[Image:MA Route 127.svg|25px]] [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] north - [[Annisquam, Massachusetts|Annisquam]]; [[Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts|Pigeon Cove]]
|[[Grant Circle]]
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|
|Blackburn Industrial Park Boulevard
|[[Blackburn Circle]]
|-
|21.6
|
|colspan=2|10
|[[Image:MA Route 127.svg|25px]] [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] - [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]; [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]
|[[at-grade intersection]]
|-
|21.769
|
|colspan=2|9
|[[Image:MA Route 127A.svg|25px]] [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] - State Pier; [[Bass Rocks, Massachusetts|Bass Rocks]]; [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]; [[Eastern Point, Massachusetts|Eastern Point]]
|[[at-grade intersection]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Susan Rosegrant, David R. Lampe, ''Route 128: Lessons from Boston's High-Tech Community,'' Basic Books, 1992, ISBN 0-465-04639-8. The story of the Boston high-tech industry, starting from its 19th-century roots.

==External links==
* [http://www.128bc.org/ The Route 128 Business Council]
* http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/MA-128/ - Historical overview
* http://www.route128history.org/ - Links about the region's tech history
* http://www.bambinomusical.com/128 - Includes a "virtual tour" of the highway's early days and construction, as well as movies of the 1951 opening ceremony.

{{Boston Road Transportation|hide}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:128}}
[[Category:Numbered routes in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts|Route 128]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 1]]
[[Category:Interstate 95]]
[[Category:Economy of Massachusetts|Route 128]]
[[Category:Freeways in the United States|Massachusetts Route 128]]
[[Category:Braintree, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Essex County, Massachusetts]]

[[fr:Massachusetts Route 128]]
[[pl:Droga 128]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2010-03-12T02:01:24Z

CSZero: rvv

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[File:BMC Mill Waltham.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' (April 7, 1775 - August 10, 1817) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[James Russell Lowell]], [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on November 2, 1798 married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American [[businesses]], and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities. He lobbied heavily for a protective tariff on cotton products; they were included in the [[Tariff of 1816]]<ref>[http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0251 ''Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817) Papers''. Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed January 14, 2010]</ref>

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the [[Pawtucket Falls (Massachusetts)|Pawtucket Falls]] on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

Mr. Lowell was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1978.

==References==
{{Refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts]]

[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]
[[Category:People from Lowell, Massachusetts]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2010-03-01T21:31:29Z

CSZero: Undid revision 347131315 by 167.142.165.230 (talk)

Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)

2010-01-24T13:51:11Z

CSZero: This is much more verbose, but I don't know how else to accurately word this.

{{Infobox road
|state=MA
|route=495
|type=I
|map=Interstate_495_Massachusetts.png
|maint=
|length_mi=120.74 
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref>[http://www.mass.gov/mgis/eotroads.htm Executive Office of Transportation - Office of Transportation Planning Roads] GIS Data</ref>
|year_established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a=[[Image:I-195.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 25.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 195 (Massachusetts)|I-195]]/[[Massachusetts Route 25|Route 25]] in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham, MA]]
|junction=[[Image:US 44.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 44|US 44]] in [[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough, MA]] [[Image:MA Route 24.svg|20px]] [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] in [[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater, MA]] [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough, MA]] [[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|US 1]] in [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville, MA]] [[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90|I-90]] in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton, MA]] [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20|US 20]] in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough, MA]] [[Image:I-290.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|I-290]] in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough, MA]] [[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Littleton, Massachusetts|Littleton, MA]] [[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3|US 3]] in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford, MA]] [[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover, MA]]
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury, MA]]
|previous_type=I
|previous_route=395
|next_type=I
|next_route=695
}}
'''Interstate 495''' (abbreviated '''I-495''') is the designation of an [[Interstate Highway]] half-[[beltway]] in [[Massachusetts]]. It was the longest auxiliary Interstate Highway of its kind—measuring 120.74 miles (194.40 kilometers)—until 1996, when the [[Pennsylvania Route 9|PA Route 9]] section of the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] was redesignated as [[Interstate 476 (Pennsylvania)|Interstate 476]], making it about {{convert|11|mi|km}} longer than I-495.<ref>[http://www.paturnpike.com/news/1996/Nov/nr11-01-96.aspx Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission], November 1, 1996.</ref><ref>[http://www.pahighways.com/interstates/I476.html Interstate 476, pahighways.com.]</ref><ref>[http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/long3di.html#longest Shortest and Longest 3-digit interstates, kurumi.com.] Note the discrepancy between the mileage listed on kurumi.com and the actual mileage indicated by the exit list from [[Interstate 476 (Pennsylvania)#Exit_list|Interstate 476]]. [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=I-476+S+%4041.485973,+-75.686810&daddr=Unknown+road+%4039.868198,+-75.344985&hl=en&geocode=15303337189087951858,41.485973,-75.686810%3B15506315128338708761,39.867273,-75.343939%3B16313230114491641772,39.868198,-75.344985&mra=ls&sll=39.860472,-75.347328&sspn=0.068388,0.154495&ie=UTF8&ll=40.554244,-75.470324&spn=2.165983,4.943848&z=8 Google Maps] lists the distance as {{convert|130|mi|km}}.</ref>
I-495 has its northern terminus at [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]. The highway, forming an arc approximately {{convert|30|mi|km}} from [[Boston]], intersects eight major radial [[expressways]] along its route: [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 3]], [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]], [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 290]], [[Interstate 90]] (The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]]), [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] and Interstate 95 (twice). It has its southern terminus in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]], where [[Interstate 195 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 195]] and [[Route 25 (Massachusetts)|Route 25]] meet. Originally, the stretch from Route 24 to Interstate 195 was signed as Route 25; that status now only begins south of I-195.

I-495 is often regarded as the outermost boundary of the [[Greater Boston]] region (see the quote below): its northern segment parallels the border with New Hampshire, at one point coming as close as 400 feet; its southern end is just north of [[Cape Cod]]; west of I-495 is the [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] area and Central Massachusetts. In a more restricted sense, The [[Yankee Division Highway]] ([[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] and the first {{convert|6.5|mi|km}} of [[Interstate 93]]), which is parallel to I-495 but closer to the city, is sometimes regarded as the outer boundary of Boston's immediate [[suburb]]s.

The stretch of 495 north and east of [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] until its terminus at [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] in Salisbury is also the main limited access highway connecting the communities of the more urbanized [[Merrimack Valley]] region, separate from its purpose as a beltway for Boston. This stretch of expressway closely follows [[Massachusetts Route 110|Route 110]] <ref>[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/I-495_MA/ BostonRoads.com, ''Outer Circumferential Highway: Historical Overview'' Retrieved Jan. 24, 2010]</ref>.

==Exit list==
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1
!County
!Location
!Mile
!Exit #
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth]]
|rowspan=2|[[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]]
|0.00
|1
|[[Image:I-195.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 195 (Rhode Island-Massachusetts)|I-195]] West – New Bedford, Providence, RI
|Mainline continues as [[Image:MA Route 25.svg|20px]] [[Route 25 (Massachusetts)|MA-25]]
|-
|2.48
|2
|[[Image:MA Route 58.svg|20px]] [[Route 58 (Massachusetts)|MA-58]] – [[Carver, Massachusetts|Carver]], Plymouth
|Signed on overhead signs erroneously as MA-58 North; MA-58 South not marked on signs at end of both off-ramps; this is not the southern terminus of MA-58.
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]]
|10.31
|3
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|MA-28]] – Rock Village, South Middleborough
|-
|13.42
|4
|[[Image:MA Route 105.svg|25px]] [[Route 105 (Massachusetts)|MA-105]] – Middleborough Center, Lakeville
|-
|14.33
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 18.svg|20px]] [[Route 18 (Massachusetts)|MA-18]] – NB: Bridgewater, Plymouth; SB: Lakeville, New Bedford
|MA-18 North to US-44 East
|-
|14.78
|6
|[[Image:US 44.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 44|US-44]] – NB: Taunton, Providence, RI; SB: Middleborough, Plymouth
|-
||[[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]]
|19.35
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 24.svg|20px]] [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|MA-24]] – Boston, Fall River
|Split into 7A and 7B
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol]]
|[[Raynham, Massachusetts|Raynham]]
|21.71
|8
|[[Image:MA Route 138.svg|25px]] [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|MA-138]] – Stoughton, Taunton
|-
|[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
|24.82
|9
|[[Bay Road (Bristol County, Massachusetts)|Bay Street]] – Taunton, Easton
|-
|[[Norton, Massachusetts|Norton]]
|26.90
|10
|[[Image:MA Route 123.svg|25px]] [[Route 123 (Massachusetts)|MA-123]] – Norton, East Mansfield, Easton
|To [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|Route 140]] South
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mansfield, Massachusetts|Mansfield]]
|29.9
|11
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] South – Norton
|Partial interchange: SB exit/NB entrance only.
|-
|30.8
|12
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] North – Mansfield
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk]]
|[[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]]
|32.89
|13
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] – Boston, Providence, RI
|Split into 13A and 13B
|-
|[[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]]
|35.54
|14
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|US-1]] – Wrentham, North Attleborough
|Split into 14A and 14B
|-
|[[Wrentham, Massachusetts|Wrentham]]
|37.36
|15
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|MA-1A]] – Wrentham, Plainville
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Franklin, Massachusetts|Franklin]]
|41.17
|16
|King Street – Franklin, Woonsocket, RI
|-
|43.19
|17
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] – Franklin, Bellingham
|-
|[[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]]
|45.79
|18
|[[Image:MA Route 126.svg|25px]] [[Route 126 (Massachusetts)|MA-126]] – Medway, Bellingham
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|rowspan=2|[[Milford, Massachusetts|Milford]]
|48.30
|19
|[[Image:MA Route 109.svg|25px]] [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|MA-109]] – Milford, Medway, Uxbridge
|-
|50.47
|20
|[[Image:MA Route 85.svg|20px]] [[Route 85 (Massachusetts)|MA-85]] – Milford, Hopkinton, Uxbridge
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]]
|54.14
|21
|West Main Street – Hopkinton, Upton, Northbridge
|Split into 21A and 21B
|-
|57.87
|22
|[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90|I-90]] ([[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]]) – Boston, Albany, NY
|-
|Worcester
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]]
|59.39
|23AB
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|MA-9]] – Framingham, Worcester
|-
|rowspan=4|Middlesex
|rowspan=4|[[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
|62.09
|23C
|Simarano Drive – Marlborough, Southborough
|Interchange constructed in 2000.
|-
|63.11
|24
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20|US-20]] – Marlborough, Northborough
|Split into 24A and 24B
|-
|64.87
|25A
|To [[Image:MA Route 85.svg|20px]] [[Route 85 (Massachusetts)|MA-85]] – Hudson
|Connection via unnumbered connector road
|-
|64.87
|25B
|[[Image:I-290.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|I-290]] – Worcester
|-
|rowspan=2|Worcester
|[[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]]
|67.26
|26
|[[Image:MA Route 62.svg|20px]] [[Route 62 (Massachusetts)|MA-62]] – Berlin, Hudson
|-
|[[Bolton, Massachusetts|Bolton]]
|69.93
|27
|[[Image:MA Route 117.svg|25px]] [[Route 117 (Massachusetts)|MA-117]] – Bolton, Stow
|-
|rowspan=13|Middlesex
|[[Boxborough, Massachusetts|Boxborough]]
|74.57
|28
|[[Image:MA Route 111.svg|25px]] [[Route 111 (Massachusetts)|MA-111]] – Boxborough, Harvard
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Littleton, Massachusetts|Littleton]]
|77.55
|29
|[[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|MA-2]] – Leominster, Boston
|Split into 29A and 29B.
|-
|79.09
|30
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|MA-2A]], [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Littleton, Ayer
|-
|80.12
|31
|[[Image:MA Route 119.svg|25px]] [[Route 119 (Massachusetts)|MA-119]] – Groton, Acton
|-
|[[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]]
|83.20
|32
|Boston Road – Westford
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]]
|-
|87.5
|33
|[[Image:MA Route 4.svg|20px]] [[Route 4 (Massachusetts)|MA-4]] – North Chelmsford
|Partial interchange: NB exit/SB entrance only
|-
|88.1
|34
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Chelmsford, Lowell
|Route 110 west to Route 4
|-
|89.1
|35A and 35B
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3|US-3]] – Burlington, Nashua, NH
|Split into 35A and 35B.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]
|89.3
|35C
|[[Lowell Connector]] – Lowell
|Former exit 36
|-
|91.09
|37
|Woburn Street – South Lowell, North Billerica
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]]
|92.18
|38
|[[Image:MA Route 38.svg|20px]] [[Route 38 (Massachusetts)|MA-38]] – Lowell, Tewksbury
|-
|94.51
|39
|[[Image:MA Route 133.svg|25px]] [[Route 133 (Massachusetts)|MA-133]] – Dracut, Andover
|-
|rowspan=17|[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex]]
|rowspan=2|[[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
|96.92
|40
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]] – Boston, Concord, NH
|Split into 40A and 40B.
|-
|99.30
|41
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|MA-28]] – Lawrence, Andover
|Split northbound into 41A and 41B.
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]
|100.06
|42
|[[Image:MA Route 114.svg|25px]] [[Route 114 (Massachusetts)|MA-114]] – Middleton, South Lawrence
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North Andover, Massachusetts|North Andover]]
|100.84
|43
|Massachusetts Avenue
|Also signed northbound for Commonwealth Avenue.
|-
|101.25
|44
|Merrimack Street
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]
|101.83
|45
|Marston Street – Lawrence
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Methuen, Massachusetts|Methuen]]
|103.00
|46
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] (Merrimac Street) – Pleasant Valley
|-
|103.93
|47
|[[Image:MA Route 213.svg|25px]] [[Route 213 (Massachusetts)|MA-213]] (Loop Connector)
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]]
|105.66
|48
|To [[Image:MA Route 125.svg|25px]] [[Route 125 (Massachusetts)|MA-125]] – Ward Hill, Bradford
|Via unnumbered connector road.
|-
|106.52
|49
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Image:MA Route 113.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]]/[[Route 113 (Massachusetts)|MA-113]] (River Street)
|
|-
|107.18
|50
|[[Image:MA Route 97.svg|20px]] [[Route 97 (Massachusetts)|MA-97]] – Haverhill, Salem, NH
|-
|108.87
|51
|[[Image:MA Route 125.svg|25px]] [[Route 125 (Massachusetts)|MA-125]] – Haverhill, Plaistow, NH
|Split into 51A and 51B.
|-
|111.05
|52
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Haverhill, Merrimac
|-
|[[Merrimac, Massachusetts|Merrimac]]
|114.77
|53
|Broad Street – Merrimac, Merrimacport
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Amesbury, Massachusetts|Amesbury]]
|117.72
|54
|[[Image:MA Route 150.svg|25px]] [[Route 150 (Massachusetts)|MA-150]] – Amesbury
|-
|118.74
|55
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] East To [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]] South – Salisbury, Boston
|Partial interchange: NB exit/SB entrance only. Entrance from 110 WB only.
|-
|[[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]
|120.74
|
|
|Northbound [[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] I-495 merges onto northbound [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]. Access to southbound I-495 from southbound I-95 only. <ref>[http://www.shadyjay.com/NET/listings/interstate/i-495ma.htm Mass 25 & Interstate 495 – shadyjay.com]</ref>
|}

==Quotations==
<blockquote>"I think a Bostonian would rather go north or south than east to west. There is a sense that anything west of Route 495 needs a [[passport]] and [[currency]] control." --John Mullin, director of the [[University of Massachusetts]]' Center for Economic Development in 1998 <ref>Boston ''Globe'' article quoted in [http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/i495.html#495ma Kurumi.com]</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>"...And anything west of 495 is Terra Incogneta. We've been wanting to put up a sign for years that warns you that if you go any farther, you'll fall off the end of the earth." --The Boston Handbook by John Powers.</blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/I-495_MA/ Interstate 495 at Steve Anderson's Boston Roads site]

{{3di|95}}

[[Category:Three-digit Interstate Highways|95-4 Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Interstate Highways in Massachusetts|95-4]]
[[Category:Interstate 95|4 Massachusetts]]

[[zh:495号州际公路 (马萨诸塞州)]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2010-01-15T03:16:28Z

CSZero: Lobbyist for Tariff of 1816

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[File:BMC Mill Waltham.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' (April 7, 1775 - August 10, 1817) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[James Russell Lowell]], [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on November 2, 1798 married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American [[businesses]], and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities. He lobbied heavily for a protective tariff on cotton products; they were included in the [[Tariff of 1816]]<ref>[http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0251 ''Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817) Papers''. Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed January 14, 2010]</ref>

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

Mr. Lowell was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1978.

==References==
{{Refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts]]

[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]
[[Category:People from Lowell, Massachusetts]]

Massachusetts Route 128

2010-01-03T16:22:37Z

CSZero: typo

{{Infobox MA Route|
type=|
route=128|
map=Massachusetts_Route_128.png|
length_mi=57.58<ref name="inventory">[[Executive Office of Transportation (Massachusetts)|Executive Office of Transportation]], [http://www.eot.state.ma.us/default.asp?pgid=content/plan02&sid=about Office of Transportation Planning - 2005 Road Inventory]</ref>|
length_km=92.67|
formed=by 1927|
dir1=South|
dir2=North|
from=[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[I-93 (MA)|I-93]]/[[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[US 1 (MA)|US 1]] in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]]|
junction=[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[I-90 (MA)|I-90]] in [[Weston (MA)|Weston]] [[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]] [[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[US 3 (MA)|US 3]] in [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]] [[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[I-93 (MA)|I-93]] in [[Reading (MA)|Reading]] [[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[US 1 (MA)|US 1]] in [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]] [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]] in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]|
to=[[Image:MA Route 127A.svg|25px]] [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]|
previous_type=|
previous_route=127A|
next_type=|
next_route=129
}}

'''Route 128''', also known as the '''Yankee Division Highway''' (for the [[26th Infantry Division (United States)|26th Infantry Division]]), and originally the '''Circumferential Highway''', is a partial [[beltway]] around [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. The majority of the highway is built to [[freeway]] standards, and about 3/5 of it is part of the [[Interstate Highway System]]. With the rapid growth of [[high-technology industry]] in the [[suburban]] areas along Route 128 from the 1960s to the 1980s, Route 128 came to symbolize the Boston high-tech community itself. However, today the industry has expanded significantly onto [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]] as well, the next beltway out.<ref name="495 High Tech Region">[http://masshightech.bizjournals.com/masshightech/stories/2002/08/19/story31.html?page=2 Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology]</ref>

In local culture, Route 128 is seen as something of a dividing line between the inner municipalities of Greater Boston and the more far-flung suburbs. The road's roughly {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} radius, for example, also delimits most of the area accessible by the [[MBTA]] [[rapid transit]] system. Much of the area within Route 128 was developed before World War II, while the area outside it was developed more recently.

The south end of Route 128 is in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]], where [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] heads south toward [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], just east of the [[Northeast Corridor]]'s [[Route 128 Station]]. Common usage, as well as signs until 1997, continues Route 128 east along the first 7 miles (11 km) of [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] to the [[Braintree Split]] in [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]], where I-93 turns north with [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] toward downtown Boston. This section of former Route 128 serves as the north end of the [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] freeway to [[Fall River (MA)|Fall River]]. (Until 1965, Route 128 continued further, southeast along [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and roughly north on [[Route 228 (Massachusetts)|Route 228]] to [[Hull (MA)|Hull]].)

From Canton, Route 128 and Interstate 95 heads northwest, north, northeast and east around the Boston area to [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]], where I-95 splits to head north toward [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]], [[New Hampshire]]. Along this section, Route 128 has major [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s with [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] (the [[Mass Pike]]), [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]], [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]], and [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]]. On roads approaching Route 128 here, guide signs only list I-95; Route 128 shields are in a separate sign assembly. [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] has also run along Route 128 near [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] since 1989, forming a three-way [[wrong-way concurrency]], with I-95 and Route 128 going one way and US 1 the other. (US 1 continues east on I-93 — former Route 128 — to Braintree, and turns north there with I-93 into Boston.)

After it splits from I-95 in Peabody, Route 128 continues east into [[Cape Ann]]. The [[freeway]] (termed a highway or expressway in Massachusetts) ends at a [[rotary (intersection)|rotary]] with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]], and the last bit of Route 128 is a surface road that bypasses downtown Gloucester to the northeast. After crossing Route 127 again (Route 127 runs in a loop through Gloucester and [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]), Route 128 ends at [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] east of downtown Gloucester.

==The road==
The route 128 number dates from the origin of the Massachusetts highway system in the 1920s. By the 1950s, it ran from Nantasket Beach in [[Hull, Massachusetts|Hull]] to [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]]. The first, {{convert|27|mi|km|adj=on}}, section of the current limited-access highway from [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]] to Gloucester was opened in 1951. It was the first limited-access circumferential highway in the United States.

[[Image:128 south end.jpg|thumb|400px|Since 1997, the south end of Route 128 has been in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]], where [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] south leaves the beltway and [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] north begins. [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] north continues straight.]]
Route 128 runs concurrently with [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] from [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] north to [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] and, when I-95 continues north from Peabody toward [[New Hampshire]], east from Peabody to Gloucester. Until the early 1990s, it also ran concurrently with the present [[Interstate 93]] from Canton to Braintree. This stretch of Interstate 93, which is now also designated as part of U.S. Route 1, though no longer officially part of Route 128, is still often referred to as "Route 128" by locals. The I-95 and I-93 signage were added in the mid-1970s when plans to construct [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] through Boston, directly connecting the two I-95/Route 128 interchanges, were cancelled. An unused [[Cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf]] in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], now removed, was the one leftover structure from this plan.

Until [[1965]], while and shortly after the [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] freeway to Cape Cod was fully finished, the section of current Route 3 between exits 15 and 20 was also designated as Route 128. The route's southern end was then truncated to its intersection with Route 3 in Braintree. The non-freeway section of Route 128 from Route 3 through [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]] to Nantasket was redesignated Route 228. The [[MassHighway|Massachusetts Highway Department]] has tried twice, in [[1997]] and [[2003]], to truncate 128 even further, back to its intersection with [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in Peabody, but local opposition has convinced them to back down. A reflection of these attempts are along every interchange, where the main signage on the intersecting route indicates the highway as I-95, while smaller signage to the sides also identifies the road as Route 128.

[[Image:128 north end.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The north end of Route 128 is at [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] in [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]. The sign pointing Route 127A south straight is incorrect; it is actually to the right, where the sign points "ALT 127".]]
The area along the western part of Route 128 is home to a number of high-technology firms and corporations. This part of Route 128 has been dubbed "America's Technology Highway", and through to the end of the 1980s, was second only to [[Silicon Valley]].

Route 128 makes more than a 180-degree arc around Boston, and clockwise is "north" even when the road heads slightly south of east when approaching the Atlantic Ocean. [[Hacker (computing)|Hackers]] in the area refer to this as going "logical north" on the route. Interstate 93, going north-and-south, intersects Route 128, which nominally goes north-and-south, at a right angle, about {{convert|15|mi|km}} north of Boston. A traveller going "logical south" on 128 (compass west) from the I-93 interchange will soon find himself driving due west, travelling logically south on 128 and I-95, and north on [[U.S. Route 3|US 3]] in a [[wrong-way concurrency]].

Like the I-95 signage mapping onto 128, the mapping of US 3 onto this stretch of 128 is due to US 3 as a separate limited access highway terminating in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] on 128 instead of further south at [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] in [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] as originally envisioned. This abrupt termination requires the US 3 signage to continue along 128 for somewhat over a mile until it can interchange the old US 3 surface arterial. Moreover, when I-93 and Route 128 ran concurrently south of Boston, before the route was truncated to the I-95 interchange in Canton, they were signed in opposite directions, so it was possible to travel north on I-93 and south on Route 128 at the same time.

Much of Route 128 is now part of the Interstate system, being concurrent with I-95 (and formerly I-93). However, the vast majority of locals will refer to these stretches as 128; it is uncommon for a local to use the Interstate designation(s) in ordinary conversation or while giving directions.

[[Image:128 north approaching exit 10.jpg|thumb|150px|Exit 10 is signed heading northbound as the [[at-grade intersection]] with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]].]]
The northernmost several exits along Route 128, past exit 12, are not [[grade separation|grade-separated]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s. Exit 10 is signed as the [[traffic signal|signalized]] intersection with [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]], and there are two [[rotaries (road)|rotaries]] between that and exit 12 (the Crafts Road interchange).

In the 1990s, the exit system was changed from concurrency along 128 to a system using the I-95 exits. The exits, which had gone from Gloucester to Braintree, were renumbered along I-95, from the [[Rhode Island]] state line to the border with [[New Hampshire]]. Exit 37 had been the interchange with I-93, which also had its exit numbered 37 at that interchange. Coincidentally, with the renumbering, exit 37 remained exit 37.

[[Route 128 Station]] is located along the highway in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Massachusetts]] and is served by [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]] line and [[MBTA]] [[commuter rail]].

==The high-tech region==
In 1955, ''Business Week'' ran an article titled "New England Highway Upsets Old Way of Life" and referred to Route 128 as "the Magic Semicircle". By 1958, it needed to be widened from six to eight lanes, and business growth continued. In 1957, there were 99 companies employing 17,000 workers along 128; in 1965, 574; in 1973, 1,212. In the 1980s, the positive effects of this growth on the Massachusetts economy were dubbed the "[[Massachusetts Miracle]]".

Major companies located in the broader Route 128 area included [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], [[Data General]], [[Thermo Electron Corporation]], [[Analog Devices]], [[Computervision]], [[GTE]], [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[BEA Systems]] and [[Raytheon]].

==History==
===Surface roads and south Circumferential Highway===
Route 128 was assigned by 1927<ref name="1927 map">1927 Rand McNally Boston and vicinity map</ref> along local roads, running from [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] in [[Milton (MA)|Milton]] around the west side of Boston to [[Route 107 (Massachusetts)|Route 107]] (Essex Street or Bridge Street) in [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]. Its route was as follows:
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Milton Street
|-
|[[Boston (MA)|Boston]] ([[Hyde Park (MA)|Hyde Park]])
|[[Neponset Valley Parkway]], Milton Street
|-
|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|Milton Street, High Street, Common Street, West Street
|-
|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|Dedham Avenue, Highland Avenue
|-
|[[Newton (MA)|Newton]]
|Needham Street, Winchester Street, Centre Street, Walnut Street, Crafts Street, Waltham Street
|-
|[[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|High Street, Newton Street, Main Street ([[U.S. Route 20 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 20]]), Lexington Street
|-
|[[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]
|Waltham Street, [[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]] ([[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]], now [[Route 4 (Massachusetts)|Route 4]]/[[Route 225 (Massachusetts)|Route 225]]), Woburn Street
|-
|[[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]
|Lexington Street, Pleasant Street, Montvale Avenue
|-
|[[Stoneham (MA)|Stoneham]]
|Montvale Avenue, Main Street ([[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]]), Elm Street
|-
|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|Albion Street, North Avenue, Water Street, Vernon Street, New Salem Street, Salem Street
|-
|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|Salem Street
|-
|[[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]
|Lynnfield Street, Washington Street, Main Street
|-
|[[Salem (MA)|Salem]]
|Boston Street
|}

By 1928, it had been extended east to [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]] from its south end along the following streets, ending at the intersection of [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] and [[Route 3A (southeastern Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] (now Route 3A and [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]):<ref name="1928 map">1928 map of numbered routes in Boston and vicinity, prepared by the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Works]] for the New England Affairs Bureau, Boston Chamber of Commerce</ref>
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]]
|Washington Street, Hancock Street, Adams Street
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Adams Street, Centre Street, Canton Avenue, Dollar Lane
|}

The first section of the new '''Circumferential Highway''', in no way the [[freeway]] that it is now, was the piece from [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] in [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]] around the south side of Boston to [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]) in [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]]. Parts of this were built as new roads, but most of it was along existing roads that were improved to handle the traffic. In 1931, the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Works]] acquired a [[easement|right-of-way]] from [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] in [[Canton (MA)|Canton]] through [[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]], [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] and [[Needham (MA)|Needham]] to Route 9 in Wellesley. This was mostly 80 feet (24 m) wide, only shrinking to 70 feet (21 m) in Needham, in the area of Great Plain Avenue and the [[Needham Line]]. Much of this was along new alignment, but about half — mostly in Needham — was along existing roads:
*Royall Street from west of Route 138 to east of Green Street (Canton)
*Green Lodge Street from Royall Street (now cut by Route 128) to [[Route 128 Station]] (Canton and Westwood)
*Greendale Avenue from Lyons Street and Common Street just south of the [[Charles River]] to Hunting Avenue (Dedham and Needham)
*Fremont Street north from Highland Avenue (Needham)
*Reservoir Street from Central Avenue to Route 9 (Needham and Wellesley)<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plans:
*Canton: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Canton/Layouts/2807/ 2807] (July 14, 1931)
*Westwood: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Westwood/Layouts/2808/ 2808] (July 14, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Westwood/Layouts/2831/ 2831] (October 13, 1931)
*Dedham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Dedham/Layouts/2806/ 2806] (July 14, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Dedham/Layouts/2833/ 2833] (October 13, 1931)
*Needham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Needham/Layouts/2832/ 1832] (October 13, 1931); [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Needham/Layouts/2858/ 2858] (December 22, 1931)
*Wellesley: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Wellesley/Layouts/2857/ 2857] (December 22, 1931)</ref>

From Route 138 in Canton east through the [[Blue Hills Reservation]] in Canton, [[Milton (MA)|Milton]], [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]] and [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]], [[Norfolk County (MA)|Norfolk County]] acquired a right-of-way in 1927<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Canton/Layouts/3960/3960.tif 3960]</ref> and built the Blue Hill River Road. This tied into West Street in northwest Braintree, which itself had been taken over by the county in 1923.<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/6741/6741-6.TIF 6741]</ref>

West Street led to [[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]], which ran southeast to Braintree center. This part of Route 37 had been taken over by the state in 1919 (to Braintree center)<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/1823/ 1823] (June 24, 1919)</ref> and 1917 (in Braintree center).<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plan [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/1765/ 1765] (September 4, 1917)</ref>

The rest of the new highway, from Route 37 east to [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]), through Braintree, [[Weymouth (MA)|Weymouth]] and [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]], was taken over by the state in 1929. This was all along existing roads, except possibly the part of Park Avenue west of [[Route 18 (Massachusetts)|Route 18]] in Weymouth.<ref>[[MassHighway]] state highway layout plans:
*Hingham: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Hingham/Layouts/2604/ 2604] (September 3, 1929)
*Weymouth: plan 2603 is missing
*Braintree: [http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/LayoutsImages/Braintree/Layouts/2602/ 2602] (September 3, 1929)</ref>

By 1933,<ref name="1933 map">1933 General Drafting Boston and vicinity map</ref> the whole Circumferential Highway had been completed, and, except for the piece from [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] in [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]] south to Highland Avenue in [[Needham (MA)|Needham]], was designated as Route 128. Former Route 128 along Highland Avenue into Needham center was left unnumbered (as was the Circumferential Highway north of Highland Avenue), but the rest of former Route 128, from Needham center east to [[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]], became part of [[Route 135 (Massachusetts)|Route 135]]. Thus the full route of the Circumferential Highway, as it existed by 1933, is now the following roads:
{| class=wikitable
!Town
!Streets
|-
|[[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]]
|Derby Street, Old Derby Street
|-
|[[Weymouth (MA)|Weymouth]]
|Ralph Talbot Street, Park Avenue, Columbian Street
|-
|[[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]
|Columbian Street, Grove Street, Washington Street ([[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]]), Franklin Street (Route 37), West Street, closed road in the [[Blue Hills Reservation]]
|-
|[[Quincy (MA)|Quincy]]
|closed road in the Blue Hills Reservation (partly upgraded on the spot to Route 128), Blue Hill River Road
|-
|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|Blue Hill River Road, Hillside Street
|-
|[[Canton (MA)|Canton]]
|Blue Hill River Road, Royall Street, Green Lodge Street (cut by the Route 128/[[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]])
|-
|[[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|Blue Hill Drive (cut by [[Route 128 Station]], and later upgraded on the spot as northbound Route 128)
|-
|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]] and Westwood
|upgraded on the spot as northbound Route 128 (under [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]]) and then mostly in the [[median (road)|median]]
|-
|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|Greendale Avenue, Hunting Road, southbound Route 128 under Highland Avenue, Reservoir Street
|-
|[[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|inside the present [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] [[interchange (road)|interchange]]
|}

At the same time as Route 128 was extended along the new Circumferential Highway, it was extended further into [[Hull (MA)|Hull]]. This alignment, not part of the Circumferential Highway, ran southeast on [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] (now [[Route 53 (Massachusetts)|Route 53]]) (Whiting Street) to the border of [[Hingham (MA)|Hingham]] and [[Norwell (MA)|Norwell]], where it turned north on present [[Route 228 (Massachusetts)|Route 228]] (Main Street) through Hingham and into [[Hull (MA)|Hull]]. The exact route through Hingham was Main Street, Short Street, Leavitt Street, East Street, and Hull Street. The end of the numbered route was at the south end of [[Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts|Nantasket Beach]], where Nantasket Avenue curves northwest to follow the shore of [[Massachusetts Bay]].<ref>1937 Massachusetts Department of Public Works map of Hull</ref>

===West and north Circumferential Highway and extension to Gloucester===
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}

===Upgrading to freeway standards and designation as an Interstate===
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}

{{-}}

==Signage==
{| class=wikitable
|width=304|[[Image:9 west approaching 128 north.jpg|200px]][[Image:Washington south approaching elm in Dedham.jpg|100px]]
|Signs installed before [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] was moved onto Route 128 in the 1970s prominently displayed the Route 128 designation. Even though it was built to freeway standards, Route 128 was never initially intended to be part of the Interstate system. ''The left sign was an overhead on Route 9 westbound for the interchange with 128 in Wellesley. This sign was replaced in 2009 with one indicating only the I-95 designation.'' ''The right sign was located on Washington Street approaching Elm Street in Dedham, and has since been removed.''
|-
|[[Image:I-90 east at I-95.jpg|300px]]
|Signage on [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] - the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] - clearly shows both routes. ''Westbound Exit 15 signage also shows both routes, and the signs remain present.''
|-
|[[Image:Old US 1 south at I-95 in Dedham.jpg|150px]][[Image:Walnut Street south at 95 north.jpg|150px]]
|After I-95 was moved to Route 128, new signs instead featured only that designation, with Route 128 marked only on separate sign assemblies. ''The left signage is present on US-1 northbound at its junction with I-95 (Exits 15A-B) in Dedham.'' ''The right signage is present on Walnut Street in Lynnfield, at the Exit 43 ramps to/from I-95.
|-
|[[Image:I-95 south exit 45.jpg|150px]][[Image:I-95 south exit 44.jpg|150px]]
|Other than on the [[Mass Pike]], the only overhead signs to include both I-95 and Route 128 are near their northern split in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]. ''All signage in both directions for the I-95/Route 128 split was replaced in 2009 with I-95 the sole designation south of the split (with ground signage for 128 present). The right signage (at Exit 44 southbound) is the only remaining overhead on I-95 showing the Route 128 designation.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north at I-95 128 old sign.jpg|250px]]
|The overhead sign on U.S. Route 1 north at the exit to Route 128 in [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]], near the split in [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]], originally indicated both directions of Route 128. (I-95 is only marked south because a more direct ramp to I-95 north exists straight ahead.) A standard sign assembly for Route 128 south was also installed.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north at I-95 128.jpg|200px]]
|When the above sign was replaced in 2003 or 2004, Route 128 south was removed.
|-
|[[Image:US 1 north ramp to I-95 128.jpg|200px]]
|Overhead signage on the ramp from US 1 north to Route 128 similarly only shows Route 128 north.
|-
|[[Image:Independence south at 3 north.jpg|50px]][[Image:Ramp from independence to 3 north.jpg|250px]]
|Until 1997, Route 128's south end was at the [[Braintree Split]] in [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]. Several signs for [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] in that area still indicated that in 2001.
|}

==Exit list==
This exit list covers all of Route 128 as it existed before 1997.

Its stretch north of I-95, as well as the rest of its length before I-95 exit numbering was applied, has decreasing exit numbers as you travel northbound (contrary to almost all highways in the U.S. with numbered exits). Additionally, the lowest exit number on the highway is Exit 10 (which is an at-grade intersection near the highway's northern end). Route 128 is also the only highway in the state to contain directional exit division (N/S or E/W after the number, as opposed to the traditional A/B/C in Massachusetts).

Route 128 currently has 18 numbered interchanges, starting at 29 (southbound) and continuing to 10 (Exit 27, an at-grade intersection, was removed, and there is no Exit 11).

{| class=wikitable
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Milepost]]
!rowspan=2|Municipality
!colspan=3|[[exit number|#]]
!rowspan=2|Destinations
!rowspan=2|Notes
|-
!colspan=2|Old
!
|-
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]
|
|69
|
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] north; [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] north; [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] north - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]
|southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|69
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] south - [[Cape Cod (MA)|Cape Cod]]
|southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|68
|6
|[[Image:MA Route 37.svg|20px]] [[Route 37 (Massachusetts)|Route 37]] - [[Braintree (MA)|Braintree]]; [[Holbrook (MA)|Holbrook]]
|-
|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Randolph (MA)|Randolph]]
|
|67
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] - [[Randolph (MA)|Randolph]]; [[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|split into 5A and 5B
|-
|
|
|66
|4
|[[Image:MA Route 24.svg|20px]] [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] south - [[Brockton (MA)|Brockton]]; [[Fall River (MA)|Fall River]]
|-
|2.978
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|
|65
|3
|Ponkapoag Trail - [[Houghton's Pond]]
|-
|1.781
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Canton (MA)|Canton]]
|61 60
|64
|2
|[[Image:MA Route 138.svg|25px]] [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|Route 138]] - [[Stoughton (MA)|Stoughton]]; [[Milton (MA)|Milton]]
|split into 2A and 2B
|-
|
|
|63
|1
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] south - [[Providence, RI]]
|I-95 joins northbound and leaves southbound; I-93 ends southbound and begins northbound. This interchange has unused ramps and an unused bridge that would have been part of the [[Southwest Corridor]] project.
|-
|
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|59
|62
|13
|University Avenue - [[Route 128 Station|MBTA/Amtrak station]]
|-
|28.553 28.719
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|58
|61
|14
|East Street; Canton Street
|-
|29.32
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]
|57 56
|60
|15
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] to [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|Route 1A]]; [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]] south - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[Norwood (MA)|Norwood]]
|split into 15A and 15B
|-
|30.82
|55B 55A
|59
|16
|[[Image:MA Route 109.svg|25px]] [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|Route 109]] - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[Westwood (MA)|Westwood]]
|split into 16A and 16B
|-
|32.3
|55
|58
|17
|[[Image:MA Route 135.svg|25px]] [[Route 135 (Massachusetts)|Route 135]] - [[Needham (MA)|Needham]]; [[Natick (MA)|Natick]]
|[[Norfolk County Correctional Center]] is in the median of Route 128 located on Route 135.
|-
|32.77
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|54A
|57
|18
|Great Plain Avenue - [[Dedham (MA)|Dedham]]; [[West Roxbury (MA)|West Roxbury]]
|-
|35.55
|54 53
|56
|19
|Highland Avenue - [[Newton Highlands (MA)|Newton Highlands]]; [[Needham (MA)|Needham]]
|split into 19A and 19B
|-
|36.6
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|52 51
|55
|20
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] - [[Brookline (MA)|Brookline]]; [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Framingham (MA)|Framingham]]; [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
|split into 20A and 20B
|-
|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Newton (MA)|Newton]]
|50 49
|54
|21
|[[Image:MA Route 16.svg|20px]] [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] - [[Newton (MA)|Newton]]; [[Waban (MA)|Waban]]; [[West Newton (MA)|West Newton]]; [[Wellesley (MA)|Wellesley]]
|split into 21A and 21B southbound
|-
|
|
|53
|22
|Grove Street - [[Riverside (MBTA station)|MBTA station]]; [[Auburndale (MA)|Auburndale]]
|-
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Weston (MA)|Weston]]
|
|52
|23
|Recreation Road
|northbound exit and entrance
|-
|39.218
|
|51
|24
|[[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] - [[Newton (MA)|Newton]]; [[Wayland (MA)|Wayland]]
|-
|
|
|50
|25
|[[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 90]] - [[Mass Pike]]; [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
|-
|41.16 41.31
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|44 43
|49
|26
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 20]] - [[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]; [[Weston (MA)|Weston]]
|-
|43.09
|42A
|48
|27
|Totten Pond Road; Wyman Street; Winter Street - [[Waltham (MA)|Waltham]]
|split into 27A and 27B
|-
|44.35
|42
|47
|28
|Trapelo Road - [[Belmont (MA)|Belmont]]; [[Lincoln (MA)|Lincoln]]
|split into 28A and 28B northbound
|-
|45.22
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]
|41 40
|46
|29
|[[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] - [[Arlington (MA)|Arlington]]; [[Cambridge (MA)|Cambridge]]; [[Acton (MA)|Acton]]; [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
|split into 29A and 29B
|-
|46.3
|39 38
|45
|30
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|Route 2A]] - [[East Lexington, Massachusetts|East Lexington]]; [[Hanscom Field]]; [[Concord (MA)|Concord]]
|split into 30A and 30B
|-
|48.5
|37 36
|44
|31
|[[Image:MA Route 4.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 225.svg|25px]] - [[Lexington (MA)|Lexington]]; [[Bedford (MA)|Bedford]]
|split into 31A and 31B
|-
|49.87
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]
|35A
|43
|32A
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]] north - [[Lowell (MA)|Lowell]]; [[Nashua, NH]]
|US 3 joins northbound and leaves southbound
|-
|
|35
|42
|32B
|[[Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] - [[Arlington (MA)|Arlington]]; [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]
|-
|51.565
|34 33
|41
|33
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3A.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 3]] south; [[Route 3A (northeastern Massachusetts)|Route 3A]] north - [[Winchester (MA)|Winchester]]; [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]; [[Billerica (MA)|Billerica]]
|split into 33A and 33B; US 3 joins southbound and leaves northbound
|-
|52.44
|32
|40
|34
|Winn Street - [[Burlington (MA)|Burlington]]; [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Billerica (MA)|Billerica]]
|-
|53.487 53.581
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]
|31 30
|39
|35
|[[Image:MA Route 38.svg|20px]] [[Route 38 (Massachusetts)|Route 38]] - [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Wilmington (MA)|Wilmington]]
|-
|
|
|38
|36
|Washington Street - [[Woburn (MA)|Woburn]]; [[Winchester (MA)|Winchester]]
|-
|55.151
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Reading (MA)|Reading]]
|
|37
|37
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 93]] - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Concord, NH]]
|split into 37A and 37B
|-
|
|
|36
|38
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]] - [[Stoneham (MA)|Stoneham]]; [[Reading (MA)|Reading]]
|split into 38A and 38B
|-
|57.590
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|
|35
|39
|North Avenue - [[Reading (MA)|Reading]]; [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|58.259 58.416
|
|34
|40
|[[Image:MA Route 129.svg|25px]] [[Route 129 (Massachusetts)|Route 129]] - [[Wakefield Center, Massachusetts|Wakefield Center]]; [[Wilmington (MA)|Wilmington]]
|-
|59.11
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|
|33
|41
|Main Street - [[Lynnfield Center, Massachusetts|Lynnfield Center]]; [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|60.669
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|
|32
|42
|Salem Street - [[Wakefield (MA)|Wakefield]]
|-
|61.319
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|
|31
|43
|Walnut Street - [[Saugus (MA)|Saugus]]; [[Lynn (MA)|Lynn]]; [[Lynnfield (MA)|Lynnfield]]
|-
|62.701 0.000
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]
|
|30
|44
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 129.svg|25px]] [[U.S. Route 1 (Massachusetts)|U.S. Route 1]]; [[Route 129 (Massachusetts)|Route 129]] - [[Boston (MA)|Boston]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|split into 44A and 44B northbound
|-
|2.365
|
|colspan=2|29
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 95]] north - [[Portsmouth, NH]]
|I-95 joins southbound and leaves northbound
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|28
|Forest Street; Centennial Drive
|Summit Street, an at-grade intersection, was "exit 27"
|-
|
|18
|colspan=2|26
|Lowell Street - [[Peabody (MA)|Peabody]]; [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]
|-
|3.71
|17 16
|colspan=2|25
|[[Image:MA Route 114.svg|25px]] [[Route 114 (Massachusetts)|Route 114]] - [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]; [[Marblehead (MA)|Marblehead]]; [[Middleton (MA)|Middleton]]
|split into 25A and 25B
|-
|4.42
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|15A
|colspan=2|24
|Endicott Street
|-
|5.13
|
|colspan=2|23
|[[Image:MA Route 35.svg|20px]] [[Route 35 (Massachusetts)|Route 35]] - [[Salem (MA)|Salem]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]
|split into 23N and 23S
|-
|5.73
|
|colspan=2|22
|[[Image:MA Route 62.svg|20px]] [[Route 62 (Massachusetts)|Route 62]] - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Danvers (MA)|Danvers]]; [[Middleton (MA)|Middleton]]
|split into 22W and 22E northbound
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|21
|Trask Lane - [[Folly Hill, Massachusetts|Folly Hill]]
|northbound exit and entrance
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|21
|Conant Street - Industrial Park
|southbound exit and entrance
|-
|7.45
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]
|
|colspan=2|20
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|Route 1A]] - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Hamilton (MA)|Hamilton]]
|split into 20A and 20B
|-
|8.100
|
|colspan=2|19
|Sohier Road; Brimbal Avenue - [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]; [[Montserrat, Massachusetts|Montserrat]]
|-
|9.329
|
|colspan=2|18
|[[Image:MA Route 22.svg|20px]] [[Route 22 (Massachusetts)|Route 22]] - [[Essex (MA)|Essex]]; [[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]; [[Beverly (MA)|Beverly]]
|-
|11.406
|rowspan=1 bgcolor=ddddff|[[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]
|
|colspan=2|17
|Grapevine Road - [[Beverly Farms, Massachusetts|Beverly Farms]]; [[Prides Crossing, Massachusetts|Prides Crossing]]; [[Wenham (MA)|Wenham]]
|-
|13.03
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=ffdddd|[[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]
|
|colspan=2|16
|Pine Street - [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Magnolia, Massachusetts|Magnolia]]
|-
|14.391
|
|colspan=2|15
|School Street - [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Magnolia, Massachusetts|Magnolia]]
|-
|17.469
|rowspan=7 bgcolor=ddffdd|[[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]
|
|colspan=2|14
|[[Image:MA Route 133.svg|25px]] [[Route 133 (Massachusetts)|Route 133]] - [[West Gloucester, Massachusetts|West Gloucester]]; [[Gloucester Harbor]]; [[Essex (MA)|Essex]]; [[Ipswich (MA)|Ipswich]]
|-
|18.193
|
|colspan=2|13
|Concord Street - [[Wingaersheek Beach]]
|-
|18.942
|
|colspan=2|12
|Crafts Road - [[Rust Island]]
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|11
|[[Image:MA Route 127.svg|25px]] [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] north - [[Annisquam, Massachusetts|Annisquam]]; [[Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts|Pigeon Cove]]
|[[Grant Circle]]
|-
|
|
|colspan=2|
|Blackburn Industrial Park Boulevard
|[[Blackburn Circle]]
|-
|21.6
|
|colspan=2|10
|[[Image:MA Route 127.svg|25px]] [[Route 127 (Massachusetts)|Route 127]] - [[Gloucester (MA)|Gloucester]]; [[Manchester (MA)|Manchester]]; [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]
|[[at-grade intersection]]
|-
|21.769
|
|colspan=2|9
|[[Image:MA Route 127A.svg|25px]] [[Route 127A (Massachusetts)|Route 127A]] - State Pier; [[Bass Rocks, Massachusetts|Bass Rocks]]; [[Rockport (MA)|Rockport]]; [[Eastern Point, Massachusetts|Eastern Point]]
|[[at-grade intersection]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Susan Rosegrant, David R. Lampe, ''Route 128: Lessons from Boston's High-Tech Community,'' Basic Books, 1992, ISBN 0-465-04639-8. The story of the Boston high-tech industry, starting from its 19th-century roots.

==External links==
* [http://www.128bc.org/ The Route 128 Business Council]
* http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/MA-128/ - Historical overview
* http://www.route128history.org/ - Links about the region's tech history
* http://www.bambinomusical.com/128 - Includes a "virtual tour" of the highway's early days and construction, as well as movies of the 1951 opening ceremony.

{{Boston Road Transportation|hide}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:128}}
[[Category:Numbered routes in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Transportation in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts|Route 128]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 1]]
[[Category:Interstate 95]]
[[Category:Economy of Massachusetts|Route 128]]
[[Category:Braintree, Massachusetts]]

[[fr:Massachusetts Route 128]]
[[pl:Droga 128]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2009-11-18T03:16:12Z

CSZero: Undid revision 326445750 by 74.4.122.62 (talk)

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[August 10]], [[1817]]) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[James Russell Lowell]], [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American [[businesses]], and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

Mr. Lowell was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1978.

==References==
{{refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-09-27T14:13:08Z

CSZero: They both went to Phillips it looks.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=[[2008-03-27]]|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 |title=The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas |work=Lists of Bests |publisher=Robot Co-op |author=kalavinka |date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=June 2008}}

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the ninth-largest [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC district is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of approximately 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|tenth-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*[[Providence metropolitan area|Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''The Census Bureau defines the following as principal cities in the Boston NECTA''<ref name="NECTA-principal">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/lists/2008/List8.txt|title=New England City and Town Areas and Principal Cities|date=November 2008|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> ''using criteria developed for what the [[Office of Management and Budget]] calls a [[Core Based Statistical Area]]:''<ref name="OMB-standards">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/files/00-32997.pdf|title=Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|date=December 27, 2000|publisher=Office of Management and Budget|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order of population, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2008):''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! City !! 2008 population<ref name="census-2008est">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-25.xls |title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in Massachusetts, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref><ref name="census-2008estNH">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2008-33.csvhttp://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-05-33.xls|title=Table 5: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Hampshire, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|format=Microsoft XLS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]||align="right"|609,023
|-
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]||align="right"|105,596
|-
|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]||align="right"|103,615
|-
|[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]||align="right"|93,007
|-
|[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]||align="right"|92,339
|-
|[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]||align="right"|86,957
|-
|[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]||align="right"|86,576
|-
|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]||align="right"|82,139
|-
|[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]||align="right"|75,662
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]||align="right"|70,014
|}

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2009}}
* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** Philips Healthcare, in Andover
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Reed & Barton]], (Factory & Headquarters) [[Taunton, Massachusetts]]
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Osram Sylvania]] in [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]] (Headquarters)
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
!League Titles
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|5 [[Stanley Cups]]
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Harvard Stadium]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|None
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|17 [[NBA Championships]]
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|7-time [[MLB]] [[World Series]] Champions
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|3-time [[Super Bowl]] Champions
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|None
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Associate Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. Presidents [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[George W. Bush]].

{{See also|Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]
* [[Beverly Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, generally known as the "T".)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New Hampshire}}
{{Rhode Island}}
==References==
<references />

{{Coord missing|Massachusetts|date=June 2009}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-09-08T14:32:06Z

CSZero: rv - there was a source for this. The discussion is on the talk page but I (stupidly) copied it from user talk, losing the hyperlink. I'll add it back but it's dead now...

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "inner core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Fact|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=[[2008-03-27]]|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 |title=The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas |work=Lists of Bests |publisher=Robot Co-op |author=kalavinka |date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=June 2008}}

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the ninth-largest [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of approximately 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|tenth-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their estimated 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2009}}
* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** Philips Healthcare, in Andover
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Reed & Barton]], (Factory & Headquarters) [[Taunton, Massachusetts]]
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Osram Sylvania]] in [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]] (Headquarters)
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
!League Titles
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|5 [[Stanley Cups]]
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Harvard Stadium]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|None
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|17 [[NBA Championships]]
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|7-time [[MLB]] [[World Series]] Champions
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|3-time [[Super Bowl]] Champions
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|None
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Associate Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].

{{See also|Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]
* [[Beverly Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, generally known as the "T".)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New Hampshire}}
{{Rhode Island}}
==References==
<references />

{{Coord missing|Massachusetts|date=June 2009}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Clinton Avenue Historic District

2009-07-12T14:52:57Z

CSZero: /* History */ Typo

{{coord|42|39|41|N|73|45|35|W|display=title}}
{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Clinton Avenue Historic District
| nrhp_type = hd
| image = Houses on Clinton Avenue, Albany, NY.jpg
| caption = North elevations, 52-60 Clinton Avenue, 2008
| location= Along Clinton Ave. from Quail to N. Pearl Sts., [[Albany, New York]]
| lat_degrees = 42
| lat_minutes = 39
| lat_seconds = 41
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 73
| long_minutes = 45
| long_seconds = 35
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = New York
| area = {{convert|70|acre|ha}}<ref name="NRHP nom">{{cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Austin|title=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Clinton Avenue Historic District|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11179|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|date=May 1988|accessdate=July 3, 2009}}. A partial version of this document can be found at [http://www.livingplaces.com/NY/Albany_County/Albany_City/Clinton_Avenue_Historic_District.html livingplaces.com] </ref>
| built =1820-1930<ref name="NRHP nom" />
| architect= Hoffman,Ernest; Et al.
| architecture= Colonial Revival, Greek Revival, Late Victorian
| added = September 01, 1988
| governing_body = Local
| refnum=88001445<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2009-03-13|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
}}
The '''Clinton Avenue Historic District''' in [[Albany, New York|Albany]], New York, United States, is a {{convert|70|acre|ha|adj=on}} area along that street (part of which is also [[U.S. Route 9 in New York|US 9]]) between North Pearl ([[New York State Route 32|NY 32]]) and Quail streets. It also includes some [[city block|blocks]] along neighboring streets such as Lark and Lexington.

It originated with the city's creation of Clinton Square at its east end, shortly after the opening of the [[Erie Canal]]. [[Herman Melville]] lived for a year in one of the early [[terrace house|rowhouses]] on the square. The rowhouse became the standard form as development continued to the west in later decades as the city [[industrialization|industrialized]]. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different [[architectural style]]s, most prominently [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]], many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are [[contributing property|contributing properties]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a [[historic district (United States)|historic district]] by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP). [[Urban decay]] still affects the district, and the city has spent federal grant money on revitalization and stabilization efforts.

==Geography==

The district centers along the {{convert|1.5|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of Clinton between Broadway and North Quail. This stretch of the road rises from the flatlands next to the [[Hudson River]] to the plains of the city's western neighborhoods, first steeply up the side of the bluff known as Sheridan Hollow, then more gently to the Quail intersection, a total climb of {{convert|190|ft|m}}. Through here, Clinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off [[Interstate 787]] from the nearby [[Dunn Memorial Bridge]].

It is just north of [[Downtown Albany|downtown]] and the state buildings of [[Empire State Plaza]]. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Its boundaries were precisely drawn to reflect the mostly follow the rear [[lot (real estate)|lot]] lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built.

On its east end, starting at the Palace, it includes the west side of North Pearl Street ([[New York State Route 32|NY 32]]) and the east side north of the modern Leo O'Brien Federal Office Building. Three rowhouses along the south side of Livingston are included; the rest of this neighborhood is part of the Arbor Hill-Ten Broeck Triangle historic district. The area to the east of the intersection is included in the [[Broadway-Livingston Avenue Historic District]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

South of the Clinton-North Pearl intersection, the boundary takes in the two remaining rowhouses on Clinton Place, the oldest extant buildings in the district. After excluding the properties on either side of the Ten Broeck Street intersection, it continues westward along Clinton's rear property lines until the southern [[Lark Street]] intersection, where [[U.S. Route 9W|US 9W]] branches off to the south from Route 9, the beginning of a highway to the [[George Washington Bridge]] in [[Fort Lee, New Jersey]]. Here it extends down the street for several blocks, all the way to Elk Street, taking in the nine-house row along the north side to the east of the intersection.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

At the next intersection west along Clinton, Henry Johnson Boulevard to the south and Northern Boulevard to the north, US 9 leaves Clinton Avenue for the latter. The district continues to follow the Clinton property lines to Lexington Avenue, where it includes the houses along the west side to midway between First and Second streets, and short rows along either side of First Street west of the Lexington intersection. From there the district returns to Clinton all the rest of the way to Quail, including 2 Judson Street only because it fronts on Clinton and is part of a row in that area.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The 70 acres (28 ha) delineated by this boundary are urban and mostly developed, with a few vacant lots. There are 576 buildings in it. Only 20 of them are considered [[contributing property|non-contributing]], most of them modern commercial intrusions like supermarkets and gas stations. Of the 556 contributing buildings, 530 (or 92% of the total) are two- or three-story brick [[terrace house|rowhouses]], built over a century and reflecting different [[architectural style]]s. The remaining historic buildings include the theater, churches, an old police station and two schools.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

==History==
{{See also|History of Albany, New York}}

The development of Clinton Avenue from northern boundary of the city of Albany to densely developed urban residential area closely parallels the city's growth during the district's period of significance (1820–1931) in response to changes in its economy. It begins with the creation of Clinton Square and ends with the construction of the Palace Theatre at that same intersection.

===Colonial and Revolutionary periods===

In 1686, when Albany received its [[charter]] from the British, the future route of Clinton was set as the city's northern boundary. To its north were the lands of the van Rensselaer family's [[patroon]]ship. A decade before the [[American Revolution|Revolution]], [[Stephen van Rensselaer II]] had the area just north of the city surveyed and laid out a [[grid plan]] for future growth. In 1795, after [[American independence|independence]], the area became the [[Colonie, New York|Town of Colonie]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The area began to grow and the planned streets became reality. In 1815, with a thousand people already living between the river and the road that became Northern Boulevard, it was [[annexation|annexed]] to Albany. It became the city's Fifth Ward.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Development in the area began to increase when the [[Erie Canal]], which connected to the Hudson a short distance to the north, was completed in the early 1820s. In 1828 residents petitioned the Common Council to improve the junction of Clinton and North Pearl streets, an area increasingly visible to vistors to the city as it lay between the canal port and downtown. A small park, considered one of the city's major achievements of the time, was laid out at the junction. The creation of Clinton Square marks the beginning of the district's development and history.<ref name="NRHP nom" />
[[File:McGearysAlbany.jpg|thumb|left|200px|3-5 Clinton Place, now a pub]]

===Early 19th century===

During the 1830s, many of the dilapidated colonial-era houses around the square were demolished and the first rowhouses, their [[ornament (architecture)|decoration]] reflecting the contemporary [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style, built on Clinton Place overlooking the park, along with a church. Only two houses, 3 and 5 Clinton Place, survive. [[Herman Melville]] lived in the former during 1843.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The Clinton Place rowhouses set that form as the standard for the rest of the district as the century progressed. It was a convergence of the [[vernacular architecture|building traditions]] of the city's early [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch settlers]], where a long and narrow lot was almost completely covered by the house, with the more English-influenced buildings preferred by the Albanyites of the early 19th century, many of whom had emigrated west from [[New England]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

North Pearl Street was completed to Livingston Avenue at this time, and the first railroads were built into the city. The [[Mohawk and Hudson Railroad|Mohawk and Hudson]]'s tracks came into the city a half-mile (1 km) north of Clinton Avenue, primarily delivering [[lumber]] from the vast forests in the [[Adirondack Mountains|northern]] and [[Western New York|western]] regions of the state. This triggered a building boom along Clinton in the 1840s. The oldest rowhouses along the street, the three buildings between 65 and 75, were part of a group of six built as speculative housing by local landowner Thomas Ludlow in 1845.<ref name="NRHP nom" />
[[File:252–70 Clinton Avenue.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Italianate row at 252–70 Clinton, now missing one house]]
In the 1850s the street was gradually built out between North Pearl and Swan streets. Houses built during this time reflected the early adoption of the [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] mode and its preference for the [[bracket (architecture)|bracketed]] [[cornice]]. These elements were usually made of [[sandstone]] before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] but of wood afterwards. The Italianate style dominated in rowhouses on Clinton Avenue until 1880; today it still accounts for the majority of rowhouses in the district. The houses at 133–143 Clinton, dating to 1851, exemplify the prewar Italianate rowhouses. The unbroken row from 250–272 Clinton, dating to the 1870s, demonstrates the postwar application of the style.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The population grew enough that School 5, now a church, was built at 226-228 North Pearl. Development pressure on the west end of Clinton Avenue came later in the 1850s when [[Erastus Corning]] combined many of the state's railroads into the [[New York Central Railroad|New York Central]]. To handle the new road's maintenance needs, he began building a [[railyard|yard]] north of Clinton Avenue west of Northern Boulevard. The facility also had the largest [[stockyard]] east of Chicago. The city expanded its [[horsecar]] lines to run further west along the former Schenectady Turnpike, now Central Avenue, in the 1860s. This made possible the development of the blocks at the west end of the district. Many of the [[clapboard (architecture)|clapboard]]-[[siding|sided]] homes there were filled by [[German American|German immigrants]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

===Late 19th century===

In 1867 the city built a [[fire station]] at 126 Clinton Avenue. This increase in services prefigured the 1870 annexation of the land on the west of Northern Boulevard, putting the entirety of Clinton Avenue within Albany city limits. Two years later, in 1872, the city established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the [[brickyard]]s that had previously been located there.<ref name="NRHP nom" />
[[File:168 Clinton Avenue.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Queen Anne Style rowhouse at 168 Clinton]]
The decades of the [[Gilded Age]] were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up Lark Street, the first one west of downtown Albany that crossed the Sheridan Hollow ravine (since filled in) at [[Grade (slope)|grade]]. Following the annexation, Lexington Street was extended northward a few blocks, and brick rowhouses were built there as well.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Development continued in the 1880s, with some earlier construction being demolished to make way for newer houses. Builders began moving beyond the Italianate style, experimenting with the [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] and [[Queen Anne Style architecture|Queen Anne]] styles. Hope Baptist Church, at the west end of the McPherson Terrace row on the north side of Clinton west of Judson, is the foremost Romanesque building in the district. The Queen Anne style is responsible for the [[oriel window]]s found at 5 Wilson Street (on the North Pearl corner), the row of 152½, 154 and 154½ (identical buildings with arched windows on the first story) and 168 Clinton, with a projecting [[gable]]d [[pavilion (architecture)|pavilion]]. The two styles blend in a row faced in stone between Lexington and Robin streets. The [[Gothic Revival]] style made an appearance in 1883 when the former St. Luke's Methodist Church was built at the northwest corner of the Lexington intersection.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Building finally slowed down in the 1890s, since most of the district had been developed. What new construction took place was primarily the [[infill#urban infill|infill]] of the remaining vacant lots. The most significant of this was the completion of the eastern end of McPherson Terrace.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

===20th century===

Since the district had been almost built out by 1890, the architectural movements of the early 20th century made little impact on it. An [[American Foursquare]] was built at the southwest corner of Clinton and Lexington in 1905, and a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the [[neoclassical architecture|Classical Revival]] police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the [[Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)|Palace Theatre]] at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance.<ref name="NRHP nom" />
[[File:PalaceTheater2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Palace Theatre]]
The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After [[World War II]], [[suburb]]anization began and many of the residents moved out of the city. The poorer residents who replaced them, particularly west of Northern Boulevard, could not get [[mortgage]]s or [[home improvement]] loans, and in the 1960s and 1970s the area began to show the signs of early [[urban decay]], as buildings began to be abandoned and crumbled.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The district was never targeted for wholesale [[urban renewal]], and after some demolitions in the east end it became eligible for [[Community Development Block Grant]]s (CDBGs) in the late 1970s. The city, which had bought the Palace in 1969, designated the Clinton-North Pearl area a historic district in 1981. Several years later it targeted 82 rowhouses between North Pearl and Northern Boulevard for a neighborhood stabilization program, work which culminated in the Register listing for the district three years later.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

==Clinton Avenue today==

New construction or expansion within the district is reviewed by the city's Historic Resources Commission (HRC), a group of nine citizens with an interest in architecture, history or [[historic preservation]] appointed by the mayor. The HRC also considers new city landmark designations.<ref name="City HRC">{{cite web|title=Historic Resources Commission|url=http://www.albanyny.org/Government/Departments/DevelopmentPlanning/PlanningZoningLandUse/HistoricResourcesCommission.aspx|publisher=City of Albany|date=2007|accessdate=July 5, 2009}}</ref> The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations.<ref name="neighborhood map">{{PDFlink|[http://albanyny.gov/_files/Government/Development_Planning/Neighborhood_Map_Website21.pdf City of Albany Neighborhood Map]}}, City of Albany Department of Neighborhood Revitalization. Retrieved July 5, 2009.</ref>
[[File:Urban Blight Clinton Ave 2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Abandoned rowhouse showing signs of [[urban decay|urban blight]]]]
The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant.<ref name="Times-Union school closing story">{{cite news|last=Waldman|first=Scott|title=Neighborhoods Face Double Loss|url=http://archives.timesunion.com/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=7724501|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|work=[[Albany Times-Union]]|date=March 30, 2009|accessdate=July 5, 2009|quote=Some of the grand 19th-century row houses on Clinton Avenue, the main street that runs through both neighborhoods, don't even have front steps anymore. Storefronts long since abandoned have yellowing newspapers inside.}}</ref> The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them [[affordable housing|affordable]].<ref name="City grant amendment">{{PDFlink|[http://albanyny.gov/_files/CDBG_R%20sub%20amend.pdf Substantial Amendment to the Consolidated Plan 2008 Annual Action Plan for the Community Development Block Grant- Recovery (CDBG-R) Stimulus Funding]}}, City of Albany Community Development Agency, retrieved July 5, 2009.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Clinton Avenue Historic District}}

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in New York]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 9]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 9W]]
[[Category:Federal architecture]]
[[Category:Greek Revival architecture]]
[[Category:Italianate architecture in the United States]]
[[Category:Albany, New York]]

Back Bay (Boston)

2009-06-26T19:42:30Z

CSZero: /* Perspectives on Back Bay */ Disambig.

{{redirect6|Back Bay|the railroad/subway station therein|Back Bay (MBTA station)|all other uses}}
{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Back Bay Historic District
| nrhp_type =hd
| image =Back_Bay1.jpg
| caption =Skyline of the Back Bay, from across the [[Charles River]]
| location= [[Boston, MA]]
| area =
| architect= Multiple
| architecture= Mid 19th Century Revival, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian
| added = [[August 14]], [[1973]]
| governing_body = Local
| refnum=73001948 <ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
}}
'''Back Bay''' is an officially recognized [[neighborhood]] of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. It is an upscale residential, retail, and commercial office district.

Back Bay and neighboring [[Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts|Beacon Hill]] are considered Boston's most expensive neighborhoods, with townhouses regularly selling for millions of dollars.<ref>[http://www.bostonbackbay.com/ Welcome to the Back Bay!]</ref><ref>[http://www.moving.com/real-estate/boston-massachusetts/boston-neighborhoods.asp Great Neighborhoods: Boston]</ref><ref>[http://www.luxist.com/2008/10/16/bostons-most-expensive-penthouse-listed-at-17-million/ Boston's Most Expensive Penthouse Listed at $17 Million]</ref> Popular upmarket shopping destinations include [[Newbury Street|Newbury]] and [[Boylston Street]]s as well as the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]] and [[Copley Place]] malls.

Architecturally the neighborhood is dominated by Victorian brownstone buildings in its northern, more residential portion; the southern part of the neighborhood is far more commercial and is home to some of Boston's tallest skyscrapers.

==Definition of Back Bay==
The boundaries of the Back Bay, as defined by the Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay, are the "[[Charles River]] on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the New York New Haven and Hartford right-of-way (South of Stuart Street and Copley Place), [[Huntington Avenue (Boston)|Huntington Avenue]], Dalton Street, and the [[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass. Turnpike]] on the South; Charlesgate East on the West."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabbonline.com/about_us/about_nabb|title=About NABB|publisher=Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay|accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref> The block between Charlesgate and [[Kenmore Square]] is often included as it retains [[Commonwealth Avenue]]'s central park and pedestrial mall.

The Back Bay Architectural District, which is much smaller, was established by state law in 1966, and is bounded by "the centerlines of Back Street on the north, Embankment Road and Arlington Street on the east, Boylston Street on the south, and Charlesgate East on the west".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cityofboston.gov/environment/pdfs/backbayguidelines.pdf
| format = [[PDF]]
| title = Guidelines for the Residential District
| author = Back Bay Architectural Commission
| date = [[1990-02-14]]
| accessdate = 2007-06-01
}}</ref>

==History==
{{clear}}
[[Image:Boston Back Bay.jpg|thumb|300px|Aerial view of the spine of skyscrapers in the Back Bay, including the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]] and [[John Hancock Tower]] ]]

[[Image:Backbay from south.jpg|thumb|300px|Back Bay in Boston at night as it is seen from the South End]]

The neighborhood gained its name because the area was, in fact, before it was filled in, literally the "Back Bay" for Boston. To the west of the [[Shawmut Peninsula]], on the far side from [[Boston Harbor]], a wide bay opened between Boston and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], with the [[Charles River]] entering at the west side. As with all of the [[New England]] coast, the bay was [[tidal]], with water rising and falling several feet over the course of the day. At low water, part of the bottom of the bay was exposed.

As early as 5200 years before present the area was home to early Native Americans who built fishweirs in the tidal flats to trap fish during the spring spawn. Evidence of the [[Boylston Street Fishweir]] was discovered during subway construction in 1913 and investigated by archeologists during building construction in 1985.

In 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a [[mill dam]], which would also serve as a [[toll road]] connecting Boston to [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], bypassing [[Boston Neck]]. The dam was later buried under present-day Beacon Street.<ref>[http://www.nabbonline.com/about_us/back_bay_history Back Bay History] Accessed 2009-02-25</ref>

The Back Bay neighborhood was created when a parcel of land was created by filling the tidewater flats of the [[Charles River]]. This massive project was begun in 1857. The fill to reclaim the bay from the water was obtained from [[Needham, Massachusetts]]. The firm of Goss and Munson, railroad contractors, built {{convert|6|mi|km}} of railroad from Needham and their 35-car trains made 16 trips a day to Back Bay.<ref>{{cite book |title=Boston: The Place and the People |last=Antony |first=Mark |authorlink= |coauthors=Howe, DeWolfe |year=1903 |publisher=MacMillan |location=New York |isbn= |page=359 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YToOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc#PPA360,M1 }}</ref> The filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882; filling reached [[Kenmore Square]] in 1890, and finished in the [[Back Bay Fens|Fens]] in 1900. The project was the largest of a number of [[land reclamation]] projects, beginning in 1820, which, over the course of time, more than doubled the size of the original Boston [[peninsula]]. It is frequently observed that this would have been impossible under modern [[environmental regulation]]s.
[[Image:Oldandnewboston.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Effect of landfill on size of Boston.]]
Back Bay's development was planned by architect [[Arthur Gilman]] with [[Gridley James Fox Bryant]]. Strict regulations produced a uniform and well-integrated architecture, consisting mostly of dignified three- and four-story residential (or once-residential) [[brownstone]]s.

Greatly influenced by [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris]] in the mid-to-late 19th century, the main thoroughfares of Back Bay emphasize order, with wide, parallel, tree-lined avenues and more homogenous architectural styles. Five east and west corridors run the length of the Back Bay: [[Beacon Street]] (closest to the Charles River), Marlborough Street, [[Commonwealth Avenue, Boston|Commonwealth Avenue]], [[Newbury Street, Boston|Newbury Street]], and [[Boylston Street]]. With the exception of Commonwealth Avenue, the wide central thoroughfare, these streets are one-way and intersect with north-south cross streets at regular intervals. The north-south cross streets, also one-way, are named alphabetically starting at the Public Garden, and a 1903 guidebook notes an alternation of trisyllabic and bisyllabic names: Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford. (This same set of [[Road|street]] names is used for the long East-West main streets in the center of [[Gladstone, Oregon|Gladstone]], [[Oregon]], but the origin of this connection is unknown).

==Perspectives on Back Bay==
[[William Dean Howells]], writing of memories of his first visit to Boston, recalled, "There are the narrow streets, stretching saltworks to the docks, which I haunted for their quaintness... There is Beacon Street, with the [[Hancock Manor|Hancock House]] where it is incredibly no more, and there are the beginnings of Commonwealth Avenue, and the other streets of the Back Bay, laid out with their basements left hollowed in the made land, which the gravel trains were yet making out of the westward hills."

To the [[W. C. Fields]] character, [[con artist]] Cuthbert W. Twillie, it came as naturally as breathing to feign that he was "one of the Back Bay Twillies." However, there was a subtle social distinction between the Back Bay neighborhood and the older [[Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts|Beacon Hill]] district. A 1921 novel, ''By Advice of Counsel,'' characterizes one Bostonian by saying:

:"William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person, twenty-six years old, out of Boston by Harvard College. ... There had been an aloof serenity about his life within the bulging front of the paternal residence with its ancient glass window panes—faintly tinged with blue, just as the blood in the Pepperill veins was also faintly tinged with the same color... For W.M.P. the only real Americans lived on Beacon Hill, though a few perhaps might be found accidentally across Charles Street upon the made land of the Back Bay. A real American must necessarily also be a graduate of Harvard, a Unitarian, an allopath, belong to the Somerset Club and date back ancestrally at least to King Philip's War."

By 1900, most of the building up of Back Bay was done, as noted by the architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting in 1967:
: "By 1900 the Back Bay residential area had almost ceased to grow. After 1910 only thirty new houses were constructed, after 1917 none at all. Instead of paying high prices for filled land on which to erect a home within walking distance of his office, the potential home builder escaped to the suburbs on the electric trolley or in his automobile. This flight from the city left empty much of the area west of Kenmore Square and adjacent to Fenway Park, and only later was it occupied by non-descript and closely-built apartments."

==Back Bay today==
[[Image:Backbay.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Main streets of Back Bay.]]
Culturally speaking, the Back Bay is known for being the home of the wealthy and the upper middle class. It is best-known for its expensive housing and shopping areas. Most stores are located on Newbury and Boylston Streets, with the ends closer to the [[Boston Public Garden]] traditionally more expensive. The Back Bay is dense with luxury hotels that include the [[Copley Square Hotel]], the [[Colonnade Hotel (Boston, Massachusetts)|Colonnade Hotel]], [[Westin Copley Place]], [[Fairmont Copley Plaza]], and the largest hotel in the city, the [[Marriott Hotels & Resorts|Boston Marriott Copley Place]]. The new [[Mandarin Oriental, Boston]] opened in October 2008, with an arcade area housing a number of upscale designer boutiques and restaurants.

The Copley Square area is close to the [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay railroad terminal]], and is the eastern nexus of a system of hotels and shopping centers connected by a set of glassed-in pedestrian overpasses.

The large Copley Place mall includes the first [[Neiman Marcus]] opened in the New England area. The system of overpasses extends over half a mile{{Fact|date=May 2007}} to the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]] and the shops surrounding it. The 52-story [[Prudential Tower]], thought a marvel in 1964, is now considered ugly by some.<ref name=lyndon>{{cite book | first = Donlyn |last = Lyndon | title = The City Observed: Boston | isbn = 0-394-74894-8 | publisher = Vintage | year = 1982}}: the Hancock "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull;" the Prudential is "an energetically ugly, square shaft that offends the Boston skyline more than any other structure."</ref> However, the Prudential Skywalk observatory offers wonderful views of Back Bay, Boston, and surrounding areas.

==Architecture of Back Bay==
The residential streets of Back Bay are some of the best preserved examples of late 19th century urban architecture in the US. '''[[Copley Square]]''', bounded by Clarendon, Boylston, Dartmouth, and St. James streets, includes [[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]], the [[Boston Public Library]], the [[John Hancock Tower]], and other notable examples of architecture.

The "Back Bay Historic District" was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on [[August 14]], [[1973]].

The Prudential Center was awarded the Urban Land Institute's Award for Best Mixed use Property in 2006.[http://casestudies.uli.org]

==MIT and the Natural History Museum==
Prior to 1900, the Back Bay was the site of some of Boston's leading institutions. The first to make its home there was the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), founded in 1861. By 1900, MIT had expanded into many buildings around Copley Square. MIT’s original building, one of the first monumental structures in Back Bay, was named the Rogers Building after its founder, [[William Barton Rogers]]. It was located on Boylston Street not too far from Copley Square and was designed by [[William G. Preston]] together with a building for the Natural History Society.<ref>[[Mark Jarzombek]], ''Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech'' (Northeastern University Press, 2004.</ref> In 1916, MIT moved to its new and more capacious location across the Charles River in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]].

The MIT building no longer survives, having been torn down in 1921 for the New England Life Building (also called: Stephen L. Brown Building). The Natural History Society building does survive and now houses the upscale clothier Louis Boston.

==Copley Square==
The first monumental building on the square was the '''[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]]''' building. Begun in 1870, it opened in 1876, with a large portion of its collection taken from the Boston Athenaeum Art Gallery. Its red [[Gothic Revival]] style building was torn down and rebuilt as the '''[[Copley Plaza Hotel]]''' (1912) which still exists today.

*'''[[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]]''' (1872-77), designed by [[H. H. Richardson]].

This is one of Richardson's masterpieces. In 1893, ''Baedeker's United States'' called it "deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America."

*The '''[[Boston Public Library]]''' (1888-1892), designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]].

It is a leading example of the [[Beaux-Arts style]] in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be "a palace for the people." [[Baedeker]]'s 1893 guide terms it "dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly," and "a worthy mate... to Trinity Church." At that time, its 600,000 volumes made it the largest free public library in the world.

*The '''[[Old South Church]]''', also called the New Old South Church (645 Boylston Street on Copley Square), 1872-1875.

Located across the street from the Boston Public Library, it was designed by the Boston architectural firm of Cummings and Sears in the [[Venetian Gothic]] style. The style follows the precepts of the British cultural theorist and architectural critic [[John Ruskin]] (1819 – 1900) as outlined in his treatise ''The Stones of Venice''. Old South Church remains a significant example of Ruskin's influence on architecture in the US. [[Charles Amos Cummings]] and Willard T. Sears also designed the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]].

[[Image:Trinitychurchboston.jpg|261px|right|thumb|Trinity Church c. 1903]]

*'''[[John Hancock Tower]]''' (200 Clarendon Street) (1972), was designed by [[I. M. Pei]].

It is a 60 story high dark blue glass tower with a plan in the form of a narrow parallelogram. Admirers assert that it does not diminish the impact of Trinity Church, although its construction did damage the church's foundations. The architect Donlyn Lyndon, who served as head the Department of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the late 1960s and early 1970s, noted that an early Hancock press release had "the gall to pronounce that 'the building will reflect the architectural character of the neighborhood.'" Lyndon opines that it "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull."<ref name=lyndon>opcit</ref>

==Other Back Bay buildings==
*'''[[Arlington Street Church (Boston)|Arlington Street Church]]''' (Arlington and Boylston Sts), 1861.

It was the first church to be built in the newly-filled Back Bay. Today it serves the Unitarian Universalist congregation. The building's design was inspired by the eighteenth century London church of [[St. Martin-in-the-Fields]]. The architect was [[Arthur Gilman]], who had designed the Back Bay street plan.

*'''Berkeley Building''' (420 Boylston St.) , 1905.

An example of the [[Beaux-Arts style]], it was by the firm of Codman and Despradelle. [[Constant-Désiré Despradelle]] was a professor at MIT from 1893 until his untimely death in 1912. The building features a white terra cotta exterior on a steel frame. In 1988 the building was restored by architects Notter Finegold + Alexander.

*'''The Stephen L. Brown Building''' (197 Clarendon St.), designed by [[Parker, Thomas & Rice]], 1922.

It is the first of the three Hancock buildings.

*'''The Old John Hancock Building''' (200 Berkeley Street), 1947.

The second of the three Hancock buildings, it was designed by [[HDB/Cram and Ferguson|Cram and Ferguson]]. From 1947 until 1964 it was the tallest building in Back Bay and second-tallest building in the city, one foot shorter than the {{convert|496|ft|m|sing=on}} Custom House Tower. It is also known now as the [[Berkeley Building]], but is not to be confused with the real Berkeley Building: see above.

* '''[[Gibson House Museum]]''', a well-preserved rowhouse, 1860

* '''The Colonnade Hotel''' 1971.
The Colonnade Hotel with its row of columns was built in 1971 by a local developer, Bertram Druker. The luxury hotel joined the first Ritz Carlton Boston to anchor the other side of the Back Bay and ushered in the renaissance of the neighborhood. [http://www.colonnadehotel.com]

* '''[[111 Huntington Ave]]''' 2002.

111 Huntington Avenue is a {{convert|554|ft|m|abbr=on}}., 36-story tower, developed on the southern side of the Prudential Center over the existing sub-surface parking garage and adjacent to an active MBTA subway station. The building is Boston's eighth-tallest building and features a frame dome and crown, a prominent lobby in the Prudential Center, and access to a glass "Wintergarden" and a {{convert|1.2|acre|m2|sing=on}} fully-landscaped park called the South Garden. In 2002, it won the Emporis Skyscraper Award.

* '''[[Saint Clement's Eucharistic Shrine]]'''

A [[Roman Catholic]] [[church (building)|church]] designed by [[Ralph Adams Cram]].

==See also==
* [[Boston By Foot]]
* [[Copley Square]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Bacon, Edwin M. (1903) ''Boston: A Guide Book.'' Ginn and Company, Boston, 1903.
*Bunting, Bainbridge (1967) "Houses of Boston's Back Bay", Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-40901-9
*Fields, W.C.: "My Little Chickadee" (1940), in which the Fields character calls himself "one of the Back Bay Twillies."
*[[Mark Jarzombek|Jarzombek, Mark]], ''Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech''. (Northeastern University Press, 2004)
*Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Back Bay Boston: The City as a Work of Art. With Essays by Lewis Mumford & Walter Muir Whitehill (Boston, 1969).
*Shand-Tucci, Douglass, ''Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-2000.''(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999).
*Train, Arthur (1921), "The Kid and the Camel," from ''By Advice of Counsel.'' ("William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person...")
*Howells, William Dean, ''Literary Friends and Acquaintance: My First Visit to New England''

==External links==
*[http://www.nabbonline.com/ Neighborhood Association of Back Bay]; [http://www.nabbonline.com/history.htm Back Bay timeline]
*[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill.html History of the Boston landfill projects] Course notes with illustrations by Professor Jeffrey Howe, Boston College

{{Boston neighborhoods}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}

{{coord|42|21|4.66|N|71|4|49.28|W|name=Back Bay, Boston|display=title|type:landmark}}

[[Category:Neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Historic districts in the United States]]

[[fr:Back Bay (Boston)]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-06-22T14:36:35Z

CSZero: rv - anon ip changing data without a citation is fishy...

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Fact|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=[[2008-03-27]]|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 |title=The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas |work=Lists of Bests |publisher=Robot Co-op |author=kalavinka |date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=June 2008}}

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the ninth-largest [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2009}}
* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** Philips Healthcare, in Andover
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Reed & Barton]], (Factory & Headquarters) [[Taunton, Massachusetts]]
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Associate Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].

{{See also|Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

{{Coord missing|Massachusetts|date=June 2009}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-06-07T05:11:32Z

CSZero: /* Definitions */ Disambing Merrimack Valley

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Fact|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=[[2008-03-27]]|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 |title=The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas |work=Lists of Bests |publisher=Robot Co-op |author=kalavinka |date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=June 2008}}

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the ninth-largest [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** Philips Healthcare, in Andover
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Reed & Barton]], (Factory & Headquarters) [[Taunton, Massachusetts]]
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{mainarticle|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Associate Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].

{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==

{|
|- valign=top
|
*[[John Adams]] - Declaration of Independence draft writer, 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Robert Benchley]] - humorist
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Elizabeth Bishop]] -- poet
*[[Michael Bloomberg]] -- mayor of New York City
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*Anthony "[[Spag's|Spag]]" Borgatti—early discount retailer
*[[Anne Bradstreet]] - first American poet
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[E. E. Cummings]] - poet
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[The Dropkick Murphys]] - an Irish punk band
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[T. S. Eliot]] - poet
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[William Finn]] - Award winning composer and lyricist
*[[Doug Flutie]] - former professional football player
*[[Esther Forbes]] - writer
*[[Abby Kelley]] Foster - women's rights activist, Abolitionist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Margaret Fuller]] - writer, women's rights activist
*[[Nicholas Gage]] - writer, producer
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Robert Goddard]] - inventor of liquid fuel rocket - [[Clark University]]
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[G. Stanley Hall]] - pioneering psychologist
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] -- editor, Abolitionist
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Abbie Hoffman]] - political activist
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
|
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]] - US Attorney General, Senator, 1968 presidential candidate
*[[Jack Kerouac]] - writer
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Stanley Kunitz]] -- Poet Laureate
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Dennis Leary]] - actor and philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - theologian, writer
*[[Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Craig Mello]] - Nobel laureate [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Agnes Moorehead]] - actress
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Edward Norton]] - actor
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[John O'Hurley]] - tv personality, actor, game show host
*[[Charles Olson]] - poet
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Gregory Pincus]] - co-inventor of the birth control pill [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[Harold Shapero]] - composer
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[Lucy Stone]] - suffragist
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Marshall Walker "Major" Taylor]] - cycling champion
*[[Isaiah Thomas]] revolutionary, newspaper publisher
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Artemis Ward]] - Revolutionary War general
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Alicia Witt]] - actress
*[[Malcolm X]] - human rights activist
|}



== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[el:Ευρύτερη Βοστώνη]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-06-07T05:10:59Z

CSZero: Disambig Merrimack Valley

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Fact|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley (Massachusetts)|Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=[[2008-03-27]]|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 |title=The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas |work=Lists of Bests |publisher=Robot Co-op |author=kalavinka |date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=June 2008}}

Greater Boston has many sites and people significant to [[American history]] and culture, particularly the [[American Revolution]], [[civil rights]], [[American literature|literature]], and [[American politics|politics]], and is one of the nation's centers of education, finance, industry, and tourism, with the ninth-largest [[Gross metropolitan product]] in the country.

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain & Company]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bain Capital]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Evergreen Solar]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** Philips Healthcare, in Andover
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[Reed & Barton]], (Factory & Headquarters) [[Taunton, Massachusetts]]
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Bentley Motors]] (U.S. headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{mainarticle|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Associate Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].

{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==

{|
|- valign=top
|
*[[John Adams]] - Declaration of Independence draft writer, 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Robert Benchley]] - humorist
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Elizabeth Bishop]] -- poet
*[[Michael Bloomberg]] -- mayor of New York City
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*Anthony "[[Spag's|Spag]]" Borgatti—early discount retailer
*[[Anne Bradstreet]] - first American poet
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[E. E. Cummings]] - poet
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[The Dropkick Murphys]] - an Irish punk band
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[T. S. Eliot]] - poet
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[William Finn]] - Award winning composer and lyricist
*[[Doug Flutie]] - former professional football player
*[[Esther Forbes]] - writer
*[[Abby Kelley]] Foster - women's rights activist, Abolitionist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Margaret Fuller]] - writer, women's rights activist
*[[Nicholas Gage]] - writer, producer
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Robert Goddard]] - inventor of liquid fuel rocket - [[Clark University]]
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[G. Stanley Hall]] - pioneering psychologist
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] -- editor, Abolitionist
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Abbie Hoffman]] - political activist
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
|
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]] - US Attorney General, Senator, 1968 presidential candidate
*[[Jack Kerouac]] - writer
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Stanley Kunitz]] -- Poet Laureate
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Dennis Leary]] - actor and philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - theologian, writer
*[[Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Craig Mello]] - Nobel laureate [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Agnes Moorehead]] - actress
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Edward Norton]] - actor
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[John O'Hurley]] - tv personality, actor, game show host
*[[Charles Olson]] - poet
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Gregory Pincus]] - co-inventor of the birth control pill [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[Harold Shapero]] - composer
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[Lucy Stone]] - suffragist
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Marshall Walker "Major" Taylor]] - cycling champion
*[[Isaiah Thomas]] revolutionary, newspaper publisher
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Artemis Ward]] - Revolutionary War general
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Alicia Witt]] - actress
*[[Malcolm X]] - human rights activist
|}



== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[el:Ευρύτερη Βοστώνη]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-03-15T00:07:33Z

CSZero: I prefer JPH's wording if not only for the simple and silly reason that Chelsea is not in Essex and "North Shore" probably means more to a lot of people. Rv again if you strongly disagre.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Fact|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people. It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 |title=The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas |work=Lists of Bests |publisher=Robot Co-op |author=kalavinka |date=June 26, 2006 }}</ref>{{Rs|date=June 2008}} Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in Boston. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{mainarticle|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Chief Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].

{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==

{|
|- valign=top
|
*[[John Adams]] - Declaration of Independence draft writer, 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Robert Benchley]] - humorist
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Elizabeth Bishop]] -- poet
*[[Michael Bloomberg]] -- mayor of New York City
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*Anthony "[[Spag's|Spag]]" Borgatti -- early discount retailer
*[[Anne Bradstreet]] - first American poet
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[E. E. Cummings]] - poet
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[The Dropkick Murphys]] - an Irish punk band
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[T. S. Eliot]] - poet
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[William Finn]] - Award winning composer and lyricist
*[[Doug Flutie]] - former professional football player
*[[Esther Forbes]] - writer
*[[Abby Kelley]] Foster - women's rights activist, Abolitionist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Margaret Fuller]] - writer, women's rights activist
*[[Nicholas Gage]] - writer, producer
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Robert Goddard]] - inventor of liquid fuel rocket - [[Clark University]]
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[G. Stanley Hall]] - pioneering psychologist
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] -- editor, Abolitionist
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Abbie Hoffman]] - political activist
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
|
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]] - US Attorney General, Senator, 1968 presidential candidate
*[[Jack Kerouac]] - writer
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Stanley Kunitz]] -- Poet Laureate
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Dennis Leary]] - actor and philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - theologian, writer
*[[Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Craig Mello]] - Nobel laureate [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Agnes Moorehead]] - actress
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Edward Norton]] - actor
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[John O'Hurley]] - tv personality, actor, game show host
*[[Charles Olson]] - poet
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Gregory Pincus]] - co-inventor of the birth control pill [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[Harold Shapero]] - composer
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[Lucy Stone]] - suffragist
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Marshall Walker "Major" Taylor]] - cycling champion
*[[Isaiah Thomas]] revolutionary, newspaper publisher
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Artemis Ward]] - Revolutionary War general
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Alicia Witt]] - actress
*[[Malcolm X]] - human rights activist
|}



== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2009-03-05T18:32:47Z

CSZero: rvv

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[August 10]], [[1817]]) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[business]] man for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls" lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

==References==
{{refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2009-02-26T05:12:02Z

CSZero: rv test

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[August 10]], [[1817]]) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[business]] man for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls" lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

==References==
{{refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2009-02-15T15:52:12Z

CSZero: "primarily responsible" is way too strong, considering, say, Slater, as well. "instrumental" is much fairer.

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[August 10]], [[1817]]) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[business]] man for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the [[United States]].

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls" lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

==References==
{{refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2009-02-08T14:46:35Z

CSZero: /* Higher education */ That bit on Philips was certainly out of place where it was, but I'm not convinced it's not unimportant. Is this better?

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[Combined Statistical Area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston,{{Fact|date=August 2008}} while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people. It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>[http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2 The World's Largest Metropolitan Areas on Lists of Bests]</ref>{{Rs|date=June 2008}} Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in Boston. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of {{convert|1422|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England city and town area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Abbott Laboratories]], in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] (Pharmaceutical laboratory)
** [[Advanced Cell Technology]], in Worcester (Research laboratory)
** [[AMD]], in Marlborough
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in Natick, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Boston Properties|Boston Properties, Inc.]], in Boston, Massachusetts (Headquarters)
** [[David Clark Company]], in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
** [[Diebold]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in Marlborough (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[Red Hat]], in Westford (Engineering Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Morgan Construction Company]], in Worcester, rolling steel mill technology
** [[Saint-Gobain]], in Worcester
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in Marlborough (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in Framingham (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Wyman-Gordon]], in [[Grafton]], complex metal components and products

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in Cambridge
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]], in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in Waltham (R&D)
** [[IBM]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in Cambridge (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in Cambridge
** [[National Amusements]], (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in Cambridge (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in Waltham (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{{mainarticle|Sports in Boston}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Additionally, [[Phillips Academy]], one of the country's premier prep schools, is located in Andover, and boasts several famous alumni including former Chief Justice of the United States [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and former U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].

{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==

{|
|- valign=top
|
*[[John Adams]] - Declaration of Independence draft writer, 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Robert Benchley]] - humorist
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Elizabeth Bishop]] -- poet
*[[Michael Bloomberg]] -- mayor of New York City
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*Anthony "[[Spag's|Spag]]" Borgatti -- early discount retailer
*[[Anne Bradstreet]] - first American poet
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[E. E. Cummings]] - poet
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[The Dropkick Murphys]] - an Irish punk band
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[T. S. Eliot]] - poet
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[William Finn]] - Award winning composer and lyricist
*[[Doug Flutie]] - former professional football player
*[[Esther Forbes]] - writer
*[[Abby Kelley]] Foster - women's rights activist, Abolitionist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Margaret Fuller]] - writer, women's rights activist
*[[Nicholas Gage]] - writer, producer
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Robert Goddard]] - inventor of liquid fuel rocket - [[Clark University]]
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[G. Stanley Hall]] - pioneering psychologist
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] -- editor, Abolitionist
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Abbie Hoffman]] - political activist
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
|
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]] - US Attorney General, Senator, 1968 presidential candidate
*[[Jack Kerouac]] - writer
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Stanley Kunitz]] -- Poet Laureate
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Dennis Leary]] - actor and philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - theologian, writer
*[[Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Craig Mello]] - Nobel laureate [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Agnes Moorehead]] - actress
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Edward Norton]] - actor
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[John O'Hurley]] - tv personality, actor, game show host
*[[Charles Olson]] - poet
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Gregory Pincus]] - co-inventor of the birth control pill [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[Harold Shapero]] - composer
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[Lucy Stone]] - suffragist
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Marshall Walker "Major" Taylor]] - cycling champion
*[[Isaiah Thomas]] revolutionary, newspaper publisher
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Artemis Ward]] - Revolutionary War general
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Alicia Witt]] - actress
*[[Malcolm X]] - human rights activist
|}



== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail and bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]] and Boston ([[Mattapan, Massachusetts|Mattapan]])
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: Cambridge–[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–[[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:

* [[Brockton Area Transit Authority]]
* [[Cape Ann Transportation Authority]]
* [[Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Lowell Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[MetroWest Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Montachusett Regional Transit Authority]]
* [[Worcester Regional Transit Authority]]

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Hafen Tilbury

2009-01-04T19:22:56Z

CSZero: Disambig Gravesend

The '''Port of Tilbury''' is located on the [[River Thames]] at [[Tilbury]] in [[Essex]], [[England]]. It is the principal port for [[London]]; as well as being the main [[United Kingdom]] port for the handling the importation of [[paper]]. There are extensive facilities for [[containerization|containers]], [[Cereal|grain]], and other bulk cargoes. There are also facilities for the importation of cars. It forms part of the wider [[Port of London]].

==Geography==
The Port of Tilbury lies on the north shore of the River Thames, {{convert|25|mi|km}} below London Bridge, at a point where the river makes a loop southwards, and where its width narrows to 800 yards. The loop is part of the Thames lower reaches: within the [[meander]] was a huge area of marshland which had, since Roman times, been embanked{{Fact|date=August 2008}}. [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] on the opposite shore had long been a port of entry for shipping, all of which had used the river itself for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers. There was also a naval dockyard at [[Northfleet]]. The new deepwater docks were an extension of all that maritime activity.

==Construction==
The original docks of London, all built close to the [[City of London|City]], were opened in stages by what was to become the [[East India Docks|East and West India Docks Company]] (E&WIDC) at the beginning of the 19th century. With the coming of the railways and increasing ship size, location close to the centre of London became less important than access to deep water, unrestricted sites and reduction in time spent travelling up the winding Thames. The Company had long been in competition with their rival, the London and St Catherine Dock Company (L&StCDC), and had been doing all it could to dominate it. The opening of the [[Royal Albert Dock]] by the L&StCDC, with its deepwater quayage, in 1880 had given access to the Thames at Gallions Reach, {{convert|11|mi|km}} by river below London Bridge and downstream of the then principal London docks. The E&IWDC were forced to retaliate<ref>[http://www.pla.co.uk/display_fixedpage.cfm/id/238#more The rivalry between the two companies]</ref>.

In 1882, an [[Act of Parliament]] allowed the latter to construct the docks at Tilbury; work began a fortnight later, and the first vessel to enter the docks was on 17 April 1886. Its opening took place at the beginning of the steamship era, and its location soon proved to be the correct one <ref>[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConFactFile.82/Tilbury-Dock.html Timeline of Tilbury Docks]</ref>.

==The new docks==
The original docks consisted of a tidal basin on Gravesend Reach opposite [[Northfleet]], connected by a lock to a main dock with three side branches named East, Central and West Branch docks. Between the tidal basin and Main Dock were two dry docks.

==Docks expansion==
In 1909 Tilbury, along with the upstream docks, became part of the newly-established [[Port of London|Port of London Authority (PLA)]].

In 1921, and again in 1929, the PLA carried out major improvements. These included a new lock {{convert|1000|ft|m}} long and {{convert|110|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide, linking the docks directly to the Thames to the west at Northfleet Hope, and a third dry dock, 752ft long and {{convert|110|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide.

[[Image:Tilburymap 1946.png|thumb|right|250px|A map of the town from 1946]]
During the 1960s, at the time when the upstream docks were closing, the PLA further extended the Tilbury dock facilities. Between 1963-1966
a huge fourth branch dock, running north from Main Dock for nearly a mile, was constructed. The tidal basin was closed and eventually filled in. In 1969 a £6m riverside grain terminal on Northfleet Hope (at the time the largest in Europe) was brought into use. By the early 1980s Tilbury was the last set of enclosed docks in operation by the PLA.

==Containerisation==
The first container service began in 1970, and Tilbury was soon to become the largest container port in the UK; in 1978 a deep water riverside berth was opened for large container ships on reclaimed land at Northfleet Hope.<ref>[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConFactFile.82/Tilbury-Dock.html Timeline]</ref>

==The port today==
In 1992 the port was privatised and is part of the [[Forth Ports]] organisation, the PLA retaining the role of managing the tidal Thames.

Today the port handles a variety of bulk cargo, timber, cars and [[containerization|container]] traffic and remains, along with [[Southampton]] and [[Port of Felixstowe|Felixstowe]], one of Britain's three major container ports. It is the main UK port for importing paper including [[newsprint]].

The [[Port of Tilbury Police]], among the oldest of such forces in the UK, are responsible for the security of the Port.

==London Cruise Terminal==
One of the shipping lines using the docks was the [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company|P&O]]. In 1916, Tilbury became the only port in the PLA to serve cruise liners, when, in 1916, it opened berths specifically for the P&O within the dock complex. With the need for expanded facilities, a large new passenger landing stage was constructed in the Thames jointly by the PLA and the London Midland and Scottish Railway, with rail connections. It was opened in May 1930 by [[Ramsay MacDonald]].

Tilbury operated as London's [[Ocean liner|passenger liner]] terminal until the 1960s. For many people Tilbury was their point of emigration to Australia under an assisted passage scheme established and operated by the Australian Government. The '[[Ten Pound Poms]]' as they were known in Australia, embarked on to ships such as [[RMS Mooltan]] and set off for a new life. Tilbury was also a port of entry for many [[immigrant]]s; among them being a large group of [[British West Indies|West Indians]] on the [[Empire Windrush]] in 1948. The passenger landing stage was reopened by the Port of Tilbury group as the London Cruise Terminal, though no longer served by the railway.

==People==
Near the Dockmaster's office, on New Lock, is a memorial to [[Peter de Neumann|Captain Peter de Neumann, GM]], who was killed there in an accident on 16 September 1972. [[Rolf Harris]] visited the Docks during a TV episode of ''Rolf On Art'', when he recreated [[J M W Turner]]'s famous painting [[The Fighting Temeraire]].<ref>{{cite news| last =| first =| coauthors =| title =Rolf Harris helps to recall historic event on Thames| work =Port of London| pages =p. 3| language =| publisher =Port of London Authority| date =Nov/Dec 2004|url =http://www.portoflondon.co.uk/pdfs/pp/port_news_dec_04.pdf| accessdate =2007-12-26}}</ref>

==Tilbury Docks on film==
The port has been used as a location for several films.

The Docks stood in for Venetian waterways during the boat-chase scene in [[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]<ref>{{cite web| last =Reeves| first =Tony| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade| work =The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations| publisher =Titan| date =| url =http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/i/indie_last.html| format =| doi =| accessdate =2007-12-26}}</ref>; and scenes from [[Batman Begins]] were also filmed there,<ref>{{cite web| last =Reeves| first =Tony| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Batman Begins| work =The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations| publisher =Titan| date =| url =http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/batmanbegins.html| format =| doi =| accessdate =2007-12-26}}</ref> as was a scene in the 2004 [[Jude Law]] film [[Alfie (2004 film)|Alfie]].<ref>{{cite news| last =| first =| coauthors =| title =Tilbury: Alfie comes to Essex| work =| pages =| language =| publisher =Clacton and Frinton Gazette| date =[[2004-08-17]]| url =http://archive.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/2004/8/17/126794.html| accessdate =2007-12-26}}</ref> The Docks were also used in 1975 as the setting of [[John Wayne]]'s smuggler-busting operation in [[Brannigan]].<ref name=TC>{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Filming in Thurrock| work =Thurrock Heritage Files| publisher =Thurrock Council| date =| url =http://www.thurrock-community.org.uk/council/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=44| format =| doi =| accessdate =2007-12-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tilbury}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Essex]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Thames Estuary]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Transport in Thurrock]]
[[Category:River Thames]]

Paul Moody

2008-12-23T17:23:13Z

CSZero: One more category.

{{Infobox Person
| name = Paul Moody
| image = Paul Moody Lowell.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1779|5|23}}
| birth_place = [[Byfield, Massachusetts]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1831|7|5|1779|5|23}}
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| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for = First power loom in U.S.
| education =
| employer = [[The Boston Associates]]
| occupation = Master mechanic & inventor
| home_town =
| title =
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| height =
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'''Paul Moody''' (May 23, 1779 - [[July 5]] [[1831]]) was a [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[textile]] machinery inventor born in [[Byfield, Massachusetts]] (Town of Newbury). He is often credited with developing and perfecting the first power loom in America, which launched the first successful integrated cotton mill at [[Waltham, Massachusetts]] in 1814, under the leadership of [[Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)|Francis Cabot Lowell]].

==Early life==
Although Paul Moody's academic education was limited, at age sixteen he learned the weaver's craft, and soon became an expert. He later went to work at a Nail Factory in [[Amesbury, Massachusetts]]. In 1812 he worked for Kendrick and Worthen, makers of carding machinery. <ref>History of Lowell and Its People By Frederick William Coburn</ref>
In 1813 he partnered with Ezra Worthen, Thomas Boardman and Samuel Wigglesworth to form a satinet factory powered by the Powow River.

==Waltham==
Then, a year later in 1814 he arrived at [[Waltham, Massachusetts]] to supervise the setting up of machinery for a new cotton mill under [[Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)|Francis Cabot Lowell]] and [[The Boston Associates]], a group of wealthy Boston investors who were seeking to develop an "integrated" cotton textile producing mill. Lowell had visited Britain a few years earlier, virtually memorizing plans for the power looms then in use there, because it was illegal to export the new technology out of Great Britain at the time.

With Paul Moody's mechanical genius, the first power loom in America was eventually developed and perfected, and installed at the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]] mill, which harnessed the power of the [[Charles River]]. For the first time, all facets of cloth production could be done under one roof. This was truly a "revolution". (Even though Samuel Slater is often credited with establishing the first successful textile mill in 1793 at [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]], it was simply a "spinning" mill for the production of cotton yarn. There still was not a working power loom anywhere in the States.

[[Waltham, Massachusetts]] is today known as the "Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in America".

In 1819, Paul Moody patented the filling frame, a device which greatly attributed to the steadily decreasing cost of cotton manufacture in America.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=J9nXHgKQ49EC&pg=PA952&dq=paul+moody&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1QFsoCOFVPiQ2B6IcvlgwE6BN8vQ Biographical dictionary of American business leaders By John N. Ingham]</ref>

==Lowell==
With the success of Waltham, The Boston Associates would establish an entirely new city a few years later along the banks of the [[Merrimack River]]. The city would be named Lowell, after the man who began the enterprise, but did not live to see its creation. Operating from Waltham, Moody was in charge of producing all the mechanical components required for the new industrial venture, including the textile machinery, water turbines and power transmission systems. He moved to Lowell to become head machinist at the Lowell Machine Shop when it was established in 1824.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/lowe/loweweb/Lowell_History/lowe_machine_shop.htm NPS Lowell Machine Shop]</ref>
The city of Lowell would become extremely successful, and would be used as a model industrial city over the next quarter-century, for other cities established by the same group, including [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]] and several others.

In 1824 Moody developed a system of leather belting and pulleys to power machinery, which was almost exclusively used in American mills from then on. The new mode of power transmission was more economical and required less maintenance than the shaft-and-gear system used in the [[United Kingdom|British]] mills.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/lowe/planyourvisit/upload/suffolk.pdf Suffolk Mills Turbine Exhibit Pamphlet]</ref>

Although Moody died in 1831, his model system would be carried on with the new endeavors.

Paul Moody was later honored by having streets in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] and [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] named after him, although a section of the one in Lowell was later renamed University Avenue.

==See also==
*[http://www.walthammuseum.com/pm.bmp Portrait of Paul Moody]
*[[Francis Cabot Lowell]]
*[[Boston Manufacturing Company]]
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts]]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=H3ExAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Paul+Moody+waltham&source=web&ots=Tguu0d0MgY&sig=rPyjoPfTPeDb5HmYDQMM9EFFsNU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA140,M1 History of Lowell and its People]
*[http://www.sacolowell.com/aboutus.htm Saco Lowell]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=PrBOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225&dq=paul+moody&lr=#PPA225,M1 Paul Moody bio - Lowell, as it was]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moody, Paul}}
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2008-12-23T17:13:52Z

CSZero: P.T. Jackson article exists.

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[August 10]], [[1817]]) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[business]] man for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named.

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, [[Patrick Tracy Jackson]], and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls" lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

==References==
{{refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2008-12-23T17:12:33Z

CSZero: One more cat

[[Image:Francis Cabot Lowell.jpg|thumb|Profile of Francis Cabot Lowell for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts was named. There are no surviving portraits of him, so this profile is commonly used.]]
[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[August 10]], [[1817]]) (Lowell 1899, pg 59) <ref>[[Delmar R. Lowell|Lowell, Delmar]]. (1899) ''The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899,'' Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.</ref> was the [[United States|American]] [[business]] man for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named.

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] (1743-1802) and Susanna Cabot (1754-1777), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1793, and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[England]] in 1810<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/lowell_hi.html Who Made America]</ref><ref>[http://www.economicadventure.org/decision/lowell.pdf PDF of Economic Decision-Making: Francis Cabot Lowell]</ref> at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]]. He was not able able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms.

Upon his return to Boston in 1813, he joined his brother-in-law, Patrick Tracy Jackson, and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody (inventor)|Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls" lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In 1821, dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In 1822, Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

==References==
{{refs}}

==External Reading==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8). {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]
[[Category:Massachusetts businesspeople]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]

Life Savers

2008-08-25T01:57:17Z

CSZero: /* External links */ rvv

{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{otheruses4|the candy||Life saver}}
[[Image:Lifesavers wrapped.jpg|thumb|A Life Savers Five-Flavor roll.]]

'''Life Savers''' is an [[United States|American]] brand of ring-shaped [[mint (candy)|mints]] and artificially fruit-flavored [[candy|hard candy]]. The candy is known for its distinctive packaging, coming in [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]] rolls.

In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane (Cleveland, Ohio) invented Life Savers as a "summer candy" that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature [[Life_preservers#Throwable_PFDs|life preservers]], he called them Life Savers. After registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble (1882–1958) for [[United States dollar|$]]2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, Noble created tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers flavor. Noble founded the Life Savers Candy Company in 1913 and significantly expanded the market for the candy by installing Life Savers displays next to the cash registers of restaurants and grocery stores. He also trained the owners of the establishments to always give customers a nickel in their change as doing so would increase sales of Lifesavers. Since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935.

Life Savers was a [[subsidiary]] of [[Kraft Foods]] before being purchased by the [[Wrigley Company]] in 2004. In recent years, the brand has expanded to include '''Life Savers Gummies''' (previously known as '''Gummi Savers'''), '''Life Saver Minis''', '''Life Saver Fusions''', '''Creme Savers'''. Discontinued brands include '''Fruit Juicers''', '''Holes''', '''Life Saver [[Lollipop]]s''' and '''Squeezit'''.

==History==
[[Image:VioletLifeSavers.jpg|thumb|Violet Life Savers Ad from 1921.]]
Life Savers candy was first created in 1912 by [[Clarence Arthur Crane]], a [[Garrettsville, Ohio]] [[candy maker]] and father of the famed poet [[Hart Crane]]. Crane was looking for a new "summer candy" to supplement his chocolate business, which slumped in hot weather.

Crane developed a line of hard mints but did not have the space or machinery to make them. He contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. The pill manufacturer, whose machinery was malfunctioning, found that the pressing process worked much better when the mints were stamped with a hole in the middle.

Crane called the new candy "Crane's Peppermint Life Savers", because they looked like miniature [[Life preserver#Throwable PFDs|throwable life preservers]]. The ring-shaped devices were just beginning to come into use after the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'' disaster]].

In 1913, Crane sold the formula for his Life Savers candy to [[Edward Noble]] for only $2,900. Noble started his own candy company and began producing and selling the mints known as Pep-O-Mint Life Savers. He also began to package the mints into rolls wrapped in [[tinfoil]] to prevent them from going stale. This process was done by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Noble's brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process.

Robert Peckham Noble, Edward Noble's brother and a [[Purdue University|Purdue]] educated engineer, took his younger brother's entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the manufacturing facilities needed to expand the company. The Lifesavers primary manufacturing plant was located in [[Port Chester, New York]]. Robert P. Noble led the company as its [[Chief Executive Officer]] and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s.

By 1919, six other mint flavors (Wint-O-Green, Cl-O-ve, Lic-O-Rice, Cinn-O-Mon, Vi-O-let and Choc-O-Late) had been developed, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s. In 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was received so poorly that is was discontinued after only a few years.<ref>''New Yorker Magazine'', Feb. 28, 1925, pages 47–50.</ref> In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]].

Noble promoted the candy at the cash registers of saloons, cigar stores, drug stores, barber shops, and restaurants. He had the candy placed, with a five-cent price, near the cash register. Noble soon began to create and sell many other flavors.

In 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops. In 1925, technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies. These were introduced as the "fruit drop with the hole" and came in four flavors, namely, Grape, Orange, Lemon and Lime, each of which were packaged in their own separate rolls. In contrast to the opaque white mints previously produced by the company, these new candies were crystal-like in appearance. These new flavors quickly became popular with the public. Three new flavors were quickly introduced, namely, Anise, Cola and Root Beer, which were made in the clear fruit drop style. These did not prove to be as popular as the original four fruit drop flavors.
In 1931, the Life Savers "Cough Drop" was introduced with [[Menthol]] but it was not successful. In 1931, rolls of Pineapple and Cherry fruit drops were also introduced. As the public response proved positive for these, a new variety of mint, called Cryst-O-Mint, made in this same crystal-like style was introduced in 1932. In 1935, the classic "Five-Flavor" rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors in each roll. This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2003-08-14-LifeSavers_x.htm
| title = LifeSavers changes its stripes Friday
| last = Howard
| first = Theresa
| date = [[August 14]], [[2002]]
| publisher = ''[[USA Today]]''
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Raspberry-, watermelon- and blackberry-flavored "O's" will replace the traditional orange, lemon and lime.}}
</ref> In the late 1930s and early 1940s, four new mint flavors were introduced: Molas-O-Mint, Spear-O-Mint, Choc-O-Mint and Stik-O-Pep.

In 1981, Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation. A number of early mint flavors, including Cl-O-Ve, Vi-O-Let, Lic-O-Rice and Cinn-O-Mon were discontinued due to poor sales. Nabisco introduced a new Cinnamon flavor ("Hot Cin-O-Mon") as a clear fruit drop type candy. This replaced the white mint flavor Cinn-O-Mon which had recently been discontinued. The other original mint flavors have never been revived except by Wrigley (although a mint similar to Vi-O-Let Life Savers continues to be manufactured by [[C. Howard's Violet candies|C. Howard]]). A number of other flavors were also quickly discontinued, after Nabisco took over, in order to make the business more profitable. In 2004, the USA Life Savers business was acquired by Wrigley's. Wrigley's introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in over sixty years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint. They also revived some of the early mint flavors (such as Wint-O-Green).

Life Savers production for North America was based in [[Holland, Michigan]], United States, for many years, but in 2002 production was moved to [[Montreal]], [[Québec]], [[Canada]]. Significantly lower sugar prices in that country is the reason behind the move.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0320-02.htm
| title = Workers Feel Like Suckers
| last = Frammolino
| first = Ralph
| date = [[March 20]], [[2002]]
| publisher = ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Life Savers is moving its candy factory from Michigan to Canada, where sugar is cheaper, displacing 600 employees.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1138434
| title = Life Savers
| last =
| first =
| date = [[February 21]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[National Public Radio|NPR]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The candy's manufacturer says sugar prices in the U.S. are too high, and it is moving the factory from Holland, Michigan, to Canada.}}
</ref>
The company was headquartered in Port Chester, New York, where the distinctive former headquarters building (now apartments) still retains some Lifesavers signage.

==Trivia==
{{trivia|date=June 2007}}
*Wint-O-Green and Cl-O-Ve<ref>EN Harvey "The luminescence of sugar wafers", ''Science'' magazine, [[14 July]] [[1939]]: Vol. 90. no. 2324, pp. 35–36.</ref> (now discontinued) Life Savers are known for their ability to produce bright sparks when bitten in a dark room, due to [[triboluminescence]] produced by an electrical charge produced by grinding [[methyl salicylate|wintergreen]] or [[clove]] oil and sugar together.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://home.howstuffworks.com/question505.htm
| title = Why do Wint-O-Green Life Savers spark in the dark?
| last =
| first =
| date =
| publisher = [[HowStuffWorks]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote =
}}</ref>

*[[Pixar Animation Studios]] animated many commercials for the company before [[Pixar]] became famous for its [[short films]], like ''[[Luxo Jr.]]''

*The [[South Africa]]n chorus group [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] sang the distinctive [[a cappella]] songs used in Life Savers and Creme Savers commercials throughout the 1990s.

*There is an [[urban legend]] about the creation of Life Savers which states that the creator's daughter died after choking on a hard candy, and that the hole in the middle was included to prevent further death (thus earning the name Life Saver). This tale is often mistaken for truth and is probably more well-known than the real origin story.

*[[Brian Sandoval]] has done voiceovers for Life Savers.

*The 1932 [[Marx Brothers]] movie ''[[Horse Feathers]]'' features a scene in which [[Thelma Todd]] falls out of a canoe and into a river. She calls for a life saver and [[Groucho Marx]] tosses her the candy.

*''[[Croc 2]]'', a 1999 video game appearing on the [[PlayStation]], Windows PC, and [[GameBoy Color]] platforms, prominently featured various large Gummi Savers as trampolines of sorts for the main character to vault over obstacles.

*Life Savers are often recommended by doctors for diabetics. The fast acting sugar quickly raises a diabetic's blood sugar during a hypoglycemic attack.

==Timeline==
*1912: Crane's Peppermint Life Savers created by Clarence Crane in Garrettsville, Ohio.
*1913: Edward Noble bought the Life Saver formula, renamed Pep-O-Mint Life Savers, and started Mint Products Company in New York City.
*1921: The first fruit flavors were produced as solid candies.
*1925: Technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies.
*1931: Life Savers Limited acquired Beech-Nut and the two merged companies became Squibb Beech-Nut Inc.
*1935: The Original Five-Flavor roll of Life Savers debuted.
*1981: Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation.
*1987: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by [[The Hershey Company|Hershey]] Canada.
*1996: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by Beta Brands Limited.
*2004: USA Life Savers business Acquired By [[Wrigley's]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=WWY&script=410&layout=0&item_id=643926
| title = Wrigley to Add Life Savers(R) and Altoids(R) to Its Confectionery Portfolio
| last =
| first =
| date = [[November 15]] [[2004]]
| publisher = [[Wrigley]]
| format = Press Release
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company announced today that it has entered into an agreement to purchase certain confectionery assets of Kraft Foods for $1.48 billion. The transaction includes ownership of well-known, iconic brand franchises—such as Life Savers, Creme Savers, and Altoids—as well as production facilities in the United States and Europe.
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wrigley}}

[[Category:Brand name confectionery]]
[[Category:Wrigley brands]]
[[Category:1912 introductions]]

[[fr:Life Savers]]

Life Savers

2008-08-03T22:28:43Z

CSZero: The picture is of a 14 candy roll and the others come in 12s. Where did 11 come from?

{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{otheruses4|the candy||Life saver}}
[[Image:Lifesavers wrapped.jpg|thumb|A Life Savers Five-Flavor roll.]]

'''Life Savers''' is an [[United States|American]] brand of ring-shaped [[mint (candy)|mints]] and fruit-flavored [[candy|hard candy]]. The candy is known for its distinctive packaging, coming in [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]] rolls.

In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane (Cleveland, Ohio) invented Life Savers as a "summer candy" that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature [[Life_preservers#Throwable_PFDs|life preservers]], he called them Life Savers. After registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble (1882–1958) for [[United States dollar|$]]2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, Noble created tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers flavor. Noble founded the Life Savers Candy Company in 1913 and significantly expanded the market for the candy by installing Life Savers displays next to the cash registers of restaurants and grocery stores. He also trained the owners of the establishments to always give customers a nickel in their change as doing so would increase sales of Lifesavers. Since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935.

Life Savers was a [[subsidiary]] of [[Kraft Foods]] before being purchased by the [[Wrigley Company]] in 2004. In recent years, the brand has expanded to include '''Life Savers Gummies''' (previously known as '''Gummi Savers'''), '''Life Saver Minis''', '''Life Saver Fusions''', '''Creme Savers'''. Discontinued brands include '''Fruit Juicers''', '''Holes''', '''Life Saver [[Lollipop]]s''' and '''Squeezit'''.

==History==
[[Image:VioletLifeSavers.jpg|thumb|Violet Life Savers Ad from 1921.]]
Life Savers candy was first created in 1912 by [[Clarence Arthur Crane]], a [[Garrettsville, Ohio]] [[candy maker]] and father of the famed poet [[Hart Crane]]. Crane was looking for a new "summer candy" to supplement his chocolate business, which slumped in hot weather.

Crane developed a line of hard mints but did not have the space or machinery to make them. He contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. The pill manufacturer, whose machinery was malfunctioning, found that the pressing process worked much better when the mints were stamped with a hole in the middle.

Crane called the new candy "Crane's Peppermint Life Savers", because they looked like miniature [[Life preserver#Throwable PFDs|throwable life preservers]]. The ring-shaped devices were just beginning to come into use after the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'' disaster]].

In 1913, Crane sold the formula for his Life Savers candy to [[Edward Noble]] for only $2,900. Noble started his own candy company and began producing and selling the mints known as Pep-O-Mint Life Savers. He also began to package the mints into rolls wrapped in [[tinfoil]] to prevent them from going stale. This process was done by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Noble's brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process.

Robert Peckham Noble, Edward Noble's brother and a [[Purdue University|Purdue]] educated engineer, took his younger brother's entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the manufacturing facilities needed to expand the company. The Lifesavers primary manufacturing plant was located in [[Port Chester, New York]]. Robert P. Noble led the company as its [[Chief Executive Officer]] and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s.

By 1919, six other mint flavors (Wint-O-Green, Cl-O-ve, Lic-O-Rice, Cinn-O-Mon, Vi-O-let and Choc-O-Late) had been developed, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s. In 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was received so poorly that is was discontinued after only a few years.<ref>''New Yorker Magazine'', Feb. 28, 1925, pages 47–50.</ref> In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]].

Noble promoted the candy at the cash registers of saloons, cigar stores, drug stores, barber shops, and restaurants. He had the candy placed, with a five-cent price, near the cash register. Noble soon began to create and sell many other flavors.

In 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops. In 1925, technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies. These were introduced as the "fruit drop with the hole" and came in four flavors, namely, Grape, Orange, Lemon and Lime, each of which were packaged in their own separate rolls. In contrast to the opaque white mints previously produced by the company, these new candies were crystal-like in appearance. These new flavors quickly became popular with the public. Three new flavors were quickly introduced, namely, Anise, Cola and Root Beer, which were made in the clear fruit drop style. These did not prove to be as popular as the original four fruit drop flavors.
In 1931, the Life Savers "Cough Drop" was introduced with [[Menthol]] but it was not successful. In 1931, rolls of Pineapple and Cherry fruit drops were also introduced. As the public response proved positive for these, a new variety of mint, called Cryst-O-Mint, made in this same crystal-like style was introduced in 1932. In 1935, the classic "Five-Flavor" rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors in each roll. This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2003-08-14-LifeSavers_x.htm
| title = LifeSavers changes its stripes Friday
| last = Howard
| first = Theresa
| date = [[August 14]], [[2002]]
| publisher = ''[[USA Today]]''
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Raspberry-, watermelon- and blackberry-flavored "O's" will replace the traditional orange, lemon and lime.}}
</ref> In the late 1930s and early 1940s, four new mint flavors were introduced: Molas-O-Mint, Spear-O-Mint, Choc-O-Mint and Stik-O-Pep.

In 1981, Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation. A number of early mint flavors, including Cl-O-Ve, Vi-O-Let, Lic-O-Rice and Cinn-O-Mon were discontinued due to poor sales. Nabisco introduced a new Cinnamon flavor ("Hot Cin-O-Mon") as a clear fruit drop type candy. This replaced the white mint flavor Cinn-O-Mon which had recently been discontinued. The other original mint flavors have never been revived except by Wrigley (although a mint similar to Vi-O-Let Life Savers continues to be manufactured by [[C. Howard's Violet candies|C. Howard]]). A number of other flavors were also quickly discontinued, after Nabisco took over, in order to make the business more profitable. In 2004, the USA Life Savers business was acquired by Wrigley's. Wrigley's introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in over sixty years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint. They also revived some of the early mint flavors (such as Wint-O-Green).

Life Savers production for North America was based in [[Holland, Michigan]], United States, for many years, but in 2002 production was moved to [[Montreal]], [[Québec]], [[Canada]]. Significantly lower sugar prices in that country is the reason behind the move.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0320-02.htm
| title = Workers Feel Like Suckers
| last = Frammolino
| first = Ralph
| date = [[March 20]], [[2002]]
| publisher = ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Life Savers is moving its candy factory from Michigan to Canada, where sugar is cheaper, displacing 600 employees.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1138434
| title = Life Savers
| last =
| first =
| date = [[February 21]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[National Public Radio|NPR]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The candy's manufacturer says sugar prices in the U.S. are too high, and it is moving the factory from Holland, Michigan, to Canada.}}
</ref>
The company was headquartered in Port Chester, New York, where the distinctive former headquarters building (now apartments) still retains some Lifesavers signage.

==Trivia==
{{trivia|date=June 2007}}
*Wint-O-Green and Cl-O-Ve<ref>EN Harvey "The luminescence of sugar wafers", ''Science'' magazine, [[14 July]] [[1939]]: Vol. 90. no. 2324, pp. 35–36.</ref> (now discontinued) Life Savers are known for their ability to produce bright sparks when bitten in a dark room, due to [[triboluminescence]] produced by an electrical charge produced by grinding [[methyl salicylate|wintergreen]] or [[clove]] oil and sugar together.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://home.howstuffworks.com/question505.htm
| title = Why do Wint-O-Green Life Savers spark in the dark?
| last =
| first =
| date =
| publisher = [[HowStuffWorks]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote =
}}</ref>

*[[Pixar Animation Studios]] animated many commercials for the company before [[Pixar]] became famous for its [[short films]], like ''[[Luxo Jr.]]''

*The [[South Africa]]n chorus group [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] sang the distinctive [[a cappella]] songs used in Life Savers and Creme Savers commercials throughout the 1990s.

*There is an [[urban legend]] about the creation of Life Savers which states that the creator's daughter died after choking on a hard candy, and that the hole in the middle was included to prevent further death (thus earning the name Life Saver). This tale is often mistaken for truth and is probably more well-known than the real origin story.

*[[Brian Sandoval]] has done voiceovers for Life Savers.

*The 1932 [[Marx Brothers]] movie ''[[Horse Feathers]]'' features a scene in which [[Thelma Todd]] falls out of a canoe and into a river. She calls for a life saver and [[Groucho Marx]] tosses her the candy.

*''[[Croc 2]]'', a 1999 video game appearing on the [[PlayStation]], Windows PC, and [[GameBoy Color]] platforms, prominently featured various large Gummi Savers as trampolines of sorts for the main character to vault over obstacles.

==Timeline==
*1912: Crane's Peppermint Life Savers created by Clarence Crane in Garrettsville, Ohio.
*1913: Edward Noble bought the Life Saver formula, renamed Pep-O-Mint Life Savers, and started Mint Products Company in New York City.
*1921: The first fruit flavors were produced as solid candies.
*1925: Technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies.
*1931: Life Savers Limited acquired Beech-Nut and the two merged companies became Squibb Beech-Nut Inc.
*1935: The Original Five-Flavor roll of Life Savers debuted.
*1981: Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation.
*1987: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by [[The Hershey Company|Hershey]] Canada.
*1996: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by Beta Brands Limited.
*2004: USA Life Savers business Acquired By [[Wrigley's]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=WWY&script=410&layout=0&item_id=643926
| title = Wrigley to Add Life Savers(R) and Altoids(R) to Its Confectionery Portfolio
| last =
| first =
| date = [[November 15]] [[2004]]
| publisher = [[Wrigley]]
| format = Press Release
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company announced today that it has entered into an agreement to purchase certain confectionery assets of Kraft Foods for $1.48 billion. The transaction includes ownership of well-known, iconic brand franchises—such as Life Savers, Creme Savers, and Altoids—as well as production facilities in the United States and Europe.
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.candystand.com/lifesavers/ls_flavorfulroll.aspx/ Life Saver History] Flash version time-line from 1912 to today.

{{Wrigley}}

[[Category:Brand name confectionery]]
[[Category:Wrigley brands]]
[[Category:1912 introductions]]

[[fr:Life Savers]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2008-06-28T21:30:10Z

CSZero: /* Boston metropolitan area */ This is a sourced list - please don't add random towns to it.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 10th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Due to ambiguity in usage, the size of the area referred to can be anywhere between that of the [[metropolitan area]] (MSA) of Boston to that of the city's [[Combined Statistical Area]] (CSA) which includes the metro areas of [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].

By contrast, the '''Metro Boston''' is usually reserved to signify the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston, while "Greater Boston" usually at least overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|tenth-largest metropolitan area]] in the United States, home to over 4.4 million people, while the CSA is the nation's [[Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas|fifth largest]] and includes over 7.4 million people. It is also the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|51st most populous metropolitan area in the world]].<ref>http://www.listsofbests.com/list/8696?page=2</ref>{{Rs|date=June 2008}} Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in Boston. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest, Massachusetts|MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Massachusetts Route 3|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]
*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[HPQ|Hewlett-Packard Company]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[Intel Corporation]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[SEPR|Sepracor, Inc.]], in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]] in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Haemonetics]], in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]] (headquarters)

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]], which follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==

{|
|- valign=top
|
*[[John Adams]] - Declaration of Independence draft writer, 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Robert Benchley]] - humorist
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Elizabeth Bishop]] -- poet
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*Anthony "[[Spag's|Spag]]" Borgatti -- early discount retailer
*[[Anne Bradstreet]] - first American poet
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[E. E. Cummings]] - poet
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[T. S. Eliot]] - poet
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Esther Forbes]] - writer
*[[Abby Kelley]] Foster - women's rights activist, Abolitionist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Margaret Fuller]] - writer, women's rights activist
*[[Nicholas Gage]] - writer, producer
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Robert Goddard]] - inventor of liquid fuel rocket - [[Clark University]]
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[G. Stanley Hall]] - pioneering psychologist
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] -- editor, Abolitionist
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Abbie Hoffman]] - political activist
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
|
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Robert Kennedy]] - US Attorney General, Presidental candidate
*[[Jack Kerouac]] - writer
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Stanley Kunitz]] -- Poet Laureate
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Dennis Leary]] - actor and philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - theologian, writer
*[[Sharon Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Craig Mello]] - Nobel laureate [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]]
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Agnes Moorehead]] - actress
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Edward Norton]] - actor
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Charles Olson]] - poet
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Gregory Pincus]] - co-inventor of the birth control pill [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[Lucy Stone]] - suffragist
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Marshall Walker "Major" Taylor]] - cycling champion
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Isaiah Thomas]] revolutionary, newspaper publisher
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Artemis Ward]] - Revolutionary War general
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Alicia Witt]] - actress
*[[Malcolm X]] - human rights activist
|}



== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Route 3]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* [[Massachusetts Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* [[Massachusetts Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* [[Massachusetts Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 in Massachusetts|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge|Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation and Bus===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
** [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] Logan Airport to [[Dudley Square (MBTA station)|Dudley Square]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Old Colony Lines (MBTA)|Old Colony Lines]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Fairmount Line]] shuttle service from [[South Station]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Greenbush Line]] serving Boston's South Shore
** [[Needham Line]] serving Boston suburbs and [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]]
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]] service to [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] from [[North Station]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2008-04-05T16:56:06Z

CSZero: /* Major companies */ This sentence strikes me as rather silly as well. It's an arbitrary list of three chains, one which might as well be extinct. Where's D'Angelo and Papa Ginos? :-P

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 11th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. While '''Metro Boston''' tends to be the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston, Greater Boston overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes America's [[List_of_United_States_metropolitan_areas|eleventh-largest metropolitan area]], home to over 4.4 million people. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the country and [[List of metropolitan areas by population|ranks 56th most populous in the world]]. Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in [[Boston]]. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding [[Boston]] serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]], [[New Hampshire]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Intel]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]] in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]](headquarters)

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]] follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==
*[[John Adams]] - 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - woman suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - preacher, writer
*[[Sharon Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Highway 3|US Route 3]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* Massachusetts [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* Massachusetts [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Plymouth/Kingston Line]] and [[Middleborough/Lakeville Line]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2008-04-05T16:50:25Z

CSZero: Better idea - let's scratch this whole sentence because it's meaningless as written whether Framingham is included or not. Quincy and Newton are major cities?!?

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 11th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. While '''Metro Boston''' tends to be the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston, Greater Boston overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]].

Greater Boston includes America's [[List_of_United_States_metropolitan_areas|eleventh-largest metropolitan area]], home to over 4.4 million people. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the country and [[List of metropolitan areas by population|ranks 56th most populous in the world]]. Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in [[Boston]]. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding [[Boston]] serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]], [[New Hampshire]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
[[CVS Corporation|CVS/pharmacy]] started in the Greater Boston Area, in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]. Likewise, [[Dunkin Donuts]] and [[Howard Johnson's]] restaurants and lodgings started just outside [[Boston]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]].

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Intel]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]] in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]](headquarters)

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]] follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==
*[[John Adams]] - 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - woman suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - preacher, writer
*[[Sharon Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] - Musicians
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Highway 3|US Route 3]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* Massachusetts [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* Massachusetts [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Plymouth/Kingston Line]] and [[Middleborough/Lakeville Line]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Cumberland (Maine)

2008-04-02T22:24:29Z

CSZero: rvv

:{{otherplaces2|Cumberland}}

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Cumberland, Maine
|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


||pushpin_map =Maine
|pushpin_label_position =left 
|pushpin_map_caption =Location within the state of Maine
|pushpin_mapsize =
|image_map = |mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =

|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 120.1
|area_land_km2 = 67.5
|area_water_km2 = 52.6
|area_total_sq_mi = 46.4
|area_land_sq_mi = 26.1
|area_water_sq_mi = 20.3


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 7159
|population_density_km2 = 106.0
|population_density_sq_mi = 274.6


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 0
|elevation_ft = 0
|latd = 43 |latm = 46 |lats = 52 |latNS = N
|longd = 70 |longm = 13 |longs = 3 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 04021
|area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 23-15430
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0582427
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Cumberland''' is a [[New England town | town]] in [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]], [[Maine]], [[United States]]. The population was 7,159 at the 2000 census.

==History==
Cumberland, Maine, was once part of [[North Yarmouth]]. But in 1821 it was incorporated into its own town. The town was officially named by [[Ephraim Sturdivant]] when the new town government elected him to do the task.

The [[Cumberland Fair]], one of the state's larger agricultural fairs, has been held yearly in Cumberland at the end of September since 1868. The Portland suburb has a rich farming history, and a number of working farms remain.

===Notable people===
*[[Ephraim Sturdivant|Captain Ephraim Sturdivant]], treasurer of Cumberland 1833-1834, namer of Cumberland, and the first treasurer of Cumberland 1821-1832.

*[[Mike Bordick|Mike Bordick]], Major league baseball player and owner of Frozen Ropes Baseball Training Center resided in Cumberland.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 46.4 [[square mile]]s (120.1 [[km²]]), of which, 26.1 square miles (67.5 km²) of it is land and 20.3 square miles (52.6 km²) of it (43.78%) is water.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]][[Geographic references#2|2]] of 2000, there were 7,159 people, 2,548 households, and 2,046 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 274.6 people per square mile (106.0/km²). There were 2,945 housing units at an average density of 112.9/sq mi (43.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.76% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.14% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.10% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.42% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.45% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.66% of the population.

There were 2,548 households out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town the population was spread out with 30.4% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $67,556, and the median income for a family was $76,571. Males had a median income of $49,538 versus $37,367 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $33,644. About 2.4% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 0.8% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

==School system==
The school system that serves Cumberland is known as [[Maine School Administrative District 51]] or MSAD 51. There are 5 schools in the district, which also serves [[North Yarmouth, Maine]], including the [[Mabel I. Wilson School]], [[North Yarmouth Memorial School]], [[Drowne Road School]], [[Greely Middle School]], and the [[Greely High School]].

==Links==
*[http://www.cumberlandmaine.com/ Official town website]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cumberland County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

[[vo:Cumberland (Maine)]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2008-02-22T23:19:35Z

CSZero: rv. Reverting addition of "Major Company" with no associated article and not so much as a single hit on Google...

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 11th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. While '''Metro Boston''' tends to be the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston, Greater Boston overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]]. Major cities include: the City of [[Boston]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], and the largest [[New England town|town]] in [[New England]] by population, [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]].

Greater Boston includes America's [[List_of_United_States_metropolitan_areas|eleventh-largest metropolitan area]], home to over 4.4 million people. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the country and [[List of metropolitan areas by population|ranks 56th most populous in the world]]. Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in [[Boston]]. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding [[Boston]] serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]], [[New Hampshire]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
[[CVS Corporation|CVS/pharmacy]] started in the Greater Boston Area, in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]. Likewise, [[Dunkin Donuts]] and [[Howard Johnson's]] restaurants and lodgings started just outside [[Boston]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]].

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Intel]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]] in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]](headquarters)

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]] follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==
*[[John Adams]] - 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - woman suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - preacher, writer
*[[Sharon Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Highway 3|US Route 3]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* Massachusetts [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* Massachusetts [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Plymouth/Kingston Line]] and [[Middleborough/Lakeville Line]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2008-02-17T03:18:21Z

CSZero: rv - the official name is "Boston-Cambridge-Quincy"

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 11th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. While '''Metro Boston''' tends to be the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston, Greater Boston overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]]. Major cities include: the City of [[Boston]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], and the largest [[New England town|town]] in [[New England]] by population, [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]].

Greater Boston includes America's [[List_of_United_States_metropolitan_areas|eleventh-largest metropolitan area]], home to over 4.4 million people. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the country and [[List of metropolitan areas by population|ranks 56th most populous in the world]]. Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in [[Boston]]. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding [[Boston]] serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]], [[New Hampshire]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
[[CVS Corporation|CVS/pharmacy]] started in the Greater Boston Area, in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]. Likewise, [[Dunkin Donuts]] and [[Howard Johnson's]] restaurants and lodgings started just outside [[Boston]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]].

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Intel]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]] in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]](headquarters)

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]] follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==
*[[John Adams]] - 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - woman suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - preacher, writer
*[[Sharon Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Highway 3|US Route 3]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* Massachusetts [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* Massachusetts [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Plymouth/Kingston Line]] and [[Middleborough/Lakeville Line]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2008-02-12T02:08:36Z

CSZero: rv - Greater Boston is too loose of a term to say "is the 11th largest" but the metro area is at least included in a reasonable definition.

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 11th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. While '''Metro Boston''' tends to be the "Inner Core" surrounding the City of Boston, Greater Boston overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as [[MetroWest]] and the [[Merrimack Valley]]. Major cities include: the City of [[Boston]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], and the largest [[New England town|town]] in [[New England]] by population, [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]].

Greater Boston includes America's [[List_of_United_States_metropolitan_areas|eleventh-largest metropolitan area]], home to over 4.4 million people. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the country and [[List of metropolitan areas by population|ranks 56th most populous in the world]]. Greater Boston contains more urbanized area than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston. The area features many [[university|universities]].

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]] and that of the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], the [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]] were born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was [[John Hancock]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in [[Boston]]. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and joined the [[Nation of Islam]] while in prison in [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|right|275px|thumb|Light Blue represents the area in Massachusetts known as Greater Boston, while Dark Blue represents the Metro-Boston area{{facts|date=December 2007}} and Red represents Boston proper, the City of Boston.]]
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts|Massachusetts legislature]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000), in an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding [[Boston]] serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau, using counties as building blocks instead of towns, is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], [[New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]]. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], [[New Hampshire]]
*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester County]], [[Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]], [[Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island|Bristol County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island|Newport County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island|Providence County]], [[Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island|Washington County]], [[Rhode Island]]

==Principal cities and towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===
''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]], [[New Hampshire]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===
''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
[[CVS Corporation|CVS/pharmacy]] started in the Greater Boston Area, in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]. Likewise, [[Dunkin Donuts]] and [[Howard Johnson's]] restaurants and lodgings started just outside [[Boston]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]].

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Intel]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Zeiss|Carl Zeiss SMT]] in [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]] (North American Headquarters)
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS, Viacom and Midway Games), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Teradyne]], in [[North Reading, Massachusetts|North Reading]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]] (headquarters)
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc.]] (headquarters)
** [[Putnam Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]](headquarters)

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]] follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==
*[[John Adams]] - 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Casey Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Susan B. Anthony]] - woman suffragist
*[[Johnny Appleseed]] (John Chapman) - pioneer nurseryman
*[[Jeff Bagwell]] - Major League Baseball player
*[[Clara Barton]] - founder of the [[American Red Cross]]
*[[Leonard Bernstein]] - classical conductor and composer
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*[[Bobby Brown]] - R&B singer, songwriter
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[George Herbert Walker Bush]] - 41st [[President of the United States]]
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Elias James Corey]] - chemist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Bette Davis]] - actress
*[[Dispatch (band)|Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[Rachel Dratch]] - comedian and [[Saturday Night Live]] alum
*[[The Ducky Boys]] - band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Elbridge Gerry]] - Vice President of the United States, signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], namesake of the practice of [[gerrymandering]]
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Anthony Michael Hall]] - [[Brat Pack (movies)]] actor
*[[John Hancock]] - statesman, 1st [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Henry Way Kendall]] - physicist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Matt LeBlanc]] - [[Friends]] actor
*[[Jay Leno]] - comedian
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Rocky Marciano]] - world heavyweight boxing champion
*[[Cotton Mather]] - preacher, writer
*[[Sharon Christa McAuliffe]] - astronaut
*[[Merton Miller]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Samuel F. B. Morse]] - inventor of the [[telegraph]]
*[[Joseph E. Murray]] - surgeon, performer of the first [[kidney transplant]] and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Douglass C. North]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Timothy Pickering]] - first [[United States Postmaster General]]
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Amy Poehler]] - actress and [[Saturday Night Live]] cast member
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[William Forsyth Sharpe]] - economist, winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[James Taylor]] - singer
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster, journalist
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Mike Wallace (journalist)]] - journalist of [[60 Minutes]] fame
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Eli Whitney]] - inventor of the [[cotton gin]]
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Highway 3|US Route 3]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* Massachusetts [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* Massachusetts [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]
* [[Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Plymouth/Kingston Line]] and [[Middleborough/Lakeville Line]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==
* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]
*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]
[[zh:大波士顿]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2008-01-30T22:00:03Z

CSZero: rvv

[[Image:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, Massachusetts]]

{{Otherpeople|Francis Cabot Lowell}}

'''Francis Cabot Lowell''' ([[April 7]], [[1775]] - [[April 10]], [[1817]]) was the [[United States|American]] [[business]] man for whom the [[city]] of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] is named.

He was born in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], the son of [[John Lowell]] ([[1743]]-[[1802]]) and Susanna Cabot ([[1754]]-[[1777]]), and a member of the prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[Lowell family]], which included statesman [[John Lowell]], [[Harvard University]] president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]], civil war general [[Charles Russell Lowell]], astronomer [[Percival Lowell]], and poets [[Robert Lowell]] and [[Amy Lowell]].

Lowell attended the [[Roxbury Latin School]] in [[Roxbury, MA]] and later graduated from [[Harvard College]] in [[1793]], and on [[November 2]] [[1798]] married Hannah Jackson in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], daughter of [[Jonathan Jackson (delegate)|Jonathan Jackson]] and Hannah Tracy, with whom he had four children; three sons and one daughter.

On a visit to [[British Isles]] in [[1810]]-[[1812]] at age 36, Lowell carefully studied the [[textile]] [[industry|industries]] of [[Lancashire]] and [[Scotland]]. It appears that he went so far as to make detailed engineering drawings in the evenings, based on mechanisms he observed during the day's factory tours.

Upon his return to Boston in [[1813]], he joined his brother-in-law, Patrick Tracy Jackson, and [[Nathan Appleton]] and established at [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] the [[Boston Manufacturing Company]], the first textile mill in America where all operations for converting raw [[cotton]] into finished [[cloth]] could be performed in one mill building. With [[Paul Moody]] he devised an efficient [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] apparatus and a [[power loom]], based on the British models but with technological improvements.

To raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.

In [[1814]], the Boston Manufacturing Company built its first mill beside the [[Charles River]] in Waltham, housing an integrated set of technologies that converted raw cotton all the way to finished cloth. This Waltham mill was thus the forerunner of the 19th century American factory. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from [[New England]] farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the [[Lowell system]]. He paid these "mill girls" lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including in well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities.

Although he died early at age 42, only 3 years after building his first mill, Lowell left his Boston Manufacturing Company in superb financial health. In [[1821]], dividends were paid out at an astounding 27.5% to shareholders. In [[1822]], Lowell's partners named their new mill town at the Pawtucket Falls on the [[Merrimack River]] "Lowell," after their visionary leader. One of his sons, Francis Cabot Lowell Jr., continued to work in his father's footsteps.

==References==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley [[1974]]), chapter 1, ''Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master'' (ISBN 0-679-40064-8).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowell, Francis Cabot}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Innovators]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]

Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)

2008-01-06T04:48:58Z

CSZero: rv. What's wrong with putting in the state names for out-of-state destinations? That's usually what the signs do...

{{Infobox Interstate/Intrastate
|state=MA
|article_route=495
|type=Auxiliary
|map=
|maint=
|length_mi=120.74 
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref>[http://www.mass.gov/mgis/eotroads.htm Executive Office of Transportation - Office of Transportation Planning Roads] GIS Data</ref>
|year_established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a=[[Image:I-195.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 25.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 195 (Massachusetts)|I-195]]/[[Massachusetts Route 25|Route 25]] in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham, MA]]
|junction=[[Image:US 44.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 44|US 44]] in [[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough, MA]] [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough, MA]] [[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 1|US 1]] in [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville, MA]] [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90|I-90]] in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton, MA]] [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20|US 20]] in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough, MA]] [[Image:I-290.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|I-290]] in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough, MA]] [[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3|US 3]] in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford, MA]] [[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover, MA]]
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury, MA]]
|previous_type=Interstate
|previous_route=395
|next_type=Interstate
|next_route=695
}}
'''Interstate 495''' (abbreviated '''I-495''') is the designation of an [[Interstate highway]] half-[[beltway]] in [[Massachusetts]]. It was the longest interstate highway of its kind – measuring in at 120.74 [[mile]]s (194.40 [[kilometer]]s) – until its title was taken by [[Interstate 476 (Pennsylvania)|Interstate 476]] in [[1996]].

I-495 has its northern terminus at [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] in [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]. The highway, forming an arc approximately 30 miles from [[Boston]], intersects eight major radial [[expressways]] along its route: [[Interstate 93]], [[U.S. Route 3]], [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]], [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 290]], [[Interstate 90]] (The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]]), [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]] and [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] (twice). It has its southern terminus in [[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]], where [[Interstate 195 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 195]] and [[Route 25 (Massachusetts)|Route 25]] meet. Originally, the stretch from Route 24 to Interstate 195 was signed as Route 25; that status now only begins south of I-195.

I-495 is often regarded as the outermost boundary of the [[Greater Boston]] region (see the quote below): its northern extremity is close to the [[New Hampshire]] border; its southern end is just north of [[Cape Cod]]; west of 495 is the [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] area and Central Massachusetts. In a more restricted sense, The [[Yankee Division Highway]] ([[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] and the first 6.5 miles of [[Interstate 93]]), which is parallel to I-495 but closer to the city, is sometimes regarded as the outer boundary of Boston's immediate [[suburb]]s.

The stretch of 495 north and east of [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] until its terminus at [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] in Salisbury is also the main limited access highway connecting the communities of the more urbanized [[Merrimack Valley]] region, separate from its purpose as a beltway for Boston. This stretch of expressway closely follows [[Massachusetts Route 110| Route 110]].

==Exit list==
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1
!County
!Location
!Mile
!Exit #
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
!colspan=6|[[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] begins at [[Image:I-195.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 25.svg|20px]]
|-
|rowspan=8|[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth]]
|rowspan=2|[[Wareham, Massachusetts|Wareham]]
|0.00
|1
|[[Image:I-195.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 195 (Rhode Island-Massachusetts)|I-195]] West – New Bedford, Providence, RI
|Mainline continues as [[Image:MA Route 25.svg|20px]] [[Route 25 (Massachusetts)|MA-25]]
|-
|2.48
|2
|[[Image:MA Route 58.svg|20px]] [[Route 58 (Massachusetts)|MA-58]] – [[Carver, Massachusetts|Carver]], Plymouth
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]]
|10.31
|3
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|MA-28]] – Rock Village, South Middleborough
|-
!colspan=3|<center>'''Parking Areas'''</center>
!'''1 area NB, 2 areas SB'''
|-
|13.42
|4
|[[Image:MA Route 105.svg|25px]] [[Route 105 (Massachusetts)|MA-105]] – Middleborough Center, Lakeville
|-
|14.33
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 18.svg|20px]] [[Route 18 (Massachusetts)|MA-18]] – NB: Bridgewater, Plymouth; SB: Lakeville, New Bedford
|MA-18 North to US-44 East
|-
|14.78
|6
|[[Image:US 44.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 44|US-44]] – NB: Taunton, Providence, RI; SB: Middleborough, Plymouth
|-
||[[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]]
|19.35
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 24.svg|20px]] [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|MA-24]] – Boston, Fall River
|Split into 7A and 7B
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol]]
|[[Raynham, Massachusetts|Raynham]]
|21.71
|8
|[[Image:MA Route 138.svg|25px]] [[Route 138 (Massachusetts)|MA-138]] – Stoughton, Taunton
|-
|[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]
|24.82
|9
|Bay Street – Taunton, Easton
|-
|[[Norton, Massachusetts|Norton]]
|26.90
|10
|[[Image:MA Route 123.svg|25px]] [[Route 123 (Massachusetts)|MA-123]] – Norton, East Mansfield, Easton
|To [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|Route 140]] South
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mansfield, Massachusetts|Mansfield]]
|29.9
|11
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] South – Norton
|Partial interchange: SB exit/NB entrance only.
|-
|30.8
|12
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] North – Mansfield
|-
|rowspan=8|[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk]]
|[[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]]
|32.89
|13
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]] – Boston, Providence, RI
|Split into 13A and 13B
|-
|[[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]]
|35.54
|14
|[[Image:US 1.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 1|US-1]] – Wrentham, North Attleborough
|Split into 14A and 14B
|-
|[[Wrentham, Massachusetts|Wrentham]]
|37.36
|15
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] [[Route 1A (Massachusetts)|MA-1A]] – Wrentham, Plainville
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Franklin, Massachusetts|Franklin]]
|41.17
|16
|King Street – Franklin, Woonsocket, RI
|-
|43.19
|17
|[[Image:MA Route 140.svg|25px]] [[Route 140 (Massachusetts)|MA-140]] – Franklin, Bellingham
|-
|[[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]]
|45.79
|18
|[[Image:MA Route 126.svg|25px]] [[Route 126 (Massachusetts)|MA-126]] – Medway, Bellingham
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Milford, Massachusetts|Milford]]
|48.30
|19
|[[Image:MA Route 109.svg|25px]] [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|MA-109]] – Milford, Medway
|-
|50.47
|20
|[[Image:MA Route 85.svg|20px]] [[Route 85 (Massachusetts)|MA-85]] – Milford, Hopkinton
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]]
|54.14
|21
|West Main Street – Hopkinton, Upton
|Split into 21A and 21B
|-
|57.87
|22
|[[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 90|I-90]] ([[Massachusetts Turnpike|Mass Pike]]) – Boston, Albany, NY
|-
|[[Worcester County|Worcester]]
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]]
|59.39
|23AB
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|MA-9]] – Framingham, Worcester
|-
|rowspan=4|Middlesex
|rowspan=4|[[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
|62.09
|23C
|Simarano Drive – Marlborough, Southborough
|Interchange constructed in 2000.
|-
|63.11
|24
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 20|US-20]] – Marlborough, Northborough
|Split into 24A and 24B
|-
|64.87
|25A
|To [[Image:MA Route 85.svg|20px]] [[Route 85 (Massachusetts)|MA-85]] – Hudson
|Connection via unnumbered connector road
|-
|64.87
|25B
|[[Image:I-290.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 290 (Massachusetts)|I-290]] – Worcester
|-
|rowspan=2|Worcester
|[[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]]
|67.26
|26
|[[Image:MA Route 62.svg|20px]] [[Route 62 (Massachusetts)|MA-62]] – Berlin, Hudson
|-
|[[Bolton, Massachusetts|Bolton]]
|69.93
|27
|[[Image:MA Route 117.svg|25px]] [[Route 117 (Massachusetts)|MA-117]] – Bolton, Stow
|-
|rowspan=13|Middlesex
|[[Boxborough, Massachusetts|Boxborough]]
|74.57
|28
|[[Image:MA Route 111.svg|25px]] [[Route 111 (Massachusetts)|MA-111]] – Boxborough, Harvard
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Littleton, Massachusetts|Littleton]]
|77.55
|29
|[[Image:MA Route 2.svg|20px]] [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|MA-2]] – Leominster, Boston
|Split into 29A and 29B.
|-
|79.09
|30
|[[Image:MA Route 2A.svg|20px]] [[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 2A (Massachusetts)|MA-2A]], [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Littleton, Ayer
|-
|80.12
|31
|[[Image:MA Route 119.svg|25px]] [[Route 119 (Massachusetts)|MA-119]] – Groton, Acton
|-
|[[Westford, Massachusetts|Westford]]
|83.20
|32
|Boston Road – Westford
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]]
|-
|87.5
|33
|[[Image:MA Route 4.svg|20px]] [[Route 4 (Massachusetts)|MA-4]] – North Chelmsford
|Partial interchange: NB exit/SB entrance only
|-
|88.1
|34
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Chelmsford, Lowell
|Route 110 west to Route 4
|-
|89.1
|35AB
|[[Image:US 3.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 3|US-3]] – Burlington, Nashua, NH
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]
|89.3
|35C
|[[Lowell Connector]] – Lowell
|Former exit 36
|-
|91.09
|37
|Woburn Street – South Lowell, North Billerica
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]]
|92.18
|38
|[[Image:MA Route 38.svg|20px]] [[Route 38 (Massachusetts)|MA-38]] – Lowell, Tewksbury
|-
|94.51
|39
|[[Image:MA Route 133.svg|25px]] [[Route 133 (Massachusetts)|MA-133]] – Dracut, Andover
|-
|rowspan=19|[[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex]]
|rowspan=2|[[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
|96.92
|40
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]] – Boston, Concord, NH
|Split into 40A and 40B.
|-
|99.30
|41
|[[Image:MA Route 28.svg|20px]] [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|MA-28]] – Lawrence, Andover
|Split northbound into 41A and 41B.
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]
|100.06
|42
|[[Image:MA Route 114.svg|25px]] [[Route 114 (Massachusetts)|MA-114]] – Middleton, South Lawrence
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North Andover, Massachusetts|North Andover]]
|100.84
|43
|Massachusetts Avenue
|Also signed northbound for Commonwealth Avenue.
|-
|101.25
|44
|Merrimack Street
|-
|[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]
|101.83
|45
|Marston Street – Lawrence
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Methuen, Massachusetts|Methuen]]
|103.00
|46
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] (Merrimac Street) – Pleasant Valley
|-
|103.93
|47
|[[Image:MA Route 213.svg|25px]] [[Route 213 (Massachusetts)|MA-213]] (Loop Connector)
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]]
|105.66
|48
|To [[Image:MA Route 125.svg|25px]] [[Route 125 (Massachusetts)|MA-125]] – Ward Hill, Bradford
|Via unnumbered connector road.
|-
|106.52
|49
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Image:MA Route 113.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]]/[[Route 113 (Massachusetts)|MA-113]] (River Street)
|
|-
|107.18
|50
|[[Image:MA Route 97.svg|20px]] [[Route 97 (Massachusetts)|MA-97]] – Haverhill, Salem, NH
|-
|108.87
|51
|[[Image:MA Route 125.svg|25px]] [[Route 125 (Massachusetts)|MA-125]] – Haverhill, Plaistow, NH
|Split into 51A and 51B.
|-
!colspan=3|<center>'''Parking Area'''</center>
!'''Northbound only'''.
|-
|111.05
|52
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] – Haverhill, Merrimac
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Merrimac, Massachusetts|Merrimac]]
!colspan=3|<center>'''Rest Area'''</center>
!'''Southbound only'''.
|-
|114.77
|53
|Broad Street – Merrimac, Merrimacport
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Amesbury, Massachusetts|Amesbury]]
|117.72
|54
|[[Image:MA Route 150.svg|25px]] [[Route 150 (Massachusetts)|MA-150]] – Amesbury
|-
|118.74
|55
|[[Image:MA Route 110.svg|25px]] [[Route 110 (Massachusetts)|MA-110]] East To [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]] South – Salisbury, Boston
|Partial interchange: NB exit/SB entrance only. Entrance from 110 WB only.
|-
|[[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]]
|120.74
|
!colspan=3 align=center|Northbound [[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] I-495 merges onto northbound [[Image:I-95.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]. Access to southbound I-495 from southbound I-95 only.
|-
!colspan="6" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: Shadyjay.com''<ref>[http://www.shadyjay.com/NET/listings/interstate/i-495ma.htm Mass 25 & Interstate 495 – shadyjay.com]</ref>
|-
|}

==Quotations==
<blockquote>"I think a Bostonian would rather go north or south than east to west. There is a sense that anything west of Route 495 needs a [[passport]] and [[currency]] control." --John Mullin, director of the [[University of Massachusetts]]' Center for Economic Development in 1998 <ref>Boston ''Globe'' article quoted in [http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/i495.html#495ma Kurumi.com]</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/I-495_MA/ Interstate 495 at Steve Anderson's Boston Roads site]

{{3di|95}}

[[Category:Three-digit Interstate Highways|95-4 Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Interstate Highways in Massachusetts|95-4]]
[[Category:Interstate 95|4 Massachusetts]]

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2007-12-11T04:17:56Z

CSZero: rv incorrect possessive noun change.

Paul Moody

2007-11-03T16:08:18Z

CSZero:

{{for|the [[Presbyterian]] clergyman|Paul Dwight Moody}}
{{unreferenced|date=November 2006}}
'''Paul Moody''' ([[1779]] - [[July 5]] [[1831]]) was a [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[textile]] machinery inventor born in [[Byfield, Massachusetts]]. He went to work at a Nail Factory in [[Amesbury, Massachusetts]]. He partnered with Ezra Worthen, and together they ran a textile mill powered by the [[Powow River]]. Moody was head machinist at the Lowell Machine Shop, in what was later called [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], when it was established in 1824. Working with [[Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)|Francis Cabot Lowell]], he created America's first functional [[power loom]], a revolutionary device that could turn [[cotton]] threads into finished fabric at a fast speed. Lowell and Moody conceived of a new way of manufacturing textiles in America by amassing hundreds of power looms that were connected by water-powered line shafts and leather belts. These looms were operated almost entirely by young female laborers as part of the paternalistic [[Lowell system]] of employment. Paul Moody was later honored by having streets in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] and [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] named after him, although a section of the one in Lowell was later renamed University Avenue.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moody, Paul}}
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:Lowell, Massachusetts]]

{{engineer-stub}}

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

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CSZero:

Francis Cabot Lowell (Unternehmer, 1775)

2007-10-30T22:47:05Z

CSZero: rvv

Cumberland (Maine)

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CSZero: rv Spam. We've removed this link before...

:{{otherplaces2|Cumberland}}

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Cumberland, Maine
|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
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|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 120.1
|area_land_km2 = 67.5
|area_water_km2 = 52.6
|area_total_sq_mi = 46.4
|area_land_sq_mi = 26.1
|area_water_sq_mi = 20.3


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 7159
|population_density_km2 = 106.0
|population_density_sq_mi = 274.6


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 0
|elevation_ft = 0
|latd = 43 |latm = 46 |lats = 52 |latNS = N
|longd = 70 |longm = 13 |longs = 3 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 04021
|area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 23-15430
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0582427
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Cumberland''' is a [[New England town | town]] in [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]], [[Maine]], [[United States]]. The population was 7,159 at the 2000 census.

==History==
Cumberland, Maine, was once part of [[North Yarmouth]]. But in 1821 it was incorporated into its own town. The town was officially named by [[Ephraim Sturdivant]] when the new town government elected him to do the task.

The [[Cumberland Fair]], one of the state's larger agricultural fairs, has been held yearly in Cumberland at the end of September since 1868. The Portland suburb has a rich farming history, and a number of working farms remain.

===Notable people===
*[[Ephraim Sturdivant|Captain Ephraim Sturdivant]], treasurer of Cumberland 1833-1834, namer of Cumberland, and the first treasurer of Cumberland 1821-1832.

*[[Mike Bordick|Mike Bordick]], Major league baseball player and owner of Frozen Ropes Baseball Training Center resided in Cumberland.

*[[Lance Basile|Lance Basile]], Founder and CEO of LB Enterprises, lives in Cumberland

*[[Scott Leighton|Scott Leighton]], Former announcer for the Greely Rangers basketball program, resides in Cumberland.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 120.1 [[km²]] (46.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). 67.5 km² (26.1 mi²) of it is land and 52.6 km² (20.3 mi²) of it (43.78%) is water.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]][[Geographic references#2|2]] of 2000, there were 7,159 people, 2,548 households, and 2,046 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 106.0/km² (274.6/mi²). There were 2,945 housing units at an average density of 43.6/km² (112.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.76% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.14% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.10% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.42% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.13% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.45% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.66% of the population.

There were 2,548 households out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town the population was spread out with 30.4% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $67,556, and the median income for a family was $76,571. Males had a median income of $49,538 versus $37,367 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $33,644. About 2.4% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 0.8% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

==School system==
The school system that serves Cumberland is known as [[Maine School Administrative District 51]] or MSAD 51. There are 5 schools in the district, which also serves [[North Yarmouth, Maine]], including the [[Mabel I. Wilson School]], [[North Yarmouth Memorial School]], [[Drowne Road School]], [[Greely Middle School]], and the [[Greely High School]].

==Links==
*[http://www.cumberlandmaine.com/ Official town website]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cumberland County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

[[vo:Cumberland (Maine)]]

Metropolregion Greater Boston

2007-07-12T02:03:26Z

CSZero: /* Satellite areas */ Fall River and New Bedford are both larger cities that don't quite make the NECTA definition of Boston

{{Infobox Metropolitan Area |
MSA_name = {{nowrap|Boston–Cambridge–Quincy}} |
name = Greater Boston |
map = greaterboston2.png |
largest_city = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |
other_cities =  - [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]  - [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] |
rank_us = 11th |
population = 4,411,835 (2005 est.) |
density_mi2 = 947  |
density_km2 = 366  |
area_mi2 = 4,674 |
area_km2 = 12,105 |
states =  - [[Massachusetts]]  - [[New Hampshire]]|
highest_ft = 334 |
highest_m = 102 |
lowest_ft = 0 |
lowest_m = 0
}}

[[Image:Greater Boston Map.PNG|left|275px]]'''Greater Boston''' is the area of the U.S. state of [[Massachusetts]] closely surrounding the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. In addition to Boston, other towns/cities include [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], and the largest [[New England town|town]] in Massachusetts by population, [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]. Greater Boston overlaps the [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North]] and [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]s, as well as the [[MetroWest]] region. Greater Boston is more urbanized than the other regions of Massachusetts, such as the more rural [[Western Massachusetts]] and the beach communities of [[Cape Cod]]. The area features many [[university|universities]]. There are a decreasing number of [[working class]] communities within Greater Boston.

Greater Boston encompasses many significant locations in [[American history]] and culture. Examples include the [[Paul Revere]] House, the [[Old North Church]], the Old [[Granary Burying Ground]], the site of the [[Boston Tea Party]], the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Walden Pond]], the site of the [[Salem witch trials]], and the [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Christian Science Mother Church]]. Former [[President of the United States|President]] [[John Adams]] was born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], as was former President [[John Quincy Adams]]. [[Frederick Douglass]] began his career as an [[abolitionist]] in [[Boston]]. Former President [[John F. Kennedy]] was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Former President [[George H. W. Bush]] was born in [[Milton, Massachusetts|Milton]]. [[Malcolm X]] spent a significant part of his young adulthood in [[Roxbury]], [[Boston]] and joined the Nation of Islam while in prison in [[Charlestown]]. The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] has a regional center in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]].

==Definitions==
===Metropolitan Area Planning Council===
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC).<ref name=mapc>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mapc.org/about_mapc.html
| publisher = Metropolitan Area Planning Council
| title = About MAPC
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref> The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the [[General Court of Massachusetts]] to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, [[I-495 (MA)|I-495]]. The population of the MAPC is 3,066,394 (as of 2000) covering an area of 1,422 square miles,<ref name=mapc/> of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctps.org/bostonmpo/resources/plan/2030plan-2.pdf
| title = Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization
| page = 2-1
| format = [[PDF]]
| author = Boston Region MPO
| date = [[April 12]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
}}</ref>

The eight subregions and their principal towns are: Inner Core (Boston), Minuteman ([[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]] corridor), [[MetroWest]] (Framingham), [[North Shore (Massachusetts)|North Shore]] (Peabody), North Suburban (Woburn), [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] ([[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] corridor), SouthWest (Franklin), and Three Rivers (Norwood).

Notably excluded from the MAPC and its partner transportation-planning body, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization, are the [[Merrimack Valley]] cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, much of [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], and all of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County]]; these areas have their own regional planning bodies.

===New England City and Town Area===
The [[United States urban area|urbanized area]] surrounding [[Boston]] serves as the core of a definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau known as the [[New England City and Town Area]]. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the core area is defined as the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA''.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List10.txt U.S. Census Bureau] - Components of New England City and Town Areas</ref> The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below. The Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941 (as of 2000).

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division (97 towns)
*Framingham, MA NECTA Division (13 towns)
*Peabody, MA NECTA Division (7 towns)
*Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division (Old Colony region) (12 towns)
*Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division (Merrimack Valley region) (25 towns)
*Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division (part of Merrimack Valley region) (3 towns)
*Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division (Northern Middlesex region) (9 towns)
*Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division (21 towns)
*Taunton-Norton-Raynham, MA NECTA Division (part of Southeastern region) (6 towns)

===Metropolitan statistical area===
An alternative definition used by the U.S. Census Bureau using counties as building blocks instead of towns is the ''Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH'' [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The metropolitan statistical area has a total population of about 4.4 million and is the [[United States metropolitan area|eleventh-largest]] in the United States. The components of the metropolitan area with their 2005 populations are listed below.

*Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (4,411,835)
**Boston-Quincy, MA Metropolitan Division (1,800,432)
***[[Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]
***[[Plymouth County, Massachusetts]]
***[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]]
**Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA Metropolitan Division (1,459,011)
***[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
**Essex County, MA Metropolitan Division (738,301)
***[[Essex County, Massachusetts]]
**Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH Metropolitan Division (414,091)
***[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire]]
***[[Strafford County, New Hampshire]]

===Combined statistical area===
A wider functional metropolitan area based on commuting patterns is also defined by the Census Bureau as the ''Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH'' [[Combined Statistical Area]], the fifth largest in the country. This area consists of the metropolitan areas of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], in addition to Greater Boston. The total population (as of 2005) for the extended region is 7,427,336. The following areas, along with the above MSA, are included in the Combined Statistical Area:

*Concord, NH [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (146,681)
**[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire]]
*Laconia, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area (61,547)
**[[Belknap County, New Hampshire]]
*Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area (401,291)
**[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire]]
*Worcester, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (783,262)
**[[Worcester County, Massachusetts]]
*Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area (1,622,520)
**[[Bristol County, Massachusetts]]
**[[Bristol County, Rhode Island]]
**[[Kent County, Rhode Island]]
**[[Newport County, Rhode Island]]
**[[Providence County, Rhode Island]]
**[[Washington County, Rhode Island]]

==Principal cities/towns==
===Boston metropolitan area===

''This list has been provided by the Census based on commuter populations, and is generally not what a resident of the area would consider the principal cities of the region.''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
*[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]

''These, in decreasing order, are the ten largest cities in the Boston NECTA (2006) [http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Massachusetts.html]''

*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] 590,763
*[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] 103,229
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] 101,365
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] 94,191
*[[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] 91,058
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] 87,991
*[[Nashua, New Hampshire]] 87,157
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] 82,819
*[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] 74,554
*[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] 70,662

===Satellite areas===

''These larger cities fall within the CSA definition of Greater Boston only''

*[[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]]
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]
*[[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]]
*[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
*[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]

== Major companies ==
[[CVS Corporation|CVS/pharmacy]] started in the Greater Boston Area, in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]. Likewise, [[Dunkin Donuts]] and [[Howard Johnson's]] restaurants and lodgings started just outside [[Boston]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]].

* Companies along, inside or outside I-495
** [[3Com]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Headquarters)
** [[AMD]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Analog Devices]], in [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
** [[Avid Technology|Avid Technology, Inc]], in [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts|Tewksbury]] (Headquarters)
** [[BJ's|BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc.]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Bose Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] (Headquarters)
** [[Boston Scientific|Boston Scientific Corporation]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]]
** [[Diebold]], in [[Marlboro, Massachusetts|Marlboro]] (Regional Headquarters)
** [[EMC Corporation]], in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Intel]], in [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]]
** [[TJX Corporation]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Monster.com]], in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Staples, Inc.]], in [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] (Headquarters)
** [[TripAdvisor|TripAdvisor, LLC]], in [[Needham, Massachusetts|Needham]] (Headquarters)

* Companies along or inside I-95 (Route 128)
** [[Akamai Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[BBN Technologies]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[Biogen Idec]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[Dunkin Donuts]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (Headquarters)
** [[Genzyme Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Headquarters)
** [[iRobot|iRobot Corporation]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]] (Headquarters)
** [[InterSystems Corporation]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (Headquarters)
** [[Meditech]], in [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]] (Headquarters)
** [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
** [[National Amusements]] (Parent company of CBS), in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Novartis|Novartis AG, Inc]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] (Research Headquarters)
** [[Novell, Inc.]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[Raytheon]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] (Headquarters)
** [[Reebok]], in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] (U.S. Headquarters)
** [[Sun Microsystems ]], in [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]]
** [[Polaroid Corporation]], in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
** [[WB Mason]], in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] (Headquarters)

* Major companies inside Boston (Inside I-95 (Route 128))
** [[Bain & Company]] (headquarters)
** [[Boston Consulting Group|The Boston Consulting Group]] (headquarters)
** [[Fidelity Investments]] (headquarters)
** [[The Gillette Company]], now owned by [[Procter & Gamble]] (headquarters)
** [[Houghton Mifflin]] (headquarters)
** [[John Hancock Insurance|John Hancock Financial Services, Inc]], now the United States division of Canada's [[Manulife Financial]]
** [[Liberty Mutual]]
** [[New Balance|New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc]] (headquarters)
** [[State Street Corporation]]
** [[Teradyne]]

== Sports ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Stadium
|-
|[[Boston Bruins]]
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Cannons]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[Major League Lacrosse]]
|[[Nickerson Field]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Celtics]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|[[TD Banknorth Garden]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[Boston Red Sox]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]] ([[American League|AL]])
|[[Fenway Park]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]])
|-
|[[New England Patriots]]
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[National Football League]] ([[American Football Conference]])
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|-
|[[New England Revolution]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Gillette Stadium]] ([[Foxboro, Massachusetts|Foxboro]])
|}

Annual sporting events include:
* The [[Boston Marathon]] follows a course from [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] to Boston
* The [[Head of the Charles Regatta]]

== Higher education ==
A long time center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion.
{{see also |Boston, Massachusetts#Education |List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston|List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts}}

{{Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston}}

== Historical figures and celebrities ==
*[[John Adams]] - 2nd [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Quincy Adams]] - 6th [[President of the United States]]
*[[Samuel Adams]] - brewer, patriot
*[[Aerosmith]] - rock band
*[[Boston (band)]] - rock band
*[[Ben Affleck]] - actor
*[[Louisa May Alcott]] - writer
*[[Eric Bogosian]] - actor
*[[Charles Bulfinch]] - architect
*[[Steven Carell]] - actor/comedian
*[[John Cena]]- professional wrestler
*[[Dane Cook]] - comedian
*[[John Singleton Copley]] - painter
*[[Matt Damon]] - actor
*[[Dispatch]] - rock band
*[[James Dole]] - founder of Dole Food Company
*[[Michael Dukakis]] - former Massachusetts Governor, [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988 election]]
*[[Mary Dyer]] - religious martyr
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - transcendentalist
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - statesman, scientist
*[[Buckminster Fuller]] - inventor
*[[Tom Glavine]] - MLB pitcher
*[[Peter Gammons]] - MLB writer
*[[Matt Hasselbeck]] - NFL quarterback
*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] - writer
*[[Nichole Hiltz]] - actress, ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Shallow Hal]]''
*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] - writer
*[[Winslow Homer]] - painter
*[[Edward M. Kennedy]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]
*[[John F. Kennedy]] - 35th [[President of the United States]]
*[[John Kerry|John F. Kerry]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]], [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]
*[[Amos Lawrence]] - philanthropist
*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] - poet
*[[Robert Lowell]] - poet
*[[Cotton Mather]] - preacher, writer
*[[Leonard Nimoy]] - actor
*[[Tip O'Neill]] - longest serving [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[Theodore Parker]] - transcendentalist
*[[Pixies]] - rock band
*[[Sylvia Plath]] - writer
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]] - writer
*[[Paul Revere]] - revolutionary
*[[Louis Sullivan]] - architect
*[[Donna Summer]] - singer
*[[Henry David Thoreau]] - writer
*[[Uma Thurman]] - actress
*[[Barbara Walters]] - newscaster
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Donnie Wahlberg]] - actor
*[[Daniel Webster]] - statesman
*[[Samuel Wilson]] - Uncle Sam
*[[James McNeill Whistler]] - painter
*[[Ted Williams]] - Boston Red Sox player
*[[Conan O'Brien]] - comedian
*[[Howie Long]] - NFL Hall of Famer, Fox NFL sports commentator
*[[Rev. Dr. Soliny Védrine]] - founder of Haitian Ministries International

== Transportation ==
''See also: [[Boston transportation]]''

===Highways===
* [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Central Artery/Tunnel Project]] ([[Central Artery|Interstate 93]] within Boston)
* [[Interstate 95]]: North to [[New Hampshire]] and [[Maine]]; south to [[Providence, Rhode Island]] and beyond. Largely [[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with MA-128
* [[U.S. Route 1]]
* [[Interstate 93]]: North to [[New Hampshire]]; south to [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]]
* [[U.S. Highway 3|US Route 3]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 2 (Massachusetts)|Route 2]]: Northwest and west
* The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 90]]): West to [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] and beyond
* Massachusetts [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]]: Western suburbs
* Massachusetts [[Route 24 (Massachusetts)|Route 24]]: South toward [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]]: Southeast through [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]] to [[Cape Cod]]
* Massachusetts [[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] (I-95/I-93): [[Beltway|Circumferential Highway]] (close to Boston)
* [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]: Circumferential (farther from Boston)
** Route 128 is sometimes regarded as the unofficial boundary of the Greater Boston region, especially to the north and south. When the name ''Greater Boston'' is used in a more inclusive sense, I-495 is sometimes regarded as the boundary.

===Bridges and tunnels===
* [[Callahan Tunnel]]
* [[Sumner Tunnel]]
* [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]
* [[Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge]]
* [[Tobin Bridge]]

===Airports===
* [[Logan International Airport]] in Boston
* [[Manchester-Boston Regional Airport]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
* [[T. F. Green Airport]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] in Bedford
* [[Norwood Memorial Airport]]
* [[Worcester Regional Airport]]

===Rail transportation===
[[Image:Mbta district.svg|thumb|225px|The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple]]
* [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] (MBTA, The T)
** [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]: Boston–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] and [[Braintree (town), Massachusetts|Braintree]]
** [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]]: Boston ([[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]])–[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]]
** [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]: [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] and [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]–Cambridge
** [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]]: Boston–[[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]]
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]]
** [[Plymouth/Kingston Line]] and [[Middleborough/Lakeville Line]] serving Plymouth County
** [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]] serving northern Bristol County, connecting to [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
** [[Franklin Line]] serving western Norfolk County
** [[Framingham/Worcester Line]] serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Worcester (MA)|Worcester]]
** [[Fitchburg Line]] serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to [[Fitchburg (MA)|Fitchburg]]
** [[Lowell Line]] serving northern Middlesex County
** [[Haverhill/Reading Line]] and [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]] serving Essex County
* [[Amtrak]]

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See [[Neponset River]].

===Ocean transportation===
* [[Port of Boston]] ([[Massport]])
* [[Cape Cod Canal]]

== Geography ==

* [[River]]s
** [[Charles River]]
** [[Mystic River]]
** [[Neponset River]]
** [[Concord River]]
** [[Merrimack River]]

*[[Hill]]s
** [[Great Blue Hill]]
**[[Bellevue Hill, Boston|Bellevue Hill]]
{{Massachusetts}}

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Boston, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Massachusetts|Boston]]

[[fr:Grand Boston]]