Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Torstar

2009-12-04T07:47:32Z

COMPFUNK2: Transit TV is no longer in operation

{{articleissues|article=y|peacock=March 2009|out of date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Torstar Inc.
| company_logo = [[Image:Torstar.png|125px|Torstar]]
| company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{TSX|TS.B}})
| foundation = 1958
| location = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| key_people = [David Holland] - [[President]]
| industry = [[Newspaper]] Communications
| products = [[Newspapers]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = 6,880 (2008)<ref name=zenobank>{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=CA;TS.B&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Torstar Corp (CA;TS.B) |accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
| market cap = 900 million USD (2008)<ref name=zenobank/>
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://www.torstar.com www.torstar.com]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Torstar Corporation''' ({{TSX|TS.B}}) is an independently-owned [[Canada|Canadian]] broadly based media company that is named after its principal holding, the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' daily newspaper.

Its core businesses includes publishing daily and community newspapers, speciality publications, digital properties, Syndicate content, as well as women’s fiction and a 20% stake in [[CTVglobemedia]].

== History ==

Torstar was founded after the [[Ontario]] government passed a law barring the provisions of late-''Toronto Star'' owner [[Joseph Atkinson]]'s [[Will (law)|will]] from being enacted. Atkinson had bequeathed the newspaper to a charitable organization he had founded. The [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Conservative]] provincial government of [[George A. Drew|George Drew]] (a long time enemy of the [[Liberal Party of Ontario|Liberal]]-oriented ''Star'') passed a law banning charitable organizations from operating profitable entities such as newspapers. Rather than sell the newspaper, the trustees of the Atkinson Foundation bought out the Star privately and founded Torstar as a private corporation.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}<ref>http://www.torstar.com/about_atkinson.php</ref>

==Operations==

The principal activities of Torstar are the publication of newspapers and women’s fiction. Torstar operates in two main holding under Newspapers and Book Publishing.

The '''Newspapers''' division is the largest component and consists of newspaper, commercial printing and Internet products and services. The company operates 2 main newspaper divisions, [[Metroland Media Group]] and the [[Star Media Group]]. The second group is '''Book Publishing''' which is also known as [[Harlequin]].

===Newspapers===

The newspaper division is split between two main subsidies: [[Metroland Media Group]] and [[Star Media Group]].

====Star Media Group====

'''Star Media Group''' is a division of [[Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.]], which is a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation. It was created on September 11, 2006 as part of restructuring of the companies assets.

Star Media Group includes the flagship [[Toronto Star]], Canada's largest daily newspaper, [[Torstar Syndication Services]] a syndication service of content for various publications, [[Torstar Media Group Television]] which is a film/video production unit and includes [[ShopTV Canada]], as well as TMG Production and TMG Entertainment.

====Metroland Media Group====

[[Metroland Media Group]] is Torstar's largest division. Metroland consists of daily and community newspapers, printing services, flyer distributing and digital operations. Metroland operates over 130 daily and community publications. Metroland publishes over 100 community newspapers including former [[CityMedia Group]] publications. Metroland also has as a number of specialty publications and operates several consumer shows. It also published the alternative newspaper [[Eye Weekly]].

[[Torstar Digital]] became the digital arm of Star Media Group on Feb 1, 2005. Torstar Digital also owns '''toronto.com''' which averages 8 million page views and 615,000 visitors. In October 2005, Torstar announced a joint venture with '''LiveDeal.com''', a US-based company, to create LiveDeal Canada. LiveDeal Canada is an online classifieds provider that provides Canadians with a cost-effective, easy-to-use and efficient marketplace for buying and selling goods. Torstar digital also lookes after all newspaper and publication websites including '''thestar.com'''.

Metroland will also manage Torstar’s interest in the jointly owned [[Sing Tao Daily]], the largest Chinese language newspaper in Canada. In March 2005, Torstar, CanWest and [[Metro International]] (each holding a 33.3% interest) announced their new joint venture to launch Metro Vancouver (March 14) and Metro Ottawa (March 30) as well as the Toronto edition of Metro, the largest free daily newspaper in Canada.

====Transit Television Network LLC====

Transit Television Network, headquartered in Orlando, Florida, is the largest out-of-home digital network providing information, entertainment and advertising to transit riders across North America.

===Book publishing===

Torstar operates [[Harlequin Enterprises Ltd]], a major publisher of women’s fiction [[romance novel]]s. It offers a variety of women’s fiction genres in many different formats including mass-market paperback, trade paperback, hardcover, in multiple channels such as retail outlets, direct-to consumer, and e-commerce in over 94 international markets.

== Other investments ==

*Owns 20% of [[CTVglobemedia]], owners of the [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] television network and ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' newspaper.
*Owns 50% of [[Workopolis]],
*Torstar also owns 20% of [[Black Press]].

===Past Investments===
Torstar recently launched a weekly celebrity-based magazine called ''Scoop'', which folded one year later.

Though newspapers have been accused of missing the internet "revolution", in the early 1990s, Torstar became a pioneering investor in the early internet via its purchase of shares in JCI Technologies which created Jobmatch, Automatch and Realtymatch (an MLS search service). In 1995 JCI was selected to be one of the first content providers selected for Microsoft's MSN network prior to MSN's launch in the mid 1990s. By early 1996, JCI potentially had a dominant position in Canada's on-line classified ads with Southam also taking a stake in the company. Shortly after Conrad Black's Hollinger took over of Southam, financing for JCI was pulled and the investment failed just prior to the internet boom of the late 1990s.

==Corporate governance==

Current members of the [[board of directors]] of Torstar are:
*[[Frank Iacobucci]] (Chairman)
*[[Don Babick]]
*[[B. Neil Clark]]
*[[Martin Connell]]
*[[Jack Fuller (businessman)|Jack Fuller]]
*[[Christina Gold]]
*[[Campbell Harvey]]
*[[John Honderich]]
*[[J. Spencer Lanthier]]
*[[Sarabjit Marwah]]
*[[Peter Mills]]
*[[Robert Prichard]]
*[[Lance Primis]]
*[[Ronald Osborne]]
*[[Martin Thall]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.torstar.com Torstar corporate webpage]

{{Torstar}}

[[Category:Newspaper companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Torstar publications]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of Canada]]

Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car

2009-10-25T22:52:30Z

COMPFUNK2: rm unsourced trivia

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car
| Cover = Get Outta My Dreams.jpg
| Artist = [[Billy Ocean]]
| Album = [[Tear Down These Walls]]
| Released = 1988
| Format =
| Recorded = 1987
| Genre =
| Length = 08:59 (Extended Version)05:36 (Original Album Version)05:29 (Instrumental Version)04:43 (Single Version)
| Label = [[Jive Records|Jive]]
| Writer = [[Billy Ocean]] [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]
| Producer = [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "Love Is Forever" (1986)
| This single = "Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car" (1988)
| Next single = "Calypso Crazy" (1988)
}}

'''"Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car"''' is a [[chart-topper|number one]] [[single (music)|single]] by singer [[Billy Ocean]]. Part of its popularity lay in its cutting-edge (for the time) video, which featured cartoon mixed with live-action sequences. The song went to number one on the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Billboard Hot 100]] and the [[Hot Black Singles]] chart. <ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=436}}</ref>. It also peaked at three on the [[UK Singles Chart]]. The title was inspired by a line in the song "[[You're Sixteen]]", "you stepped out of my dreams, and into my car".{{Fact|date=December 2008}}

{|class="wikitable"
!Country
!Peak position
|-
|Australia
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Dutch Top 40|The Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44685/chartid=5821 |title=De Nederlandse Top 40, week 12, 1988 |accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Norway
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Billboard Hot 100|United States]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Man in the Mirror]]" by [[Michael Jackson]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[April 9]] [[1988]] – [[April 16]] [[1988]]
| after = "[[Where Do Broken Hearts Go]]" by [[Whitney Houston]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Ooo La La La]]" by [[Teena Marie]]
| title = [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] [[R&B number-one hits of 1988 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[April 16]], [[1988]]
| after = "[[Da Butt]]" by [[Experience Unlimited|E.U.]]
}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1988 songs]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Sweden]]
[[Category:Billy Ocean songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]

{{1980s-single-stub}}

What a Girl Wants (Lied)

2009-10-19T20:08:37Z

COMPFUNK2: tag cleanup

{{otheruses4|the Christina Aguilera song|the B2K song|What a Girl Wants (B2K song)}}

{{refimprove|date=October 2009}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = What a Girl Wants
|Cover =Christina Aguilera - What a Girl Wants CD cover.jpg
|Caption =Commercial cover
|Artist =[[Christina Aguilera]]
|from Album =[[Christina Aguilera (album)|Christina Aguilera]]
|B-side =
|Released =December 28, 1999
|Format =[[CD single]], CD [[maxi single]], [[cassette single]], [[12" maxi single]]
|Recorded =1998–1999
|Genre =[[Teen pop]], [[bubblegum pop]]
|Length =3:35 (Video/New Album Version) 3:20 (Radio Version) 3:52 (Original Album Version) 3:14 (Spanish Version)
|Label =[[RCA Records|RCA]]
|Writer =[[Shelly Peiken]], [[Guy Roche]]
|Producer =Guy Roche
|Certification =Gold ([[RIAA]], [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])
|Last single ="[[Genie in a Bottle]]" (1999)
|This single ="'''What a Girl Wants'''" (1999)
|Next single ="[[The Christmas Song (Christina Aguilera song)|The Christmas Song]]" (1999)
|Misc =
{{External music video|{{YouTube|alwEQVjA6io|"What a Girl Wants"}} }}
}}

"'''What a Girl Wants'''" is the second [[single (music)|single]] from [[Christina Aguilera]]'s debut album, ''[[Christina Aguilera (album)|Christina Aguilera]]''. Released in late 1999, the single peaked at number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] on January 15, 2000 for two weeks, becoming Aguilera's second number-one single. In the U.S., it became the first #1 single of the decade of the 2000s. The single also peaked at number three in the UK and at number five in Australia. Often considered one of her [[signature song]]s, the single is most known for establishing Aguilera's placement in the music industry.{{fact|date=October 2008}} Many critics had written off the success of her last single, "[[Genie in a Bottle]]", as a fluke; "What a Girl Wants" served to prove that Aguilera was not a [[one-hit wonder]]. The single earned her five [[MTV Video Music Awards]] nominations;{{fact|date=October 2008}} Best Female Video, Best New Artist, Best Pop Video, Viewer's Choice, and Best Choreography ([[Tina Landon]]), and also a [[Grammy Award]] nomination for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] in 2001.

The song appears on the game [[Karaoke Revolution|''Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol'']].

The song's music video was directed by Diane Martel.

==Song information==
"What a Girl Wants" was written by [[Shelly Peiken]] and [[Guy Roche]], and was produced by Roche as well. In her first anthem dedicated to appreciating gentlemen, Aguilera wants to thank a man who stood by her, and did not abandon her while she was confused and needed time to 'breathe'.He knew exactly what his girl wanted and needed. To show her appreciation for the guy in her life, Aguilera sings, "What a girl wants, what a girl needs; Whatever makes me happy and sets you free, and I'm thanking you for knowing exactly..". Unlike her previous single, "[[Genie in a Bottle]]", this song is not meant to deal with the sexual aspect of [[intimate relationship|relationships]], but rather the romantic and loving part of them, despite the fact that a few of the lyrics suggest otherwise(e.g. "What I want is what you got, What you got is what I want").

Besides "Genie in a Bottle" and "[[Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)|Beautiful]]", the song is often considered to be one of her [[signature song]]s, but ironically, it almost did not become the second single. Aguilera's record company, [[RCA Records]], had originally felt that the track "So Emotional" should become the second single. The label even promoted the song as if it were a single by having Aguilera perform the song on several occasions, such as on ''[[Total Request Live|TRL]]'' and ''[[Soul Train]]''. Aguilera felt that was a poor choice for the next single and that she would end up as a [[one hit wonder]] if it became the next single.

Originally her insecurities were brushed off by RCA, but Aguilera continued to fight. Her record company finally relented, and "What a Girl Wants" was given the go-ahead to be the next single. However, Aguilera was still not comfortable as she felt that the song did not have single potential in its current form. Instead, she decided that the song needed to be remixed and re-recorded (as the original album version of "What a Girl Wants" had been a slow jam unsuitable for pop radio at the time). When redone, the new version of "What a Girl Wants" kept much of the original melody, but showed new energy and zest as the song was now uptempo, had new lyrics, a new bridge, a [[Baroque]]-style breakdown and new powerful vocals (since the original album version had been recorded, Aguilera's vocal strength had increased considerably).

As the new version of the song was not on the original album, the album was re-released with the video version of the new version replacing the original version. For fans of Aguilera who already had the album and did not want to buy it again, the Radio Edit of the new version was also released as one of the last major releases of CD singles in the U.S. The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] version, "Una Mujer" ([[English language|English]]: "A Woman"), is included on ''[[Mi Reflejo]]''.

==Live version==
Aguilera has sung "What a Girl Wants" differently from the album version since around 2002. Her most noticeable change has been on the [[Justified and Stripped Tour]], where she changed tempo, and sings the word knew in "You're the one who always knew" regularly, but built up into [[whistle register]] and whistle register vocal acrobatics. Aguilera also sang the song in her 2006 - 2007's tour ''[[Back to Basics Tour]]'' but sang it in a reggae style with no whistle notes.

==Track listings==
*'''What a Girl Wants [2 Track US CD single]'''
#"What a Girl Wants" [Radio version] - 3:20
#"We're a Miracle"

*'''What a Girl Wants [US/Germany single]'''
#"What a Girl Wants [Radio version] - 3:22
#"What a Girl Wants [Smooth Mix] 3:30
#"Too Beautiful For Words - 4:11

*'''What a Girl Wants [Maxi-CD]'''
#"What a Girl Wants" [Thunderpuss Fiesta Club Mix] - 6:16
#"What a Girl Wants" [Thunderpuss Dirrty Club Mix] - 6:36
#"What a Girl Wants" [Eddie Arroyo Long Dance Mix] - 8:10
#"What a Girl Wants" [Eddie Arroyo Tempo Mix] - 4:20

'''US Promo Remixes'''
#"What a Girl Wants" [Thunderpuss 2000 Dirty Club Mix] 6:33
#"What a Girl Wants" [Fiesta Club Mix] 6:13
#"What a Girl Wants" [Thunderpuss 2000 Dark Club Mix] 8:49
#"What a Girl Wants" [Eddie Arroyo Long Dance Mix] 8:07
#"What a Girl Wants" [Eddie Arroyo Down Tempo Killer Mix] 4:07

'''UK CD 1''''
#"What a Girl Wants" [Radio version] - 3:22
#"What a Girl Wants" [Smooth Mix] 3:30
#"Christina Album Medley ("I Turn To You", "So Emotional", "Somebody's Somebody", "Genie in a Bottle", "Come On Over") 4:55

''''UK CD 2'''
#"What a Girl Wants" [Radio version] - 3:22
#"We're a Miracle" 4:09
#"What a Girl Wants" (video) 4:06

==Chart success==
After the massive success of Aguilera's number-one debut single "[[Genie in a Bottle]]", there was pressure for its follow-up to succeed, as well. "What a Girl Wants" proved to be another big hit, though not to quite the same degree as "Genie in a Bottle". The song topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] and [[Hot 100 Singles Sales]] charts for two weeks, and peaked at number two on the [[Hot 100 Airplay]]; the single's strong sales would later assure it a [[RIAA certification|gold]] certification. Once again, the song was an all-around huge hit, topping the [[Top 40 Tracks]], [[Top 40 Mainstream]] and [[Rhythmic Top 40]] charts.

A CD maxi single release late into the song's run helped the song peak at number two on the [[Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales]]; unfortunately in terms of club play, the song was not as successful peaking at number eighteen on [[Hot Dance Club Play]]. There are several different versions of "What a Girl Wants" including the Adult Contemporary Mix which includes lyrics from the video version, but a track closer the original album version.

Elsewhere, the single fared success within the top twenty in most countries. The single also reached #1 in [[New Zealand]], where it held that position for 5 consecutive weeks. During the week of March 13, 2000, Aguilera visited the country while the single remained at #1.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (2000)<ref name="hitparade">{{cite web|title=European charts|publisher=hitparade.ch|year=2000|url= http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?key=3984&cat=s|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|22
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart (Wallonia)
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]]<ref name="billboard"/>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|[[Megacharts|Dutch Singles Chart]] (Physical Single Sales)
|align="center"|14
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|French Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=German Singles Chart (Search)|publisher=charts-surfer.de|year=2000|url=http://www.charts-surfer.de/|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Irish Singles Chart (Search)|publisher=irishcharts.ie|year=February 2000 |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|[[RIANZ|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart
|align="center"|24
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|title=Billboard charts| publisher=allmusic.com|year=2000|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gcfoxqyjldje~T51|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name="billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="ukchart">{{cite web|title=UK Singles Chart (Search)| publisher=everyhit.com|year=2000 |url=http://www.everyhit.com/|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-End Charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Country
!align="center"|Position
!align="center"|Weeks on chart
|-
|align="left"|Australia<ref name="ariayear">{{cite web|title=ARIA charts — End of year charts|publisher=aria.com.au|year= 2000|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2000.htm|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|74
|
|-
|align="left"|France<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Classement Singles|publisher=disqueenfrance.com|year=1999|url= http://www.disqueenfrance.com/classements/singles/classement_annuel.asp?date=17|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|95
|
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand certification (search)|publisher=rianz.org.nz|year=2000|url= http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|32
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart|publisher=billboard.com|date=2000-12-31|url= http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=411&cfgn=Year-end+Singles&cfn=The+Billboard+Hot+100&ci=3077257&cdi=9016394&cid=12%2F31%2F2000|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|19
|-
|}

===Certifications===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Country
!align="center"|Certification
!align="center"|Sales/shipments
|-
|align="left"|Australia<ref name="aria">{{cite web|title=Australian certification|publisher=aria.com.au|year=2000|url= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2000.htm|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|35,000
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand certification (search)|publisher=rianz.org.nz|date=2000-04-16|url= http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|7,500
|-
|align="left"|United States<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|title=U.S. certification (search)|publisher=riaa.com|date=2000-02-28|url= http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=what%20a%20girl%20wants&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|500,000
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

== Remixes ==
A different version was used as the single version than the album version. In the video, a slightly altered version of the single version is used, which includes a classical-themed breakdown in the video and an extended ending in the video version as well. Four official remixes were released in the US on the CD maxi-single, including two each by Eddie Arroyo and Thunderpuss. Further remixes were released on international versions of the single.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Smooth (song)|Smooth]]" by [[Carlos Santana|Santana]] featuring [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = January 15, 2000 - January 22, 2000
| after = "[[I Knew I Loved You]]" by [[Savage Garden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[I Wanna Love You Forever]]" by [[Jessica Simpson]]
| title = [[ARC Weekly Top 40]] [[List of number-one hits on the ARC Weekly Top 40 Chart (United States)|number one single]]
| years = January 15, 2000 - January 29, 2000
| after = "[[Show Me The Meaning Of Being Lonely]]" by [[Backstreet Boys]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[I Try]]" by [[Macy Gray]]
| title = [[RIANZ|RIANZ (New Zealand)]] number one single
| years = February 6, 2000 - February 13, 2000
| after = "[[Kiss (When the Sun Don't Shine)]]" by [[Vengaboys]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kiss (When the Sun Don't Shine)]]" by [[Vengaboys]]
| title = [[RIANZ|RIANZ (New Zealand)]] number one single (second run)
| years = February 20, 2000 - February 27, 2000
| after = "[[LA Song (Out of This Town)]]" by [[Beth Hart]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[LA Song (Out of This Town)]]" by [[Beth Hart]]
| title = [[RIANZ|RIANZ (New Zealand)]] number one single (third run)
| years = March 5, 2000
| after = "[[Two in a Million/You're My Number One]]" by [[S Club 7]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Christina Aguilera}}
{{Christina Aguilera singles}}

[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:2000 singles]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Rhythmic Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Christina Aguilera songs]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Diane Martel]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]

[[cbk-zam:What a Girl Wants]]
[[es:What a girl wants]]
[[id:What A Girl Wants (lagu)]]
[[it:What a Girl Wants]]
[[he:What a Girl Wants]]
[[pl:What a Girl Wants]]
[[pt:What a Girl Wants]]
[[ru:What A Girl Wants]]
[[tr:What a Girl Wants]]
[[vi:What a Girl Wants]]

Jonas Armstrong

2009-06-28T15:15:29Z

COMPFUNK2: Undid revision 299129521 by Lozziejade016 (talk)

{{Infobox actor
| name = Jonas Armstrong
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1981|1|1|df=y}}
| location = [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Jonas Armstrong''' (born 1 January 1981 in [[Dublin]]<ref name="imdb">{{cite news | title = Jonas Armstrong | publisher = [[Internet Movie Database]] | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1765073/| accessdate = 2008-10-15}}</ref>) is an [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] born [[UK|British]] actor, raised in [[Lytham St Annes]], [[Lancashire]] best known for his appearances on [[television in the United Kingdom]], where he has played the title role in the [[BBC One]] drama series ''[[Robin Hood (BBC TV series)|Robin Hood]]''.

==Background==
Jonas Armstrong was born in Mount Carmel Hospital, Dublin, Ireland on 1st January 1981, exactly one minute after midnight on New Years Day. He was reported to be the first baby born that year. His parents moved to St Annes, Lancashire, when Jonas was six years old. He is the eldest of three children and has two siblings - a brother and sister, both younger. Both are rumoured to be planning on following in their big brothers footsteps. Jonas claims to be a typical Capricorn and he jokes that his friends have nicknamed him 'monas' on account of his fondness for complaining. Jonas is 6ft tall with brown hair and blue eyes.

Jonas attended Arnold School in Blackpool, and was a member of the highly acclaimed drama group In Yer Space, appearing in various plays including Not About Heroes and A View From The Bridge, at festivals around the UK including the Edinburgh Fringe. In 2000 Jonas won a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

==Career==
In 2003 Armstrong appeared in ''[[Quartermaine's Terms]]'' at the [[Royal Theatre (Northampton)|Royal Theatre]] in [[Northampton]] as Derek Meadle.<ref name="bbc2003-qm">{{cite news | title = Preview: Quartermaine's Terms | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 10 October 2003 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/stage/2003/quartermaines_terms.shtml | accessdate = 2008-08-07}}</ref> And in March 2004 he played Henry in ''[[The Skin of Our Teeth]]'' at the [[Young Vic|Young Vic theatre]] in the [[London Borough of Lambeth]].{{Fact|date=October 2008}} In 2004 he appeared in six episodes of the fourth series of the British [[television]] [[comedy-drama]], ''[[Teachers (UK TV series)|Teachers]]'' on [[Channel 4]], as Anthony Millington.<ref name="imdb"/> In January 2005 he appeared as Richard in ''Rutherford & Son'' at the [[Royal Exchange, Manchester|Royal Exchange]] in [[Manchester]].{{Fact|date=October 2008}} Later in 2005 he appeared again on Channel 4 in the [[crime drama]] series ''[[The Ghost Squad]]'' as Pete Maitland. In December 2006 he starred in the two-part crime drama ''[[Losing Gemma]]'' on [[ITV]].<ref name="imdb"/>

His first major television role came in October 2006 when he played [[Robin Hood (2006 TV series) characters#Robin Hood|Robin of Locksley,]] in the BBC's modern adaptation of the [[Robin Hood]] story.<ref name="bbc5326734">{{cite news | last = Osborn | first = Michael | title = Robin Hood given modern makeover | publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]] | date = 8 September 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5326734.stm | accessdate = 2008-08-07}}</ref> During filming of the second series, which aired in 2007, Armstrong broke a [[Metatarsus|metatarsal bone]] in his foot during a [[Stage combat|staged fight]] scene.<ref name="bbc7030623">{{cite news | title = Talking Shop: Jonas Armstrong | publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]] | date = 6 October 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7030623.stm | accessdate = 2008-08-07}}</ref>
Armstrong was a guest panelist on the BBC [[comedy]] [[panel game]] show ''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'' on 28 February 2007.<ref name="imdb"/>

In August 2008, the BBC confirmed that Armstrong would be leaving ''Robin Hood'' at the end of the third series, which will air in 2009, with him saying that he was "looking for new challenges" and the BBC saying "he'll be desperately missed".<ref name="bbc7545979">{{cite news | title = Robin Hood star quits BBC remake | publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]] | date = 6 August 2008 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7545979.stm | accessdate = 2008-08-07}}</ref> In 2008 he appeared in the [[horror film]] ''[[Book of Blood (2008 film)|Book of Blood]]'' which has no confirmed release date.<ref name="imdb"/>

==Personal life==
Armstrong has been dating [[Emmerdale]] actress [[Sammy Winward]] since 2006.

==Filmography==
===Television===
*''[[Teachers (UK TV series)|Teachers]]'' (2004)
*''[[The Ghost Squad]]'' (2005)
*''Losing Gemma'' (2006)
*''[[Robin Hood (BBC TV series)|Robin Hood]]'' (2006-2009)

===Film===
*''[[Book of Blood (2008 film)|Book of Blood]]'' (2009)

==Theatre==
* ''[[Quartermaine's Terms]]'' (Royal Theatre, Northampton 2003)
* ''[[The Skin of Our Teeth]]'' (Young Vic Theatre, London 2004)
* ''Rutherford & Son'' (Royal Exchange, Manchester 2005)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{imdb|1765073|Jonas Armstrong}}
*[http://www.jonasarmstrong.net Unofficial fansite]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Jonas}}
[[Category:Irish television actors]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Old Arnoldians]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:People from Blackpool]]
[[Category:British people of Irish descent]]

[[cs:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[da:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[es:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[fr:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[it:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[ms:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[no:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[pl:Jonas Armstrong]]
[[sv:Jonas Armstrong]]

William Lonsdale

2009-06-01T18:50:36Z

COMPFUNK2: stub

{{otheruses4|the English geologist|the administrator in Australia|William Lonsdale (colonist)}}
----
{{articleissues|article=y|citations missing=June 2009|essay=June 2009}}
{{Infobox Scientist
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|box_width =
|image =Replace_this_image_male.svg
|image_width =150px
|caption = {{PAGENAME}}
|birth_date = [[9 September]] [[1794]]
|birth_place = [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]
|death_date = [[11 November]] [[1871]]
|death_place = [[Bristol]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[England|English]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[geology]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Devonian]] system
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}'''William Lonsdale''' ([[9 September]] [[1794]] – [[11 November]] [[1871]]), [[England|English]] [[geologist]] and [[palaeontologist]], was born at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].

He was educated for the army and in 1810 obtained a commission as ensign in the 4th (King's Own) regiment. He served in the [[Peninsular War]] at the battles of [[battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]] and [[battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], for both of which he received medals; and he retired as lieutenant.

Residing afterwards for some years at [[Batheaston]] he collected a series of rocks and [[fossil]]s which he presented to the Literary and Scientific Institution of Bath. He became the first honorary curator of the [[natural history]] department of the museum, and worked until 1829 when he was appointed assistant secretary and curator of the [[Geological Society of London]] at [[Somerset House]]. There he held office until 1842, when ill health led him to resign.

The ability with which he edited the publications of the society and advised the council on every obscure and difficult point was commented on by [[Roderick Impey Murchison|Murchison]] in his presidential address (1843). In 1829 Lonsdale read before the society an important paper ''On the Oolitic District of Bath'' (''Trans. Geol. Soc.'' ser. 2, vol. iii.), the results of a survey begun in 1827; later he was engaged in a survey of the Oolitic strata of Gloucestershire (1832), at the instigation of the Geological Society, and he laid down on the one-inch ordnance maps the boundaries of the various geological formations.

He gave particular attention to the study of [[coral]]s, becoming the highest authority in England on the subject, and he described [[fossil]] forms from the Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of [[North America]] and from the older strata of Britain and [[Russia]]. In 1837 he suggested from a study of the fossils of the South Devon [[limestone]]s that they would prove to be of an age intermediate between the [[Carboniferous]] and [[Silurian]] systems. This suggestion was adopted by [[Adam Sedgwick|Sedgwick]] and Murchison in 1839, and may be regarded as the basis on which they founded the [[Devonian]] system.

Lonsdale's paper, ''Notes on the Age of the Limestones of South Devonshire'' (read 1840), was published in the same volume of the ''Transactions of the Geological Society'' (ser. 2, vol. v.) with Sedgwick and Murchison's famous paper ''On the Physical Structure of Devonshire'', and these authors observe that the conclusion arrived at by Mr Lonsdale, we now apply without reserve both to the five groups of our North Devon section, and to the fossiliferous slates of [[Cornwall]]. The later years of Lonsdale's life were spent in retirement, and he died at Bristol on 11 November 1871.
==References==
{{1911}}
----
{{geologist-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonsdale, William}}
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bath]]
[[Category:King's Own Royal Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:English geologists]]
[[Category:Wollaston Medal winners]]
[[fr:William Lonsdale]]
[[pt:William Lonsdale]]

William Lonsdale

2009-06-01T18:49:48Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{otheruses4|the English geologist|the administrator in Australia|William Lonsdale (colonist)}}
----
{{articleissues|article=y|citations missing=June 2009|essay=June 2009}}
{{Infobox Scientist
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|box_width =
|image =Replace_this_image_male.svg
|image_width =150px
|caption = {{PAGENAME}}
|birth_date = [[9 September]] [[1794]]
|birth_place = [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]
|death_date = [[11 November]] [[1871]]
|death_place = [[Bristol]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[England|English]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[geology]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Devonian]] system
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}'''William Lonsdale''' ([[9 September]] [[1794]] – [[11 November]] [[1871]]), [[England|English]] [[geologist]] and [[palaeontologist]], was born at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].

He was educated for the army and in 1810 obtained a commission as ensign in the 4th (King's Own) regiment. He served in the [[Peninsular War]] at the battles of [[battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]] and [[battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], for both of which he received medals; and he retired as lieutenant.

Residing afterwards for some years at [[Batheaston]] he collected a series of rocks and [[fossil]]s which he presented to the Literary and Scientific Institution of Bath. He became the first honorary curator of the [[natural history]] department of the museum, and worked until 1829 when he was appointed assistant secretary and curator of the [[Geological Society of London]] at [[Somerset House]]. There he held office until 1842, when ill health led him to resign.

The ability with which he edited the publications of the society and advised the council on every obscure and difficult point was commented on by [[Roderick Impey Murchison|Murchison]] in his presidential address (1843). In 1829 Lonsdale read before the society an important paper ''On the Oolitic District of Bath'' (''Trans. Geol. Soc.'' ser. 2, vol. iii.), the results of a survey begun in 1827; later he was engaged in a survey of the Oolitic strata of Gloucestershire (1832), at the instigation of the Geological Society, and he laid down on the one-inch ordnance maps the boundaries of the various geological formations.

He gave particular attention to the study of [[coral]]s, becoming the highest authority in England on the subject, and he described [[fossil]] forms from the Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of [[North America]] and from the older strata of Britain and [[Russia]]. In 1837 he suggested from a study of the fossils of the South Devon [[limestone]]s that they would prove to be of an age intermediate between the [[Carboniferous]] and [[Silurian]] systems. This suggestion was adopted by [[Adam Sedgwick|Sedgwick]] and Murchison in 1839, and may be regarded as the basis on which they founded the [[Devonian]] system.

Lonsdale's paper, ''Notes on the Age of the Limestones of South Devonshire'' (read 1840), was published in the same volume of the ''Transactions of the Geological Society'' (ser. 2, vol. v.) with Sedgwick and Murchison's famous paper ''On the Physical Structure of Devonshire'', and these authors observe that the conclusion arrived at by Mr Lonsdale, we now apply without reserve both to the five groups of our North Devon section, and to the fossiliferous slates of [[Cornwall]]. The later years of Lonsdale's life were spent in retirement, and he died at Bristol on 11 November 1871.
==References==
{{1911}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonsdale, William}}
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bath]]
[[Category:King's Own Royal Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:English geologists]]
[[Category:Wollaston Medal winners]]

[[fr:William Lonsdale]]
[[pt:William Lonsdale]]

Don’t Stop (Funkin’ 4 Jamaica)

2009-05-20T16:11:30Z

COMPFUNK2: rm redlinks; tag

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)
| Cover = Mariahcareysingle dsf4j.jpg
| Artist = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Mystikal]]
| Album = [[Glitter (Mariah Carey album)|Glitter]]
| Released = UK: [[December 10]], [[2001]]

| Format = [[CD single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]] (both non-[[United States|U.S.]])
| [ Recorded = ]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 3:38
| Label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| Writer = Mariah Carey, [[DJ Clue]], [[Duro]], [[Mystikal]], [[Tom Browne]], Carrollyne Smith
| Producer = Mariah Carey, DJ Clue, Duro
| Last single =
| This single =
| Next single =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Mariah Carey]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Never Too Far]]" (2001)
| This single = "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (2001)
| Next single = "[[Reflections (Care Enough)]]" (2001)
}}
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Mystikal]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "Danger (Been So Long)" (2001)
| This single = "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" (2001)
| Next single = "Bouncin' Back (Bumpin' Me Against the Wall)" (2002)
}}
{{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Glitter (Mariah Carey album)|Glitter]]
| Type = soundtrack
| prev_track = "Didn't Mean to Turn You On"
| prev_no = 4
| this_track = "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)"
| track_no = 5
| next_track = "All My Life"
| next_no = 6
}}
}}
"'''Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)'''" is a song written and produced by American singer [[Mariah Carey]], [[DJ Clue]], [[Duro]], and [[Mystikal]], and recorded for Carey's tenth album ''[[Glitter (Mariah Carey album)|Glitter]]'' (2001). It is built around a sample of the 1980s song "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" produced by [[Tom Browne]] and Toni Smith, and it features rapped parts by Mystikal. Mystikal raps about wild times during the song's verses, while Carey repeatedly tells him "don't stop" in the chorus. It was released as the album's third [[single (music)|single]] in [[2001]] (see [[2001 in music]])

Like the preceding singles from the album, "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" was a commercial disappointment. It did not chart on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]], but it appeared at number twenty-three on Billboard's [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart, which represents the twenty-five singles below the Hot 100's number 100 position which have not yet appeared on the Hot 100. Ironically, during the song's third verse Mystikal raps "it's another number one debut for sure," although it is widely assumed{{by whom?|date=May 2009}} that this refers to the album, not individual track. Whereas "[[Never Too Far]]" (the album's second single) was solicited primarily to the pop and adult contemporary market, "Don't Stop" was pushed more toward the R&B and rhythmic market. It reached the top forty in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Australia]], as part of a [[double A-side]] with "Never Too Far".

The single's [[music video|video]] fared much better than the song, receiving heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. Directed by [[Sanaa Hamri]], it has the theme of southern [[bayous]] and lifestyles and presents Carey and Mystikal in "southern style" clothes and hairstyles. Some shots feature three versions of Carey singing into one microphone on the screen at one time. "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" appears in a scene of the film ''[[Glitter (film)|Glitter]]'', when producer Julian "Dice" Black has met Billie Frank (played by Carey) and invites her to an impromptu [[freestyle rap|freestyle]] jam session in his club.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2001)<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?key=4894&cat=s SwissCharts]</ref>
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
|align="center"|42
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay
|align="center"|42
|-
|align="left"|UK Top 75 Singles 1
|align="center"|32
|-
|align="left"|Australia Top 100 Singles 1
|align="center"|36
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/indici/per_anno/hpy2001.htm Hit Parade Italia]</ref>
|align="center"|62
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart 1
|align="center"|65
|-
|align="left"|[[Mega Single Top 100|Netherlands Singles Chart]] 1
|align="center"|67
|}

1 "Never Too Far"/"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)".

==References==
<references />

{{Mariah Carey singles}}

[[Category:2001 singles]]
[[Category:Mariah Carey songs]]
[[Category:Songs from films]]

[[es:Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)]]
[[it:Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)]]
[[hu:Don’t Stop (Funkin’ 4 Jamaica)]]
[[ru:Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)]]
[[vi:Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)]]

Dangerously in Love (Lied)

2009-05-15T16:01:53Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{unref|article|date=May 2009}}
{{Infobox Song
| Name = Dangerously in Love
| Artist = [[Destiny's Child]]
| Album = [[Survivor (Destiny's Child album)|Survivor]]
| Released = May 1, 2001
| track_no = 11
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:52
| Writer = [[Beyoncé Knowles]], Errol McCalla, Jr.
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Producer = Beyoncé Knowles, Errol "Poppi" McCalla, Jr.
| prev = "[[Emotion (song)#Destiny's Child version|Emotion]]"
| prev_no = 10
| next = "Brown Eyes"
| next_no = 12
}}
{{Infobox Song
| Name = Dangerously in Love 2
| Artist = [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
| Album = [[Dangerously in Love]]
| Released = June 24, 2003
| track_no = 12
| Recorded = [[SugarHill Recording Studios|SugarHill Studios]] ([[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]])
| Genre = [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]]
| Length = 4:54
| Writer = Beyoncé Knowles, Errol McCalla, Jr.
| Label = Columbia
| Producer = Beyoncé Knowles, Errol "Poppi" McCalla, Jr.
| Certification = Gold [[RIAA]]
| prev = "The Closer I Get to You"
| prev_no = 11
| next = "Beyoncé Interlude"
| next_no = 13
}}

"'''Dangerously in Love'''" is an [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]–[[soul music|soul]] song written and produced by [[Destiny's Child]] member [[Beyoncé Knowles]] and producer Errol McCalla, Jr. The [[ballad (music)|ballad]] was first recorded by Destiny's Child for their third studio album, ''[[Survivor (Destiny's Child album)|Survivor]]'' (2001), with Beyoncé as the lead vocalist, and it is one of the few songs on the album ''Survivor'' that Beyoncé sings almost completely solo. It is also considered{{by whom?|date=May 2009}} as one of her "signature" ballads.

Beyoncé re-recorded the song for her debut solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003), retitled "Dangerously in Love 2". Featuring a modified arrangement, Beyoncé's version received a generally positive response from [[music critic]]s.{{specify|date=May 2009}} In the [[United States]], the song went for radio [[airplay (radio)|airplay]] only and was never released as a [[single (music)|single]] in other countries. No official [[music video]] exists for the song, though the performance on her ''[[Live at Wembley (Beyoncé DVD)|Live at Wembley]]'' DVD was frequently aired on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]].

Beyoncé often performs the song live as a [[prelude (music)|prelude]] to "[[Crazy in Love (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Crazy in Love]]", and more recently with her live [[cover version|cover]] of [[Jill Scott]]'s 2000 song "He Loves Me (Lyzel in E Flat)" on her [[The Beyoncé Experience]] tour. She performed "Dangerously in Love 2" at the [[46th Grammy Awards|2004 Grammy Awards]], where it won in the category of [[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]].

==Charts (Beyoncé version)==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2004)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|57
|-
|align="left"| U.S. Billboard [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Ringtones]]
|align="center"|34
|-
|}

{{Destiny's Child}}
{{Beyoncé Knowles}}
{{Beyoncé Knowles singles}}
----
{{RnB-song-stub}}

[[Category:2000s ballads]]
[[Category:2001 songs]]
[[Category:2003 songs]]
[[Category:Beyoncé Knowles songs]]
[[Category:Destiny's Child songs]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Rhythm and blues ballads]]

[[bs:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[es:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[no:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[pl:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[ro:Dangerously In Love (cântec)]]
[[ru:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[simple:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[sk:Dangerously in Love 2]]
[[tr:Dangerously in Love (şarkı)]]

Thank U

2009-05-13T06:45:18Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{otheruses|Thank You}}
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Thank U
| Cover = AlanisMorissette-ThankU.jpg
| Artist = [[Alanis Morissette]]
| from Album = [[Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie]]
| Released = [[October 27]], [[1998]]
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 1998
| Genre = [[Folk rock]]
| Length = 4:19
| Label = [[Maverick Records|Maverick]]
| Writer = Alanis Morissette, [[Glen Ballard]]
| Producer = Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard
| Last single = "[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''Thank U'''" (1998)
| Next single = "[[Joining You]]" (1999)
}}

"'''Thank U'''" is the first single from Alanis Morissette's fourth album, ''[[Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie]]'', released on October 6, 1998 (see [[1998 in music]]). It was nominated for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]].

==Background and writing==
Morissette wrote "Thank U" after returning from a [[vacation|trip]] to [[India]] in 1997. The song expresses the heartfelt gratitude which she felt at the time.<ref>[http://members.aol.com/am69dana/sfijm.html http://members.aol.com/am69dana/sfijm.html] ''Members.aol.com'' </ref> The lyrics, such as "thank you terror" and "thank you frailty," lend the song a sense lyrical reflection on [[cynicism]], [[despair]], personal [[triumph]] and [[hope]].

"Thank U" is a [[pop rock]] song composed in the key of [[C major]]. It is written in [[common time]] and moves at a moderate tempo of 80 [[beats per minute]]. The song uses a simple [[chord progression]] alternating between a [[tonic (music)|tonic]] C major chord, [[dominant (music)|dominant]] [[G major]] chord, and the [[subdominant (music)|subdominant]] [[F major]] chord.<ref>Sheet music for "Thank U". [[Hal Leonard Corporation]]. 1998.</ref>

==Chart performance==
The excitement generated sent the single to number two on the U.S. [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart almost immediately and helped the song peak at number seventeen on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]; this was strong, but not as successful as the multiple hits from ''[[Jagged Little Pill]]'' (1995), Morissette's previous album. (The eligibility rules for the Hot 100 were changed midway through the single's chart run.) "Thank U" is Morissette's most commercially successful post-''Jagged Little Pill'' single. The single was nominated for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]].

==Music video==
The [[music video]] featured a [[nudity|nude]] Morissette, with long hair shrouding her [[breast]]s and her crotch blurred out, walking around and being embraced by strangers in a variety of public locations, such as in the street, at a [[supermarket]], and on a [[rapid transit|subway]] car. Slight modifications to the video were made before broadcasting by [[MTV]] in [[India]] and certain other [[Asia]]n countries. Subsequent replays, however, aired the video in its original format. In May 2001, the video was voted #66 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Videos <ref>[http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2001/vh1videos.htm] VH1: 100 Greatest Videos</ref>. It was directed by [[Stephane Sednaoui]].

==Cover versions and parodies==
"Thank U" was covered by British musician [[Steven Wilson]], of [[Porcupine Tree]] fame (who jokingly changed the line "How about them transparent dangling carrots" to "How about changing a line 'cause it don't make sense"). [[Blackfield]], one of Steven Wilson's bands, has regularly played the song on tour.

On [[MadTV]] there was a parody, "Wash Me," starring [[Mo Collins]] which takes place in a laundromat.

On ''[[French & Saunders]]'', [[Jennifer Saunders]] parodied Morissette with a song called "Bless U," a tribute to thesaurus, dictionaries, spell check and other word referencing methods. The clip showed Saunders as a singer called Aimless [[Morris Minor]], dressed in a flesh-coloured body-suit to make it appear as if she were naked. At the end of the sketch [[Dawn French]] stuck the pubic hair of the suit onto Saunders's face. This clip was shown as a sketch on ''[[French and Saunders]]'' 1999 Bank Holiday Special.

[["Weird Al" Yankovic]] debuted an unreleased spoof of "Thank U" entitled "Fast Food" on his 1999 [[Touring with Scissors]] tour.

==see also==
* [[Clothed male, naked female]]

==Track listing==
#"Thank U" (album version) – 4:19
#"Pollyanna Flower" (unreleased bonus track) – 4:07
#"[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" (demo) – 3:04

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1998)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australia<ref name=dutchcharts/>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|Austria<ref name=dutchcharts/>
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Netherlands<ref name=dutchcharts>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?key=3775&cat=s "Alanis Morissette - Thank U (song)"]. dutchcharts.nl.</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand<ref name=dutchcharts/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Norway<ref name=dutchcharts/>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Sweden<ref name=dutchcharts/>
|align="center"|49
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland<ref name=dutchcharts/>
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0xfqxqegldde~T51 "Alanis Morissette - Billboard Singles"]. [[Allmusic]] and ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref><ref name=Billboarddotcom>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=121494&model.vnuAlbumId=905144 "Alanis Morissette - Artist Chart History - Singles"]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref>
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Modern Rock Tracks]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/><ref name=Billboarddotcom/>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Adult Top 40]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|5
|-
|}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1lmw3_alanis-morissette-thank-u_music link to non-YouTube video]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alanis Morissette}}

[[Category:1998 singles]]
[[Category:Alanis Morissette songs]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Stéphane Sednaoui]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Songs written by Glen Ballard]]

[[it:Thank U]]

Computational Statistics

2009-05-11T15:55:13Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{articleissues|article=y|citations missing=May 2009|wikify=May 2009}}
'''Computational statistics''', or '''statistical computing''', is the interface between [[statistics]], [[computer science]] and [[numerical analysis]]. It is the area of [[computational science]] (or scientific computing) specific to the mathematical science of [[statistics]].

The terms ''computational statistics'' and ''statistical computing'' are often used interchangeably, although Carlo Lauro (a former president of the International Association for Statistical Computing) proposed making a distinction, defining '''statistical computing''' as "the application of computer science to statistics",
and '''computational statistics''' as "aiming at the design of algorithm for implementing
statistical methods on computers, including the ones unthinkable before the computer
age (e.g. [[bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]], simulation), as well as to cope with analytically intractable problems" [''[[sic]]''].<ref>{{Citation| first=Carlo|last=Lauro| title=Computational statistics or statistical computing, is that the question?| journal= Computational Statistics & Data Analysis| volume=23| year=1996| pages=191–193| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8V-3SWT44Y-F/2/5320a35df36fb38ffba03483c73dc861| doi=10.1016/0167-9473(96)88920-1}}</ref>

'''Computational statistics''' may also be used to refer to computationally-''intensive'' statistical methods including [[resampling (statistics)|resampling]] methods, [[Markov chain Monte Carlo]] methods, [[local regression]], [[kernel density estimation]] and [[generalized additive model]]s.

==Computational statistics journals==
*''[[Communications in Statistics|Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation]]''
*''[[Computational Statistics]]''
*''[[Computational Statistics & Data Analysis]]''
*''[[Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics]]''
*''[[Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation]]''
*''[[Journal of Statistical Software]]''
*''[[Statistics and Computing]]''

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
===Associations===
*[http://www.iasc-isi.org/ International Association for Statistical Computing]
*[http://stat-computing.org/ Statistical Computing section of the American Statistical Association]

===Journals===
*[http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505539/description Computational Statistics & Data Analysis]
*[http://www.amstat.org/publications/jcgs/ Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics]
*[http://www.springer.com/statistics/computational/journal/11222 Statistics and Computing]
*[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=t713597237 Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation]
*[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713650378 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation]

==Further reading==
===Articles===
*{{Citation|last1=Albert |first1=J.H.| last2=Gentle|first2=J.E.|title = Special Section: Teaching Computational Statistics| journal = The American Statistician| volume = 58| year=2004| pages=1–1 |doi=10.1198/0003130042872}}
===Books===
*{{Citation|title=Elements of Statistical Computing: Numerical Computation |first=Ronald Aaron |last=Thisted| publisher=CRC Press| year=1988| isbn=0412013711}}
*{{Citation|title=Elements of Computational Statistics| first=James E.| last=Gentle| year=2002| publisher=Springer| isbn=0387954899}}
*{{Citation|title=Handbook of Computational Statistics: Concepts and Methods | editor1-first=James E. |editor1-last=Gentle| editor2-first=Wolfgang|editor2-last=Härdle |editor3-first=Yuichi |editor3-last=Mori| publisher=Springer| year=2004| isbn=3540404643}}
*{{Citation|title=Computational Statistics |series=Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics|first1=Geof H. |last1=Givens |first2=Jennifer A. |last2=Hoeting|publisher=Wiley-Interscience| year= 2005|isbn=978-0471461241}}
*{{Citation|title=Modeling with Data: Tools and Techniques for Statistical Computing|first=Ben| last=Klemens|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press}}

==See also==
*[[List of statistical packages]]

[[Category:numerical analysis]]
[[Category:Computational statistics| ]]

{{Statistics-stub}}

Computational Statistics

2009-05-11T05:07:13Z

COMPFUNK2: sort; stub cleanup

{{articleissues|article=y|unref=May 2009|cleanup=May 2009}}
'''Computational statistics''', or '''statistical computing''', is the interface between [[statistics]], [[computer science]] and [[numerical analysis]]. It is the area of [[computational science]] (or scientific computing) specific to the mathematical science of [[statistics]].

The terms ''computational statistics'' and ''statistical computing'' are often used interchangeably, although Carlo Lauro (a former president of the International Association for Statistical Computing) proposed making a distinction, defining '''statistical computing''' as "the application of computer science to statistics",
and '''computational statistics''' as "aiming at the design of algorithm for implementing
statistical methods on computers, including the ones unthinkable before the computer
age (e.g. [[bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]], simulation), as well as to cope with analytically intractable problems" [''[[sic]]''].<ref>{{Citation| first=Carlo|last=Lauro| title=Computational statistics or statistical computing, is that the question?| journal= Computational Statistics & Data Analysis| volume=23| year=1996| pages=191–193| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8V-3SWT44Y-F/2/5320a35df36fb38ffba03483c73dc861| doi=10.1016/0167-9473(96)88920-1}}</ref>

'''Computational statistics''' may also be used to refer to computationally-''intensive'' statistical methods including [[resampling (statistics)|resampling]] methods, [[Markov chain Monte Carlo]] methods, [[local regression]], [[kernel density estimation]] and [[generalized additive model]]s.

==Computational statistics journals==
*''[[Communications in Statistics|Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation]]''
*''[[Computational Statistics]]''
*''[[Computational Statistics & Data Analysis]]''
*''[[Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics]]''
*''[[Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation]]''
*''[[Journal of Statistical Software]]''
*''[[Statistics and Computing]]''

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
===Associations===
*[http://www.iasc-isi.org/ International Association for Statistical Computing]
*[http://stat-computing.org/ Statistical Computing section of the American Statistical Association]

===Journals===
*[http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505539/description Computational Statistics & Data Analysis]
*[http://www.amstat.org/publications/jcgs/ Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics]
*[http://www.springer.com/statistics/computational/journal/11222 Statistics and Computing]
*[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=t713597237 Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation]
*[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713650378 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation]

==Further reading==
===Articles===
*{{Citation|last1=Albert |first1=J.H.| last2=Gentle|first2=J.E.|title = Special Section: Teaching Computational Statistics| journal = The American Statistician| volume = 58| year=2004| pages=1–1 |doi=10.1198/0003130042872}}
===Books===
*{{Citation|title=Elements of Statistical Computing: Numerical Computation |first=Ronald Aaron |last=Thisted| publisher=CRC Press| year=1988| isbn=0412013711}}
*{{Citation|title=Elements of Computational Statistics| first=James E.| last=Gentle| year=2002| publisher=Springer| isbn=0387954899}}
*{{Citation|title=Handbook of Computational Statistics: Concepts and Methods | editor1-first=James E. |editor1-last=Gentle| editor2-first=Wolfgang|editor2-last=Härdle |editor3-first=Yuichi |editor3-last=Mori| publisher=Springer| year=2004| isbn=3540404643}}
*{{Citation|title=Computational Statistics |series=Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics|first1=Geof H. |last1=Givens |first2=Jennifer A. |last2=Hoeting|publisher=Wiley-Interscience| year= 2005|isbn=978-0471461241}}
*{{Citation|title=Modeling with Data: Tools and Techniques for Statistical Computing|first=Ben| last=Klemens|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press}}

==See also==
*[[List of statistical packages]]

[[Category:numerical analysis]]
[[Category:Computational statistics| ]]

{{Statistics-stub}}

Computational Statistics

2009-05-11T05:06:38Z

COMPFUNK2: tag cleanup

Chasing Pavements

2009-04-25T16:23:51Z

COMPFUNK2: copyedit

{{Infobox Single 
|Name=Chasing Pavements
|Cover=Adele - Chasing Pavements.jpg
|Artist=[[Adele (singer)|Adele]]
|from Album=[[19 (Adele album)|19]]
|B-side="That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On."
|Released=[[14th January]] [[2008]]
|Format=[[Download]], [[CD single]]
|Genre=[[Soul music|Soul]], [[Pop music|pop]]
|Recorded=[[Compass Point Studios]] in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], [[Bahamas]] in 2007
|Length=3:37
|Label=[[XL Recordings]]
|Writer=[[Adele (singer)|Adele]], [[Eg White]]
|Producer=Eg White
|Certification=Gold ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
|Last single="[[Hometown Glory]]" (2007)
|This single="'''Chasing Pavements'''" (2008)
|Next single="[[Cold Shoulder]]" (2008)
}}

"'''Chasing Pavements'''" is the second single from [[soul music|soul]] singer [[Adele (singer)|Adele]]. Adele performed the song on ''[[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]]'' on [[December 7]], [[2007]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jonathan Ross welcomes Lucas, Walliams, Seinfeld and Zellweger|url=http://www.myparkmag.co.uk/articles/entertainment/television/Jonathan-Ross-welcomes-Lucas-Walliams-Seinfeld-and-Zellweger.jsp|date=[[2007]]-[[12-07]]|accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref>
It was released [[digital download|digitally]] in [[Ireland]] on [[January 13]] [[2008]] and entered the Irish singles chart at number 26 through download sales alone. Having received a physical release, the single then leaped nineteen places to number seven, where it peaked. On [[20 January]], the single entered at number two in the UK singles chart on downloads alone. Chasing Pavements was the 27th best selling single of 2008 in the UK, with over 280,000 sales

On December 3, 2008, "Chasing Pavements" was nominated for [[51st Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]] for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]. It has won the Grammy for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]].<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List 3 December, 2008]</ref> It was also featured in three episodes of ''[[Hollyoaks]]''. The first was in a concluding scene of [[Hannah Ashworth]]'s anorexia. The second was in a beginning scene of [[Charlie Dean]]'s custody battle. The third was in a scene showing [[Dominic Reilly]] reflecting on [[Tina McQueen]] talking to him, which was aired on the [[15 October]]. "Chasing Pavements" was performed on Saturday Night Live on Saturday, October 18, 2008, when Adele was the musical guest. The B-side to the single, "That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On.", is an acoustic cover of a [[Sam Cooke]] song.

== Lyrical meaning ==

The album the song appeared on was written about a former boyfriend. The song "Chasing Pavements" refers to an incident that occurred at 6AM one day after a fight with that person during which Adele was running down the street alone. She thought to herself "What is it you're chasing? You're chasing an empty pavement."<ref name="BlogCriticsInterview">[http://blogcritics.org/archives/2008/07/16/084115.php Interview: Adele - Singer and Songwriter BlogCriticsMagazine 16 July 2008]</ref><ref name=Bi>{{cite news| first=Kim| last=Dawson| title=ADELE'S BI GUY| date=24 March 2008| publisher=Daily Star| url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/posts/view/33091}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==

Chasing Pavements was released on the 14th of January 2008. Although tipped to take the number one spot, Chasing Pavements entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number two<ref>http://acharts.us/song/31513</ref> and was held off the top spot by the [[Basshunter]] track, [[Now You're Gone]]. Chasing Pavements spent three consecutive weeks at number two before dropping down to number three<ref>http://acharts.us/song/31513</ref>. The song spent seven weeks in the top ten<ref>http://acharts.us/song/31513</ref> and fifteen weeks in the top forty. The song performed well on other European charts where it reached the top ten in [[Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and [[Norway]] where it went to number one. On February 19 2009, it reached #21 in the Hot 100 Chart in the US.

==Music video==
The song's [[music video]], which earned a 2008 [[MTV Video Awards|MTV Video Music Award]] nomination for Best Choreography, centres around a car crash occurring in Hyde Park. It was directed by Mathew Cullen of production company [http://www.motiontheory.com Motion Theory].<ref>[http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/news/?news_id=84330 Coldplay and Adele snag VMA nods Virgin Media 28 August, 2008]</ref>

It features two views of this: one the real-world view in which the occupants of the car are lying motionless on the pavement following the accident, and the other (during the choruses) in which the camera shows them from above. In the second view, the couple 'come to life' and move as if standing up. The couple appear to reenact their relationship, from first meeting and the initial joy, then the despair caused by the woman having another lover, then forgiveness and rekindling the passion again before the accident. The music video finally ends with both being shown on stretchers, being wheeled away in different directions by ambulance crews tending to them. Adele is not one of the car crash victims; instead she is an onlooker.

On [[December 20]], [[2008]], the video was ranked #26 on [[VH1]]'s Top 40 of 2008.

==Controversy==
According to [[Digital Spy]] the single has been banned by several [[United States of America|U.S.]] radio stations because of the perceived meaning of the words "chasing pavements". The source of the perceived meaning is said to come from an entry submitted to [[Urban Dictionary]]. <ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a130009/adeles-chasing-pavements-banned-in-us.html Adele's 'Chasing Pavements' banned in US]</ref>

== 51st Grammy Awards==

Chasing Pavements was nominated for three [[Grammy Award]]s at the [[2009 Grammy Awards]]. The track had received nominations in the categories of [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of The Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] and for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]. It won the award for the Best Female Vocal Performance, beating established singers such as [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] and [[Leona Lewis]] but lost out to [[Coldplay]]'s [[Viva la Vida]] in the Song of the Year category and to [[Robert Plant]]'s and [[Alison Krauss]]' collaboration, [[Please Read the Letter]], in the Record of the Year category. She performed Chasing Pavements with [[Sugarland]].

==Track listing==
'''UK - CD & 7" Vinyl'''
#"Chasing Pavements" (Adele, [[Eg White]]) 3:31
#"That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On." ([[Sam Cooke]]) 2:12

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2008)
!Peak position
|-
|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]
|align=center|56
|-
|[[Belgium|Belgian Singles Chart]]
|align=center|10
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align=center|28
|-
|[[Denmark|Danish Singles Chart]]
|align=center|8
|-
|[[Dutch Top 40]]
|align=center|9
|-
|[[German Singles Chart]]
|align=center|46
|-
|[[Irish Singles Chart]]
|align=center|7
|-
|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]
|align=center|7
|-
|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]]
|align=center|1
|-
|[[Poland|Polish Singles Chart]]
|align=center|17
|-
|[[Sweden|Swedish Singles Chart]]
|align=center|37
|-
|[[Switzerland|Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align=center|5
|-
|[[Taiwan|Taiwanese Singles Chart]]
|align=center|2
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align=center|2
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align=center|21
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary]] <ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=810846&model.vnuAlbumId=1104726</ref>
|align=center|23
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]]
|align=center|17
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]] <ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=396&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Pop+100&ci=3105843&cdi=10122315&cid=01%2F31%2F2009
</ref>
|align=center|28
|-
|}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Supernatural Superserious]]" by [[R.E.M.]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[12 March]] [[2008]] – [[26 March]] [[2008]] }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[4 Minutes (Madonna song)|4 Minutes]]" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] featuring [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[Timbaland]] }}
{{end}}

==Release history==
{|class=wikitable
!Region
!Date
|-
|[[Europe]]
|[[11 January]] [[2008]]
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[14 January]] [[2008]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Adele}}

[[Category:Adele songs]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:XL Recordings singles]]

[[it:Chasing Pavements]]
[[no:Chasing Pavements]]

Chasing Pavements

2009-04-25T16:23:15Z

COMPFUNK2: rm unsourced trivia

{{Infobox Single 
|Name=Chasing Pavements
|Cover=Adele - Chasing Pavements.jpg
|Artist=[[Adele (singer)|Adele]]
|from Album=[[19 (Adele album)|19]]
|B-side="That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On."
|Released=[[14th January]] [[2008]]
|Format=[[Download]], [[CD single]]
|Genre=[[Soul music|Soul]], [[Pop music|pop]]
|Recorded=[[Compass Point Studios]] in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], [[Bahamas]] in 2007
|Length=3:37
|Label=[[XL Recordings]]
|Writer=[[Adele (singer)|Adele]], [[Eg White]]
|Producer=Eg White
|Certification=Gold ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
|Last single="[[Hometown Glory]]" (2007)
|This single="'''Chasing Pavements'''" (2008)
|Next single="[[Cold Shoulder]]" (2008)
}}

"'''Chasing Pavements'''" is the second single from [[soul music|soul]] singer [[Adele (singer)|Adele]]. Adele performed the song on ''[[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]]'' on [[December 7]], [[2007]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jonathan Ross welcomes Lucas, Walliams, Seinfeld and Zellweger|url=http://www.myparkmag.co.uk/articles/entertainment/television/Jonathan-Ross-welcomes-Lucas-Walliams-Seinfeld-and-Zellweger.jsp|date=[[2007]]-[[12-07]]|accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref>
It was released [[digital download|digitally]] in [[Ireland]] on [[January 13]] [[2008]] and entered the Irish singles chart at number 26 through download sales alone. Having received a physical release, the single then leaped nineteen places to number seven, where it peaked. On [[20 January]], the single entered at number two in the UK singles chart on downloads alone. Chasing Pavements was the 27th best selling single of 2008 in the UK, with over 280,000 sales

On December 3, 2008, "Chasing Pavements" was nominated for [[51st Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]] for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]. It has won the Grammy for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]].<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List 3 December, 2008]</ref> It was also featured in three episodes of ''[[Hollyoaks]]''. The first was in a concluding scene of [[Hannah Ashworth]]'s anorexia. The second was in a beginning scene of [[Charlie Dean]]'s custody battle. The third was in a scene showing [[Dominic Reilly]] reflecting on [[Tina McQueen]] talking to him, which was aired on the [[15 October]]. "Chasing Pavements" was performed on Saturday Night Live on Saturday, October 18, 2008, when Adele was the musical guest. The B-side to the single, "That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On.", is an acoustic cover of a [[Sam Cooke]] song.

== Lyrical meaning ==

The album the song appeared on was written about a former boyfriend. The song "Chasing Pavements" refers to an incident that occurred at 6AM one day after a fight with that person during which Adele was running down the street alone. She thought to herself "What is it you're chasing? You're chasing an empty pavement."<ref name="BlogCriticsInterview">[http://blogcritics.org/archives/2008/07/16/084115.php Interview: Adele - Singer and Songwriter BlogCriticsMagazine 16 July 2008]</ref><ref name=Bi>{{cite news| first=Kim| last=Dawson| title=ADELE'S BI GUY| date=24 March 2008| publisher=Daily Star| url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/posts/view/33091}}</ref>

== Chart Performance ==

Chasing Pavements was released on the 14th of January 2008. Although tipped to take the number one spot, Chasing Pavements entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number two<ref>http://acharts.us/song/31513</ref> and was held off the top spot by the [[Basshunter]] track, [[Now You're Gone]]. Chasing Pavements spent three consecutive weeks at number two before dropping down to number three<ref>http://acharts.us/song/31513</ref>. The song spent seven weeks in the top ten<ref>http://acharts.us/song/31513</ref> and fifteen weeks in the top forty. The song performed well on other European charts where it reached the top ten in [[Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and [[Norway]] where it went to number one. On February 19 2009, it reached #21 in the Hot 100 Chart in the US.

==Music video==
The song's [[music video]], which earned a 2008 [[MTV Video Awards|MTV Video Music Award]] nomination for Best Choreography, centres around a car crash occurring in Hyde Park. It was directed by Mathew Cullen of production company [http://www.motiontheory.com Motion Theory].<ref>[http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/news/?news_id=84330 Coldplay and Adele snag VMA nods Virgin Media 28 August, 2008]</ref>

It features two views of this: one the real-world view in which the occupants of the car are lying motionless on the pavement following the accident, and the other (during the choruses) in which the camera shows them from above. In the second view, the couple 'come to life' and move as if standing up. The couple appear to reenact their relationship, from first meeting and the initial joy, then the despair caused by the woman having another lover, then forgiveness and rekindling the passion again before the accident. The music video finally ends with both being shown on stretchers, being wheeled away in different directions by ambulance crews tending to them. Adele is not one of the car crash victims; instead she is an onlooker.

On [[December 20]], [[2008]], the video was ranked #26 on [[VH1]]'s Top 40 of 2008.

==Controversy==
According to [[Digital Spy]] the single has been banned by several [[United States of America|U.S.]] radio stations because of the perceived meaning of the words "chasing pavements". The source of the perceived meaning is said to come from an entry submitted to [[Urban Dictionary]]. <ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a130009/adeles-chasing-pavements-banned-in-us.html Adele's 'Chasing Pavements' banned in US]</ref>

== 51st Grammy Awards==

Chasing Pavements was nominated for three [[Grammy Award]]s at the [[2009 Grammy Awards]]. The track had received nominations in the categories of [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of The Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] and for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]. It won the award for the Best Female Vocal Performance, beating established singers such as [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] and [[Leona Lewis]] but lost out to [[Coldplay]]'s [[Viva la Vida]] in the Song of the Year category and to [[Robert Plant]]'s and [[Alison Krauss]]' collaboration, [[Please Read the Letter]], in the Record of the Year category. She performed Chasing Pavements with [[Sugarland]].

==Track listing==
'''UK - CD & 7" Vinyl'''
#"Chasing Pavements" (Adele, [[Eg White]]) 3:31
#"That's It. I Quit. I'm Movin' On." ([[Sam Cooke]]) 2:12

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2008)
!Peak position
|-
|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]
|align=center|56
|-
|[[Belgium|Belgian Singles Chart]]
|align=center|10
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align=center|28
|-
|[[Denmark|Danish Singles Chart]]
|align=center|8
|-
|[[Dutch Top 40]]
|align=center|9
|-
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{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Supernatural Superserious]]" by [[R.E.M.]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[12 March]] [[2008]] – [[26 March]] [[2008]] }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[4 Minutes (Madonna song)|4 Minutes]]" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] featuring [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[Timbaland]] }}
{{end}}

==Release history==
{|class=wikitable
!Region
!Date
|-
|[[Europe]]
|[[11 January]] [[2008]]
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[14 January]] [[2008]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Adele}}

[[Category:Adele songs]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:XL Recordings singles]]

[[it:Chasing Pavements]]
[[no:Chasing Pavements]]

Anahit Zizikjan

2009-04-20T20:47:05Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{db-person}}
(1926-1999) Anahit Tsitsikians first renowned Armenian woman-violinist who during the Soviet times toured around the world in more than 100 cities; a professor who toughed at the State Conservatory in Yerevan about 40 years; a journalist who wrote more than 300 articles, scenarios for television and radio programs; a scientist who established a new branch of Armenian musicology The History of Performing Art and dedicated the last 20 years of her life to basic researches in the field of ancient music history and obviously became the founder of a new science in Armenia Musical Archaeology.
Anahit Tsitsikian was a Merited
-Artist of Armenia (1967),
-PhD of Musical Science (1970),
-Professor of Music (1982).

Anahit Tsitsikian was born August 26, 1926 in Leningrad (currently St. Petersburg), Russia. In 1950 she graduated from Yerevan State Conservatory (as a student of Professor Karp Dombayev), in 1954 she completed her graduate course at the Moscow State Conservatory (adviser - Professor Konstantin Mostras). She began performing professionally at elementary school age. Since 1961 she has been the principle soloist at the Armenian Philharmonic Hall.

Ms. Tsitsikian performed throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union and in many countries around the world. As a violinist she produced 3 vinyl discs with the “Melodia” label and recorded numerous soundtracks at the Armenian and Russian Radio archives. Music of Armenian composers held a special place in Ms. Tsitsikian’s repertoire. Often as a first interpreter she assisted and edited various original pieces of her colleagues/composers.

Since 1950 she worked as a professor at the Yerevan State Conservatory; established three new courses in its curriculum: “The History of Bowed Instruments”, “The History of Armenian Performing Art”, and a “Course of Music Teaching Practice”. Since she was a student of the Conservatory, Tsitsikian started researches in the field of music history: bowing art, instrumentology and Music archaeology, which she founded in Armenia. She participated and gave lectures in numerous International Conferences and wrote articles in Armenia and abroad.

During her artistic life Professor Anahit Tsitsikian had performed in more than 1000 recitals, recorded many pieces of library music, was the author of 300 articles, scenarios for many radio and television programs, and lectured internationally. She was a member of many organizations such as: Composer’s Union of Armenia, Composers of USSR, Armenian Theater Union, Journalist’s Union, Women’s Committee of the USSR, member of AOKSZ (The Cultural liaison committee of Armenia with foreign countries), in “History of World Culture” Committee in the Academy of Science, USSR; The World scientific Association of Historical Archaeology etc.

Ossian Sweet

2009-04-20T00:05:07Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{BLPsources|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox Scientist
| name = Ossian Sweet
| image = Ossian Sweet.gif
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date|1895|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Orlando, Florida]], USA
| death_date = {{death date and age|1960|03|20|1895|10|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], USA
| field = [[Internal medicine]]
| workplaces = [[Dunbar Hospital]]
| alma_mater = [[Howard University]] [[Wilberforce University]]
}}

'''Ossian Sweet''' ({{IPA2|/ŏshʼən swēt/}}) (30 October 1895 - 20 March 1960) was an American physician. He is most notable for his [[Right of self-defense|self defense]] in 1925 of his newly-purchased home in a predominantly [[White people|white]] neighborhood against a mob attempting to force him out of the neighborhood in [[Detroit, Michigan]], and the subsequent [[acquittal]] by an all-white jury of [[murder]] charges against him, his family, and his friends who helped defend his home, in what came to be known as the '''Sweet Trials'''.

== Biography ==
=== Early years ===
Sweet was born the second son to Henry Sweet and Dora Devaughn in Orlando, Florida just eight days before the death of his oldest brother, Oscar. Henry Sweet was a former slave from Florida and was able to buy land in Bartow, Florida in 1898, where he moved his entire family. There they lived in a small farmhouse Ossian’s parents had built and all the children helped with the farm animals and in the fields. The Sweets had a total of ten children living in cramped quarters and living on the little money they could earn through their farm. At age six, Sweet witnessed the lynching of Fred Rochelle who lived a few blocks away from the Sweets. Rochelle had been accused of raping a white girl and was set afire and murdered. Sweet watched traumatized from the bushes as the flames engulfed Rochelle's body. “He’d recount it with frightening specificity: the smell of the kerosene, Rochelle’s screams as he was engulfed in flames, the crowd’s picking off pieces of charred flesh to take home as souvenirs.” This memory would haunt Ossian Sweet throughout his life, especially in his later years.

=== Education ===
In September 1909, Sweet left Florida at age thirteen. Sweet's parents had taught him everything they could, instilling in him religious traditions that had sustained the family through generations of struggle. That is why they wanted Ossian to go North and get an education. He was sent to Wilberforce University in Xenia, Ohio. Wilberforce University was one of few African American Colleges of that time and was funded by the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). Wilberforce is where Ossian became a charter member of the Delta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi and was where he earned a Bachelors of Science at the age of 25. He would attend Wilberforce for eight years; the first four of which were spent in prep-school studying Latin, history, mathematics, English, music, drawing, philosophy, social and introductory science and foreign language (probably French). Sweet took work shoveling snow, stoking furnaces, washing dirty dishes, waiting tables, and carting luggage up hotel stairs to pay the [[United States dollar|US$]]118 for his tuition and books. From Wilberforce University, Ossian attended Howard University in Washington D.C. where he earned his medical accreditation.

Throughout Sweet's early life he demonstrated a very clear dedication to school and overcoming the life of a Southern [[black people|black]]. Sweet's parents were one of many families to suffer the tough goodbyes of sending young children away to be educated, but the hope that Ossian would be presented with opportunities not available in the South as well as the possibility of Ossian escaping the horrible things he had witnessed in Bartow, led his parents to this decision. Sweet became the leader in his family and paved the way for his younger siblings to work hard and become educated as well. One of the most pressing impacts of his experience at Wilberforce, and later at Howard, was his growing knowledge and goal to be recognized as part of the Talented Tenth. The Talented Tenth was the idea that one in ten African American individuals could become leaders in their race through continuation of education, writing books, and becoming involved in the overall picture of social change.

=== Ossian Sweet and The Red Summer ===
Ossian Sweet was attending [[Howard University]], a leader in Black medical education, in 1919 when he personally witnessed the [[Washington D.C.]] race riot. Like so many cities in the [[Red Summer of 1919|summer of 1919]], [[Washington D.C.]] had been stretched to its breaking point. Black migrants from the south had come pouring into the city's main Black areas with the promise of wartime jobs, but in 1919 with the end of the war the promise was no longer there, although new migrants were pouring into the city everyday. Thousands of White soldiers were held on the outskirts of [[Washington D.C.]] while waiting to be discharged from their service in the Great War. Boredom eventually hit; and when it did, a riot broke that lasted five days and left 6 dead and 150 wounded. Sweet was just four blocks from the riots, but could not leave his fraternity; Kevin Boyle, author of ''Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age,'' attributes his lack of composure in this harsh time to fear, and he had good reason. Sweet was “walking down the street when a gang descended on a passing streetcar, pulled a black passenger down to the sidewalk, and beat him mercilessly.” Boyle later states that Sweet did not venture from his house because he was escaping the memories of his past, a true emotion for Sweet, and one that would not leave him until his death.

=== Detroit & Black Bottom ===
With little money, Ossian arrived in Detroit in the late summer of 1921 when Detroit was a time of speakeasies, jazz music, liquor, and slumming. It was also a time when drugs, gambling, and prostitution swept the city. According to Kevin Boyle ,in 1910 Detroit was on its way to become an industrial powerhouse. A booming modern metropolis paved the way for the growth of the auto industry; around 1913, the pull for jobs on the assembly lines fueled enormous migration to Detroit. In 1910, the population of Detroit was approx. 485,000, by 1920 it had more than doubled. As migration increased, so did segregation.

"Despite its name, [[Black Bottom, Detroit|Black Bottom]] wasn't really a colored area. Most of its residents were immigrants, not negroes," states Boyle. Black Bottom was a neighborhood of the poor working class peoples of Detroit. Boyle describes Black Bottom in his book as dingy and rundown, with rooms barely large enough to accommodate families. Homes in central Black Bottom were decaying. When it rained, water would flood through the ceilings, wind came through holes in the walls where the plaster had cracked off, and many of the windows had no glass. Boyle gives evidence that with discrimination in the real estate market, agents sometimes refused to even show homes in white neighborhoods, for they feared black occupancy would bring down property values. This primarily kept migrants in Black Bottom. With no place else to go, Black Bottom remained the home of the poor working class and landlords saw no need to make improvements to living quarters. The poor living conditions lead to the constant threat of infection and spread of disease, and many died of smallpox, pneumonia, and syphilis. 1n the 1960s, Black Bottom was demolished during the city's urban renewal program. [[Black Bottom (dance)|Black Bottom]] also became the name of a popular dance in the Florida/New Orleans areas between 1926-27. It was performed at the Apollo Theater and was modeled after young black children’s imitations of cows stuck in the mud.

=== Career ===
Even with his extensive medical knowledge, Sweet encountered difficulty finding work at a hospital due to his ethnicity, but his summers waiting at Detroit restaurants instilled him with the knowledge of Black Bottom’s need for medical care. Black Bottom was an overpopulated black ghetto in which migrant workers from the South made their homes during the Great Migration. These proto ghettos were extremely poor areas, being unsanitary with few sources of water, not to mention that they were mainly built in places that were environmentally unhealthy. Overpopulation and the steady influx of migrants, who lacked medical care amid cramped quarters, caused diseases and created imminent threats to life. According to Kevin Boyle in Arc of Justice, “rudimentary care could have saved some of them. But Black Bottom didn’t get even that.” Sweet saw this as an opportunity to practice his medicine. He gave US$100 to a pharmacy, “Palace Drugs”, in exchange for office space. His first client, Elizabeth Riley, feared she had contracted tetanus because her jaw grew stiff. Sweet was able to diagnose that it was not an infection, but rather simply a dislocated jaw. He reset the bone which spread good publicity about his practice throughout the neighborhood. His list of patients grew, and "Ossian was named a medical examiner for Liberty Life Insurance, an appointment that assured him a steady stream of patients he might not have otherwise have acquired." According to Boyle, Sweet earned the respect of his colleagues at Dunbar Memorial.

=== Personal life ===
Sweet married Gladys Mitchell in 1922. She was born in Pittsburgh and had been raised in Detroit, a few miles north of Garland, and came from a prominent middle class black family. Recognizing a need for further medical training, Sweet left his practice to study in Vienna and Paris. On October 6, 1923, the newly-wed couple boarded the S.S. Carmania. Once in Europe, Sweet attended lectures given by Madam Curie, who was a meticulous scientist who first isolated radium as a treatment to reduce cancer. While he did not receive a degree for his study and extended stay in Europe, it brought him the prestige he sought to further his claim of being part of the “talented tenth” of black society. In Paris, he was also able to experience life without prejudices. According to Kevin Boyle, simple courtesies are what Sweet remembered most during his stay in Paris. For the first time, the Sweets were treated as equals to whites. His only experience with prejudice while in Europe was at the American Hospital in which he donated a relatively large amount of money, 300 francs, given his finances. When seeking to reserve space for his wife to deliver their baby, the American Hospital refused on the grounds that the white Americans in the hospital did not want to be mixed with black patients. On May 29, 1924, Gladys gave birth to Marguerite, who they later called Iva. The thought that the American Hospital had “imperiled the health, and perhaps the life of Gladys and Iva” infuriated him, and reminded Sweet of the world to which he would return.

By June 21, 1924, the Sweets boarded the S.S. Paris and sailed from Europe back to the states. Once in Detroit, Sweet started work at Dunbar Hospital, Detroit’s first black hospital. Having saved enough money, he moved his family in 1925 from his wife’s parent’s home in an all-white neighborhood, to 2905 Garland Street, another all-white neighborhood at Garland and Charlevoix. Sweet liked the house, not only because of its appearance and size, but also for what the house represented. Most African Americans lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which is what Sweet wanted for his own family. Sweet knew the dangers he faced by moving his family into an all-white neighborhood but this did not stop him from wanting a better life for his family. Also, Sweet could not back down from buying this home because the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] was just then being revived after two years of inactivity in Detroit. This meant that there was more of a push against the color line, to not surrender to it at that particular time. The [[Ossian H. Sweet House]], is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

=== Garland Avenue bungalow ===
[[Image:Ossian Sweet House Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|[[Ossian H. Sweet House]] at 2905 Garland.]]
Upon his return to Detroit in 1924, Ossian started work at [[Dunbar Hospital]], Detroit's first black hospital. From his training in France, Ossian was more educated than many white men. A young professional of Ossian's status should have had no trouble finding a respectable home in a respectable neighborhood, but unfortunately the Sweet's race played a large role in their house hunting. The Sweet's had a difficult time trying to find a realtor who would represent them and, when they finally did, they had an even more difficult time finding a family who would sell them a house. According to Kevin Boyle's account of the Sweets' first impression of the [[Ossian H. Sweet House|Garland house]], the Sweets were less than impressed. The area was a "workingman's" area filled with modest houses and two-family flats, but the location was ideal. It was close to Ossian's office and to Gladys's parents' home. The owners of the home saw the Sweets as an opportunity to make more than the bungalow would have brought if sold to a white family. On June 7, 1925, the Sweet's bought the house for US$18,500 which about US$6,000 more than the house's fair market value. The Sweet's moved into the house on September 8, 1925.

=== Home invasion ===
There were dangerous occurrences happening to friends and acquaintances of Ossian in buying homes in white neighborhoods and then being attacked. There was even a group put together called the Waterworks Park Improvement, which happened to be run by real estate agents from Detroit and nearby cities, whose sole reason of existence was to create controversy against the idea of allowing blacks to ruin neighborhoods. These people were concerned with the belief that allowing blacks into their neighborhoods would lower property values. This was important because at this time, buying a home was a very difficult and lengthy process. The idea of buying land free and clear was no longer an option for most blacks, forcing them instead to take out multiple mortgages to buy a home, leading to even more debt. Also, the idea that an African American could afford what most were struggling to keep was insulting to many of the working class whites that lived in the neighborhood.

Fearing an attack, Ossian had nine other men at his house on the night of the attack to help defend his family and property should any violence arise. The men included: Charles Washington (insurance man), Leonard Morse (colleague), William Davis, Henry Sweet (Ossian's brother), John Latting (Henry's college friend), Norris Murray (handyman), Otis Sweet (Ossian's brother) and Joe Mack (chauffeur). Gladys, too, was inside the bungalow. Inspector Norton Schuknecht had been placed outside the Sweet's house on the first night and he was to keep the peace and protect Ossian and Gladys from any angry neighbors. When a mob formed for the second night in a row in front of Dr. Sweet’s home, he knew that, “Somewhere out there, standing among the women and children, lounging on the porches, lurking in the alleys were the men who would incite the crowd to violence.” As the mob grew restless, people began to throw stones at the house, which eventually broke an upstairs window. There were several of Dr. Sweet’s friends waiting upstairs, armed with weapons that Sweet had purchased prior to moving in. A volley of shots rang out from the upstairs, and in an instant, two attackers were down. One member of the mob, Eric Houghberg, was shot and suffered a minor injury. The other man who was hit was Leon Breiner, who suffered a fatal injury. There was no turning back at this point, as a white man lay dead in the street, killed by an African American man. After the shot had been fired from the bungalow, the eleven African Americans inside were brought to police headquarters and interrogated for five hours. Interrogations would last for an extended period of time and the men would remain in the Wayne County Jail until the entire trial was over. By the next morning, September 10, the story was on newsstands all across Detroit and throughout the country.

==== Trial ====
The Sweets and their friends were tried for murder by a young Judge, [[Frank Murphy]]. Judge Murphy was considered to be one of the more liberal judges in the city, but with the media working the city into a frenzy, Murphy decided to put aside his liberal ideals and denied the defendant’s appeal to have the case dismissed. There was little hope of receiving a fair trial at this point, but Ossian Sweet and his friends remained hopeful. When word of this incident reached the desk of James Weldon Johnson, general secretary of the [[NAACP]], Johnson knew right away that this case would be a major force in the acquisition of civil rights for African Americans.

With the help of the NAACP, Sweet and his friends gained the money and support that they needed, if there was to be any hope of winning this trial. The NAACP helped the Sweets and the rest as much as possible; they had James Weldon Johnson send Walter White to them in order to do some of his legendary investigations work. The Sweet trial was one of three main trials the NAACP supported in this year. The NAACP chose carefully which trials would have the most publicity and which trials, if won, would help the African American race and hopefully make steps towards social change. Funds were limited, and the selection of civil rights battles had to be chosen carefully to maximize the limited funds that were available.

As September passed on, life in the Wayne County Jail became slightly more comfortable for Ossian and the others. It was more difficult for jail officers to keep a close eye on them so the Sweets began seeing a steady stream of visitors, including the elder Henry Sweet, who was Ossian's, Otis's and Henry's father. In early October, Johnson invited [[Clarence Darrow]], who was for a period of time the most brilliant defense attorney in the country, to join the Sweets' defense team. Darrow previously had been an attorney in the [[Scopes Trial]], and was known to defend the [[Underdog (competition)|underdog]] against the great bigotries of the US (big business, religion, racism). Publicity was what Johnson was looking for from Darrow. Darrow accepted and on October 15 it was announced he would be taking control of the defense. Several days prior to the announcement, on October 6, Gladys was released on bail by her parents' friends. This was a great relief for Ossian. On the morning of Friday, October 30, Clarence Darrow was ready for trial. As the end of November rolled in, and after the jurors' long deliberations, they came to an agreement that the eight remaining defendants should be acquitted. At this point, Judge Murphy dismissed the jurymen and declared the court case a mistrial. Dr. Sweet and Gladys had expectations to head back to court within a few weeks, but there were delays. During the long delay between the first and second trial, Darrow did not devote much time to the Sweets' case. Eventually, almost three weeks after it was planned, the trial began on Monday, April 19, 1926. This shorter trial led to an [[acquittal]] of Henry Sweet. The [[prosecuting attorney]] then elected to [[nolle prosequi|dismiss]] the charges against the remaining defendants.

==== Aftermath ====
After Henry was acquitted, life for the Sweets was not as joyous as hoped. Both Gladys and her daughter, Iva, were suffering from tuberculosis, which Gladys contracted during her incarceration. Two months after Iva turned two, she died. The two years following this occurrence, Ossian and Gladys lived apart from one another; he was back at the apartment near Dunbar Memorial and she was back in Tucson, trying to recover from tuberculosis in a drier climate. By mid 1928, Ossian finally regained possession of the bungalow, which had not been lived in since the shooting. A few months after Gladys returned home, she died, at the age of twenty-seven. After the death of his wife, Ossian bought the Garafalo's Drugstore. In 1929, he left his practice to run a hospital in the heart of the ghetto. He would eventually run a few of these small hospitals, but none ever flourished. As he began to approach the age of fifty, Ossian started to buy land in East Bartow, where his father had first bought land. Finally, in 1930, he decided to run for the presidency of the NAACP branch in Detroit, only to lose by a wide margin. Unfortunately, in the summer of 1939, Ossian realized that his brother had contracted the same horrible disease that had taken the life of his wife and daughter, tuberculosis. Six months later, Ossian's brother died. By this point, Ossian's finances soon failed him. It took him until 1950 to pay off the land contract and he then assumed full ownership of the bungalow. He faced too much debt after that and, instead of losing the house, Ossian sold it in April 1958, to another black family. With the bungalow out of his possession, he transformed what had been his office above Garafalo's Drugstore into an apartment. Around this time, Ossian's physical and mental health began to decline; he had put on weight and had slowed down in his motions. The man that once displayed maturity and strength now seemed bitter and dark. On March 20, 1960, he went into his bedroom and committed suicide with a shot to the head.

== ''Arc of Justice'' ==
''Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age'' was written by [[Kevin Boyle]], a professor of history at [[Ohio State University]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights and Murder in the Jazz Age | location=New York | publisher=Henry Holt & Company | year=2004 | isbn=0805079335}}</ref> Boyle's book, ''Arc of Justice,'' won the [[National Book Award]] for non-fiction and was a finalist for the [[Pulitzer Prize]] and the [[National Book Critics Circle Award]].

The book tells the story of Ossian Sweet and his battle for equality. Another prominent African American who fought for equality was [[Ida B. Wells Barnett]] whose life is referred to as the Crusade for Justice in her autobiography. Justice is something most African Americans were seeking in the roaring 1920s as well as long before and after. Barnett also fell victim to mobs running amuck when she was run out of her home in Memphis after writing an expose on the lynching of her three friends. She was threatened with death if she ever returned. Like Sweet, she was born in the south and traveled across the Atlantic but ultimately lived her later years, and died, in the north.

== ''Malice Aforethought: The Sweet Trials'' ==
''Malice Aforethought: The Sweet Trials'' is a play written by Arthur Beer, a professor and performing arts co-chair of the University of Detroit Mercy, which tells the story of Ossian Sweet and the murder trial he, his family, and friends faced, commonly known as the Sweet Trials back in 1924. This play serves an important historical role not only in the history of Detroit, where the incident and trials were held, but also in the History of the United States, since it was the first trial where any African American was acquitted of murder. Initially performed in 1987, the play was recently brought back in 2007, for its 20 year anniversary. The play offers a truly unique experience allowing guests to observe and “re-live” a trial of tribulations in which the Sweets and friends faced over 80 years ago.<ref name=udmercy/>

An interesting fact about the play is that it was inspired by Kevin Boyle’s book, ''Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age'' and on February 2nd, 2007, he was honored after one of the performances with a testimonial recognition from the city of Detroit in honoring civil rights.<ref name=udmercy/>

== Legacy ==
* [[Ossian H. Sweet House]] registered historical site #S0461<ref>{{cite web | author=James Brennan | title=Michigan Historical Marker: Ossian Sweet House | url=http://www.michmarkers.com/pages/S0461.htm | work=MichMarkers.com | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>
* Michigan Legal Milestones commemorative plaque in the [[Frank Murphy|Frank Murphy Hall of Justice]], Detroit <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Michigan Legal Milestones: Ossian Sweet Trial | url=http://www.michbar.org/programs/milestones.cfm | publisher=State Bar of Michigan | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>
* ''The Sweet Trials'': a play adapted by [[Kevin Boyle]] from his book, ''Arc of Justice''<ref name=udmercy>{{cite web | author= Detroit City Council | title=Testimonial Resolution: Professor Kevin Boyle | url=http://sweettrials.udmercy.edu/news.htm | publisher=City of Detroit | date=1 February 2007 | accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>
* ''Malice Aforethought: The Sweet Trials'': a play written by [[Arthur Beer]], adapted from Kevin Boyle's ''Arc of Justice''.<ref>{{cite web | author=UDM Theatre Department | title=The Sweet Trials Project | url=http://sweettrials.udmercy.edu/sweet_trial_play.htm | work= | publisher=University of Detroit Mercy | date=3 February 2007 | accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last=Darrow | first=Clarence | coauthors= | title=The Story of My Life | chapter=Chapter 34: The Negro in the North | location=New York | publisher=C. Scribner's Sons | year=1932 | oclc=390064 | chapterurl=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500951h.html#c34 }}
* {{cite book | last=Darrow | first=Clarence | coauthors= | chapter=The Problem of the Negro | title=Verdicts Out of Court | location=Chicago | publisher=Quadrangle Books | year=1963 | oclc=193194}}
* {{cite book | last=Haldeman-Julius | first=Marcet | title=Clarence Darrow's Two Greatest Trials: Reports of the Scopes Anti-Evolution Case and the Dr. Sweet Negro Trial | location=Girard, Kansas | publisher=Haldeman-Julius | year=1927 | oclc=247255923}}
* {{cite book | last=Harris | first=Paul | title=Black Rage Confronts the Law | location=New York | publisher=NYU Press | year=1997 | isbn=0814735274 }}
* {{cite book | last=Hays | first=Arthur Garfield | chapter=Freedom of Residence | title=Let Freedom Ring | location=New York | publisher=Boni and Liveright | year=1928 | oclc=2341733}}
* {{cite book | last=Levine | first=David Allan | title=Internal Combustion: The Races in Detroit, 1915-1926 | location=Westport, CT | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=1976 | isbn=0837185882 }}
* {{cite book | last=Montefiore | first=Simon | title=Speeches That Changed the World: The Stories and Transcripts of the Moments That Made History | location=London | publisher=Quercus | year=2007 | isbn=9781847240873 }}
* {{cite book | last=Stone | first=Irving | chapter=Road to Glory | title=Clarence Darrow for the Defense | location=Garden City, NY | publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co | year=1941 | oclc=390077}}
* {{cite book | last=Tierney | first=Kevin | chapter=The Sweet Trials | title=Darrow: A Biography | location=New York | publisher=Crowell | year=1979 | isbn=0690014082 }}
* {{cite book | last=Vine | first=Phyllis | coauthors= | title=One Man's Castle: Clarence Darrow in Defense of the American Dream | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Amistad | year=2005| isbn=9780066214153}}
* {{cite book | last=Darrow | first=Clarence | coauthors=Weinberg, Arthur | chapter=You Can't Live There! | title=Attorney for the Damned | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1989 | isbn=9780226136493}}
* {{cite book | last=Weinberg | first=Kenneth G. | coauthors= | title=A Man's Home, A Man's Castle | location=New York | publisher=McCall | year=1971 | isbn=0841501092 }}

== External links ==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [http://www.anb.org/articles/13/13-02607.html Ossian Haven Sweet] [[American National Biography]].
* [http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=201&category=events 'I have to die a man or live a coward']
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/detroit/d4.htm Ossian Sweet House]
* [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/sweet/biographies.HTM Key figures in the Sweet trials]
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/not_guilty/clarence_darrow/index.html Article at crimelibrary.com on the Sweet trials.]
* [http://sweettrials.udmercy.edu/index.html The Sweet Trials] [[University of Detroit Mercy]].
* [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/sweet/sweet.html The Sweet Trials home page, Famous American Trials, University of Missouri, Kansas City]
* [http://clarke.cmich.edu/africanamericanhistoryresources/manuscriptmaterial.htm Ossian Sweet Murder Trial Scrapbook, 1925] Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.
</div>

[[Category:African Americans]]
[[Category:Doctors who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Detroit, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Florida]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in Michigan]]
[[Category:Wilberforce University alumni]]
[[Category:African Americans in science]]
{{Lifetime|1895|1960|Sweet, Ossian}}

[[sv:Ossian Sweet]]

Mordfall James Byrd junior

2009-04-19T23:19:31Z

COMPFUNK2: cat cleanup; copyedit; tag

{{BLPsources|date=April 2009}}
[[File:JamesByrdJr..jpg|thumb|James Byrd, Jr.]]
'''James Byrd, Jr.''' ([[May 2]], [[1949]] - [[June 7]], [[1998]]) was an [[African-American]] [[murder]]ed in 1998 by Shawn Allen Berry, Lawrence Russell Brewer, and John William King, in [[Jasper, Texas|Jasper]], [[Texas]], [[United States]].

==The murder==
On [[June 7]], [[1998]], Byrd, 49, accepted a ride from three men named [[Shawn Allen Berry]], [[Lawrence Russell Brewer]], and [[John William King]]. He had already known one of them. Instead of taking him home, the three men beat Byrd behind a convenience store, chained him by the ankles to their pickup truck, stripped the man naked, and dragged him for three miles. Although Lawrence Russell Brewer said that Byrd's throat had been slashed before he was dragged, forensic evidence suggests that Byrd had been attempting to keep his head up, and an [[autopsy]] suggested that Byrd was alive for much of the dragging and died after his right [[arm]] and [[head (anatomy)|head]] were severed when his body hit a [[culvert]]. His body had caught a sewage drain on the side of the road resulting in Byrd's decapitation. <ref name="ClosingArguments">"[http://www.cnn.com/US/9902/22/dragging.death.03/ Closing arguments today in Texas dragging-death trial]," ''[[CNN]]'', [[February 22]], [[1999]]</ref>.

King, Berry, and Brewer dumped their victim's mutilated remains in the town's black [[cemetery]], and then went to a barbecue. A wrench inscribed with "Berry" was found within the area along with a lighter that had "Possum" written on it, which was King's prison nickname. <ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20051227000441/http://www.texasobserver.org/showArticle.asp?ArticleID=275 Justice in Jasper]," ''[[Texas Observer]]'', [[September 17]], [[1999]]</ref>.

The next morning, Byrd's limbs were scattered across a very little-used road. The police found 75 places littered with Byrd's remains. State law enforcement officials along with Jasper’s [[District Attorney]] Guy James Gray and Assistant Pat Hardy determined that since King and Brewer were well-known [[white supremacists]], the murder was a [[hate crime]], and decided to bring in the [[FBI]] less than 24 hours after the discovery of Byrd’s remains. One of Byrd's murderers, John King, had a tattoo depicting a black man hanging from a tree, and other tattoos such as [[Nazism|Nazi]] symbols, the words "[[Aryan race|Aryan]] Pride," and the patch for the [[Ku Klux Klan|Confederate Knights of America]], a gang of white supremacist inmates. <ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/US/9902/16/dragging.death.04/index.html Texas sheriff 'knew somebody was murdered because he was black']," ''[[CNN]]'', [[February 16]], [[1999]]</ref> In a jailhouse letter to Brewer which was intercepted by jail officials, King expressed pride in the crime and said he realized he might have to die for committing it. "Regardless of the outcome of this, we have made history. Death before dishonor. [[Sieg Heil]]!", King wrote. <ref name="ClosingArguments"/>

An officer investigating the case also testified that witnesses said King referenced [[The Turner Diaries]] after beating Byrd.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jasper1.html The officer's account of the initial stages of the investigation through an affidavit filed in Jasper County, Texas on June 9, 1998.]</ref>

Brewer and King were [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] to [[Capital punishment|death.]] Berry received [[Life imprisonment|life in prison.]]

==The perpetrators==

'''John King''' - accused of beating Byrd with a bat and then dragging him behind a [[pickup truck|truck]] until he died. King had previously claimed to have been [[prison rape|gang-raped]] in prison by black prisoners<ref name="Prison Fellowship">{{cite web | title="Justice Fellowship"| work="Prison Rape - It's No Joke" | url=http://www.justicefellowship.org/article.asp?ID=2695 | accessdate=February 9 | accessyear=2007}}</ref> and, although he had no previous record of racism, had joined a white-supremacist prison gang, allegedly for self-protection. The testimony phase of his trial started in [[Jasper, Texas|Jasper]], [[Texas]] on [[February 16]], [[1999]]. He was found guilty of kidnapping and murder on [[February 23]] and was sentenced to death on [[February 25]].

'''Lawrence Russell Brewer''' - another white supremacist convicted of murdering Byrd. Prior to the Byrd murder, Brewer had served a prison sentence for drug possession and burglary, and he was paroled in 1991. After violating the parole in 1994, he was sent back to prison. According to his court testimony, he joined a white supremacist gang with King in order to safeguard himself from other prisoners.<ref name="Court TV Online">{{cite web | title="Court TV Online"| url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/trials/brewer/092199_pm_ctv.html| accessdate=June 19 | accessyear=2007}}</ref> A state psychiatrist testified that Brewer did not appear repentant for his crimes. In the end, Brewer was also [[death penalty|sentenced to death]].

'''Shawn Allen Berry''' - The driver of the truck, Berry was the most difficult to convict of the three defendants because there was a lack of evidence to suggest that he himself was a racist. He had also claimed that his two companions were entirely responsible for the crime. Brewer testified that it was Berry who cut Byrd's throat before he was tied to the truck, but the jury decided that there was little evidence to indicate this.<ref name="Texas NAACP">{{cite web |title="Texas NAACP| url=http://www.texasnaacp.org/jasper.htm | accessdate=June 19 | accessyear=2007}}</ref> As a result, Berry was spared the death penalty and given a life sentence in prison.

==Reactions to the murder==

Numerous aspects of the Byrd murder echo [[lynching in the United States|lynching]] [[tradition]]s, including [[mutilation]] or [[decapitation]], and revelry, such as a barbecue or a picnic, during or after.

Byrd's murder was strongly condemned by [[Jesse Jackson]] and the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|Martin Luther King Center]] as an act of vicious [[racism]] and focused national attention on the prevalence of [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] [[prison gang]]s. Two of the three defendants, who were later tried and convicted for the murder, had allegedly joined such gangs while imprisoned in Texas.

The victim's family created the [http://www.thebyrdfoundation.org/ James Byrd Foundation for Racial Healing] after his death. In 1999 [[Chantal Akerman]], Inspired by the literary works of William Faulkner, set out to make a film about the beauty of the American South. However, after arriving on location (in Jasper, Texas) and learning of the brutal racist murder she changed her focus, making "Sud" (South) a meditation on the events surrounding the crime, and the history of racial violence in the United States. In 2003, a movie about the crime, called ''[[Jasper, Texas (film)|Jasper, Texas]]'', was produced and shown on [[Showtime]]. The same year, a documentary called [http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2002/twotownsofjasper/index.html ''Two Towns of Jasper''], made by filmmakers Marco Williams and Whitney Dow, premiered on PBS's [http://www.pbs.org/pov/ P.O.V. series].

Basketball star [[Dennis Rodman]] offered to pay for Byrd's funeral. Although Byrd's family declined this offer, they accepted a $25,000 donation by Rodman to a fund started to support Byrd's family.

While at the CBS-owned [[WTGB-FM|WARW]] radio station in Washington, D.C., DJ [[The Greaseman|Doug Tracht]] (AKA The Greaseman) made a derogatory comment about James Byrd after playing [[Lauryn Hill]]'s song "[[Doo Wop (That Thing)]]"<ref> "THE RELIABLE SOURCE" Annie Groer, Ann Gerhart. [[The Washington Post]]. Washington, D.C.: Mar 18, 1999. pg. C.03</ref>. The February 1999 incident proved catastrophic to his radio career, igniting protests from black and white listeners alike. Tracht was quickly fired from WARW and lost his position as a volunteer deputy sheriff in [[Falls Church]], [[Virginia]].

==Campaigning==

Some advocacy groups, such as the NAACP National Voter Fund, made an issue of this case during [[George W. Bush]]'s presidential campaign in 2000. They accused him of implicit racism, since as governor, he opposed special [[hate crime]] legislation and, citing a prior commitment, Bush declined to appear at Byrd's funeral. Because two of the three murderers were sentenced to death and the third to a life term in prison (all charged with and convicted of capital murder, the highest felony level in Texas), Governor Bush maintained that "we don't need ''tougher'' laws."

After [[Governor of Texas|Governor]] [[Rick Perry]] inherited the rest of [[George W. Bush]]'s unexpired term, the 77th Texas Legislature passed the James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Act on [[May 11]], [[ 2001]].

==Family==

Ross Byrd, the only son of James, has been involved with the organization called Murder Victims' Families for Reconciliation, an anti-death penalty group. He has campaigned to spare the life of those who murdered his father and appears briefly in the documentary Deadline About The Death Penalty in Illinois.

== See also ==
*[[Dragging death]]
*[[Lynching ]]
*[[Emmett Till]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*King, Joyce. ''Hate Crime: The Story of a Dragging in Jasper, Texas.'' Pantheon, 2002.
*Temple-Raston, Dina. ''A Death in Texas: A Story of Race, Murder and a Small Town's Struggle for Redemption.'' Henry Holt and Co., January 6, 2002.

== External links ==
*[http://www.thebyrdfoundation.org/ James Byrd Foundation for Racial Healing]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7105192 James Byrd Jr] at findagrave
*[http://www.texasnaacp.org/jasper.htm Texas NAACP, James Byrd Jr] at texasnaacp.org
*[http://www.cnn.com/US/9902/18/dragging.death.03/index.html cnn.com] Co-defendant Shawn Berry led police to the chain used to drag James Byrd Jr to death
*[http://www.chron.com/content/chronicle/special/jasper/ Jasper, Texas] - ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' feature coverage of the murder
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6422562666228591700&q=innerviews InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Stella Byrd] television interview with Byrd's mother
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335185 Jasper, Texas] television movie
*[http://capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1464 Politically Correct Murder and Media Bias] by [[Larry Elder]], compares media coverage of the Byrd case to the murder of [[Ken Tillery]]
*[http://www.courttv.com/archive/trials/brewer/092199_pm_ctv.html Court TV Online]
*[http://www.texasnaacp.org/jasper.htm Texas NAACP]
*[http://www.gwu.edu/~action/ads2/adnaacp.html NAACP National Voter Fund - Campaign ads 2000]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byrd Jr, James}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:American murder victims]]
[[Category:Hate crimes]]
[[Category:People from Texas]]
[[Category:Murdered African Americans]]
[[Category:People murdered in Texas]]

Gay-for-Pay

2009-04-05T22:26:52Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{refimprove|date=April 2009}}
'''''Gay-for-pay''''' is a term used more commonly with male (and, less frequently, female) actors, pornographic stars, or [[prostitution|sex workers]] that identify as [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]] but are paid to act or perform [[homosexuality|gay]] professionally. The term has also applied to other professions and even companies with the same core concerns and criticism in place.<ref name="Blazin Squad, gay 4 pay?">{{cite web
|last=Phillips
|first=James
|title=Blazin Squad, gay 4 pay?
|publisher=Pink News
|date=[[September 19]], [[2006]]
|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/opinion/2005-2514.html
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref><ref name="Klixxx Home: Gay Webmaster Resources">{{cite web
|last=Palmer
|first=Brandon
|title=Klixxx Home: Gay Webmaster Resources, Gay 4 Pay
|publisher=Klixxx
|date=[[September 19]], [[2006]]
|url=http://www.klixxx.com/gay/gay4pay.shtml
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref> The stigma of being gay or labeled as such has steadily eroded since the [[Stonewall riots]] began the modern [[gay rights]] movement in 1969. Through the 1990s, mainstream movie and television actors have been more willing to portray homosexuality, as the threat of any backlash against their careers has lessened and society's acceptance of gay and lesbian people has increased.<ref name="pewreport">{{cite book |last=Pew Global Attitudes Project |title=Views of a Changing World |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=185 |format=.PDF |year=2003 |month=June |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Pew Research Center For The People & The Press | oclc=52547041 |accessdate=2007-07-11}}</ref>

In the gay pornography industry, which uses amateurs as well as professional actors, the term ''gay-for-pay'' refers to actors labeled or believed to be straight but who engage in same-sex activities and/or intercourse for money. Some actors who are actually gay or bisexual will be marketed as straight to appeal to the "allure of the unattainable", because straight men (or those newly [[coming out]]) are [[virgin]]s to sex with other men, and "as in most gay male settings, the young, the muscular, and the unfamiliar are more sought."<ref name="sought"> Leap, William L [http://books.google.com/books?id=YXUP4JmJo_0C&pg=PA62&ots=XhkEisbf6Z&dq=troll+gay+sex&sig=6kAawESJfOwZvrWhW2EFB-srfzU "Public Sex/Gay Space By William L. Leap, 1999, pg. 62"] Retrieved on 2007-06-06.</ref>

__TOC__
==Mainstream actors==
A heterosexual actor who plays an [[LGBT]] character in movies, television shows, or theatre used to{{When|date=February 2009}} have extra attention paid to the possibility that they were themselves gay, although that trend has diminished.{{Fact|date=February 2009}} This would apply to actors such as [[Queen Latifah]] (''[[Set it Off]]''), [[Christopher Meloni]] (''[[Oz]]''), [[Hilary Swank]] (''[[Boys Don't Cry (film)|Boys Don't Cry]]''), [[Eric McCormack]] (''[[Will and Grace]]''), [[Keanu Reeves]] (''[[My Own Private Idaho]]''), [[Matt Damon]] (''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)|The Talented Mr. Ripley]]''), [[Heath Ledger]] and [[Jake Gyllenhaal]] (''[[Brokeback Mountain]]''), [[Judy Davis]] (''[[Serving in Silence]]''), [[Sean Penn]] (''[[Milk (film)|Milk]]''), [[Charlize Theron]] (''[[Monster (film)|Monster]]''), and [[Mitch Hewer]] (''[[Skins (TV series)|Skins]]''). Altough not a popular actor, it is well known that [[D Delooze]] is gay for pay. In this sense, the "gay" part comes from the identity of the characters they play, rather than any explicit sexual act that the actors perform.

Many LGBT roles are purposely void of overt displays of sexuality that are commonplace for heterosexual roles. Often the "big gay scene" involves a lip-on-lip kissing or implied sexual coupling. One storyline from the popular primetime TV series ''[[Will and Grace]]'' centered on the two gay male characters protesting [[NBC]] for editing out the big gay kiss that had been promised.<ref>Season 2-14 of ''[[Will and Grace]]''; "Acting Out" originally aired February 22, 2000. Jack is outraged when NBC decides not to air a gay kiss as promised.</ref>

Some in the gay community have criticized Hollywood actors and film studios for "whitewashing" the gayness of some gay characters. [[Will Smith]], for example, was criticized for famously refusing to do any kissing scene when he played a gay character in ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (film)|Six Degrees of Separation]]'' which the sexuality was central to the story and plot.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} More recently, "playing gay" in [[Independent film|Indie films]] (usually for lower pay) has become an opportunity for Hollywood actors to showoff their ''gravitas'' and acting range like [[Russell Crowe]] in ''[[The Sum of Us]]''.<ref name="Gay 4 Pay - Straight Actors">{{cite web
|last=von Metzke
|first=Ross
|title=Gay 4 Pay - Straight Actors in Gay Roles
|publisher=Gay Wired
|date=[[September 21]], [[2007]]
|url=http://www.gaywired.com/article.cfm?section=67&id=16561
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>

Up through the early 1990s, when [[Tom Hanks]] played a gay character suffering from AIDS in ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]'', most Hollywood actors avoided playing homosexual or transgender characters for fear of being identified too closely with the characters they played. (British actors have been "playing gay" for at least a decade; e.g., [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Rupert Graves]], and [[Jeremy Irons]]). More recently actors have been emboldened to take on all manner of roles including [[LGBT]] characters like [[James Marsden]] in the psychological thriller/AIDS drama ''[[The 24th Day]]'' and the ensemble drama ''[[Heights]]'', [[Guy Pearce]] in ''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]'', [[Clive Owen]] in ''[[Bent (play)|Bent]]'' and [[Paul Rudd]] in ''[[The Object of My Affection]]''.<ref name="Gay 4 Pay - Straight Actors"/>

==Pornography==
In gay pornographic movies, actors who identify themselves as heterosexual, but who nevertheless perform explicit sexual acts with other males on film (e.g., [[Ryan Idol]], [[Clay Maverick]], [[Mike Branson]], [[Jeff Stryker]], [[Wolf Hudson]], [[Christian XXX|Christian]], [[Aaron James (porn star)|Aaron James]], [[Peter North (actor)|Peter North]], [[Joe Dallesandro]]) do not face the same stigmas as the mainstream acting counterparts and indeed can rise quickly to being featured actors. These actors often play the "[[Top (sex)|top]]" roles but this is not always the case (see [[Kristen Bjorn]] bio and some articles of [[Bel Ami (adult film company)|Bel Ami]] models).

Female-on-female sex in straight porn does not usually carry the same level of stigma as male gay-for-pay sex. Indeed it is a strong fantasy subject so references to female porn actors as gay-for-pay are more rare.

There is a proliferation of gay pornographic videos with a story that features an ostensibly heterosexual male being seduced into a gay male sexual act. An example of this is [[Latino Fan Club]], a film production company which specializes in producing amateur gay pornographic films in which pornographic actors are billed as "Straight Latino Street Thugs" appear to reluctantly have sex with one another. The video production company website also offers contact information for hiring these "straight" models as [[escort]]s and [[prostitute]]s.

People involved in the gay pornographic industry consider that some gay pornographic actors who identify as straight are not truly heterosexual. Because some gay men consider heterosexual men to be objects of fantasy, some gay porn producers have almost certainly described some actors as heterosexual to increase sales and publicity for their product.<ref name="Proven Strait: Movie Review">{{cite magazine
|last=Benton
|first=Angel
|authorlink=
|coauthors=The JUB crew
|title=Proven Strait: Movie Review
|publisher=Just Us Boys (magazine)
|date=October 2007, Volume 3 - Issue 5, page 46
|url=http://www.Justusboys.com
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref> Moreover, many gay or bisexual men who star in gay porn films may wish to be identified publicly as heterosexual for personal or professional reasons.{{Fact|date=February 2009}}

Some straight actors have started acting in gay porn (like [[Matt Sanchez]]) only to be accused of being gay while others first step was to strictly do solo scenes.<ref name="Fabscout">{{cite magazine
|last=Benton
|first=Angel
|authorlink=
|coauthors=The JUB crew
|title=Fabscout
|publisher=Just Us Boys (magazine)
|date=October 2007, Volume 3 - Issue 5, page 34
|url=http://www.Justusboys.com
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref> The higher pay scale and profile within a production often leads to group scenes where a straight actor only "tops". Many times a "top" actor will then be sought as a bottom and the debut is often treated as a notable event or even its own release.<ref name="Andrew Justice">{{cite magazine
|last=Benton
|first=Angel
|authorlink=
|coauthors=The JUB crew
|title=Andrew Justice
|publisher=Just Us Boys (magazine)
|date=October 2007, Volume 3 - Issue 5, page 16
|url=http://www.Justusboys.com
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>

===Motivation===
Most male pornographic actors are paid much less than their female counterparts in straight porn. Male porn actors, however, get paid more, on the average, in gay porn than in straight porn. There are also more opportunities to become a "star" in gay porn than in straight porn where the focus of attention remains on the actresses. As a response to criticism in the gay community, some of these actors (perhaps with the advice of their publicists) would sometimes claim that they are in fact bisexual although they are indeed "gay" for the money.

There is also a theory that some of the "straight" actors (such as [[Ty Fox]]) are actually [[closeted]] or [[bisexual]] and using their acting in gay porn is a legitimate career step which allows them to also experiment with their sexuality.<ref name="Getting Behind Gay Porn Productions">{{cite web
|last=McMillan
|first=Dennis
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|title=Getting Behind Gay Porn Productions
|publisher=[[San Francisco Bay Times]]
|date=[[January 27]], [[2005]]
|url=http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=3891
|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>

==Sex workers==
In the sex worker industry, the term may also be applied to straight and bisexual people of all genders (including "[[male escort]]s") who have sexual contact or scenes with a client or another sex worker of the same gender. Although sexual contact is often involved, sex scenes or solo scenes (like masturbating to climax) or even a [[BDSM]] scene for the client's stimulation can take place. Sexual arousal without direct sexual contact may also occur in such niche trade like muscle worship. As in porn work, a gay-identity is not necessary to make money from a gay clients and consumers.

==Go-go dancers==
[[Go-go dancing]] originated in the 1960s and were eventually appropriated by [[burlesque]] and [[striptease]] establishments, which in turn became known as "go-go bars" but many [[gay club]]s had male go-go dancers (called ''go-go boys'') during the period 1965-1968. After that, few gay clubs had go-go dancers until 1988, when go-go dancing again became fashionable (and has remained so ever since). "Go-go dancers" that perform at night clubs, special parties, [[circuit parties]] or [[rave]] dances in colorful bright costumes (which may include battery operated lights), with fire sticks, or with a snake can also be called ''performance art dancers'' or ''box dancers''. Large [[circuit parties]] and gay clubs often have very attractive go-go boys of all sexualities who will allow patrons to touch and rub them but only for [[tips]]. Some criticize the practice of employing straight dancers to perform erotically for gay audiences when gay performers are available.<ref name="Hillary and Condi and Dykes">{{cite web
|last=Musto
|first=Michael
|authorlink=Michael Musto
|coauthors=
|title=Hillary and Condi and Dykes, Oh My!: Plus items of purely prosthetic appeal.
|publisher=[[The Village Voice]]
|date=[[September 25]], [[2007]]
|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0739,musto,77903,15.html
|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
{{Portal|Pornography|Nuvola apps aktion.png}}
* ''[[The Fluffer]]'', film about a fictional gay-for-pay actor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT slang}}

[[Category:Pornography terms]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual slang]]
[[Category:LGBT slang]]
[[Category:Gay male pornography]]

(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)

2009-01-19T03:29:28Z

COMPFUNK2: rm section per WP:OR

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = (You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)
| Cover = Beastie Boys YGFFYRTP.jpg
| Artist = [[Beastie Boys]]
| from Album = [[Licensed to Ill]]
| B-side =
| Released = 1987
| Format =
| Recorded = Spring 1986
| Genre = [[Hard rock]] [[Rapcore]]
| Length = 3:29
| Label = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]/[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Writer =
| Producer = [[Rick Rubin]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[Brass Monkey (song)|Brass Monkey]]" (1987)
| This single = "'''(You Gotta) Fight for Your Fight (to Party!)'''" (1987)
| Next single = "[[No Sleep till Brooklyn]]"/"Posse in Effect" (1987)
| Misc =
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = Audio sample
| Audio file = Fight for Your Right by the Beastie Boys.ogg
}}
}}
"'''(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)'''" was the first single released from the [[Beastie Boys]]' breakthrough album, ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'' ([[1986 in music|1986]]). One of their best-known songs, it reached #7 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard 100]], and was later named one of [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]. The Beastie Boys also included the track on their hits album, ''[[The Sounds of Science]]'', in [[1999 in music|1999]].

==History==
Ironically, the song was intended as a parody of party and attitude songs, such as "[[Smokin' In the Boys Room]]" and "[[I Wanna Rock]]." However, the irony was lost on most listeners. [[Michael Diamond|Mike D]] commented that, "The only thing that upsets me is that we might have reinforced certain values of some people in our audience when our own values were actually totally different. There were tons of guys singing along to 'Fight for Your Right' who were oblivious to the fact it was a total goof on them."<ref>[http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=650 The Greatest Songs Ever! Fight for Your Right Article on Blender :: The Ultimate Guide to Music and More]</ref> [[Kerry King]] of [[Slayer]] played the guitar on the track.

Despite probably being the group's most famous song, the Beastie Boys have expressed distaste for it. In ''[[The Sounds of Science]]'' [[liner notes]], [[Adam Yauch|MCA]] jokingly says the song "sucks," though they did not feel the album would be complete without it. The group has not performed the song live since 1987.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (1987)
!align="left"|Peak Position
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control|German Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|25
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|7
|-
|}

==Pop culture references==
{{trivia|date=June 2008}}
*The popular Canadian teen drama ''[[Degrassi: The Next Generation]]'', which is known for naming each episode after an 80s hit song, named an episode after this song.
*[[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine]] covered this in a [[lounge music]] style on his 2000 album ''[[Lounge Against the Machine]]'' and his 2006 album ''[[The Sunny Side of the Moon: The Best of Richard Cheese]]''.
*The song was performed by former [[Mötley Crüe]] drummer [[Tommy Lee]] in his reality TV show, ''[[Tommy Lee Goes to College]]''.
*The closing track of [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]]'s album ''[[It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back]]'' is titled "Party For Your Right To Fight" in reference to this song; [[Atmosphere (music group)|Atmosphere]] later included a track whose titled played on both songs, "Party for the Fight to Write", on their ''[[Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EPs|Lucy Ford]]'' album.
*[[France|French]] electronic music duo [[Daft Punk]]'s single "[[Revolution 909]]" has the words “Fight for Your Right to Party” at the bottom of the back of its cover.<ref>[http://www.juno.co.uk/covers/24919-01-back.htm Revolution 909]</ref>
*This song was the first song played on [[WCBS-FM]] after its switch to the [[Jack_FM|Jack]] format.
*The 1990 film ''[[Look Who's Talking Too]]'' features [[John Travolta]] and [[Kirstie Alley]] singing a modified version of the song's chorus to baby Mikey while trying to get him to use the bathroom: "You gotta fight...for your right...to ''potty''!"
*Sammy Hagar now plays this song as a medley to close his shows—singing the first verse of "Summertime Blues", by [[Eddie Cochran]], and then inviting rapper "Bling Bling" on stage the sing the rest of the song. In 2008, Sammy released a studio version of the song on his album, ''[[Cosmic Universal Fashion]]''.
*[[Pennywise (band)|Pennywise]] has covered the song live in concert.
*The album's producer, and band's DJ, [[Rick Rubin]] appears in the video wearing the T-shirt of [[thrash metal]] band [[Slayer]] who were another band on his label. Rubin can also be seen wearing [[AC/DC]] and Beastie Boys shirts. A very young [[LL Cool J]] appears in the video.
*The song is featured in an episode "[[Home Away from Homer]]" of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' ([[The Simpsons (season 16)|Season 16]]).
*On the ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode "[[Let's Go to the Hop]]", [[Peter Griffin|Peter]] comments "I gotta fight for my right to party."
*[[Green Day]] performed a [[Medley (music)|medley]] of the choruses of "Fight for Your Right" and "[[We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song)|We're Not Gonna Take It]]" during a jam at the end of their [[Woodstock '94|Woodstock 94]] performance.
*Stand Up Comedian [[Roy 'Chubby' Brown|Roy Chubby Brown]] has used the song as his intro music on many occasions.
*German [[thrash metal]] band [[Holy Moses]] has covered the song.
*Referenced in ''[[Peep Show (TV series)|Peep Show]]'' Series 4 when Mark ([[David Mitchell (actor)|David Mitchell]]) says "As you're always saying, The Beastie Boys fought, and possibly died for my right to party."
*Pop/rock band [[McFly (band)|Mcfly]] covered the song on their 2006 motion in the ocean tour.
*In ''[[Fosters Home for Imaginary Friends]]'', in the episode "Partying Is Such Sweet Soiree", Bloo asks, "Do I have to fight, for my right to party?" to which Mac responds, "How 'bout fighting for your right not to get kicked out of the house?"
*In the viral marketing campaign for [[Christopher Nolan]]'s second [[Batman]] film ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'', one of the headings in a [[Gotham City]] newspaper desecrated by [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]] reads "Mobsters fight for their right to party!"<ref>[http://www.thehahahatimes.com/issue1/default.htm The Ha Ha Ha Times]</ref>
*It was also featured as a "Video That Rocked The World" on [[Fuse TV]].
*The song was covered by Cincinnati, Ohio metalcore band [[Beneath the Sky]].
*There's an episode of [[Hannah Montana]] called You Gotta Not Fight For Your Right To Party
*In an episode of the late 80s sitcom [[Who's the Boss?]], [[Alyssa Milano]]'s character, Samantha, attends a Beastie Boys show with her dad, Tony. She shows her excitement by singing (You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!).
*The song was played for a few seconds in [[50 Cent]]'s semi-autobiographical film, ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]''.
*The song is used in [[The Hamish & Andy Show]] in the intro for the [[Fred Basset]] segment, in which Andy attempts to stop Hamish from reading a Fred Basset comic on-air. The intro begins with the section of the song, 'You gotta fight for your right to...' before cutting to Hamish saying, "Listen to Fred Basset on the radio."
*The song has been covered by Australian rapcore act [[Deez Nuts]], it featured on the Stay True album

==References==

<references/>

{{Beastie Boys}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:You Gotta Fight For Your Right to Party!}}
[[Category:1987 singles]]
[[Category:Beastie Boys songs]]
[[Category:Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine songs]]

[[it:(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party)]]
[[scn:(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party)]]

Surfacing

2008-12-19T07:50:22Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{otheruses3|Surfacing}}
----
{{articleissues|article=y|POV=December 2008|onesource=December 2008}}
{{Infobox Album | 
| Name = Surfacing
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[Sarah McLachlan]]
| Cover = Sarahmclachlansurfacing.PNG
| Released = [[July 15]], [[1997]]
| Recorded = 1996-1997 in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 41:14
| Label = [[Nettwerk]]/[[Arista Records|Arista]]
| Producer = [[Pierre Marchand]]
| Reviews =
* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:qjud6jo871w0 link]
* [[Robert Christgau]] (C-) [http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=2099&name=Sarah+McLachlan link]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' (mixed) [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/sarahmclachlan/albums/album/109836/review/5945492/surfacing link]
| Last album = ''[[The Freedom Sessions]]'' (1994)
| This album = ''Surfacing'' (1997)
| Next album = ''[[Afterglow (album)|Afterglow]]'' (2003)
}}

'''''Surfacing''''' is a 1997 album by [[Canada|Canadian]] [[musician]] [[Sarah McLachlan]]. It was produced by [[Pierre Marchand]].

It was McLachlan's bestselling album, debuting at number one or number two on the [[Top 40]] charts in many countries, and officially confirming her star status in many countries (most notably the [[United States]]) where her 1993 album ''[[Fumbling Towards Ecstasy]]'' had been a steady seller but didn't fully establish McLachlan as a mainstream [[pop music|pop]] star.

It was released as McLachlan embarked on the [[Lilith Fair]] concert tour.

"Full of Grace" was not a new song, having previously appeared on the collection ''[[Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff]]''. The track "Do What You Have to Do" entered the news in 1998, when it was cited in [[Kenneth Starr]]'s report as the subject of a letter from [[Monica Lewinsky]] to [[Bill Clinton]]. The song [[Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)|"Angel"]], a single in 1999, enjoyed renewed visibility in 2001, when it became popular as a song of comfort and healing following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]].

This album received a [[Grammy Award]] nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]], which was awarded to [[James Taylor]]'s ''[[Hourglass (album)|Hourglass]]'', however the singer won the [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance|Best Pop Instrumental Performance]] award for the track "Last Dance" at the [[Grammy Awards of 1998]] <ref>{{cite web |title="Grammy Awards of 1998 " on Rockonthenet.com|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1998/grammys.htm|accessdate=1998-02-25}}</ref>.

==Track listing==
# "[[Building a Mystery]]" – 4:07 (McLachlan/Marchand)
# "I Love You" – 4:44 (McLachlan)
# "[[Sweet Surrender (Sarah McLachlan song)|Sweet Surrender]]" – 4:00 (McLachlan)
# "[[Adia]]" – 4:05 (McLachlan/Marchand)
# "Do What You Have to Do" – 3:47 (McLachlan/Wolstenholme)
# "Witness" – 4:45 (McLachlan/Marchand)
# "[[Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)|Angel]]" – 4:30 (McLachlan)
# "Black & White" – 5:02 (McLachlan)
# "Full of Grace" – 3:41 (McLachlan)
# "Last Dance" – 2:33 (McLachlan)

*Early editions sold in the U.S. and Canada included a two-song bonus disc containing an alternate mix of "Sweet Surrender" and a rendition of "The Prayer of St. Francis". Both of these tracks appeared on the Japanese edition of the album as well.
*All editions contained [[Enhanced CD]] content about the making of the album, which is playable on a computer via the [[CD-ROM]] drive.

== Singles ==

# "[[Building a Mystery]]" ([[2 May]], [[1997]])
# "[[Sweet Surrender (Sarah McLachlan song)|Sweet Surrender]]" ([[10 March]], [[1998]])
# "[[Adia]]" ([[7 July]], [[1998]])
# "[[Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)|Angel]]" ([[9 February]], [[1999]])
# "I Love You" ([[2000]])

== Personnel ==
*Sarah McLachlan - Vocals, Acoustic & Electric Guitars, Piano
*[[Pierre Marchand]] - Bass, Drum Machine, Background Vocals, Keyboards
*[[Ashwin Sood]] - Drums, Percussion, Piano, Background Vocals
*Michel Pepin - Electric Guitars
*Brian Minato - Bass, Electric Guitar
*[[Jim Creeggan]] - Upright Bass
*Yves Desrosiers - Electric Guitars, Lapsteel, Slide Bass, Saw

==External links==

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20030722152907/http://acmi.canoe.ca/JamSarahMcLachlanDiscography/d-surfacing.html Jam! Showbiz Discography entry]
*{{youtube|y45mX79GhSw|Adia}} (licensed content by [[Sony BMG]])
*{{youtube|BDkcJ-62uuY|Angel}} (licensed content by [[Sony BMG]])
*{{youtube|xLzjNBFcw08|Building a Mystery}} (licensed content by [[Sony BMG]])
*{{youtube|6ldELCS6p1w|Sweet Surrender}} (licensed content by [[Sony BMG]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sarah McLachlan}}
[[Category:1997 albums]]
[[Category:Sarah McLachlan albums]]

[[fr:Surfacing (album)]]
[[it:Surfacing]]
[[pt:Surfacing]]
[[fi:Surfacing]]

Born to Run (Lied)

2008-12-04T04:04:31Z

COMPFUNK2: tag cleanup

{{onesource|article|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox Single |
| Name = Born to Run
| Cover = borntorunsingle.jpg
| Artist = [[Bruce Springsteen]]
| from Album = [[Born to Run]]
| Released = [[August 25]], [[1975]]
| Format = [[7"]]
| Recorded = [[914 Sound Studios]] [[Blauvelt, New York]] up to August 6, 1974
| Genre = [[Rock and roll|Rock]]
| Length = 4:30
| Label = [[CBS Records]]
| Producer = [[Bruce Springsteen]] [[Mike Appel]]
| Reviews =
| Last single = ''[[Spirit in the Night]]'' ([[1973]])
| This single = ''Born to Run/[[Meeting Across the River]]'' ([[1975]])
| Next single = ''[[Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out]]/[[She's the One (song)|She's the One]]'' ([[1976]])
}}

{{For|the [[Paul Kennerly]] song|Cimarron (Emmylou Harris album)}}
"'''Born to Run'''" is the [[signature song]]{{or|date=December 2008}} of the [[United States|American]] [[singer songwriter]] [[Bruce Springsteen]], and the title song of his album ''[[Born to Run]]''.

== Songwriting ==
Written in a small house in [[Long Branch, New Jersey]] in early 1974, the song was Bruce Springsteen's last-ditch effort to make it big. The prior year, Springsteen had released two albums to critical acclaim but with little commercial success. The lyrics to the song are appropriately epic for his last-ditch, all-or-nothing shot at the stars, yet they remain rooted in the universal desperation of adolescence: ''We gotta get out while we're young, 'cause tramps like us, baby we were born to run.''

Written in the [[first-person narrative|first person]], the song is a love letter to a girl named Wendy (''Wendy let me in I wanna be your friend I wanna guard your dreams and visions...; I wanna die with you Wendy on the streets tonight/in an everlasting kiss!''), for whom the motorcycle-riding protagonist certainly has enough passion to love, but perhaps not the patience. However, Springsteen has noted that it has a much simpler core: getting out of [[Asbury Park]].

In his 1996 book ''Songs'', Springsteen relates that while the beginning of the song was written on guitar around the opening riff, the song's writing was finished on piano, the instrument that most of the ''Born to Run'' album was composed on.

In the period prior to the release of ''Born to Run'' Springsteen was becoming well-known (especially in his native northeast) for his epic live shows. "Born to Run" joined his concert repertoire well before the release of the album, being performed in concert by May 1974 if not earlier.

The first recording of the song was made by [[Allan Clarke (singer)|Allan Clarke]] of the British group [[The Hollies]], although its release was delayed, only appearing after Springsteen's own now-famous version.

== Recording ==
In recording the song, Springsteen first earned his noted reputation for perfectionism, laying down as many as eleven guitar tracks to get the sound just right. The recording process and alternate ideas for the song's arrangement are described in the ''Wings For Wheels'' documentary [[DVD]] included in the 2005 reissue ''[[Born to Run 30th Anniversary Edition]]'' package.

The track was recorded at [[914 Sound Studios]] in [[Blauvelt, New York]] amidst touring breaks during 1974, with final recording done on [[August 6]], well in advance of the rest of the album, and featured [[Ernest Carter|Ernest "Boom" Carter]] on the drums and [[David Sancious]] on keyboards; they would be replaced by [[Max Weinberg]] and [[Roy Bittan]] for the rest of the album and in the ongoing [[E Street Band]] (which was still uncredited on Springsteen's records at the time). The song was also recorded with only Springsteen and [[Mike Appel]] as producers; it would be later in the following year, when work on the album bogged down, that [[Jon Landau]] was brought in as an additional producer.

A pre-release version of the song, with a slightly different mix, was given by Appel to disc jockey [[Ed Sciaky]] of [[WMMR]] in [[Philadelphia]] in early November 1974, and within a couple of weeks was given to other [[progressive rock (radio format)|progressive rock radio]] outlets as well, including [[WNEW-FM]] in [[New York City|New York]], [[WMMS]] in [[Cleveland]], [[WBCN]] in [[Boston]], and [[WVBR]] in [[Ithaca, New York]]. It immediately became quite popular on these stations, and led to cuts from Springsteen's first two albums being frequently played as well as building anticipation for the album release.

Upon release in August 1975, the song and the album became unparalleled successes for Springsteen, springing him into stardom, and resulting in simultaneous cover stories in ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazines.

==Honors and accolades==
In 2004, "Born to Run" was ranked #6 in [[WXPN]]'s list of ''The 885 All-Time Greatest Songs''. [[Rolling Stone]] magazine's [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]] placed it at #21, while the song came in at #920 in [[Q (magazine)|Q]]'s list of the "1001 Greatest Songs Ever" in [[2003]], in which they described the song as "best for [[working class]] heroes." It is one of [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]. In 2001 the [[RIAA]]'s [[Songs of the Century]] placed the song 135th (out of 365). It was ranked the #1 greatest song of all time on [[Vh1]]'s recent Top 1000 Songs Of All Time countdown.

On [[June 12]], [[1979]], "Born to Run" was named New Jersey's "Unofficial Youth Rock Anthem" by the [[New Jersey State Legislature]], something Springsteen always considered ironic because it was "about leaving Jersey."

==Track listing==
#Born to Run - 4:31
#[[Meeting Across the River]] - 3:18

The [[B-side]] was simply another cut from the album; Springsteen would not begin releasing unused tracks as B-sides until 1980.

== Chart performance ==
"Born to Run" was Springsteen's first worldwide [[single (music)|single]] release, although it achieved little initial success outside of the [[United States]].

Within the U.S. it received extensive airplay on progressive and [[album-oriented rock]] radio stations, but as a pop single it was only a minor hit, reaching #23 on the [[The Billboard Hot 100]]. <ref>Nielsen Business Media Inc.. 1/5/08 [<http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100>.]</ref>

== Live performance history ==
[[Image:BornToRunHartford100207.jpg|thumb|right|234px|House lights on for a typical performance of "Born to Run". [[Hartford Civic Center]], [[October 2]], [[2007]].]]
The song has been played at nearly every non-solo Springsteen concert since 1975 (although it was not included in the 2006 [[Bruce Springsteen with The Seeger Sessions Band Tour|Sessions Band Tour]]). Most of the time the house lights are turned fully on and fans consistently sing along with Springsteen's signature wordless vocalizations throughout the song's performance.

The song has also been released in live versions on five albums or DVDs:
*A 1975 [[Born to Run tours|Born to Run Tour]] rendition on ''[[Hammersmith Odeon London '75]]'', released in 2006;
*A 1985 [[Born in the U.S.A. Tour]] runthrough on ''[[Live/1975-85]]'', released in 1986;
*A starkly different 1988 solo acoustic guitar performance from the [[Tunnel of Love Express]] on ''[[Chimes of Freedom (EP)|Chimes of Freedom]]'', a 1988 [[extended play|EP]];
*A 2000 [[Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour|Reunion Tour]] version on ''[[Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band: Live In New York City]]'', released in 2001 (the song closes disc one but does not appear on the track listing of the album cover);
*A 2002 [[The Rising Tour|Rising Tour]] take on the ''[[Live in Barcelona]]'' DVD, released in 2003.

== Music videos ==
"Born to Run" predates the [[music video]] era and no film or video clip was made of it at the time.

In 1987 a video was released to [[MTV]] and other channels, featuring a live performance of "Born to Run" from Springsteen and the E Street Band's 1984-1985 [[Born in the U.S.A. Tour]], with the video interspersed with clips from other songs' performances from that tour as well. It closed with a "Thank you" graphic to Springsteen's fans.

In 1988 director [[Meiert Avis]] shot a video of an acoustic version of the song during the [[Tunnel of Love Express]] tour.

Both videos are included in the compilations:
*[[Video Anthology / 1978-88]]
*[[The Complete Video Anthology / 1978-2000]]

== Cultural references ==
In 1999, [[National Public Radio]] included the song in the "NPR 100," in which NPR's music editors sought to compile the one hundred most important American musical works of the 20th century.

The children's show ''[[Sesame Street]]'' featured a song about arithmetic called "Born To Add", sung by a Springsteen-like [[Muppet]]. Its background music, however, sounded more like Springsteen's "[[Jungleland]]", though it did feature a "Born to Run"-ish saxophone solo. The British comedy program ''[[Spitting Image]]'' once featured a Bruce Springsteen puppet singing a parody entitled "Born To Teach Woodwork".

In the [[Japan]]ese novel ''[[Battle Royale]]'', the main character Shuya Nanahara is a Bruce Springsteen fanatic, despite the fictional Republic of East Asia's ban on [[rock and roll|rock music]]. The lyrics to "Born to Run" are quoted a few times in the book, as Shuya applies them to his own need to get out of Japan, down to singing them, replacing Wendy with his Noriko, in the very closing of the book. They also appear in the opening quotes of the book.

In an episode of ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', [[Joel Robinson]] chides [[Tom Servo]] and [[Crow T. Robot]] for teaching [[Gypsy (MST3K)|Gypsy]] some racy lyrics ("Just wrap your legs 'round these velvet rims / and strap your hands across my engines") from "Born to Run".

In "[[Long Term Parking]]", an episode of ''[[The Sopranos]]'', [[Tony Soprano]] and [[Silvio Dante]] are waiting for [[Christopher Moltisanti]] to arrive; when he shows up late he explains that "the highway was jammed with broken heroes on a last-chance power drive," quoting the lyrics to "Born to Run". In the scene Tony Soprano clearly doesn't get the reference. Dante is played by E Street bandmate [[Steven Van Zandt]].

[[Melissa Etheridge]] sang "Born to Run" at the [[September 11]]th benefit [[The Concert for New York City]]. Australian band [[Something for Kate]] are known to perform a cover of "Born to Run" at frequent live performances. British band [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]] covered the song on their album ''[[Welcome to the Pleasuredome]]''. British band [[McFly]] also performed the song for [[BBC Radio 1]]'s [[Live Lounge]] on the 10th of December 2007.

In one strip of ''[[Zits (comic strip)|Zits]]'', Jeremy Duncan's father, Walt, sings the song while washing his car, wearing flip-flops and his boxers.

Comedian [[Robert Wuhl]] discussed and performed parts of this song in his act inquiring as to whether a song with the phrases 'suicide machine' and 'we gotta get out (of New Jersey?) while we're young' was appropriate for a state anthem.

Indie-rock musician and "talking-songs" creator [[Adam Gnade]] ends his single "We Live Nowhere and Know No One" with the line "because Bruce had it right and Johnny had it wrong/we're not born to lose/we're born to run." The "Johnny" referred to in the song is late musician and New York Dolls member [[Johnny Thunders]] who wrote the song "Born to Lose."

Vagrant Records band [[The Hold Steady]] reference "Born to Run" on their song "Charlemange in Sweatpants," with the line "tramps like us and we like tramps."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:39frxx95ldke "'Born to Run' review"], ''[[AllMusic]]''.
* [http://www.brucespringsteen.net/songs/BornToRun.html Lyrics & Audio clips from Brucespringsteen.net]

[[Category:1975 singles]]
[[Category:Bruce Springsteen songs]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 9]]

[[it:Born to Run (canzone)]]

Carroll Cole

2008-11-25T22:25:45Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{citations missing|[[WP:BLP|biographical article]]|date=November 2008}}
{{Infobox Serial Killer
| name=Carroll Cole
| image=Carroll Cole.jpg
| caption=Carroll Cole in prison in Nevada
| birthname=Carroll Edward Cole
| alias=
| birth=[[May 9]], [[1938]]
| location=[[Sioux City, Iowa]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death={{death date and age|1985|12|6|1938|5|9}}
| cause=[[Lethal injection]]
| victims=16
| country=[[USA]]
| states=[[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Texas]]
| beginyear=1948
| endyear=1980
| apprehended=1980
| penalty=[[Death penalty|Death]]
}}

'''Carroll Edward Cole''' ([[May 9]], [[1938]] – [[December 6]], [[1985]]), was an [[United States|American]] [[serial killer]] who was [[Execution (legal)|executed]] in 1985.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Carroll Cole was born in [[Sioux City, Iowa]]. While his father went to fight in [[World War II]], Cole was taken along by his mother and forced to watch as she "entertained" men. She would often beat him to scare him into not telling his father. Even when his father returned home, Cole was frequently whipped and beaten by his mother for the most minor infractions, and he grew up with a deep hatred of women. He was also picked on at school for having a "girl's name", so he would usually go by his middle name, Eddie.

===Murders===
At the age of 10, Cole drowned a classmate of the same age in a lake. The boy's death was regarded as an accident until Cole confessed to it many years later.

After scraping through school with a D+ average, even with an [[I.Q.]] of 152, Cole became a drifter, doing menial jobs, drinking heavily and serving frequent prison sentences for crime such as [[burglary]], [[vagrancy]], [[arson]] and car [[theft]]. He attempted [[suicide]] at least once, and on a number of occasions, had himself committed to [[mental institution|mental hospitals]] where he confessed his [[fantasy (psychology)|fantasies]] of murdering women. Although diagnosed as a [[psychopath]], Cole was usually discharged promptly, as he had a [[personality disorder]], as opposed to a [[mental illness]] - the former was considered to be untreatable by psychiatrists at the time, unlike the latter.

Cole eventually began acting on his murderous fantasies. He would pick women up in bars for sex, and though many left unharmed the next day, Cole would invariably kill those he perceived as "loose"; he was especially wrathful to women who were married, because they reminded him of his hated mother.

His first victim as an adult was Essie Buck, whom he'd picked up in a [[tavern]] in [[San Diego]], [[California]], on [[May 7]], [[1971]]. He strangled her to death in his car and drove around with her body in the trunk before eventually dumping it. Just two weeks later, he killed an unidentified woman and buried her in some woods.

In July 1973, Cole married barmaid Diana Pashal, who was also an [[alcoholism|alcoholic]]. They argued and fought frequently, and Cole regularly went off on his own for days at a time. He would commit murders while he was away, including one woman he allegedly [[cannibalism|cannibalized]] to a degree. In September 1979, Cole strangled Pashal to death. A suspicious neighbor called the police eight days later, but although they found Pashal's body wrapped in a blanket and stuffed in a closet, they inexplicably decided that she had died because of her heavy drinking, and Cole was released without charge after questioning.

By 1980, Cole was married again and living in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]. Toward the end of the year, he murdered three more women. Arrested on suspicion of murdering the final victim, Cole began his confession, claiming that he had murdered at least 14 women over the previous nine years, although he added that there may have been more — he couldn't remember exactly, as he was usually drunk when he committed his crimes.

===Death===
[[Death sentence|Sentenced to death]], Cole refused to [[appeal]] and was executed in [[Nevada]] on [[December 6]], [[1985]] by [[lethal injection]].

==See also==
* [[Capital punishment in Nevada]]
* [[Capital punishment in the United States]]

==References==
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/edward_cole/1.html?sect=2 Carroll Cole at the Crime Library]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cole, Carroll}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:American serial killers]]
[[Category:Executed serial killers]]
[[Category:People executed by lethal injection]]
[[Category:20th century executions by the United States]]
[[Category:People from Sioux City, Iowa]]
[[Category:American cannibals]]
[[Category:People executed by Nevada]]
[[Category:Executed American people]]
[[Category:Americans convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Nevada]]

Cold Shoulder

2008-11-16T17:37:22Z

COMPFUNK2: rm unnecessary section

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Cold Shoulder
| Cover = Adele_-_Cold_Shoulder.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Adele (singer)|Adele]]
| from Album = [[19 (Adele album)|19]]
| Released = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}}[[April 14th]], [[2008]] {{flagicon|Europe}}[[June 16th]], [[2008]]
| Format = [[Digital download]], [[CD single]]
| Genre = [[Soft rock]], [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Recorded = [[Compass Point Studios]] ([[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], [[Bahamas]])
| Length = 3:42
| Label = [[XL Recordings]]
| Writer = Adele, Francis [[Eg White]]
| Producer = [[Mark Ronson]]
| Certification =
| Chronology = [[Adele (singer)| Adele]] singles
| Last single = "[[Chasing Pavements]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Cold Shoulder'''" (2008)
| Next single = "[[Hometown Glory|Hometown Glory (re-release)]]" (2008)
}}

"'''Cold Shoulder'''" is the third single from [[soul music|soul]] singer [[Adele (singer)|Adele]] released from her debut album ''[[19 (Adele album)|19]]''. Adele performed the song on ''Friday Night with Jools Holland'' on [[February 8]], [[2008]] and on [[Saturday Night Live]] during the October 18th, 2008 show.
It was released [[digital download|digitally]] in [[Ireland]] on [[March 30]], [[2008]] and in the [[UK]] on [[March 31]], [[2008]]. This is the only song on the album to be produced by [[Mark Ronson]]. A remix by [[Basement Jaxx]] has also been receiving airplay and is digitally available.

==Music video==
The video was shot in February 2008 in London. It has begun gaining airplay on UK music channels, and features Adele singing in a darkened room amongst melting ice statues who all have looks of despair. The video ends with many of the statues melted and Adele herself turning to ice.

==Track list==
'''UK - CD & 7" Vinyl'''
#"Cold Shoulder"
#"Now And Then"

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak Position
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|[[Denmark|Danish Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|69
|-
|align="left"|[[Netherlands|Dutch Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|38
|-
|[[Turkey Top 20 Chart]] (''Billboard'')<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx ''Billboard'' Turkey Top 20 Chart] Retrieved [[July 10]] [[2008]] </ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Adele}}

[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Adele songs]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Mark Ronson]]

{{2000s-single-stub}}

[[it:Cold Shoulder]]

Cold Shoulder

2008-11-09T09:22:10Z

COMPFUNK2: rm unsourced criticism

Catch-22 (Dilemma)

2008-10-13T01:48:41Z

COMPFUNK2: rm unsourced trivia; tag cleanup

{{expert-portal|Linguistics}}
'''''Catch-22''''' is a term coined by [[Joseph Heller]] in his novel ''[[Catch-22]],'' describing a [[false dilemma]] in a rule, regulation, procedure or situation, where no real choice exists. In probability theory, it refers to a situation in which multiple probabilistic events exist, and the desirable outcome results from the confluence of these events, but there is zero probability of this happening, as they are mutually exclusive.

==Logic==
The [[prototype|prototypical]] '''Catch-22,''' as formulated by [[Joseph Heller|Heller]], involves the case of [[John Yossarian]], a [[United States Army Air Corps|U.S. Army Air Forces]] [[bombardier (air force)|bombardier]], who wishes to be excused from combat flight duty. In order to be excused, he must submit an official medical diagnosis from his squadron's [[flight surgeon]], demonstrating that he is unfit to fly because he is [[insanity|insane]]. In order to get the diagnosis, he must approach the surgeon to ask for one.

However, “catch 22” — the twenty-second of the guidelines used by military surgeons to “catch” those falsely claiming to be insane — is that an insane person should not believe or suspect that they are insane. Thus, to be recognised as insane, a person must not ''ask'' for an evaluation, because doing so implicitly shows that they ''suspect'' themselves to be insane. But, if a person does not ask for an evaluation, they cannot be recognised as insane because the evaluation is the method by which such recognition would occur. Thus, nobody can ever classify themselves as insane (even if they genuinely are), and thus nobody may ever use an insanity diagnosis to escape flying combat missions.

A logical formulation of this situation is:

:1. <math>(E \Rightarrow (I \land R))</math> ([[Premise]]: If a person is excused from flying (E), that must be because they are both insane (I), and request an evaluation (R));
:2. <math>(I \Rightarrow \neg R)</math> ([[Premise]]: If a person is insane (I), they should not realise that they are, and would thus have no reason to request an evaluation)
:3. <math>(\neg I \lor \neg R)</math> (2, [[Material implication|Definition of implication]]: since an insane person would not request an evaluation, it follows that all persons must either not be insane, or not request an evaluation)
:4. <math>(\neg (I \land R))</math> (3, [[De Morgan's laws|De Morgan]]: since all persons must either not be insane, or not request an evaluation, it follows that no person can be both insane and request an evaluation)
:5. <math>(\neg E)</math> (4, 1, [[Modus Tollens]]: since a person may be excused from flying only if they are both insane and request an evaluation, but no person ''can'' be both insane and request an evaluation, it follows that no person can be excused from flying)

The above describes the concept commonly referred to by the phrase “Catch 22”. The book adds an element of complete absurdity to the situation, adding that the same regulations also stipulate that (because flying combat missions is so dangerous) any sane person would not willingly fly combat missions. Thus, any person who flies missions ''must'' be insane and thus should only need to be evaluated in order to be excused from flying. However, because requesting an evaluation is a sign of sanity, no pilots are grounded for insanity. The “catch 22” statement is the only reason anyone is in the air at all.

==Other uses from the novel==
The novel contains several examples of the Catch-22 regulation and other similar situations. One example occurs when Luciana is distraught because no man will marry her because she is not a virgin. Yossarian offers to marry her, but she claims he is crazy for wanting to marry a non-virgin like herself and says she can't marry a crazy man.

In another Catch-22, Orr tells Yossarian that Appleby has flies in his eyes. Appleby supposedly cannot realize that he has flies in his eyes because the very fact means that his vision is clouded, making it impossible for him to see anything clearly, including whether or not he has flies in his eyes. Appleby doesn't realize that he has clouded vision either, and therefore has no way of knowing he has flies in his eyes.

Major Major creates a Catch-22 when he instructs his sergeant that no-one may come in and see him, unless he is not in. If he ''is'' in, people must be told to wait — until he has left.

Besides being an unsolvable logical [[dilemma]], Heller's text contains two more distinct clauses of Catch-22. In the first chapter, officers who censor the privates' letters must sign their own name according to Catch-22, and in the final chapters it is restated simply as “anything can be done to you that you can not prevent”. The latter clause, in some instances, provides a solution to Catch-22, which Heller describes by borrowing the Prussian expression, ''die Flucht nach vorne antreten'' (“to take flight [flee] forward”). In the case of Orr, a friend of Yossarian (Heller’s main character), this was done by deserting and fleeing to [[Sweden]].

==See also==
*[[Begging the question|Circular logic]]
*[[False dilemma]]
*[[Irony]]
*[[No-win situation]] — real choices exist, but no choice leads to success.
*[[Reductio ad absurdum]]
*[[The Lady and the Tiger]] — a short story involving a princess who must make a decision in a false dilemma situation.

''Sometimes confused with a Catch-22:''
*[[Chicken or the egg]] — a seemingly unbreakable cycle of causation, which has an unknown origin.
*[[Cornelian dilemma]] — a choice between actions which will all have a detrimental effect on the chooser or on someone they care for.
*[[Deadlock]] — in computing, when two commands reach a standstill or impasse; paradoxically waiting for the other to finish.
*[[Double bind]] — a forced choice between two logically conflicting demands.
*[[Hobson's choice|Hobson’s choice]] — the choice between taking an option or not taking it.
*[[Lesser of two evils principle|Lesser of two evils principle]] — a choice between two undesirable outcomes.
*[[Morton's Fork|Morton’s Fork]] — a choice between two equally unpleasant alternatives.
*[[Paradox]] — often mistakenly used to describe situations that are [[irony|ironic]].

[[it:Paradosso del Comma 22]]
[[nl:Catch-22 (logica)]]
[[sv:moment 22]]
[[ru:Порочный круг]]

[[Category:English idioms]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Paradoxes]]
[[Category:Catch-22]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to war and violence]]

Rauschen (Fernsehen)

2008-07-24T07:07:38Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{otheruses2|Noise}}

[[Image:TV noise.jpg|thumb|250px|right|On an empty channel, an analog TV receiver shows a "snowy" noise pattern.]]
'''Noise''' in analog [[video]] and [[television]] is perceived as a random dot pattern which is superimposed on the picture as a result of [[electronic noise]] and radiated electromagnetic noise picked up by the receiver's [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] – it is the "[[White noise|snow]]" which is seen with poor analog television reception or on [[VHS]] tapes.

When there is no transmission, which is to say no signal, the noise or "snow" is due mostly to [[Johnson-Nyquist noise|thermal noise]] from the device itself, stray electromagnetic fields from other household electric devices, and remnants of the microwave [[cosmic background radiation]] from the [[Big Bang]]<ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7481.html Sample Chapter for Lemonick, M.D.: Echo of the Big Bang]</ref>, all of which is interpreted as [[luma (video)|luminance signal]]. Approximately one-third to one-quarter of such static is residual background radiation from the birth of the cosmos.<ref>[http://www.turnoffyourtv.com/commentary/static.html KYTV - TV Static]</ref>

Due to the algorithmic functioning of a [[digital television]] set's electronic circuitry and the inherent quantization of its screen, the "snow" seen on digital TV is less random, and being almost entirely a product of its own electronics, no cosmic background radiation is displayed.<ref>[http://www.wonderquest.com/fast-answers.htm WonderQuest: Fast answers]</ref>

UK viewers see "snow" on black after sign-off, instead of "bugs" on white, a purely technical artifact due to British receivers using positive rather than the negative video modulation used in Canada and the U.S.

Since one impression of the "snow" is of fast-flickering black bugs on a cool white background, in [[Sweden]] the phenomenon is often called ''Myrornas Krig'', "War of the Ants".{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==See also==
*[[Noise (radio)]]
*[[Interference]]

[[Category:Noise|Video]]

{{tech-stub}}

[[nl:Ruis (televisie)]]
[[ja:スノーノイズ]]
[[sv:Myrornas krig]]

J.Lo (Album)

2008-06-01T07:35:19Z

COMPFUNK2: Tag is no longer necessary

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = J. Lo
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Jennifer Lopez]]
| Cover = Jennifer Lopez - J. Lo - CD album cover.jpg
| Released = [[January 23]] [[2001]] ([[United States|U.S.]]) [[June 16]] [[2001]] ([[Europe]]) [[October 22]], [[2001]] ([[U.K.]])
| Recorded = 2000
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]], [[Latin pop]], [[electronica]]
| Length =
| Language = [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| Label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| Producer = Arnthor Birgisson, Manny Benito, Kip Collins, [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]], Ray Contreras, Jimmy Greco, Richie Jones, [[Troy Oliver]], [[Cory Rooney]] (also executive), José R. Sanchez, Dan Shea, Rick Wake, [[Mario Winans]]
| Reviews = *[[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|3}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:nl5e8qppbtm4 link]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating-5|2.5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jenniferLopez/albums/album/231967/rid/6209877/ link]
| Last album = ''[[On the 6]]'' (1999)
| This album = '''''J. Lo''''' (2001)
| Next album = ''[[J to tha L-O!: The Remixes]]'' (2002)
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Type = studio
| Cover = Jennifer Lopez - J. Lo album explicit.jpg
| Lower caption = Special, British, and Australian edition cover
}}
{{Singles
| Name = J. Lo
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]
| Single 2 = [[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]
| Single 3 = [[Ain't It Funny]]
| Single 4 = [[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real]]
}}
}}

'''''J. Lo''''' is the second [[studio album]] by [[United States|American]] singer [[Jennifer Lopez]], released in 2001 (see [[2001 in music]]). It debuted at number one on the U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], where it stayed on the top twenty for six weeks, after the single "[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" had reached number three on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The second single, "[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]", performed disappointingly, and led Lopez's team to bring in [[Ja Rule]] of [[The Inc. Records]] (then known as Murder Inc. Records) to create "Murder [[remix]]es" of "[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real]]" and "[[Ain't It Funny]]". These remixes, which are essentially different songs with the same title, both reached number one in the U.S. In July 2001, the album was re-released with the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one single "[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real" (Murder Remix)]] as a [[bonus track]] (due to the usage of slurs such as "[[nigga]]", "[[bitch]]", and "[[fuck]]", the re-release came with a [[Parental Advisory]] sticker). The album was first released without a Parental Advisory sticker, despite featuring strong language and sexual content ("I'm Real", "Play", "Come Over"), similarly to [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''[[All for You (album)|All for You]]''.

For the song "Dame", Lopez joined [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] singer [[Chayanne]] on the [[cha-cha-cha]]-beat track.

==Track listing==
#"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris) – 3:42
#"[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real]]" (LeShan Lewis, [[Cory Rooney]], Jennifer Lopez, [[Troy Oliver]]) – 4:57
#"[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" (Cory Rooney, [[Bagge & Peer|Anders "Bag" Bagge]], Arnthor Birgisson, [[Christina Milian]]) – 3:32
#"Walking on Sunshine" (Jack Knight, Jennifer Lopez, [[Mario Winans]], Michael "Lo" Jones, [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]]) – 3:46
#"[[Ain't It Funny]]" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez) – 4:06
#"Cariño" (Cory Rooney, Frank Rodriquez, Guillermo Jr. Edghill, Jennifer Lopez, Jose Sanchez, Manny Benito, Neal Creque) – 4:15
#"Come Over" (Kip Collins, Mario Winans, Michelle Bell, Sean "Puffy" Combs) – 4:53
#"We Gotta Talk" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Joe Kelly, Steve Estiverne, Tina Morrison, Troy Oliver) – 4:07
#"That's Not Me" (Kandice Love, Mario Winans, Sean "Puffy" Combs) – 4:33
#"Dance with Me" (Jack Knight, Mario Winans, Michael "Lo" Jones, Sean "Puffy" Combs) – 4:33
#"Secretly" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Khalilah Shakir) – 4:25
#"I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Lorraine Cheryl Cook, Nathaniel Clifon Chase, O'Brien Anth, [[Sylvia Robinson]], Troy Oliver) – 3:44
#"That's the Way" ([[Fred Jerkins III]], [[LaShawn Daniels]], Nora Payne, [[Rodney Jerkins]]) – 3:53
#"Dame (Touch Me)" (with [[Chayanne]]) (Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Manny Benito, Rodney Jerkins) – 4:25
#"Si Ya Se Acabó" (Jimmy Greco, Manny Benito, Ray Contreras) – 3:37

===Latin American edition===
Released [[July 3]], [[2001]]
#<li value=16> "Amor Se Paga Con Amor" (Amille Harris, Damon Sharpe, Georgette Franklin, Greg Lawson, Jeremy Monroe, Manny Benito) – 3:44
#"Cariño" (Spanish) (Benito Manny, Cory Rooney, Frank Rodriquez, Guillermo Jr. Edghill, Jennifer Lopez, Jose Sanchez, Manny Benito, Neal Creque) – 4:17
#"Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Manny Benito, [[Tommy Mottola]]) – 4:07

===Japanese edition===
Released [[July 3]], [[2001]]
#<li value=16> "I'm Waiting" – 3:11

===Special edition===
Released [[July 24]], [[2001]]
#<li value=16> "[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real" (Murder Remix)]] (featuring [[Ja Rule]]) (LeShan Lewis, Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, [[Irv Gotti]], [[Ja Rule|Jeffrey Atkins]], [[Rick James]]) – 4:22

===British/Australian/Portuguese edition===
Released [[October 16]], [[2001]] (AUS) / [[November 5]], [[2001]] (UK)
#<li value=16> "Pleasure Is Mine" – 4:19
#"I'm Waiting" – 3:11
#"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (LeShan Lewis, Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Irv Gotti, Jeffrey Atkins, Rick James) – 4:22

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2001)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Albums Chart
|align="center"|26
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Albums Chart
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|French Albums Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|German Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Hungarian Albums Chart
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|Italian Albums Chart
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[AMPROFON|Mexican Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Mexican International Top 20 Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Albums Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|Polish Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Internet Albums
|align="center"|2
|}

==Sales and certifications==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart
!align="left"|Certification
!align="left"|Sales/Shipments
|-
|align="left"|Argentina [[CAPIF]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Jennifer+Lopez&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP "Gold & Platinum certification on Argentina"]</ref>
|align="center"|40,000
|-
|align="left"|Austria [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.ifpi.at/ "Gold & Platinum Database"]</ref>
|align="center"|10,000
|-
|align="left"|Australia [[ARIA]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2001.htm "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2001 Albums"]</ref>
|align="center"|140,000
|-
|align="left"|Brazil [[ABPD]]
|align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp ABPD | Associação Brasileira de Produtores de Disco]</ref>
|align="center"|50,000
|-
|align="left"|Canada [[CRIA]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.cria.ca/gold/1001_g.php "Canadian ''Gold and Platinum'' certifications"]</ref>
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|align="left"|Europe [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2002.html "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2002"]</ref>
|align="center"|2,000,000
|-
|align="left"|France [[SNEP]]
|align="center"|2x Gold<ref>[http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=4&forme_certif=11&annee=18 "2001 2X Gold Certification of J. LO"]</ref>
|align="center"|260,000<ref>[http://fanofmusic.free.fr/ParcoursAlbum-J.php "France estimated album sales"]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Germany [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.de/wirtschaft/gpergebnis.php?txtSuche=Jennifer+Lopez+J.LO&strAktion=suche "Gold/Platin Datenbank durchsuchen"]</ref>
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|align="left"|Mexico [[AMPROFON]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://foro.univision.com/univision/board/message?board.id=jenniferlopez&message.id=181412 "JLO was certified platinum in Mexico"]</ref>
|align="center"|150,000+
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp "New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart"] Retrieved [[February 17]], [[2001]].</ref>
|align="center"|30,000
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/search_certifications.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez+J.LO "Switzerland searchable database"]</ref>
|align="center"|60,000
|-
|align="left"|UK. [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/ "The BPI database"]</ref>
|align="center"|300,000
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[RIAA]]
|align="center"|4x Platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH "RIAA Gold and Platinum Certifications"]</ref>
|align="center"|4,000,000
|-
|align="left"|Worldwide
|align="center"|3x Platinum
|align="center"|8,500,000
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[Black & Blue]]'' by [[Backstreet Boys]]
| title = [[Billboard 200|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200]] [[number-one albums of 2001 (U.S.)|number-one album]]
| years = [[February 10]] - [[February 16]] [[2001]]
| after = ''[[Hot Shot (album)|Hot Shot]]'' by [[Shaggy (artist)|Shaggy]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Jennifer Lopez}}

[[Category:2001 albums]]
[[Category:Albums with alternate track listings]]
[[Category:Epic Records albums]]
[[Category:Jennifer Lopez albums]]

[[cs:J. Lo (album)]]
[[it:J. Lo]]
[[pl:J. Lo]]
[[pt:J. Lo (álbum)]]
[[ru:J.Lo]]
[[fi:J. Lo]]
[[sv:J. Lo]]

J.Lo (Album)

2008-06-01T07:34:54Z

COMPFUNK2: moved J. Lo to J. Lo (album) over redirect: Let's avoid confusion, hmmm?

{{Distinguish|J.Lo}}
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = J. Lo
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Jennifer Lopez]]
| Cover = Jennifer Lopez - J. Lo - CD album cover.jpg
| Released = [[January 23]] [[2001]] ([[United States|U.S.]]) [[June 16]] [[2001]] ([[Europe]]) [[October 22]], [[2001]] ([[U.K.]])
| Recorded = 2000
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]], [[Latin pop]], [[electronica]]
| Length =
| Language = [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| Label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| Producer = Arnthor Birgisson, Manny Benito, Kip Collins, [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]], Ray Contreras, Jimmy Greco, Richie Jones, [[Troy Oliver]], [[Cory Rooney]] (also executive), José R. Sanchez, Dan Shea, Rick Wake, [[Mario Winans]]
| Reviews = *[[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|3}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:nl5e8qppbtm4 link]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating-5|2.5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jenniferLopez/albums/album/231967/rid/6209877/ link]
| Last album = ''[[On the 6]]'' (1999)
| This album = '''''J. Lo''''' (2001)
| Next album = ''[[J to tha L-O!: The Remixes]]'' (2002)
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Type = studio
| Cover = Jennifer Lopez - J. Lo album explicit.jpg
| Lower caption = Special, British, and Australian edition cover
}}
{{Singles
| Name = J. Lo
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]
| Single 2 = [[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]
| Single 3 = [[Ain't It Funny]]
| Single 4 = [[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real]]
}}
}}

'''''J. Lo''''' is the second [[studio album]] by [[United States|American]] singer [[Jennifer Lopez]], released in 2001 (see [[2001 in music]]). It debuted at number one on the U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], where it stayed on the top twenty for six weeks, after the single "[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" had reached number three on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The second single, "[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]", performed disappointingly, and led Lopez's team to bring in [[Ja Rule]] of [[The Inc. Records]] (then known as Murder Inc. Records) to create "Murder [[remix]]es" of "[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real]]" and "[[Ain't It Funny]]". These remixes, which are essentially different songs with the same title, both reached number one in the U.S. In July 2001, the album was re-released with the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one single "[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real" (Murder Remix)]] as a [[bonus track]] (due to the usage of slurs such as "[[nigga]]", "[[bitch]]", and "[[fuck]]", the re-release came with a [[Parental Advisory]] sticker). The album was first released without a Parental Advisory sticker, despite featuring strong language and sexual content ("I'm Real", "Play", "Come Over"), similarly to [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''[[All for You (album)|All for You]]''.

For the song "Dame", Lopez joined [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] singer [[Chayanne]] on the [[cha-cha-cha]]-beat track.

==Track listing==
#"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris) – 3:42
#"[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real]]" (LeShan Lewis, [[Cory Rooney]], Jennifer Lopez, [[Troy Oliver]]) – 4:57
#"[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" (Cory Rooney, [[Bagge & Peer|Anders "Bag" Bagge]], Arnthor Birgisson, [[Christina Milian]]) – 3:32
#"Walking on Sunshine" (Jack Knight, Jennifer Lopez, [[Mario Winans]], Michael "Lo" Jones, [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]]) – 3:46
#"[[Ain't It Funny]]" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez) – 4:06
#"Cariño" (Cory Rooney, Frank Rodriquez, Guillermo Jr. Edghill, Jennifer Lopez, Jose Sanchez, Manny Benito, Neal Creque) – 4:15
#"Come Over" (Kip Collins, Mario Winans, Michelle Bell, Sean "Puffy" Combs) – 4:53
#"We Gotta Talk" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Joe Kelly, Steve Estiverne, Tina Morrison, Troy Oliver) – 4:07
#"That's Not Me" (Kandice Love, Mario Winans, Sean "Puffy" Combs) – 4:33
#"Dance with Me" (Jack Knight, Mario Winans, Michael "Lo" Jones, Sean "Puffy" Combs) – 4:33
#"Secretly" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Khalilah Shakir) – 4:25
#"I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Lorraine Cheryl Cook, Nathaniel Clifon Chase, O'Brien Anth, [[Sylvia Robinson]], Troy Oliver) – 3:44
#"That's the Way" ([[Fred Jerkins III]], [[LaShawn Daniels]], Nora Payne, [[Rodney Jerkins]]) – 3:53
#"Dame (Touch Me)" (with [[Chayanne]]) (Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Manny Benito, Rodney Jerkins) – 4:25
#"Si Ya Se Acabó" (Jimmy Greco, Manny Benito, Ray Contreras) – 3:37

===Latin American edition===
Released [[July 3]], [[2001]]
#<li value=16> "Amor Se Paga Con Amor" (Amille Harris, Damon Sharpe, Georgette Franklin, Greg Lawson, Jeremy Monroe, Manny Benito) – 3:44
#"Cariño" (Spanish) (Benito Manny, Cory Rooney, Frank Rodriquez, Guillermo Jr. Edghill, Jennifer Lopez, Jose Sanchez, Manny Benito, Neal Creque) – 4:17
#"Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Manny Benito, [[Tommy Mottola]]) – 4:07

===Japanese edition===
Released [[July 3]], [[2001]]
#<li value=16> "I'm Waiting" – 3:11

===Special edition===
Released [[July 24]], [[2001]]
#<li value=16> "[[I'm Real/I'm Real (Murder Remix)|I'm Real" (Murder Remix)]] (featuring [[Ja Rule]]) (LeShan Lewis, Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, [[Irv Gotti]], [[Ja Rule|Jeffrey Atkins]], [[Rick James]]) – 4:22

===British/Australian/Portuguese edition===
Released [[October 16]], [[2001]] (AUS) / [[November 5]], [[2001]] (UK)
#<li value=16> "Pleasure Is Mine" – 4:19
#"I'm Waiting" – 3:11
#"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (LeShan Lewis, Cory Rooney, Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Irv Gotti, Jeffrey Atkins, Rick James) – 4:22

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2001)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Albums Chart
|align="center"|26
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Albums Chart
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|French Albums Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|German Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Hungarian Albums Chart
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|Italian Albums Chart
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[AMPROFON|Mexican Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Mexican International Top 20 Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Albums Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|Polish Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Internet Albums
|align="center"|2
|}

==Sales and certifications==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart
!align="left"|Certification
!align="left"|Sales/Shipments
|-
|align="left"|Argentina [[CAPIF]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Jennifer+Lopez&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP "Gold & Platinum certification on Argentina"]</ref>
|align="center"|40,000
|-
|align="left"|Austria [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.ifpi.at/ "Gold & Platinum Database"]</ref>
|align="center"|10,000
|-
|align="left"|Australia [[ARIA]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2001.htm "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2001 Albums"]</ref>
|align="center"|140,000
|-
|align="left"|Brazil [[ABPD]]
|align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp ABPD | Associação Brasileira de Produtores de Disco]</ref>
|align="center"|50,000
|-
|align="left"|Canada [[CRIA]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.cria.ca/gold/1001_g.php "Canadian ''Gold and Platinum'' certifications"]</ref>
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|align="left"|Europe [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2002.html "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2002"]</ref>
|align="center"|2,000,000
|-
|align="left"|France [[SNEP]]
|align="center"|2x Gold<ref>[http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=4&forme_certif=11&annee=18 "2001 2X Gold Certification of J. LO"]</ref>
|align="center"|260,000<ref>[http://fanofmusic.free.fr/ParcoursAlbum-J.php "France estimated album sales"]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Germany [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.de/wirtschaft/gpergebnis.php?txtSuche=Jennifer+Lopez+J.LO&strAktion=suche "Gold/Platin Datenbank durchsuchen"]</ref>
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|align="left"|Mexico [[AMPROFON]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://foro.univision.com/univision/board/message?board.id=jenniferlopez&message.id=181412 "JLO was certified platinum in Mexico"]</ref>
|align="center"|150,000+
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp "New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart"] Retrieved [[February 17]], [[2001]].</ref>
|align="center"|30,000
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland [[IFPI]]
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/search_certifications.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez+J.LO "Switzerland searchable database"]</ref>
|align="center"|60,000
|-
|align="left"|UK. [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]
|align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/ "The BPI database"]</ref>
|align="center"|300,000
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[RIAA]]
|align="center"|4x Platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH "RIAA Gold and Platinum Certifications"]</ref>
|align="center"|4,000,000
|-
|align="left"|Worldwide
|align="center"|3x Platinum
|align="center"|8,500,000
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[Black & Blue]]'' by [[Backstreet Boys]]
| title = [[Billboard 200|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200]] [[number-one albums of 2001 (U.S.)|number-one album]]
| years = [[February 10]] - [[February 16]] [[2001]]
| after = ''[[Hot Shot (album)|Hot Shot]]'' by [[Shaggy (artist)|Shaggy]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Jennifer Lopez}}

[[Category:2001 albums]]
[[Category:Albums with alternate track listings]]
[[Category:Epic Records albums]]
[[Category:Jennifer Lopez albums]]

[[cs:J. Lo (album)]]
[[it:J. Lo]]
[[pl:J. Lo]]
[[pt:J. Lo (álbum)]]
[[ru:J.Lo]]
[[fi:J. Lo]]
[[sv:J. Lo]]

Family Dollar

2008-05-21T03:05:51Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{onesource|article|date=May 2008}}
{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = Family Dollar Stores|
| company_logo = [[Image:Familydollarlogopng.PNG|250px]]|
| company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nyse|FDO}})|
| foundation = 1959|
| location = [[Matthews, North Carolina]]|
| key_people = [[Leon Levine]], [[Entrepreneur|founder]] [[Howard R. Levine]], [[Board of Directors|Chairman]] and [[CEO]]|
| industry = [[Retail]]|
| products = Food, clothing, housewares|
| slogan = google.com

| revenue = {{profit}} $6.405 Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2006, August)|
| operating_income = {{profit}} $2.12 Billion USD (2006, August)|
| net_income = {{profit}} $201.67 Million USD (2006, August)|
| num_employees = 24,000 [[full-time]]/18,000 [[part-time]] [http://www.marketwatch.com/tools/quotes/profile.asp?symb=FDO]|
| homepage = [http://www.familydollar.com/ www.familydollar.com]|
}}
[[Image:FamilyDollarStore.jpg|right|thumb|257px|A typical Family Dollar store.]]
'''Family Dollar''' ({{nyse|FDO}}) is a [[variety store]] chain that has locations across the [[United States]].

Family Dollar is not a true "[[dollar store]]" in the strict sense; while there are many items available for $1, there are other [[price point]]s as well. However, approximately 90% of the products cost less than $10. With most locations set up like a typical [[supermarket]], the chain deals in food items, clothing and assorted household products.

Family Dollar does not accept credit cards, though it does accept [[debit cards]] and the cash benefit from [[Electronic Benefit Transfer|EBT]] ([[food stamp]]) cards in some of their stores, not all stores accept the EBT at this time.

==History==
Family Dollar was founded in 1959 by [[Leon Levine]], a 22-year-old entrepreneur. In November of that year, the company's first store was opened, in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. In 1961, their first store in [[South Carolina]] opened, followed by stores in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Virginia]], which were opened in 1962 and 1965, respectively. During the 1960s, the store company was largely a southern United States operation. By 1969, there were fifty stores in Charlotte alone.

The 1970s were growing years for the store chain. In 1970, Family Dollar's stock went public for the first time, at $14.50 per share. In 1971, the chain's 100th store opened, followed by their 200th in 1974 and their 300th in 1978. Also in 1974, a distribution center was opened in [[Matthews, North Carolina]]. In 1979, Family Dollar stock began trading at the [[New York Stock Exchange]].

In 1981, the chain's 400th store was opened, followed by a 500th store in 1982 and a 700th in 1983. The 1980s saw expansion at a wider scale for the company, and, by 1989, 1,500 stores were operating.

The 1990s saw the pace of expansion slow down compared to the 1980s, with 1,000 stores opened. However, the company opened distribution centers in [[West Memphis, Arkansas]]; [[Front Royal, Virginia]] and [[Duncan, Oklahoma]]. Since 2000, the pace of growth has quickened significantly, with the addition of about 3,500 new stores, and new distribution centers opening in [[Morehead, Kentucky]]; [[Maquoketa, Iowa]]; [[Odessa, Texas]]; [[Marianna, Florida]]; and [[Rome, New York]].

In 2001, Family Dollar joined the [[S&P 500]] [[stock market index]]. In 2002, the company joined the [[Fortune 500]] list of largest publicly held companies.

When Leon Levine retired in 2003, his son Howard R. Levine succeeded him as [[Chairman of the board|Chairman]] and [[CEO]], keeping this multi-billion dollar company in the family.

As of [[March 1]], [[2008]], the company had 6,509 stores in 44 states. <ref>[http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=93888&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1116032&highlight=] FAMILY DOLLAR REPORTS FEBRUARY SALES</ref> According to their [http://www.familydollar.com website], in 2005 Family Dollar opened 500 new stores, 350 more in 2006, and an additional 300 in 2007.

Family Dollar operates nine distribution centers to keep product stock in their stores. These warehouses feature over 900,000 square feet of room and over nine miles of conveyor, and employ around 400 people.

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.familydollar.com Official website]

[[Category:Retail companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Charlotte, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1959]]
[[Category:Variety stores]]

Life Savers

2008-05-16T15:09:10Z

COMPFUNK2: restructure per WP:HATNOTE

{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{otheruses4|the candy||Life saver}}
[[Image:Lifesavers wrapped.jpg|thumb|A Life Savers Five-Flavor roll.]]

'''Life Savers''' is an [[United States|American]] brand of ring-shaped [[mint (candy)|mints]] and fruit-flavored [[candy|hard candy]]. The candy is known for its distinctive packaging, coming in [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]] rolls of eleven pieces.

In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane (Cleveland, Ohio) invented Life Savers as a "summer candy" that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature [[Life_preservers#Throwable_PFDs|life preservers]], he called them Life Savers. After registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble (1882–1958) for [[United States dollar|$]]2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, Noble created tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers flavor. Noble founded the Life Savers Candy Company in 1913 and significantly expanded the market for the candy by installing Life Savers displays next to the cash registers of restaurants and grocery stores. He also trained the retails owners always to give customers a nickel in their change as doing so would increase sales of Lifesavers. Since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935.

Life Savers was a [[subsidiary]] of [[Kraft Foods]] before being purchased by the [[Wrigley Company]] in [[2004]]. In recent years, the brand has expanded to include '''Gummi Savers''', '''Life Saver Minis''', '''Life Saver Fusions''', '''Creme Savers'''. Discontinued brands include '''Fruit Juicers''', '''Holes''', '''Life Saver [[Lollipop]]s''' and '''Squeezit'''.

==History==
[[Image:VioletLifeSavers.jpg|thumb|Violet Life Savers Ad from 1921.]]
Life Savers candy was first created in [[1912]] by [[Clarence Arthur Crane]], a [[Garrettsville, Ohio]] [[candy maker]] and father of the famed poet [[Hart Crane]]. Crane was looking for a new "summer candy" to supplement his chocolate business, which slumped in hot weather.

Crane developed a line of hard mints but did not have the space or machinery to make them. He contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. The pill manufacturer, whose machinery was malfunctioning, found that the pressing process worked much better when the mints were stamped with a hole in the middle.

Crane called the new candy "Crane's Peppermint Life Savers", because they looked like miniature [[Life preserver#Throwable PFDs|throwable life preservers]]. The ring-shaped devices were just beginning to come into use after the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'' disaster]].

In 1913, Crane sold the formula for his Life Savers candy to [[Edward Noble]] for only $2,900. Noble started his own candy company and began producing and selling the mints known as Pep-O-Mint Life Savers. He also began to package the mints into rolls wrapped in [[tinfoil]] to prevent them from going stale. This process was done by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Noble's brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process.

Robert Peckham Noble, Edward Noble's brother and a [[Purdue University|Purdue]] educated engineer, took his younger brother's entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the manufacturing facilities needed to expand the company. The Lifesavers primary manufacturing plant was located in [[Port Chester, New York]]. Robert P. Noble led the company as its [[Chief Executive Officer]] and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s.

By 1919, six other mint flavors (Wint-O-Green, Cl-O-ve, Lic-O-Rice, Cinn-O-Mon, Vi-O-let and Choc-O-Late) had been developed, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s. In 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was received so poorly that is was discontinued after only a few years.<ref>''New Yorker Magazine'', Feb. 28, 1925, pages 47–50.</ref> In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]].

Noble promoted the candy at the cash registers of saloons, cigar stores, drug stores, barber shops, and restaurants. He had the candy placed, with a five-cent price, near the cash register. Noble soon began to create and sell many other flavors.

In 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops. In 1925, technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies. These were introduced as the "fruit drop with the hole" and came in four flavors, namely, Grape, Orange, Lemon and Lime, each of which were packaged in their own separate rolls. In contrast to the opaque white mints previously produced by the company, these new candies were crystal-like in appearance. These new flavors quickly became popular with the public. Three new flavors were quickly introduced, namely, Anise, Cola and Root Beer, which were made in the clear fruit drop style. These did not prove to be as popular as the original four fruit drop flavors. In 1931, rolls of Pineapple and Cherry fruit drops were introduced. As the public response proved positive, a new variety of mint, called Cryst-O-Mint, made in this same crystal-like style was introduced in 1932. In 1935, the classic "Five-Flavor" rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors in each roll. This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2003-08-14-LifeSavers_x.htm
| title = LifeSavers changes its stripes Friday
| last = Howard
| first = Theresa
| date = [[August 14]], [[2002]]
| publisher = ''[[USA Today]]''
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Raspberry-, watermelon- and blackberry-flavored "O's" will replace the traditional orange, lemon and lime.}}
</ref> In the late 1930s and early 1940s, four new mint flavors were introduced: Molas-O-Mint, Spear-O-Mint, Choc-O-Mint and Stik-O-Pep.

In 1981, Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation. A number of early mint flavors, including Cl-O-Ve, Vi-O-Let, Lic-O-Rice and Cinn-O-Mon were discontinued due to poor sales. Nabisco introduced a new Cinnamon flavor ("Hot Cin-O-Mon") as a clear fruit drop type candy. This replaced the white mint flavor Cinn-O-Mon which had recently been discontinued. The other original mint flavors have never been revived except by Wrigley (although a mint similar to Vi-O-Let Life Savers continues to be manufactured by [[C. Howard's Violet candies|C. Howard]]). A number of other flavors were also quickly discontinued, after Nabisco took over, in order to make the business more profitable. In 2004, the USA Life Savers business was acquired by Wrigley's. Wrigley's introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in over sixty years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint. They also revived some of the early mint flavors (such as Wint-O-Green).

Life Savers production for North America was based in [[Holland, Michigan]], United States, for many years, but in [[2002]] production was moved to [[Montreal]], [[Québec]], [[Canada]]. Significantly lower sugar prices in that country is the reason behind the move.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0320-02.htm
| title = Workers Feel Like Suckers
| last = Frammolino
| first = Ralph
| date = [[March 20]], [[2002]]
| publisher = ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Life Savers is moving its candy factory from Michigan to Canada, where sugar is cheaper, displacing 600 employees.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1138434
| title = Life Savers
| last =
| first =
| date = [[February 21]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[National Public Radio|NPR]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The candy's manufacturer says sugar prices in the U.S. are too high, and it is moving the factory from Holland, Michigan, to Canada.}}
</ref>
The company was headquartered in Port Chester, New York, where the distinctive former headquarters building (now apartments) still retains some Lifesavers signage.

==Trivia==
{{trivia|date=June 2007}}
*Wint-O-Green and Cl-O-Ve<ref>EN Harvey "The luminescence of sugar wafers", ''Science'' magazine, [[14 July]] [[1939]]: Vol. 90. no. 2324, pp. 35–36.</ref> (now discontinued) Life Savers are known for their ability to produce bright sparks when bitten in a dark room, due to [[triboluminescence]] produced by an electrical charge produced by grinding [[methyl salicylate|wintergreen]] or [[clove]] oil and sugar together.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://home.howstuffworks.com/question505.htm
| title = Why do Wint-O-Green Life Savers spark in the dark?
| last =
| first =
| date =
| publisher = [[HowStuffWorks]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote =
}}</ref>

*[[Pixar Animation Studios]] animated many commercials for the company before [[Pixar]] became famous for its [[short films]], like ''[[Luxo Jr.]]''

*The [[South Africa]]n chorus group [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] sang the distinctive [[a cappella]] songs used in Life Savers and Creme Savers commercials throughout the [[1990s]].

*There is an [[urban legend]] about the creation of Life Savers which states that the creator's daughter died after choking on a hard candy, and that the hole in the middle was included to prevent further death (thus earning the name Life Saver). This tale is often mistaken for truth and is probably more well-known than the real origin story.

*[[Brian Sandoval]] has done voiceovers for Life Savers.

*The 1932 [[Marx Brothers]] movie ''[[Horse Feathers]]'' features a scene in which [[Thelma Todd]] falls out of a canoe and into a river. She calls for a life saver and [[Groucho Marx]] tosses her the candy.

*''[[Croc 2]]'', a 1999 video game appearing on the [[PlayStation]], Windows PC, and [[GameBoy Color]] platforms, prominently featured various large Gummi Savers as trampolines of sorts for the main character to vault over obstacles.

==Timeline==
*1912: Crane's Peppermint Life Savers created by Clarence Crane in Garrettsville, Ohio.
*1913: Edward Noble bought the Life Saver formula, renamed Pep-O-Mint Life Savers, and started Mint Products Company in New York City.
*1921: The first fruit flavors were produced as solid candies.
*1925: Technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies.
*1931: Life Savers Limited acquired Beech-Nut and the two merged companies became Squibb Beech-Nut Inc.
*1935: The Original Five-Flavor roll of Life Savers debuted.
*1981: Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation.
*1987: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by [[The Hershey Company|Hershey]] Canada.
*1996: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by Beta Brands Limited.
*2004: USA Life Savers business Acquired By [[Wrigley's]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=WWY&script=410&layout=0&item_id=643926
| title = Wrigley to Add Life Savers(R) and Altoids(R) to Its Confectionery Portfolio
| last =
| first =
| date = [[November 15]] [[2004]]
| publisher = [[Wrigley]]
| format = Press Release
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company announced today that it has entered into an agreement to purchase certain confectionery assets of Kraft Foods for $1.48 billion. The transaction includes ownership of well-known, iconic brand franchises—such as Life Savers, Creme Savers, and Altoids—as well as production facilities in the United States and Europe.
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.candystand.com/lifesavers/ls_flavorfulroll.aspx/ Life Saver History] Flash version time-line from 1912 to today.

{{Wrigley}}

[[Category:Brand name confectionery]]
[[Category:Wrigley brands]]
[[Category:1912 introductions]]

[[fr:Life Savers]]

Dangerously in Love (Album)

2008-04-13T23:10:35Z

COMPFUNK2: rv per WP:RS

{{otheruses4|the album|the song of the same name|Dangerously in Love (song)}}
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Dangerously in Love
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
| Cover = Dangerously In Love Album(2003).png
| Released = [[June 20]] [[2003]] ([[Australia]]) [[June 23]] [[2003]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) [[June 24]] [[2003]] ([[United States|U.S.]]) [[July 14]] [[2003]] ([[Europe]])
| Recorded = 2002–2003 at [[Sony Music Studios]] ([[New York City]], [[New York]]) [[South Beach]] Studios ([[Miami, Florida|Miami]], [[Florida]]) Baseline Studios (New York City, New York) COE.BE.3 Studios ([[Stone Mountain, Georgia|Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) [[SoHo]] Studios (New York City, New York) [[SugarHill Recording Studios|SugarHill Studios]] ([[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]]) Patchwerk Studios ([[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], Georgia)
| Genre = [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]]
| Length = 69:47
| Label = [[Columbia Records]]
| Producer = Beyoncé Knowles (also executive), [[Scott Storch]], [[Missy Elliott]], Craig Brockman, [[Rich Harrison]], Sherrod Barnes, Nat Adderley, Jr., Errol "Poppi" McCalla, Andreao "Fanatic" Heard, Mister B, [[Bryce Wilson]], Mark Batson, Bernard "Focus..." Edwards Jr.
| Reviews = *[[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Acy2m965okep6 link]
*[[BBC]] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/p3vr/ link]
*''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2617 link]
* ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (A-) <ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,459850~4~0~dangerouslyinlove,00.html ew.com]</ref>
*[[PopMatters]] (positive) [http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/b/beyonce-dangerously.shtml link]
*[[Robert Christgau]] {{Rating-Christgau|hm1}} [http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=beyonce link]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating-5|3}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/_/id/291273 link]
*[[Slant Magazine]] {{rating-5|3.5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=304 link]
| This album = '''''Dangerously in Love''''' (2003)
| Next album = ''[[True Star: A Private Performance]]'' (2004)
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Dangerously in Love
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Crazy in Love (Beyoncé song)|Crazy in Love]]
| Single 1 date = [[July 8]], [[2003]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/more.jsp?tp=singles&pid=317670&aid=591112 Confirmed Billboard date for "Crazy in Love"]</ref>
| Single 2 = [[Baby Boy (song)|Baby Boy]]
| Single 2 date = [[September 9]], [[2003]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/more.jsp?tp=singles&pid=317670&aid=598569 Confirmed Billboard date for "Baby Boy"]</ref>
| Single 3 = [[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]
| Single 3 date = [[October 21]], [[2003]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/more.jsp?tp=singles&pid=317670&aid=608221 Confirmed Billboard date for "Me, Myself and I"]</ref>
| Single 4 = [[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]
| Single 4 date = [[March 30]], [[2004]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/more.jsp?tp=singles&pid=317670&aid=626318 Confirmed Billboard date for "Naughty Girl"]</ref>
}}
}}

'''''Dangerously in Love''''' is the debut solo album by [[United States|American]] [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]/[[soul music|soul]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], released in June 2003 (see [[2003 in music]]) on [[Columbia Records]]. Recorded after a break from the group [[Destiny's Child]], the album signaled Beyoncé's efforts to craft a solo career in music. The album has sold over four million copies in the United States and 8 million copies worldwide.

==Production==
''Dangerously in Love'' was basically named after "all of the steps in a relationship from when you first meet a guy to ... breaking up to having to love yourself after the breakup. All of that. A celebration of love".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thinkexist.com/quotation/that-s_why_i_called_it_dangerously_in_love-it-s/341773.html |title=Beyonce Knowles quotes |accessdate=2007-02-11 |work=ThinkExist.com}}</ref> Although most of the album's production had been partly finished and ''Dangerously in Love'' was widely expected to be released in October 2002,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1456206/20020722/destinys_child.jhtml | title=Nelly Hit Forces Change In Plans For Destiny's Child LPs |accessdate=2007-02-14 |work=[[VH1]] |date=[[July 22]] [[2002]]}}</ref> [[Columbia Records]], Knowles, and her management decided to push her solo debut back to 2003 so that [[Destiny's Child]] bandmate [[Kelly Rowland]] could capitalize off of the success of her chart-topping collaboration with rapper [[Nelly]], "[[Dilemma (song)|Dilemma]]", in the autumn of 2002. While Knowles expressed that she felt "kind of disappointed" about the album's delay at the time,<ref name="smh">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/02/1056825445697.html |title=Beyonce looms as next J-Lo |accessdate=2007-02-14 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=[[July 3]] [[2003]]}}</ref> she eventually agreed to return to the recording studios to team up with a couple of other songwriters, including [[Rich Harrison]]. The producer helped adding a retro edge to the album, a sound Knowles acknowledged as different from anything she had previously recorded with the band: "All of the songs I wrote for Destiny's Child were usually so strong and that's a good thing—but sometimes people lose touch with you being a human", she said. "I wanted people to know that I'm strong, but I can fall in love, I can get hurt, I can feel like I need someone and everything every other woman goes through".<ref name="smh"/> She describes the album as "very eclectic. I have a different variation of different types of music, from [[reggae]] to [[hip hop music|hip hop]] to [[Middle Eastern music|Middle Eastern]] to [[jazz]]. I took songs from the [[music history of the United States (1960s and 70s)|70s]] that inspired me from [[Shuggie Otis]], who was a classic 70s artist, to duets with hip hop artists Jay Z,{{sic}} Sean Paul, [[Missy Elliott]], to legendary people like [[Luther Vandross]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5093952000 | title=Sony BMG Music Entertainment :: Australia :: CD Releases |accessdate=2007-10-01 |work=[[Sony BMG]] Australia}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
The album debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] with first-week sales of 317,000 copies. It spent fifty-one weeks on the top fifty and seventy-two weeks on the top one hundred. In the UK, it also debuted (selling over 113,000 copies in its first week) at number one for five weeks, giving it the most consecutive weeks at the top position on the albums chart for 2003. It spent fifty-four weeks total on the [[UK Albums Chart]]. Knowles is the first female artist (and the fifth artist ever) to top both singles (with "Crazy in Love") and albums chart simultaneously for both the U.S. and the UK, following [[The Beatles]], [[Simon and Garfunkel]], [[Rod Stewart]], and [[Men at Work]]. The album earned her five [[Grammy Award]]s in [[46th Grammy Awards|2004]] as well as over thirty winnings and more than twenty further nominations from other industry awards for the album and its accolades achievements.

==Track listing==
#"[[Crazy in Love (Beyoncé song)|Crazy in Love]]" 1 (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) (Beyoncé Knowles, [[Rich Harrison]], [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]], [[Eugene Record]]) – 3:56
#"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" 2 (Beyoncé Knowles, [[Scott Storch]], Robert Waller, [[Angela Beyincé]], [[Pete Bellotte]], [[Giorgio Moroder]], [[Donna Summer]]) – 3:29
#"[[Baby Boy (song)|Baby Boy]]" (featuring [[Sean Paul]]) (Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, [[Sean Paul|Sean Paul Henriques]], Robert Waller, Shawn Carter) – 4:04
#"Hip Hop Star" (featuring [[Big Boi]] and [[Sleepy Brown]]) (Beyoncé Knowles, [[Bryce Wilson]], [[Makeda Davis]], [[Big Boi|Antwan Patton]], Shawn Carter) – 3:43
#"Be with You" 3 (Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, Angela Beyincé, [[Shuggie Otis]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton, Jr.]], [[Bootsy Collins|William Collins]], Gary Cooper) – 4:20
#"[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" (Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller) – 5:01
#"Yes" (Beyoncé Knowles, [[Bernard Edwards|Bernard Edwards, Jr.]], Shawn Carter) – 4:19
#"Signs" (featuring [[Missy Elliott]]) (Missy Elliott, Nisan Stewart, Craig Brockman) – 4:59
#"Speechless" (Beyoncé Knowles, Andreao Heard, Sherrod Barnes, Angela Beyincé) – 6:00
#"That's How You Like It" 4 (featuring Jay-Z) (Delroy Andrews, Brian Bridgeman, Shawn Carter, [[DeBarge|Randy DeBarge]], [[El DeBarge|Eldra DeBarge]], Etterlene Jordan) – 3:40
#"The Closer I Get to You" (duet with [[Luther Vandross]]) ([[James Mtume]], [[Reggie Lucas]]) – 4:57
#"[[Dangerously in Love (song)|Dangerously in Love 2]]" (Beyoncé Knowles, Errol McCalla, Jr.) – 4:54
#"Beyoncé Interlude" (Beyoncé Knowles) – 0:16
#"Gift from Virgo" 5 (Beyoncé Knowles, Shuggie Otis) – 2:46
#"Daddy" (hidden track) 6 (Beyoncé Knowles, Mark Batson) – 4:57

===European/Latin American edition===
Released [[July 1]] [[2003]]
#<li value=15>"[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Work It Out]]" (Beyoncé Knowles, [[Pharrell|Pharrell Williams]], [[Chad Hugo]]) – 4:06
#"[['03 Bonnie & Clyde]]" 7 (Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé) (Shawn Carter, [[Kanye West]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], Darrell Harper, Rick Rouse, [[Tupac Shakur]], Tyrone Wrice) – 3:26
#"Daddy" (hidden track) (Beyoncé Knowles, Mark Batson) – 4:57

===French/Belgian edition===
Released [[July 7]] [[2003]]
#<li value=13>"Bienvenue" ([[IAM (band)|IAM]] featuring Beyoncé) ([[Akhenaton (rapper)|Akhenaton]], [[Shurik'n]], [[Deni Hines]]) – 4:05
#"Beyoncé Interlude" – 0:17
#"Work It Out" – 4:06
#"'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé) – 3:27
#"Daddy" (hidden track) – 4:57

===Australian edition===
Released [[June 20]] [[2003]]
#<li value=15>"Work It Out" – 4:06
#"'03 Bonnie & Clyde (Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé) – 3:26
#"Crazy in Love" (Remix featuring [[Vanness Wu]]) (Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, Shawn Carter, Eugene Record) – 3:57
#"Daddy" (hidden track) – 4:57

===Japanese edition===
Released [[July 22]] [[2003]]
#<li value=15>"[[What's It Gonna Be (Beyoncé song)|What's It Gonna Be]]" (Beyoncé Knowles, LaShaun Owens, Karrim Mack, Corte Ellis, [[Zapp (band)|Larry Troutman, Roger Troutman]], Kandice Love) – 3:37
#"'03 Bonnie & Clyde" – 3:26
#"Work It Out" – 4:06
#"Daddy" (hidden track) – 4:57

1 Contains a sample from [[The Chi-Lites]]' "Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)" written by [[Eugene Record]]. 
2 Contains an interpolation from [[Donna Summer]]'s "[[Love to Love You Baby (song)|Love to Love You Baby]]" written by [[Pete Bellotte]], [[Giorgio Moroder]], and Donna Summer. 
3 Contains an interpolation from [[Bootsy's Rubber Band]]'s "I'd Rather Be with You" written by [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton, Jr.]], [[William Collins]], and Gary Cooper, and excerpts from "[[Strawberry Letter 23]]" written and performed by [[Shuggie Otis]]. 
4 Contains resung lyrics from [[DeBarge]]'s "I Like It" written by Randy DeBarge, Eldra DeBarge, and Etterlene Jordan. 
5 Inspired by the original musical composition "Rainy Day" written by Shuggie Otis. 
6 Contains an uncredited interpolation from [[Whitney Houston]]'s "[[So Emotional]]" written by [[Billy Steinberg]] and Tom Kelly. 
7 Contains an interpolation from "If I Was Your Girlfriend" written and performed by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], and a sample from [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]]'s "Me and My Girlfriend" written by Darrell Harper, Rick Rouse, Tupac Shakur, and Tyrone Wrice.

==Personnel==
*Sanford Allen – concert master
*Skip Anderson – [[musical keyboard|keyboard]]
*John Broussard – [[bass guitar]]
*Al Brown – [[string instrument|string]]s
*Phil Hamilton – [[guitar]]
*Ivan Hampden – [[drum]]s
*Bashiri Johnson – [[percussion instrument|percussion]]
*Byron Miller – bass guitar
*Dan Workman – guitar

==Production==
*Executive producers: Beyoncé Knowles, [[Mathew Knowles]]
*Producer: Nat Adderley Jr., Sherrod Barnes, Mark Batson, Craig Brockman, [[Missy Elliott]], [[Rich Harrison]], Andreao "Fanatic" Heard, [[Beyoncé Knowles]], Errol "Poppi" McCalla, Mister B, Nisan Stweart, [[Scott Storch]], [[Bryce Wilson]], Bernard "Focus..." Edwards Jr.
*Vocal producer: Beyoncé Knowles
*Vocal assistance: Tawatha Agee, Cissy Houston, Candace Thomas, Brenda White-King
*Engineers: Vincent Alexander, Carlos Bedoya, Chris Carmouche, Jim Caruana, Guru, Brian Springer, Pat Thrall, Stan Wallace, Dan Workman
*Assistant engineers: Dan Bucchi, Jason Dale, Greg Price, Matt Snedecor, Luz Vasquez, Patrick Woodward
*Mixing: Ray Bardani, Scott Kieklak, Tony Maserati, Dexter Simmons
*Mastering: Tom Coyne
*A&R: Theresa LaBarbera Whites
*Art direction: Ian Cuttler
*Photography: Markus Klinko and Indrani
*Makeup:Reggie Wells and RK
*Stylist:Ty Hunter and Tina Knowles

==Charts and certifications==
* These are the peak positions and certifications from chart providers.<ref>These changes have been made by Knowles' record label and will be released as well as B'Day sales as well.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2003)
!align="center"|Provider
!align="center"|Peak position
!align="center"|Certification
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]]
|align="left" rowspan="2"|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2x Platinum (140,000)
|-
|align="left"|Australian Urban Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart
|align="left"|[[Media Control]] Europe
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|Platinum (30,000)
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Albums Chart
|align="left"|IFPI/[[Ultratop]]
|align="center"|13
|align="center"|Gold (15,000)
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Albums Chart
|align="left"|ABPD
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|3x Platinum (150,000)
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]
|align="left"|[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]]/[[Nielsen SoundScan]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2x Platinum (200,000)
|-
|align="left"|Danish Albums Chart
|align="left"|IFPI/Nielsen Music Control
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart
|align="left"|Mega Charts BV
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2x Platinum
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart
|align="left"|[[Swedish Recording Industry Association|GLF]]
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|3x Platinum (60,000)
|-
|align="left"|French Albums Chart
|align="left"|SNEP/IFOP
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|Gold(100,000)
|-
|align="left"|German Albums Chart
|align="left"|Media Control
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|Platinum (200,000)
|-
|align="left"|[[Greek International Albums Chart]]
|align="left"|[[IFPI]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|Platinum (40,000)
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]
|align="left"|[[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2x Platinum (30,000)
|-
|align="left"|Italian Albums Chart
|align="left"|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|FIMI]]/Nielsen SoundScan
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|Gold (40,000)
|-
|align="left"|Mexican Albums Chart
|align="left"|AMPROFON
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|Platinum (100,000)
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart
|align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]]
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|Platinum (15,000)
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart
|align="left"|[[Verdens Gang|VG Nett]]
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|Platinum (20,000)
|-
|align="left"|Portuguese Albums Chart
|align="left"|AFP/Nielsen
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|Platinum (15,000)
|-
|align="left"|Russian Albums Chart
|align="left"|NFPF
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|Gold(35,000)
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart
|align="left"|GLF
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|Gold
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart
|align="left"|Media Control Europe
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|Platinum (30,000)
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="left"|[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]/[[The Official UK Charts Company]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4x Platinum (1,200,000)
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]
|align="left"|Columbia Records
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|8,000,000 <ref> Media Traffic.</ref>
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="left" rowspan="3"|''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''
|align="center"|1
|align="center" rowspan="3"|4x Platinum (4,000,000)
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Top Internet Albums
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Philippines Top Albums
|align="left" rowspan="3"|Philippines Top Albums
|align="center"|1
|align="center" rowspan="3"|3x Platinum (300,000)
|}
in Spain +150,000

==Awards==
[[2004 Grammy Awards]]:
*"[[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]]" for "Dangerously in Love 2"
*"[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]]" for "The Closer I Get to You" (shared with Luther Vandross)
*"[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]" for "Crazy in Love" (shared with Jay-Z)
*"[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]"
*"[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]" for "Crazy in Love" (shared with Jay-Z)
[[2003 MTV Video Music Awards]]:
*"[[Best Female Video]]" for "Crazy in Love"
*"[[Best Choreography]]" for "Crazy in Love"
*"[[Best R&B Video]]" for "Crazy in Love"
[[2003 MTV Europe Music Awards]]:
*"[[Best R&B Song]]" for "crazy in love"
*"[[Song of the Year]]" for "Crazy in Love"
[[2003 Vibe Awards]]:
*"[[Coolest Collabo]]" for "Crazy in Love"(with Jay-Z)
[[2003 Billboard Music Awards]]:
*4 Billboards won
[[2004 MTV Video Music Awards]]:
*"[[Best Female Video]]" for "Naughty Girl"

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[Fallen (album)|Fallen]]'' by [[Evanescence]]
| title = [[UK Albums Chart]] [[list of number-one albums from the 2000s (UK)#2003|number-one album]]
| years = [[July 5]], [[2003]] – [[August 2]] [[2003]]
| after = ''[[Magic and Medicine]]'' by [[The Coral]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[After the Storm]]'' by [[Monica (singer)|Monica]]
| title = [[Billboard 200|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200]] [[number-one albums of 2003 (U.S.)|number-one album]]
| years = [[July 12]] [[2003]]
| after = ''[[Chapter II]]'' by [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Beyoncé Knowles}}

[[Category:2003 albums]]
[[Category:Albums with alternate track listings]]
[[Category:Beyoncé albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:Debut albums]]

[[cs:Dangerously in Love]]
[[de:Dangerously in Love]]
[[es:Dangerously in Love]]
[[fi:Dangerously in Love]]
[[fr:Dangerously in Love]]
[[he:Dangerously in Love]]
[[hu:Dangerously in Love]]
[[it:Dangerously in Love]]
[[pl:Dangerously in Love]]
[[pt:Dangerously in Love]]
[[ro:Dangerously In Love]]
[[ru:Dangerously in Love]]
[[simple:Dangerously in Love]]
[[sv:Dangerously in Love]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-04-13T02:26:42Z

COMPFUNK2: rm unsourced section

{{otheruses2|Umbrella}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[March 29]],[[2007]] {{Flagicon|Europe}} [[May 25]],[[2007]] {{Flagicon|UK}} [[May 28]],[[2007]] {{flagicon|World}} [[June 23]], [[2007]] {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[October 15]], [[2007]] {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[May 29]], [[2008]]
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]] 
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap) 4:35 (album version)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]], [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = Rihanna
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Break It Off]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
}}{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning [[pop music|pop]] [[song]] written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell and [[Jay-Z]] for [[pop music|pop]] singer [[Rihanna]]'s third studio album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by co-writer Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007 (see [[2007 in music]]). "Umbrella" is recognized as the most successful song of 2007 on the United World Chart, gaining more than 8,160,000 points.<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/tracks-2007.htm United World Chart Countdown 2007]</ref> It has been announced as the 6th most successful song of the last decade with 8.614.000 points.<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/top-track-achievements.htm United World Chart tracks - Top achievements]</ref>

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a warm reception from music critics, the song achieved #1 on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the "Ten Best Singles of 2007",<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as #3 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender Magazine]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'', while also Spears having professional difficulties at the time.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and [[Terius Nash|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

The drumbeat is an Apple loop (vintage funk kit 03) from GarageBand.

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[BBC Radio 1]] on the [[Scott Mills]] show and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[VIVA|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, [[Canadian Idol]], 106 & Park and [[The View]].

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[All Music Guide]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=All Music Guide |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2, only behind [[Beyonce]]'s "[[Irreplaceable]]".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.46 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "SOS"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s [[Bleeding Love]].

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at #1, spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at the position of #46, ending the year as 2007's 3rd biggest seller.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached #1 on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] singles chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, ending 2007 as the years biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a #1 hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached #1 on the United World Chart, remaining for for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her positive response following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[March 16]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 33,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]].

==Other versions==

===Acoustic version===

Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and some added lyrics<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYaXer7Yqb0&feature=related ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella (acoustic version)]</ref> and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to "[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]" on the [[iTunes Music Store]].

===Notable remixes===
*[[Travis Barker]] Remix (rock)
*Zax Extended Mix<ref>[http://www.blender.com/news/comments.aspx?article=9492 The Ultimate "Umbrella" Remix Guide]</ref>
*Remix featuring [[Lil Mama]]
*The Lindbergh Palace Remix
*[[Dancehall]] Remix featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*[[Seamus Haji]] and Paul Emanuel Remix
*[[Spanglish]] version featuring Jay-Z & Ana Velasco<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9TFu78zo8E ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella Spanglish]</ref>
*[[Will Mellor]], parody by [[Comedy Dave]] and [[Chris Moyles]]
*Forever (Umbrella Remix) by Justin Garner
*[[Vandalism (band)|Vandalism]] Remix
*[[Klaxons]] and Rihanna performed a remix of Umbrella, which featured interpolations of their song "[[Golden Skans]]", at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]]
*Together Here (Umbrella Remix) by Kado Damball
*[[The Notorious B.I.G.]] remix (sample "The World Is Filled")

==Cover versions and parodies==

===Manics version===
{{Infobox Song |
Name = Umbrella |
Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]] |
Released = CD [[27 February]], [[2008]] Download [[5 March]], [[2008]] |
Format = Limited Edition Free [[CD]] then Purchasable [[Digital Download]] |
Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] |
Length = 3:35|
Label = NME CD 08-01|
Producer = [[Dave Eringa]] |
Chart position = <nowiki></nowiki>
* N/A|
Reviews = <nowiki></nowiki>
* N/A|
Last single = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007) |
This single = "Umbrella" (2008) |
|}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's offical website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

The version has been available as a digital download on [[iTunes]] since 5th March 2008.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref> When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

===Other covers and parodies===
{{unreferenced-section|date=March 2008}}
*[[McFly]] recorded a rock cover, released as a B-Side on their 2007 single "The Heart Never Lies". They also performed it on their Greatest Hits Tour in 2007.

*Winner of [[Australian Idol 2007]] [[Natalie Gauci]] also performed "Umbrella".

*X Factor finalists [[Hope]] performed Umbrella on the first live show of [[The X Factor|The X Factor 2007]].

*Indie singer-songwriter Scott Simons released a version of "Umbrella" on Myspace and his website which soon became an internet favorite and received radio play on several stations in the U.S. and overseas.<ref>[http://www.scottsimonsmusic.net/umbrella.html Scott Simons’s version]</ref>

*Singer songwriter [[Mechanical Bride]] released a her version on [[Transgressive Records]] at the end on 2007 on 7" vinyl.

*Upcoming singer [[Marié Digby]] released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a 'You Oughta Hear' feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

*Pop singer and actress [[Mandy Moore]] performed her own version of the song in a slower, more ballad-like arrangement. Moore stated that while she is not the biggest fan of pop music, "...you just can't deny how melodic this song is."<ref>http://music.yahoo.com/promo-42778155-53-20070813</ref>

*"Umbrella" has been covered by [[Biffy Clyro]] during an appearance on BBC Radio One's ''[[Live Lounge]]''.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/jowhiley/galleries/1796/1/ BBC - Radio 1 - Jo Whiley]</ref>

*The Italian pop punk band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded "Umbrella" for an exclusive on their MySpace in September 2007, receiving over 30,000 plays in its first week online.<ref>[http://www.myspace.com/vanillasky MySpace.com - Vanilla Sky - Rome - Rock / Pop / Punk - www.myspace.com/vanillasky]</ref> The music video has also been shown on [[VH1#VH1 European|VH1e]].

*[[Indie pop]] group [[Tegan and Sara]] performed a cover of the song during shows in [[Kelowna, British Columbia]], [[Calgary, Alberta]], [[Edmonton, Alberta]], [[London, Ontario]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[Washington DC]], [[Boulder, Colorado]] and Brisbane, Australia.

*Swedish metal band [[Lillasyster]] made a hard metal version of Umbrella and also a video for their version of the song under Gain Music Entertainment. This version of the song has received a lot of attention in [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Germany]] and even in [[Thailand]], and went on Swedish national radio in September 2007 and received radio play on several stations in Sweden. The video is due to be released on October 10th on [[Myspace]], Lillasyster's website and MTV and Swedish MTV did a piece on the making of the video which was aired October 3 and October 7.<ref>[http://www.mtv.se/overdrive.php?StoryId=27981 Mtv | Lillasyster]</ref>

*Irish/English Freakfolk artist [[Patrick Wolf]] performed a cover version of the song at the [[Lowlands]] festival in the Netherlands in 2007.

*"Umbrella" was [[parody|parodied]] by Irish radio presenters Colm and Jimjim to talk about [[Salmonella]].<ref>[http://www.soundclick.com/util/downloadSong.cfm?ID=5917622&key=C4C6EE36-A Exactly Midnight]</ref>

*[[Starsailor (band)|Starsailor]] covered the song while playing their song "Fidelity" on their Latin American tour.

*[[The Mint Chicks]] performed covered this song on New Zealand television show.

*The Axis of Awesome parodied this song in two videos for the 2007 Australian Federal Election, presented by the [[Sydney Morning Herald]]. In both videos, ex-federal treasurer [[Peter Costello]] is seen playing piano and rhyming to "Peter Costello" instead of "Umbrella"

*The Brazilian singer [[Pitty]] also covered it in a few live concerts.

*New York Group Push Play covered the song at their CD Release Party on December 22,2007 at Irving Plaza.<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dCyt4UNrOoA YouTube - Push Play-Umbrella (cover song)]</ref>

*[[Pop punk]] band [[All Time Low]] has covered this song live. A recorded version of their cover will appear on the compilation [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

*[[Taylor Swift]] performed this acoustic, which is for download on itunes.

*The song was parodied in a 2007 episode of the [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[MADtv]]'', in which [[Nicole Parker]] and [[Keegan-Michael Key]] impersonated 2008 U.S. Presidential candidates [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]], in a video called "Under Barack Obama", which was sung to the tune of "Umbrella".

*[[Mike Shinoda]] of [[Linkin Park]] performed a section of the song at The O2 Arena in London on 28th January 2008.

*[[My Chemical Romance]] performed a short snippet of Umbrella at several live shows. This may be, perhaps, to do with [[Gerard Way]]'s release of comic book [[The Umbrella Academy]].

*Canadian Band [[Parking By Permit Only]] performed a cover of this song at Harnival in November 2007.<ref>[http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=E86meTn36lI YouTube - Umbrella (Rihanna Cover) - Parking By Permit Only]</ref>

*Grammy Award winners [[Keith Urban]] and [[Carrie Underwood]] performed this song as a duet in 2008 during the Love, Pain and the whole crazy Carnival Ride tour.

* [[OneRepublic]] covered this song while on tour.

* Nerdcore artist [[Shael Riley]] did an acoustic cover of the song which was posted on his Myspace.

*Song was used on LivinSick.com for a skateboard montage titled Umbrella Montage which was edited by Matt Swinsky.

==Reported coincidence with weather==
The song's reign at number-one in Britain occurred as the UK was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Bulgaria Singles Top 40]]
|align="center"|1<ref>[http://acharts.us/bulgaria_singles_top_40 Bulgaria Singles Top 40]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch [[Dutch Top 40|Top 40]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[Euro 200]]<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Airplay Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{citation style}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{YouTube|a4X7eFbP3u4}}
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://lyricwiki.org/Rihanna:Umbrella lyrics on LyricWiki]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box one to two
| before = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 25]] [[2007]] - [[July 13]] [[2007]]
| after1 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after2 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokyo Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = [[Bulgaria Singles Top 40]] [[Bulgaria Singles Top 40 number-one singles of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = [[Hot100Brasil]] [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}
{{Manic Street Preachers}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
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[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
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[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
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Umbrella (Lied)

2008-03-17T00:01:41Z

COMPFUNK2: Undid revision 198735105 by Neno1 (talk)

{{Mergefrom|Umbrella (Manics cover version)|date=February 2008}}
{{otheruses2|Umbrella}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[March 29]],[[2007]] {{Flagicon|Europe}} [[May 25]],[[2007]] {{Flagicon|UK}} [[May 28]],[[2007]]
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]] 
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop rock]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap) 4:35 (album version)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]], [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = Rihanna
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Break It Off]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
}} {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[pop music|pop]] [[song]] written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell and [[Jay-Z]] for [[Rihanna]]'s third studio album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by co-writer Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007 (see [[2007 in music]]). "Umbrella" is recognized as the most successful song of 2007 on the United World Chart, gaining more than 8,687,000 points.<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/tracks-2007.htm United World Chart Countdown 2007]</ref> It has been announced as the 6th most successful song of the last decade,<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/top-track-achievements.htm United World Chart tracks - Top achievements]</ref> winning a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

Following an incredibly successful chart run around the world and a warm reception from music critics, the song achieved #1 on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the "Ten Best Singles of 2007",<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as #3 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007.<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> It was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender Magazine]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref>

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'', while also Spears having professional difficulties at the time.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and [[Terius Nash|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[BBC Radio 1]] on the [[Scott Mills]] show and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[VIVA|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zoopotia Show, Stripped Show, [[Canadian Idol]], 106 & Park and [[The View]].

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[All Music Guide]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=All Music Guide |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2, only behind [[Beyonce]]'s "[[Irreplaceable]]".<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.46 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "SOS"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

This success was exceeded abroad when "Umbrella" topped the [[UK Singles Chart]] in [[May]] [[2007]], remaing at #1 for a total of ten consecutive weeks. Such achievement makes it the longest chart topper of the 21st century and since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] topped the charts in [[1994]]. Following its successful run at #1, the song dropped to #2, replaced in [[July]] [[2007]] by [[Timbaland]]'s "[[The Way I Are]]". "Umbrella" has been announced the second biggest selling single of 2007 in the [[UK]] behind [[Leona Lewis]]' "[[Bleeding Love]]". It has since re-entered the UK Top 40 at #38, before climbing to #18 the week of December 30, 2007 and maintains its steady run in the chart. "Umbrella" became the first song by a female artist to debut at #1 on the official [[UK Singles Chart]] based solely upon digital sales. Rihanna also became the seventh artist in UK history to score a tenth week at the top of the chart.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6910836.stm Rihanna achieves chart landmark]. ''BBC News UK''. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[July 24|07-24]]</ref> Overall sales of "Umbrella" (as of November 2007), stand at just over 473,000, being certified Gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]].

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at #1, spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at the position of #46, ending the year as 2007's 3rd biggest seller.<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm</ref><ref>http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached #1 on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] singles chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, ending 2007 as the years biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a #1 hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached #1 on the United World Chart, remaining for for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her positive response following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance en-pointe, an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. The video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml</ref> As of [[26 February]] [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 30,000,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]].

==Other versions==
==="Cinderella"===
[[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]] contributed his own written vocals to the song's second verse, chorus and bridge in an answer song entitled "Cinderella", which was released to radio stations on June 12, 2007, the remix achieving notable success on U.S. R&B stations for a time. Brown uses the [[auto-tune effect]] on his voice, made popular by [[T-Pain]].

===Acoustic version===

Rihanna recently went back into the studio and recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and some added lyrics<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYaXer7Yqb0&feature=related ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella (acoustic version)]</ref> and has since released the song as a bonus track to "[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]" on the [[iTunes Music Store]]

===Notable remixes===
*[[Travis Barker]] Remix
*Zax Extended Mix<ref>http://www.blender.com/news/comments.aspx?article=9492</ref>
*Remix featuring [[Lil Mama]]
*The Lindbergh Palace Remix
*[[Dancehall]] Remix featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*[[Seamus Haji]] and Paul Emanuel Remix
*[[Spanglish]] version featuring Jay-Z & Ana Velasco<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9TFu78zo8E ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella Spanglish]</ref>
*[[Will Mellor]], parody by [[Comedy Dave]] and [[Chris Moyles]]
*Forever (Umbrella Remix) by Justin Garner
*[[Vandalism (band)|Vandalism]] Remix
*[[Klaxons]] and Rihanna performed a remix of Umbrella, which featured interpolations of their song "[[Golden Skans]]", at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]]
*Together Here (Umbrella Remix) by Kado Damball

==Cover versions and parodies==
*Gay singer/song writer [[Eric Himan]] performs a version of this song, however it is not available for release yet.

*Winner of [[Australian Idol 2007]] [[Natalie Gauci]] also performed "Umbrella".

*X Factor finalists [[Hope]] performed Umbrella on the first live show of [[The X Factor|The X Factor 2007]].

*Indie singer-songwriter Scott Simons released a version of "Umbrella" on Myspace and his website which soon became an internet favorite and received radio play on several stations in the U.S. and overseas.<ref>[http://www.scottsimonsmusic.net/umbrella.html Scott Simons’s version]</ref>

*Singer songwriter [[Mechanical Bride]] released a her version on [[Transgressive Records]] at the end on 2007 on 7" vinyl.

*Upcoming singer [[Marié Digby]] released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a 'You Oughta Hear' feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

*Pop singer and actress [[Mandy Moore]] performed her own version of the song in a slower, more ballad-like arrangement. Moore stated that while she is not the biggest fan of pop music, "...you just can't deny how melodic this song is."<ref>http://music.yahoo.com/promo-42778155-53-20070813</ref>

*"Umbrella" has been covered by [[Biffy Clyro]] during an appearance on BBC Radio One's ''[[Live Lounge]]''.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/jowhiley/galleries/1796/1/]</ref>

*The Italian pop punk band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded "Umbrella" for an exclusive on their MySpace in September 2007, receiving over 30,000 plays in its first week online.<ref>http://www.myspace.com/vanillasky</ref> The music video has also been shown on [[VH1#VH1 European|VH1e]].

*[[Indie pop]] group [[Tegan and Sara]] performed a cover of the song during shows in [[Kelowna, British Columbia]], [[Calgary, Alberta]], [[Edmonton, Alberta]], [[London, Ontario]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[Washington DC]], [[Boulder, Colorado]] and Brisbane, Australia.

*Swedish metal band [[Lillasyster]] made a hard metal version of Umbrella and also a video for their version of the song under Gain Music Entertainment. This version of the song has received a lot of attention in [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Germany]] and even in [[Thailand]], and went on Swedish national radio in September 2007 and received radio play on several stations in Sweden. The video is due to be released on October 10th on [[Myspace]], Lillasyster's website and MTV and Swedish MTV did a piece on the making of the video which was aired October 3 and October 7.<ref>http://www.mtv.se/overdrive.php?StoryId=27981</ref>

*Welsh rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] cover of the song appears on a CD given away with a February 2008 special souvenir box set issue of the British music magazine [[NME]]. Additionally, their version will be available on [[iTunes]] from 5th March 2008 [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/].

*Irish/English Freakfolk artist [[Patrick Wolf]] performed a cover version of the song at the [[Lowlands]] festival in the Netherlands in 2007.

*"Umbrella" was [[parody|parodied]] by Irish radio presenters Colm and Jimjim to talk about [[Salmonella]].<ref>[http://www.soundclick.com/util/downloadSong.cfm?ID=5917622&key=C4C6EE36-A Exactly Midnight]</ref>

*[[Starsailor (band)|Starsailor]] covered the song while playing their song "Fidelity" on their Latin American tour.

*[[The Mint Chicks]] performed covered this song on New Zealand television show.

*The Axis of Awesome parodied this song in two videos for the 2007 Australian Federal Election, presented by the [[Sydney Morning Herald]]. In both videos, ex-federal treasurer [[Peter Costello]] is seen playing piano and rhyming to "Peter Costello" instead of "Umbrella"

*The Brazilian singer [[Pitty]] also covered it in a few live concerts.

*New York Group Push Play covered the song at their CD Release Party on December 22,2007 at Irving Plaza.<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dCyt4UNrOoA]</ref>

*[[Pop punk]] band [[All Time Low]] has covered this song live. A recorded version of their cover will appear on the compilation [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

*[[Taylor Swift]] performed this acoustic, which is for download on itunes.

*[[McFly]] recorded a rock cover, released as a B-Side on their 2007 single "The Heart Never Lies". They also performed it on their Greatest Hits Tour in 2007.

*The song was parodied in a 2007 episode of the [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[MADtv]]'', in which [[Nicole Parker]] and [[Keegan-Michael Key]] impersonated 2008 U.S. Presidential candidates [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]], in a video called "Under Barack Obama", which was sung to the tune of "Umbrella".

*[[Mike Shinoda]] of [[Linkin Park]] performed a section of the song at The O2 Arena in London on 28th January 2008.

*[[My Chemical Romance]] performed a short snippet of Umbrella at several live shows. This may be, perhaps, to do with [[Gerard Way]]'s release of comic book [[The Umbrella Academy]].

*Canadian Band [[Parking By Permit Only]] performed a cover of this song at Harnival in November 2007.<ref>[http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=E86meTn36lI]</ref>

*Grammy Award winners [[Keith Urban]] and [[Carrie Underwood]] performed this song as a duet in 2008 during the Love, Pain and the whole crazy Carnival Ride tour.

* [[OneRepublic]] covered this song while on tour.

* Nerdcore artist [[Shael Riley]] did an acoustic cover of the song which was posted on his Myspace.

==Reported coincidence with weather==
The song's reign at number-one in Britain occurred as the UK was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch [[Dutch Top 40|Top 40]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Euro 200]]<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref>http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{citation style}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* {{youtube|a4X7eFbP3u4}}
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://lyricwiki.org/Rihanna:Umbrella lyrics on LyricWiki]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = incumbent
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box one to two
| before = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 25]] [[2007]] - [[July 13]] [[2007]]
| after1 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after2 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Billboard Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]], [[2007]] - [[July 21]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "The World Is Mine" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokyo Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by Conchita
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Me Enamora]]" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "Me Enamora" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]

Never Forget You

2008-03-14T08:46:01Z

COMPFUNK2: Oops!

{{unref|article|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Never Forget You
| Cover = NFY.jpg
| Artist = [[Mariah Carey]]
| Album = [[Music Box (album)|Music Box]]
| Released = [[February 22]] [[1994]] ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Format = [[CD single]], [[CD maxi single]], [[cassette single]], [[cassette maxi single]], [[7-inch single|7" single]], [[12-inch maxi single|12" maxi single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 3:46
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Writer = Mariah Carey, [[Babyface]]
| Producer = Babyface, Mariah Carey, Daryl Simmons
| Last single = "[[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]]" (1993)
| This single = "[[Without You]]"/"'''Never Forget You'''" (1994)
| Next single = "[[Anytime You Need a Friend]]" (1994)
}}

"'''Never Forget You'''" is a song written by American singer [[Mariah Carey]] and [[Babyface]], and produced by Carey, Babyface and Daryl Simmons for Carey's third album ''[[Music Box (album)|Music Box]]'' (1993). It was released as the third [[single (music)|single]] from ''Music Box'' in the first quarter of 1994 (see [[1994 in music]]), as a [[double A-side]] with a cover of [[Badfinger]]'s "[[Without You]]".

At the time of the single's release, ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' magazine's rules allowed double-sided singles to chart together as one entry. The single which would pick up most airplay/sales for the respective chart would be listed as the A-side. On the U.S. pop charts, including the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], "Without You" was listed as the A-side. It reached number three on the Hot 100 and remained in the top forty for twenty-one weeks.

The [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] charts were the opposite, with "Never Forget You" being listed as the A-side. Unlike "Without You", no [[music video|video]] was commissioned for the song. It reached the top ten on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]] chart primarily because of its sales, and the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] certified it [[gold single|gold]].

[[Jermaine Dupri]]'s R&B [[remix]]es of the song are included on its maxi-single release. A radio edit and an extended version replace Babyface's original production with a new, pulsating synthetic R&B rhythm.

There was no music video commissioned for the album version or any of the remixes making it Carey's first commercially released single not to be accompanied by a video. Carey has never performed this song live.

The song has been covered by a Japanese R&B singer "[[Double (singer)|Double]]" which is featured on her greatest hits album "10 Years Best: We R&B".

==Tracklist==
'''U.S. CD Maxi'''
#Never Forget You (Radio Edit) — 3:38
#Never Forget You (Extended) — 5:19
#Never Forget You (Album Version) — 3:48
#Never Forget You (Instrumental) — 3:35
#Without You (Album Version) — 3:33

Note: Tracks 1, 2 & 4 are actually remixes by Jermaine Dupri.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Title
!align="left"|Chart (1994)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|"Without You"/"Never Forget You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100
|align="center"|3
|-
|"Never Forget You"/"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
|align="center"|7
|-
|"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40
|align="center"|2
|-
|"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40
|align="center"|9
|-
|"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
|align="center"|4
|-
|}

{{Mariah Carey singles}}

==External links==
* {{amg|10:azftxqyjldde|"Never Forget You"}}

[[Category:1994 singles]]
[[Category:Mariah Carey songs]]

[[hu:Never Forget You]]

Never Forget You

2008-03-14T08:45:44Z

COMPFUNK2: cat/tag; Music Box was her third album, not her fourth

{{unref|article|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Never Forget You
| Cover = NFY.jpg
| Artist = [[Mariah Carey]]
| Album = [[Music Box (album)|Music Box]]
| Released = [[February 22]] [[1994]] ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Format = [[CD single]], [[CD maxi single]], [[cassette single]], [[cassette maxi single]], [[7-inch single|7" single]], [[12-inch maxi single|12" maxi single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 3:46
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Writer = Mariah Carey, [[Babyface]]
| Producer = Babyface, Mariah Carey, Daryl Simmons
| Last single = "[[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]]" (1993)
| This single = "[[Without You]]"/"'''Never Forget You'''" (1994)
| Next single = "[[Anytime You Need a Friend]]" (1994)
}}

"'''Never Forget You'''" is a song written by American singer [[Mariah Carey]] and [[Babyface]], and produced by Carey, Babyface and Daryl Simmons for Carey's thirdalbum ''[[Music Box (album)|Music Box]]'' (1993). It was released as the third [[single (music)|single]] from ''Music Box'' in the first quarter of 1994 (see [[1994 in music]]), as a [[double A-side]] with a cover of [[Badfinger]]'s "[[Without You]]".

At the time of the single's release, ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' magazine's rules allowed double-sided singles to chart together as one entry. The single which would pick up most airplay/sales for the respective chart would be listed as the A-side. On the U.S. pop charts, including the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], "Without You" was listed as the A-side. It reached number three on the Hot 100 and remained in the top forty for twenty-one weeks.

The [[rhythm and blues|R&B]] charts were the opposite, with "Never Forget You" being listed as the A-side. Unlike "Without You", no [[music video|video]] was commissioned for the song. It reached the top ten on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]] chart primarily because of its sales, and the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] certified it [[gold single|gold]].

[[Jermaine Dupri]]'s R&B [[remix]]es of the song are included on its maxi-single release. A radio edit and an extended version replace Babyface's original production with a new, pulsating synthetic R&B rhythm.

There was no music video commissioned for the album version or any of the remixes making it Carey's first commercially released single not to be accompanied by a video. Carey has never performed this song live.

The song has been covered by a Japanese R&B singer "[[Double (singer)|Double]]" which is featured on her greatest hits album "10 Years Best: We R&B".

==Tracklist==
'''U.S. CD Maxi'''
#Never Forget You (Radio Edit) — 3:38
#Never Forget You (Extended) — 5:19
#Never Forget You (Album Version) — 3:48
#Never Forget You (Instrumental) — 3:35
#Without You (Album Version) — 3:33

Note: Tracks 1, 2 & 4 are actually remixes by Jermaine Dupri.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Title
!align="left"|Chart (1994)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|"Without You"/"Never Forget You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100
|align="center"|3
|-
|"Never Forget You"/"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
|align="center"|7
|-
|"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40
|align="center"|2
|-
|"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40
|align="center"|9
|-
|"Without You"
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
|align="center"|4
|-
|}

{{Mariah Carey singles}}

==External links==
* {{amg|10:azftxqyjldde|"Never Forget You"}}

[[Category:1994 singles]]
[[Category:Mariah Carey songs]]

[[hu:Never Forget You]]

Der Musterschüler (Die Simpsons)

2008-03-03T00:39:01Z

COMPFUNK2: cleanup per WP:TRIV

{{Infobox Simpsons episode

| episode_name = Bart Gets an F
| image = [[Image:7F03.jpg|200px]]|
| image_caption = [[Martin Prince|Martin]] teaching [[Bart Simpson|Bart]]
| episode_no = 14
| prod_code = 7F03
| airdate = [[October 11]], [[1990]]
| show runner = [[James L. Brooks]] [[Matt Groening]] [[Sam Simon]]
| writer =
{{ListGenBot-SourceStart|SimpsonsWriters|SimpsonsWritersS02}}
[[David M. Stern]]
{{ListGenBot-SourceEnd}}
| director =
{{ListGenBot-SourceStart|SimpsonsDirectors|SimpsonsDirectorsS02}}
[[David Silverman]]
{{ListGenBot-SourceEnd}}
| blackboard =
{{ListGenBot-SourceStart|SimpsonsBlackboard|SimpsonsBlackboardS02}}
"I will not encourage others to fly."
{{ListGenBot-SourceEnd}}
| couch_gag =
{{ListGenBot-SourceStart|SimpsonsCouchGags|SimpsonsCouchGagsS02}}
The couch falls through the floor as [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] says "[[D'oh!]]"
{{ListGenBot-SourceEnd}}
| commentary = [[Matt Groening]] [[James L. Brooks]] [[Al Jean]] [[Mike Reiss]] [[David Silverman]]
| season = 2
}}

"'''Bart Gets an F'''" is the first episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> [[The Simpsons (season 2)|second season]]. This was the first episode to feature the series' new, shorter [[The Simpsons opening sequence|opening sequence]].

==Plot==
When Bart presents his book report at [[Springfield Elementary School|school]] on ''[[Treasure Island]]'', it is clear to everyone that he has not read the book. [[Edna Krabappel|Mrs. Krabappel]] proves her suspicion when Bart is unable to answer her question about the name of the pirate in the book. After school, Mrs. Krabappel tells Bart his grades have steadily gotten worse and warns him about an upcoming exam on [[Colonial America]]; Bart does not pay attention. At home, Bart tries to study but [[procrastination|procrastinates]] instead. The next day at school, Bart "collapses" in class to get out of taking the test, and the nurse sends him home after diagnosing him with [[Phlebitis|amoria phlebitis]].

At home that night, Bart again fails to study, instead calling [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] for the answers. The next day at school, Bart takes the test but fails; Krapabbel tells him his effort is "worse than Milhouse's exam." Homer and Marge are called in to meet with Krabappel and school psychiatrist [[Dr. J. Loren Pryor]]. They are told that Bart is an underachiever and that they recommend [[grade retention|holding him back]].

Bart finds out he may flunk fourth grade and, in desperation, asks [[Martin Prince|Martin]] for help. He helps Bart study, and Bart reciprocates by showing him how to be more popular, which encourages him to take on some of Bart's bad attitudes. Bart reminds the "new" Martin about the test, but he ignores it, preferring to hang out with his new friends and play practical jokes. Left with little time to study on his own, Bart prays to God that something will happen to make him miss school the next day so he can have more time to study. That night, Springfield is hit with a massive blizzard, and the schools are closed.

After receiving word of the school closures, Bart excitedly prepares for a fun snow day. However, Lisa reminds him of his prayer, and he decides to study for the rest of the day while everyone is outside having fun. Bart actually concentrates while he is studying, and after he finishes the test, he asks Mrs. Krabappel to grade it immediately. She gives it back to him, and he sees that he got 59%, another F. Extremely upset at this failure after his honest effort, Bart breaks down over the fact that now he knows how [[George Washington]] felt when he surrendered [[Fort Necessity]] to the [[France|French]] in [[1754]]. Mrs. Krabappel, stunned at this obscure historical reference, realizes that Bart did study after all. She gives Bart an extra point for demonstrating applied knowledge, pushing his grade up to a D-. Bart is proud of this, and he tells everybody he actually passed before realising he had kissed the teacher. Homer proudly displays Bart's new personal best on the refrigerator.

== Cultural references ==
* ''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'' — The scene where everyone in Whoville gathers around the town circle, holds hands and begins singing is mimicked by the townspeople of Springfield.
* ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' — Bart's claim, "As God is my witness, I can pass the fourth grade!" is a reference to a nearly identical quote from [[Scarlett O'Hara]] ("As God is my witness, I'll never be hungry again!").
* ''[[King Kong]]'' — The movie ''Gorilla the Conqueror'' is a spoof of the 1933 (and subsequent 1976 remake) film.
* [[Pirate|Famous pirates]] — Various pirates and other characters that Bart thinks may be the main character of "[[Treasure Island]]":
** [[Blackbeard]] — The English pirate behind a reign of terror in the [[Caribbean Sea]] between 1716 and 1718.
** [[Bluebeard]] — Actually not a pirate, but the title character of [[Charles Perrault]]'s 1697 novel about a violent nobleman; this was Bart's answer to Mrs. Krabappel's question.
** [[Captain Hook]] — From ''[[Peter and Wendy]]''.
** [[Captain Nemo]] — From [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]''.
** [[Long John Silver]] — The correct answer to Krabappel's question asking for the identity of the pirate from ''[[Treasure Island]]''.
** [[Peg-Leg Pete]] — From the [[Walt Disney]] family of cartoons.
* [[Samuel Johnson]] — In her admonition to Bart, Lisa changes the first word of the 18th century essayist's famous 1775 quote, "Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel" to "prayer".
* The sled [[Benjamin Franklin]] is carrying in Bart's daydream about the [[Continental Congress]] reads "Don't sled on me," a reference to the legend on the Continental flag, "[[Don't Tread on Me]]."

==Reception==
The episode was ranked 31st on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> list of the 100 Greatest Moments in Television.<ref>{{cite news | author = Bruce Fretts | title = The 100 Greatest Moments In Television/1990s | publisher = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' | date = [[1999]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,274576_2,00.html | accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref>

It marked the first time that ''The Simpsons'' aired at the same time as ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' on [[NBC]]. It averaged an 18.4 [[Nielsen Rating]] and 29% of the audience. In the weeks ratings, it finished tied for eighth behind ''The Cosby Show'' which had an 18.5 rating. However, an estimated 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the [[Fox Network]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Don't have a cow, man! More viewers watch 'The Simpsons' than 'Cosby'! |date=[[1990-10-18]]|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=C5|publisher=[[The Deseret News]]|author=Scott D. Pierce}}</ref> At the time, NBC had 208 television stations, while Fox only had 133.<ref>{{cite news|title=" The Simpsons ,' "Cosby' square off in second round |date=[[1990-10-18]]|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=6F|publisher=[[The Tampa Tribune]]|author=Walt Belcher}}</ref> It is still the highest rated episode in the history of the show.<ref>http://television.aol.com/feature/the-simpsons/3</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|The_Simpsons#Bart_Gets_an_F_.5B2.01.5D|Bart Gets an F}}
{{portal|The Simpsons}}
*{{snpp capsule|7F03}}
*{{imdb episode|id=0763024|episode=Bart Gets an F}}

[[Category:The Simpsons episodes, season 2]]
[[Category:1991 television episodes]]

[[es:Bart Gets An F]]
[[fr:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera (Les Simpson)]]
[[nl:Bart Gets an F]]
[[no:Bart Gets an F]]
[[fi:Ihme (Simpsonit-jakso)]]

Life Savers

2008-02-28T00:28:23Z

COMPFUNK2: restructure

{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{otheruses4|the candy||Life saver}}
[[Image:Lifesavers wrapped.jpg|thumb|A Life Savers Five-Flavor roll.]]

'''Life Savers''' is an [[United States|American]] brand of ring-shaped [[mint (candy)|mints]] and fruit-flavored [[candy|hard candy]]. The candy is known for its distinctive packaging, coming in [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]] rolls of eleven pieces.

In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane (Cleveland, Ohio) invented Life Savers as a "summer candy" that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature [[Life_preservers#Throwable_PFDs|life preservers]], he called them Life Savers. After registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble (1882-1958) for $2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, Noble created tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers® flavor. Noble founded the Life Savers Candy Company in 1913 and significantly expanded the market for the candy by installing Lifesavers displays next to the cash registers of restaurants and grocery stores. He also trained the retails owners always to give customers a nickel in their change as doing so would increase sales of Lifesavers. Since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935.

Life Savers was a [[subsidiary]] of [[Kraft Foods]] before being purchased by the [[Wrigley Company]] in [[2004]]. In recent years, the brand has expanded to include '''Gummi Savers''', '''Life Saver Minis''', '''Life Saver Fusions''', '''Creme Savers'''. Discontinued brands include '''Fruit Juicers''', '''Holes''', '''Life Saver [[Lollipop]]s''' and '''Squeezit'''.

==History==
[[Image:VioletLifeSavers.jpg|thumb|Violet Life Savers Ad from 1921.]]
Life Savers candy was first created in [[1912]] by [[Clarence Arthur Crane]], a [[Garrettsville, Ohio]] [[candy maker]] and father of the famed poet [[Hart Crane]]. Crane was looking for a new "summer candy" to supplement his chocolate business, which slumped in hot weather.

Crane developed a line of hard mints but didn't have the space or machinery to make them. He contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. The pill manufacturer, whose machinery was malfunctioning, found that the pressing process worked much better when the mints were stamped with a hole in the middle.

Crane called the new candy "Crane's Peppermint Life Savers," because they looked like miniature [[Life preserver#Throwable PFDs|throwable life preservers]]. The ring-shaped devices were just beginning to come into use after the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'' disaster]].

In 1913, Crane sold the formula for his Life Savers candy to [[Edward Noble]] for only $2,900. Noble started his own candy company and began producing and selling the mints known as Pep-O-Mint Life Savers. He also began to package the mints into rolls wrapped in [[tinfoil]] to prevent them from going stale. This process was done by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Noble's brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process.

Robert Peckham Noble, Edward Noble's brother and a Purdue educated engineer, took his younger brother's entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the manufacturing facilities needed to expand the company. The Lifesavers primary manufacturing plant was located in Port Chester, NY. Robert P. Noble led the company as its Chief Executive Officer and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s.

By 1919, six other mint flavors (Wint-O-Green, Cl-O-ve, Lic-O-Rice, Cinn-O-Mon, Vi-O-let and Choc-O-Late) had been developed, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s. In 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was received so poorly that is was discontinued after only a few years.<ref>''New Yorker Magazine''Feb. 28, 1925 Issue, Pages 47-50.</ref> In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]].

Noble promoted the candy at the cash registers of saloons, cigar stores, drug stores, barber shops, and restaurants. He had the candy placed, with a five-cent price, near the cash register. Noble soon began to create and sell many other flavors.

In 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops. In 1925, technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies. These were introduced as the "fruit drop with the hole" and came in four flavors, namely, Grape, Orange, Lemon and Lime, each of which were packaged in their own separate rolls. In contrast to the opaque white mints previously produced by the company, these new candies were crystal-like in appearance. These new flavors quickly became popular with the public. Three new flavors were quickly introduced, namely, Anise, Cola and Root Beer, which were made in the clear fruit drop style. These did not prove to be as popular as the original four fruit drop flavors. In 1931, rolls of Pineapple and Cherry fruit drops were introduced. As the public response proved positive, a new variety of mint, called Cryst-O-Mint, made in this same crystal-like style was introduced in 1932. In 1935, the classic "Five-Flavor" rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors in each roll. This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2003-08-14-LifeSavers_x.htm
| title = LifeSavers changes its stripes Friday
| last = Howard
| first = Theresa
| date = [[August 14]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[USA Today]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Raspberry-, watermelon- and blackberry-flavored "O's" will replace the traditional orange, lemon and lime.}}
</ref> In the late 1930's and early 1940's, four new mint flavors were introduced: Molas-O-Mint, Spear-O-Mint, Choc-O-Mint and Stik-O-Pep.

In 1981, Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation. A number of early mint flavors, including Cl-O-Ve, Vi-O-Let, Lic-O-Rice and Cinn-O-Mon were discontinued due to poor sales. Nabisco introduced a new Cinnamon flavor ("Hot Cin-O-Mon") as a clear fruit drop type candy. This replaced the white mint flavor Cinn-O-Mon which had recently been discontinued. The other original mint flavors have never been revived (although a mint similar to Vi-O-Let Life Savers continues to be manufactured by [[C. Howard's Violet candies|C. Howard]]). A number of other flavors were also quickly discontinued, after Nabisco took over, in order to make the business more profitable. In 2004, the USA Life Savers business was acquired by Wrigley's. Wrigley's introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in over sixty years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint.

Life Savers production for North America was based in [[Holland, Michigan]], United States, for many years, but in [[2002]] production was moved to [[Montréal]], [[Québec]], [[Canada]]. Significantly lower sugar prices in that country is the reason behind the move.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0320-02.htm
| title = Workers Feel Like Suckers
| last = Frammolino
| first = Ralph
| date = [[March 20]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Life Savers is moving its candy factory from Michigan to Canada, where sugar is cheaper, displacing 600 employees.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1138434
| title = Life Savers
| last =
| first =
| date = [[February 21]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[National Public Radio|NPR]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The candy's manufacturer says sugar prices in the U.S. are too high, and it is moving the factory from Holland, Michigan, to Canada.}}
</ref>
The company was headquartered in [[Port Chester, New York]], where the distinctive former headquarters building (now apartments) still retains some Lifesavers signage.

==Trivia==
{{trivia|date=June 2007}}
*Wint-O-Green and Cl-O-Ve<ref>EN Harvey "The luminescence of sugar wafers," ''Science'' magazine, 14 July 1939: Vol. 90. no. 2324, pp. 35–36.</ref> (now discontinued) Life Savers are known for their ability to produce bright sparks when bitten in a dark room, due to [[triboluminescence]] produced by an electrical charge produced by grinding [[methyl salicylate|wintergreen]] or [[clove]] oil and sugar together.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://home.howstuffworks.com/question505.htm
| title = Why do Wint-O-Green Life Savers spark in the dark?
| last =
| first =
| date =
| publisher = [[HowStuffWorks]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote =
}}</ref>

*[[Pixar Animation Studios]] animated many commercials for the company before [[Pixar]] became famous for its [[short films]], like [[Luxo Jr.]]

*The [[South Africa]]n chorus group [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] sang the distinctive [[a cappella]] songs used in Life Savers and Creme Savers commercials throughout the [[1990s]].

*There is an [[urban legend]] about the creation of Life Savers which states that the creator's daughter died after choking on a hard candy, and that the hole in the middle was included to prevent further death (thus earning the name Life Saver). This tale is often mistaken for truth and is probably more well-known than the real origin story.

*[[Brian Sandoval]] has done voiceovers for Life Savers.

*The 1932 [[Marx Brothers]] movie [[Horse Feathers]] features a scene in which [[Thelma Todd]] falls out of a canoe and into a river. She calls for a life saver and [[Groucho Marx]] tosses her the candy.

*''[[Croc 2]]'', a 1999 video game appearing on the PlayStation, Windows PC, and GameBoy Color platforms, prominently featured various large [[Gummi Savers]] as trampolines of sorts for the main character to vault over obstacles.

==Timeline==
*1912: Crane's Peppermint Life Savers created by Clarence Crane in Garrettsville, Ohio.
*1913: Edward Noble bought the Life Saver formula, renamed Pep-O-Mint Life Savers, and started Mint Products Company in New York City.
*1921: The first fruit flavors were produced as solid candies.
*1925: Technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies.
*1931: Life Savers Limited acquired Beech-Nut and the two merged companies became Squibb Beech-Nut Inc.
*1935: The Original Five-Flavor roll of Life Savers debuted.
*1975: [[Bubble Yum]] soft bubble gum launched.
*1981: Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation.
*1987: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by [[The Hershey Company|Hershey]] Canada.
*1996: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by Beta Brands Limited.
*2004: USA Life Savers business Acquired By [[Wrigley's]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=WWY&script=410&layout=0&item_id=643926
| title = Wrigley to Add Life Savers(R) and Altoids(R) to Its Confectionery Portfolio
| last =
| first =
| date = [[November 15]] [[2004]]
| publisher = [[Wrigley]]
| format = Press Release
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company announced today that it has entered into an agreement to purchase certain confectionery assets of Kraft Foods for $1.48 billion. The transaction includes ownership of well-known, iconic brand franchises - such as Life Savers, Creme Savers, and Altoids - as well as production facilities in the United States and Europe.
}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Polo mint]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.candystand.com CandyStand] Official Life Savers Candy Site.
* [http://www.candystand.com/lifesavers/ls_flavorfulroll.aspx/ Life Saver History] Flash version time-line from 1912 to today.

{{Wrigley}}

[[Category:Brand name confectionery]]
[[Category:Wrigley brands]]
[[Category:1912 introductions]]

[[fr:Life Savers]]

Cat Deeley

2008-02-27T06:02:54Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{BLPsources|date=February 2008}}
{{Infobox actor
|name= Cat Deeley
|image =Space Cat Deeley 024.jpg
|caption= Cat at the Space_nk launch in London. May, 2006.
|birthname= Catherine Elizabeth Deeley
|birthdate={{birth date and age|1976|10|23|df=yes}}
|birthplace=[[Sutton Coldfield]], [[England]]
|occupation=Model, presenter, host
|yearsactive= 1990s – present
|baftaawards= '''Best Presenter''' 2001 ''[[SMTV Live]]''
|partner=
}}
'''Catherine Elizabeth "Cat" Deeley''' (born [[23 October]] [[1976]]) is an [[English people|English]] [[disc jockey]], [[television personality]] and former fashion model, who rose to fame at the age of 21, co-hosting the well-known children's series ''[[SMTV Live]]'', alongside [[Anthony McPartlin]] and [[Declan Donnelly]], for also hosting ''[[Stars in their Eyes]]'' since [[2004]], and for hosting ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'', since its second season in [[2006]].

==Early life==
The elder of two children, born in [[Sutton Coldfield]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]], Deeley attended Grove Vale Infant School in [[Great Barr]], [[Birmingham]], followed by [[Dartmouth High School (Sandwell)|Dartmouth High School]], where she played [[clarinet]] in the [[Sandwell]] Youth Concert Band. She continued her education at [[Bishop Vesey's Grammar School]]'s [[Sixth Form]]. After achieving nine A grade [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]] and four [[Advanced Level (UK)|A-level]]s at school, Deeley became a full time [[Model (person)|fashion model]]. She occasionally hung out with her brother Max, becoming a [[tomboy]]. Prior to this, she entered a regional [[BBC]] competition called ''The Clothes Show'', where she made it through to the finals. She was spotted by an agent, and Deeley signed with the Storm modelling agency, where [[Kate Moss]] was also on the roster. She shortened her first name to Cat because there were several other Storm models named Catherine.

==Television career==
Her first television appearance was in 1994 as a model on the daytime show [[Kilroy]]. When briefly interviewed by the host [[Robert Kilroy-Silk]], she spoke with a very strong [[West-Midlands]] accent. An accent later discarded by Deeley when pursuing further television work.

Deeley left [[Model (person)|modelling]] after two years and became an [[MTV]] UK presenter in [[1997]]. She usually co-hosted with [[Edith Bowman]], with whom Deeley is friends.

From [[1998]] - [[2002]], she was co-host with [[Ant & Dec]] on the Saturday morning children's show ''[[SMTV Live]]'' and also hosted its spin-off shows [[CD:UK]] (From [[1998]] -[[2005]]) and ''CD:UK Hotshots''. In [[2001]], she won a Children's [[BAFTA]] award for best presenter and appeared in an episode of the [[BBC]]'s [[Happiness]]. In [[2002]], Deeley appeared in a television commercial for the British high street store [[Marks and Spencer]].

Other programmes she hosted include ''[[The Record of the Year]]'', ''[[Fame Academy]]'', ''The [[2004 BRIT Awards]]'' and ''[[Stars in Their Eyes]]'', as well as a weekly show on London's [[Capital Radio|Capital FM]] and [[BBC Choice]] series ''Roadtripping'' both with former MTV colleague [[Edith Bowman]]. In [[2003]] she became patron of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]], and in [[2005]] she played herself in an episode of [[Little Britain]] and provided the voice of "Loretta Geargrinder" in the UK version of the film [[Robots (film)|Robots]] replacing [[Natasha Lyonne]]

Since [[2006]], she began hosting the second season of [[United States|American]] [[reality show]] ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'', replacing [[Lauren Sanchez]], who was pregnant at the time. Deeley interviewed [[Kylie Minogue]] for a television special which aired in the United Kingdom on [[Sky One]] on [[16 July]] [[2006]], in Australia on [[Channel Nine]] on [[17 July]] [[2006]] and BBC America on [[9 September]] [[2006]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5093926.stm BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Sky to show first Kylie interview]</ref><ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19533629-1702,00.html</ref><ref>[http://bbcamerica.com/index.jsp BBC America - Home Page]</ref>

Deeley also had a stint as a guest reporter on [[NBC]]'s [[Tonight Show]] around this time. She has presented [[Fox]]'s ''New Year's Eve special'' live from [[Times Square]] in 2006 and 2007.<ref>[http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-News-Blog/Todays-News/Cat-Deeley-Does/800028352 Cat Deeley Does New Year's, More Short Cuts - Today's News: Our Take | TVGuide.com]</ref>

She is also an entertainment contributor for [[ABC News]], providing coverage from various awards shows including the [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globes]] and the [[Grammy]] and [[Academy Awards]].

In 2007, she presented the British coverage of season 6 of ''[[American Idol]]'' for [[ITV2]]. She filmed segments and interviews with celebrity guests and eliminated contestants for UK audiences that were shown just before and after commercial breaks. However, this was not popular with viewers who saw Deeley's role as 'unnecessary'. She will not return with season 7 of ''[[American Idol]]'' in 2008.

For a period, Deeley was the face of [[Shape]] ''Water'' and a number of [[Garnier]] [[Fructis]] products, appearing in print and television advertising in the [[UK]] and [[Ireland]].

She is known to be a friend of the fashion designer [[Matthew Williamson]] and frequently wears his clothes during red carpet events.

On [[July 1]], [[2007]], Deeley was one of many celebrity speakers appearing at the [[Concert For Diana]]. The event, watched by an estimated 500 million viewers worldwide, was held at the new [[Wembley Stadium]].

In January 2008, a new series of ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' started its auditions, with Deeley again hosting.

She is to return to the UK to host a new dating show called The Big Match and to host the UK version of ''So You Think You Can Dance''.

==Personal life==
As a result of her ambition to break into [[Hollywood]], Deeley's long term relationship with PR Executive Mark Whelan broke down.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/article/ds29606.html Showbiz - News - Cat Deeley has Hollywood ambitions - Digital Spy]</ref> Deeley then moved to Los Angeles in May [[2006]], as she stated on a late night TV interview with [[Craig Ferguson]].<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/article/ds34340.html Showbiz - News - Cat Deeley loving new life in the States - Digital Spy]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{imdb|0214299}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Davina McCall]]|
title=Host of ''[[Stars in their Eyes]]''|
years=2004-present|
after= Incumbent|
}}
{{end box}}

{{So You Think You Can Dance}}
{{Fame Academy}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cat Deeley
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Catherine Elizabeth Deeley
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Television host and presenter
|DATE OF BIRTH=23 October 1976
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Birmingham, England
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deeley, Cat}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:British journalists]]
[[Category:American Idol participants]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:English radio personalities]]
[[Category:Idol series participants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English female models]]
[[Category:People of Irish descent in Great Britain]]
[[Category:People from Sutton Coldfield]]
[[Category:People from West Bromwich]]

We Ride

2008-02-26T16:08:57Z

COMPFUNK2: rv per WP:RS

{{for|the Mary J. Blige song|We Ride (I See the Future)}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = We Ride
| Cover = Weride1.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]]
| from Album = [[A Girl like Me]]
| Released = [[September]] [[2006]] (U.S.) [[23 October]], [[2006]] (UK)
| Recorded = Battery Studios, [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
| Format = [[Digital download]], [[CD single]], [[12-inch maxi single|12" maxi single]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 3:56
| Label = [[Def Jam Records|Def Jam]]/SRP
| Writer = M. Riddick, T. Hermansen, M. Eriksen
| Producer = [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]]
| Last single = "[[Unfaithful (song)|Unfaithful]]" (2006)
| This single = "We Ride" (2006)
| Next single = "[[Break It Off]]" (2006)
}}

"'''We Ride'''" is a [[pop music|pop]]/[[contemporary R&B|R&B]] song written by [[Tor Erik Hermansen]], [[Mikkel S. Eriksen]], and Makeba Riddick for [[Rihanna]]'s second studio album ''[[A Girl like Me]]'' (2006). The song was confirmed as the album's third [[single (music)|single]] by [[MTV]]<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml?headlines=true Confirmed as third single]</ref> and released in mid-2006 in the [[United states]], where it failed to enter the ''[[Billboard]]'' [[Hot 100]]. Elsewhere, it reached the [[RIANZ|New Zealand Singles Chart]] top ten and [[UK Singles Chart]] top twenty. Because of its relative underperformance, the 2006 single "[[Break It Off]]" featuring [[Sean Paul]] began receiving [[airplay (radio)|airplay]] earlier than expected.

==Song information==
"We Ride" is a pop song with R&B influences which is about a woman's past painful relationship. She sings about how he's been promising that they will be together forever but she continues to describe moments which he did things that could tear them apart. Rihanna sings "when we ride, we ride, its 'til the day that we die". In the second verse she flashes back on the time they had together. The song is written and produced by Stargate, the team that produced and co-wrote [[Ne-Yo]]'s "[[So Sick]]" and "[[Sexy Love]]", Mis-Teeq's "Scandalous" as well as Rihanna's previous single "[[Unfaithful]]".
This song made #38 on ''[[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]'s Top 100 Video Countdown of 2006''.

==Music video==
[[Image:WeRideVideo.png|thumb|left|Rihanna in the music video.]]

The music video was shot in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] as well as Florida Keys and was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video features Rihanna "chilling with her girls."
On [[September 18]] the video premiered on [[MuchMusic]] in Canada. The video premiered on [[Total Request Live]] on [[September 20]]. The video debuted on ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #9 on [[September 25]].

==Remixes==
[[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] produced the main remix commissioned for the single. They also produced the original album version. Lenny Bertoldo and [[Kurtis Mantronik]] remixed the song for dance clubs.

# "We Ride" (Radio) – 3:56
# "We Ride" (No Hi Hat) – 3:56
# "We Ride" (Instrumental) – 3:54
# "We Ride" (Stargate Remix) – 3:58
# "We Ride" (Mantronix Club Mix) – 6:25
# "We Ride" (Mantronix Radio Edit) – 4:12
# "We Ride" (Mantronix Dub) – 6:25
# "We Ride" (Lenny B Club Mix) – 8:24
# "We Ride" (Lenny B Radio Edit) – 3:52
# "We Ride" (Lenny B Dub) – 7:11
# "We Ride" (Runaway Statue Remix) – 2:45 (featuring [[Layzie Bone]] and [[Flesh-n-Bone]])

== Chart performance ==
"We Ride" first debuted onto the US billboard bubbling under hot 100 singles chart, and eventually peaked at #6 on that chart, which is equivalent to #106. "We Ride" never made it onto the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Rihanna's lowest charting single and is to date her lowest charting single worldwide also. "We Ride" was somewhat stronger in the UK where it became Rihanna's fifth consecutive top 20 hit peaking at #17. A reason why the single may have failed may be due to the fact that many fans had pushed for "Break It Off" to be released as the third single, but it was instead released as the successor to "We Ride" which may have caused the song to perform poorly on the charts. "We Ride" reached #24 in Australia, her first song not to reach the top ten, and #45 in Germany. The song performed better in countries like the Philippines, Switzerland, Poland and New Zealand where it peaked at #2, #3, #4 and #7 respectively.

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2006)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|24
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart
|align="center"|40
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"|30
|-
|align="left"|Euro 200 Chart <ref>[http://www.euro200.eu Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|106
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|45
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|Italy Singles Chart <ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italy FIMI Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|31
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|Polish National Top 50 <ref>[http://euro200.eu.mialias.net/Polish-Top50.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|24
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|22
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart
|align="center"|42
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|106
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]
|align="center"|84
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before= "Party People" by [[Altar (dance music band)|Altar]] featuring [[Jeanie Tracy]]
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|U.S. ''Billboard'']] [[Hot Dance Club Play]] number-one single
| years = [[February 3]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Illegal (song)|Illegal]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Carlos Santana]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Rihanna}}

[[Category:Rihanna songs]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Stargate]]

[[he:We Ride]]
[[pl:We Ride]]

Brandon Flowers

2008-02-24T03:10:49Z

COMPFUNK2: rv per WP:RS

{{otheruses4|the musician|the football player|Brandon Flowers (American football)}}
----
{{BLPsources|date=February 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Brandon Flowers
| Img = Brandon-Flowers-The-Killers.jpg‎

| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Brandon Richard Flowers
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1981|6|21}}
| Origin = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Instrument = [[lead vocals|Vocals]], [[keyboards]], [[bass guitar]]
| Genre = [[Post-punk revival]], [[Alternative Rock]], [[Indie Rock]]
| Occupation = Musician
| Years_active = 2001-present
| Associated_acts = [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]]
| URL =
| Current_members =
| Past_members =
| Notable_instruments =
}}
'''Brandon Richard Flowers''' (born [[June 21]], [[1981]]) is the [[vocalist]] and [[keyboardist]] of the [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]-based [[post-punk]] [[rock band|band]] [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]].

==Early life==
Flowers, the youngest of six children, was born on [[June 21]], [[1981]] in [[Henderson, Nevada]] (outside [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]) to parents of partial [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Lithuania]]n ancestry.<ref name=Interview> Interview [http://community.livejournal.com/_killmenow_/71160.html Interview]</ref> He has one older brother and four older sisters.<ref name="Spin"/> Flowers's family lived in Henderson until he was eight and then moved to [[Nephi, Utah]].<ref name="Spin">[http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2004/11/lady_killer_interview_killers_brandon_flowers/ "SPIN.com: The Lady Killer: An Interview with the Killers' Brandon Flowers"]. [[Spin.com]]. Published November 2004.</ref> Brandon lived in Nephi until his junior year in high school, when he moved back to Las Vegas. His mother was a [[homemaker]] and his father worked for a [[grocery store]].<ref name="Spin"/> His parents raised Brandon and the rest of the family as active members of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and Flowers remains a devout member of the faith.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="Spin"/> He has since attributed his [[fashion sense]] to his doting sisters.<ref name=Genre>Timmermans, Arjan (2005). [http://www.genremagazine.com/2005/6-1/magazine/content/str8dude.cfm "Arranging Flowers"] Genre ''Magazine''</ref>

The person most responsible for Flowers's musical development is his brother Shane, 12 years his senior, who showed him [[The Smiths|Smiths]] videos and [[U2]]'s ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'' movie.<ref name="Spin"/> His older brother also introduced him to [[the Cars]], [[the Beatles]], [[Morrissey]], and [[the Cure]].<ref name="Spin"/> Musically, Flowers identifies as an [[anglophile]] and also as a fan of the bands [[New Order]], [[the Smiths]], and [[Pet Shop Boys]]. He credits the latter's song "[[Being Boring]]", especially the [[lyrics]] "I never dreamt that I would get to be/The creature that I always meant to be", as a major life influence.<ref name="Observer">[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1877578,00.html Craig McLean talks to the Killers' singer Brandon Flowers | Magazine | The Observer]</ref> He has stated that "It was really weird because other kids were buying Tool and Nirvana and I was buying the Cars and the Psychedelic Furs. I was pretty alienated as a kid."<ref name="Spin"/>

Flowers once used a [[Ouija]] board and gained a fear of the number [[621]], which relates to his birthday, June 21. Flowers is convinced he is going to die on that day. He said: "It's just stupid, it is not a way to live. Once I had to fly to Glastonbury on my birthday; that was a real mess."<ref name=Ouija>Flowers' Ouija death threat[http://europe.real.com/guide/bang/1/4180.html]</ref>

==Career==

[[Image:Brandon wiki.jpg|thumb|Brandon playing the piano in [[T in the park]] 2007.]]

==Controversies==
Flowers was known for initiating feuds between The Killers and other bands, such as [[The Bravery]], [[Fall Out Boy]], and [[Panic at the Disco]].{{Fact|date=May 2007}} On July 14, 2006, however, he apologized to the bands in an interview to [[AOL]] Music, saying "I'd like to take it all back. These people are just doing what they want to do, just like I am...I'm actually a nice person and I love people. I just am opinionated, and sometimes jealous. It's not something I'm proud of." Frontman Sam Endicott (of The Bravery) and bassist/frontman Pete Wentz (of Fall Out Boy) reportedly received, and accepted, telephone apologies prior to the article's publication. With regard to the criticisms leveled at Panic at the Disco, Flowers said "I don't even know what their music's like, or if I would even like it...That made me feel even worse, to think they could have been fans of ours and I hurt their feelings. That's just stupid."<ref>[http://www.aolmusicnewsblog.com/2006/07/25/killers-bury-the-hatchet-with-panic-fall-out-boy?ncid=AOLMUS00050000000034 Killers Bury Hatchet With Panic!, Fall Out Boy - PopEater Music Blog]</ref><ref>http://www.buzznet.com/tags/brandon%20flowers/journals/57640</ref> Flowers has also criticized [[Green Day]] for what he sees as their calculated [[anti-Americanism]]. Specifically, Flowers found a video of Green Day performing the song "[[American Idiot (song)|American Idiot]]" in the [[UK]] distasteful. The taping of the concert, featured on ''[[Bullet in a Bible]]'', shows thousands of Europeans singing along to "American Idiot". He said, "I just thought it was really cheap. To go to a place like England or Germany and sing that song - those kids aren't taking it the same way that he meant it."

Canadian-American singer-songwriter [[Rufus Wainwright]] wrote a song about Flowers called "Tulsa" for his fifth album "Release The Stars". Wainwright has stated in numerous interviews that it was inspired by their first meeting in a bar in Tulsa, Oklahoma. According to Wainwright, Flowers has yet to contact him and reply to the song.

Flowers also had a feud with [[Tom DeLonge]] of [[Angels & Airwaves]] after Tom called him a "boast biter". This remark came when Flowers was quoted saying ''[[Sam's Town]]'' would be "one of the best albums in the past twenty years". DeLonge made a similar remark before the release of his band's debut album, ''[[We Don't Need To Whisper]]''.

== Personal life ==
On [[August 2]], [[2005]], Flowers married longtime girlfriend Tana Munblowsky in a private ceremony in [[Hawaii]].<ref name=vh1>No byline (2005). [http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1507029/20050805/killers_the.jhtml "Killers Singer Brandon Flowers Marries Longtime Girlfriend"] VH1.com (accessed Oct. 14, 2006)</ref> The two dated for approximately four years before they wed. On [[July 14]], [[2007]], the Flowers's first child, a boy named Ammon Richard Flowers, was born.<ref>Wigney, James(July 29, 2007). [http://www.news.com.au/sundaymail/story/0,23739,22148918-5003421,00.html "More from The Killers"] Retrieved July 28, 2007.</ref>

Occasionally, the media have speculated that Flowers is homosexual or bisexual. The lyrics to "Andy, You're a Star" and the hit-single "Somebody Told Me" (both written by Flowers) feature sexual ambiguity. In response to such speculation, Flowers said in a Genre 2005 interview that "Andy, You're a Star" was "free for people to interpret as their own." This comment was somewhat more reticent than an earlier statement made in a 2004 QLas Vegas interview, where he claimed it was about a crush that he had had on a male athlete while attending high school. When asked about the crush, he responded that he is "very aware of [his] sexuality" and that he does like women. Flowers has also stated that some confusion over his sexual identity is "not a bad thing," but did say "I'm not gay."

Although an active [[Mormon]] himself, in the past Flowers has smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol (substances forbidden under the church's [[Word of Wisdom]] doctrine). He has mentioned in [[Q Magazine]] that part of the reason he drank was because he felt nervous getting up on stage and performing.
However, he has said that he belongs to a "very tolerant gathering."<ref name=arjan>Arjan (2005)[http://www.arjanwrites.com/arjanwrites/2005/06/interview_with_.html "Interview with Brandon Flowers"] ''ArjanWrites.com'' (accessed April 12, 2006)</ref> In an August 2005 interview with [[Rolling Stone]], Flowers mentioned trying to cut back, and as of November 22, 2006, Flowers gave up smoking by using a [[German Chamomile|chamomile]] concoction prescribed by a [[Germans|German]] doctor. Flowers says the concoction is good for his voice.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Selected events==
Flowers won [[NME Awards|NME magazine awards]] in 2005 for "Best Dressed" and "Sexiest Man."<ref name=sexy>(2005). [http://www.nme.com/awards/news/19257 "Shockwave NME Awards - The Winners] ''NME.com'' (accessed April 12, 2006)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

http://www.nme.com/news/the-killers/29731

==External links==
{{wikiquotepar|Brandon Flowers}}
{{commonscat|Brandon Flowers}}
*'''[http://www.thekillersmusic.com/ The Killers official site], from [[Island Records]]'''
*'''[http://www.thekillers.co.uk/ The Killers official site (U.K.)], from the Vertigo label'''
*[http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2005/11/051118_flowers/ "The Music That Changed My Life: Brandon Flowers"], Interview by Kyle Anderson, from ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine''
*[http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/57889 "Former BYU's student's brother is lead singer of the Killers"], interview by Erin Pierce and Dan Monson about Flowers visiting his brother at college, from ''[[The Daily Universe]]''
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1877578,00.html Songs of Praise], Craig McLean talks to the Killers' singer about resisting temptation, from ''[[The Observer]]''
* [http://www.killershotel.com] Indie Rock Fans Website]
 
{{The Killers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flowers, Brandon}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:American keyboardists]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American rock musicians]]
[[Category:Scottish-Americans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Las Vegas]]
[[Category:The Killers members]]

[[ca:Brandon Flowers]]
[[cs:Brandon Flowers]]
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[[fr:Brandon Flowers]]
[[it:Brandon Flowers]]
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[[zh:布蘭登·夫洛爾]]

Life Savers

2008-02-22T08:19:07Z

COMPFUNK2: restructure/tag

{{otheruses4|the candy||Life saver}}
----
{{articleissues|article=y|trivia=June 2007|refimprove=January 2008}}
[[Image:Lifesavers wrapped.jpg|thumb|A Life Savers Five-Flavor roll.]]

'''Life Savers''' is an [[United States|American]] brand of ring-shaped [[mint (candy)|mints]] and fruit-flavored [[hard candy]]. The candy is known for its distinctive packaging, coming in [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]] rolls of eleven pieces.

In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane (Cleveland, Ohio) invented Life Savers as a "summer candy" that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature [[Life_preservers#Throwable_PFDs|life preservers]], he called them Life Savers. After registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble (1882-1958) for $2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, Noble created tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers® flavor. Noble founded the Life Savers Candy Company in 1913 and significantly expanded the market for the candy by installing Lifesavers displays next to the cash registers of restaurants and grocery stores. He also trained the retails owners always to give customers a nickel in their change as doing so would increase sales of Lifesavers. Since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935.

Life Savers was a [[subsidiary]] of [[Kraft Foods]] before being purchased by the [[Wrigley Company]] in [[2004]]. In recent years, the brand has expanded to include '''Gummi Savers''', '''Life Saver Minis''', '''Life Saver Fusions''', '''Creme Savers'''. Discontinued brands include '''Fruit Juicers''', '''Holes''', '''Life Saver [[Lollipop]]s''' and '''Squeezit'''.

==History==
[[Image:VioletLifeSavers.jpg|thumb|Violet Life Savers Ad from 1921.]]
Life Savers candy was first created in [[1912]] by [[Clarence Arthur Crane]], a [[Garrettsville, Ohio]] [[candy maker]] and father of the famed poet [[Hart Crane]]. Crane was looking for a new "summer candy" to supplement his chocolate business, which slumped in hot weather.

Crane developed a line of hard mints but didn't have the space or machinery to make them. He contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. The pill manufacturer, whose machinery was malfunctioning, found that the pressing process worked much better when the mints were stamped with a hole in the middle.

Crane called the new candy "Crane's Peppermint Life Savers," because they looked like miniature [[Life preserver#Throwable PFDs|throwable life preservers]]. The ring-shaped devices were just beginning to come into use after the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'' disaster]].

In 1913, Crane sold the formula for his Life Savers candy to [[Edward Noble]] for only $2,900. Noble started his own candy company and began producing and selling the mints known as Pep-O-Mint Life Savers. He also began to package the mints into rolls wrapped in [[tinfoil]] to prevent them from going stale. This process was done by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Noble's brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process.

Robert Peckham Noble, Edward Noble's brother and a Purdue educated engineer, took his younger brother's entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the manufacturing facilities needed to expand the company. The Lifesavers primary manufacturing plant was located in Port Chester, NY. Robert P. Noble led the company as its Chief Executive Officer and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s.

By 1919, six other mint flavors (Wint-O-Green, Cl-O-ve, Lic-O-Rice, Cinn-O-Mon, Vi-O-let and Choc-O-Late) had been developed, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s. In 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was received so poorly that is was discontinued after only a few years.<ref>''New Yorker Magazine''Feb. 28, 1925 Issue, Pages 47-50.</ref> In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with [[aluminium foil|aluminum foil]].

Noble promoted the candy at the cash registers of saloons, cigar stores, drug stores, barber shops, and restaurants. He had the candy placed, with a five-cent price, near the cash register. Noble soon began to create and sell many other flavors.

In 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops. In 1925, technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies. These were introduced as the "fruit drop with the hole" and came in four flavors, namely, Grape, Orange, Lemon and Lime, each of which were packaged in their own separate rolls. In contrast to the opaque white mints previously produced by the company, these new candies were crystal-like in appearance. These new flavors quickly became popular with the public. Three new flavors were quickly introduced, namely, Anise, Cola and Root Beer, which were made in the clear fruit drop style. These did not prove to be as popular as the original four fruit drop flavors. In 1931, rolls of Pineapple and Cherry fruit drops were introduced. As the public response proved positive, a new variety of mint, called Cryst-O-Mint, made in this same crystal-like style was introduced in 1932. In 1935, the classic "Five-Flavor" rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors in each roll. This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2003-08-14-LifeSavers_x.htm
| title = LifeSavers changes its stripes Friday
| last = Howard
| first = Theresa
| date = [[August 14]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[USA Today]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Raspberry-, watermelon- and blackberry-flavored "O's" will replace the traditional orange, lemon and lime.}}
</ref> In the late 1930's and early 1940's, four new mint flavors were introduced: Molas-O-Mint, Spear-O-Mint, Choc-O-Mint and Stik-O-Pep.

In 1981, Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation. A number of early mint flavors, including Cl-O-Ve, Vi-O-Let, Lic-O-Rice and Cinn-O-Mon were discontinued due to poor sales. Nabisco introduced a new Cinnamon flavor ("Hot Cin-O-Mon") as a clear fruit drop type candy. This replaced the white mint flavor Cinn-O-Mon which had recently been discontinued. The other original mint flavors have never been revived (although a mint similar to Vi-O-Let Life Savers continues to be manufactured by [[C. Howard's Violet candies|C. Howard]]). A number of other flavors were also quickly discontinued, after Nabisco took over, in order to make the business more profitable. In 2004, the USA Life Savers business was acquired by Wrigley's. Wrigley's introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in over sixty years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint.

Life Savers production for North America was based in [[Holland, Michigan]], United States, for many years, but in [[2002]] production was moved to [[Montréal]], [[Québec]], [[Canada]]. Significantly lower sugar prices in that country is the reason behind the move.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0320-02.htm
| title = Workers Feel Like Suckers
| last = Frammolino
| first = Ralph
| date = [[March 20]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = Life Savers is moving its candy factory from Michigan to Canada, where sugar is cheaper, displacing 600 employees.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1138434
| title = Life Savers
| last =
| first =
| date = [[February 21]], [[2002]]
| publisher = [[National Public Radio|NPR]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The candy's manufacturer says sugar prices in the U.S. are too high, and it is moving the factory from Holland, Michigan, to Canada.}}
</ref>
The company was headquartered in [[Port Chester, New York]], where the distinctive former headquarters building (now apartments) still retains some Lifesavers signage.

==Trivia==
*Wint-O-Green and Cl-O-Ve<ref>EN Harvey "The luminescence of sugar wafers," ''Science'' magazine, 14 July 1939: Vol. 90. no. 2324, pp. 35–36.</ref> (now discontinued) Life Savers are known for their ability to produce bright sparks when bitten in a dark room, due to [[triboluminescence]] produced by an electrical charge produced by grinding [[methyl salicylate|wintergreen]] or [[clove]] oil and sugar together.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://home.howstuffworks.com/question505.htm
| title = Why do Wint-O-Green Life Savers spark in the dark?
| last =
| first =
| date =
| publisher = [[HowStuffWorks]]
| format =
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote =
}}</ref>

*[[Pixar Animation Studios]] animated many commercials for the company before [[Pixar]] became famous for its [[short films]], like [[Luxo Jr.]]

*The [[South Africa]]n chorus group [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] sang the distinctive [[a cappella]] songs used in Life Savers and Creme Savers commercials throughout the [[1990s]].

*There is an [[urban legend]] about the creation of Life Savers which states that the creator's daughter died after choking on a hard candy, and that the hole in the middle was included to prevent further death (thus earning the name Life Saver). This tale is often mistaken for truth and is probably more well-known than the real origin story.

*[[Brian Sandoval]] has done voiceovers for Life Savers.

*The 1932 [[Marx Brothers]] movie [[Horse Feathers]] features a scene in which [[Thelma Todd]] falls out of a canoe and into a river. She calls for a life saver and [[Groucho Marx]] tosses her the candy.

*''[[Croc 2]]'', a 1999 video game appearing on the PlayStation, Windows PC, and GameBoy Color platforms, prominently featured various large [[Gummi Savers]] as trampolines of sorts for the main character to vault over obstacles.

==Timeline==
*1912: Crane's Peppermint Life Savers created by Clarence Crane in Garrettsville, Ohio.
*1913: Edward Noble bought the Life Saver formula, renamed Pep-O-Mint Life Savers, and started Mint Products Company in New York City.
*1921: The first fruit flavors were produced as solid candies.
*1925: Technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruit candies.
*1931: Life Savers Limited acquired Beech-Nut and the two merged companies became Squibb Beech-Nut Inc.
*1935: The Original Five-Flavor roll of Life Savers debuted.
*1975: [[Bubble Yum]] soft bubble gum launched.
*1981: Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation.
*1987: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by [[The Hershey Company|Hershey]] Canada.
*1996: Canadian Life Savers business acquired by Beta Brands Limited.
*2004: USA Life Savers business Acquired By [[Wrigley's]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=WWY&script=410&layout=0&item_id=643926
| title = Wrigley to Add Life Savers(R) and Altoids(R) to Its Confectionery Portfolio
| last =
| first =
| date = [[November 15]] [[2004]]
| publisher = [[Wrigley]]
| format = Press Release
| pages =
| accessdate =
| quote = The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company announced today that it has entered into an agreement to purchase certain confectionery assets of Kraft Foods for $1.48 billion. The transaction includes ownership of well-known, iconic brand franchises - such as Life Savers, Creme Savers, and Altoids - as well as production facilities in the United States and Europe.
}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Polo mint]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.candystand.com CandyStand] Official Life Savers Candy Site.
* [http://www.candystand.com/lifesavers/ls_flavorfulroll.aspx/ Life Saver History] Flash version time-line from 1912 to today.

{{Wrigley}}

[[Category:Brand name confectionery]]
[[Category:Wrigley brands]]
[[Category:1912 introductions]]

[[fr:Life Savers]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-02-21T21:56:17Z

COMPFUNK2:

{{otheruses2|Umbrella}}
----
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]],[[2007]] (U.S.) [[May 14]],[[2007]] (UK) [[May 25]],[[2007]] (EU)
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]] 
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without [[Jay-Z]]) 4:35 (album version)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]], [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]]
| Producer = [[Terius Nash|the-Dream]], [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = Rihanna
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Break It Off]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
}} {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2006)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[pop music|pop]] [[song]] written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]] and [[Jay-Z]] for [[Rihanna]]'s third studio album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by co-writer Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007 (see [[2007 in music]]). "Umbrella" is recognized as the most successful song of 2007 on the United World Chart, gaining more than 8.542.000 points in less than 6 months.<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/tracks-2007.htm United World Chart Countdown 2007]</ref> It has been announced as the 9th most successful song of the last decade<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/top-track-achievements.htm United World Chart tracks - Top achievements]</ref>, winning a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

Following an incredibly successful chart run around the world and a warm reception from music critics, the song achieved #1 on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the "Ten Best Singles of 2007",<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as #3 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007.<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> It was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender Magazine]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref>

==Background and writing==
"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'', while also Spears having professional difficulties at the time.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and [[Terius Nash|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's contribution to the track, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>.This song was performed with the [[klaxons]] at the [[brit awards]]

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[BBC Radio 1]] on the [[Scott Mills]] show and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007. Its physical release followed two weeks later.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[VIVA|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zoopotia Show, Stripped Show, [[Canadian Idol]], 106 & Park and [[The View]].

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[All Music Guide]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=All Music Guide |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2, only behind [[Beyonce]]'s "[[Irreplaceable]]".<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.46 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "SOS"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

This success was exceeded abroad when "Umbrella" topped the [[UK Singles Chart]] in [[May]] [[2007]], remaing at #1 for a total of ten consecutive weeks. Such achievement makes it the longest chart topper of the 21st century and since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] topped the charts in [[1994]]. Following its successful run at #1, the song dropped to #2, replaced in [[July]] [[2007]] by [[Timbaland]]'s "[[The Way I Are]]". "Umbrella" has been announced the second biggest selling single of 2007 in the [[UK]] behind [[Leona Lewis]]' "[[Bleeding Love]]". It has since re-entered the UK Top 40 at #38, before climbing to #18 the week of December 30, 2007 and maintains its steady run in the chart. "Umbrella" became the first song by a female artist to debut at #1 on the official [[UK Singles Chart]] based solely upon digital sales. Rihanna also became the seventh artist in UK history to score a tenth week at the top of the chart.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6910836.stm Rihanna achieves chart landmark]. ''BBC News UK''. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[July 24|07-24]]</ref> Overall sales of "Umbrella" (as of November 2007), stand at just over 473,000, being certified Gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]].

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at #1, spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at the position of #46, ending the year as 2007's 3rd biggest seller.<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm</ref><ref>http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached #1 on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] singles chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, ending 2007 as the years biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a #1 hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached #1 on the United World Chart, remaining for for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

==Music video==
[[Image:Rihanna Silver in Umbrella.png|thumb|180px|Rihanna covered with silver paint in the music video of "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her positive response following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance en-point, an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. The video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml</ref> As of [[19 February]] [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed nearly 30,000,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]].

==Other versions==
==="Cinderella Under the Umbrella"===
[[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]] contributed his own written vocals to the song's second verse, chorus and bridge in an answer song entitled "Cinderella Under the Umbrella", which was released to radio stations on June 12, 2007, the remix achieving notable success on U.S. R&B stations for a time.

===Acoustic version===

Rihanna recently went back into the studio and recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and some added lyrics<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYaXer7Yqb0&feature=related ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella (acoustic version)]</ref> and has since released the song as a bonus track to "[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]" on the [[iTunes Music Store]]

===Notable remixes===
*[[Travis Barker]] Remix
*Remix featuring [[Lil Mama]]
*The Lindbergh Palace Remix
*[[Dancehall]] Remix featuring [[Elephant Man]]
*[[Seamus Haji]] and Paul Emanuel Remix
*[[Spanglish]] version featuring Jay-Z & Ana Velasco<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9TFu78zo8E ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella Spanglish]</ref>
*[[Will Mellor]], parody by [[Comedy Dave]] and [[Chris Moyles]]
*Forever (Umbrella Remix) by Justin Garner
*[[Vandalism (band)|Vandalism]] Remix

==Cover versions and parodies==
*Winner of [[Australian Idol 2007]] [[Natalie Gauci]] also performed "Umbrella".

*X Factor finalists [[Hope]] performed Umbrella on the first live show of [[The X Factor|The X Factor 2007]].

*Indie singer-songwriter Scott Simons released a version of "Umbrella" on Myspace and his website which soon became an internet favorite and received radio play on several stations in the U.S. and overseas.<ref>[http://www.scottsimonsmusic.net/umbrella.html Scott Simons’s version]</ref>

*Upcoming singer [[Marié Digby]] released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a 'You Oughta Hear' feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

*Pop singer and actress [[Mandy Moore]] performed her own version of the song in a slower, more ballad-like arrangement. Moore stated that while she is not the biggest fan of pop music, "...you just can't deny how melodic this song is."<ref>http://music.yahoo.com/promo-42778155-53-20070813</ref>

*"Umbrella" has been covered by [[Biffy Clyro]] during an appearance on BBC Radio One's ''[[Live Lounge]]''.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/jowhiley/galleries/1796/1/]</ref>

*The Italian pop punk band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded "Umbrella" for an exclusive on their MySpace in September 2007, receiving over 30,000 plays in its first week online.<ref>http://www.myspace.com/vanillasky</ref> The music video has also been shown on [[VH1#VH1 European|VH1e]].

*[[Indie pop]] group [[Tegan and Sara]] performed a cover of the song during shows in [[Kelowna, British Columbia]], [[Calgary, Alberta]], [[Edmonton, Alberta]], [[London, Ontario]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[Washington DC]], [[Boulder, Colorado]] and Brisbane, Australia.

*Swedish metal band [[Lillasyster]] made a hard metal version of Umbrella and also a video for their version of the song under Gain Music Entertainment. This version of the song has received a lot of attention in [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Germany]] and even in [[Thailand]], and went on Swedish national radio in September 2007 and received radio play on several stations in Sweden. The video is due to be released on October 10th on [[Myspace]], Lillasyster's website and MTV and Swedish MTV did a piece on the making of the video which was aired October 3 and October 7.<ref>http://www.mtv.se/overdrive.php?StoryId=27981</ref>

*British rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] are set to release their version on an upcoming [[NME]] compilation album.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/images/wireSCAN.gif</ref>

*Irish/English Freakfolk artist [[Patrick Wolf]] performed a cover version of the song at the [[Lowlands]] festival in the Netherlands in 2007.

*"Umbrella" was [[parody|parodied]], to talk about [[Salmonella]].<ref>[http://www.soundclick.com/util/downloadSong.cfm?ID=5917622&key=C4C6EE36-A Exactly Midnight]</ref>

*[[Starsailor (band)|Starsailor]] covered the song while playing their song "Fidelity" on their Latin American tour.

*[[The Mint Chicks]] performed covered this song on New Zealand television show.

*The Axis of Awesome parodied this song in two videos for the 2007 Australian Federal Election, presented by the [[Sydney Morning Herald]]. In both videos, ex-federal treasurer [[Peter Costello]] is seen playing piano and rhyming to "Peter Costello" instead of "Umbrella"

*The Brazilian singer [[Pitty]] also covered it in a few live concerts.

*New York Group Push Play covered the song at their CD Release Party on December 22,2007 at Irving Plaza.<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dCyt4UNrOoA]</ref>

*[[Pop punk]] band [[All Time Low]] has covered this song live. A recorded version of their cover will appear on the compilation [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

*[[Taylor Swift]] performed this acoustic, which is for download on itunes.

*[[McFly]] recorded a rock cover, released as a B-Side on their 2007 single "The Heart Never Lies". They also performed it on their Greatest Hits Tour in 2007.

*The song was parodied in a 2007 episode of the [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[MADtv]]'', in which [[Nicole Parker]] and [[Keegan-Michael Key]] impersonated 2008 U.S. Presidential candidates [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]], in a video called "Under Barack Obama", which was sung to the tune of "Umbrella".

*[[Mike Shinoda]] of [[Linkin Park]] performed a section of the song at The O2 Arena in London on 28th January 2008.

*[[My Chemical Romance]] performed a short snippet of Umbrella at several live shows. This may be, perhaps, to do with [[Gerard Way]]'s release of comic book [[The Umbrella Academy]].

*Grammy Award winners [[Keith Urban]] and [[Carrie Underwood]] performed this song as a duet in 2008 during the Love, Pain and the whole crazy Carnival Ride tour.

==Reported coincidence with weather==
The song's reign at number-one in Britain occurred as the UK was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Argentina Top 40]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile Top 100<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/chile/index.htm Chile Top 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Czech IFPI radio top 100<ref>[http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada Czech IFPI radio top 100]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Dutch [[Dutch Top 40|Top 40]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|Ecuadorian Airplay Chart<ref>[http://www.los40.com.ec/lalista.asp?id=674Ecuadorian Airplay Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Euro 200]]<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.apcchart.com/ European Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Greek Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm Greek Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Top Latino|Latin America Top40]]<ref>[http://www.toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=categories&op=newindex&catid=1 Top Latino - Ranking del 30 de Julio de 2007 (Semana 30)]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[México Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/mexico/index.htm Mexican Top 100 - November 7th 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Paraguay Airplay Chart<ref>[http://www.toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=330 LAS MÁS SONADAS EN: Paraguay]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Peru Top 100]]<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/peru/index.htm Peru Top 100]</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|Philippine Top Hits
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://euro200.eu.mialias.net/Polish-Top50.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portuguese Airplay Chart<ref>[http://home.planet.nl/~laar2337/apc2/Hitlijsten/Portugese-Top50.htm Portugese Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spain's "Los 40 Principales"<ref>[http://www.los40.com/actualidad/listas/lista40.html Spain's "Los 40 Principales"]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|German Singles
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[MTV]] [[Portugal]] 2007 Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref>http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{citation style}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://lyricwiki.org/Rihanna:Umbrella lyrics on LyricWiki]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = incumbent
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box one to two
| before = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 25]] [[2007]] - [[July 13]] [[2007]]
| after1 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after2 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Billboard Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]], [[2007]] - [[July 21]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "The World Is Mine" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokyo Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by Conchita
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Me Enamora]]" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "Me Enamora" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]

Brandon Flowers

2008-02-17T04:39:57Z

COMPFUNK2: restructure/tag; rm unnecessary wikilinks

{{otheruses4|the musician|the football player|Brandon Flowers (American football)}}
----
{{BLPsources|date=February 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Brandon Flowers
| Img = Brandon-Flowers-The-Killers.jpg‎

| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Brandon Richard Flowers
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1981|6|21}}
| Origin = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Instrument = [[lead vocals|Vocals]], [[keyboards]], [[bass guitar]]
| Genre = [[Post-punk revival]], [[Alternative Rock]], [[Indie Rock]]
| Occupation = Musician
| Years_active = 2001-present
| Associated_acts = [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]]
| URL =
| Current_members =
| Past_members =
| Notable_instruments =
}}
'''Brandon Richard Flowers''' (born [[June 21]], [[1981]]) is the [[vocalist]] and [[keyboardist]] of the [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]-based [[post-punk]] [[rock band|band]] [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]].

==Early life==
Flowers, the youngest of six children, was born on [[June 21]], [[1981]] in [[Henderson, Nevada]] (outside [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]) to parents of partial [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Lithuania]]n ancestry.<ref name=Interview> Interview [http://community.livejournal.com/_killmenow_/71160.html Interview]</ref> He has one older brother and four older sisters.<ref name="Spin"/> Flowers' family lived in Henderson until he was eight and then moved to [[Nephi, Utah]].<ref name="Spin">[http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2004/11/lady_killer_interview_killers_brandon_flowers/ "SPIN.com: The Lady Killer: An Interview with the Killers' Brandon Flowers"]. [[Spin.com]]. Published November 2004.</ref> Brandon lived in Nephi until his junior year in high school, when he moved back to Las Vegas. His mother was a [[homemaker]] and his father worked for a [[grocery store]].<ref name="Spin"/> His parents raised Brandon and the rest of the family as active members of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and Flowers' remains a devout member of the faith.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="Spin"/> He has since attributed his [[fashion sense]] to his doting sisters.<ref name=Genre>Timmermans, Arjan (2005). [http://www.genremagazine.com/2005/6-1/magazine/content/str8dude.cfm "Arranging Flowers"] Genre ''Magazine''</ref>

The person most responsible for Flowers's musical development is his brother Shane, 12 years his senior, who showed him [[The Smiths|Smiths]] videos and [[U2]]'s ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'' movie.<ref name="Spin"/> His older brother also introduced him to [[the Cars]], [[the Beatles]], [[Morrissey]], and [[the Cure]].<ref name="Spin"/> Musically, Flowers identifies as an [[anglophile]] and also as a fan of the bands [[New Order]], [[the Smiths]], and [[Pet Shop Boys]]. He credits the latter's song '[[Being Boring]]', especially the [[lyrics]] 'I never dreamt that I would get to be/The creature that I always meant to be', as a major life influence.<ref name="Observer">[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1877578,00.html Craig McLean talks to the Killers' singer Brandon Flowers | Magazine | The Observer]</ref> He has stated that "It was really weird because other kids were buying Tool and Nirvana and I was buying the Cars and the Psychedelic Furs. I was pretty alienated as a kid."<ref name="Spin"/>

Flowers once used a [[Ouija]] board and gained a fear of the number [[621]], which relates to his birthday, June 21. Flowers is convinced he is going to die on that day. He said: "It's just stupid, it is not a way to live. Once I had to fly to Glastonbury on my birthday; that was a real mess."<ref name=Ouija>Flowers' Ouija death threat[http://europe.real.com/guide/bang/1/4180.html]</ref>

==Career==
Flowers, after dropping out of [[college]], was a [[bellhop]] for a while at the [[Gold Coast Hotel and Casino]] in Las Vegas.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In 2001, He was abandoned by the first band that he was in, a [[synth pop]] band known as [[Blush Response]], after he declined to move with the rest of them to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Shortly thereafter, unexpectedly Flowers attended an [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] concert, and realizing that he wanted to make the transition from a keyboard band to a true rock band, began searching for a guitarist.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} He responded to an ad that [[Dave Keuning]] had placed in the paper that listed, among other bands, [[The Cure]] and Oasis as influences. Keuning later stated that his [[first impression]] of Flowers was "I thought he had weird shoes... He had the same shoes Oasis had - Clarks!".<ref name="Observer"/> After several short-lived [[bassist]]s and [[drummers]], Flowers and Keuning were joined by bassist [[Mark Stoermer]] and drummer [[Ronnie Vannucci]] and they became the Killers in August 2002.<ref name="Observer"/> Vannucci later said that, even with songs like "[[brown dwarf|little dwarf]] versions of what we have now, Brandon wasn't afraid to just get up there and just do it. You need that when you're trying to get something off the ground. As far as the drive goes, Brandon was never half-assed."<ref name="Observer"/>

According to the ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', his parents have always supported his decision to become a rock singer, and were often the only people in the audience at The Killers' first performances in the band's early days.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Although primarily a vocalist and keyboardist, Flowers plays bass guitar live in concerts for the song "[[For Reasons Unknown]]".

[[Image:Brandon wiki.jpg|thumb|Brandon playing the piano in [[T in the park]] 2007.]]

==Controversies==
Flowers was known for initiating feuds between The Killers and other bands, such as [[The Bravery]], [[Fall Out Boy]], and [[Panic at the Disco]].{{Fact|date=May 2007}} On July 14, 2006, however, he apologized to the bands in an interview to [[AOL]] Music, saying "I'd like to take it all back. These people are just doing what they want to do, just like I am...I'm actually a nice person and I love people. I just am opinionated, and sometimes jealous. It's not something I'm proud of." Frontman Sam Endicott (of The Bravery) and bassist/frontman Pete Wentz (of Fall Out Boy) reportedly received, and accepted, telephone apologies prior to the article's publication. With regard to the criticisms leveled at Panic at the Disco, Flowers said "I don't even know what their music's like, or if I would even like it...That made me feel even worse, to think they could have been fans of ours and I hurt their feelings. That's just stupid."<ref>[http://www.aolmusicnewsblog.com/2006/07/25/killers-bury-the-hatchet-with-panic-fall-out-boy?ncid=AOLMUS00050000000034 Killers Bury Hatchet With Panic!, Fall Out Boy - PopEater Music Blog]</ref><ref>http://www.buzznet.com/tags/brandon%20flowers/journals/57640</ref> Flowers has also criticized [[Green Day]] for what he sees as their calculated [[anti-Americanism]]. Specifically, Flowers found a video of Green Day performing the song "[[American Idiot (song)|American Idiot]]" in the [[UK]] distasteful. The taping of the concert, featured on ''[[Bullet in a Bible]]'', shows thousands of Europeans singing along to "American Idiot". He said, "I just thought it was really cheap. To go to a place like England or Germany and sing that song - those kids aren't taking it the same way that he meant it."

Canadian-American singer-songwriter [[Rufus Wainwright]] wrote a song about Flowers called "Tulsa" for his fifth album "Release The Stars". Wainwright has stated in numerous interviews that it was inspired by their first meeting in a bar in Tulsa, Oklahoma. According to Wainwright, Flowers has yet to contact him and reply to the song.

Flowers also had a feud with [[Tom DeLonge]] of [[Angels & Airwaves]] after Tom called him a "boast biter". This remark came when Flowers was quoted saying ''[[Sam's Town]]'' would be "one of the best albums in the past twenty years". DeLonge made a similar remark before the release of his band's debut album, ''[[We Don't Need To Whisper]]''.

== Personal life ==
On [[August 2]], [[2005]], Flowers married longtime girlfriend Tana Munblowsky in a private ceremony in [[Hawaii]]<ref name=vh1>No byline (2005). [http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1507029/20050805/killers_the.jhtml "Killers Singer Brandon Flowers Marries Longtime Girlfriend"] VH1.com (accessed Oct. 14, 2006)</ref> The two dated for approximately four years before they wed. On [[July 14]], [[2007]], the Flowers welcomed their first child, a boy named Ammon Richard Flowers.<ref>Wigney, James(July 29, 2007). [http://www.news.com.au/sundaymail/story/0,23739,22148918-5003421,00.html "More from The Killers"] Retrieved July 28, 2007.</ref>

Occasionally, the media have speculated that Flowers is homosexual or bisexual. The lyrics to "Andy, You're a Star" and the hit-single "Somebody Told Me" (both written by Flowers) feature sexual ambiguity. In response to such speculation, Flowers said in a Genre 2005 interview that "Andy, You're a Star" was "free for people to interpret as their own." This comment was somewhat more reticent than an earlier statement made in a 2004 QLas Vegas interview, where he claimed it was about a crush that he had had on a male athlete while attending high school. When asked about the crush, he responded that he is "very aware of [his] sexuality" and that he does like women. Flowers has also stated that some confusion over his sexual identity is "not a bad thing," but did say "I'm not gay."

Although an active [[Mormon]] himself, in the past Flowers has smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol (substances forbidden under the church's [[Word of Wisdom]] doctrine). He has mentioned in [[Q Magazine]] that part of the reason he drank was because he felt nervous getting up on stage and performing.
However, he has said that he belongs to a "very tolerant gathering."<ref name=arjan>Arjan (2005)[http://www.arjanwrites.com/arjanwrites/2005/06/interview_with_.html "Interview with Brandon Flowers"] ''ArjanWrites.com'' (accessed April 12, 2006)</ref> In an August 2005 interview with [[Rolling Stone]], Flowers mentioned trying to cut back, and as of November 22, 2006, Flowers gave up smoking by using a [[German Chamomile|chamomile]] concoction prescribed by a [[Germans|German]] doctor. Flowers says the concoction is good for his voice.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Selected events==
Flowers won [[NME Awards|NME magazine awards]] in 2005 for "Best Dressed" and "Sexiest Man."<ref name=sexy>(2005). [http://www.nme.com/awards/news/19257 "Shockwave NME Awards - The Winners] ''NME.com'' (accessed April 12, 2006)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

http://www.nme.com/news/the-killers/29731

==External links==
{{wikiquotepar|Brandon Flowers}}
{{commonscat|Brandon Flowers}}
*'''[http://www.thekillersmusic.com/ The Killers official site], from [[Island Records]]'''
*'''[http://www.thekillers.co.uk/ The Killers official site (U.K.)], from the Vertigo label'''
*[http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2005/11/051118_flowers/ "The Music That Changed My Life: Brandon Flowers"], Interview by Kyle Anderson, from ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine''
*[http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/57889 "Former BYU's student's brother is lead singer of the Killers"], interview by Erin Pierce and Dan Monson about Flowers visiting his brother at college, from ''[[The Daily Universe]]''
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1877578,00.html Songs of Praise], Craig McLean talks to the Killers' singer about resisting temptation, from ''[[The Observer]]''
* [http://www.killershotel.com] Indie Rock Fans Website]
 
{{The Killers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flowers, Brandon}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:American keyboardists]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American rock musicians]]
[[Category:Scottish-Americans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Las Vegas]]
[[Category:The Killers members]]

[[ca:Brandon Flowers]]
[[cs:Brandon Flowers]]
[[da:Brandon Flowers]]
[[es:Brandon Flowers]]
[[fr:Brandon Flowers]]
[[it:Brandon Flowers]]
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[[nl:Brandon Flowers]]
[[pl:Brandon Flowers]]
[[fi:Brandon Flowers]]
[[sv:Brandon Flowers]]
[[zh:布蘭登·夫洛爾]]

Joe Hahn

2008-02-15T11:03:41Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{unref|[[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographical article]]|date=January 2007}}
{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Joe Hahn
| Img = Joe Hahns.jpg
| Img_capt =
| Background = non_vocal_someone
| Birth_name = Joseph Hahn
| Alias = Mr. Hahn Chairman Hahn
| Born = {{birth date and age|1980|3|15}}
| Died =
| Origin = [[Los Angeles, California]]
| Instrument = [[Phonograph|Turntables]], [[sampler]], [[keyboard]]
| Genre = [[Alternative Rock]] [[Nu metal]] [[Rapcore]] [[Hip-Hop]] [[Electronica]]
| Occupation = [[Musician]] [[Music video director|Director]] [[Artist]]
| Years_active = 1996-present
| Label = [[Warner Bros. Records]]
| Associated_acts = [[Linkin Park]]
| URL =
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Joseph Hahn''', often known as '''Mr. Hahn''', (born [[March 15]], [[1980]] in [[Dallas, Texas]]) is a [[turntablist]] and [[film director|director]] of [[Koreans|Korean]] descent best known as the DJ for the [[United States|American]] [[band (music)|band]] [[Linkin Park]].

==Linkin Park==
Hahn joined [[Linkin Park]] when the band was called [[Xero (U.S. band)|Xero]] in 1996 as the band's turntablist. Since then, he has directed [[music video]]s for most [[single (music)|singles]] of his band, with the exceptions of "[[One Step Closer (Linkin Park song)|One Step Closer]]", "[[Crawling (song)|Crawling]]" and "[[Faint (song)|Faint]]". He is referenced to as Mr. Hahn at the beginning of "[[Cure for the Itch]]" from ''[[Hybrid Theory]]''.

On the new album ''[[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]]'', Joe Hahn focused his contributions on programming with his sound effects board and [[MIDI board]]. Minutes To Midnight also features his turntable talents on three tracks: "[[What I've Done]]", "Valentine's Day", and "In Pieces."

Joe has been known to utilize MIDI pads on several tracks from the band. Examples include "[[In the End]]", "[[Crawling (song)|Crawling]]", "[[Numb (Linkin Park song)|Numb]]", and "By Myself".

==Other projects==
Joe was featured on the [[Fort Minor]] songs "Slip Out the Back" and "Move On" (a [[Fort Minor Militia]] exclusive) and Feel Like Home, tracks produced and sung by his Linkin Park bandmate Shinoda. In both tracks, Hahn does some scratching in the outro. He was also featured as a turntablist in the track "It's Goin' Down" by the [[X-Ecutioners]], once again alongside Shinoda. Hahn and his Linkin Park bandmates also made an appearance in the song's music video.

A keen music video director, Joe has directed videos not only for his band [[Linkin Park]], but he has also directed videos for [[Static-X]], [[Story of the Year]], [[Xzibit]], [[X-Ecutioners]] and [[Alkaline Trio]]. (Not to be confused, however, with [[Joseph Kahn]]). Hahn has also done some special effects for the TV show [[The X-Files]].

In 2005 to 2006, while bandmates [[Chester Bennington]] and [[Mike Shinoda]] were busy with [[side project]]s, Hahn shot a short film called ''The Seed'' in [[Los Angeles, California]] and has premiered it at the [[Pusan International Film Festival]]. Hahn also appeared with a minor role in a short film by [[Filip Engström]] called ''Little Pony''. In 2005, Hahn opened a retail concept store and brand [[Suru (store)|Suru]], located on the infamous [[Melrose Avenue]] in Los Angeles.

Hahn is also an accomplished cook and has been known to cook stews for fans.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

==Personal life==
He married Karen Benedit in [[February 2005]] after dating her since 2003. She was born in Atlanta in 1975.

Hahn attended the accredited [[Art Center College of Design]] in Pasadena, California, but didn't graduate in order to put his efforts into the band.

Joe is also a Transformers fan. In an early documentary called "Linkin Park: Live at Filmore", Joe's turntables have Decepticon symbols on them. In the third episode of LPTV on Summer Sanitarium, he can be seen wearing a t-shirt with a Decepticon symbol. He was also the one to advise the band to put the single "[[What I've Done]]" on the soundtrack for the [[Transformers (2007 film)|Transformers live action movie]]. Joe, along with Rob and Chester, were present at the Transformers movie premiere.

Joe is known for his dry sense of humor and wit in most interviews and when the camera is focused and sometimes not focused on him. His alter ego, known as "Remy", can be heard at the intro on his infamous track from [[Hybrid Theory]] "Cure for the Itch".

{{Linkin Park}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Joe}}
[[Category:Linkin Park members]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Korean Americans]]
[[Category:people from Dallas]]
[[Category:people from Glendale, California]]
[[Category:Texas musicians]]
[[Category:California musicians]]
[[Category:American DJs]]
[[Category:Asian Americans in music]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[ar:جو هان]]
[[bg:Джоузеф Хан]]
[[ca:Joseph Hahn]]
[[cs:Joe Hahn]]
[[da:Joe Hahn]]
[[et:Joe Hahn]]
[[es:Joe Hahn]]
[[fr:Joe Hahn]]
[[gl:Joe Hahn]]
[[ko:조지프 한]]
[[hr:Joe Hahn]]
[[id:Joe Hahn]]
[[it:Joseph Hahn]]
[[he:ג'ו האן]]
[[lt:Joseph Hahn]]
[[nl:Joseph Hahn]]
[[no:Joseph Hahn]]
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[[pt:Joe Hahn]]
[[ru:Хан, Джозеф]]
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Umbrella (Lied)

2007-11-19T04:31:15Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{otheruses2|Umbrella}}
----
{{Cleanup|date=August 2007}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]],[[2007]]
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit w/o rap) 4:35 (album version)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = [[Jay-Z]], [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]]
| Producer = Terius "The Dream" Nash, Christopher Stewart
| Certification =
Gold ([[BPI]]) 
Platinum ([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]), ([[Media Control|IFPI]]), ([[Sweden|SWE]]), ([[RIANZ]]) 
2x Platinum ([[RIAA]]) 
6x Platinum (Promusicae) ([[Spain|Sp]]) 
| Misc ={{Extra chronology
| Artist = Rihanna
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Break It Off]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
}}
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2006)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is the first single released from [[Rihanna]]’s third studio album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]''. It features rapping from [[Jay-Z]]. The song was written and produced by Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] and [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]]

The single topped the charts all over the world, remaining at number one in the [[USA]] for seven weeks and the [[United Kingdom]] for ten weeks, coincidently at the same time as one of the UK's wettest summers on record. "Umbrella" was the biggest-selling song of 2007 in the UK, before [[Leona Lewis]] charted with [[Bleeding Love]].

==Single release==
According to the songwriters [[The-Dream]], "Umbrella" was actually offered to [[Mary J. Blige]]<ref>[http://breakingnews.iol.ie/entertainment/story.asp?j=235583022&p=z355837z8 Breakingnews]</ref> and [[Britney Spears]], before being recorded by Rihanna.

In many parts of the [[United States]], the single was released on March 28, 2007,<ref>''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th" [http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single ''"Umbrella"'' Worldwide [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on her [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[BBC Radio 1]] on the [[Scott Mills]] show. It was released digitally in Britain on [[May 14]], [[2007]], with the physical CD release following exactly two weeks later, and one week before the release of the album.<ref>[http://www.hmv.co.uk/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=282;2;-1;-1&sku=654681 http://www.hmv.co.uk/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=282;2;-1;-1&sku=654681] ''HMV.co.uk'' </ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/playlist.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/playlist.shtml] ''BBC.co.uk'' </ref>

Many major radio stations across the United States have played versions of the song that either shortened or completely removed Jay-Z's rap. On the issue dated [[April 28]], [[2007]], "Umbrella" debuted on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] at number ninety-one. It eventually went on to spend seven weeks at number-one and is Rihanna’s fifth Top 10 Hot 100 single in under two years.

===Sample===
The beat from "Umbrella" is called Vintage Funk Kit 03 and is a loop taken from [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[GarageBand]], a musical production application.

==Promotion==
Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom. She also performed three of her new songs in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At a mini/promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna also performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the track exclusively at ''[[VIVA|Viva Live]]'', and the 42nd edition of the highly popular chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed live on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zoopotia Show, Stripped Show, [[Canadian Idol]], 106 & Park and [[The View]].

==Music video==

The music video was shot on [[April 13]], [[2007]],<ref>''LetsSingIt.com'' - [[April 1]], [[2007]], New Video News + Speedy Third Album [http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/213585 http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/213585]</ref> and was directed by [[Chris Applebaum]]. It premiered at 10:00a.m. on [[April 26]], [[2007]] at http://www.thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only. The video was released on the [[iTunes Store]] on [[May 11]], [[2007]]. It remained at number-one for eight weeks.

The video begins with Jay-Z rapping in a rain of sparks. Rihanna then starts singing in a steamy environment. During the first chorus, she can be seen apparently walking around [[en pointe]]. Later, she is seen [[nude]] and painted silver (which some people reference as based off of Madonna's music video 'Fever'). In the endcap of the video, she dances with her umbrella amid a shower of sparks falling like rain.

There are two different versions of the video. The version that premiered on [[MTV]] on [[April 30]], [[2007]], differs from the online version in that water effects were added during the splashing sequence. This version is shown on television stations and on some websites. On [[May 14]], [[2007]], the "Umbrella" video premiered on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before reaching its peak of #4; it was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single, "[[Pon de Replay]]", in [[2005]]. On [[May 1]], [[2007]], "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, and by [[May 9]], it had reached the number-one spot.

The [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]] nominees were announced at 2:00p.m. on Tuesday, [[August 7]], [[2007]], with "Umbrella" being nominated for five awards, including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year". It won the latter two.<ref>http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml</ref>

The music video for "Umbrella" became the most played video ever on [[MTV]] [[Poland]], beating [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]".

==Chart performance==
[[Image:Umbrellavideo.jpg|thumb|190px|Rihanna in the video Umbrella]]
"Umbrella" spent seven weeks at number one in the United States and dominated radio airplay for the first half of the summer. On the issue dated [[June 9]], [[2007]], "Umbrella" topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart after a jump of forty places, from number forty-one to number-one; the track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in [[2003]].<ref name=Billboard18><{{cite news |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183 |title="Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"|author=Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''}}Retrieved on [[May 31]], [[2007]].</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "SOS"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number-one on the Hot 100 chart. At the same time, the song spent a month at number-one in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the new [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

"Umbrella" set a record on the [[iTunes Music Store]], with the biggest debut in iTunes' six-year history. According to the download site, it beat a record previously held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries.

As well as topping the UK charts, "Umbrella" was a massive success throughout Europe, also reaching number one in [[Ireland]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

"Umbrella" became the first song by a female artist to debut at number-one on the official [[UK Singles Chart]] based solely on download sales. The song entered the charts at the top on [[May 20]], [[2007]],<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2007]].</ref> selling 34,164 downloads that week. This also made Rihanna achieve her first UK number-one single. "Umbrella" also broke the UK record for the most consecutive weeks at number one in the 21st century, staying atop for 10 weeks, beating [[Gnarls Barkley]]’s 2006 hit, "[[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]]", which spent nine weeks at number-one. Rihanna also became only the seventh artist in UK history to score a tenth week at the top of the chart.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6910836.stm Rihanna achieves chart landmark]. ''BBC News UK''. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[July 24|07-24]]</ref> "Umbrella" is also the longest-running UK chart-topper since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994, which spent fifteen weeks at the top.<ref name="ukchart10weeks" /> Overall sales of "Umbrella" (as of [[November 2007]]), are just over 473,000, being certified Gold by the [[BPI]].

In [[Australia]], the single entered the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] at number one and remained there for six weeks, becoming Rihanna’s second number-one single there (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"). It debuted at number-one on the ARIA Urban Chart and remained there for four weeks. While the song was at the top of the Urban Charts, two other songs ("SOS" and "Unfaithful") - from her previous album - were also on the chart.

"Umbrella" reached number-one on the [[United World Chart]] and remained there for ten consecutive weeks. The single has managed to sell over 7.5 million units. It is so far 2007's most successful song on the United World Chart.

In [[Latin America]], "Umbrella" debuted at number thirty-nine in the [[Latin America Top 40]], and has currently peaked at number two, behind the mega Latin American hit "[[Me Enamora]]".<ref>[http://www.toplatino.net/ Top Latino]</ref> The single has become Rihanna’s biggest hit in the region, her only top ten single and has giving her the honor of being the only [[Barbados|Barbadian]] artist to reach the top ten. In Paraguay and Ecuador, "Umbrella" reached number-one<ref>[http://www.toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=330 LAS MÁS SONADAS EN: Paraguay]</ref> <ref>[http://www.los40.com.ec/lalista.asp?id=674]</ref> becoming Rihanna’s biggest hit in both of these countries.

In [[Argentina]] and [[Peru]], "Umbrella" became Rihanna's breakthrough and her only hit song, peaking so far at number two in Argentina and number thirteen in Peru<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/peru/index.htm Peru Top 100]</ref>.

In Spain, five weeks after "Umbrella's" debut, the song reached the top spot in "Los 40 principales" for five weeks. So far regarded as the country's most important chart. It also reached number-one on the Download Chart for seven consecutive weeks, and is certified 6x Platinum with 120,000 downloads. It has been receiving heavy airplay on other radio stations like Europa FM, Radio Flaixbac, Radio Marina, Euskatea Radio and others. "Umbrella" has proven to be one of the strongest international single releases in Spain in 2007 along with "[[How To Save A Life]]" by [[The Fray]] and "[[All Good Things (Come To An End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

In [[Romania]], "Umbrella" took the top position, beating Akon’s "[[Don't Matter]]". The following week, Akon returned to number-one, only to be beaten again by "Umbrella" the week after that. "Umbrella" has reached the top spot in RT100 three times, and always against "[[Don't Matter]]".

In Ireland, the song entered the chart at number eight before climbing to number one on download sales alone. Rihanna is currently the only female artist to achieve this in Ireland. "Umbrella" stayed at number one in Ireland for eight weeks, making it the longest serving chart-topper of 2007 there.

According to Radio and Records, "Umbrella" is currently the most-listened-to Urban song.<ref>[http://www.radioandrecords.com/Formats/Charts/highlights.asp http://www.radioandrecords.com/Formats/Charts/highlights.asp] ''Radioandrecords.com'' </ref>

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[ARC Weekly Top 40]]<ref>http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2007/07-07.htm</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Argentina Top 40]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100]]<ref>[Hot100Brasil.com Hot 100 Brazil]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile Top 40 Singles<ref>http://www.40principales.cl/lalista.asp</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Dutch [[Dutch Top 40|Top 40]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|-
|align="left"|Ecuadorian Airplay Chart<ref>[http://www.los40.com.ec/lalista.asp?id=674]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Euro 200]]<ref>http://www.euro200.eu/</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.apcchart.com/]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Greek Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1 (8 wks)
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Top Latino|Latin America Top40]]<ref>[http://www.toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=categories&op=newindex&catid=1 Top Latino - Ranking del 30 de Julio de 2007 (Semana 30)]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[México Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/mexico/index.htm Mexican Top 100 - November 7th 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Paraguay Airplay Chart<ref>[http://www.toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=330 LAS MÁS SONADAS EN: Paraguay]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Peru Top 100<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/peru/index.htm Peru Top 100]</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|Philippines MYX Hit Chart
|align="center"|14
|-
|align="left"|Poland Airplay Chart<ref>[http://euro200.eu.mialias.net/Polish-Top50.htm Polish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portuguese Airplay Chart<ref>[http://home.planet.nl/~laar2337/apc2/Hitlijsten/Portugese-Top50.htm]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spain's "Los 40 Principales"<ref>[http://www.los40.com/actualidad/listas/lista40.html]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1 (10 wks)
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1 (7 wks)
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1 (10 wks)
|-
|}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box one to two
| before = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 25]] [[2007]] - [[July 13]] [[2007]]
| after1 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after2 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 16]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Billboard Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]], [[2007]] - [[July 21]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box one to two
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title1 = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after1 = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
| title2 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales]] number-one single
| years2 = [[September 18]] [[2007]] - present
| after2 = "Monsoon" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{end box}}

== Remixes ==
[[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]] wrote an answer song titled "Cinderella" with the same melody but different lyrics, and was broadcast to radio stations on June 12, 2007. Brown's verse replaces Rihanna’s second verse, although the third verse remains the same. His chorus, however, differs from Rihanna's; instead of: "You can stand under my umbrella", he sings: "You can be my Cinderella". The track is officially titled "Cinderella Under the Umbrella".

===Other remixes===
*[[Travis Barker]] Remix
*Remix featuring [[Lil Mama]]
*[[Dancehall]] Remix featuring [[Elephant Man]]
*[[Seamus Haji]] and [[Paul Emanuel]] Remix*
*[[Spanglish Version]] Featureing Jay-Z & Ana Velasco
*[[Parody Rock Cover]] by [[Vanilla Sky]]

== Cover versions ==
*Indie singer-songwriter Scott Simons released a version of "Umbrella" on Myspace and his website which soon became an internet favorite and received radio play on several stations in the U.S. and overseas.<ref>[http://www.scottsimonsmusic.net/umbrella.html Scott Simons’s version]</ref>

*Upcoming singer [[Marié Digby]] released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a 'You Oughta Hear' feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

*Pop singer and actress [[Mandy Moore]] performed her own version of the song in a slower, more ballad-like arrangement. Moore stated that while she is not the biggest fan of pop music, "...you just can't deny how melodic this song is."<ref>http://music.yahoo.com/promo-42778155-53-20070813</ref> John West has also covered the song with acoustic guitars and a cello, providing a dramatic melodic version that is reminiscent in style to [[John Mayer]].

*During a show on their [[Projekt Revolution]] tour, [[My Chemical Romance]] did a brief cover of the chorus.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6wWoKd60Qc</ref> [[Ross Copperman]] (an American singer), performed a cover of "Umbrella", using only his voice and a piano. Additionally, "Umbrella" has been covered by [[Biffy Clyro]] during an appearance on BBC Radio One's ''[[Live Lounge]]''.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/jowhiley/galleries/1796/1/]</ref>

*[[Amanda Palmer]] of the [[Dresden Dolls]], despite her blog entries questioning the quality of the song, has covered "Umbrella" numerous times live, aided by a beatboxer and mandolin.

*The Italian pop-punk band Vanilla Sky recorded "Umbrella" for an exclusive on their MySpace in September 2007, receiving over 30,000 plays in its first week online.<ref>http://www.myspace.com/vanillasky</ref> The music video has also been shown on [[VH1#VH1 European|VH1e]].

*[[Indie pop]] group [[Tegan and Sara]] performed a cover of the song during shows in [[Kelowna, British Columbia]], [[Calgary, Alberta]], [[London, Ontario]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], and [[Boulder, Colorado]].

*[[Chris Brown]] has remixed the song into "cinderella" which is almost the same as the original, but with a chorus of "will you be my cinderella?"

*Swedish metal band [[Lillasyster]] made a hard metal version of Umbrella and also a video for their version of the song under Gain Music Entertainment. This version of the song has received a lot of attention in [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Germany]] and even in [[Thailand]], and went on Swedish national radio in September 2007 and received radio play on several stations in Sweden. The video is due to be released on October 10th on [[Myspace]], Lillasyster's website and MTV and Swedish MTV did a piece on the making of the video which was aired October 3 and October 7.<ref>http://www.mtv.se/overdrive.php?StoryId=27981</ref>

*In the fourth series of British talent show [[The X Factor (TV series)|The X Factor]], girl group Hope performed a slower version of "Umbrella" on October 20, 2007, for the first live show.

*British pop band, [[McFly]] have also recently covered "Umbrella" to be released on their latest single.

*Natalie Gauci also performed "Umbrella" on Australian Idol Top 6. During the show, the contestants sang two songs, one chosen by themselves and the other by the judges. Gauci chose to sing an acoustic version of "Umbrella", to the delight of not only the crowd, but also the judges. She received a 'touchdown' from Mark Holden.

*Post Hardcore band Articuno covered "Umbrella" at an October 2007 concert.

*"Umbrella" has also been the attack of numerous satirists. Comedy band Exactly Midnight parodied the song, changing it to talk about [[Salmonella]].<ref>http://www.soundclick.com/util/downloadSong.cfm?ID=5917622&key=C4C6EE36-A</ref>

*[[Starsailor (band)|Starsailor]] covered the song while playing their song "Fidelity" on their Latin American tour.

*Daniel McPhillips covered the song with his band The Bensons on XFM.

*[[Plain White T's]] has also done a cover version of the song

*[[The Mint Chicks]] performed covered this song on New Zealand television show Live At Yours

===Impact of weather===
The song's reign at number-one in Britain happened when the country was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, calling it the "Rihanna Curse". A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]] where the song hit number-one in the early summer of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in history. [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521] Interestingly, in [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007 (being one of the most successful international releases), the country began experiencing a rainy spell. It gained high airplay on radio, proving that it was one of the most successful international releases there (along with [[Nelly Furtado]]'s "Say It Right"). In Spain, where it topped the downloads chart for 7 consecutive weeks and Los40 Principales chart for 4 weeks, while it entered the top 10 downloads, and while topping them both, that was in August, September and the beginning of October, has been one of the wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August from the beginning of the 20th century.

==References==
{{citation style}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://lyricwiki.org/Rihanna_featuring_Jay-Z:Umbrella "Umbrella" lyrics] on [http://lyricwiki.org LyricWiki]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=a4X7eFbP3u4 "Umbrella video"] on [http://youtube.com YouTube]

{{Rihanna}}

{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2000s pop songs]]
[[Category:2007 songs]]
[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:New wave songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]

Charmin

2007-11-04T15:23:47Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{articleissues|article=y|expand=April 2007|unreferenced=November 2007}}
[[Image:Charmin.GIF|right|250px]]
'''Charmin''' (pronounced SHAR-min) is a [[brand-name]] of extra-soft [[toilet paper]].

The Charmin name was first created in [[1928]] by the Hoberg Paper Company in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]. In 1950 Hoberg changed its name to Charmin Paper Company and continued to produce bath tissue, paper napkins, and other paper products. Procter & Gamble acquired Charmin Paper Company in 1957.

The European tissue operations of P&G, including an exclusive license to use the Charmin brand name in Europe, were sold to the Swedish paper manufacturer [[Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget]] (SCA) in 2007.

== Advertising ==

Older American advertisements featured actor [[Dick Wilson]], who played the fictional [[grocer]] [[Mr. Whipple|Mr. George Whipple]] who told customers, "Please don't squeeze the Charmin!" between 1965 and 1989. Newer advertisements focus on animated dancing bears happily preparing to use Charmin Ultra in the woods, a semi-subtle reference to the expression "Does a bear defecate in the woods?" The new catchphrase is, "With Charmin Ultra ... less is more."

The concept of the 'Charmin Bear' was introduced 2000 for a new animated advertising campaign called "Call of Nature." This coincided with the launch of Charmin in [[Canada]]. The Charmin bear is now cgi for Charmin Ultra Stong & Charmin Ultra Soft.

==External links==
* [http://www.charmin.com/ Charmin website]

* [http://www.charmin.com/en_us/pages/history.shtml Charmin history]

* [http://www.sca.com/documents/en/observer/2007/prm_20070312_616735_en.pdf SCA press release 12 March 2007]

{{Procter & Gamble}}

[[Category:Paper products]]
[[Category:Procter & Gamble brands]]

Someday (Mariah-Carey-Lied)

2007-10-25T00:46:41Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{unref|article|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Someday
| Cover = Someday11.jpg
| Artist = [[Mariah Carey]]
| from Album = [[Mariah Carey (album)|Mariah Carey]]
| B-side = "Alone in Love"
| Released = [[December 21]] [[1990]] ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Format = [[CD single]], CD maxi single, [[cassette single]], cassette maxi single, [[single (music)|7" single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]/[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]
| Length = 4:07
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Writer = Mariah Carey, [[Ben Margulies]]
| Producer = [[Ric Wake]]
| Certification = [[Gold single|Gold]] ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
| Chart position = <ul><li>#1 (U.S.)</li> <li>#2 ([[Israel]])</li> <li>#5 ([[Canada]])</li> <li>#38 ([[United Kingdom|UK]])</li> <li>#44 ([[Australia]])</li></ul>
| Last single = "[[Love Takes Time]]" (1990)
| This single = "Someday" (1991)
| Next single = "[[I Don't Wanna Cry]]" (1991)
{{Extra tracklisting
| Album = [[Mariah Carey (album)|Mariah Carey]]
| Type = studio
| prev_track = "[[I Don't Wanna Cry]]"
| prev_no = 3
| this_track = "Someday"
| track_no = 4
| next_track = "Vanishing"
| next_no = 5
}}
{{Extra tracklisting
| Album = [[MTV Unplugged EP]]
| Type = live
| prev_track = "If It's Over"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "Someday"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[Vision of Love]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Extra tracklisting
| Album = [[Number 1's (Mariah Carey album)|#1's]]
| Type = compilation
| prev_track = "I Don't Wanna Cry"
| prev_no = 13
| this_track = "Someday"
| track_no = 14
| next_track = "[[Love Takes Time]]"
| next_no = 15
}}
{{Extra tracklisting
| Album = [[Greatest Hits (Mariah Carey album)|Greatest Hits]] (CD #1)
| Type = compilation
| prev_track = "Love Takes Time"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "Someday"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "I Don't Wanna Cry"
| next_no = 4
}}
}}
"'''Someday'''" is a song written by [[Mariah Carey]] and [[Ben Margulies]], and produced by [[Ric Wake]] for Carey's debut album ''[[Mariah Carey (album)|Mariah Carey]]'' (1990). It was released as the album's third [[single (music)|single]] in the first quarter of 1991 (see [[1991 in music]]) and is a [[jackswing]]-influenced track in which its protagonist gets revenge on an ex-lover who wants to reconcile: "Someday, the one you gave away will be the only one you're wishing for". Though it topped the U.S. charts, it was not a huge success elsewhere. As did previous singles from ''Mariah Carey'', "Someday" received a [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] Pop Award.

==Recording==
"Someday" was one of the five songs on the [[demo (music)|demo tape]], handed by [[Brenda K. Starr]] to record executive [[Tommy Mottola]], that led to Carey being given a recording contract. Sony made alterations to the version on the demo tape as they thought it was too rough, the horn melodies were taken out and replaced with electric guitar melodies as well as the ending being shortened by about eight seconds. Carey and Margulies were forced to accept the changes that were made as neither had been allowed to co-produce. Reportedly, Carey was unhappy with the final version of "Someday" produced, because both she and Margulies thought it had been too "polished".{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Chart performance==
"Someday" continued Carey's streak of number-one hits in the U.S., becoming her third consecutive number-one single on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. It reached number one in its eighth week on the Hot 100 and spent two weeks at the top of the chart, from [[March 3]] to [[March 16]] [[1991]]. It replaced "[[All the Man That I Need]]" by [[Whitney Houston]], and was replaced by [[Timmy T]]'s "One More Try". "Someday" spent fifteen weeks in the top forty and ranked thirteenth on the Hot 100 year-end charts of 1991, making it one of the year's biggest hits. The [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] certified it [[gold single|gold]].

Elsewhere, the song performed modestly like "[[Love Takes Time]]" (the previous single from ''Mariah Carey''). It became Carey's first single to miss the top of the charts in [[Canada]], but it did manage to reach the top five. In the UK the song reached the top forty (as had "Love Takes Time"), but in Australia it did not. With "Someday" and her following single, "[[I Don't Wanna Cry]]", Carey was largely unknown outside of the U.S. for most of 1991 until she released her second album ''[[Emotions (album)|Emotions]]''.

==Remixes and music videos==
A large number of remixes were produced by [[Shep Pettibone]], in particular the main remix of the song known as "Someday" (new 7" jackswing) and an extended version of it known as "Someday" (new 12" jackswing). There is also a [[house music|house]] mix known as "Someday" (new 12" house), a slightly extended album version known as "Someday" (new 7" straight), and an [[a cappella]]: "Someday" (pianoapercaloopapella).

[[Image:Someday.jpg|right|thumb|A scene from the music video.]]
The single's [[music video|video]], directed by [[Larry Jordan]], was filmed on location at [[Bayonne High School]] in [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] and depicts a boy who treated a girl badly now wanting her back in his life. A group of young hip-hop dancers also appear, and at one point in the video Carey joins them. The main version of the video was based on "Someday" (new 7" jackswing), but there is also an extended video with the music from "Someday" (new 12" jackswing). The "new 12" jackswing" version of the video was replaced by the 1992 ''[[MTV Unplugged (EP)|MTV Unplugged]]'' live performance of the song on the DVD/home video ''[[Number 1's (Mariah Carey DVD)|#1's]]'' (1999), as Carey has stated she is ashamed of the video.

==Track listings==
*'''U.S. CD single (cassette single/7" single)'''
#"Someday" (new 7" jackswing)
#"Alone in Love" (album version)

*'''U.S. CD single (12" maxi single)'''
#"Someday" (new 7" jackswing)
#"Someday" (new 7" straight)
#"Someday" (new 12" jackswing)
#"Someday" (pianoapercapella)
#"Alone in Love" (album version)

*'''UK CD single (5" single)'''
#"Someday" (7" jackswing)
#"Someday" (12" jackswing)
#"Someday" (12" house)

==Remixes and Other Versions==
*Someday [Album Version] - 4:08
*Someday [Pianoapercaloopapella] - 4:15
*Someday [Calderone Club Mix] - 9:53
*Someday [Calderone Dub] - 6:35
*Someday [Calderone Main] - 6:03
*Someday [Cc Blackwax] - 4:50
*Someday [Rhythm Stick Remix] - 6:28
*Someday [Nics Mix] - 8:40
*Someday [12'' House Mix] - 6:51
*Someday [New 7'' Jackswing] - 4:43
*Someday [New 7'' Straight] - 4:20
*Someday [Pianoapercaloopapella Mix] - 4:10
*Someday [Victor Calderone Classic Radio Club Mix] - 4:20
*Someday [12” Jackswing Mix] - 6:51
*Someday [C +C Black Wax Mix] - 4:49
*Someday [New 12 Inch Jackswing Mix] 6:59
*Someday [Shep Pettibone House Mix] - 7:05
*Someday [Nic's Uplifting House Mix] - 8:41
*Someday [Shep Pettibone Club Demo Version] - 11:16

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (1991)
!align="center"|Peak position
!align="center"|No. of chart topper
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100
|align="center"|1 (2 weeks)
|align="center"|3rd
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play
|align="center"|1 (1 week)
|align="center"|1st
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ARC Weekly Top 40
|align="center"|1 (2 weeks)
|align="center"|3rd
|-
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|France Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] Singles Chart
|align="center"|44
|align="center"|—
|}

==See also==
*[[Hot 100 number-one hits of 1991 (USA)]]

==External link==
*[http://viddigger.blogspot.com/2007/10/mariah-carey-someday.html "Someday" music video with lyrics]
 

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All the Man That I Need]]" by [[Whitney Houston]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[March 9]] [[1991]]- [[March 16]] [[1991]]
| after = "[[One More Try (Timmy T. song)|One More Try]]" by [[Timmy T]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Mariah Carey2}}

[[Category:Mariah Carey songs]]
[[Category:1991 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]

[[hu:Someday]]
[[pt:Someday]]

Lara Logan

2007-10-16T04:22:36Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{BLPsources|article=y|date=October 2007}}
'''Lara Logan''' (born [[March 29]], [[1971]]) is a television and radio [[journalist]] and [[war correspondent]]. She is currently the Chief Foreign Correspondent for [[CBS News]], filing reports for the ''[[CBS Evening News]]'', ''[[60 Minutes]]'' and the [[CBS Radio Network]].

== Life ==

Logan was born in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]. She attended high school at [[Durban Girls' College]], and then attended the [[University of Natal]] in Durban, graduating in 1992.

She is married to Jason Siemon, who was, until recently, a professional basketball player in the [[United Kingdom]] for the [[Brighton Bears]].

== Career ==

Logan has described how she begged a clerk at the [[Russia]]n Embassy in [[London]] to give her an expedited [[visa (document)|visa]] days after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. She then entered [[Afghanistan]] through southern Russia. In November 2001, Logan, then working as a correspondent for the British morning program, ''[[GMTV]],'' managed to infiltrate the upper ranks of the [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|Northern Alliance]] in [[Afghanistan]], where she gained exclusive interviews at [[Bagram Air Base]] with General Babajan, a commander. Logan spent much of the next four years reporting from the field in Afghanistan, travelling often as an [[Embedded journalist|embedded reporter]] with American forces.

In her first major piece for ''[[60 Minutes]]'' (which aired on [[November 6]] [[2005]]), Logan examined the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s efforts at securing the deadly [[Baghdad Airport Road]]. Her piece questioned whether Army tactics were alienating Iraqi civilians.

Named chief foreign correspondent of [[CBS News]] in February 2006, Logan was embedded with a U.S. military unit in [[Ramadi]], Iraq on [[March 10]], [[2006]], when a nearby Marine was shot by a [[sniper]].

== Haifa Street Battle Controversy ==

In late January 2007 Logan filed a report about fighting along [[Haifa Street]].<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/i_video/main500251.shtml?id=2371456n "Battle for Haifa Street"], by Lara Logan, CBS News, accessed Feb 2, 2007.</ref> When CBS News refused to run the report on the nightly news because the footage was "a bit strong"<ref>[http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ "Helping Lara Logan"] by Rory O'Connor and David Olson, Mediachannel.org, Jan. 26, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007</ref> (although the network did run the report on their internet site), Logan tried to win public support to reverse this decision. Logan stated that "I would be very grateful if any of you have a chance to watch this story and pass the link on to as many people you know as possible. It should be seen. And people should know about this."<ref>[http://www.iraqslogger.com/index.php/post/1030/Jon_Stewarts_Daily_Show_Mocks_Cheney_on_Iraq "Lara Logan Appeals as CBS Rejects Her Iraq Report: Katie Couric's Newscast Nixes Story Because Images 'a Bit Strong'"] on Irag Slogger blog, Jan. 30, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007;[http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2007/01/24/helping-lara-logan/ "Helping Lara Logan"] by Rory O'Connor and David Olson, Mediachannel.org, Jan. 26, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007;
[http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2007/02/01/ap/entertainment/d8n0hj0o0.txt "CBS Correspondent Makes Plea for Airtime"] by David Bauder, Casper Star Tribune, February 01, 2007
</ref>

After making this public appeal, some conservative [[bloggers]] and columnists made the claim that portions of Logan's video report contains footage that is identical to footage released by [[al Qaeda]]. While this claim remains unsubstantiated (the ultimate source of the video has not been revealed by CBS News, or Logan, for reasons stated below), these individuals have nonetheless questioned Logan's objectivity based on that premise.<ref>[http://jewishworldreview.com/michelle/malkin013107.php3 "A CBS story 'too important to ignore'"] by Michelle Malkin, Jewish World Review, Jan. 21, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007;
[http://hotair.com/archives/2007/01/31/lara-logans-al-qaeda-video-too-important-to-ignore/ Vent with Michelle Malkin] video published on January 31, 2007; [http://talismangate.blogspot.com/2007/01/interesting-controversy-surrounding.html "Interesting Controversy Surrounding CBS’s Lara Logan"] by [[New York Sun]] columnist Nibras Kazimi's non-Sun affiliated Talisman Gate blog, January 26, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007;[http://www.iraqslogger.com/index.php/post/1083/CBSs_Lara_Logan_Controversy_Round_Two "CBS's Lara Logan Controversy: Round Two Was the Video CBS "Obtained" from Al Qaeda?"] on Irag Slogger blog, Jan. 30, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007.</ref>

CBS News Vice President Paul Friedman said that the video was not from Al-Qaeda, although he declined to name the source. "Whenever we can identify the source of information or video, we want to do that," he added. "There are some rare cases when we have to protect the source. In this case, we needed to do so, because it’s literally a matter of life and death."<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2007/01/30/publiceye/entry2414754.shtml "Questions Surround Haifa Street Video"] CBS News Public Eye blog January 30, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007.</ref> CBS News spokeswoman Sandra Genelius added that "The fact that same video shows up in more than one place is something that happens every day. We occasionally use video from an Al-Qaeda Web site and we identify it. In this case, we didn't get it from Al-Qaeda, so we didn't identify it as such."<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2007/01/30/publiceye/entry2414754.shtml "Questions Surround Haifa Street Video"] CBS News Public Eye blog January 30, 2007, accessed Feb. 1, 2007.</ref>

==References and Notes==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/02/60II/main531421.shtml CBS News profile]
* {{imdb name|id=1022561|name=Lara Logan}}
* [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0603/26/rs.01.html Logan appears on CNN's ''Reliable Sources'' with host Howard Kurtz]- Responds to question, "Are Media Turning Against War in Iraq?" (transcript)
* [http://www.liberalavenger.com/2006/08/29/lara-logan-responds/ Logan responds in print to criticism of media in Iraq]

{{Template:60MinutesCorrespondents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Lara}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:War correspondents]]
[[Category:Television journalists]]
[[Category:Broadcast news analysts]]

Rosie Malek-Yonan

2007-10-11T04:21:00Z

COMPFUNK2: tag

{{tooshort|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox actor
| bgcolour =
| name = Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image = Rosie Malek-Yonan (2).jpg|thumb
| image_size = 220px
| caption = [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] actor, director & author of '''The Crimson Field'''
| birthname =
| birthdate = July 4th
| location = [[Image:FlagofAssyria.svg|35x28px]] [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1980 to present '''Notable Role''': Nuru in [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0804522/ ''Rendition''][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendition_%28film%29]
| spouse =
| homepage = [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com RosieMalek-Yonan.com] [http://www.thecirmsonfield.com theCrimsonField.com]
| notable role = Nuru in [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0804522/ ''Rendition''][http://www.renditionmovie.com/]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendition_%28film%29]
| academy awards =
| emmyawards =
| tonyawards =
}}

==Biography==

Born on the [[fourth of July]], in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], '''Rosie Malek-Yonan''' ( '''رزی ملک یونان''' ) is an [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] actress, artist, director, author and activist. She is a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Assyrian families, tracing her Assyrian roots back nearly eleven centuries. The [http://rosiemalek-yonan.com/familytree.html Malek family] or tribe came from the Assyrian village of Geogtapah, Urmi (also known as [[Urmia]]), a region in northwestern Iran.

In the 17th century, Geogtapah became the setting for the famous tragic love story of Aslee (from the House of Malek) and Karam, a commoner. The tale has been recounted in numerous Assyrian and Russian books. The ''Aslee and Karam Opera'' was composed in [[Russia]] in the early part of the 20th century. Recordings of this opera are still in existence. This tragic love story has been compared to that of [[Shakespeare]]’s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. A beautiful stone well was erected in the village of Geogtapah in Aslee's memory after her heartrending and untimely death.

Her father, [[George Malek-Yonan]] (b. 1924), an international attorney in Iran, was personally responsible for negotiating and procuring a seat for the Assyrians as a recognized minority in the Iranian Parliament or [[Majlis of Iran]]. This was a huge accomplishment for a people who had been without a formal country since the fall of the [[Assyrian Empire]]. He also held the title of [http://rosiemalek-yonan.com/georgemalek-yona.html ''Champion of Champions''] in Iran for many years.

Rosie's mother, [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/lidamalek-yonan.html Lida Malek-Yonan] (1928–2002) regarded as an activist and humanitarian, was equally influential in demanding recognition for Assyrian women in Iran by launching and presiding over the ''Assyrian Women's Organization'' which was the only officially recognized charter member of the ''Iranian Women's Association'' up until the end of the [[Pahlavi Dynasty]].

During the [[Assyrian Genocide]] of 1914-1918, Rosie's grandparents left their ancestral homeland in Urmi, Iran, during the Great Exodus from Urmi. The Malek-Yonan family fled to [[Mesopotamia]] where her father was born in [[Baghdad]], while Rosie's maternal grandmother fled to Russia where her mother was born in [[Rostov]]. Years later, both families returned to Tehran where her parents met and were married. Rosie has a younger sister, Monica who works very closely with her on most of her projects. Rosie's great-great-uncle, Dr. Jesse Malek-Yonan [http://www.christiansofiraq.com/TreatiesfredJune166.html] represented the Assyrians of Urmi during the [[Paris]] Peace Talks in 1919 after World War I.

Rosie Malek-Yonan is a classically trained pianist, composer, actress, director, writer, documentary filmmaker, and figure skater. She began studying piano at the age of four and while still in her teens, competed in and won many national piano competitions in Iran and attended the Tehran Conservatory of Music. In 1972 after winning a national piano competition in Iran, she was invited by Queen [[Farah Pahlavi]] to play at a Command Performance. Upon receiving her L.C. degree in English from the [[University of Cambridge]], she studied classical piano with Saul Joseph at the [[San Francisco Conservatory of Music]], and acting with Ray Reinhardt at the [[American Conservatory Theatre]]. A graduate of [[San Francisco State University]] with two degrees in Music, she won an invitation to study drama at the prestigious [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] and the historic [[Pasadena Playhouse]]. Her plays have been produced and performed on stage in Los Angeles.

Rosie made her television debut on the series ''[[Dynasty (TV series)|Dynasty]]'' in 1982, immediately followed by a national commercial for [[AT&T]] where she spoke in Assyrian. She has since appeared in numerous notable television shows, films and plays, acting in a wide range of roles opposite many of Hollywood's leading actors. Most recently, she played the role of Nuru Il-Ebrahim, opposite [[Reese Witherspoon]] [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000702/] in [[New Line Cinema]]'s [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0804522/ ''Rendition''][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendition_%28film%29][http://www.renditionmovie.com/] directed by [[Oscar]] winning director, [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004303/ Gavin Hood][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Hood].

In 2006, at the 73rd Annual Assyrian Convention in [[Chicago]], Illinois, the Board of Advisors of the ''Assyrian American National Federation, Inc.'', selected Rosie Malek-Yonan as '''Woman of the Year'''.

In 2007 she joined the Board of Advisors at the ''Seyfo Center'' in [[Holland]]. The center deals with issues concerning the Assyrian Genocide of 1914-1918. She is also the Patron of the ''Assyrian Levies Organization'' [http://www.assyrianlevies.com/index.html] in [[Australia]].

She is an outspoken advocate on issues concerning her nation, in particular bringing attention to the Assyrian Genocide as well as the plight of today's Assyrians in the Middle-East since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] by the [[United States]] and its [[Coalition Forces]].

==Congressional testimony==

{{Infobox Celebrity
| name = Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image = Rosie Malek-Yonan Congress.jpg|thumb|Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Congressional Testimony [[30 June]] [[2006]]
| birth_date = July 4th
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Assyrian activist
| salary =
| networth =
| spouse =
| children =
| website = [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com www.theCrimsonField.com]
| footnotes =
}}

On [[June 30]], [[2006]], Rosie Malek-Yonan, was invited to testify on Capitol Hill before a [http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/archives/hearings.htm Congressional Committee] [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com/congressionalhea.html] of the [[109th Congress]] on religious freedom regarding the genocide, massacres and persecution of Assyrians in Iraq by Kurds and Islamists. She compared the Assyrian Genocide of 1914-1918, as depicted in her epic and historical novel [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com '''''The Crimson Field'''''], to the current plight of the indigenous Assyrian Christians in Iraq. Her passionate testimony and plea to the U.S. government, ultimately prompted [http://www.visi.com/juan/congress/cgi-bin/newmemberbio.cgi?lang=&member=NJ04&site=ctc&address=&city=&state=NJ&zipcode=&plusfour= Congressman Christopher Smith] (R-NJ) to travel to war-torn Iraq to witness matters for himself. While in Iraq, after meeting with local Assyrians, he turned in Malek-Yonan’s report to U.S. Officials in Iraq. One year later, a Congressional appropriations subcommittee voted to send $10 million to aid the Assyrian Christians in Iraq.[http://www.aina.org/news/20070612131549.htm]

The complete archived transcript and webcast of the actual Congressional Testimony is available at the website of the [http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa28430.000/hfa28430_0f.htm U.S. House of Representatives].

Monica Malek-Yonan's documentary film, [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com/home.html '''''My Assyrian Nation on the Edge'''''], based on Rosie Malek-Yonan's Congressional Testimony was released September 2006 (ISBN 0-9771873-0-6) in English. In co-operation with Seyfo Center in Holland, the documentary will be released in Europe in 2007 in French, German, Swedish and Dutch (ISBN 978-0-9771873-31).

==Selected theatre reviews==

*''"Superbly acted and directed...Director Rosie Malek-Yonan...honed the works to perfection, even down to the fitting choice of songs for transitions and intermission.''" ~Martin Hernandez, [[LA Weekly]]

*''"Rosie Malek-Yonan has done an excellent job directing...top-of-the-line and what might have become a sketch in other hands becomes a poignant episode of universal import...exceptional direction.''" ~Bruce Feld

*''"...very well directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan...The material is very tricky, but Malek-Yonan handles it with requisite sensitivity, without in any way watering down the heavy conflict...Sparks ignite...''" ~Bruce Feld

==Filmography==

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0804522/ ''Rendition'' ][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendition_%28film%29] (2007 - to be released [[19 October]]) - Nuru El-Ibrahim - Directed by [[Gavin Hood]]

*''Animal Stories'' (2005) - Starring as Maryam - Directed by Shammi Samano

*''Anniversary'' (2002) (Awarded by the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]])- Starring as Maryam - Directed by Shammi Samano

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118055/ ''Up Close And Personal''] (1996) - Co-Starring - Directed by Jon Avnet

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0205946/ ''For Goodness Sake II''] (1996) - Co-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/forgoodnesssakeii.html] - Directed by [[Trey Parker]], Produced by [[David Zucker]]

*''Separate Rooms'' (1990) - Starring - Directed by G. Tempert

*''Walking Among Angels'' (1980s) - Starring as Angel [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/walkingamongange.html] - Directed by Alexandria Dante

*''Olives For Breakfast'' (1980s) - Starring as Rosie [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/olivesforbreakfa.html] - Directed by Nilgun Tolken

==TV filmography (episodics, pilots, MOW)==

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874936/ ''LIFE''] [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1036155/ ''(A Civil War)''] (2007 - in production) - Guest Starring as Roya Darvashi - Directed by Dan Sackheim [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0755261/]

*''[[ER (TV series)|E.R.]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108757/] [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0962867/ ''(Family Business)''] (2007) - Co-Starring as Nazely - Directed by Richard Thorpe [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0861703/]

*''[[JAG]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0613301 ''(Lawyers, Guns and Money)''] (2003) - Guest Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/jag.html Rosa] - Directed by Bradford May [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0561879/]

*''[[CSI: Miami]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0534781 ''(Camp Fear)''] (2002) - Co-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/csimiami.html] - Directed by Joe Chappelle [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0152640/] for Deran Serafian [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0764776/]

*''[[JAG]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0613290 ''(In Country)''] (2002) - Guest Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/jag.html] - Directed by Hugo Cortina [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0181445/]

*''[[Three Sisters]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0722803] [http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117797044.html?categoryid=32&cs=1] ''(NBC Pilot)'' (2001) - Co-Starring - Directed by Pam Fryman [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0296945/]

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0677736 ''The Practice'' ''(Checkmates)''] (2000) - as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/practice.html Lambert] - Directed by Andy Wolk [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0938490/]

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200165 ''ST. Michael's Crossing''] ''(CBS Pilot)'' (1999) - Co-Starring - Directed by Robert Butler [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0125111/]

*''[[Melrose Place]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0645991 ''(Asses to Ashes)''] (1999) - Co-starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/melroseplace.html] - Directed by Charles Pratt, Jr. [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0695415/]

*''[[Chicago Hope]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108724/] - Recurring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/chicagohope.html] - (1996-1999) - Directed by Jesus Salvador Trevino [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0872442/], Stephen Cragg [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0185734/], Michael Schultz [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0795782/], and Bill D'Elia [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002704/]

*''[[Chicago Hope]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0540333 ''(White Rabbit)''] (1999) - Recurring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/chicagohope.html] - Directed by Jesus Salvador Trevino [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0872442/]

*''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0522756 ''(Budget Cuts)''] (1998) - Recurring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/beverlyhills9021.html Barbara] - Directed by Chip Chalmers [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0150024/]

*''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0522949 ''(The Fundamental Things Apply)''] (1998) - Recurring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/beverlyhills9021.html Barbara] - Directed by Harvey Frost [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0296501/]

*''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0522732 ''(All That Glitters)''] (1998) - Recurring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/beverlyhills9021.html Barbara] - Directed by Michael Lange [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004627/]

*''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0522861 ''(Making Amends)''] (1998) - Recurring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/beverlyhills9021.html Barbara] - Directed by Joel J. Feigenbaum [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0270570/]

*''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0679688 ''(Victims of Victims)''] (1998) - as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/profiler.html Roya] - Directed by John Patterson [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0666274/]

*''[[Seinfeld]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0697791 ''(The Strongbox)''] (1998) - as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/seinfeld.html Mrs. Phil] - Directed by [[Andy Ackerman]] [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0009953/]

*''[[Chicago Hope]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0540293 ''(Second Chance)''] (1997) - Recurring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/chicagohope.html] - Directed by Stephen Cragg [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0185734/]

*''[[Chicago Hope]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0540309 ''(The Day of the Rope)''] (1997) - Recurring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/chicagohope.html] - Directed by Michael Schultz [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0795782/]

*''[[The Visitor]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0741422 ''(The Black Box)''] (1997) - as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/visitor.html Maria] - Directed by Frederick King Keller [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0445631/]

*''[[Diagnosis: Murder]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0559196/ ''(In Defense of Murder)''] (1997) - as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/diagnosismurder.html Claudia Mores] - Directed by Vincent McEveety [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0568546/]

*''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708615 ''(The Assignment)''] (1996) - as [http://memory-alpha.org/en/wiki/Rosie_Malek-Yonan '''''Tekoa'''''] [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/startrek.html] - Directed by Allan Kroeker [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0471862/]

*''[[Chicago Hope]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0540258 ''(Last One Out, Get the Lights)''] (1996) - Recurring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/chicagohope.html] - Directed by Bill D'Elia [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002704/]

*''[[NYPD Blue]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0656261 ''(Curt Russell)''] (1995) - as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/nypdblue.html Ackama] - Directed by Jim Charleston [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0153191/]

*''[[Babylon 5]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0517639 ''(Confessions and Lamentations)''] (1995) - Co-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/babylon5.html] - Directed by Kevin Cremin [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0187351/]

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0545845/ ''Cop Rock''] ''(Bang the Potts Slowly)'' (1990) - Co-Starring - Directed by Fred Gerber [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0314104/]

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100008 ''Lethal Charm aka Her Wicked Ways''] ''(MOW)'' (1991) - Co-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/lethalcharm.html] - Directed by Richard Michaels [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0584474/]

*''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0653460/ ''(Appointment in Athens)''] (1989) - Co-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/murdershewrote.html] - Directed by Vincent McEveety [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0568546/]

*''[[Dynasty]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0567549/ ''(The Search)''] (1982) - Co-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/dynasty.html] - Directed by Vincent McEveety [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0568546/]

==TV filmography (soap operas)==

{{Infobox Person
| name = Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image = Rosie Malek-Yonan.jpg|thumb|Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image_size = 180x180px
| caption = Assyrian author, actor, director & activist
| birth_date = July 4th
| birth_place = Tehran, Iran
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Pasadena Plahouse, San Francisco State University, American Conservatory Theatre, San Francisco Conservatory of Music, Tehran Conservatory of Music, University of Cambridge
| occupation = Artist
| spouse =
| parents = George & Lida Malek-Yonan
| children =
}}

*''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058796/] - Recurring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/daysofourlives.html] - Directed by Herb Stein [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0825486/], Joseph Behar [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0066875/], Phil Sogard [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0812211/], Randy Robbins [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0730439/], and Susan Orlikoff Simon [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1151026/]
*''[[General Hospital]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056758/] - (multiple episodes) Guest Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/generalhospital.html] - Directed by Phil Sogart [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0812211/] and Alan Pultz [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0700499/]
*''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069658/] - (multiple episodes) Guest-Starring [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/youngtherestless.html] - Directed by Sally McDonald [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0567993/]
*''[[Capitol]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083397/] - Recurring [http://rosiemalek-yonan.com/capitol.html] - Directed by Kenn Herman, Corey Allen [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001904/] and Patrick Corbett [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0179189/]
*''[[Generations]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096593/] - Guest Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/generations.html Gretchen] - Directed by Edward Mallory [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0540103/]
*''[[Santa Barbara (TV series)|Santa Barbara]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086793/] - (multiple episodes) Guest Starring - Directed by Rick Bennewitz [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0072144/]

==Documentary filmography==

*''The Assyrians'' - (2007) (In Production) - Pearlida Pictures
* [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com/home.html ''My Assyrian Nation on the Edge''] (2006) (ISBN 0-9771873-0-6) - Pearlida Pictures, A Monica Malek-Yonan Film, based on a Congressional Testimony by Rosie Malek-Yonan

==Stage credits==

*[[William Saroyan]]'s ''[[The Time of Your Life]]'' - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/timeofyourlife.html Elsie] - [[Pasadena Playhouse]] - Directed by Jill Mana Capps
*[[Tennessee Williams]]' ''[[Summer and Smoke]]'' - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/summersmoke.html Alma] - [[Pasadena Playhouse]] - Directed by Stan Zales
*''Detective Story'' - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/detectivestory.html Susan] - [[Pasadena Playhouse]] - Directed by Darleen Duralia
*[http://www.echotheatercompany.com/bedfellows.html ''Bedfellows''] (A World Premiere, [[Drama-Logue Award]] recipient and Critic's Pick)- Starring as Miranda Morales - Skylight Theatre, Los Angeles - Directed by Christopher John Fields [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0276211/] for the Echo Theatre Company (1996)
*''A Gentleman Of Quality'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/gentlemanofquala.html] - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/gentlemanofquali.html Nicole] - Ivar Theatre, Hollywood - Directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan
*[[Molier]]'s ''[[Le Malade imaginaire]]'' ''The Imaginary Invalid'' - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/imaginaryinvalid.html Toinette] - Gallery Theatre, Hollywood - Directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan
*''My Sister In This House'' - Starring as Christine - Gallery Theatre, Hollywood - Directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan
*''Baby Kisses (Speak!)'' (A World Premiere) - Starring as Brandy - Theatre Geo, Hollywood - Directed by Dana Coen [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168755/]
*''Soft Dude'' (Critic's Pick) - Starring as Doll - Theatre Geo, Hollywood - Directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan
*[[Garrison Keilor]]'s ''My Stepmother, Myself'' - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/mystepmothermyse.html Snow] - Theatre Geo, Hollywood - Directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan
*''Double Bound'' (A World Premiere) - Starring as Mori - En Scene Theatre, North Hollywood - Directed by Herb Rogers
*''Once A Catholic'' - Starring as Mother Thomas - Celtic Arts Center, Hollywood - Directed by Joe Premell
*''The Light In The Mill'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/lightinthemillre.html] (A World Premiere) - Starring as [http://rosiemalek-yonan.com/lightinthemill.html Nancy] - Theatre Americana, Pasadena - Directed by Edgar Weinstock
*''Lies Like Truth'' (A World Premiere) - Starring as [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/liesliketruth.html Denise] - Theatre Americana, Pasadena - Directed by John Otrin [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0652965/]
*''Stage Door'' - Starring as Olga - Charles Jehlinger Theatre, Pasadena - Directed by Lisle Wilson [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0933769/]
*''All Over Town'' - Starring as Millie - Charles Jehlinger Theatre, Pasadena - Directed by Ken McGee

==Additional stage credits==

''The Seagull'' (Nina) - ''Blythe Spirit'' (Madame Arcati) - ''Two Gentlemen Of Verona'' (Julia) - ''A Mid-Summer Night's Dream'' (Hermia) - ''The Merchant Of Venice'' (Portia) - ''Charlie's Aunt'' (Kitty) - ''Miss Julie'' (Julie) - ''Moon Children'' (Kathy) - ''Bad Habits'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/badhabits.html (Ruth Benson)] - ''Broadway'' (Grace) - ''Twigs'' (Celia)

==Director credits==

*''Her Master's Voice'' - Co-wrote with Monica Malek-Yonan - Radio Show
*''The Imaginary Invalid'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/imaginaryinvalid.html] - Gallery Theatre, Hollywood
*''A Gentleman of Quality'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/gentlemanofquala.html] - Co-wrote with Monica Malek-Yonan - Ivar Theatre, Hollywood
*''A Matter of the Mind'' - En Scene Theatre, N. Hollywood
*''Service Please Hold! (from 8x10)'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/servicepleasehol.html] - Theatre Geo, Hollywood
*''Soft Dude'' - Theatre Geo, Hollywood
*''Correct Address'' - Theatre Geo, Hollywood
*''The Ties That Bind'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/tiesthatbindrevi.html] - Theatre Geo, Hollywood
*''My Stepmother, Myself'' [http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com/mystepmothermyse.html]- Theatre Geo, Hollywood

==Author==
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image = The Crimson Field.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''The Crimson Field'']] [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com '''''THE CRIMSON FIELD'''''] by Rosie Malek-Yonan
| image_size =
| caption = Cover of Rosie Malek-Yonan's ''The Crimson Field''
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = July 4th
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Novelist, writer of short stories, articles and plays
| nationality = [[Image:FlagofAssyria.svg|35x28px]] [[Assyrians|Assyrian]]
| period = Early 20th century
| genre = Historical & literary novel
| subject = A true story set to the backdrop of the World War I Assyrian Genocide
| movement =
| debut_works = ''The Crimson Field'' 2005 - ISBN 0-9771873-4-9
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website = [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com www.theCrimsonField.com]
| footnotes =
}}

[http://www.thecrimsonfield.com '''''THE CRIMSON FIELD'''''] by Rosie Malek-Yonan

ISBN 0-9771873-4-9

[http://www.thecrimsonfield.com Pearlida Publishing]

The [http://www.thecrimsonfield.com '''The Crimson Field'''] is a historical and literary epic novel, set in [[Urmia]], Iran. It is based on real events and true family chronicles set to the backdrop of the Assyrian Genocide of 1914-1918 in the shadows of World War I where 750,000 [[Assyria]]ns were massacred by the Ottoman Turks, Kurds and Persians. The book was selected as ''The Assyrian Event of the Year 2005'' by Zinda Magazine ([[22 April]] [[2006]]). It was also featured in the Winter 2007's 4th issue of [http://www.makemag.com/content/category/4/28/47/ '''MAKE'''], a Chicago Literary Magazine.

==Articles==
*''Moon Over Assyria'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2007/05.20.07/index_mon.php] 2007. [[20 May]], [http://www.aina.org/ata/20070524103524.htm] [[24 May]], [http://esna.se/eng/?article=154] [[22 May]]
*''The Assyrian Parade'', 2007. Tehran International Weekly Magazine, Issue No. 539 [[27 April]]
*''Deliver Us From Evil'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2007/03.21.07/index_sat.php] 2007. [[21 March]]
*''Assyrian Genocide Memorial Wall'', [http://esna.se/eng/?article=115] [[5 March]] [http://www.aina.org/news/20070307112641.htm] [[7 May]], [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2007/03.21.07/index_sat.php] 2007. [[21 March]]
*''Assyrian Levies'' [http://www.assyrianlevies.com/] (Australia), 2007. [[7 January]]
*''Annual Assyrian Design Fashion Scholarship Competition'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2007/02.17.07/index_sat.php] 2007. Zinda Magazine [[17 February]]
*''The Assyrian Festival: One Cross. One Flag. One Nation'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2006/05.13.06/index_sat.php#bravo] 2006. Zinda Magazine [[13 May]]
*''Nuri Kino in the City of Angels'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2006/04.22.06/index_sat.php] 2006. Zinda Magazine [[22 April]]
*''Enokian Hits the Nail Right on the Head'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2005/7.23.05/index_sat.php#literatus] 2005. Zinda Magazine [[23 July]]
*''Winner of the Crimson Field International Book Cover Competition'', [http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2005/7.23.05/index_sat.php#literatus] 2005. Zinda Magazine [[23 July]]

==Lectures and Conferences==

*''We are the ones for whom we've been waiting'' (Chicago), 2007. The Assyrian Universal Alliance Foundation's 23rd Annual Scholarship Dinner, [[15 July]]
*''The Assyrian Parade'' (Tarzana, CA), 2007. The Assyrian Festival, [[14 April]]
*''Deliver Us From Evil'' (Anaheim, CA), 2007. TBNTV, [[24 February]]
*''The Assyrians'' (Tarzana, CA), 2007. The Unveiling of the Assyrian Genocide Memorial Wall, [[17 February]]
*''The Assyrian Story'' (Turlock, CA), 2007. [[29 October]]
*''A Continuous Slow Genocide'' (U.C. Merced, CA), 2006. [[28 October]]
*''I am an Assyrian Woman'' (Tarzana, CA), 2006 [[12 August]]
*''Congressional Statement'' (DC), 2006. [[30 June]]
*''Assyrian Genocide 1914-1918'' (U.C. Berkeley, CA), 2006. [[1 March]]
*''My Journey'' a series of lectures that began in Boston, MA on [[1 September]] 2005 through December 2006

==References==

*[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/religionreport/stories/2007/1938012.htm#transcript The Religion Report], 2007. Rosie Malek-Yonan interviewed by Stephen Crittenden on the topic of ''Christian Minorities in the Islamic Middle East,'' for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National, [[30 May]].
*[http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/publications/currentreport/2007annualRpt.pdf Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom] (DC), 2007. ''Testimony of Rosie Malek-Yonan before the House committee on International Relations'' (Washington DC: U.S. House of Representatives, [[June 30]], [[2006]]), pgs 39 and 48 May.
*Zinda Magazine (DC), 2007. ''Journalistic Conglomeration that is Zinda!'', [[25 April]].
*Michael Zapata, Editor-in-Chief, 2007. ''MAKE, a Chicago Literary Magazine'', 4th issue featured a chapter from ''The Crimson Field'', February.
*Zinda Magazine (DC), 2007. ''Malek-Yonan Joins the Cast of Rendition'', [[8 January]].
*Sargon Donabed and Ninos Donabed, 2006. ''Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts (Images of America)'', p.18.
*Keith Roderick, 2006. ''The Un-Holy Month Of Ramadan, NRO: Pious Time For Muslims Is A Deadly One For Christians And Minorities'', [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/18/opinion/printable2101142.shtml CBS News] and [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NGZhNmUwNjdmMDcwODhkNDMyMTQ2Y2UzYTFkMDQxNmY= National Review on Line], [[18 October]].
*Zinda Magazine, 2006. ''Rosie Malek-Yonan's The Crimson Field Selected as The Assyrian Event of the Year 6577/2005'', [[22 April]].
*Hujada, 2006. ''Rosie takes Seyfo in Own Hands'', July/August edition.
*Waleeta Canon (DC), 2006. Zinda Magazine cover story ''Rosie Malek-Yonan Goes to Washington'', [[1 July]].
*Nina Georgizova (DC), 2006 Zinda Magazine ''One Woman. One Testimony. One Voice.'', [[1 July]].
*Zinda Magazine (DC), 2006 the Lighthouse Feature Article: ''Rosie Malek-Yonan's Statement Read Before the House Committee on International Relations on [[30 June]] [[2006]]'' [[1 July]].
*Assyrian Star, Summer 2006. ''Rosie Malek-Yonan's Statement Read Before the House Committee on International Relations on [[30 June]] [[2006]]'', Volume LVIII, No. 2.
*Wilfred Bet-Alkhas (DC), 2006. Zinda Magazine ''The Fourth Column'', [[25 October]].
*The Christian Post, 2006. ''Can Religious Pluralism Survive?'' [[28 August]].
*The Modesto Bee (CA), 2006. ''Assyrian History on Display: Turlock Event Features Author, Documentary'', [[29 October]].
*The Modesto Bee (CA), 2006. ''Assyrian Club Marks 60 Years: Event to be Celebrated with Gala and Appearances by Writer-Actress'', [[26 October]].
*Wilfred Bet-Alkhas (DC), 2006. ''Neo-Assyrianism & the End of the Confounded Identity'', [[7 August]].
*Congressional Quarterly Transcriptions, 2006. ''U.S. Representative Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ) Holds a Hearing on Middle East Religious Minorities'', [[30 June]].
*Washington Day Book (DC), 2006. ''The Washington Daybook - House Committees, Revised - 9:30 a.m. - Hearing House International Relations Committee, (Rosie Malek-Yonan, author, The Crimson Field)'', [[29 June]].
*Washington Day Book (DC), 2006. ''The Washington Daybook - House Committees, 10 a.m. - Hearing House International Relations Committee (Rosie Malek-Yonan, author, The Crimson Field)'', [[29 June]].
*Fairfax Community Newspaper, (Australia), 2006. ''Bravo Rosie'', [[26 July]].
*Zinda Magazine (DC), 2005. Cover story ''Rosie Malek-Yonan, A Special Biography'', [[27 April]].
*Zinda Magazine (DC), 2005. ''The Crimson Field Set for September Release'', [[6 August]].
*Zinda Magazine (DC), 2005. Cover story ''Uncovering Rosie Malek-Yonan's The Crimson Field'', [[31 August]]
*Assyrian Star, Fall 2005. ''Assyrian Achievers'', Volume LVII, Number 3.
*Javanan International (CA), 2005. ''Rosie Malek-Yonan and The Crimson Field'', [[4 November]].
*Terry J. Erdmann and Paula M. Block, 2000. ''Deep Space Nine Companion (Star Trek Deep Space Nine)'', p. 387.
*Michael Okuda, Denise Okuda and Debbie Mirek, 1999. ''The Star Trek Encyclopedia''.
*Back Stage West (CA), 1996. Review of ''Bedfellows'', [[14 November]].
*Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), 1995. ''Mr. Blackwell has kind words for jury'', [[16 April]].
*Daily News of Los Angeles (CA), 1995. ''Simpson Jurors Get Private Performance'', [[26 February]].
*Steven Oxman (CA), 1991. Daily Variety review of ''Three Sisters'' [[9 January]].
* Mary Cogswell Baum (CA), 19??. Sierra Madre News review of Rosie Malek-Yonan in ''The Light in the Mill.''
*Frances Baum Nicholson (CA), 19??, Star News review of Rosie Malek-Yonan in ''The Light in the Mill.''
*Bruce Feld, 19??. Drama-Logue review of ''The Ties That Bind'' directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan.
*Martin Hernandez (CA), 19??. LA Weekly review of ''The Ties That Bind'' directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan.
*Bruce Feld (CA), 19??. Drama-Logue review of ''Service Please Hold'' directed by Rosie Malek-Yonan.

==Famous quotes==

*''I may not have a country with boundaries, but my country is in me. My country is in my soul and in my heart. I am ASSYRIA.'' ~[http://www.thecrimsonfield.com ''The Crimson Field'']

*''Iraq's liberation became the oppression of Assyrians.'' ~[http://www.thecrimsonfield.com/congressionalhea.html ''2006 Congressional Testimony'']

*''I am an Assyrian. That is not negotiable.'' ~[http://www.thecrimsonfield.com ''The Crimson Field'']

==External links==

*[http://www.rosiemalek-yonan.com Rosie Malek-Yonan Official Website]
*[http://www.thecrimsonfield.com ''The Crimson Field'' by Rosie Malek-Yonan Official Website]
*{{imdb name|0539330|Rosie Malek-Yonan}}
*[http://rosiemalek-yonan.com/familytree.html Malek Family Tree]

== See also ==
*[[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]]
*[[Assyrians in Iran]]
*[[List of Assyrians]]
*[[List of Assyrian authors]]
*[[List of authors by name: M]]
*[[List of Catholic authors]]
*[[List of Christians in entertainment and media]]
*[[List of famous Persian women]]
*[[List of feminists]]
*[[List of historical novelists]]
*[[List of Iranians]]
*[[List of Iranian actors]]
*[[List of Iranian actresses]]
*[[List of Iranian Americans]]
*[[List of Iranian artists]]
*[[List of Iranian women]]
*[[List of Iranian writers]]
*[[List of novelists by nationality]]
*[[List of novelists from the United States]]
*[[List of people from Tehran]]
*[[List of Persian poets and authors]]
*[[List of playwrights]]
*[[List of playwrights by nationality and date of birth]]
*[[San Francisco State University]]
*[[Women writers]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malek-Yonan, Rosie}}
[[Category:American character actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:American radio personalities]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Americans of Assyrian descent]]
[[Category:Assyrian families]]
[[Category:Assyrian writers]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholics]]
[[Category:English novelists]]
[[Category:Iranian film directors]]
[[Category:Iranian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Iranian Americans]]
[[Category:Iranian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Iranian novelists]]
[[Category:Iranians of Assyrian descent]]
[[Category:Iranian women writers]]
[[Category:San Francisco State University]]
[[Category:San Francisco State University alumni]]
[[Category:Syriacs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Iranian women]]

Could’ve Been

2007-09-12T03:17:30Z

COMPFUNK2: tag; cleanup per WP:NPOV and WP:SOAP

{{unref|article|date=September 2007}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Could've Been
| Cover = Tiffany-Couldve-Been-18785.jpg
| Artist = [[Tiffany (singer)|Tiffany]]
| from Album = [[Tiffany (album)|Tiffany]]
| B-side = "The Heart of Love"
| Released = 1988
| Format = 7" single, Cassette, Promo CD
| Recorded = 1987
| Genre = [[Pop (music)|Pop]]
| Length = 3:32
| Label = [[MCA Records]]
| Writer = Lois Blaisch
| Producer = [[George Tobin]]
| Chart position = * #4 ([[United Kingdom|UK]], # 1 [[United States of America|USA]])
| Last single = "[[I Think We're Alone Now]]" (1987)
| This single = "Could've Been" (1988)
| Next single = "[[I Saw Him Standing There]]" (1988)
}}

'''"Could've Been"''' is the third single released from ''[[Tiffany (album)|Tiffany]]'', the debut album of [[Tiffany (singer)|Tiffany]].

==Song information==

The song is a slow country ballad about the love that "Could've Been". Tiffany's label and manager, [[George Tobin]] felt concern that she was not old or mature enough to handle such a song. In the end [[Tiffany (singer)|Tiffany]] won her case and the song was recorded and put on her debut album and became the third single.

The [[b-side]] to the single of "Could've Been" was the track "The Heart of Love".

For the [[music video]], music video stations played a live performance of "Could've Been" where fans sang along as Tiffany sang the song live.

==Track listings and formats==
;7" Single and Cassette Single

#Could've Been — 4:00
#The Heart Of Love — ?:??

==Chart performance==
"Could've Been" shot up the charts right away and in the [[U.S.]] became [[Tiffany (singer)|Tiffany]]'s second number one hit in a row following "[[I Think We're Alone Now]]". The song was also a hit on the Adult Contemporary charts as well as many other countries all over the world.

{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (1988)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''[[Billboard]]'' Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''[[Billboard]]'' Adult Contemporary
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ARC Weekly Top 40
|align="center"|1
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Need You Tonight]]" by [[INXS]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[February 6]] [[1988]]
| after = "[[Seasons Change]]" by [[Exposé (band)| Exposé]]
}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Tiffany songs]]
[[Category:2005 singles]]
[[Category:1987 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]