Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Tayna

2020-12-10T13:27:33Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 2 edits by 37.26.64.60 (talk) to last revision by Drin 07

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Short description|Albanian rapper}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tayna
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Doruntina Shala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Prizren]], Kosovo
| origin =
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| label =
*Friends Entertainment
*[[Sony Music]]
| associated_acts = [[Cricket (producer)|Cricket]]
}}

'''Doruntina Shala''' ({{IPA-sq|dɔɾuntina ʃala}}; born 14 December 1996), known professionally as '''Tayna''', is an [[Albanians|Albanian]] rapper and songwriter.

== Biography ==

=== 1996–2018 ===

Doruntina Shala was born on 14 December 1996 into an [[Albanians|Albanian]] family in the city of [[Prizren]], then part of the [[FR Yugoslavia]], present [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=TeksteShqip |title=Tayna–Biografia |url=https://www.teksteshqip.com/tayna |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Bota Sot]] |title=E njohim si Tayna, por ky është emri i vërtetë i reperes |url=https://www.botasot.info/mediale-vip-showbiz/941090/e-njohim-si-tayna-por-ky-eshte-emri-i-vertete-i-reperes/ |website=botasot.info |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[RTV21]] |title=A e dini se si quhet në të vërtetë Tayna? |url=http://rtv21.tv/a-e-dini-se-si-quhet-ne-te-vertete-tayna/ |website=rtv21.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senzacioni i vitit – Tayna: 2018 ishte një vit i jashtëzakonshëm, këtë vit do vazhdoj akoma me më shumë punë |url=https://telegrafi.com/senzacioni-vitit-tayna-2018-ishte-nje-vit-jashtezakonshem-kete-vit-vazhdoj-akoma-shume-pune/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=2 January 2019}}</ref> Tayna made her breakthrough in the [[Albanian language|Albanian-speaking]] world after the release of the singles "Columbiana" and "Shqipe".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna në njëvjetorin e publikimit të këngë “Columbiana”: Populli të rrëzon dhe të ngritë |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-ne-njevjetorin-e-publikimit-te-kenge-columbiana-populli-te-rrezon-dhe-te-ngrite/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[RTV21]] |title=Pas "Columbianës", Tayna vjen me "Shqipe" |url=http://rtv21.tv/pas-columbianes-tayna-vjen-me-shqipe/ |website=rtv21.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=30 June 2018}}</ref> In August 2018, she performed at the Sunny Hill Festival in [[Pristina]] along other acclaimed artists such as [[Action Bronson]], [[Martin Garrix]] and [[Dua Lipa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna ‘thyhet’ në mes për të pasme të mëdha, gati për ‘Sunny Hill Festival’ |url=https://lajmi.net/tayna-thyhet-ne-mes-per-te-pasme-te-medha-gati-per-sunny-hill-festival/ |website=lajmi.net |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=10 August 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, she released her single "Aje" in collaboration with Albanian rapper [[Ledri Vula]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna dhe Ledri Vula publikojnë bashkëpunimin e ri “Aje” |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-ledri-vula-publikojne-bashkepunimin-e-ri-aje/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=18 December 2018}}</ref> The same month, she has been named as the personality of the year by [[Klan Kosova|Privé]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Klan Kosova|Privé]] |title=Personazhi i vitit 2018: TAYNA |url=https://prive.al/personazhi-i-vitit-2018-tayna-video/ |website=prive.al |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

=== 2019–present ===

In 2019, Tayna released six singles including two singles in collaboration with Albanian rappers Lyrical Son and [[MC Kresha]], and Albanian singer [[Dafina Zeqiri]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna publikon bashkëpunimin me dyshen fantastike, Mc Kresha dhe Lyrical Son |url=https://indeksonline.net/tayna-publikon-bashkepunimin-me-dyshen-fantastike-mc-kresha-dhe-lyrical-son/ |website=indeksonline.net |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna dhe Dafina publikojnë këngën e re “Bye Bye”, shfaqen tejet provokuese në klip |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-dafina-publikojne-kengen-e-re-bye-bye-shfaqen-tejet-provokuese-ne-klip/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Both singles peaked at number one in the music chart of Albania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Awards: Tayna x Mc Kresha x Lyrical Son ia dalin të marrin kreun e “The Top List” me “Pasite” |url=http://www.topalbaniaradio.com/v7/top-awards-tayna-x-mc-kresha-x-lyrical-son-ia-dalin-te-marrin-kreun-e-the-top-list-me-pasite/ |website=topalbaniaradio.com |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, Tayna announced a follow-up single in collaboration with Albanian rapper [[Mozzik (rapper)|Mozzik]] during a [[social media]] post.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mozzik dhe Tayna flasin lidhur me bashkëpunimin e tyre: Do të jetë hit |url=https://lajmi.net/mozzik-dhe-tayna-flasin-lidhur-me-bashkepunimin-e-tyre-do-te-jete-hit/ |website=lajmi.net |accessdate=29 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=14 January 2020}}</ref> The aforementioned single "[[Edhe ti]]" was premiered in the same month and entered the music charts in [[The Top List|Albania]], [[GfK Entertainment charts|Germany]] and [[Swiss Hitparade|Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Koha Ditore|Koha]] |title=Tayna e Mozziku publikojnë këngën “Edhe ti” |url=https://www.koha.net/showbiz/205024/tayna-e-mozziku-publikojne-kengen-edhe-ti/ |website=koha.net |accessdate=29 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Klan Kosova|Privé]] |title=Publikohet dueti tejet i komentuar: Tayna ft Mozzik! |url=https://prive.al/publikohet-dueti-tejet-i-komentuar-tayna-ft-mozzik/ |website=prive.al |accessdate=29 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, she officially signed a record deal with [[Sony Music]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Medwedeff |first1=Frank |publisher=Musik Woche |title=Tayna rappt für Sony Music |url=http://beta.musikwoche.de/details/452063 |accessdate=15 July 2020 |language=German |date=10 July 2020}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===

==== As lead artist ====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[The Top List|ALB]] <ref>Note: ''"The Top List" are the charts conducted by [[Top Channel]] since December 2015''. For peak positions in Albania:
*For "Columbiana":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—01/07/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-07-2018/ |accessdate=10 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010134600/https://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-07-2018/ |archivedate=10 October 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 July 2018}}
*For "Shqipe":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—29/07/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/29-07-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Fake":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—16/09/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-09-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Doruntina":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—07/10/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-10-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Pow Pow":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—16/12/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-12-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Aje":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—23/12/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/23-12-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Ring Ring":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—10/03/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/10-03-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Kce":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—31/03/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/31-03-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Caliente":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—07/07/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-07-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Pasite":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—11/08/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/11-08-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Bye Bye":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—01/09/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-09-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Sicko":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—17/11/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/17-11-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Sorry":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—05/01/2020 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/05-01-2020/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "[[Edhe ti]]":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—09/02/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/09-02-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Bass":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—02/08/2020 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/02-08-2020/ |accessdate=2 August 2020 |language=Albanian}}</ref>
!style="width:3em; font-size:85%" | [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]] <ref name="GER">{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche |title=Suche Nach "Tayna" |publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=German}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Swiss Hitparade]] |url=http://swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&from=&to=&search=Tayna |title=Discography Tayna |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=German}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Columbiana" {{Small|(featuring Don Phenom)}}
| rowspan="6" | 2018
| 1 || — || —
| rowspan="17" {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Shqipe"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Fake"
| 3 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Doruntina"
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Pow Pow"
| 11 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Aje" {{Small|(featuring [[Ledri Vula]])}}
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Ring Ring"
| rowspan="7" | 2019
| 8 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Kce"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Caliente" {{Small|(with [[Cricket (producer)|Cricket]])}}
| 4 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Pasite" {{Small|(featuring [[Lyrical Son]] and [[MC Kresha]])}}
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Bye Bye" {{Small|(featuring [[Dafina Zeqiri]])}}
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Sicko"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Sorry"
| 13 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Edhe ti]]" {{Small|(with [[Mozzik (rapper)|Mozzik]])}}
| rowspan="4"| 2020
| 2 || 90 || 26
|-
! scope="row" | "A jo"
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Bass"
| 12 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Qe Qe"
| 92 || — || 45
|-
| colspan="11" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Albanian music|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shala, Doruntina}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Prizren]]
[[Category:Kosovan rappers]]
[[Category:Albanian songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Albanian rappers]]
[[Category:Sony Music artists]]
[[Category:Kosovo Albanians]]
[[Category:Kosovan people of Albanian descent]]

Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War

2020-08-24T22:57:24Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Bshsnnen (talk) to last version by Ferret

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War
| image = Black Ops Cold War.jpeg
| caption =
| developer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Treyarch]]|[[Raven Software]]}}
| publisher = [[Activision]]
| writer =
| composer =
| series = ''[[Call of Duty]]''
| engine = [[IW Engine|IW 8.0]]
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| platform = 
| released = 2020
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}'''''Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War''''' is an upcoming [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] developed by [[Treyarch]] and [[Raven Software]] and published by [[Activision]]. It is the sixth installment of the ''Black Ops'' series, and the seventeenth installment in the overall ''[[Call of Duty]]'' series. The game is set to be released in late 2020.

The worldwide reveal is planned for August 26, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|date=2020-08-20|title=Warzone puzzle ends with teaser for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-08-20-warzone-puzzle-ends-with-teaser-for-call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Eurogamer|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War'' is set during the [[Cold War]], "inspired by [[Timeline of events in the Cold War|actual events]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Call of Duty: Black Ops: Cold War Is The Next Call Of Duty|url=https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war-is-the-next-call-of-dut-1844780143|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=Kotaku|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hollister|first=Sean|date=August 19, 2020|title=Call of Duty Black Ops: Cold War is official, will be ‘inspired by actual events’|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/19/21376314/call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war-treyarch-raven-activision|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

== Development ==
On May 18, 2019, [[Kotaku]] reported that the game was in a upheaval as developers [[Sledgehammer Games]] and Raven Software had increasing tensions between the studios. A source for Kotaku described the game as a "mess".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sources: Call of Duty 2020 in upheaval|url=https://kotaku.com/sources-call-of-duty-2020-in-upheaval-as-treyarch-take-1834858368|work=[[Kotaku]]|first=Jason|last=Schreier|accessdate=August 19, 2020|date=May 18, 2019}}</ref> In response, Activision assigned Treyarch to lead development alongside Raven.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kain|first=Erik|title=Here’s When ‘Call Of Duty’ 2020 Might Be Revealed|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2020/08/06/call-of-duty-2020-announcement-date-revealed/|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

On August 4, 2020, Activision in their Q2 [[earnings call]] confirmed that a new ''Call of Duty'' title was planned to be released in 2020 and that Treyarch and Raven were developing the game.<ref>{{Cite web|last=August 2020|first=Alyssa Mercante 04|title=Call of Duty 2020 confirmed by developers Treyarch and Raven Software|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/call-of-duty-2020-confirmed-treyarch/|access-date=August 19, 2020|work=[[GamesRadar]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Chalk|first=Andy|date=2020-08-04|title=Activision confirms that Treyarch and Raven are making the new Call of Duty|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/activsion-confirms-that-treyarch-and-raven-are-making-the-new-call-of-duty/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US}}</ref> It will be the first ''Call of Duty'' game since [[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3|''Modern Warfare 3'']] to be co-developed by two studios, as well as the first time Raven Software being the main developer, as in previous games they assisted on the multiplayer and extra features.<ref name=":1" /> Activision president Rob Kostich confirmed during the Q2 earnings call that ''Black Ops Cold War'' will be "tightly connected" to [[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019 video game)|''Call of Duty: Modern Warfare'' (2019)]] and ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/4/21354064/call-fo-duty-warzone-august-update-season-5-2020-sequel-multiplayer-mode-ps4-xbox-one-pc|title=Call of Duty Warzone will live on in future sequels, Infinity Ward says|first=Owen|last=S. Good|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 4, 2020|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
Announcements and marketing relating to a ''Call of Duty'' game have traditionally been around April or May prior to the game's fall release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Call of Duty 2020 Reveal Will Be 'Very Different,' Says Activision|url=https://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2020/08/05/call-of-duty-2020-reveal-very-different/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=PlayStation LifeStyle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-28|title=‘Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War’ accidentally announced by bag of chips|url=https://technology.inquirer.net/102505/call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war-accidentally-announced-by-bag-of-chips|access-date=2020-08-20|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en}}</ref> However, Activision began teasing ''Black Ops Cold War'' with an [[alternate reality game]] (ARG) in August 2020. Various YouTubers prevalent to the ''Call of Duty'' community on YouTube were shipped crates. Once authorized to open on August 10, 2020, they were greeted by a [[slide projector]], 10 different slides per crate, and a manifest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kain|first=Erik|title=‘Call Of Duty’ 2020 Teased In Mysterious Projector Images, But Still No Reveal|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2020/08/10/call-of-duty-2020-teased-in-mysterious-projector-images-but-still-no-reveal/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/19/21376337/call-of-duty-warzone-black-ops-cold-war-missile-verdansk-video-secret|title=Call of Duty: Warzone players find giant missile thanks to Black Ops Cold War ARG|first=Ryan|last=Gillian|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 9, 2020|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref> Starting on August 14, 2020, ''Black Ops Cold War'' was marketed, after [[Cipher|ciphers]] being solved, by enticing fans to solve ciphers and puzzles on a website called pawntakespawn.com.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=CoD 2020: Mystery Boxes Drop Hints Ahead Of Game Reveal|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/cod-2020-mystery-boxes-drop-hints-ahead-of-game-re/1100-6480745/|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> The website allowed fans to watch [[VHS tapes]] containing news segments and footage that pertained to the corresponding year(s) [[Timeline of events in the Cold War|throughout]] the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onder|first=Cade|date=August 10, 2020|title=Call of Duty 2020 gets teaser website; New info coming this week|url=https://www.gamezone.com/news/call-of-duty-2020-gets-teaser-website-new-info-coming-this-week/|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=GameZone|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 14, 2020|title=Activision teases Call of Duty: 2020 in a basement in Warzone|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/08/14/activision-teases-call-of-duty-2020-in-a-basement-in-warzone/|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref> Throughout the VHS tapes, at random intervals, two-digit [[nixie tube]] combinations appeared, required to solve ciphers, in addition to one set of coordinates per VHS tape that led to a location in ''Warzone''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=August 2020|first=Connor Sheridan 14|title=Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War teaser code opens a Warzone room full of secrets|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war-teaser-code-opens-a-warzone-room-full-of-secrets/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=gamesradar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thier|first=Dave|title=‘Call Of Duty: Warzone’ Just Dropped The Coordinates For A New Secret In An Elaborate Puzzle|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2020/08/14/call-of-duty-warzone-just-dropped-the-coordinates-for-a-new-secret-in-an-elaborate-puzzle/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/new-call-of-duty-2020-game-seemingly-teased-info-c/1100-6480711/|title=New Call Of Duty 2020 Game Seemingly Teased, Info Coming Tomorrow|first=Steve|last=Watts|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 13, 2020|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>

On August 19, 2020, once all ciphers were solved, ''Black Ops Cold War''<nowiki/>'s teaser trailer was revealed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stay Vigilant|url=https://pawntakespawn.com/playthegamefindthetruth|access-date=2020-08-20|website=pawntakespawn.com|language=en}}</ref> The teaser trailer contains segments of a 1984 interview with former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[First Chief Directorate|PGU]] [[KGB]] informant and defector [[Yuri Bezmenov]] discussing [[active measures]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onder|first=Cade|date=2020-08-19|title=Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War officially revealed|url=https://www.gamezone.com/news/call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war-officially-revealed/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=GameZone|language=en-US}}</ref> The worldwide reveal is planned for August 26, 2020.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-08-20-warzone-puzzle-ends-with-teaser-for-call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war|title=Warzone puzzle ends with teaser for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War|first=Wesley|last=Yin-Poole|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=August 20, 2020|accessdate=August 21, 2020}}</ref>

== Censorship ==
On August 24, 2020, [[CBR.com]] reported that the teaser trailer for ''Black Ops Cold War'' has been [[Censorship in China|banned in China]] due to a one second depiction of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-23|title=Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War Trailer Banned in China Due to Tiananmen Square Footage|url=https://www.cbr.com/cod-black-ops-cold-war-trailer-tiananmen-footage/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=CBR|language=en-US}}</ref> An edited trailer was released instead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Bans ‘Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War’ Trailer Because of 1989 Tiananmen Square Footage|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ep489p/china-bans-call-of-duty-black-ops-cold-war-trailer-because-of-1989-tiananmen-square-footage|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.callofduty.com/ official site]
* [https://pawntakespawn.com/playthegamefindthetruth teaser trailer]
{{Call of Duty series|state=expanded}}
{{Portal bar|Video games|United States}}
[[Category:Activision games]]
[[Category:Call of Duty]]
[[Category:Cold War video games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Raven Software games]]
[[Category:Treyarch games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Vietnam War video games]]
[[Category:Video game sequels]]
[[Category:Video games set in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Video games set in the United States]]
[[Category:War video games set in the United States]]

Rema (Musiker)

2020-05-31T15:15:44Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 169.159.83.88 (talk) to last version by 102.22.217.139

{{short description|Nigerian musician}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rema
| background = solo_singer
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Divine Ikubor
| birth_date =
| origin = [[Benin City]], [[Edo State]], [[Nigeria]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Afrobeats]]|[[Trap music|trap]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2019 {{ndash}} present
| label = {{hlist|Jonzing World|[[Mavin Records|Mavin]]}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Don Jazzy]]|[[D'Prince]]|[[DJ Big N]]}}
| website =
}}

'''Divine Ikubor''', known professionally as '''Rema,''' is a Nigerian singer and rapper. In 2019, he signed a record deal with Jonzing World, a subsidiary of [[Mavin Records]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/321661-don-jazzy-signs-new-artiste-to-mavin-global.html|title=Don Jazzy signs new artiste to Mavin Global|first=Jayne|last=Augoye|date=22 March 2019|publisher=}}</ref>. He rose to prominence with the release of the song "Iron Man", which appeared on [[Barack Obama]]'s 2019 summer Playlist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-singer-rema-makes-obamas-summer-playlist/|title=Nigerian singer Rema makes Obamas’ summer playlist|last=Published|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>.

==Early life and career==
The singer was born into a Christian family in [[Benin City]], Edo State.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/06/24/rema-dumebi-interview|title=Rema is Nigerian pop’s golden child|first=Camille|last=Storm|date=24 September 2019|publisher=The FADAR}}</ref> Rema grew up singing and rapping while in secondary school. He attained his primary and secondary school education in [[Edo State]].{{cn|date=February 2020}}

Rema signed a record deal with [[D'Prince]]'s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/dprince-gave-mavin-records-new-lease-life/|title=How D'Prince gave Mavin Records a new lease of life|last=Akindare|first=Okunola|date=21 January 2020|publisher=NET}}</ref> Jonzing World, a subsidiary of Mavin Records in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoguideafrica.com/2019/03/Rema-Biography.html|title=Rema Biography, Age 18, Family, Early Life, Education, Music, Albums, Net Worth And More|last=Clifford|first=Igbo|website=Information Guide Africa}}</ref> He released his eponymous debut EP ''Rema'' in 2019. It peaked at number 1 on Apple Music Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943|title=Rema - EP by Rema|via=music.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877|title=Top 100: Nigeria|website=Apple Music}}</ref>

==Awards==
On 19 October 2019, Rema won [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] and was nominated for Viewer's Choice at the 13th edition of [[The Headies]]. On 12 January 2020 he received the Souncity mvp for best new artist. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Gbenga Bad-a |title=Headies 2019: Here are all the winners at the 13th edition of music award |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-13th-edition-of-music-award/peegxqv |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |accessdate=20 October 2019 |date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
*''Rema'' (2019)
*''Rema Freestyle'' (2019)
*''Bad Commando''<ref>{{cite web|last1=ROSS|first1=ALEX ROBERT|title=Listen to Rema’s new four-track EP, Bad Commando|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/10/04/listen-to-remas-new-four-track-ep-bad-commando|website=thefadar.com|publisher=The Fadar|accessdate=21 January 2020|date=4 October 2019}}</ref> (2019)

===Singles===
*"Iron Man" (2019)
*"Why" (2019)
*"Dumebi" (2019)
*"Corny" (2019)
*"Boulevard" (2019)
*"American Love" (2019)
*"Spiderman" (2019)
*"Trap Out The Submarine" (2019)
*"Bad Commando" (2019)
*"Lady" (2019)
*"Rewind" (2019)
*"Spaceship Jocelyn" (2019)
*"Dumebi Remix" (ft [[Becky G]]) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/rema-dumebi-remix-ft-becky-g/|title=Rema - Dumebi (Remix) ft. Becky G |date=2020-02-14|website=Notjustok|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref>
*"Beamer (Bad Boys)" (2020)
*"Rainbow" (2020)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rema}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Edo State]]

Timothy Thatcher

2020-05-28T13:25:12Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 41.115.37.206 (talk) to last version by Andrew9393787

{{short description|American professional wrestler}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Timothy Thatcher
| image = ThatcherMLW2019.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Thatcher at [[MLW Saturday Night SuperFight]]
| birth_name = Timothy Andrew Moura<ref name="CBI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/timothy_andrew_moura_born_1983_15971316|title=Timothy Andrew Moura, Born 03/17/1983 in California|website=CaliforniaBirthIndex.org|accessdate=January 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6316&name=Timothy+Thatcher</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|3|17}}<ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6316&name=Timothy+Thatcher</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/melomesh/status/1107333785773707267?s=20</ref><ref name="CBI" />
| birth_place = [[Alameda County, California|Alameda County]], [[California]], U.S.<ref name="CBI" />
| alma_mater =
| spouse = 
| children =
| family =
| names =
| height = 6 ft 3 in<ref>https://mlw.com/timothy-thatcher/</ref>
| weight = 228 lb<ref>https://mlw.com/timothy-thatcher/</ref>
| billed = [[Sacramento, California]]
| trainer = SPW Training Academy<ref>http://www.supremeprowrestling.yolasite.com/spw-training-academy.php</ref> APW Bootcamp<ref name="geekweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.geekweek.com/2011/09/casting-a-wrestling-revolution-day-21.html|title=Casting a WRESTLING REVOLUTION - Day 21 - GeekWeek|website=www.geekweek.com}}</ref> [[WWE Performance Center]]
| debut = 2005<ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6316&name=Timothy+Thatcher</ref>
| retired =
| website = 
|ring_names=Tim Moura '''Timothy Thatcher'''}}

'''Timothy Moura''' (born March 17, 1983) is an [[Americans|American]] [[professional wrestler]] better known by the ring name '''Timothy Thatcher''', he is currently signed to [[WWE]] where he performs on the [[WWE NXT|NXT]] brand.<ref name="geekweek.com"/>

Thatcher is best known for his work in [[Evolve Wrestling|Evolve]], where he is the longest-reigning [[Evolve Championship|Evolve Champion]], as well as a former (and final) [[Open the Freedom Gate Championship|Open the Freedom Gate Champion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6316&page=11|title=Titles « Timothy Thatcher « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref> and the 2014 Style Battle Tournament winner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filsingergames.com/timothy-thatcher-challenges-evolve-roster-with-his-british-style/|title=Timothy Thatcher Challenges Evolve Roster With His British Style! - Filsinger Games|website=filsingergames.com}}</ref> In addition to his work for [[WWNLive|WWNLive]] promotions,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoeQaPvPHL4|title=EVOLVE Focal Point: Who Is Timothy Thatcher?|first=|last=WWNLive|date=5 August 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTN6U0AU24Q|title=EVOLVE Mini-Doc: Timothy Thatcher|first=|last=WWNLive|date=2 November 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> Thatcher has worked internationally for numerous notable promotions, including [[Major League Wrestling]] (MLW), [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]] (PWG), [[Progress Wrestling]], [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]] (RevPro), [[Preston City Wrestling]] (PCW), [[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]] (wXw) and, [[Combat Zone Wrestling]] (CZW).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgusa.tv/bio/timothy-thatcher|title=Timothy Thatcher's First Match Since Losing The EVOLVE Championship - WWNLIVE|date=15 March 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www.progresswrestling.com/event/chapter-26-unknown-pleasures/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hashtagwrest.wordpress.com/category/revolution-pro-wrestling/|title=Revolution Pro Wrestling|website=hashtagwrest.wordpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wxw-wrestling.com/pages/posts/programmhinweis-big-daddy-walter-timothy-thatcher-heute-live-beim-wdr-2818.php|title=Programmhinweis: Big Daddy WALTER & Timothy Thatcher heute live beim WDR|website=wXw - more than Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6316&page=20|title=Career « Timothy Thatcher « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>

Thatcher is the second and final man (after [[Drew McIntyre|Drew Galloway]]) to simultaneously hold the Evolve and Open The Freedom Gate Championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77iRELXPwHg|title=365 Days: Timothy Thatcher|first=|last=WWNLive|date=18 January 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Professional wrestling career ==
=== Early years ===
Moura made his pro wrestling debut in September 2005 for Supreme Pro Wrestling in a match lost against Drake Smith. Between the names Tim Moura and Timothy Thatcher, he appeared in promotions including Supreme Pro Wrestling, [[All Pro Wrestling]], Pro Wrestling Bushido, [[Championship Wrestling from Hollywood|Championship Wrestling From Hollywood]] and [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]] among others. Thatcher would later work for [[Insane Championship Wrestling]] and Source Wrestling, [[Preston City Wrestling]], [[Progress Wrestling|PROGRESS Wrestling]], Southside Wrestling Entertainment, and [[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]] where he is a former Unified World Wrestling Champion and World Tag Team Champion. Thatcher became a Triple Crown Champion in Supreme Pro Wrestling, winning the SPW Extreme Championship, Heavyweight Championship and Tag Team Championship. While in All Pro Wrestling, Thatcher became a two-time [[APW Universal Heavyweight Championship|APW Universal Heavyweight Champion]] and a two-time [[APW Worldwide Internet Champion]].

=== Westside Xtreme Wrestling (2013–2019) ===
Thatcher debuted in 2013 during [[Westside Xtreme Wrestling|Westside Xtreme Wrestling's]] AMBITION 4 Tournament, in a quarter final match lost against Heddi Karaoui. The following night, he also competed in wXw's Back To The Roots XII event, losing in a singles match against [[Marcel Barthel|Axel Dieter Jr.]] During his tenure in wXw, Thatcher became a one-time wXw World Tag Team Champion and a one-time wXw Unified World Wrestling Champion.

=== EVOLVE (2014–2019) ===
Thatcher made his EVOLVE debut at EVOLVE 31 in a Round Robin Challenge, losing to [[Drew Gulak]]. At EVOLVE 45, Thatcher became a double-champion, winning the both the [[Open the Freedom Gate Championship]] and the [[Evolve Championship|EVOLVE Championship]]. Thatcher was the longest reigning EVOLVE Champion in history until he lost to [[Zack Sabre Jr.]] on February 25, 2017 at EVOLVE 79, ending his reign at 596 days.

=== WWE (2020–present) ===
On February 2, 2020, it was reported Thatcher signed a developmental contract with [[WWE]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Timothy Thatcher reportedly signs with WWE|last=Powell|first=Jason|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/02/04/timothy-thatcher-reportedly-signs-with-wwe/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=February 4, 2020|accessdate=February 4, 2020}}</ref> On the April 15 edition of NXT, Thatcher was revealed as [[Matt Riddle|Matt Riddle's]] tag team partner, replacing [[Pete Dunne]] (who is unable to travel due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]). Thatcher and Riddle defended the [[NXT Tag Team Champion|NXT Tag Team Championships]] against Undisputed Era. However, on the May 13 edition of NXT, Thatcher and Riddle lost the titles to [[Imperium (professional wrestling)|Imperium]] when Thatcher walked out on Riddle during the match, turning heel in the process.<ref>https://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=136393</ref> Thatcher would then face Riddle later on in the evening, with Riddle picking up the win. Following the match, Thatcher would attack Riddle and lock him in his Fujiwara armbar submission.

==Personal life==
Thatcher is known for being very quiet about his personal life. He has no social media profiles and prefers to maintain a low profile.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timothy Thatcher: An American in Oberhausen|last=Babbage|first=Sarah|url=https://www.fanbyte.com/wrestling/timothy-thatcher-an-american-in-oberhausen/|work=Fan Byte Dot Com|date=November 8, 2019|accessdate=November 8, 2019}}</ref>
== Championships and accomplishments ==
* '''[[All Pro Wrestling]]'''
** [[APW Universal Heavyweight Championship]] (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allprowrestling2.wix.com/all-pro-wrestling#!timothy-thatcher-/cxld|title=All Pro Wrestling Promotion School California|publisher=}}</ref>
** [[APW Worldwide Internet Championship]] (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=47|title=APW Worldwide Internet Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>
* '''[[Championship Wrestling from Hollywood]]'''
** [[CWFH Heritage Tag Team Championship]] (1 time) – with [[Drew Gulak]]
** [[UWN Tag Team Championship]] (1 time) – with Drew Gulak<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=titles&titel=4170|title=Wrestlingdata.com - The World's Largest Wrestling Database|first=Axel|last=Saalbach|website=wrestlingdata.com}}</ref>
* '''[[DDT Pro-Wrestling]]'''
** [[Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship]] (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/ddt/ironman-hm.html|title=Ironman Heavymetalweight Title|accessdate=2016-08-12|publisher=Wrestling-Titles.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Evolve (professional wrestling)|Evolve]]'''
** [[Evolve Championship]] ([[Evolve Championship#Title history|1 time]])
** [[Open the Freedom Gate Championship]] ([[Open the Freedom Gate Championship|1 time]])
** Style Battle Tournament (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3033|title=Style Battle 2014 Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>
*'''[[Pacific Northwest Wrestling]]'''
** Pacific Northwest Light Heavyweight Championship ([[Pacific Northwest Wrestling#Champions when the company closed|1 time]])
* '''Pro Wrestling Bushido'''
** PWB Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6316&page=4&year=2010&promotion=1290|title=Matches « Timothy Thatcher « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=titles&titel=3891|title=Wrestlingdata.com - The World's Largest Wrestling Database|first=Axel|last=Saalbach|website=wrestlingdata.com}}</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** PWI ranked him #'''71''' of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the [[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]] in 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2016.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2016 - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.profightdb.com}}</ref>
* '''Supreme Pro Wrestling'''
** SPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/bios/t/137780-2/|title=Timothy Thatcher|publisher=}}</ref>
** SPW Extreme Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2165&page=5&reign=10|title=Title Reigns « SPW Extreme Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>
** SPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Drake Frost<ref>http://www.supremeprowrestling.yolasite.com/title-history.php</ref>
* '''[[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]]'''
** [[wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship]] ([[wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship#Title history|1 time]])
** [[wXw World Tag Team Championship]] ([[wXw World Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[Walter (wrestler)|Walter]]<ref name=wXwTagLeague2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.wxw-wrestling.com/pages/posts/wxw-world-tag-team-league-2017-night-3-4460.php|title=wXw World Tag Team League 2017 Night 3|accessdate=2017-10-08|work=[[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]]|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Staff|first1=F4W|title=WXW 16 CARAT GOLD NIGHT TWO RESULTS: WORLD TITLE MATCH SURPRISE|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/indies/wxw-16-carat-gold-night-two-results-world-title-match-surprise-253296|website=F4wonline|publisher=Wrestling Observer Newslleter}}</ref>
**Ambition 9 (2018)
** Road to 16 Carat Gold Tournament (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3771|title=Road To 16 Carat Gold League 2016 « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>
** World Tag Team League (2017) – with Walter<ref name=wXwTagLeague2017 />
** Shortcut to the Top (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wxw-wrestling.com/pages/posts/wxw-shortcut-to-the-top-2019-6092.php|title=wXw Shortcut to the Top|accessdate=2019-09-19|work=[[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]]|language=German}}</ref>
* '''Wrestling Cares Association'''
** WCA Golden State Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Oliver John<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestlingcares.com/roster/|title=Roster|date=26 May 2013|publisher=}}</ref>
* '''[[WWE]]'''
** [[NXT Tag Team Championship]] (1 time) - with [[Matt Riddle]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{WWE superstar|timothy-thatcher|Timothy Thatcher}}

{{Evolve Championship}}
{{WWE personnel}}
{{WXW Unified World Wrestling Championship}}
{{WXW World Tag Team Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thatcher, Timothy}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Sacramento, California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Alameda County, California]]

Jeff Okudah

2020-04-24T02:07:24Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 69.118.67.161 (talk) to last version by Joeykai

{{short description|American football cornerback}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Jeff Okudah
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| number = --
| current_team = Detroit Lions
| position = [[Cornerback]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1999|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Grand Prairie, Texas]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 1
| weight_lb = 200
| high_school = [[South Grand Prairie High School|South Grand Prairie]] ([[Grand Prairie, Texas]])
| college = [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]]
| draftyear = 2020
| draftround = 1
| draftpick = 3
| pastteams =
* [[Detroit Lions]] ({{NFL Year|2020}}–present)
| status = Unsigned draft pick
| highlights =
* [[Unanimous All-American]] ([[2019 College Football All-America Team|2019]])
* ''USA Today'' All-American ([[2016 USA Today All-USA high school football team|2016]])
| statleague = NFL
| statseason =
| statweek =
| statlabel1 = [[Tackle (football move)|Tackles]]
| statvalue1 =
| statlabel2 = [[Pass deflections]]
| statvalue2 =
| statlabel3 = [[Interceptions]]
| statvalue3 =
| statlabel4 = [[Fumble|Forced fumbles]]
| statvalue4 =
| statlabel5 = [[Fumble|Fumble recoveries]]
| statvalue5 =
| statlabel6 = [[Touchdown|Total touchdowns]]
| statvalue6 =
| nflnew =
| pfr = OkudJe00
}}

'''Jeffrey Okudah''' (born February 2, 1999) is an [[American football]] [[cornerback]] for the [[Detroit Lions]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He played [[college football]] for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State Buckeyes]].

==Early years==
Okudah attended [[South Grand Prairie High School]] in [[Grand Prairie, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2015/oct/04/texas-defensive-back-impresses-off-the--1/|title=Texas defensive back impresses off the field, too|author=Davenport, Richard|date=October 4, 2015|accessdate=September 27, 2019|work=Arkansas Democrat Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/2016/02/03/say-hello-to-the-new-no-1-recruit-in-dfw-south-grand-prairie-s-jeffrey-okudah/|title=Say hello to the new No.1 recruit in DFW: South Grand Prairie's Jeffrey Okudah|date=February 3, 2016|website=Dallas News}}</ref> A five-star recruit, he committed to [[Ohio State University]] to play college football.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/18426998/ohio-state-buckeyes-lands-jeffrey-okudah-five-star-safety-texas|title=Five-star safety Jeffrey Okudah commits to Ohio State|author=Olson, Max|date=January 7, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2019|website=ESPN.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/college-football/2017/01/07/ohio-state-buckeyes-jeffrey-okudah-commitment|title=Ohio State lands commitment from five-star athlete Jeffrey Okudah|date=January 7, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2019|website=SI.com}}</ref>

==College career==
As a true freshman at Ohio State in 2017, Okudah played in all 14 games and had 17 tackles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dispatch.com/sports/20180404/ohio-state-football--jeffrey-okudah-has-persevered-through-pain|title=Ohio State football | Jeffrey Okudah has persevered through pain|first=Bill|last=Rabinowitz|website=The Columbus Dispatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buckeyextra.com/sports/20180915/ohio-state-tcu--buckeyes-jeffrey-okudah-has-history-with-horned-frogs-qb|title=Ohio State-TCU | Buckeyes' Jeffrey Okudah has history with Horned Frogs QB|first=Tim|last=May|website=Buckeyextra}}</ref> As a sophomore in 2018, he played in 13 games, recording 32 tackles. As a junior in 2019, he recorded his first career [[interception]] against the Miami Redhawks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/osu/2019/09/ohio-state-footballs-jeff-okudah-relishes-first-career-interception-against-miami-of-ohio.html|title=Ohio State football’s Jeff Okudah relishes first career interception against Miami of Ohio|author=Baird, Nathan|date=September 22, 2019|accessdate=September 27, 2019|website=Cleveland.com}}</ref> As a junior in 2019, Okudah had 34 tackles, 9 passes defensed, and 3 interceptions. For his performance that season, he was [[List of unanimous All-Americans in college football|unanimously named]] to the [[2019 College Football All-America Team]], as well as named a finalist for the [[Jim Thorpe Award]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hooley |first1=Bruce |title=Chase Young, Jeff Okudah Likely to go 2-3 in NFL Draft |url=https://www.si.com/college/ohiostate/football/chase-young-jeff-okudah-likely-to-go-2-3-in-nfl-draft |website=SI.com |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref> Okudah decided to forgo his senior year by declaring for the [[2020 NFL Draft]], where he is considered to be the best cornerback prospect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio State CB Jeff Okudah Declares for 2020 NFL Draft After Loss to Clemson|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2863452-ohio-state-cb-jeff-okudah-declares-for-2020-nfl-draft-after-loss-to-clemson|author=Wells, Adam|work=Bleacher Report|date=January 1, 2020|accessdate=January 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanson |first1=Kevin |title=2020 NFL Draft Rankings: Cornerbacks |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2020/02/20/nfl-draft-2020-cornerbacks-rankings-best-prospects |website=SI.com |accessdate=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kartje |first1=Ryan |title=A top pick in NFL draft? Ohio State corner Jeff Okudah has it covered |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2020-04-07/draft-profile-on-ohio-states-jeff-okudah |website=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=8 April 2020}}</ref>

==Professional career==
{{NFL predraft
| height ft = 6
| height in = 1⅛
| weight = 205
| dash = 4.48
| ten split =
| twenty split =
| shuttle =
| cone drill =
| vertical = 41
| broad ft = 11
| broad in = 3
| bench = 11
| arm span = 32⅝
| hand span = 9⅛
| wonderlic =
| note = All values from NFL Combine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/jeff-okudah?id=32194f4b-5519-2813-7f59-b79efab52dd1 |title=Jeffrey Okudah Combine Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref>
}}

On April 23, 2020, Okudah was selected 3rd overall by the [[Detroit Lions]] in the [[2020 NFL Draft]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Birkett |first1=Dave |title=It's official! Detroit Lions take Jeff Okudah with No. 3 pick in 2020 NFL draft |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/nfl/lions/2020/04/24/jeff-okudah-detroit-lions-nfl-draft-2020/3009362001/ |accessdate=April 23, 2020 |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |date=April 23, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/roster/jeffrey-okudah/ Ohio State Buckeyes bio]

{{Detroit Lions roster navbox}}
{{2019 NCAA Division I FBS College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{2020 NFL Draft}}
{{LionsFirstPick}}
{{Lions2020DraftPicks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okudah, Jeff}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Grand Prairie, Texas]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]]
[[Category:African-American players of American football]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Texas]]
[[Category:American football cornerbacks]]
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:Detroit Lions players]]

Abba Kyari

2020-04-18T13:31:19Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Gbaskid (talk) to last version by CLCStudent

{{short description|Nigerian politician}}
{{recent death}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Abba Kyari
| image = Abba-Kyari2.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|11|17|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|4|17|1938|11|17|df=y}}
| office1 = [[Chief of Staff to the President (Nigeria)| Chief of Staff to the President]]
| president1 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| term_start1 = 27 August 2015
| term_end1 = 17 April 2020
| predecessor1 = Jones Arogbofa
| alma_mater = [[Nigerian Law School]] [[Harvard Business School]] [[International Institute for Management Development]]
| education = [[University of Warwick]] [[University of Cambridge]]
| awards = [[Order of the Niger]]
| death_place = [[Lagos]], Nigeria
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Niger|OON]]
| spouse =
| children = 4
| resting_place = Gudu Cemetry, Gudu, Abuja
}}

'''Abba Kyari''' [[Order of the Niger|OON]] (17 November 1938 – 17 April 2020) was a Nigerian politician who served as Chief of Staff to [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|last1=Bakare|first1=Tonye|title=Buhari appoints Lawal as SGF, Kyari as CoS|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/08/flash-buhari-appoints-lawal-as-sgf/|website=Guardian Nigeria|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

==Family and personal life==

=== Early life and education ===
A [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] from [[Borno State|Borno]], not much is known about his early life. In 1980, he graduated with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[sociology]] from the [[University of Warwick]], and also received a bachelor's degree in [[law]] from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Exxon-Mobil2">{{cite web|url=http://www.exxonmobil.com.ng/Nigeria-English/PA/products_downstream_directors.aspx|title=Exxon Mobil Nigeria Board of Directors|website=Exxon Mobil|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> In 1983, he was called to the [[Nigerian Bar Association|Nigerian Bar]] after attending the [[Nigerian Law School]].<ref name="TDLN">{{cite web|last1=Aboyade |first1=Funke |title=From Dublin, Law School Set of ’83 Plans Big |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/from-dublin-law-school-set-of-8217-83-plans-big/127530 |website=This Day Live Nigeria |accessdate=29 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016010128/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/from-dublin-law-school-set-of-8217-83-plans-big/127530 |archivedate=16 October 2012 }}</ref>

In 1984, he obtained a [[master's degree]] in law from the University of Cambridge.<ref name="Exxon-Mobil">{{cite web|title=Exxon Mobil Nigeria Board of Directors|url=http://www.exxonmobil.com.ng/Nigeria-English/PA/products_downstream_directors.aspx|website=Exxon Mobil|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> He later attended the [[International Institute for Management Development]] in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland and participated in the Program for Management Development at the [[Harvard Business School]], in 1992 and 1994, respectively.

=== Family ===
Kyari was married to the sister-in-law of [[Ibrahim Tahir]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/haruna/haruna303.htm|title=Tahir: The Death of a Radical Conservative|last=Haruna|first=Mohammed|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> and had four children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/columnists/ibrahim-tahir-a-personal-loss-2/|title=Ibrahim Tahir: A Personal Loss|last=Kyari|first=Abba|date=23 December 2009|website=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Health ===
On March 24, 2020, it was made public that Kyari tested positive for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] on March 23, following an official trip to Germany nine days before.<ref name=coronavirus>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/383571-coronavirus-abba-kyari-reportedly-tests-positive-kingibe-others-may-be-tested.html|title=UPDATED: Coronavirus: Abba Kyari reportedly tests positive; Kingibe, others may be tested|last=Owoseye|first=Ayodamola|date=2020-03-24|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>

== Professional career ==
Kyari worked for the law firm Fani-Kayode and Sowemimo for some time after his return to Nigeria.<ref name="Naij-FFK">{{cite web|last1=Bolashodun|first1=Oluwatobi|title=Fani-Kayode Reacts To Abba Kyari's Appointment|url=https://www.naij.com/532624-read-fani-kayodes-reaction-abba-kyaris-appointment-buharis-cos.html|website=Naij|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

From 1988 to 1990, he was Editor with the New Africa Holdings Limited Kaduna.

In 1990, he served as a Commissioner for Forestry and Animal Resources in [[Borno State]].

From 1990 to 1995, Kyari was the secretary to the board of African International Bank Limited, a subsidiary of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]].

Kyari was an executive director in charge of management services at the [[United Bank for Africa]], and was later appointed the [[chief executive officer]]. In 2002, he was appointed a board director of [[Unilever Nigeria Plc|Unilever Nigeria]], and later served on the board of [[ExxonMobil|Exxon Mobil]] Nigeria.

== Political career ==
In August 2015, Kyari was appointed [[Chief of Staff to the President (Nigeria)|Chief of Staff]] to [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoguideafrica.com/2020/04/Abba-Kyari.html|title=Mallam Abba Kyari Biography, Age, Early Life, Family, Net Worth And More|last=Stanford|first=Igbo|website=Information Guide Africa|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html|title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2015-08-27|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

=== Power politics ===
Kyari was an influential figure within the Buhari administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/men-of-power-nigerias-most-influential-power-brokers/|title=Men of power: Nigeria’s most influential power brokers|last=Published|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> During the administration's first term, he worked mainly [[Éminence grise|behind the scenes]] to implement the president's agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/192601-in-surprise-move-saraki-personally-submits-names-of-ministers-to-buhari.html|title=In surprise move, Saraki personally submits names of ministers to Buhari - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2015-11-03|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> In [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019]] with Buhari's re-election for a second term, he ordered his [[Cabinet of Nigeria|cabinet]] to channel all requests through Kyari's office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/08/21/go-through-abba-kyari-to-see-me-buhari-directs-ministers/|title=Go through Abba Kyari to see me, Buhari directs ministers - P.M. News|website=www.pmnewsnigeria.com|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> Further enhancing his influence within government circles, and being labelled as the de facto head of government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/lead-story/article/abba-kyari-prime-minister-in-a-presidential-system/|title=Abba Kyari: Prime minister in a presidential system|date=2019-08-25|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

In 2017, following a leaked memo, Kyari became embroiled in a public argument with the [[Nigerian Civil Service|Head of Civil Service]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/11/01/oyo-ita-kyari-heated-argument-villa/|title=Oyo-Ita, Kyari In Heated Argument At Presidential Villa|website=Channels Television|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> who was later removed from office and arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/353112-breaking-buhari-sacks-head-of-service-oyo-ita.html|title=Buhari sacks Head of Service, Oyo-Ita - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2019-09-18|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/alleged-n570m-fraud-ex-head-of-service-oyo-ita-arrested/|title=Alleged N570m fraud: Ex-Head of Service Oyo-Ita arrested|last=Alli|first=Yusuf|date=2020-03-23|website=The Nation|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> In 2020, in another leaked memo, [[Babagana Monguno]] the [[National Security Advisor (Nigeria)|National Security Adviser]] accused Kyari of meddling in matters of national security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/377757-updated-exclusive-buharis-team-in-disarray-as-nsa-monguno-declares-war-on-abba-kyari.html|title=UPDATED: EXCLUSIVE: Buhari’s team in disarray as NSA Monguno declares war on Abba Kyari|last=Ogundipe|first=Samuel|date=2020-02-17|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

==Death==
Kyari died at First Cardiology Consultants Hospital, Lagos on 17 April 2020, he died from complications related to [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://reportafrique.com/africa/nigeria/breaking-abba-kyari-chief-of-staff-to-buhari-is-dead/|title=Breaking: Abba Kyari, Chief of staff to Buhari is dead|website=Report Afrique|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/18/breaking-president-buharis-chief-of-staff-abba-kyari-dies/|title=BREAKING: President Buhari’s Chief Of Staff Abba Kyari Dies|website=Channels Television|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://m.guardian.ng/breakingnews/buharis-chief-of-staff-abba-kyari-dies//|title=Buhari’s Chief Of Staff Abba Kyari Dies|website=The Guardian Newspapers|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Order of the Niger|Officer of the Order of the Niger]] (OON); [[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of the Niger.gif|frameless|59x59px]]
|National honour in Nigeria
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyari, Abba}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Nigerian Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Niger]]
[[Category:Nigerian lawyers]]

Abba Kyari

2020-04-18T13:26:28Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Gbaskid (talk) to last version by 78.149.154.16

Carlos Casares Mouriño

2020-04-16T16:46:47Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Crazzyhaxers (talk) to last version by CLCStudent

{{no footnotes|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Carlos Casares Mouriño
|image =
|caption =Carlos Casares portrait
|birth_date = 24 August 1941
|birth_place = [[Ourense]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
|death_date = 9 March 2002
|death_place = [[Nigrán]], [[Pontevedra Province|Pontevedra]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
|language = [[Galician people|Galician]]
|genre=[[Narrative]]
}}

'''Carlos Casares Mouriño''' was born in [[Ourense]] on 24 August 1941 and died in [[Nigrán]] on 9 March 2002. He was a [[Galician language]] writer.

==Life==
Carlos Casares was born in [[Ourense]] into a middle-class family in 1941. When he was three years old, his family moved to [[Xinzo de Limia]], where his father was a teacher, thus spending his early years in this Galician rural area. He got close to Galician language, the main language he would be in contact with in the area except for his mother, who spoke Spanish.

His family had strong religious beliefs, and, in fact, some of his relatives were priests and one was an archbishop. Due to his family's religiosity, he was sent to the Seminary in Ourense, where he received humanistic education between 1952 and 1957. During those years, he experienced enormous repression for being a speaker of Galician language. This stimulated a nonconformist spirit that led him to his first literary involvement, a clandestine magazine called El averno. Because of this, Carlos left the Seminary and self-studied the last years of Secondary Education. He consequently had a lot of free time to begin his literary creation. Winning a literary prize in Ourense gave him the possibility of meeting Galician intellectual [[Vicente Risco]]. Afterwards, he started attending the talks Risco gave in “Café Parque”.

After finishing his studies, Casares established himself in [[Santiago de Compostela]] and there he began his college studies in Philosophy and Languages. He did so between the years 1961 and 1967, specialising in Romanic philology. At University, he met Arcadio López-Casanova and, thanks to him, Ramón Piñeiro, thus involving in the centre of the Galician cultural movement against [[caudillo]] Francisco Franco. However, it was not all reduced to cultural activity. Carlos Casares became part of ADE (Asociación Democrática de Estudiantes, Democratic Student Association), and FELIPE (Frente de Liberación Popular, People's Liberation Front). This is where, in the writer's words, he "discovered marxism and felt like a marxist". During those university years, he didn’t forget his literary work either. In 1965, he published several tales in Grial magazine. In 1967, his first novel, Vento Ferido (Wounded Wind), came out, published by Galaxia in its Illa Nova collection.

When he finished his university studies, he came back to Xinzo and started searching for a job as a teacher. He tried to achieve a position in Ourense, but he finally got it in [[Viana do Bolo]], as an assistant teacher in the school "Colegio Libre Asociado". There he underwent some conflicts with the school's principal because he organised certain activities the [[Francoist State]] did not approve of. Due to this fact, he was forbidden to teach in Galicia by the Vice-chancellor of Santiago University. He emigrated to [[Biscay]], in the Basque Country, and taught there, but he returned after a short period of time because of external causes.

When returning from this trip, he met Kristina Berg, a Swedish girl who would eventually become his wife. Carlos visited Sweden frequently and discovered there its open, democratic and advanced society. Sweden was also the place where his children (Hakan and Christian) were born.

In 1974, public examinations were held in Galicia, and Carlos achieved a position as a Spanish language teacher in a school in [[Cangas do Morrazo]]. However, he was reprimanded a short time after that, along with [[Méndez Ferrín]], Alonso Montero and Francisco Rodríguez.

A year later, Casares won the Galaxia literary prize, on the 25th anniversary of this publishing group. Due to this fact, he was acknowledged as one of the most innovative and significant emerging voices of Galician narrative prose. He also wrote essays studying Galician intellectuals, like [[Otero Pedrayo]], [[Vicente Risco]] or [[Curros Enríquez]], and became the youngest member of the [[Real Academia Galega]] (Royal Galician Academy) in 1977.

Despite all the work he did as an essayist, Carlos Casares did not forget literature, and continued publishing some highly welcomed narrative works. He wrote ''Os escuros soños de Clío'' (1979); ''Ilustrísima'' (1980) and, after leaving his career as a member of parliament, also ''Os mortos daquel verán'' (1987), ''Deus sentado nun sillón azul'' (1996) and ''O sol do verán'' (2002).

=== Political involvement ===
Carlos Casares was part of Galician political life during the years of the democratic transition to democracy after Franco's death. He was one of the instigators of a manifest called Realidade Galega (Galician reality), whose objective was achieving a Statute of Autonomy for Galicia similar to that of Catalonia and the Basque Country. Carlos Casares and his friend and partner Ramón Piñeiro were therefore at the forefront of Galician politics at the time. This is why both of them were included as independents in the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]'s political candidatures and became members of the first Galician Parliament in 1981.

In the Parliament, both made a great effort to create a [[language policy]] for Galicia, with the Language Policy Act being passed in 1983. A new institution called Consello da Cultura Galega (Galician Culture Council) was also created that year as a result of their work. However, his political involvement did not meet his expectations and he did not run again for election. He thus focused just in cultural work and he became chairman of Consello da Cultura Galega between 1996 and 2002. He also directed Galaxia publishing group (1986–2002) and ''Grial'' magazine.

In the 90's, Carlos Casares travelled along the world and got involved in a large amount of conferences and gatherings. He attended [[PEN International]] congresses held in Maastrich, Toronto and Santiago de Compostela, was part of the Literarisches Kolloquium in Berlin and taught Galician language around the world, in cities like New York.

Carlos Casares died on 9 March 2002 due to a cardiac crisis.

==Works==

===Magazines===
Carlos Casares collaborated in several magazines and newspapers. He was chief editor of ''Grial'' magazine from 1989 until he died in 2002. Casares published articles in several newspapers as ''La Región'' or ''El País''. The newspaper he was more linked to was ''La Voz de Galicia'', where he published in diverse sections. For example, he published in the section ''Ledicia de ler'' (The joy of reading) between 1975 and 1992 and informed of new Galician books. Another section he wrote for was ''A Marxe'' (The margin), where he included his personal anecdotes. This section was published irregularly but on a daily basis from July 1992 until the day he died.

===Narrative prose===
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - The Birth of Venus (detail) - WGA2772.jpg|thumbnail|A fragment of [[Botticelli]]'s ''The birth of Venus'' was used for ''Wounded Wind''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s cover.<ref>[http://www.franciscomantecon.eu/recursos/imgdiseno/367_1984_vento_ferido.jpg ''Wounded Wind''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s cover.]</ref>]]
*''Vento ferido'' (1967, Galaxia). Short stories about violence and fatalism, translated into English as ''Wounded Wind'' by Rosa Rutherford in 2004 and published by Planet.
*''Cambio en tres'' (1969, Galaxia).
*''Xoguetes pra un tempo prohibido'' (1975, Galaxia).
*''Os escuros soños de Clío'' (1979, Galaxia). Translated into Spanish as ''Los oscuros sueños de Clío'' by Xesús Rábade Paredes in 1994 and published by [[Anagrama]].
*''Ilustrísima'' (1980, Galaxia). Translated into Spanish in 1981 by Basilio Losada, published by Luis de Baralt (Barcelona).
*''Os mortos daquel verán'' (1987, Galaxia).
*''Deus sentado nun sillón azul'' (1996, Galaxia).
*''O sol do verán'' (2002, Galaxia).

===Essays===
*''[[Manuel Curros Enríquez]]'' (1980, Galaxia).
*''[[Ramón Otero Pedrayo|Otero Pedrayo]]'' (1981, Galaxia).
*''[[Vicente Risco]]'' (1981, Galaxia).
*''Conversas con [[Ánxel Fole]]'' (1984, Galaxia).
*''[[Francisca Herrera Garrido]]'' (1987, Real Academia Galega).
*''Ramón Otero Pedrayo'' (1988, Real Academia Galega).
*''Ramón Piñeiro: unha vida por Galicia'' (1991, [[Caixa Galicia]]. 2005, Galaxia).
*''Fermín Bouza Brey'' (1992, Real Academia Galega).
*''Na marxe de cada día: follas dun diario'' (1994, La Voz de Galicia).
*''A vida de Ánxel Fole'' (1996, Galaxia).
*''Guía da provincia de Pontevedra: arte, cultura e gastronomía'' (1996).
*''Ramón Piñeiro'' (1996, [[Xunta de Galicia]]).
*''[[Ánxel Fole]]: escolma de textos'' (1997, Real Academia Galega).
*''Hemingway en Galicia'' (1999, Galaxia).
*''Un país de palabras'' (1999, Galaxia).
*''Biografía de Don Juan de la Coba'' (2000, Galaxia).
*''A vida do padre Sarmiento'' (2001, Galaxia).
*''Conciencia de Galicia: Risco, Otero, Curros : tres biografías'' (2004, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1992. Obra xornalística I'' (2005, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1993. Obra xornalística II'' (2005, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1994. Obra xornalística III'' (2006, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1995. Obra xornalística IV'' (2006, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1996. Obra xornalística V'' (2007, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1997. Obra xornalística VI'' (2007, Galaxia).
*''Á marxe, 1998. Obra xornalística VII'' (2008, Galaxia).

===Children's literature===
*''A galiña azul'' (1968, Galaxia).
*''As laranxas máis laranxas de tódalas laranxas'' (1973, Galaxia).
*''O can Rin e o lobo Crispín'' (1983).
*''Este é Toribio'' (1991, Galaxia).
*''Toribio contra o profesor Smith'' (1991, Galaxia).
*''Toribio e o contador de contos'' (1991, Galaxia).
*''Toribio ten unha idea'' (1992, Galaxia).
*''Toribio revoluciona o tráfico'' (1994, Galaxia).
*''O galo de Antioquía'' (1994).
*''Lolo anda en bicicleta'' (1996, Galaxia).
*''Un polbo xigante'' (2000, Galaxia).

===Biographer and essayist===
As a biographer and essayist he wrote about the life and works of [[Vicente Risco]], [[Otero Pedrayo]], Ramón Piñeiro, [[Curros Enríquez]] and [[Martín Sarmiento]]. He also wrote about [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s presence in Galicia and about Galicia in this author's works, ''Hemingway en Galicia'' (1999).

Humor, straightforwardness and clarity were the most important characteristics of his narrative and essay style when writing about issues that affect the current world.

===Translator===
He translated ''O principiño'' (1972) by the French [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]], ''Os escaravellos voan á tardiña'' (1989) by the Swedish [[Maria Gripe]] and ''O vello e o mar'' (1998) by the American [[Ernest Hemingway]].

===Collective works===
*''Contos da xustiza'' (1991, Ir Indo).
*''Os contos da campaña (2)'' (1992, Xunta de Galicia).
*''O mundo desde aquí'' (1993, IGADI).
*''Unha liña no ceo (58 narradores galegos 1979–1996)'' (1996, [[Xerais]]).
*''Para ler a Vicente Risco'' (1997, Galaxia). With Arturo Lezcano and Antón Risco.
*''Novos exercicios de estilo'' (2000, [[Universidade da Coruña]]).
*''Palabras con fondo'' (2001, Fondo Galego de Cooperación e Solidariedade).
*''Poetas e Narradores nas súas voces (Vol. I)'' (2001, Consello da Cultura Galega).
*''Galicia: nai e señora'' (2002, Nigra).
*''Narradio. 56 historias no ar'' (2003, Xerais).

==Awards==
*first prize in O Facho National Children's Literature Contest (''Concurso nacional de contos infantís O Facho'') in 1968, for his work ''A galiña azul''.
*Winner in O Facho National Children's Theater Contest (''Concurso Nacional de Teatro Infantil O Facho'') in 1973, for his work ''As laranxas máis laranxas de todas as laranxas''.
*Galaxia Award in 1975.
*Winner of the first ''Ramón Otero Pedrayo'' prize, in 1980, for his work ''Otero Pedrayo''.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==

===References===
*[https://archive.is/20130412131008/http://www.egu.es/egu/Html/index.php?op=ver&id=30240 Carlos Casares] in Galician Encyclopaedia EGU (in Galician).
* {{cite book | last = Beckson | first = Karl E. | year = 1998 | title = The Oscar Wilde Encyclopedia | publisher = AMS Press |series=AMS Studies in the Nineteenth Century, no. 18 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-404-61498-0}} Detailed reference work on Wilde, the majority of entries discuss his works; his biography, times, and contemporary literary movements are also covered.
* {{cite book| last = Loureiro | first = Ramón | title =Carlos Casares| year =2003| location =Vigo | publisher = Promocións Culturais Galegas / A Nosa Terra| isbn = 84-96203-51-4}} (in Galician).
* {{cite book| last = Several authors| title =Carlos Casares. Os amigos, as imaxes, as palabras | year =2004| location =Vigo | publisher = Promocións Culturais Galegas / A Nosa Terra| isbn = 84-96403-20-3}} (in Galician).
* {{cite book| last = Several authors| title =Carlos Casares. Monografías. Revista de Estudios Miñoranos | year =2003| location =Val Miñor | publisher = Instituto de Estudios Miñoranos| isbn = 84-8289-213-4}} (in Galician).
* {{cite book| last = Henrique Monteagudo and Francisco Díaz Fierros | title =Carlos Casares: a semente aquecida da palabra| year =2003| location =Santiago de Compostela | publisher = Consello da Cultura Galega| isbn = 84-95415-68-2}} (in Galician).

===External links===
*[http://bvg.udc.es/ficha_autor.jsp?id=CarCasar&alias=Carlos+Casares Biography in ''Biblioteca Virtual Galega'', in Galician]
*[http://www.culturagalega.org/lg3/lg3_autor_detalle.php?Cod_prsa=20&titulo=carlos%20casares Biography in ''Consello da Cultura Galega'', in Galician]
*[http://www.aelg.org/Centrodoc/GetAuthorById.do?id=autor406 Author's description in AELG, in Galician].
*[http://www.fundacioncarloscasares.org/ Carlos Casares Foundation (Fundación Carlos Casares)]
*[http://www.epdlp.com/escritor.php?id=2472 Biography in ''El Poder de la Palabra''. In Spanish]
{{Authority control}}
{{Galician Literature Day}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Casares, Carlos}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Galician writers]]
[[Category:Galician-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Ourense]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Parliament of Galicia]]

Carlos Casares Mouriño

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CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Crazzyhaxers (talk) to last version by CLCStudent

Carlos Casares Mouriño

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CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Crazzyhaxers (talk) to last version by Asqueladd

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Falefa

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CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 214.3.17.38 (talk) to last version by Neils51

[[File:Falefa meeting between 1923 - 1928 Samoa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Meeting at Falefa c.1923 - 1928. At the center rear is [[New Zealander]] Major General George S. Richardson, Administrator of Samoa between 1923–1928.]]
[[File:Samoa upolu.jpg|thumb|View of Falefa Valley from Le Mafa Pass.|300px]]

'''Falefā''' is a large district located on the north eastern coast of [[Upolu]] island in [[Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/tca1963317/
|work=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
|title=Samoa Territorial Constituencies Act 1963
|access-date=18 December 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605081449/http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/tca1963317/
|archive-date=5 June 2011
|df=
}}</ref> It was the ancient capital during the ''malo'' of ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'' (King) Fonoti who, after having defeated his siblings Va'afusuaga and Samalaulu for control of Samoa, chose to rule from his new seat in Falefa, an honour remembered in its ''faalupega'' (Charter and Salutations) to this day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Le Mamea|first=MK|title=O le Tusi Faalupega o Samoa: Savaii, Upolu, Manono ma Apolima|publisher=Fale Lomitusi a le LMS|year=1930|isbn=|location=Malua, Samoa|pages=84}}</ref>

Falefa is situated in the Anoama'a i Sasa'e electoral constituency which itself is situated within the larger ancient political 'district' of [[Atua (district)|Atua]]. Atua is headed by the '[[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua]]' (King of Atua), a title once held by Tui Ātua Leuteleleiite of Falefa during antiquity. It is now usually bestowed on one of the royal matai of Ātua, [[Tupua Tamasese]] and Matā'afa.

Falefa was founded by two brothers - Moeono and Leutele and is ruled by the two ''Matua -'' Moeono and 'Iuli. Together with the village of Salani, Falefa is the home of one Samoa's main political families, '''Aiga Sā Fenunuivao'' (descendants of ''Fenunuivao'', wife of King Muagututi'a and mother of the first ''Tupua, Fuiavailili''). The family is led by Moeono of Falefa and Tofua'iofoia of Salani, and is the custodian of the ''Tama-a-'Āiga'' [[Tupua Tamasese]] title.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tuimaleali'ifano, Morgan A. (19XX).|title=O tama a 'aiga he politics of succession to Samoa's paramount titles|date=2006|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific|isbn=978-982-02-0377-8|oclc=494614506}}</ref> Both the ''Tama-a-'aiga'' Tupua Tamasese and ''pāpā'' Tui Atua royal titles are currently held by Samoa's former Prime Minister and Head of State, [[Tufuga Efi|His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi.]]

Falefa is one of the oldest and largest villages in Samoa,<ref name=":4" /> with its traditional borders stretching from Uafato to Saoluafata. Oral tradition and archaeological evidence from the nearby Sasoa'a Lapita discovery site place the date of settlement in the area to as far back as to somewhere between 300B.C - 200 A.D.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Meleisea, Malama. Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel.|title=Lagaga : a short history of Western Samoa|date=(1994 [printing])|publisher=University of the South Pacific|isbn=982-02-0029-6|oclc=59616555}}</ref> In later times, portions of these lands were gifted by subsequent Moeono to form the settlements of [[Lufilufi]], Lalomauga, Saletele, Falevao and Faleapuna.<ref>{{Citation|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=Discovering Outsiders|date=1997-08-28|work=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders|pages=119–151|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44195-7|last2=Schoeffel|first2=Penelope|doi=10.1017/chol9780521441957.005}}</ref>

== History & Culture ==
[[File:Falefa Falls.jpg|thumb|300px|Falefa Falls, popular swimming and recreational spot for tourists and locals.]]

=== Establishment of Falefa ===
According to oral tradition, Falefa was founded by the two sons of [[Atua (district)|Tui Atua]] Mua’iteleloa and Leateafaiga, daughter of Lufasiaitu of Uafato, Fagaloa - Moe'ono'ono Faleologa (or Moe'ono) & his younger brother Leutele Leutogitui. Since then, Falefa has been headed by the descendants of these two brothers who hold the respective Moeono and Leutele titles.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Beeman|first=William O.|date=December 1996|title=From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.:From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.|journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=251–253|doi=10.1525/jlin.1996.6.2.251|issn=1055-1360}}</ref> Leaving their birthplace at Uafato (Fagaloa) and obeying their fathers wishes, they established their first settlement at the top of mountains overlooking Fagaloa Bay and the Falefa valley, called Manuao.

This was later moved down to its present site at the northern edge of the [[Falefa Valley|Falefa valley.]] It was from this vantage point atop Manuao that the warriors of Moeono and Leutele descended in a surprise attack on the [[Tonga]]n forces anchored at Fagaloa Bay, foiling Leifi and Tautolo's plot to have Queen [[Salamasina]] kidnapped and taken to [[Tonga]].<ref name=":5" />

In later centuries, a chief called 'Iuli was promoted to the rank of ''<nowiki/>'Matua''' by Moeono as a reward for helping to bring peace to the war-ravaged region. Falefa is now administered and governed by both Matua - Moeono and Iuli, with Leutele as the ranking alii, addressed as ''Tinā o Tupua'' (Tupua's Mother), honoring the first Tupua's mother Fenunuivao and maternal Grandfather, Leutele.

The elder of the two brothers, Moeono, was given the mantle of be''<nowiki/>''ing ''<nowiki/>'Tui Atua o le Lau'ele'ele ma Tagata'<nowiki/>'' (meaning authority over all lands and people) while his younger brother Leutele was designated the mantle of '''Tui Atua Faanofonofo ma le Saoga''''','<nowiki/>'' (meaning authority in trust).

The size of Falefa was such that a centralised location was needed to rule from and so Moeono created ''<nowiki/>'O le Faleupolu o Sagapolu'<nowiki/>'' - the administrative centre from which the seat of Moeono and his successors continue to govern Falefa from the Moeono residence known as ''<nowiki/>'Laloaoa''' down to the present day. Other sub-villages followed; Saleapaga followed by Sagogu and Gagaeimalae. Moeono and Leutele bestowed titles on prominent houses and established 'vassal' houses to serve Moeono and Leutele and assist with the administration of the growing district.

The brothers and their respective heirs traveled extensively throughout their dominion - from Lemafatele (known as Le Mafa Pass today) to Sasoa'a (where [[Lapita culture|Lapita]] pottery remains have been found),<ref name=":5" /> to Fagaloa and the mountains overlooking the valley below where the village of Falefa stands today.

===''Tupu Tafa'ifa'' - King Fonoti ===
One of the early kings of Samoa was Faumuina, a direct descendant of Queen Salamasina. He had three children, two sons and one daughter. The sons were named Fonoti and Vaafusuaga and the daughter was named Samalaulu. They are commonly known in the traditions of Samoa as “The Three of Faumuina.” Each child was by a different mother so that after the death of their father they individually contended for the Kingship.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d49-d2.html|title=An Account of Samoan History up to 1918|last=Tuvale|first=Te'o|date=1968|website=Victoria University of Wellington|url-status=live|accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref>

Having waged war successfully for the crown against his kin, Fonoti was ultimately proclaimed King. He conferred many honours upon those chiefs and Districts that had fought for him and such honours and privileges are remembered and passed down by Samoa's Tulafale (Orator chiefs) Tumua (Upolu) and Pule (Savaii) down to the present day.

For contending with Manono, Sapapali'i and Saleaaumua naval forces and securing his victory at sea, the leaders of Faleapuna and Fagaloa were granted a district of their own called ''Vaa-o-Fonoti'' (literally, Fonoti's canoe). For leading his land forces and securing victory on land, Falefa was designated the honour of serving as the national capital and was given the salutation of ''Aai o Fonoti, Aai o le Tupu'' (Fonoti's city, city of the King).<ref name=":6" /> Falefa continued as the administrative centre of Fonoti, Muagututi'a and Tupua's respective ''malo'' until the time of Fonoti's grandson, King Afoa (later Afoafouvale), who chose to rule from neighbouring Lufilufi.<ref name=":2" />

These honors are reflected to this day in the ''Fa'alupega o Samoa'' (customary honorific salutations of Samoa) of the respective villages and in those of Falefa (see below).

During the 18th century, continued wars between the Falefa and surrounding districts had taken its toll. 'Iuli was rewarded by Moeono for having the courage to speak for peace and was subsequently granted the position of honour, elevated to becoming the one of the two preeminent senior tulafale of Falefa, assisting Moe'ono'ono and Leutele with the administration of the Falefa as well as in their dealings with the rest of Samoa.<ref name=":6" />[[File:Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III.jpg|thumb|Mau leader Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III. Appointed by Falefa and Salani's Aiga Sā Fenunuivao.<ref name=":3" />|505x505px]]

===Falefa and the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese ===
The ''pāpā'' titles confer upon individual holders authority over designated territory (Tui Atua rules Atua, Tui A'ana rules A'ana etc.) or, in the case of a ''tafa'ifā'' (holder of all four ''pāpā'' titles) status as King or Queen of all Samoa. However, these titles are usually contested exclusively among Samoa's four royal lineages, each with a paramount title holder whom the royal family is named after. These are called ''Tama-a-aiga'' (sons of the families). Tupua Tamasese is one of these paramount titles.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=So'o|first=Asofou|title=Democracy and Custom in Samoa: An Uneasy Alliance|publisher=IPS Publications University of the South Pacific|year=2008|isbn=978-982-02-0390-7|location=Suva, Fiji|pages=9}}</ref>

King Muagututi'a, son of King Fonoti, married Fenunuivao, daughter of Leutele of Falefa. Because they had no children of their own, they adopted Fuiavailili from Salani as their son. Upon his arrival in Falefa, he was given the name 'Tupua' and was thereafter known as Tupua Fuiavailili, the first Tama-a-'aiga.<ref name=":2" />

As the child was now the sole heir to Muagututi'a, the orators questioned who this child was to assume such an important mantle and whether he possessed the necessary genealogical links to the great families of Samoa in order to be worthy. Thus it was revealed that Fuiavailili's biological father was Fuimaono, and biological mother Sa'ilau, descendants of Fanene and direct descendants of Queen Salamasina's son and second child, Tapumanaia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tamasese|first=Tui Atua Tupua|date=June 1995|title=Tamafaigā — shaman, king or maniac?The Emergence of Manono∗|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=30|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1080/00223349508572780|issn=0022-3344}}</ref> Tupua Fuiavailili, through his ancestry and adoption, was the first ruler of Samoa to have inherited from both of Queen Salamāsina's children, re-uniting the Salamasina lineages through his ancestor, Tapumanaia, Salamāsina's husband (from the Fuimaono and Fanene line), and Muagututi'a's ancestor Fofoaivao'ese, Salamasina's daughter with from a previous relationship with Alapepe, (from the Muagututi'a line). Having satisfied the requirements of having direct lineage to Salamāsina and demonstrable link to both lineages and prominent families, Tupua Fuiavailili succeeded Fonoti and was proclaimed King and as the first ''Tama a 'Āiga (lit.'''son of the families').<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Efi|first=Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta'isi Tupuola Tufuga|title=Su'esu'e Manogi: In Search of Fragrance|publisher=The Centre for Samoan Studies, National University of Samoa|year=2009|isbn=978-9789829002|location=Samoa|pages=35}}</ref>

===''Salamasina to Tupua'': Reuniting the Royal Bloodlines ===
Samoa's first ruler to possess all four ''pāpā'' titles and therefore become Queen was Salamasina, daughter of Vaetofaga (a granddaughter of the Tu'i Tonga Kau'ulufonua II) and the Tui A'ana Tamaalelagi. She was entrusted to the care of Levalasi So'oa'emalelagi, wife of the Tui Atua Māta'utia. She was betrothed to marry Tonumaipe'a Tapumanaia in order to form a political alliance with the influential Tonumaipe'a faction in Savai'i. Salamasina instead, eloped with her love, Alapepe. This relationship brought forth a daughter named Fofoaivaoese, who grew to become Tuia‘ana and the ancestress of several prominent Samoan families.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Tavale|first=Tofaeono Tanuvasa|title=Foafoago O Samoa|publisher=Fuelavelave Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=New Zealand|pages=}}</ref>

Alapepe, however, was pursued by the furious Tonumaipe‘a clan to the Tongan island of Tongatapu where he was killed for “defiling” the taupou. Salamāsina's son by Tapumanaia was named after his father and later received the Lesātele title of the Salani and Sālesātele villages in Falealili, thereafter known as Tapusatele.<ref name=":10" />

In a twist of fate, the lines of both Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele - Salamasina's heirs - were reunited by Tupua Fuiavailili, the first Tama-a-'Aiga. Tupua's biological father, Fuimaono, was a direct descendant of Tapusatele. His adoptive father, King Muagututi'a, was a direct descendant of Fofoaivaoese. Tupua Fuiavailili was thus the first King to be descended from Queen Salamasina through ''both'' her children, Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele. The young untitled men of Falefa have thereafter been called ''Tupua ma le Aumaga'' (literally "Tupua and the young men"), marking the arrival of Tupua Fuiavailili to Falefa and his status as the young heir of King Muagututi'a, which would also have entailed duties as leader of the young untitled men. To this day, these young men stand guard at every bestowal ceremony and are responsible for guarding the chiefs of Falefa and the holder of the Tupua Tamasese title.

==== Salamasina's Daughter Fofoaivaoese, to Tupua ====
''Tafa'ifā'' (Queen) Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines)

''Tafa'ifā'' (Queen) Fofoaivaoese (first daughter of Queen Salamasina)

''Tafa'ifā'' (Queen) Taufau Asiata (daughter of Queen Fofoaivaoese)

''Le Tupufia'' (The King with only three ''pāpā'') Faumuinā (nephew of Queen Taufau)

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Fonoti (Defeats siblings for Kingship; Falefa is rewarded and named as Fonoti's capital during this time.)

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Muagututi'a. (marries ''Fenunuivao'', daughter of ''Leutele'', of Falefa.)

No children. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Fuiavailili is brought to Falefa and named heir to King Muagututi'a, Tupua Fuiavailili.

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Tupua Fuiavailili'' (''the first '''Tupua''' and the first ''<nowiki/>'Tama-a-'aiga'')

==== Salamasina's Son Tapusatele, to Tupua ====
''Tafa'ifā'' (Queen) Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines)

Tapumanaia Tapusatele (marries ''Sailau Fenunuivao'', daughter of ''Leutele'', of Falefa.)

Sifuiva

Fuimaono

Fuiavailili

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Fuiavailili is taken to Falefa and named, Tupua Fuiavailili.

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Tupua Fuiavailili'' (''the first '''Tupua''' and the first ''<nowiki/>'Tama-a-'aiga'')

'''From King Tupua Fuiavailili to Tupua Tamasese Efi'''

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Afoa (defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana. Thereafter named ''Afoafouvale,'' "he who rebels for no good reason.")

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Galumalemana (the ''Aloalii'' as an institution of succession is established under Galumalemana)

''Tui Ā'ana Tui Ātua'' (King of Ā'ana & Ātua) Nofoasaefā (assassinated by rebels in Savai'i)

Tui Atua I'amafana

Maeaeafe Matā'afa

1751 - 1830: Tupua Leasiolagi Moegagogo

1830 - 1891: Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea ''(this is the first time '''Tamasese''' is added to the Tupua title)''

1891 - 1915: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I

1915 - 1918: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II

1918 - 1929: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o'a'ana III]] ''([[Mau movement|Mau]] leader, assassinated by NZ Soldiers during Black Saturday)''

1929 - 1963: [[Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole|Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole]] (''Co-Head of State with [[Malietoa Tanumafili I|Malietoa Tanumafili II]] after Independence)''

1963 - 1983: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV|Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana IV]] ''(Third Prime Minister of Samoa)''

1986–present: [[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi]] ''<ref name=":2" /> (Former Prime Minister and Head of State 2007-2017)''

==''Aloali'i'': Luafalemana, son of King Tupua Fuiavailili ==
From his four ''usuga'' (marriages), King Tupua Fuiavailili had five children:

* Luafalemana, of Falefā.<ref name=":8" /> He is an ancestor of the [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa]] ''Tama-a-Aiga'' line. The residence of Luafalemana remains at Falefa.
* Afoa (later named Afoafouvale, after his defeat in battle), of Palauli. Succeeded his father to become King and ruled from Lufilufi. Defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana.
*
* Galumalemana, of Saleimoa (who later succeeded his brother Afoa as King by defeating him at Maauga, Leulumoega<ref name=":2" />).
* Tautisusua and Tufugatasi.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Krämer, Augustin, 1865-1941.|title=The Samoa Islands : an outline of a monograph with particular consideration of German Samoa|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8248-2219-6|oclc=58450475|origyear=1994}}</ref>

Collectively, these titles are known as ''Aloali'i'' (Dauphins). The establishment of the institution of ''aloalii'' ensured the continuation of the Tupua's political influence through his descendants and to maintain ''in perpetuam'' the genealogical linkages between the first ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'', Queen Salamasina and later ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'', King Fonoti, from whom later rulers would draw legitimacy.<ref name=":9" />

==== Luafalemana and Matā'afa ====
The beginnings of the''Tama-a-Aiga'' [[Mata'afa|Matā'afa]] lineage is traced through to Queen Taufau's sister Sina, and branches off with Luafalemana, son of King Tupua Fuiavailili.<ref name=":4" /> This has resulted in Luafalemana's association with both the Tupua Tamasese and the Matā'afa ''Tama-a-Aiga'' titles respectively. This resulted in several Matā'afa holders from Falefa, including [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa Iosefo]], who also held the Tupua title and thus became known as Tupua Matā'afa Iosefo.<ref name=":4" /> By joining the daughter of this Luafalemana with Tuimavave of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Levālasi'', the Tui Atua line arrives at a harmonious junction between ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Levālasi'' and ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao.''

==== Luafalemana's Descendants ====
Luafalemana

Tui Atua Paitomaleifi

Salainaoloa

Matā'afa Faasuamaleaui

Matā'afa Filisounuu

Tui Atua Matā'afa Tafagamanu

Tui Atua [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa Iosefo]]

Matā'afa Tupuola Iese

Matā'afa Muliufi

Matā'afa Faumuina Fiame Mulinu'u

Fiame Matā'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II

Matā'afa Puela Faasuamaleaui Patu.

Matā'afa Tupuola Lui Iosefo

The Luafalemana title currently remains vacant. The current holder of the Tupua Tamasese title is descended from Galumalemana, brother of Luafalemana and father of Nofoasaefā, his successor. Samoa's first Prime Minister, Fiame Matā'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II and his daughter, the current Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa, Fiame Naomi Mataafa are direct descendants of Luafalemana and his father, the first Tupua.

== Politics & Governance ==
Falefa means the 'House of Four', indicative of the four sub-villages which make up the main components of Falefa; Sagogu, Gagaemalae, Saleapaga, Sagapolu. Each of these sub villages comprise families, the heads of which, represent their extended families and their respective area at Falefa's Village Council, headed by the two senior tulafale-alii of the village (Matua), Moeono & Iuli.

=== Selection of the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese ===
When the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese is to be chosen, both Moeono and Tofoiofo'ia (of Salani village)<ref name=":3" /> summon the Aiga' Sa Fenunu'ivao (Descendants of Fenunu'ivao, the first Tupua's mother) to decide on who should hold the mantle, as is the ancient custom since Tupua Fuiavailili. Once a new Tupua is chosen, the coronation takes place at his seat in Lufilufi. The current holder, His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was chosen after the passing of his uncle, former Prime Minister Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV.<ref name=":3" />

Both Moeono and Tofoiofoia speak for Aiga Sa Fenunu'ivao, not only on matters pertaining to the Tupua title, but also on dealings with other aiga, such as Sa Tuala and Sa Levalasi. They are also members of the great council of Atua which meets at Lalogafu'afu'a, the meeting place of Atua's leaders in Lufilufi.<ref name=":2" />

== Moeono and Leutele ==
[[File:Matua of Falefa, Moeono Kolio and his wife, Aniva Auva'a.jpg|thumb|455x455px|Moeono Alai'asā Kolio OBE (Moeono from 1957-1987), one of the signatories of the Constitution, pictured here with his wife, Aniva Auva'a of Ti'avea]]The establishment of Moeono and Leutele titles predate the Tongan period, as the primordial holders were the sons of Tui Atua Mua'iteleloa, one of the earliest holders of the Tui Atua ''pāpā'' titles.

===''Lautivunia:'' The Tui Tonga and Tui Atua Leuteleleiite ===
The Tui Tonga (ruler of Tonga) had two sons. The elder was named Tuitonga after his father, the younger, Lautivunia. Lautivunia had an affair with his brother's wife. When the affair became known, the older brother was very angry.

As is the custom, the younger brother made a peace offering of cooked food wrapped in tolo (ordinary sugar cane) and fiso (wild sugar cane) leaves. These leaves underlined the message, ‘Please forgive me, for we are brothers.’

But Tuitoga was not placated and Lautivunia made another peace offering, which included the flesh of ordinary bananas and of the lei (wild banana). The two varieties of banana underlined the message, ‘We are flesh and blood – surely you can find it in your heart to forgive me?’ Tuitoga was still not placated. So Lautivunia decided that if his brother would not accept his food offerings he would offer his life. He dug a hole where his catamaran was housed, fixed spears with points upward at the bottom of the hole, and threw himself on the spears. The force of his action caused the surrounding earth and sand to cave in and cover him.

When Lautivunia's disappearance was noticed, his father and brother sent out search parties to look for him. One party reached Falefa, Samoa. Tui Atua Leutele said, ‘You need not have come so far. Lautivunia is in Tonga under his catamaran.’

So the search party returned to Tonga and found the body of Lautivunia. The Tui Toga felt obliged to reciprocate this favour from Tui Atua Leutele and instructed the search party to return to Samoa with the finest of his fine mats, which he named Le Ageagea o Tumua (the substance of Tumua). In addition, he recognised Tui Atua Leutele's insight by naming him Leutele Leiite, that is, Leutele with the prophetic powers.

The title of Leiite survives today as one of the titles of the Leutele family in Falefa, Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/567243|title=Le ageagea o Tumua OBJECT {{!}} PART OF PACIFIC CULTURES COLLECTION|last=|first=|date=2002|website=Museum of New Zealand: Te Papa Tongarewa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== The Mau Movement and Samoa's Independence ===
In the early days of the [[Mau movement]], Luafalemana Moeono Ta'ele resigned from his post as Commander for the Administration's Native Police to assist with efforts to garner national support for the fledgling independence movement. As the orators of Savaii were yet to pledge their unanimous support, Luafalemana Moeono Ta'ele was tasked with leading a fleet of ''fautasi'' (canoes) together with Upolu's orators to ask for Savaii's support. Choosing to arrive at Satupa'itea instead of Sale'aula, Moeono recalled Falefa's earlier support for the ''Mau a Pule'' (which Savaii's orators had led during the German administration, a precursor to the Mau Movement) and called on Asiata to have ''Pule'' (Savaii's chief orators and counterpart to Upolu's ''Tumua'') reciprocate their solidarity by joining forces with them in order to further strengthen the cause for independence.

His son, [https://scontent.fakl1-3.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/1398793_10200947027145939_1469307217_o.jpg?_nc_cat=105&_nc_ohc=Fljodnc5LNgAX-Je9_P&_nc_ht=scontent.fakl1-3.fna&oh=0b9f428428a19798f5e46e7f0a722e83&oe=5EA44A6F Moeono Alai'asā Kolio OBE], would later become one of the Framers of the Constitution of the newly Independent State of Western Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/Document/2016-Constitution-of-Samoa-Eng.pdf|title=CONSTITUTION OF THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA|last=Government of Samoa|first=Government of Samoa|date=2019|website=Parliament of Samoa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Selection of Moeono & Leutele ===
Upon the death of the Moeono, the district goes into an extended period of mourning and kicks off the procession of cultural protocol which follows. Upon the death of a Moeono, the administration of Falefa is then passed to 'Iuli, Leutele, Alai'asā, Lealaisalanoa and Falefa's other ''matai alii'' (senior chiefs of each families) until a Moeono is appointed.

At the appointed time when there is to be a new Moeono or Leutele, the proceedings of the saofa'i (bestowment ceremony) stipulate that only the two bearers of the titles of the two brothers - Moeono and Leutele - are part of this sacred ritual. Only once it has been completed with the completion of the 'ava ceremony and the title bestowed will 'Iuli lead the rest of the village chiefs. The ceremony is guarded by ''Tupua ma le Aumaga'' (the name for Falefa's untitled men) in to the residence to join them.

The last holder of the Leutele title was Leutele Tapusatele Keli Tuatagaloa. The late Moeono Leateafaiga Atoafuaiupolu Tomanogi Penitito Alaiasa is the most recent holder of the Moeono title, which he held until his passing in 2018. The Moeono line has enjoyed a revered tradition of only ever having a single holder of the Moeono at any given time. Thus the most recent holder was the 16th of his name, with known successors of the current line stretching back to antiquity.

As of 2018, both titles remain vacant pending appointment of the new holders by the respective heirs.

== The Village Fono: Falefa, Falelima & Falefitu ==
The convocation of a special meeting of the village fono is decided by 'Iuli or Moeono.<ref name=":4" /> The scale of the meeting varies depending on the situation. The most common meetings comprise only the four sub-villages of Falefa: Sagapolu, Saleapaga, Gaga’emalae and Sanonu. The range of participants define the three types of meetings. In this context, the word ''fale'' means sub-village. A ''fono falefa'' is then a fono in which only the matai from the four sub-villages of Falefa participate.<ref name=":7" /> A ''fono falelima'' is a fono with the four sub-villages of Falefa and the village of Falevao. A ''fono falefitu'' involves all the villages that are part of Falefa's traditional domain, which includes the four sub-villages of Falefa, Falevao and the two villages of Sauano and Saletele in the Fagaloa Bay.<ref name=":4" />

== Fa'alupega: The Charter and Salutations of Falefa ==
A village ''fa'alupega'' is essentially a series of salutations that refer to a village or district's most important titles and descent groups. It provides a basic outline of its basic hierarchy and genealogies of note, thus the order of mention is usually (but not always) relevant, depending on the location and context.<ref name=":7" /> The basic structure of Falefā's fa'alupega, in its most reduced version, is composed of three main parts, with the third allowing several possible variations:

#''...'Aiga ma aloali'i'' '''...the chiefs (lit. 'Families') and the son (Luafalemana) of the royal chief (Tupua)'''
# ...''afio mai Sā Fenunuivao '''...'''''<nowiki/>'''to you Sā Fenunuivao''' (descendants of Fenunuivao, political family of ''Tupua Tamasese'')
#
#.''..oulua matua, Iuli ma Moeono'' '''...to you, the elder chief orators, 'Iuli and Moeono''' (rulers of Falefa)
#''...ma le putuputu o tagata o le Tui Atua'' '''...and the gathering of the people of the King of Atua''' (or ...''ma le tofi fa'asolo i tagata o le Tui Atua'') '''...and the various appointments of the people of the King of Atua'''<ref name=":7" />
#
#
#

=== Fa'alupega o Falefa ===
Tulouna a le a'ai o Fonotī (le a'ai o le Tupu) ma fale e fagafua

Maliu mai {{Not a typo|a}} oulua matua: Iuli ma Moeono

a Fulumu’a na falelimaa’I fetalaiga ia te oe le Aai

Tulouna a le putuputu o tagata o le [[Atua (district)|Tui Atua]]

Afio mai Sā Fenunuivao

Afio mai Leutele o le tina o [[Tupua Tamasese|Tupua]]

Afio mai Lealaisalanoa o le tei o Tupua o le tama a Malili e fa

Afio mai Alai’asa na fita I tuga

Afio mai Luafalemana o le Aloalii.<ref name=":1" />

=== Malae Fono ===
Moamoa, o le tua o Lalogafu'afu'a.

=== Laoa ===
Moeono - Laloaoa

=== Maota o Alii ===
Leutele - Vai'ili'ili ma Fogāvaiuta

Lealaisalanoa - Vaie'e

Alai'asā - Gataivai

Suluvave - Malae

=== Sa'otama'ita'i ===
Leutele - Sailau

Salanoa - Fenunuivao

Luafalemana - Salaina'oloa

Alai'asa - Punipuao

Suluvave - Aova'a
<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52422940|title=O le tusi faalupega o Samoa: Savaii, Upolu, Manono, Ma Apolima|last=Freeman|first=Derek|publisher=L.M.S.Malua|year=1930|isbn=|location=Samoa|pages=}}</ref>

== Title Contention and Controversies ==

=== Falefa, Tupua Tamasese and the Primacy of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao''===
[[File:Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi 00.jpg|thumb|The current holder, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi. Appointed by Falefa and Salani's 'Aiga Sa Fenunuivao to be the holder of the Tama Aiga title in 1986.|342x342px]]Falefa and the Tupua Tamasese have a long history, dating back to when the first Tupua was installed at Falefa. In terms of succession to the title, the family has been among the least controversial of all ''Tama a 'Āiga'' families. Family consensus decided successors rather than the court. However, these amicable relations were eventually fractured in 1965 when a major split appeared over the successor to Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole, who died in 1963. Two first cousins and sons of previous holders vied for the title and the family was forced to resort to the court for a settlement.<ref name=":3" />

The family had been unable to agree between two candidates, Lealofi IV, the son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, and Tufuga Efi, the son of Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole.<ref name=":3" /> The two men were first cousins, and their fathers had both held the titles. Both were installed at separate ceremonies, Lealofi IV by ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' of Falefa and Salani, and Tufuga Efi by ''<nowiki/>'Āiga o Mavaega'' of Faleasi'u and Asau in Savai'i and by a branch of ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Tuala'' from Fasito'outa. The latter's installation took ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' by surprise and was immediately met with stern rejection.

Both candidates were genealogically eligible, being descended from their common ancestor, Tupua Fuiavailili.<ref>'''LC8384 pp. 1-4, 6 August 1987'''</ref> However, Lealofi had the advantage of having the unanimous support of '''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'', the title's main political family, on the grounds that his father was older then Tufuga Efi's father and he himself was the elder candidate. The subsequent court battle saw a unanimous endorsement of Lealofi IV's appointment.<ref name=":8">'''LC2440, 29 March 1965.''' The court ruled that the ''pule'' of the Tupua title...is vested in the family of Sā Fenunuivao of Falefā and Salani.</ref> However, Tufuga Efi's supporters returned to the court to press two more lines of argument. First they argued that the title should be appointed and conferred by the ''suli'' (heirs of descendants). ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' agreed, but pointed out their right to step in and decide, especially seeing as there would inevitably be disagreement among descendants and pointing to the fact that the descendants themselves were part of the wider Fenunuivao family, a view also endorsed by the court. Second, Tufuga's supporters argued that the conjugate titles be split in two; they argued that the Tamasese name constituted a title in its own right and urged the court to award the Tupua title to Lealofi and the Tamasese title to Tufuga Efi. However, the court rejected this argument on the grounds that without Tupua, Tamasese could not be constituted as a title and that Tupua without Tamasese would disqualify Tupua from the rank of a ''Tama a 'Āiga.''<ref name=":3" />

The court ruled in favour of ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao''<nowiki/>'s candidate, Lealofi IV who would go on to be elected Prime Minister of Samoa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=The Making of Modern Samoa: Traditional Authority and Colonial Administration in the History of Western Samoa.|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific|year=1987|isbn=9820200318|location=Suva, Fiji|pages=175, 176}}</ref>

Upon Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV's death in 1983, the question as to a successor was raised with Tupuola Efi once again staking his claim. However, this would require '''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' agreeing to his appointment. Salani agreed however, Falefa and Lufilufi opposed. Nevertheless, Tupuola Efi proceeded without the unanimous support of ''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao.'' On the morning of his installation ceremony at Vaimoso, the nation's public broadcaster, Radio 2AP, read an announcement from the Moeono at the time, Moeono Alai'asā Kolio, notifying the country that ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' as well as the leaders of Lufilufi - the traditional seat of the Tupua Tamasese title - had not sanctioned Tupuola Efi's ascension to the title, effectively nullifying the candidate's grasp for the title yet again.

In 1986, Tupuola Efi approached the now ailing Moeono to plead for his and ''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao''<nowiki/>'s unanimous blessing. Despite their initial refusal, both Falefa and Lufilufi eventually agreed. Thus ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' joined with ''<nowiki/>'Āiga o Mavaega'' and ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Tuala'' to jointly confer the Tupua Tamasese title on Tupuola Efi in an installation ceremony at Vaimoso in November, 1986, jointly registering the title under their family names.<ref name=":3" />

However, the right of joint conferral was later challenged in court. The matter was decisively settled when in 1987, the court ruled that the right of conferral of the Tupua Tamasese title belonged exclusively to ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' of Falefa and Salani, based on the customary criteria of descent, relevant knowledge and skill, residence and service.<ref name=":8" />

== Line of Succession ==
===''Tama a 'Āiga'': Tupua Tamasese ===
1830 - 1891: Tupua Tamasese Titimaea (this is the first time '''Tamasese''' is added to the Tupua title)

1891 - 1915: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I, son of Tupua Tamasese Titimaea.

1915 - 1918: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II, eldest son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I

1918 - 1929: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o'a'ana III]] ([[Mau movement|Mau]] leader, assassinated by NZ Soldiers during Black Saturday), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II

1929 - 1963: [[Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole|Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole]] (Co-Head of State with [[Malietoa Tanumafili I|Malietoa Tanumafili II]] after Independence), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana III

1963 - 1983: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana IV]] (Third Prime Minister of Samoa), son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana III

1986–present: [[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi]] <ref name=":2" /> (Former Prime Minister and Head of State 2007-2017), son of Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole.

===''Aloali'i'': Luafalemana ===
Luafalemana Leo’o

Luafalemana Tupua Puta

Luafalemana Fagavale

Luafalemana Taua’aletoa Taligamaivalu Leala’iasalanoa

Luafalemana Moeono Taele

Luafalemana Aukusitino

Present: ''Vacant''

=== ''Matua'': Moeono (Moe'ono or Moe'ono'ono) ===
1855 - 1915: Moeono Sufali Luafalemana Taligamaivalu.

1915 - 1916: Moeono Faita Tailalo

1916 - 1957: Luafalemana Moeono Alai'asā Taeleomoamoa (Taele)

1957 - 1987: Moeono Alai'asa Leaupepe Aiono Kolio

1987 - 2018: Moeono Atoamafuaiupolu Penitito Alai'asa

2018–present: ''Vacant''

===''Matua'': 'Iuli ===

Iuli Tapa

Iuli Veni

Iuli Sefo I

Iuli Sefo II

Iuli Polailevao Moananu Salale

=== ''Ali'i'': Leutele ===
Leutele Malota I

Leutele Malota II

Leutele Upuolevavau

Leutele Faletui

Leutele Poutoa

Leutele Taumoumea

Leutele Simaile Tuatagaloa

Leutele Lutu

1940 - 2012: Leutele Tapusatele Keli Tuatagaloa

2012–present: ''Vacant''

== Population ==
The population of Falefa (exclusive of the other three villages that form the ''falefitu'')is 1,563 (2016 Census).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.gov.ws/digi/2016_Census_Brief_No.1.pdf|title=2016 CENSUS Brief No.1 Revised version Population Snapshot and Household Highlights|last=|first=|date=30 October 2017|work=Samoa Bureau of Statistics|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230100/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/Portals/138/PDF/census%20survey/Table%202.%20Population%20byregion%2C%20faipule%20district%202006.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011|accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref>

South of the village settlement is [[Falefa Valley]], Falefa's traditional territory southwards to neighbouring Lotofaga and eastwards to Fagaloa Bay.

==See also==
*[[Archaeology in Samoa]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Coord|13|53|S|171|33|W|region:WS_type:city|display=title}}

{{Atua}}

[[Category:Populated places in Samoa]]
[[Category:Atua (district)]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2020-03-16T19:13:39Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Toosimilartothefollowingname (talk) to last version by Wham2001

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to getting some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a camp fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 short films]]
[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:1940s animated short films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]
[[Category:Films produced by Leon Schlesinger]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2018]]

Benee

2020-03-15T18:57:45Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 5.173.113.34 (talk) to last version by HeyitsBen

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|New Zealand singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Benee
| background = solo_singer
| image = Benee performing live at Spotify's Front Left Live playlist event in Melbourne (2019) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Benee at [[Forum Theatre|The Forum]] in October 2019
| birth_name = Stella Rose Bennett<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opencorporates.com/officers/374086399|title=Stella Rose BENNETT: Director of BeneMusicc LTD (New Zealand)|website=[[OpenCorporates]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315092944/https://opencorporates.com/officers/374086399|archive-date=15 March 2020|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref name="AllMusic"/>|[[indie rock]]<ref name="AllMusic"/>}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|1|30|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B78QiiXgACD/?igshid=1dpjqnrlrqdib|title=@beneemusic on Instagram: 20 🤎|publisher=BENEE [verified account]|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=13 March 2020|website=Instagram}}</ref>
| instrument = Vocals
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2017–present
| label = [[Republic Records]]
| website = {{url|beneemusic.com}}
| birth_place = [[Grey Lynn]], [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<ref name="AllMusic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/benee-mn0003850385/biography|title=BENEE: Biography & History|last=Donelson|first=Marcy|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en-us|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''Stella Rose Bennett''' (born 30 January 2000), known professionally as '''Benee''' ({{IPAc-en|'|b|ɛ|n|iː}}, stylised '''BENEE''', formerly spelt '''Bene''') is a [[New Zealand]] singer-songwriter from [[Auckland]]. In 2019, Benee won 4 [[New Zealand Music Awards]], namely [[New Zealand Music Award for Single of the Year|Single of The Year]], [[New Zealand Music Award for Best Solo Artist|Best Solo Artist]], [[New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Best Breakthrough Artist]] and Best Pop Artist. She is best known for her 2019 single "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]", which was certified platinum in both New Zealand and Australia.

== Early life ==
Stella Rose Bennett was born and raised in the suburb of [[Grey Lynn]] in [[Auckland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashionjournal.com.au/music/get-to-know-benee/|title=Get to know Benee, if you know what's good for you|last=Sholly|first=Eliza|date=29 November 2019|website=Fashion Journal|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Spinoff">{{cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/music/13-07-2019/it-was-a-bit-nuts-kind-of-mindblowing-benee-on-touring-the-world-and-stuffing-up/ |title=‘It was a bit nuts, mindblowing’: Benee on touring the world and stuffing up |last=McAuley |first=Matthew |publisher=[[The Spinoff]]|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>

==Career==

=== 2017–2018: Online beginnings and solo debut ===
Benee began her music career by posting covers to [[SoundCloud]], and began making her own music in her final year of high school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zmpwny/new-zealand-popstar-benee-|title=10 things you need to know about hazy pop superstar benee|last=Kheraj|first=Alim|date=4 June 2019|website=i-D|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> After dropping out of a communications degree at the [[Auckland University of Technology]] after two weeks, during what she called "a quarter-life crisis", she decided to enter the music business professionally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12285432|title=What you need to know about Benee, NZ music's rising star|date=14 November 2019|work=[[NZ Herald]]|access-date=13 March 2020|url-status=live|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> Her music caught the attention of [[Josh Fountain]], a producer and member of the band Leisure, with whom she worked with for both her 2017 debut single "Tough Guy" as well as her 2018 single "[[Soaked (song)|Soaked]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2020/01/benee-interview|title=Meet BENEE, A Kiwi Pop Star in the Making|last=Yu|first=Eda|date=7 January 2020|website=[[Complex (website)|Complex]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sniffers.co.nz/article/auckland-teen-bene-makes-visual-debut-tough-guy|title=Auckland teen Bene makes her visual debut with ‘Tough Guy’|last=Tetlow|first=Max|date=28 February 2018|website=Sniffers|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

=== 2019–present: ''Fire on Marzz'' and ''Stella & Steve'' ===
Under the moniker of "Bene", Bennett released her debut EP ''[[Fire on Marzz]]'' on 28 June 2019, before later adding an "e" because of "pronunciation woes",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fenwick|first=George|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12245884|title=Album review: Benee, Fire on Marzz|date=11 July 2019|work=NZ Herald|access-date=13 March 2020|url-status=live|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> and copyright issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idolator.com/7820282/benee-interview-2019-fire-on-marzz-ep|title=Interview: BENEE Talks Debut EP 'FIRE ON MARZZ' & BENEEvision|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=2 July 2019|website=[[idolator]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The EP, which was described by [[George Fenwick]] of ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' as "a funky, sun-soaked record", peaked at #13 on the [[New Zealand Albums Chart]] and at #75 on the [[Australian Albums Chart]]. The EP also earned Benee the award for [[New Zealand Music Award for Best Solo Artist|Best Solo Artist]] at the [[2019 New Zealand Music Awards]], where she also won awards for [[New Zealand Music Award for Single of the Year|Single of The Year]] with "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]", [[New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Best Breakthrough Artist]] and Best Pop Artist.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/117426344/kiwi-pop-sensation-benee-claims-four-titles-at-the-vodafone-new-zealand-music-awards|title=Kiwi pop sensation Benee claims four titles at the Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards|date=15 November 2019|website=Stuff NZ|accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

Benee's follow-up EP, ''[[Stella & Steve]]'', was released on 15 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543343/benee-interview-stella-steve-ep|title=Benee Interview: Singer Talks 'Stella & Steve' EP|last=Ginsberg|first=Gab|date=13 November 2019|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The EP features the single "[[Supalonely]]" featuring [[Gus Dapperton]], which gained international success in March 2020 after a viral dance challenge accompanied by the song spawned on the online video-sharing platform [[TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idolator.com/7907879/future-hit-benees-supalonely-is-absolutely-irresistible|title=Future Hit: BENEE's "Supalonely" Is Absolutely Irresistible|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=10 March 2020|website=[[idolator]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/videos/benees-supalonely-is-ultra-infectious|title=BENEE's 'Supalonely' Is Ultra-Infectious|last=Murray|first=Robin|date=6 March 2020|website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> This became her second song to become viral on TikTok after "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]" spawned a similar dance challenge in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theindustryobserver.thebrag.com/benees-glitter-is-a-dance-challenge-on-tiktok/|title=Benee’s ‘Glitter’ is a dance challenge on TikTok|last=Reid|first=Poppy|date=19 December 2019|website=The Industry Observer|language=en-AU|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In an interview for ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'', Benee revealed that she has [[dyslexia]]. She also described her childhood experiences with songwriting:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12216330|title=Meet Bene: The Kiwi teen taking over the charts|last=Fenwick|first=George|date=2019-03-27|access-date=2019-06-20|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> <blockquote>throughout school I struggled with writing....I liked creative writing, that was what I loved, but I was always making mistakes, and I was confined to this way that I should write....Songwriting for me was this place where I don't have to be grammatically correct. Learning the craft with [Josh Fountain], when he was sharing all his knowledge – something clicked, and I was just like, I love this. It's a great emotional outlet for me; I just love splashing what I feel on to a track.</blockquote>

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]] <ref name="NZBenee">{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]. Hung Medien|url-status=live|accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/07/aria-chart-watch-532/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #532|publisher=auspOp|date=6 July 2019|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Fire on Marzz]]''
|
* Released: 28 June 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/soaked-star-bene-new-song-evil-spider/11102074 |title=First Spin: 'Soaked' star Bene delivers the goods again on 'Evil Spider' |work=ABC |date=10 May 2019 |accessdate=15 June 2019 |author=Newstead, Al}}</ref>
* Label: [[Republic Records|Republic]]
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming services|streaming]]
| 13 || 75
|
* [[Recorded Music New Zealand|RMNZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart |date=18 January 2020 |url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4806 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ|accessdate=18 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Stella & Steve]]''
|
* Released: 15 November 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/stella-steve-ep/1486928133|title=Stella & Steve – EP by BENEE|website=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=15 November 2019}}</ref>
* Label: Republic
* Formats: Digital download, streaming
| 19 || —
|
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="8"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]] <ref name="NZBenee"/>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Artist]] <ref name="NZArtist">Peak positions for Benee's singles on the NZ Artist singles chart:
* For "Soaked": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4636 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Evil Spider", "Want Me Back": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4668 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Kua Kore He Kupu / Soaked": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4746 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=14 September 2019|accessdate=14 September 2019}}
* For "Find an Island": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4766 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=26 October 2019|accessdate=26 October 2019}}
* For "Monsta": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4772 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=13 December 2019}}
* For "Glitter": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4792 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=14 December 2019|accessdate=14 December 2019}}
* For "Supalonely": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4832 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=14 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020}}
</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>Peaks on the ARIA Singles Chart:
* All except noted: {{Cite web|url=https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=australian-charts.com|access-date=13 March 2020}}
* "Find an Island": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/10/aria-chart-watch-548/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #548|publisher=auspOp|date=26 October 2019|accessdate=26 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=16 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=irishcharts.com||access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discografie Benee|website=dutchcharts.nl|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=norwegiancharts.com|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=swedishcharts.com|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/57252/benee-ft-gus-dapperton/|title=Benee ft Gus Dapperton {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Tough Guy"
| 2017
| — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Tough Guy" did not enter the NZ Artists Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 1 on the NZ Artists Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4434|title=NZ HEATSEEKER SINGLES|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=18 December 2017|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Soaked (song)|Soaked]]"
| 2018
| 14 || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4800|title=NZ Singles Chart|date=4 January 2020|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| ''Fire on Marzz''
|-
! scope="row"| "Evil Spider"
| rowspan="6"| 2019
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Evil Spider" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number four on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4636|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>}} || 3 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Want Me Back"
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Want Me Back" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4654|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=24 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref>}} || 12 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/benee-announces-australian-tour-shares-new-single-glitter/|title=Benee announces Australian tour, shares new single 'Glitter'|author=Gallagher, Allison|date=3 July 2019|work=[[MusicFeeds]]|accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref>
| 3 || 2 || 21 || — || — || — || — || —
|
* RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Benee|title=Glitter|recent=website|id=4806|accessdate=18 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=9 March 2020|accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Find an Island]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coupdemainmagazine.com/nz-air/16062 |title=Listen: Benee's New Single, 'Find an Island'. |author=Riddell, Rose |date=11 October 2019|work=Coup De Main Magazine|accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref>
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Find an Island" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 4 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4762|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=19 October 2019|accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref>}} || 5 || 83 || — || — || — || — || —
|
* RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4832 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=14 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| ''Stella & Steve''
|-
! scope="row"| "Monsta"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/benee-doesnt-want-you-to-be-afraid-of |title=BENEE Doesn't Want You to Be Afraid of the "Monsta" That Goes Bump in the Night. |author=Brown, Bianca |date=1 November 2019|work=OnestoWatch|accessdate= 1 November 2019}}</ref>
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Monsta" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 10 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4772|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=9 November 2019}}</ref>}} || 18 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Supalonely]]" {{small|(featuring [[Gus Dapperton]])}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bongminesentertainment.com/benee-supalonely-gus-dapperton/ |title=BENEE releases an upbeat alternative-pop tune, entitled, "Supalonely", featuring Gus Dapperton |last=Thomson |first=Zangba |date=3 December 2019|website=Bongmines Entertainment|accessdate= 24 January 2020}}</ref>
| 7 <ref>https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4832</ref> || 2 || 11 || 18 || 61 || 15 || 97 || 39
|
|-
| colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart, or charted on a subchart.
|}

===Other charted songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of songs, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | NZ Hot <ref>Peak positions for Benee's singles on the NZ Hot singles chart:
* For "Afterlife", "Wishful Thinking": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4668 |title=Hot 40 Singles|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Kua Kore He Kupu / Soaked": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4746 |title=Hot 40 Singles|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Supalonely", "Blu" and "Drifting": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4781|title=Hot 40 Singles|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=25 November 2019|accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | NZ Artist <ref name="NZArtist"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Afterlife"
| rowspan="5"| 2019
| 26 || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Fire on Marzz''
|-
! scope="row"| "Wishful Thinking"
| 27 || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Kua Kore He Kupu / Soaked"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/waiata-anthems/1477414481 |title=Waiata / Anthems |publisher=iTunes | date=6 September 2019 |accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref>
| 8 || 5
| ''[[Waiata / Anthems]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Blu"
| 31 || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Stella & Steve''
|-
! scope="row"| "Drifting" {{small|(featuring Jack Berry)}}
| 32 || —
|-
| colspan="7" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Other artists
! scope="col"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Notice Me"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/role-models-oh-how-perfect-is-for-all-the |title=ROLE MODEL’s ‘oh, how perfect’ Is for All the Freaks and Geeks |publisher=Live Nation | date=6 September 2019 |accessdate=13 December 2019}}</ref>
| 2019
| Role Model
| ''Oh, How Perfect''
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Awards
!Type
!Work
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|[[APRA Awards (Australia)|APRA Music Awards]]
|[[APRA Awards (New Zealand)#Silver Scroll award|Silver Scroll]]
| rowspan="2" |"[[Soaked (song)|Soaked]]"
|{{Shortlisted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/nat-music/audio/2018708873/silver-scrolls-2019-top-5-finalists-announced|title=Aldous Harding, Tiny Ruins and Tom Scott among finalists for the 2019 Silver Scroll|date=22 August 2019|website=[[RNZ]]|language=en-nz|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[New Zealand Music Awards]]
|[[New Zealand Music Award for Single of the Year|Single of the Year]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[New Zealand Music Award for Best Solo Artist|Best Solo Artist]]
|''[[Fire on Marzz]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Breakthrough Artist of the Year]]
| rowspan="2" |Herself
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Pop Artist
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Benee}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Auckland]]
[[Category:New Zealand female pop singers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

COVID-19-Pandemie in der Ukraine

2020-03-12T23:01:31Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 37.57.177.188 (talk) to last version by Gagarin07

{{infobox pandemic
| name = 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Ukraine
| map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Ukraine.svg
| legend1 = {{center|Map of regions with confirmed (red) or suspected (blue) coronavirus cases (as of 4 March 2020)}}
| disease = [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[Ukraine]]
| first_case = [[Chernivtsi Oblast]]
| arrival_date = 10 March 2020 ({{age in years, months and days|2020|03|10}})
| origin = [[Italy]] or [[Romania]]
| confirmed_cases = 3
| suspected_cases = 35<ref name="viktor-lyashko_10 March"/>
| recovery_cases = 0
| deaths = 0
}}
The [[2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]] was confirmed to have spread to [[Ukraine]] when its first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] on 3 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/developing-first-coronavirus-case-identified-in-ukraine.html|title=First coronavirus case identified in Ukraine | KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice|date=Mar 3, 2020|website=KyivPost|accessdate=Mar 12, 2020}}</ref>

== Timeline ==

On 27 January 2020, [[SkyUp]], a Ukrainian low-cost charter airline, announced that it had suspended flights to [[Sanya|Sanya, Hainan]], until March.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/airlines-canceling-changing-flights-to-china-amid-coronavirus-fears-2020-1|title=At least 73 airlines have cancelled flights to China amid coronavirus fears — here's the full list|last=Pallini|first=Thomas|date=30 January 2020|website=Business Insider Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/joinup.ukraine/posts/2951029011595641|title=Туроператор Join UP|website=facebook.com}}</ref>

On 4 February, [[Ukraine International Airlines]] suspended its charter service to [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport]] in [[Hainan]]. Initially, the suspension was to last until 24 February,<ref name="auto1" /> although the airline had not yet indicated that it will resume flights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/china-health-ukraine-idINL8N2A43MR|title=Ukraine's last planned plane from China to arrive in Kiev|date=4 February 2020|via=in.reuters.com}}</ref>

On 24 February, [[Boryspil International Airport]] and [[Kyiv International Airport]] were supposed to implement thermal screening procedures for travellers from Italy, but the staff were either underequipped with thermal cameras or ignored the protocol.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/uk/u-boryspoli-sprostuvaly-zaiavy-honcharuka-pro-pochatok-kontroliu-stanu-zdorovia-pasazhyriv/a-52527605|title=В аеропорту "Київ" досі не міряють температуру тіла пасажирів|language=uk|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=25 February 2020|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225210513/https://www.dw.com/uk/u-boryspoli-sprostuvaly-zaiavy-honcharuka-pro-pochatok-kontroliu-stanu-zdorovia-pasazhyriv/a-52527605|archive-date=25 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.depo.ua/ukr/life/u-borispoli-ne-pereviryayut-pasazhiriv-z-italii-de-lyutue-koronavirus-202002251119902|title=У "Борисполі" не перевіряють пасажирів з Італії, де лютує коронавірус|language=uk|publisher=Depo.ua|date=25 February 2020|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225211222/https://www.depo.ua/ukr/life/u-borispoli-ne-pereviryayut-pasazhiriv-z-italii-de-lyutue-koronavirus-202002251119902|archive-date=25 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 March, Ukraine announced its first confirmed coronavirus case, a man who had travelled from Italy to Romania by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.<ref name="reuters.1">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ukraine/ukraine-reports-first-coronavirus-case-health-official-idUSKBN20Q0ZH|title=Ukraine reports first coronavirus case, in man who traveled from Italy|publisher=Reuters|date=3 March 2020|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303181146/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ukraine/ukraine-reports-first-coronavirus-case-health-official-idUSKBN20Q0ZH|archive-date=3 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 March, two more coronavirus cases were confirmed in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=МОЗ повідомляє про два нових підтверджених випадки коронавірусу в Україні |url=https://moz.gov.ua/article/news/moz-povidomljae-pro-dva-novih-pidtverdzhenih-vipadki-koronavirusu-v-ukraini |publisher=[[Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)|Ministry of Healthcare]] |accessdate=12 March 2020 |language=uk |date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="viktor-lyashko_10 March">{{cite web|url=https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/viktor-lyashko-mi-rozrobili-algoritmi-za-yakimi-zaraz-pracyuye-sistema-ohoroni-zdorovya-shchodo-nedopushchennya-poshirennyu-koronavirusnoyi-infekciyi-ta-nadannyu-vsiyeyi-neobhidnoyi-dopomogi|title=Viktor Liashko: We have devised the response protocol for the healthcare system to be operating to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection and provide all necessary assistance ||work=Communications Department of the Secretariat of the CMU|date= 10 March 2020|accessdate=2020-03-11 |quote=Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world, the Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine has received 40 reports about suspected cases of this acute respiratory disease. 36 samples have already been analyzed, 35 out of this number being negative and 1 laboratory-confirmed case.}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*

{{COVID-19}}

[[Category:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory|Ukraine]]
[[Category:2020 coronavirus pandemic in Europe|Ukraine]]
[[Category:2020 in Ukraine|coronavirus outbreak]]
[[Category:Medical outbreaks in Ukraine]]

Art the Clown

2020-02-25T03:58:10Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 65.96.51.14 (talk) to last version by Paleface Jack

{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{rewrite|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox character
| colour = #201517
| name = Art the Clown
| series = [[Terrifier]]
| image = File:Art_the_Clown_and_Tara_Heyes.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = Art (David Howard Thornton) and Tara (Jenna Kanell)
| first_minor = ''The 9th Circle''
| first_date = 2008
| last =
| creator = Damien Leone
| portrayer = Mike Giannelli David Howard Thornton
| species = [[Demon]]
| lbl21 = Classification
| data21 = [[Mass murder]]er
}}

'''Art the Clown''' is a fictional character and the main antagonist of the ''[[Terrifier]]'' franchise created by Damien Leone. He originates from Leone's short films ''The 9th Circle'' and ''Terrifier'', both leading up to his appearance in the anthology [[horror film]] ''[[All Hallows' Eve (2013 film)|All Hallows' Eve]]'' (2013). He was portrayed by Mike Giannelli in his earlier incarnations. He later appeared in the feature length [[slasher film]] adaptions ''[[Terrifier]]'' (2016) and ''Terrifier 2'' (2020) in which he was portrayed by David Howard Thornton. His short films and anthology segments depict him as a demented and merciless supernatural serial killer whose only apparent motive is to entertain and enjoy himself by inflicting torture and death upon others. His first feature length appearance follows him as he engages in a cat and mouse chase with a young woman named Tara (Jenna Kanell) before targeting her sister Victoria (Samantha Scaffidi).
''Terrifier 2'' will focus on his resurrection and his pursuit of a teenage girl and her younger brother. While all of the films featuring the character have garnered generally mixed reviews, Thornton's portrayal has been met with critical acclaim. Art and Victoria are the only characters to appear in more than one installment in the ''Terrifier'' franchise and related films.

==Appearances==
''Art the Clown'' made his first appearance in the 2008 [[short film]] ''The 9th Circle''. In the film, a young woman is tormented and subsequently abducted by Art while waiting at a train station on [[Halloween |Halloween]].<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=The 9th Circle|medium=DVD|location=United States|date=2008}}</ref> Art made his next appearance in the 2011 short film ''Terrifier'', where the character stalks and torments a young woman who witnessed one of Art's previous murders.<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=Terrifier|medium=DVD|location=United States|publisher=D&D Films LLC|date=2011}}</ref>

The character later made his [[Feature-length film|feature-film]] debut in ''[[All Hallows' Eve (2013 film)|All Hallows' Eve]]'' (2013). In it, Art stalks and murders a group of teenagers on Halloween night.<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=All Hallows' Eve|medium=DVD|location=United States|publisher=Ruthless Pictures|date=2013}}</ref>
The 2016 film ''[[Terrifier]]'', Art begins a new killing spree on Halloween night, tormenting and murdering a variety of people within a decrepit apartment building.<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=Terrifier|medium=DVD|location=United States|publisher=Dark Age Cinema|date=2016}}</ref>

==Concept and creation==
{{expand section|date=December 2019}}
===Creating a horror villain===
{{quote box|align=right|width=25em|quote=I drew my inspiration for Art from a lot of different sources. The most obvious being Mike Giannelli’s original portrayal of Art in ''All Hallow’s Eve''. He gave me a great foundation to really build my version of the character from. From there, I combined my love of great horror villains (especially Freddy and The Joker) and coupled that with my love of great physical and silent film comedians. |source=—Thornton on what inspired his portrayal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frightnerd.com/2019/07/31/exclusive-david-howard-thornton-talks-terrifier-sequel-art-the-clown/|title=Exclusive: David Howard Thornton Talks ‘Terrifier’ Sequel, Art the Clown |work=Horror Nerd|location=US |date=July 31, 2019}}</ref>}}
Art's original incarnation originates from Leone's short film ''The Ninth Circle''. Despite being only a minor character in his debut appearance, he stood out amongst viewers. Because of this, Leone decided to make a short film entitled ''Terrifier'' centered strictly around Art. He soon wanted to adapt a feature film centered on the character but abandoned the concept after producers approached him to feature his short films as segments in the anthology horror film ''All Hallows' Eve'' with Art being the thread connecting all of the segments together. Leone wanted to create a clown character based on iconic [[slasher film]] villains but wanted the character to be the complete opposite of [[It (character)|Pennywise]] from [[It (film series)|It (1990)]], being devoid of color and vocals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/277512/horror-business-the-making-of-damien-leones-terrifier/|title=Horror Business: The Making of Damien Leone’s TERRIFIER|last=Taylor|first=Nick|date=|website=Dread Central|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>

===Men under the makeup===
In all of Art's short film appearances and in ''All Hallow's Eve'' he was portrayed by actor Mike Giannelli. Once Leone began developing a feature-length film focused solely on Art, Giannelli decided to retire from acting. After sending in an audition tape, David Howard Thornton was cast in the role of the murderous villain and is set to portray him in future installments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Millican |first1=Josh |title=Audition Tape that Got Actor Cast as "Art the Clown" in TERRIFIER Emerges On Facebook |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/285915/audition-tape-that-got-actor-cast-as-art-the-clown-in-terrifier-emerges-on-facebook/ |website=Dread Central |accessdate=21 September 2019}}</ref> Thornton based his performance on classic physical comedians such as [[Charlie Chaplin]] and combined it with famous horror villain portrayals such as [[Robert Englund]] as [[Freddy Krueger]] and [[Tim Curry]] as [[It (character)|Pennywise]] but was mostly inspired by the iconic [[supervillain]] the [[Joker (character)|Joker]] and his varied appearances and portrayals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Teixeira |title=DAVID HOWARD THORNTON TALKS TERRIFIER, ART THE CLOWN |url=http://decaymag.com/featured/david-howard-thornton-exclusive-interview/27647/ |website=Decay Mag |accessdate=21 September 2019}}</ref>

==Reception==
In a review for ''iHorror.com'', Danielle Cervantes wrote "Art the Clown is destined to become one of the great names in horror. He stands apart from other slasher greats in several aspects. His background is never established, though I’m sure that’s something we can look forward to in coming years. As of now, Art is some unknown evil entity embodied by a murderous clown with no reason or motive."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cervantes |first1=Danielle |title=‘Terrifier’ – Why Art is the Newest, Baddest Clown in Town |url=https://www.ihorror.com/terrifier-why-art-is-the-newest-baddest-clown-in-town/ |website=iHorror.com |accessdate=21 September 2019}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{expand section|date=December 2019}}
In 2018, Trick or Treat Studios released an officially licensed costume of Art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/281429/dread-central-presents-terrifiers-art-the-clown-gets-mask-costume-from-trick-or-treat-studios/|title=Dread Central Presents: TERRIFIER’s Art the Clown Gets Mask & Costume from Trick or Treat Studios|last=Millican|first=Josh|date=August 21, 2018|website=Dread Central|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 13, 2019}}</ref> The same year, Art was the main part of the design in the officially licensed Terror Threads "Man of the Hour" collection which included a mug, and turntable slipcover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gravedecay.com/fashion/terror-threads-terrifier-collection-now-available/|title=Terror Threads ‘Terrifier’ Apparel Collection Now Available|last=|first=|date=May 18, 2018|website=Decay Mag|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> The following year, Art and Tara were featured in another Terror Threads collection "Til Death Do Us Part".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gravedecay.com/fashion/terror-threads-terrifier-til-death-do-us-part/|title=Terror Threads Releases ‘Terrifier’ "Til Death Do Us Part" Collection|last=|first=|date=|website=Grave Decay|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://bloody-disgusting.com/interviews/3554905/interview-david-howard-thornton-teases-terrifier-2-says-script-terrifier-3-already-underway/ [Interview<nowiki>]</nowiki> David Howard Thornton Teases 'Terrifier 2' and Says Script for 'Terrifier 3' is Already Underway - Bloody Disgusting]
*[https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/269238/interview-director-damien-leone-discusses-the-guts-behind-terrifier/ Interview: Director Damien Leone Discusses the Guts Behind Terrifier - Dread Central]
*[https://morbidlybeautiful.com/interview-david-thornton-terrifier/ Interview with David Thornton (Art the Clown) - Morbidly Beautiful]
*[https://rue-morgue.com/meet-the-man-behind-the-clown/ “TERRIFIER”: Meet The Man Inside The Clown]
[[Category:Male horror film villains]]
[[Category:Film characters introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with death or rebirth abilities]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who can teleport]]
[[Category:Fictional attempted suicides]]
[[Category:Fictional clowns]]
[[Category:Fictional demons and devils]]
[[Category:Fictional kidnappers]]
[[Category:Fictional child killers]]
[[Category:Fictional mass murderers]]
[[Category:Fictional rampage and spree killers]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Fictional stalkers]]
[[Category:Fictional monsters]]
[[Category:Fictional mute characters]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2020-01-23T17:59:56Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 142.190.44.138 (talk) to last version by ComplexRational

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to getting some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a camp fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 short films]]
[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:1940s animated short films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Films produced by Leon Schlesinger]]

Sara Britcliffe

2020-01-03T03:31:21Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Victor1231 (talk) to last version by CLCStudent

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sara Britcliffe
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]
| parliament =
| majority = 2,951 (7.0%)
| predecessor = [[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]
| successor =
| term_start = 12 December 2019
| term_end =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| children =
| residence =
}}
'''Sara Alice Britcliffe'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|publisher=Hansard|title=Members Sworn|date=18 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219003923/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]], first elected in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]]. At the age of 24, she was the youngest Conservative MP elected in the election, and the first to represent the constituency since 1992.

==Early life==
Britcliffe attended [[St Christopher's Church of England High School, Accrington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.st-christophers.org/sixth-form/sixth-form-news?n=40|title=General Election Hustings|publisher=St Christopher's Church of England|date=3 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Her father, Peter, is the councillor for Oswaldtwistle ward on the [[Lancashire County Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18104996.new-hyndburn-mp-sara-24-promises-youthful-view/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=New Hyndburn MP Sara, 24, promises 'youthful' view|last=Jacobs|5=|first=Bill|date=17 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221524/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18104996.new-hyndburn-mp-sara-24-promises-youthful-view/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She has two older brothers. Her mother died in 2004 when she was nine years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lancs.live/news/local-news/moving-farewell-to-leaders-ex-partner-1266754|title='Moving' farewell to leader's ex-partner|website=Lancs Live|date=9 December 2004|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230114031/https://www.lancs.live/news/local-news/moving-farewell-to-leaders-ex-partner-1266754|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She studied modern languages at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name=Candidate/> Britcliffe served in the ceremonial role of mayoress between 2017 and 2018 alongside her father who was the mayor on the [[Hyndburn Borough Council]]. He stood down from the council in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acornnews.co.uk/Sarab.html|publisher=Acorn News|accessdate=29 December 2019|title=Hyndburn's Youngest Mayoress Reflects on First Six Months|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221524/http://www.acornnews.co.uk/Sarab.html|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16172761.hyndburn-faces-less-colourful-election-three-major-political-figures-missing-campaign-trail/|title=Hyndburn faces a less colourful election with three of its major political figures missing from the campaign trail|last=Jacobs|first=Bill|work=Lancashire Telegraph|date=20 April 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230115033/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16172761.hyndburn-faces-less-colourful-election-three-major-political-figures-missing-campaign-trail/|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as a councillor for the ward of St. Andrews (previously represented by her father) in the [[2018 Hyndburn Borough Council election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16206136.hyndburn-elections-2018-full-round-up-results/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=Hyndburn elections 2018: Full round-up and results|date=4 May 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|last=Marko|first=Nic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221521/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16206136.hyndburn-elections-2018-full-round-up-results/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to her political career, she managed a sandwich shop in [[Oswaldtwistle]].<ref name=Candidate/>

==Parliamentary career==
Britcliffe was selected as the Conservative candidate for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]] constituency on 6 November 2019.<ref name=Candidate>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18017203.conservatives-choose-sara-britcliffe-fight-hyndburn-election/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=Conservatives choose Sara Britcliffe to fight Hyndburn election|date=6 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|last=Jacobs|first=Bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229160534/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18017203.conservatives-choose-sara-britcliffe-fight-hyndburn-election/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father had previously contested the seat in the 1997 and 2001 general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps|title=Class of 2019: Meet the new MPs|accessdate=29 December 2019|date=16 December 2019|last=Bond|first=Daniel|publisher=Politics Home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217174745/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as MP for the constituency in the 2019 general election with a majority of 2,951 (7.0%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|website=BBC News|title=Hyndburn|accessdate=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230162110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The seat had been represented by a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] MP since the 1992 general election. At the age of 24, she was the youngest Conservative MP elected in the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-tory-faces-make-their-way-to-westminster-8rvrvjmnq|work=The Times|title=Fresh Tory faces make their way to Westminster|date=16 December 2019|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221521/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-tory-faces-make-their-way-to-westminster-8rvrvjmnq|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]|years=[[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{North West Conservative Party MPs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britcliffe, Sara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:21st-century British women politicians]]

{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-stub}}
{{UK-MP-2019-stub}}
{{Conservative-UK-MP-1990s-stub}}

Sara Britcliffe

2020-01-03T03:30:57Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by Victor1231 (talk) to last version by CLCStudent

Sara Britcliffe

2020-01-03T03:25:53Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 2804:14C:BB8C:4FB3:5494:7FC1:6742:2762 (talk) to last version by Cowlibob

Minecraft Dungeons

2019-12-29T18:08:30Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 86.125.54.72 (talk) to last version by CLCStudent

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{short description|2020 video game}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Minecraft Dungeons
| image =Minecraft Dungeons Cover.png
| alt =
| caption =
| developer = [[Mojang]]
| publisher = [[Xbox Game Studios]]
| director = Mans Olsen
| series = ''[[Minecraft]]''
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list|[[macOS]]|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[Windows]]|[[Xbox One]]}}
| released = April 2020
| genre = [[Dungeon crawler]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Minecraft Dungeons''''' is an upcoming [[dungeon crawler]] game developed by Mojang and published by [[Xbox Game Studios]]. The game will be released for [[macOS]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[Windows]] and the [[Xbox One]] (and [[Xbox One X Series]]) in April 2020.

==Gameplay==
Unlike ''[[Minecraft]]'', ''Minecraft Dungeons'' has no crafting, building, or the ability to destroy blocks. Instead it focuses on being a [[dungeon crawler]] game, where the player explores [[procedural generation#Video games|randomly-generated]] dungeons filled with randomly-generated monsters, and also deals with traps, puzzles, and finding treasure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/11/minecraft-dungeons-is-a-blocky-smash-and-slash-adventure/|title='Minecraft Dungeons' is a blocky, smash-and-slash adventure|work=[[Engadget]]|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2019/6/10/18660635/minecraft-dungeons-release-date-xbox-one-pc-ps4-e3-2019|title=Minecraft Dungeons is simple, Diablo-inspired fun for the family|last=Campbell|first=Colin|date=June 10, 2019|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> There is no [[character class|class]] system; players can use any weapon or armor they wish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/minecraft-dungeons-is-diablo-for-people-who-are-intimidated-by-diablo|title=Minecraft Dungeons is Diablo for People Who Are Intimidated by Diablo|last=McCarthy|first=Caty|date=June 10, 2019|website=[[Gamer Network#Editorial websites|USgamer]]|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> It will include up to four player [[co-operative multiplayer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/06/09/minecraft-dungeons-release-window-announced-e3-2019|title=Minecraft Dungeons Release Window Announced - E3 2019|last=Marks|first=Tom|date=June 9, 2019|work=[[IGN]]|language=en-US|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>

==Development==
''Dungeons'' is being developed by [[Mojang]] using [[Unreal Engine 4]], and is led by director Mans Olsen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2019/06/09/minecraft-dungeons-is-a-new-action-rpg-set-in-the-minecraft-universe/|title='Minecraft Dungeons' Is A New Action-RPG Set In The 'Minecraft' Universe|last=Kain|first=Erik|work=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/minecraft-dungeons/unreal-engine|title=Minecraft: Dungeons is made in the Unreal Engine|website=PCGamesN|language=en-GB|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Console ports are being done by [[Double Eleven (company)|Double Eleven]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.double11.com/2019/09/17/announcement-minecraft-dungeons/|title=Announcement: Minecraft Dungeons|work=[[Double Eleven (company)|Double Eleven]]|date=September 17, 2019|accessdate=September 18, 2019}}</ref> It will be released in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prescott |first1=Shaun |title=Minecraft Dungeons has a firm release month |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/minecraft-dungeons-has-a-firm-release-month/ |work=[[PC Gamer]]|accessdate=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[Shacknews]]'' called it "a fun, laid back dungeon crawler for friends to get into."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/112340/minecraft-dungeons-e3-2019-preview-creative-sidestep|title=Minecraft Dungeons E3 2019 preview: Creative sidestep|work=[[Shacknews]]|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.minecraft.net/dungeons}}

{{Minecraft}}
{{Mojang}}

[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[category:Minecraft]]
[[Category:Microsoft games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:Unreal Engine games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Sweden]]
[[Category:Video games using procedural generation]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]

{{video-game-stub}}

Minecraft Dungeons

2019-12-29T18:06:15Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 86.125.54.72 (talk) to last version by S1T1AOP5

FIFA Mobile

2019-12-20T18:00:05Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 105.112.98.245 (talk) to last version by 27.34.246.21

{{Infobox video game
|title = FIFA Mobile
|image = FIFAMobile.jpg
|caption = ''[[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]]'' Mobile cover starring [[Marco Reus]]
|developer = [[EA Mobile]] [[EA Canada]]
|publisher = [[EA Sports]]
|series = [[FIFA (video game series)|''FIFA'']]
|platforms = [[iOS]]<ref name="easports.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile|title=FIFA Mobile|publisher=easports.com|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref> [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Microsoft Windows]] (discontinued; 2016-17)
|released = {{Video game release|WW|11 October 2016}}
|genre = [[Sports game|Sports]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|producer = Matt Lafreniere
}}

'''''FIFA Mobile''''' is an [[association football]] [[Simulation video game|simulation]] [[video game]] developed by [[EA Mobile]] and [[EA Canada]] and published by [[EA Sports]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. It was released worldwide on 11 October 2016, for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. [[Microsoft Windows]] was also included until 2017. It was announced on August 16, 2016 during [[Gamescom|Gamescom 2016]].<ref>https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile/news</ref>

==Gameplay==
The game introduces a new "VS Attack" mode in which players mostly play the offensive stages of a match. They also have to defend counter-attacks from the opposition. VS Attack Mode features an asynchronous turn-based multiplayer. The game also features Live Events themed on recent real world events, as well as mini games based on skills such as shooting, passing, dribbling and goalkeeping. It also includes events based on Champions League and other different leagues throughout the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/FIFA+Mobile/news.asp?c=71421|title=FIFA 17 on iOS and Android will be called FIFA Mobile - Here's everything we know|author=Glen Fox|website=[[Pocket Gamer]]|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile/news/2016/fifa-mobile-live-services|title=FIFA Mobile - Live Services - The Story of the Football World|department=[[EA Sports]]|publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]|date=5 September 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref>

==Development and release==
EA announced the game on August 16, 2016 during [[Gamescom|Gamescom 2016]] and the game was released worldwide on October 11, 2016 for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>{{cite news |title=EA Launches EA Sports FIFA Mobile on iOS, Android, Windows 10 |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/ea-launches-ea-sports-fifa-mobile-on-ios-android-windows-10/ |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |agency=Ad Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIFA Mobile on iOS and Android |url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |agency=EA Sports}}</ref> In November 2017, EA ended support for FIFA Mobile on Windows devices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Support ending for FIFA Mobile on Windows devices |url=https://help.ea.com/en-us/help/fifa/fifa-mobile/support-ending-for-fifa-mobile-on-windows-devices/ |website=help.ea.com |accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref>

===FIFA Mobile 17===
On June 23, 2016, EA Sports announced that the [[2016 J1 League|J1 League]] and [[2016 J.League Cup|J.League Cup]] would be featured in the game for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=JAPAN J1 LEAGUE TO FEATURE IN FIFA 17|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2016/fifa-17-j1-league-announce?cid=8400&ts=1466737301351&sf47084445=1|website=EA Sports|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> On September 4, 2016, EA Sports announced at [[Brasil Game Show]] 2016 that 18 [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] teams will be featured in their respective league ([[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] and [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]], who signed an exclusivity deal with [[Konami]] for ''[[Pro Evolution Soccer]]'', do not appear). Five [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Série B]] teams are also in the game. The Brazilian teams in the game have generic player names which the user cannot change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2016/brazilian-clubs-in-fifa-17|title=Brazilian Clubs to be Included in FIFA 17|website=www.easports.com|accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref>

===FIFA Mobile 18===
It features the third tier of [[Germany]]'s [[Bundesliga]], the [[3. Liga]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-18-to-include-german-3liga-for-first-time-in-series/1akvwovqfvw1i1ocot9siybb30|title=FIFA 18 to include German 3. Liga for first time in series|accessdate=October 1, 2019|language=en}}</ref>and has again included the [[Süper Lig|Turkish Super League]] after [[Electronic Arts|EA]] renewed its licence with them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/iceland-national-team-included-in-fifa-18/d5zdq5qgnjzw1si4aul1969em|title=Iceland national team included in FIFA 18|accessdate=October 1, 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/football/2017/08/23/turkish-super-league-renews-license-for-fifa-18|title=Turkish Super League renews license for FIFA 18|work=DailySabah|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>

===FIFA Mobile 19===
''FIFA Mobile 19'' introduces the [[UEFA Champions League]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/fifa-19-hands-on-interview-e3-2018/|title='FIFA 19' has a lot more to offer than just Champions League|work=Engadget|accessdate=October 1, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>It was confirmed that the game would have a licensed [[Serie A]]<ref name="New features">{{cite news |title=FIFA 19 release: Champions League, new ICONs & 19 reasons to get excited for new game |url=http://www.goal.com/en/lists/fifa-19-release-champions-league-new-icons-19-reasons-to-get/1tyhmsoricv1z1l7wqz5p6sb0i#1r2hsf9yd685p1mvsyixmnigt4|accessdate=October 1, 2019|agency=Goal}}</ref> The game will include the [[Chinese Super League]], the first FIFA title to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fifplay.com/fifa-19-chinese-super-league/|title=FIFA 19 to include Chinese Super League for first time in series|publisher=FIFPlay.com|access-date=1 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What's new in FIFA 19? Here's what we know so far |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/whats-new-fifa-19-heres-14977887 |accessdate=1 October 2019 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CSL on Fifa 19: not quite fantasy football but you can see why the China league is joining the EA party |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/china/article/2157487/csl-fifa-19-not-quite-fantasy-football-you-can-see-why-china-league |accessdate=1 October 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> However, it was confirmed that the game will not include the [[Russian Premier League]], as it did in ''FIFA 18 Mobile'' and previous FIFA mobile versions.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.futhead.com/news/fifa-19/1817/fut-19-leagues-russia-teams-removed/|title= The full Russian Premier League won't be in FIFA mobile 19|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> [[Russian Premier League]] teams [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]], [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]], and [[Lokomotiv Moscow]] were kept, while [[Dinamo Zagreb]], [[Dynamo Kyiv]], [[Slavia Praha]], and [[Viktoria Plzen]] were added to the game. [[Boca Juniors]] appears as ''Buenos Aires FC'' in the game since the club signed a deal with [[Konami]];<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA 19: Boca Juniors could be excluded from the official roster|url=https://www.fifaultimateteam.it/en/fifa-19-boca-juniors-could-be-excluded-from-the-official-roster/|publisher=FIFA Ultimate Team|date=11 September 2018|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> for the same reasons, [[Colo-Colo]] appears as ''CD Viñazur''. Once again, due to [[Konami]] securing deals with certain Brazilian clubs, the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] is featured in an incomplete form, this time with only 15 clubs, with the notable omissions of [[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]], [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]], [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]], [[C.R. Flamengo|Flamengo]] and [[C.R. Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]], all of which are [[Konami]] partners. The remaining Brazilian clubs, while appearing with licensed branding, do not have any of their players licensed due to an ongoing judicial dispute over image rights, which are negotiated individually with each player, unlike other countries.

===FIFA Mobile 20===
The game will feature more than 30 official leagues, over 700 clubs and over 17,000 players. Included for the first time is the Romanian [[Liga I]] and its 14 teams and also the [[Indian Super League]], as well as [[UAE]] club, [[Al Ain FC|Al Ain]], who were added following extensive requests from the fans in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://realsport101.com/fifa/fifa-20-new-league-finally-announced-as-ea-fight-back-at-pes-2020-release-date-demo-beta-career-mode-ultimate-team-fut-online-cover-star/|title=FIFA 20: New league finally announced as EA fight back at PES 2020|last=Pusinelli|first=Alastair|date=27 August 2019|work=RealSport|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302780414|title=UAE's Al Ain FC sets sights on EA SPORTS FIFA 20 Debut|last=|first=|date=18 August 2019|work=Emirates News A}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football video games by Electronic Arts}}
{{Portal bar|Video games|Association football}}

[[Category:Association football video games]]
[[Category:EA Sports games]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts games]]
[[Category:FIFA (video game series)]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]

David Aaron Clark

2019-12-16T21:51:37Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 2604:6000:1505:45DE:19BE:F3D3:6499:32B8 (talk) to last revision by Monkbot (TW)

{{short description|American pornographic actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Aaron Clark
| image = Kylie Rey, David Aaron Clark and Kimmy Kahn.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = David Aaron Clark and friends
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1960|09|05|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Camden, New Jersey]], [[United States]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|11|28|1960|09|05|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], [[United States]]
| othername =
| occupation = Director, actor, musician
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''David Aaron Clark''' (September 5, 1960 – November 28, 2009) was an author, musician, [[pornographic actor]], and pornographic video director.

==Career==
Switching majors and finally graduating with a degree in [[journalism]] in 1986. He served as editor-in-chief of ''[[The Daily Targum]]'', Rutgers' student newspaper, winning multiple Columbia Scholastic Press Association College Gold Circle Awards.

Clark then worked as a stringer at ''[[The Bergen Record]]'' and the [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]] ''[[Home News Tribune]]'' before becoming an on-line editor at [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] News Service. He left after two years to accept an editorial position at ''[[Genesis (magazine)|Genesis Magazine]]'', followed by a five-year tenure at [[Al Goldstein]]’s ''[[Screw magazine]]''.

Clark also edited the fanzine ''Chrome on Fire'', and performed in the band False Virgins, produced by [[Sonic Youth]] guitarist [[Lee Ranaldo]]. The band released two albums at the turn of the decade -The 1990 album Skin Job, engineered by Brooklyn producer [[Martin Bisi]]. When the lead singer committed [[suicide]], Clark broke up the band and retired from playing music.

Clark wrote several works of erotic fiction, including ''The Wet Forever'' about the relationship between
a hedonistic man (Janus) and a dominatrix (Madchen).
<ref>Michael Perkins, "Clark, David Aaron" in ''The Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature'', Edited by [[Gaétan Brulotte]] and [[John Philips]] (pp. 245=46). London : Routledge, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-57958-441-2}}</ref>

He moved to [[San Francisco]] in 1995 and was hired for an editorial position at the now-defunct ''[[Spectator Magazine|The Spectator]]''.

In 1998 he moved to [[Los Angeles]] to accept a position directing porn videos for [[John T. Bone]]’s Cream Studios. His screenplay for [[Brad Armstrong (director)|Brad Armstrong]]’s ''Euphoria'' won an [[AVN Award]] for Best Screenplay in 2000.
He has directed features for companies ranging from [[Extreme Associates]] to [[Vivid Video]].

In an interview with [[Luke Ford (blogger)|Luke Ford]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lukeford.com/stars/male/david_aaron_clark.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503234837/http://www.lukeford.com/stars/male/david_aaron_clark.html |archivedate=2006-05-03 }}</ref> Clark said:

{{cquote|I graduated from Rutgers with a double major in journalism and art. Once I found out that I couldn't paint or draw, I decided to become a serious journalist. I wrote for two years for the Dow Jones news service in New Jersey, then switched to ''Genesis'' in 1988 and wrote for a friend. He was my college roommate who now edited ''Genesis''. I was bored and looking for something else to write about other than planning commission meetings and human interest stories on missing children, gun shows, etc. From there I went on to ''Screw''.

I lead a flamboyant personal lifestyle that meshes with my work. In New York I was seeing and eventually got engaged to a teenage [[dominatrix]] who slashed me with a knife when she was angry. The story hit the tabloids like the ''[[New York Post]]''. Their headline read - "Porn Editor Cut Up By Kinky Cutie." It showed my picture. We moved to [[San Francisco]] to get out of the news and I was with her until October, 1995.}}

His most recent film, ''PURE'', for [[Evil Angel (studio)|Evil Angel]], received multiple AVN nominations, including Best Actor ([[Keni Styles]]), Best Actress ([[Asa Akira]]), Best Supporting Actor (Jake Malone), Best Couples Sex Scene, Best Music Soundtrack, Best Special Effects, Best Screenplay, Best Director – Feature and Best Video Feature.

He died suddenly on November 28, 2009, reportedly as the result of a pulmonary embolism.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
* ''The Wet Forever'' (1991, Rhinoceros Publications reissue 1995) {{ISBN|1-56333-117-9}}
* ''Sister Radiance'' (1992, Rhinoceros reissue 1994) {{ISBN|1-56333-215-9}}
* ''The Marquis de Sade's Juliette: Vengeance On The Lord'' (1993, Masquerade books 1996) {{ISBN|1-56333-240-X}}
* ''Into The Black'' (Titan Books, London) (1995) {{ISBN|1-85286-679-9}}

===Collaborations===
* ''Ritual Sex'' (Co-edit with [[Tristan Taormino]]) (Masquerade Books, 1995) {{ISBN|1-56333-391-0}}
* ''True Blood'' (Text with Charles Gatewood photography, 1997, Last Gasp Books) {{ISBN|0-86719-447-2}}
* ''The Fallen: The Pale Door'' ([[Graphic novel]], illustrated by Miran Kim) (NBM/Nantier Beall Minoustchine Publishing, 1999) {{ISBN|1-56163-233-3}}
* ''The Fallen: Cold Religion'' (Graphic novel, illustrated by David Rankin, 2000, 2004) {{ISBN|1-56163-406-9}}

===Anthology appearances===
* ''Gahan Wilson’s the Ultimate Haunted House'' (Byron Preiss Press) {{ISBN|0-06-105315-5}}
* ''World’s Best Erotica'' (Titan Books)
* ''Best Of Gauntlet Magazine'' (Richard Kasak Books)

==Music releases==
* False Virgins, SKINJOB (1990, Enemy Records)
* False Virgins, INFERNAL DOLL (1991, Enemy Records)

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

==References==
* {{IMDb name|0163840}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cspa/docs/contests-and-critiques/gold-circle-awards/recipients/1986-collegiate-circles.html Columbia Scholastic Press Association : 1986 Collegiate Circle Recipients]
* [http://www.spectator.net/NEW_ARCHIVES/dacbonus.html Real Life Fun and Games with David Aaron Clark] Spectator, 1993 article by Clark about S&M date with Mistress Shane
* [http://www.rogreviews.com/news/read_article.asp?sku=1420 Madness Signs David Aaron Clark] October 4, 2004 article by RogReviews.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060604043738/http://www.sexwrecks.com/2005/04/david_aaron_cla.html David Aaron Clark] April 2005 "Sex Wrecks" Profile by Peter Landau
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625080455/http://www.gramponante.com/2005/07/david-aaron-clark-i-am-not-phil.html Gram Ponante: Porn Valley Observed: David Aaron Clark: "I am not Phil Collins."] Interview on July 26, 2005

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, David Aaron}}
[[Category:American male pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:BDSM writers]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:American pornographic film directors]]
[[Category:Writers from Camden, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Rutgers University alumni]]
[[Category:Actors from Camden, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Film directors from New Jersey]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2019-12-12T02:13:43Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by Stankwilliams (talk) to last revision by Zinnober9 (TW)

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to get some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a camp fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 short films]]
[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:1940s animated short films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]

Saweetie

2019-12-04T01:05:56Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 108.227.56.76 (talk) to last version by Tinton5

{{short description|American rapper}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saweetie
| image = Saweetie in a car (cropped).jpg
| caption = Saweetie in 2018 Photo: Alfred Marroquin
| birth_name = Diamonté Harper
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/Saweetie/status/1012155937300230145?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=2018-06-28}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hayward, California]], U.S.
| residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Southern California]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* singer
}}
| partner = [[Quavo]] (2018–present)
| years_active = 2017–present
| relatives = [[Gabrielle Union]] (cousin)
| website = {{URL|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| label = {{flatlist|
* Icy
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* Artistry
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
*[[Quavo]]
}}}}
}}
'''Diamonté Harper''' (born July 2, 1993), known professionally as '''Saweetie''', is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. After the release of her debut single, "Icy Grl", she was signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide. She released her debut extended play, ''[[High Maintenance (Saweetie EP)|High Maintenance]],'' on March 16, 2018.

== Early life and education ==
Saweetie was born Diamonté Harper<ref name="TIDAL">{{cite web|last=Platon|first=Adelle|title=TIDAL Rising Artist of the Week: Saweetie|url=http://read.tidal.com/article/tidal-rising-artist-of-the-week-saweetie|publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]|date=January 22, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> on July 2, 1993, to a [[Chinese Filipino|Filipino-Chinese]] mother and an [[African Americans|African-American]] father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://statusmagonline.com/2018-tunesday-saweetie/|title=TUNESDAY: Icy Cool Facts About Saweetie, Femme MC On the Rise|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=19 Facts You Need To Know About 'ICY GRL' Rapper Saweetie|url=http://www.capitalxtra.com/features/facts/facts-about-saweetie/real-name/|publisher=[[Capital XTRA]]|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>Saweetie tells that her mother is of a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] descent in her freestyle rap, "High Maintenance".</ref> She grew up largely in [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[California]] and spent much of her life in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] but finished high school in [[Elk Grove, California]] attending [[Monterey Trail High School]].<ref name="VIBE-I">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Interview: Saweetie Turned Her "Icy Girl" Video Into A Career Springboard|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/11/interview-saweetie-icy-girl-video/|website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|date=November 8, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HIPHOPDX">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Marcel|title=Bay Area MC Saweetie Talks "Icy Grl" & Social Media Fame|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.45182/title.bay-area-mc-saweetie-talks-icy-grl-social-media-fame#|publisher=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL">{{cite web|last=C.M.|first=Emmanuel|title=The Break Presents: Saweetie|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-interview-the-break/|website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 1, 2017|accessdate=March 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Diamonte |title=Monterey Trail High School Varsity Volleyball |url=http://www.maxpreps.com/athlete/diamonte-harper/pQ7SmfTlEeKZ5AAmVebBJg/default.htm}}</ref> She began writing music at age 14. After high school, she went on to attend [[San Diego State University]] before transferring to the [[University of Southern California]] where she studied communications and business. After graduating, she began to focus on her rap career.<ref name="BILLBOARD">{{cite web|last=Lyle|first=Ashley|title=Rising MC Saweetie Talks Viral Hit 'Icy Grl,' Signing With Warner Bros. Records & the Value of Education|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8099115/saweetie-interview-icy-grl-warner-bros-deal|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 14, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HUFFPOST">{{cite web|last=Aynalem|first=Tali|title=If You Haven’t Heard These Songs, You’re Sleeping|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/if-you-havent-heard-these-songs-youre-sleeping_us_5a128361e4b023121e0e9479|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=November 26, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" />

== Career ==
Saweetie began posting short raps on her [[Instagram]] account in 2016. One video featured her rapping over the beat from [[Khia]]'s classic "[[My Neck, My Back (Lick It)]]", which would eventually turn into "Icy Grl".<ref name="VIBE-I" /><ref name="XXL" /> The song was released on her [[SoundCloud]] in the summer of 2017, and brought her to the attention of Max Gousse, a well-known producer and A&R executive, who became her manager.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flaunt.com/content/saweetie|title=Saweetie {{!}} No Bright Lights, No Ice, No Sugar After Midnight|website=Flaunt Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>
<ref name="VIBE-II">{{citetie Is "High Maintenance" And She’s An "Icy Girl"|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/10/saweetie-icy-girl-high-maintenance/|website=Vibe|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" /> The video for the song went viral on the Internet and went on to accrue seventy-nine million views on [[YouTube]] as of August 2019.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="XXL" />

To follow that up, Saweetie released in that same month a freestyle rap called "High Maintenance" accompanied by a short clip of herself rapping a verse to the song, all while chilling in her kitchen. It would go viral on Instagram and [[Twitter]] as well.<ref name="VIBE-II" /><ref name="XXL" /> In October 2017, she released a video for her song, "Focus", which samples [[DRAM (rapper)|DRAM]]'s "Gilligan".<ref name="XXL-II">{{cite web|last=Pile|first=Tatiana|title=Saweetie Doesn’t Let Anything Distract Her in "Focus" Video|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-focus-video/|website=XXL|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref>

In January 2018, she was named [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]'s Artist of the Week<ref name="TIDAL" /> and one of ''[[Pigeons & Planes]]''{{'}} Best New Artists of the Month.<ref name="P&P">{{cite web|last1=Odedina|first1=Michelle|last2=Corrigan|first2=Graham|last3=Moore|first3=Jacob|last4=Gardner|first4=Alex|title=Best New Artists of the Month|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2018/01/best-new-artists-january-2018/saweetie|website=Pigeons & Planes|date=January 31, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> During [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018, she was featured in an ad for [[Rihanna]]'s cosmetic company, Fenty Beauty.<ref name="HNHH">{{cite web|last=Goddard|first=Kevin|title=Rihanna Shares New Fenty Beauty Super Bowl Ad Starring Saweetie|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/rihanna-shares-new-fenty-beauty-super-bowl-ad-starring-saweetie-news.43293.html|publisher=HotNewHip Hop|date=February 2, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> That month, she signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide and her own label, Icy Records.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT">{{cite news | last=Kennedy| first=Gerrick D.| title =Rising rapper Saweetie is one to watch this year| newspaper =Los Angeles Times| publisher =| date =April 10, 2018 | url =http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-saweetie-20180410-story.html| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="RU">{{cite news | last=| first=| title =Saweetie Signs With Warner Bros. Records| publisher =Rap-Up| date =February 14, 2018 | url =http://www.rap-up.com/2018/02/14/saweetie-signs-with-warner-bros-records/| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=''I do a lot of covers but this is the first time I'm actually doing original content. I leave the studio and I come home wanting to listen to really myself.''|source=Saweetie for ''[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]'' in October 2017.<ref name="XXL" />}}

Saweetie released her major label debut, [[High Maintenance (Saweetie EP)|High Maintenance]], on March 16, 2018. It is composed of nine tracks and was produced by CashMoneyAP, Nyrell, and Saweetie's cousin, [[Zaytoven]].<ref name="XXL-III">{{cite web|last=India|first=Lindsey|title=Saweetie Shares ‘High Maintenance’ EP Tracklist and Release Date|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist-release-date/|website=XXL|date=March 7, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="VIBE-III">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Premiere: Saweetie Reveals Tracklist For Debut EP ‘High Maintenance’|url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist/|website=Vibe|date=March 5, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saponara|first=Michael|title=Stream Saweetie's Debut Project 'High Maintenance': Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8248776/saweetie-high-maintenance-stream|website=Billboard|date=March 16, 2018|accessdate=March 19, 2018}}</ref> The single, "Icy Girl" was certified [[RIAA certification|Gold]] in June 2018, for sales of 500,000 in the US.<ref>[https://www.maybachmedia.com/news/saweeties-icy-grl-has-made-gold-certification/]{{dead link|date=June 2019}}</ref> It was certified platinum in September 2019.<ref name="RIAA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum|website=RIAA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

Saweetie released her second major label EP, ''Icy'', on March 29, 2019. The EP's first single, "[[My Type (Saweetie song)|My Type]]", written by Saweetie and produced by [[London On Da Track]], debuted on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 at #81. "My Type" samples the song "[[Freek-a-Leek]]" by [[Petey Pablo]], and later peaked at #21, becoming Saweetie's first top 40 hit on the Hot 100.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8519453/saweetie-hot-100-debut-7th-female-rap-act-chart-2019</ref> It was the first Saweetie song to enter the Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8520255/saweetie-my-type-hot-100-interview-icy-grl|title=How Saweetie Is Keeping Up Momentum In Hip-Hop's 'Sink Or Swim' World|website=Billboard|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> In September 2019, "My Type" hit #1 on the Rhythm Radio charts, and was certified gold.<ref name="RIAA" /><ref name="Gousse">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/saweetie-my-type-max-gousse-hitmaker-of-the-month-1203347064/|title=Hitmaker of the Month: Manager Max Gousse on Saweetie’s Big ‘My Type’ Spike|last=Herman|first=James Patrick|last2=Herman|first2=James Patrick|date=2019-09-24|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

Saweetie collaborated with PrettyLittleThing to launch a 59-piece clothing collection, PrettyLittleThing x Saweetie, in September 2019. She said the theme of the capsule was "a boujie rich girl enjoying the finer things in life. I want to show the boys and girls that if you hustle hard your work will pay off."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-prettylittlething-x-saweetie-collection-just-launched-its-almost-sold-out-18738735|title=Saweetie Just Launched A PrettyLittleThing Collection & It’s Almost Sold Out|website=Bustle|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> It debuted during New York Fashion Week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/prettylittlething-x-saweetie-clothing-line-nyfw-fashion-show|title=This Runway Show Showed What Models with Different Body Types Look Like In the Same Outfits|website=InStyle.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saweetie has been dating rapper colleague [[Quavo]] since mid-2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2019/01/quavo-saweetie-75000-dollars-snowflake-chain/|title=Quavo Cops Saweetie a $75,000 Chain - XXL|first=Marisa|last=Mendez|website=XXL Mag}}</ref>

She is the cousin of actress [[Gabrielle Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/celebrities/news/2018/12/06/gabrielle-union-cousins-female-rapper-twitter.html|title=Mind Blown: Gabrielle Union Shares That She's Cousins With This Female Rapper, And Twitter Is Living|work=BET}}</ref> Her grandfather, Willie Harper, played football for the San Francisco 49ers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/how-saweetie-bay-area-icy-grl-moved-from-instagram-car-raps-to-the-majors-628422/|title=Artist You Need to Know: Saweetie|last=Haithcoat|first=Rebecca|last2=Haithcoat|first2=Rebecca|date=2018-05-15|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of extended plays, with selected details and chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="US-albums">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2019-08-03|title=Top 200 Albums: August 3, 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 30, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH Sales]] <ref name="HMSales">Peak positions in R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales:
* "High Maintenance": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/randb-hip-hop-album-sales|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}} {{subscription}}
* "Icy": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/node/8506280|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales : April 13, 2019|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=April 18, 2019}} {{subscription}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="HMHeat">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/heatseekers|title=Heatseeker Albums : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}} {{subscription}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[High Maintenance (Saweetie EP)|High Maintenance]]''
|
* Released: March 16, 2018 (US)
* Label: Icy, Artistry/[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT"/>
* Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
| — || 32 || 20
|-
! scope="row"| ''Icy''
|
* Released: March 29, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/icy/1457084713|title=ICY by Saweetie|website=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 29, 2019}}</ref>
* Label: Icy, Artistry/Warner Bros.
* Formats: Digital download, streaming
| 85 || 50 || —
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles showing year released, chart positions and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:24em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="5"| Peaks
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:9em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Album
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref>https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artist=Saweetie&title=My+Type&label=&chart_name=Hot+100</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-songs HOT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS]</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]] <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/charts/rap-song RAP SONGS]</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Rhythmic (chart)|US Rhy.]] <ref>Peak positions for Saweetie releases in US Rhythmic:
 
* "Icy Grl": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2018-05-19|title=Rhythmic Songs: May 19, 2018|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 15, 2018}}
* "Up Now": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2018-11-10|title=Rhythmic Songs: November 10, 2018|work=Billboard|accessdate=November 6, 2018}}
* "My Type": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2019-09-21|title=Rhythmic Songs: September 21, 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2019-09-21|title=Canadian Hot 100: September 21, 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| 2017
| —{{efn-ua|"Icy Grl" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-04-14/bubbling-under-hot-100-singles|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100: April 14, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}} || — || — || 16 || —
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Saweetie#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=April 7, 2019}}</ref>
| ''High Maintenance''
|-
! scope="row"| "Up Now" {{small|(with [[London on da Track]] featuring [[G-Eazy]] and [[Rich the Kid]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| — || — || — || 16 || —
|
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Pissed"
| — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[My Type (Saweetie song)|My Type]]"
| 2019
| 21 || 13 || 11 || 1 <ref>https://www.billboard.com/archive/charts/2019/rhythmic-40</ref> || 76
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Saweetie#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}</ref>
| ''Icy''
|-
| colspan="15" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of guest appearances as featured artist, with the respective artists and albums
|-
! scope="col" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Other artist(s)
! scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Expensive"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/expensive/1318084919?i=1318085467|title=Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2 by Zaytoven on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 2017
| [[Zaytoven]]
| ''Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[IDGAF (Dua Lipa song)|IDGAF]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2018/05/05/new-music-dua-lipa-saweetie-idgaf-remix/|title=New Music: Dua Lipa feat. Saweetie - 'IDGAF (Remix)'|via=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| rowspan="8"| 2018
| [[Dua Lipa]]
| ''IDGAF (Remixes II)''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[2002 (song)|2002]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AnneMarie/status/1035544508832743424|title=Anne Marie on Twitter|publisher=[[Twitter]]|date=August 31, 2018|accessdate=September 2, 2018}}</ref>
| [[Anne-Marie (singer)|Anne-Marie]], Ms. Banks
| ''2002 (Remix EP)''
|-
! scope="row"| "I'm That Bitch"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8471833/david-guetta-announces-7-album-track-list|title=David Guetta Announces '7' LP Featuring Justin Bieber, Nicki Minaj and More|work=Billboard|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=August 23, 2018|accessdate=August 24, 2018}}</ref>
| [[David Guetta]]
| ''7''
|-
! scope="row"| "Give It to Em"
| [[Quavo]]
| ''[[Quavo Huncho]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Stupid Things"
| [[Four of Diamonds (group)|Four of Diamonds]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Patience"
| [[Riri (Japanese singer)|RIRI]]
| ''NEO''
|-
! scope="row"| "You Come First"
| [[Zak Abel]]
| rowspan=2 {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Body"
| [[Glowie]]
|-
! scope="row"| "Yuso"
| rowspan="7"| 2019
| [[Kid Ink]], [[Lil Wayne]]
| ''Missed Calls''
|-
! scope="row"| "Can't Do It"
| [[Loren Gray]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "I Can't Stop Me"
| [[Sabrina Carpenter]]
| ''[[Singular: Act II]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Too Much Shaft"
| Quavo
| ''[[Shaft (2019 film)|Shaft]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "No L's"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/hit-boy-snags-saweetie-for-no-ls-new-song.1983876.html|title=David Guetta Announces '7' LP Featuring Justin Bieber, Nicki Minaj and More|work=HotNewHipHop|date=July 24, 2019|accessdate=August 20, 2019}}</ref>
| [[Hit-Boy]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Come On"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/quality-control-control-the-streets-vol-2/1476226857|title= Quality Control: Control the Streets, Vol. 2 by Quality Control|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=August 16, 2019|accessdate=August 20, 2019}}</ref>
| [[City Girls]], DJ Durel
| ''[[Quality Control Music|Quality Control: Control the Streets, Vol. 2]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Baila Conmigo"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baila-conmigo-feat-saweetie-inna-jenn-morel-single/1476001382 |title=Baila Conmigo (feat. Saweetie, INNA & Jenn Morel) - Single by Yellow Claw on Apple Music |website=iTunes Store |accessdate=September 7, 2019}}</ref>
| [[Yellow Claw (DJs)|Yellow Claw]], [[Inna]] and Jenn Morel
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of music videos, with selected details
! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Director(s)
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wji4b2jjYOk|title=SAWEETIE - ICY GRL (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Focus"
| Adam Small & Aramis Duran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASFCad7aPQ|title=SAWEETIE - FOCUS (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Anti"
| rowspan="9"| 2018
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_KrEFaZ_Pk|title=Saweetie - "ANTI" (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N." {{small|([[Vertical video|Vertical Video]])}}
| rowspan="2"| Stephen Garnett<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_Rfr-XNo9Q|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Vertical Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m2uosFEjY4|title=Saweetie - ICY GRL (feat. Kehlani) [Bae Mix] (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl (Bae Mix)" {{small|(featuring [[Kehlani]])}}
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N."
| Sasha Samsonova<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCT0EI2itmc|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Good Good"
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5B_tT5ld9E|title=Saweetie - Good Good (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Up Now" {{small|(with London on da Track featuring G-Eazy and Rich the Kid)}}
| Mike Ho<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2018/08/30/video-saweetie-london-on-da-track-g-eazy-rich-the-kid-up-now/|title=Video: Saweetie x London On Da Track feat. G-Eazy & Rich the Kid - 'Up Now'|work=[[Rap-Up]]|date=August 30, 2018|accessdate=September 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Stupid Things" {{small|(Four of Diamonds featuring Saweetie)}}
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row"| "Pissed" {{small|([[Lyric video]])}}
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row"| "Pissed"
| Christian Sutton
|-
! scope="row"| "You Come First" {{small|(Zak Abel featuring Saweetie)}}
| rowspan="5"| 2019
| Roxana Baldovin
|-
! scope="row"| "Yuso" {{small|(Kid Ink featuring Lil Wayne and Saweetie)}}
| Mike Ho
|-
! scope="row"| "Emotional" {{small|(featuring Quavo)}}
| Christian Sesma
|-
! scope="row"| "My Type" {{small|(Claws Remix)}}
| Unknown<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Saweetie-TNTs-CLAWS-Team-Up-For-MY-TYPE-Remix-20190603|title=Saweetie & TNT's CLAWS Team Up For MY TYPE Remix|work=Broadwayworld.com|date=June 3, 2019|accessdate=June 21, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "My Type"
| Daps<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2019/07/03/video-saweetie-my-type/|title=Watch Saweetie's 'My Type' Video|work=Rap-Up|date=July 3, 2019|accessdate=August 20, 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
* {{URL|https://soundcloud.com/saweetie|Saweetie}} on [[SoundCloud]]
* {{Instagram |Saweetie}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women musicians]]
[[Category:African-American female rappers]]
[[Category:American hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American rappers of Filipino descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hayward, California]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:San Diego State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]
[[Category:West Coast hip hop musicians]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2019-11-22T15:59:58Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 2601:285:C000:3B20:104C:6D3E:6ECA:1BB4 (talk) to last revision by CycloneYoris (TW)

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to get some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a camp fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]

Judith Heumann

2019-11-20T13:47:40Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 112.206.37.161 (talk) to last version by Paisarepa

{{Infobox Ambassador
|name = Judith Heumann
|image = Heumann.gif
|office = Special Advisor for [[Disability rights movement|International Disability Rights]]
|appointed = [[President Barack Obama]]
|term_start = June 7, 2010
|term_end = January 20, 2017
|predecessor = Position established
|successor =
|office1 = [[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services|Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]]
|president1 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start1 = June 1993
|term_end1 = January 20, 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Robert R. Davila|Robert Davila]]
|successor1 = [[Robert H. Pasternack|Robert Pasternack]]
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1947}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Long Island University]] [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health|University of California, Berkeley]]
}}
'''Judith Ellen Heumann "Judy"''' (born December 18, 1947) is an International [[disability rights]] activist from the United States of America. She is recognized internationally as a leader in the disability community. Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities. Her work with governments and [[non governmental organizations]] (NGOs), non-profits, and various other disability interest groups, has produced significant contributions since the 1970s to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the [[World Bank]] and the [[State Department]], Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the [[independent living]] movement.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml|title=World Bank Appoints Judy Heumann to New Disability Adviser Post|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Heumann's commitment to disability rights stems from her personal experiences. She had [[polio]] at the age of 18 months, and has used a [[wheelchair]] most of her life. Heumann had to fight repeatedly to be included in the educational system. The local public school refused to allow her to attend, calling her a fire hazard. Instead, for three years she was given home instruction twice a week for about an hour each visit. Heumann's mother, Ilsa Heumann, a community activist in her own right, challenged the decision. Judy was then allowed to go to a special school in the fourth grade for disabled children. Per City Policy it was understood Judy would return to home instruction for High School. Judy's mother rallied against this policy with other parents who put enough pressure on the school to reverse the policy. Judy entered High School in 1961.

She attended Camp Jened, a camp for kids with disabilities, in [[Hunter, New York]] every summer from ages 9 to 18. Heumann's experience of camp brought her a greater awareness of the connected of disabled experience "We had the same joy together, the same anger over the way we were treated and the same frustrations at opportunities we didn't have." <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=|pages=20}}</ref> It was there that she met Bobbi Linn and Freida Tankus, who she would later work with as disability rights activists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Linda|title=Points of Access: Rehabilitation Centers, Summer Camps, and Student Life in the Making of Disability Activism, 1960-1973|journal=Journal of Social History|date=December 1, 2012|volume=2|issue=46|pages=473–499}}</ref><ref>{{cite document|last1=Patterson|first1=Linda|title=Accessing the Academy: The Disabled Student Movement, 1950-1973|hdl=1811/48349}}</ref>

== College ==
Judy Heumann began making major moves toward rights for people with disabilities while attending [[Long Island University]]. She organized rallies and protests with other students with and without disabilities disabilities, demanding things like access to her classrooms by ramps and the right to live in a dorm. While at Long Island University she studied [[Speech Therapy|speech therapy]].<ref name=":0" />

== ''Heumann v. Board of Education of the City of New York''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/1970943320fsupp6231818}}</ref> ==
Heumann was denied her New York teaching license because the Board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire. She sued the Board of Education on the basis of discrimination. A local newspaper toted a headline of 'You Can Be President, Not Teacher, with Polio'. After the judge recommended that [[New York City’s Board of Education]] rethink its decision, and it became very likely the Board of Education would lose, they settled out of court. Heumann became the first [http://www.newmobility.com/2015/09/dont-say-wheelchair-bound/ wheelchair rider] to teach in New York City<ref>http://www.adawatch.org/JudyHeumannPA.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann|title=Disability Social History Project|website=www.disabilityhistory.org|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> and taught elementary school there for three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/items/heumann.html|title=Judith Heumann - DRILM - University of California, Berkeley|website=bancroft.berkeley.edu|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>

== Policy work and advocacy ==
'''Disabled in Action'''

Heumann received lots of mail from disabled people around the country due to her press coverage while suing the Board of Education. Many wrote in about their experiences with discrimination because of their disabilities. Based on the outpouring of support and letters, In 1970 Heumann and several friends (some of whom she met a Camp for children with Disabilities) founded [[Disabled in Action]] (DIA), an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws through political protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilusa.com/articles/0223021judith_heumann.htm|title=Judith Heumann|website=www.ilusa.com|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabledinaction.org/photos_heumann.html|title=Disabled In Action: Photos (Judy Heumann)|website=www.disabledinaction.org|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>

'''Center for Independent Living'''

[[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] asked Judy to move to California to work for the [https://www.independentliving.org/docs3/zukas.html Center for Independent Living] where she served as the deputy director from 1975 to 1982. She was an early adapter of the [[Independent living|Independent Living Movement]].

She was responsible for the implementation of legislation at the national level for programs in special education, disability research, vocational rehabilitation and independent living, serving more than 8 million youth and adults with disabilities.

'''Individuals with Disabilities Education Act'''

While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare]], in 1974 she helped develop legislation that became the [[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]].

'''[[504 Sit-in]]'''

Initially [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.|Joseph Califano]], U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, refused to sign meaningful regulations for [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973]], which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dredf.org/504-sit-in-20th-anniversary/short-history-of-the-504-sit-in/|title=Short History of the 504 Sit in|work=dredf.org}}</ref> After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of the [[504 Sit-in]] at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by Heumann and organized by [[Kitty Cone]], lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 28 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.|Joseph Califano]] signed both Education of All Handicapped Children and Section 504 on April 28, 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Diabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=69–70}}</ref><ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm|title=Disability History Timeline|year=2002|work=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management|publisher=[[Temple University]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm|archivedate=2013-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/resources/timeline.html|title=The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="disabilityhistory.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann|title=Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/dwa/edge/curriculum/gov_contenta7.htm|title=EDGE - Curriculum - Biology|work=disabilityhistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt1w1001mt&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text|title=Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s-1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977|work=cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=EADH0161&DataType=AmericanHistory&WinType=Free|title=Kitty Cone, Facts On File, Inc., 2009. American History Online; Facts on File information obtained from ''Encyclopedia of American Disability History''|work=Encyclopedia of American Disability History}}</ref> Comedy Central did an episode of [http://www.cc.com/video-clips/2p86bg/drunk-history-judy-heumann-fights-for-people-with-disabilities Drunk History] on the 504 Sit-in.

'''World Institute on Disability'''

Heumann co-founded the World Institute on Disability with [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] and [[Joan Leon]] in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993.

'''Department on Disability Services'''

Mayor Fenty, District of Columbia, appointed her as the first Director for the Department on Disability Services, where she was responsible for the Developmental Disability Administration and the [[Rehabilitation Services Administration]].

'''Clinton Administration'''

Heumann served in the [[Clinton Administration]] as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the [[US Department of Education]] from 1993 to 2001.

'''World Bank'''

From 2002 to 2006 she served as the [[World Bank Group]]'s first Advisor on Disability and Development, leading the World Bank's work on disability and worked to expand the Bank’s knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the Bank discussions with client countries, its country-based analytical work, and support for improving policies, programs, and projects that allow disabled people around the world to live and work in the economic and social mainstream of their communities.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> She was Lead Consultant to the Global Partnership for Disability and Development.
[[File:Judith Heumann face detail, from- Ambassadors Kennedy Greets Sp. Advisor for Disability Rights Heumann in Tokyo - Flickr - East Asia and Pacific Media Hub (1) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Judith Heumann, Special Advisor for Disability Rights Heumann in [[Tokyo]] on 4 December 2014|alt=]]
'''Special Advisor'''
[[File:Judy Heumann and Barbara Ransom OLDL 2019.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Judy Heumann and Barbara Ransom at [[TASH (organization)|TASH's]] ''Outstanding Leadership in Disability Law Symposium and Awards Dinner'', George Washington University, July 25, 2019|alt=A photograph of Judy Heumann in her power chair next to Barbara Ransom. They are holding hands and smiling, standing in front of a sponsor banner.]]

In 2010 Heumann became the Special Advisor on Disability Rights for the US State Department appointed by President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dds.dc.gov/dds/cwp/view,a,3,q,496289.asp|title=Judith E. Heumann-Director, DC Department on Disability Services Biography|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> Judy was the first to hold this role where she served from 2010-2017. On January 20th, 2017 Heumann left her post at the State Department with the change of a new administration. The Special Advisor role has not yet been filled under the Trump Administration. Paralympian [[Ann Cody]] is currently the most senior official working on international disability rights at State.

'''Ford Foundation'''

From September of 2017 to April of 2019 she was a [https://www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/ford-foundation-names-judy-heumann-senior-fellow/ Senior Fellow] at the [[Ford Foundation]]. There she worked to help advance the inclusion of disability in the Foundation’s work. She also promoted the intentional inclusion of Disability in philanthropy work overall. During her time as a Fellow she produced a paper co-written by Katherine Salinas and Michellie Hess titled [https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/4276/judyheumann_report_2019_final.pdf Roadmap for Inclusion: Changing the Face of Disability in Media] . This paper explores the lack of representation of disabled people in front of, and behind the camera, as well as prominent stereotypes of disabled characters when represented in the media, and concludes with a call to action to increase disabled representation in media.

== Media ==

* She appears in the 2011 disability rights documentary ''[[Lives Worth Living]]''.
* Comedy Central did an episode of [http://www.cc.com/video-clips/2p86bg/drunk-history-judy-heumann-fights-for-people-with-disabilities Drunk History] on the 504 Sit-in.
* Heumann appeared on [https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/other/improving-disability-representation-both-on-screen-and-off/vp-AACxKoo Bloomberg on 7/6/2019] to discuss representation of disability in the media.
*Heumann delivered a [https://www.ted.com/talks/judith_heumann_our_fight_for_disability_rights_and_why_we_re_not_done_yet?language=en TED] talk.
*
*{{C-SPAN|Judith Heumann}}
*The award winning documentary [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyWcCuVta7M The Power of 504] prominently features Heumann

== Education ==
Heumann graduated from [[Long Island University]] in 1969 and gained a Master of Science degree in public health at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1975. She has been awarded six honorary doctorates:

# [[Long Island University]], Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, 1994
# [[University of Toledo]], Ohio, an Honorary Doctorate of Public Service, 2004
# The [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], Honorary Doctorate of Public Administration, 2001
# [[Brooklyn College]], Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2018/03/27/brooklyn-college-to-award-judy-heumann-honorary-doctorate-at-its-2018-commencement-ceremony/|title=Brooklyn College to Award Judy Heumann Honorary Doctorate at Its 2018 Commencement Ceremony|website=CUNY Newswire|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>, 2018
# [[Middlebury College]], Honorary Doctorate of Education, 2019
# [[Rowan University]], Honorary Doctorate of Humanities, 2019

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2019 The [https://lurie.brandeis.edu/ Lurie Institute for Disability Policy] gave an award "The journey to Achieving Equality: Past, Present, and Future of Disability Activism" with gratitude for your leadership and activism in civil rights The Heller School for Social Policy and Management Brandeis University Waltham, MA March 7, 2019
*2018 Women's Caucus Award given by the National Council on Independent Living
* 2018 [http://disstudies.org/ Society for Disability Studies] President's Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disstudies.org/index.php/awards/presidents-award/|title=President's Award|date=2016-08-29|website=Society for Disability Studies|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>. SDS says of their decision to award Judy the President's Award:<blockquote>"SDS confers the President’s Award for artists and activists who embody the goals of the Society, reiterating our commitment to all kinds of work in disability studies. SDS recognizes Judy Heumann for her five-decade career as a disabled activist who has changed the lives of every single disabled person in the United States and across the globe. Her work has shown the vibrancy and strength of the social model of disability and the power and importance of the disability rights movement’s central mantra: 'nothing about us without us.'"</blockquote>
* 2017 U.S. International Council on Disabilities, Dole-Harkin
*2017 [https://www.interaction.org/ InterAction] [https://www.miusa.org/news/2017/inclusionaward Disability Inclusion Award], in recognition of Judy's major impact on disability inclusion in international development.
*In 2014 the Berkeley Rotary Club gave its annual Rotary Peace Grove Award to Heumann and to the late [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]], another disability rights activist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_26190156/berkeley-disability-activists-receive-peace-award-emotional-ceremony|title=Berkeley disability activists receive peace award in emotional ceremony|date=21 July 2014|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
*Max Starkloff Lifetime Achievement Award from [https://www.ncil.org/ National Council on Independent Living] In recognition of a lifetime of dedicated hard work and leadership to advance the [http://www.vcil.org/resources/pas-toolkit/the-independent-living-movement-and-disability-rights Independent Living and Disability Rights Movements] and her commitment to the protection and expansion of the civil and human rights of people with disabilities.
* Champion of Disability Rights Award from the [https://spanadvocacy.org/ SPAN Parent Advocacy Network]. "For lifelong commitment and activism for the human and civil rights of children and adults with disabilities in the United States throughout the world."
* Advocacy Award from ALPHA Disability Section "This award is presented to a person or a consumer-driven organization who has demonstrated excellence in the area of advocacy to improve the health and quality of life for people with disabilities."
* Distinguished Service Award from NARRTC (formerly known as the National Association of Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers) "In recognition of important contributions and achievements that have strategically advanced the field of disability through her research, teaching, service, and advocacy on behalf of person with disabilities."
* Judy was the first recipient of the [[Henry B. Betts Award]] from the [[Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago]] (later awarded jointly with the [[American Association of People with Disabilities]])

==Personal==
Heumann is married to Jorge Pineda, and lives in Washington, D.C. Heumann, born in Brooklyn to German-Jewish Immigrants, and is the oldest of three children<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1993|isbn=0812924126|location=New York|pages=56}}</ref>. She is the sister of [[Joe Heumann]], a noted film professor and published author. Judy does not view her disability as a tragedy “Disability only becomes a tragedy for me when society fails to provide the things we need to lead our lives- job opportunities or barrier-free buildings, for example. It is not a tragedy to me that I’m living in a wheelchair<ref name=":1" />”.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Including the Voices of Disabled People in the International Development Agenda'', Thornburgh Family Lecture Series, [[University of Pittsburgh School of Law]] accessed at [http://www.law.pitt.edu/news/thornburghlecture06.php] July 24, 2006
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement: Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader, 1960s-2000'', oral history, [[Online Archive of California]], 2004, retrieved from [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb9v19p0k9] July 24, 2006
* Ilene Zeitzer interview with Judy Heumann. Originally published in, "Change from Within: International Overview of the Impact of Disabled Politicians and Disability Policy Bodies on Governance". retrieved from [http://www.rollingrains.com/archives/000513.html] April 29, 2009

==External links==
*[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project] Bio details
*[https://wid.org/resources/wids-founders/ Bio details on World Institute on Disability website]
*{{C-SPAN|Judith Heumann}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert R. Davila|Robert Davila]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services|Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]]|years=1993–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Pasternack]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Special Advisor for [[Disability rights movement|International Disability Rights]]|years=2010–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heumann, Judith}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:American people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Disability rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Long Island University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:United States Special Envoys]]
[[Category:United States Department of Education officials]]
[[Category:Clinton administration personnel]]
[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2019-11-16T13:56:30Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 103.217.167.191 (talk) to last revision by Flyer22 Reborn (TW)

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to get some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a camp fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2019-11-16T13:50:19Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 103.217.167.191 (talk) to last revision by Jip Orlando (TW)

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to get some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a camp fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]

Rick and Morty/Staffel 4

2019-11-10T16:22:56Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 143.179.28.44 (talk) to last revision by LuK3 (TW)

{{Short description|season of television series}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rick and Morty'' (season 4)}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| bgcolor = #000900
| image = Rick and Morty season 4.png
| image_size = 250
| caption = Promotional poster
| country = United States
| network = [[Adult Swim]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| num_episodes = 
| episode_list = List of Rick and Morty episodes
}}

The fourth season of the animated television series ''[[Rick and Morty]]'' was confirmed by [[Adult Swim]] in May 2018. The season is set to consist of ten episodes. A trailer was released on October 6, 2019, announcing that the first five episodes would premiere starting on November 10, 2019, and the remaining five at some time in the future.

==Episodes==
{{see also|List of Rick and Morty episodes}}
<onlyinclude>{{Episode table |background=#000900 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=29 |director=13 |writer=22 |airdate=15 |viewers=11 |country=U.S. |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/rick-and-morty/listings/ |title=Shows A-Z - rick & morty on adult swim |website=[[The Futon Critic]]|accessdate=November 6, 2019}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Edge of Tomorty: Rick Die Rickpeat
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J88d0oZnDQY |title= Season 4 Episode Titles|website=Youtube |publisher=Adult Swim |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|10}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Old Man and the Seat
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|17}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|24}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Claw and Hoarder: Special Ricktim's Morty
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|1}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Rick and Morty (season 4)
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Rattlestar Ricklactica
| RTitle = <ref name="Season 4 episode titles reveal"/>
| DirectedBy =
| WrittenBy =
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|8}}
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 000900
}}

}}</onlyinclude>

==Cast and characters==
{{see also|List of Rick and Morty characters}}
The actors and actresses listed below [[Voice acting|lend their voices]] to the corresponding animated characters.

* [[Justin Roiland]] as [[Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)|Rick Sanchez]] and [[Morty Smith]], the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric [[mad scientist]] and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson<ref name="S4 CAST">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/rick-morty-team-unveils-new-season-4-footage-at-comic-con-1225507 |title='Rick and Morty' Creators Unveil New Footage, Talk Long Road to Season 4 |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=July 19, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Chris Parnell]] as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family<ref name="S4 CAST" />
* [[Spencer Grammer]] as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers<ref name="S4 CAST" />
* [[Sarah Chalke]] as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage<ref name="S4 CAST" />

==Production==

===Background and development===

Following the conclusion of the third season in October 2017, the future of the show had remained in question, with no announcement of renewal or status of production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/rick-and-morty-season-4-not-confirmed-adult-swim-1202653742/ |title=Adult Swim Addresses ‘Rick and Morty' Season 4 Status |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |date=January 4, 2018 |website=Variety |access-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308234109/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/rick-and-morty-season-4-not-confirmed-adult-swim-1202653742/ |archive-date=March 8, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2018, Harmon tweeted that he had not begun writing for a new season, in part because Adult Swim had not ordered any new episodes yet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/amp/en_ca/article/kzxqby/rick-and-morty-season-four-adult-swim-dan-harmon-vgtrn |title='Rick and Morty' Season Four Is Up in the Air, says Dan Harmon |last=Mufson |first=Beckett |date=March 19, 2018 |website=Vice |access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> As a reason for the delay, Harmon explained that the contract negotiations were more complicated, as compared to the previous seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/rick-morty-season-4-delay-renewed/ |title=Rick and Morty Creator: Season 4 Delay Due to Contract Negotiations |first=Dan |last=Zinski |date=March 23, 2018 |accessdate=March 24, 2018 |work=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

Co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland wanted to have assurance that there would be many more seasons of ''Rick and Morty'' in the future, so that they would be able to focus on the show and minimize their involvement in other projects.<ref name="GQ 05-10-2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.gq.com/story/rick-and-morty-renewed-for-season-4-dan-harmon-interview |title=Rick and Morty Renewed for Season 4: Dan Harmon Tells Us All About It |last=O'Neal |first=Sean |date=May 10, 2018 |website=GQ |access-date=August 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811194653/https://www.gq.com/story/rick-and-morty-renewed-for-season-4-dan-harmon-interview |archive-date=August 11, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Harmon had also stated that he wishes for future seasons to consist of more than ten episodes, saying: "Now I'm about to do season 4 of ''Rick and Morty'' and want to prove that I've grown." This was in reference to him admitting that he should work more efficiently, control his perfectionism, and avoid past mistakes that had resulted in the third season of the show comprising only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/26/rick-morty-dan-harmon-interview/ |title='Rick and Morty' Co-Creator Answers Our Burning Season 3 Questions |last=Hibberd |first=James |website=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 26, 2017 |access-date=October 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001121546/http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/26/rick-morty-dan-harmon-interview/ |archive-date=October 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2018, after prolonged contract negotiations, Adult Swim announced a long-term deal with the creators, ordering 70 new episodes over an unspecified number of seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/rick-and-morty-renewed-70-episode-order-creators-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-deal-adult-swim-1202386828/ |title=‘Rick And Morty' Gets Massive 70-Episode Renewal By Adult Swim; Creators Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland Ink New Deal |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |last2=Andreeva |first2=Nellie |date=May 10, 2018 |website=Deadline |access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> The two co-creators expressed their satisfaction, with Roiland saying: "We're super excited that, for the first time ever, we're locked in, we know what the future is, we have job security."<ref name="Polygon - June 2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/14/17464224/rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-waiting-gap-justin-roiland-adult-swim |title='Rick and Morty' co-creator promises no more big gaps between seasons |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=June 14, 2018 |website=Polygon |access-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> Harmon added: "Justin and I just needed enough episodes and the right kind of deal structure that would give us permission to do what we want to do, which is truly focus on the show. We got all that, and we’re both very excited."<ref name="GQ 05-10-2018" />

One year later, at the [[WarnerMedia]] 2019 Upfronts presentation, the fourth season of ''Rick and Morty'' was announced to debut in November 2019,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/05/15/rick-and-morty-season-4-coming-november-2019 |title=Rick and Morty Season 4 Coming November 2019 |last=Macy |first=Seth |date=May 15, 2019 |website=IGN |access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> making the two-year gap between seasons three and four, the longest in the history of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/2019/06/25/rick-and-morty-season-4-sneak-peek-adult-swim-festival/ |title=Rick and Morty Season 4 Episode Sneak Peek Screening Announced |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=June 25, 2019 |website=Comic Book |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> Although season four was said to contain only ten episodes,<ref name="EW JULY 19">{{Cite web |url=https://ew.com/comic-con/2019/07/17/rick-and-morty-season-4-interview/ |title='Rick and Morty' creators give first season 4 interview: 'It will never be this long again' |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=July 17, 2019 |website=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=July 27, 2019}}</ref> the creators have appeared confident that the 70-episode renewal deal will eventually reduce the waiting time between seasons, and it could possibly allow for bigger episode counts in the future.<ref name="Polygon - June 2018" /><ref name="EW JULY 19" /> In October 2019, it was revealed that the first five episodes would begin airing in November, and the remaining five at some time in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/season-4-return-announcement|title=Watch Rick and Morty - "Season 4 Return Announcement" on Adult Swim|website=Adult Swim|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>

===Writing, recording and animation===
Writing began in June 2018, with Roiland saying that—alongside maintaining product quality—this time around, the writers would have to work faster, so that the episodes get released quicker.<ref name="Polygon - June 2018" /> Additionally, Harmon expressed his intention to let the show move forward by collaborating with the animators and making any necessary corrections along the way, instead of applying his perfectionistic tendencies in the earliest stages of writing.<ref name="GQ 05-10-2018" />

In July 2018, Harmon and writer Mike McMahan posted images from the writers' room on social media, which showed "[[Dan Harmon#"Story Circle" technique|Story Circle]]s" drawn on a blackboard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rick-and-morty-season-4-behind-scenes-teaser-episode-1021060 |title=New pictures from the 'Rick and Morty' creators go behind the scenes of Season 4 |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=July 12, 2018 |website=Newsweek |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rick-morty-season-4-writers-episodes-dan-harmon-justin-roiland-script-1046424 |title='Rick and Morty' co-creator Dan Harmon describes how Season 4 will be written differently, shares script pic |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=July 27, 2018 |website=Newsweek |access-date=July 16, 2019}}</ref> This eight-step storytelling formula developed by Harmon (a simplified version of [[Joseph Campbell]]'s common narrative framework known as the [[hero's journey]]) was used in previous seasons to outline the narrative arc of an episode. It describes how the main character of the story leaves their [[comfort zone]] to pursue something they desire, how they are forced to adapt to an unfamiliar situation in order to achieve their goal, and how the story has changed them, as they return to their comfort zone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gq.com/story/dan-harmon-rick-and-morty-profile |title=The Tortured Mind Of Dan Harmon |last=O'Neal |first=Sean |date=May 30, 2018 |website=GQ |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> ''[[Emmy (magazine)|Emmy]]'' magazine, however, reported after an interview with Harmon that the writing team planned "to shake things up with a more anarchic writing style." This meant a rather deconstructive approach, where instead of focusing on story structure, attention would be given primarily to cultivating ideas, jokes and pieces of dialogue, and then the stories would be built around those moments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/news/features/sacred-and-absurd |title=The Sacred and the Absurd |last=Turitz |first=Neil |date=July 16, 2018 |website=Television Academy |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715090207/https://www.emmys.com/news/features/sacred-and-absurd |archive-date=July 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding the season's narrative arc, Roiland said that the season comprised "strong episodic episodes", and advised the fans to watch them in the correct order.<ref name="EW JULY 19" />

In October 2018, series composer Ryan Elder told ''[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]'' that he was expecting to get involved with the season, when the writing process would have been partially completed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/49639-rick-and-morty-season-4-composer-ryan-elder-interview |title='Rick and Morty' Season 4 Has No Music Yet, but Its Composer Has Ideas |last=Plante |first=Corey |date=October 7, 2018 |website=Inverse |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728035456/https://www.inverse.com/article/49639-rick-and-morty-season-4-composer-ryan-elder-interview |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first guest voice was revealed in November 2018, when [[Sam Neill]] tweeted that he had enjoyed working with ''Rick and Morty'', indicating that the team had finished writing some episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-episode-guest-voice-sam-neill-dan-harmon-1196990 |title='Rick and Morty' Season 4 release date one step closer with first guest voice |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |date=November 1, 2018 |website=Newsweek |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720011903/https://www.newsweek.com/rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-episode-guest-voice-sam-neill-dan-harmon-1196990 |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Roiland would also announce [[Paul Giamatti]], [[Taika Waititi]] and [[Kathleen Turner]] as guest stars in the fourth season.<ref name="EW JULY 19" />

In December 2018, [[Bardel Entertainment]], ''Rick and Morty''{{'}}s Canadian animation studio, began hiring [[Toon Boom Animation#Harmony|Toon Boom Harmony]] animators and [[Visual effects|FX]] artists to join the show's animation team.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1072219955347607556 |user=bardelent |title=Nobody exists on purpose. Nobody belongs anywhere. Everybody's gonna die. Come apply? |author=Bardel Entertainment |date=December 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1085273133215506433 |user=bardelent |title=We're looking for a 2D Harmony animator and 2D FX artist to join the #RickAndMorty team in our studio. |author=Bardel Entertainment |date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, animation supervisor Eric Bofa Nfon posted a photo from a conference room on his Twitter account, that featured lead animator Etienne Aubry and [[line producer]] Mark Van Ee, indicating the start of the animation process for the season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/52502-rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-animation-has-begun |title='Rick and Morty' Season 4 Animation Begins, Revealing a Release Date Window |last=Plante |first=Corey |date=January 15, 2019 |website=Inverse |access-date=July 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724175320/https://www.inverse.com/article/52502-rick-and-morty-season-4-release-date-animation-has-begun |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Roiland said that when the episodes were returned from the studio "in color", the writers would look to make any necessary adjustments that might improve the episodes. Nevertheless, he appeared satisfied with the work that was done this season.<ref name="EW JULY 19" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/}}
* {{IMDb title|tt2861424}}
* {{Tv.com show|rickand-morty}}

{{Rick and Morty}}

[[Category:Rick and Morty seasons]]
[[Category:Upcoming television seasons]]

Fettuccine Alfredo

2019-11-06T00:18:00Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 2600:8800:7C80:3CF:41A8:DB65:24A8:AE2B (talk) to last revision by Vaselineeeeeeee (TW)

{{Infobox prepared food
|name = Fettuccine Alfredo
|alternate_name =
|image = The Only Original Alfredo Sauce with Butter and Parmesano-Reggiano Cheese.png
|caption = 
|country = [[Italy]]
|region = [[Lazio]]
|national_cuisine = United States
|creator = Alfredo di Lelio I (1882–1959)
|course = [[Meal structure in Italy#Primo|Primo]] (Italian pasta course)
|main_ingredient = [[Fettuccine]], [[butter]], [[Parmigiano-Reggiano|Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese]]
|variations = In the US – adding [[broccoli]], [[cream]], [[parsley]], [[garlic]], [[chicken (food)|chicken]], [[shrimp]], and/or [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]]
|calories =
|other =
}}

'''Fettuccine Alfredo''' ({{IPA-it|fettut'tʃiːne alˈfreːdo}})<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/italian-english/fettuccine "fettuccine"] at ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'', accessed 2016-11-22 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131010134045/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/italian-english/fettuccine archive])</ref> or '''fettuccine al burro'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.italymagazine.com/recipe/fettuccine-al-burro-or-fettuccine-alfredo|title=Fettuccine al Burro or Fettuccine Alfredo|last=Amore|first=Katia|date=2014-10-13|work=ITALY Magazine|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en}}</ref> is an Italian [[pasta]] dish of [[fettuccine]] tossed with [[butter]] and [[Parmigiano-Reggiano|Parmesan cheese]] (''{{lang-it|pasta al burro e parmigiano}}'').<ref name="cb72">Carnacina (1975), p. 72–73</ref><ref name="root"/><ref name="zafferano"/> As the cheese melts, it [[emulsifies]] the liquids to form a smooth and rich [[sauce]] coating the pasta.<ref name="cb72"/> The dish is named after [[Alfredo di Lelio]], who featured the dish at his restaurant in [[Rome, Italy|Rome]] in the early to mid 20th century; the "ceremony" of preparing it ''[[tableside]]'' was an integral part of the dish.<ref name="cb72"/><ref name="downie">{{cite book|last=Downie|first=David|title=Cooking the Roman Way|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvMf8Y4TWSoC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780062031099|page=106}}</ref>

The dish became popularized and eventually spread to the United States, where it remains popular. The recipe has evolved and its commercialized version, with [[heavy cream]] and other ingredients, is now ubiquitous. In the U.S., however, it is often served as a [[main course]], sometimes garnished with chicken or other ingredients. In Italy, meanwhile, ''fettuccine al burro'' is generally considered [[home cooking]], in contrast to ''fettuccine Alfredo'', a very rich version of the dish.<ref name="downie"/>

==History==
Serving fettuccine with butter and cheese was first mentioned in a 15th-century recipe for ''maccaroni romaneschi'' ('Roman pasta') by [[Martino da Como]], a northern Italian cook active in Rome; the recipe cooks the noodles in [[broth]] or water and adds butter, "good cheese" (the variety is not specified) and "sweet spices".<ref>{{cite book|last=de Rossi|first=Martino|title=Libro de Arte Coquinaria|pages=''s.v.''|url=http://www.staff.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/martino2.htm}}</ref>

Modern ''fettuccine Alfredo'' was invented by Alfredo di Lelio in Rome. According to family accounts, in 1892 Alfredo di Lelio began to work in a restaurant that was located in piazza Rosa and run by his mother Angelina. Di Lelio invented "fettuccine al triplo burro"<ref name="cb72"/> (later named "fettuccine all'Alfredo" or "fettuccine Alfredo") in 1907 or 1908 in an effort to entice his wife, Ines, to eat after giving birth to their first child Armando. Alfredo added extra butter or "triplo burro” to the fettuccine when mixing it together for her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alfredo 1914|url=http://alfredo1914.com/|website=alfredo1914.com|publisher=web|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=La Storia|url=http://www.ilveroalfredo.it/storia/|website=il vero Alfredo|publisher=web|accessdate=6 September 2017|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Roma in Cucina|last1=Carnacina|first=|date=1975|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=72–73}}</ref> Piazza Rosa disappeared in 1910 following the construction of the [[Galleria Alberto Sordi|Galleria Colonna/Sordi]] and the restaurant was forced to close. Di Lelio later opened his own restaurant, [[Alfredo alla Scrofa]] then called "Alfredo", in 1914 on the via della Scrofa in central Rome.

The fame of Alfredo's fettuccine spread, first in Rome and then to other countries. Di Lelio was made a [[Order of the Crown of Italy|Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia]].<ref name="rector"/><ref name="newman"/>

In 1943, during the war, di Lelio sold the restaurant to two of his waiters.<ref name='frasi'>'frasi' [pseudo. of Francesco Simoncini],  ''Ristoranti a Roma'', A.B.E.T.E. 1967, p. 99</ref> In 1950, with his son Armando, Alfredo di Lelio opened a new restaurant in piazza Augusto Imperatore, Alfredo all'Augusteo, now managed by his niece Ines Di Lelio, bringing along the famous "gold cutlery"<ref name="cb72"/> said to have been donated in 1927 by the American actors [[Mary Pickford]] and [[Douglas Fairbanks]] (in gratitude for Alfredo’s hospitality). The two restaurants competed vigorously, with escalating puffery: "the king of fettuccine", "the real king of fettuccine", "the magician of fettuccine", "the emperor of fettuccine", "the real Alfredo", etc.<ref name="frasi"/>

==Preparation==

The dish was so well known that di Lelio was invited to demonstrate it both in Italy and abroad.<ref name="frasi"/> The fame of the dish, called on Alfredo's menus ''maestosissime fettuccine all'Alfredo'' 'most majestic fettuccine, Alfredo style', comes largely from the "spectacle reminiscent of grand opera" of its preparation at table,<ref name="root">Waverly Root, ''The Food of Italy'', 1971, p. 86</ref> as described in 1967:
<blockquote>
[The fettuccine] are seasoned with plenty of butter and fat parmesan, not aged, so that, in a ritual of extraordinary theatricality, the owner mixes the pasta and lifts it high to serve it, the white threads of cheese gilded with butter and the bright yellow of the ribbons of egg pasta offering an eyeful for the customer; at the end of the ceremony, the guest of honor is presented the golden cutlery and the serving dish, where the blond fettuccine roll around in the pale gold of the seasonings. It's worth seeing the whole ceremony. The owner, son of old Alfredo and looking exactly like him, ... bends over the great skein of fettuccine, fixes it intensely, his eyes half-closed, and dives into mixing it, waving the golden cutlery with grand gestures, like an orchestra conductor, with his sinister upwards-pointing twirled moustache dancing up and down, pinkies in the air, a rapt gaze, flailing elbows.<ref name="frasi"/>
</blockquote>

Recipes attributed to Alfredo only include three ingredients: fettuccine, young Parmesan cheese and butter.<ref name="rector"/><ref name="popik">[[Barry Popik]], "Fettuccine Alfredo", February 14, 2009 [https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/fettuccine_alfredo/]</ref><ref name="frasi"/> Yet there are various legends about the "secret" of the original Alfredo recipe: some say oil is added to the pasta dough, others that the noodles are cooked in milk.<ref>Doris Muscatine, ''A Cook's Tour of Rome'', New York: Charles Scribers' Sons, 1964, p. 126</ref> The secret may in fact be simply that the noodles, cheese and butter are tossed constantly with some pasta water in a well-warmed platter to ensure that they melt together thoroughly.<ref name="coleman"/>

Fettuccine Alfredo, minus the spectacle, has now become ubiquitous in Italian-style restaurants outside Italy, although in [[Italy]] this dish is usually called simply "fettuccine al burro".<ref name="zafferano">{{cite web|title=Fettuccine Alfredo|url=http://ricette.giallozafferano.it/Fettuccine-Alfredo.html|publisher=Giallo Zafferano|accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Bastianich | first1=Lidia | authorlink=Lidia Bastianich | first2= Mariani | last2=John | title=How Italian Food conquered the World|edition=1st}}</ref>

==In the United States==
{{Rquote |align=right |quote=This act of mixing the butter and cheese through the noodles becomes quite a ceremony when performed by Alfredo in his tiny restaurant in Rome. As busy as Alfredo is with other duties, he manages to be at each table when the waiter arrives with the platter of ''fettuccine'' to be mixed by him. As a violinist plays inspiring music, Alfredo performs the sacred ceremony with a fork and spoon of solid gold. Alfredo does not cook noodles. He does not make noodles. He ''achieves'' them. |author=[[George Rector]] (1933)<ref>George Rector, ''a la Rector: Unveiling the Culinary Mysteries of the world-famous George Rector'', 1933, [https://archive.org/stream/larectormiscella00rect#page/38/mode/2up/search/alfredo p. 39]</ref>}}
Alfredo's fettuccine has long been popular with Americans. By 1922, it was already being reported on by American travelers.<ref>Sinclair Lewis, ''Babbitt'', p. 196: "there's a little ''trattoria'' on the Via della Scrofa where you get the best ''fettuccine'' in the world"</ref> Multiple magazine articles and guidebooks in the 1920s and 1930s extolled Alfredo's noodles.<ref name="newman">Edward Manuel Newman, ''Seeing Italy'', 1927, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mthWAAAAMAAJ&q=alfredo p. 176]</ref><ref>''Harper's Bazaar'', '''67''', 1933, [https://books.google.com/books?id=95AjAQAAMAAJ&q=noodles+alfredo p. 52]</ref><ref name="popik"/> In 1927, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks supposedly dined at Alfredo's and gave him the famous gold fork and spoon.<ref name="popik"/> Also in 1927, the American restaurateur and writer [[George Rector]] wrote up Alfredo's fettuccine and described the ceremony of its tableside preparation, accompanied by violin music, in detail; he did not give it a specific name, nor mention golden tableware.<ref name="rector">George Rector, "A Cook's Tour", ''Saturday Evening Post'', November 19, 1927, p. 14, 52, 54, 56, 58 [https://books.google.com/books?id=A00kAQAAMAAJ&q=noodles+alfredo snippet]</ref>

In 1966, the Pennsylvania Dutch Noodle Company started marketing their "Fettuccine Egg Noodles", which included a recipe on the package for an Alfredo sauce including cream and Swiss cheese as well as Parmesan and butter.<ref name="coleman">[https://www.saveur.com/article/Kitchen/The-Real-Alfredo Todd Coleman, "The Real Alfredo", ''Saveur'', April 13, 2009]</ref>

The American restaurant [[casual dining]] chain [[Olive Garden]] has popularized its versions of ''fettuccine alfredo'', which may be combined with chicken, shrimp, or other foods to make main courses called "chicken alfredo", "seafood alfredo", etc. Olive Garden's recipe includes cream and garlic.<ref>[https://www.olivegarden.com/menu/fettuccine-alfredo/prod80168 "Fettuccine Alfredo"]</ref>

==Alfredo sauce==
'''Alfredo sauce''' is often sold as a [[convenience food]] in [[Grocery store|grocery stores]] in many countries. Unlike the original preparation, which is thickened only by cheese, the [[Processed food|prepared food]] and [[fast food]]<ref>[http://www.papaginos.com/nutrition/ingredients/ Papa Gino's, "Nutritional information and Allergens]</ref> versions of Alfredo may be thickened with [[egg (food)|egg]]s or [[starch]]. The base of all authentic homemade Alfredo sauces is [[dairy]], and include 3 main ingredients: heavy cream, butter, and Parmesan cheese.

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of foods named after people]]
* [[List of pasta dishes]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book
| last=Carnacina
| author2=Buonassisi, Vincenzo
| first=Luigi
| title=Roma in Cucina
| publisher=Giunti Martello
| location=Milano
| year=1975
| language=Italian
}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Fettuccine Alfredo}}
{{Cookbook|Alfredo Sauce}}

{{Pasta dishes}}
{{Cuisine of Italy}}

[[Category:Cuisine of Lazio]]
[[Category:Sauces]]
[[Category:Pasta dishes]]

LGBT-ideologiefreie Zone

2019-11-04T12:31:19Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 83.170.146.136 (talk) to last revision by CLCStudent (TW)

{{Uncited category|Gender-related violence|type=article|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Poland LGBT zones July 2019 Counties and Provinces.png|thumb|Map of Poland, LGBT-free zones declared (as of August 2019) on a [[voivodeship]] or [[powiat]] level marked in red.<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/><ref name="onet20190723"/><ref name=":1"/>]]
An '''LGBT-free zone''' ({{lang-pl|Strefa wolna od LGBT}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/ny-lgbtq-free-zone-poland-gazerta-polska-20190725-fclqose45fd5bg3b36vktbmmae-story.html|title=Outrage over 'LGBTQ-free zone' stickers distributed by Polish magazine|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) is an act by a Polish municipality,<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="CBC20190727"/> [[powiat]] (county),<ref name="TVN20190722"/> or [[voivodeship]] (province)<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/> declaring their respective regions as free of "[[LGBT]] ideology".<ref name="NYT20190727"/>

While unenforceable and considered primarily symbolic, activists say the declared zones represent an attempt to stigmatize and exclude members of the LGBT community.<ref name="CBC20190727"/><ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> As of August 2019, around 30 different LGBT-free zone declarations have been made in Poland, including four voivodeships in the south-east of the country:<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2019-08-07/new-threat-polands-sexual-minorities|title=The New Threat to Poland's Sexual Minorities|last=Figlerowicz|first=Marta|date=August 9, 2019|work=|access-date=August 19, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref name="TVN20190722"/> [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]], [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship|Podkarpackie]], [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Świętokrzyskie]], and [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]].<ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/>

== Background ==
[[File:02019 0075 (2) Rechte Demo der Unterstützung für die homophobe Predigt von Erzbischof Marek Jedraszewski.jpg|thumb|August 2019 protest in support of Archbishop [[Marek Jędraszewski]]'s statements on LGBT. Sign reads: "away ([down]) with leftist ideological totalitarianism", precz (throw away) is also on the crossed-out [[Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|gay pride flag]]]]
In February 2019, Warsaw's liberal mayor [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] signed a declaration supporting LGBTQ rights<ref name="Telegraph20190809" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3022115/poland-war-over-gay-rights-pride-and-prejudice-election|title=Pride and prejudice: Poland at war over gay rights before vote|date=9 August 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> and announced his intention to follow [[World Health Organization]] guidelines and integrate LGBT issues into the Warsaw school sex education curricula.<ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> [[Law and Justice|PiS]] politicians objected to the sex education program saying it would sexualize children.<ref name="Reuters20190521"/> PiS party leader [[Jarosław Kaczyński]] responded to the declaration, calling LGBT rights "an import" that threatened Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5619660/lgbt-rights-poland/|title=Poland Is Holding Massive Pride Parades. But How Far Have LGBTQ Rights Really Come?|last=Roache|first=Madeline|date=July 3, 2019|website=Time|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> The declaration "enraged and galvanized" conservative politicians and conservative media in Poland, according to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> The LGBT-free zone declarations are considered to be a reaction to the Warsaw declaration.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/><ref name=":2" />

[[File:02019 0471 Equality March 2019 in Częstochowa cropped.jpg|thumb|Pride marcher in [[Częstochowa]] holding the ''Rainbow Madonna'', a depiction of [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]] with the halo replaced by rainbow colors. In May 2019, civil-rights activist [[Elżbieta Podleśna]] was arrested for the charge of [[Blasphemy law#Poland|offending religious sentiment]] in relation to distribution of such posters.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /><ref name="BBC20190514"/>|alt=painting of a madonna and child with halos rendered in rainbow colors]]
According to [[The Daily Telegraph]], the conservative establishment is fearful of a liberal transition that may erode the power of the [[Catholic Church in Poland]] in a manner similar to the transition around the [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Irish Church]].<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/> Decreasing Church attendance, rising secularization, and [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country#Poland|sexual abuse scandals]] have put pressure on the conservative position.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/>
In May 2019, Polish police arrested civil-rights activist [[Elżbieta Podleśna]] for putting up posters of the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]] with the halo painted rainbow colors for the charge of [[Blasphemy law#Poland|offending religious sentiment]], which is illegal in Poland.<ref name="Balkan20190626"/><ref name="BBC20190514">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48257706|title=LGBT Virgin Mary triggers Polish activist's detention|publisher=BBC News|date=14 May 2019}}</ref> Also in May, two weeks prior to the [[2019 European Parliament election]], a [[Tell No One (2019 film)|documentary on child sex abuse in the Church]], was released online.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> The documentary was expected to hurt the Church-aligned PiS electorally, which led PiS leader Kaczyński to speak heatedly of the Polish nation and children as being under attack by deviant foreign ideas, which led conservative voters to rally around PiS.<ref name="Balkan20190626"/> According to feminist scholar [[Agnieszka Graff]], "The attack on LGBT was triggered by the [Warsaw] Declaration, but that was just a welcome excuse", as PiS sought to woo the rural-traditional demographic and needed a scapegoat to replace migrants.<ref name="Balkan20190626"/>

In August 2019, the [[Archbishop of Kraków]] [[Marek Jędraszewski]] said LGBT people were like a "rainbow plague" in a sermon commemorating the [[Warsaw uprising]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland’s Catholic Church says country is under siege from a ‘rainbow plague’ |url=https://nypost.com/2019/08/02/polands-catholic-church-says-country-is-under-siege-from-a-rainbow-plague/ |work=New York Post |issue=August 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="FT20190811">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e815df96-bb8f-11e9-89e2-41e555e96722|title=Poland's ruling party fuels anti-LGBT sentiment ahead of elections|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="euronews20190808">{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/08/08/activists-warn-poland-s-lgbt-community-is-under-attack-the-cube?PageSpeed=noscript|title=Activists warn Poland's LGBT community is 'under attack'|agency=Euronews|date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/justice/church-poland-continues-confrontation-lgbtq-community|title=Church in Poland continues confrontation with the LGBTQ community|last=Luxmoore|first=Jonathan|date=August 19, 2019|website=National Catholic Reporter|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> Not long after, a drag queen simulated his murder on stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rmf24.pl/fakty/polska/news-drag-queen-symulowal-zabojstwo-jedraszewskiego-kep-i-rpo-kom,nId,3148989|title=Drag queen "symulował zabójstwo" Jędraszewskiego. KEP i RPO komentują kontrowersyjny występ|trans-title=Drag queen "simulated the murder" of Jędraszewski: KEP and RPO comment on the controversial performance|last=|first=|date=August 14, 2019|website=Rmf24.pl|language=pl|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref>

As of 2019, being [[LGBT and rurality|openly gay in Poland's small towns and rural areas]] "[takes] increasing physical and mental fortitude" due to the efforts of Polish authorities and the Catholic Church, according to ''The Telegraph''.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/> Public perceptions, however, have been becoming more tolerant of gays.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/><ref name="Reuters20190521"/> In 2001, 41 percent of Poles surveyed stated that "being gay wasn’t normal and shouldn’t be tolerated" whereas 24 percent said so in 2017, 5 percent said "being gay was normal" in 2001 while 16 percent said so in 2017.<ref name="Reuters20190521"/>

== Declarations ==
LGBT-free zone motions are made by Polish municipalities,<ref name="Wapo20190719">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/polands-right-wing-ruling-party-has-found-a-new-targetlgbt-ideology/2019/07/19/775f25c6-a4ad-11e9-a767-d7ab84aef3e9_story.html|title=Polish towns advocate 'LGBT-free' zones while the ruling party cheers them on|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=21 July 2019}} [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/poland-lgbt-free-zones-homophobia-hate-speech-law-justice-party-a9013551.html reprint at ''The Independent'']</ref><ref name="CBC20190727">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/britain-s-other-new-leader-impeach-o-meter-mister-rogers-radical-theology-lgbt-free-zones-in-poland-more-1.5224060/why-lgbt-free-zones-are-on-the-rise-in-poland-1.5224067|title=Why 'LGBT-free zones' are on the rise in Poland|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=27 July 2019}}</ref> [[powiat]]s (counties),<ref name="TVN20190722"/> and [[voivodeship]]s (provinces)<ref name="Telegraph20190809">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/09/lgbtq-activists-poland-battle-growing-hostility-countrys-powerful/|title=Polish ruling party whips up LGBTQ hatred ahead of elections amid 'gay-free' zones and Pride march attacks|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=9 August 2019}}</ref> who declare the regions under their control as free of "[[LGBT]] ideology"<ref name="NYT20190727">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/27/world/europe/gay-pride-march-poland-violence.html|title=Anti-Gay Brutality in a Polish Town Blamed on Poisonous Propaganda|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 July 2019}}</ref> in reaction to the declaration.<ref name=":2" /> While unenforceable, activists say the declared zones represent attempts to exclude the LGBT community.<ref name="CBC20190727"/><ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> Activist Olga Kaczorek called the declarations "a statement saying that a specific kind of people is not welcome there."<ref name="CBC20190727" />

In March 2019, the town of [[Świdnik]] in eastern Poland passed a resolution rejecting "LGBT ideology".<ref name="Reuters20190521">{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-election-poland/polish-towns-go-lgbt-free-ahead-of-bitter-european-election-campaign-idUKKCN1SR0XV|title=Polish towns go 'LGBT free' ahead of bitter European election campaign|agency=Reuters|first1=Marcin|last1=Goclowski|first2=Anna|last2=Wlodarczak-Semczuk|date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

As of August 2019, around 30 different LGBT-free zones have been declared in Poland, including four [[voivodeship]]s in the south-east of the country:<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name="TVN20190722"/> [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]], [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship|Podkarpackie]], [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Świętokrzyskie]], and [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]].<ref name="Wyborcza20190719">{{cite news|url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,25008005,krakowski-magistrat-odpowiada-na-homofobiczny-akt-gazety-polskiej.html|title=Krakowski magistrat odpowiada na homofobiczny akt "Gazety Polskiej"|trans-title=The Krakow municipality responds to the homophobic act of "Gazeta Polska"|language=pl|newspaper=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]|location=Krakow|date=19 July 2019}}</ref> The four Voivodeships form the "historically conservative" part of Poland.<ref name="CBC20190727" />

Powiats adopting such measures include: [[Białystok County]], [[Jarosław County]], [[Lesko County]], [[Lubaczów County]], [[Mielec County]], [[Puławy County]], [[Ryki County]], [[Świdnik County]], [[Tarnów County]], and [[Zamość County]].<ref name="onet20190723">{{cite web|url=https://lublin.onet.pl/gdzie-w-polsce-przyjeto-uchwaly-przeciw-ideologii-lgbt/9c83glx|title=Gdzie w Polsce przyjęto uchwały przeciw "ideologii LGBT"?|trans-title=Where in Poland were the resolutions adopted against "LGBT ideology"?|language=pl|publisher=ONET|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Law and Justice party ==
Ahead of the [[2015 Polish parliamentary election]], the ruling [[Law and Justice]] (PiS) party took an anti-migrant stance.<ref name="Wapo20190719"/> With migration slowing significantly,<ref name="CBC20190727"/> in the run-up to the [[2019 Polish parliamentary election]] the party has focused on countering Western "LGBT ideology".<ref name="Wapo20190719"/> PiS leader [[Jarosław Kaczyński]] labelled migrants as carrying "parasites and protozoa" in 2015<ref name="Politico20151014">{{cite news |last1=Cienski |first1=Jan |title=Migrants carry ‘parasites and protozoa,’ warns Polish opposition leader |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/migrants-asylum-poland-kaczynski-election/ |work=POLITICO |date=2015-10-14|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>, while in 2019 he rebuked the Warsaw mayor's pro-LGBTQ declaration as "an attack on the family and children" and stated that LGBTQ was an "imported" ideology.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/>

After Archbishop Jędraszewski made his speech calling "LGBT ideology" a "rainbow plague", the Polish minister for aid defended the comments.<ref name="euronews20190808"/>

In June 2019, Justice Minister [[Zbigniew Ziobro]] ordered an investigation of [[Ikea]] after it fired an employee who expressed [[homophobic]] sentiments.<ref name="FT20190811" />

== Stickers ==
[[File:02019 1570 LGBT free zone, cursed rainbow, Gazeta Polska stickers.jpg|thumb|upright|LGBT-free zone stickers distributed by the ''[[Gazeta Polska]]'' newspaper|alt=|left]]
The conservative ''[[Gazeta Polska]]'' newspaper issued "LGBT-free zone" stickers to readers.<ref name="BBC20190719">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49037275|title=Polish newspaper to issue 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|publisher=BBC News|date=18 July 2019}}</ref> The Polish opposition and diplomats, including US ambassador to Poland [[Georgette Mosbacher]], condemned the stickers.<ref name="NYT20190727"/><ref name="Reuters20190724">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-lgbt/conservative-polish-magazine-issues-lgbt-free-zone-stickers-idUSKCN1UJ0HE|title=Conservative Polish magazine issues 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|agency=Reuters|date=24 July 2019}}</ref> ''Gazeta'' editor in chief [[Tomasz Sakiewicz]] replied to the criticism with: "what is happening is the best evidence that LGBT is a totalitarian ideology".<ref name="Reuters20190724"/>

The Warsaw district court ordered that distribution of the stickers should halt pending the resolution of a court case.<ref name="HRW20190801">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/01/polish-court-rebukes-lgbt-free-zone-stickers|title=Polish Court Rebukes "LGBT-Free Zone" Stickers|publisher=HRW|date=1 August 2019}}</ref> However ''Gazeta''{{'s}} editor dismissed the ruling saying it was "fake news" and censorship, and that the paper would continue distributing the stickers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/lgbt-rights-polish-paper-dismisses-court-ruling-on-lgbt-free-zone-stickers/|title=Polish magazine dismisses court ruling on 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|newspaper=Politico|date=26 July 2019}}</ref> ''Gazeta'' continued distribution of the stickers, but modified the decal to read "LGBT Ideology-Free Zone".<ref name="HRW20190801"/>

In July Polish media chain [[Empik]], the country's largest, refused to stock ''Gazeta Polska'' after it issued the stickers.<ref name=":0" /> In August 2019, a show organized by the ''Gazeta Polska Community of America'' scheduled for October 24 in [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York was cancelled after complaints of anti-LGBT ties led to artists pulling out of the show.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/carnegie-hall-anti-lgbt-gazeta-polska-1456199 CARNEGIE HALL CONCERT LINKED TO ANTI-LGBT MAGAZINE CANCELED], Newsweek, Jake Maher, 26 August 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/group-connected-lgbt-free-zone-newspaper-cancels-carnegie-hall-event-n1046376 Group connected to 'LGBT-Free Zone' newspaper cancels Carnegie Hall event], NBC, Tim Fitzsimons, 26 August 2019</ref>
{{clear}}

== Demonstrations ==
[[File:02019 1209 (2) Neo-Nazis attack an LGBT rigths pride parade in Rzeszów.jpg|thumb|Nationalists counter-protesting June 2019 [[Rzeszów]] pride parade]]
[[File:02019 0895 Rzeszów Pride.jpg|thumb|June 2019 [[Rzeszów]] pride parade]]
In [[Rzeszów]], after LGBT activists submitted a request to hold a [[pride march]], PiS councilors drafted a resolution to make Rzeszów an LGBT-free zone as well as outlaw the event itself.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> Some 29 requests for counter-demonstrations reached city hall, which led mayor Tadeusz Ferenc, of the opposition [[Democratic Left Alliance]], to ban the march due to security concerns.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> The ban was then overturned by a court ruling.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> PiS councilors put forward a resolution outlawing "LGBT ideology", which was defeated by two votes.<ref name="Balkan20190626">{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/06/26/save-the-children/|title='FOREIGN IDEOLOGY': POLAND'S POPULISTS TARGET LGBT RIGHTS|first1=Claudia|last1=Ciobanu|website=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

Following the violent events in the first [[Białystok equality march]]<ref name="CBC20190727"/><ref name="CNN20190721">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/21/europe/bialystok-polish-lgbtq-pride-intl/index.html|title=Polish city holds first LGBTQ pride parade despite far-right violence|publisher=CNN|date=21 July 2019}}</ref> and the ''Gazeta Polska'' stickers a demonstration for tolerance was held in [[Gdańsk]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/world/article/Right-wing-Polish-magazine-slammed-for-anti-LGBT-14118983.php|title=Right-wing Polish magazine slammed for anti-LGBT stickers|agency=Associated Press|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=24 July 2019}}</ref> on 23 July 2019, with the slogan "zone free of zones" ({{lang-pl|Strefa wolna od stref}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,25021564,strefa-wolna-od-stref-w-gdansku-odbyl-sie-protest-przeciwko.html|title="Każdy równy, wszyscy różni". W Gdańsku odbył się protest przeciwko nienawiści|trans-title="Everyone is equal, everyone is different": A protest against hatred took place in Gdansk|language=pl|first1=Maciej|last1=Dzwonnik|newspaper=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]|location=Tricity|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/strefa-wolna-od-stref-manifestacja-przeciwko-nienawisci-w-gescie-solidarnosci-z-lgbt-w-gdansku-2307/ar/c1-14294763|title="Strefa wolna od stref" - manifestacja przeciwko nienawiści, w geście solidarności z LGBT w Gdańsku|trans-title="Zone free of zones" – a manifestation against hatred, in a gesture of solidarity with LGBT in Gdansk|language=pl|website=Dziennik Baltycki|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Polityka20190723">{{cite news|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/spoleczenstwo/1801490,1,solidarni-z-bialymstokiem-marsze-zbiorki-i-teczowasroda.read|title=Solidarni z Białymstokiem. Marsze, zbiórki i #TęczowaŚroda|trans-title=Solidarity with Bialystok: Marches, rebounds and #TęczowaŚroda|language=pl|newspaper=[[Polityka]]|date=23 July 2019}}</ref> In [[Szczecin]] a demonstration under the slogan of "hate-free zone" ({{lang-pl|Strefa wolna od nienawiści}}) took place,<ref name="Polityka20190723"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,25029552,szczecin-strefa-wolna-od-nienawisci-w-odpowiedzi-na-te-furie.html|title=Szczecin - strefa wolna od nienawiści! W odpowiedzi na tę furię, ten rynsztok|trans-title=Szczecin – a zone free from hatred! In response to this fury, this gutter|language=pl|newspaper=Gazeta Wyborcza|date=26 July 2019}}</ref> and in [[Łódź]] left-wing politicians handed out "hate-free zone" stickers.<ref name="Polityka20190723"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/7,35136,25020614,lodz-razem-z-bialystokiem-rozdano-wlepki-strefa-wolna-od-nienawisci.html|title=Łódź razem z Białymstokiem. Rozdano wlepki "strefa wolna od nienawiści", będzie pikieta|trans-title=Łódź together with Białystok: "Hate Free Zone" stickers were distributed, there will be a picket|language=pl|newspaper=Gazeta Wyborcza|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
[[Image:Judenfrei Bydgoszcz synagoga.jpg|thumb|Synagogue in [[Bydgoszcz]], German-occupied Poland, 1939. Nazi banner proclaiming city is ''[[judenfrei]]'' (free of Jews). This image was tweeted by a representative of [[Robert Biedroń]]'s party in response to the LGBT-free zones.<ref name="queer20190718">{{cite web|url=https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=34079|title=Polnisches Magazin verteilt Aufkleber "LGBT-freie Zone"|trans-title=Polish magazine distributed "LGBT-free zone" stickers|language=de|website=Queer.de|date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="NBC20190719"/>]]

=== Support for declarations ===
Bożena Bieryło, a PiS councilwoman in Białystok County, said the legislation in Białystok county was required due to LGBT "provocations" and "demands" for [[sex education]] instruction.<ref name="NYT20190727" />

The national PiS party has encouraged the local declarations, with a PiS official handing out medals in Lublin to local politicians who supported the declarations.<ref name="Wapo20190719" />

=== Criticism of declarations ===
In July 2019, Polish [[Ombudsman]] [[Adam Bodnar]] stated that "the government is increasing homophobic sentiments" with remarks "on the margins of hate speech".<ref name="Wapo20190719" /> Bodnar said he is preparing an appeal to the [[administrative court]] against the declarations, as according to Bodnar they are not only political but also have a normative character that affects the lives of people in the declared region.<ref name="TVN20190722">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/adam-bodnar-przygotowuje-sie-do-zaskarzenia-uchwal-w-sprawie-ideologii-lgbt,954999.html|title=Adam Bodnar: przygotowuję się do zaskarżenia uchwał w sprawie ideologii LGBT|trans-title=Adam Bodnar: I'm preparing to appeal against resolutions banning LGBT ideology|language=pl|website=[[TVN24]]|date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1718135/right-wing-polish-magazine-issues-anti-lgbt-stickers|title=Right-wing Polish magazine issues anti-LGBT stickers|website=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

In July 2019, Warsaw city Councillor Marek Szolc and the {{ill|Polish Society for Anti-Discrimination Law|pl|Polskie Towarzystwo Prawa Antydyskryminacyjnego}} (PTPA) released a legal opinion stating that LGBT-free zone declarations stigmatize and exclude people and are illegal as they violate article 32 of the [[Constitution of Poland]] which guarantees equality and lack of discrimination.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ptpa.org.pl/aktualnosci/2019/konferencja-prasowa/|title=Konferencja prasowa na rzecz osób LGBT+|trans-title=Press release about LGBT+ people|language=pl|publisher=Polish Society for Anti-Discrimination Law|date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/samorzady-przyjmuja-tak-zwane-uchwaly-anty-lgbt,955659.html|title=Samorządy przyjmują tak zwane uchwały anty-LGBT|trans-title=Local governments adopt anti-LGBT resolutions|language=pl|website=[[TVN24]]|date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://queer.pl/news/203112/ustawy-regionow-wolnych-od-lgbt-sa-niezgodne-z-prawem|title=Ustawy regionów "wolnych od LGBT" są niezgodne z prawem|trans-title=The laws of "LGBT free" regions are unlawful|website=Queer.pl|language=pl|date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, multiple LGBT community members have stated that they feel unsafe in Poland.<ref name="euronews20190808"/>

The [[Razem]] party stated: "Remember how the right [were scared] of the so-called [Muslim] [[No-go area|no-go zone]]s? Thanks to the same right, we have our own no-go zones."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/polish-newspaper-is-handing-out-lgbt-free-zone-stickers/#gs.whm7ob|title=Polish newspaper is handing out 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|date=18 July 2019|website=Gay Star News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114883,25004389,gazeta-polska-drukuje-naklejki-strefa-wolna-od-lgbt-doczekalismy.html|title="Gazeta Polska" drukuje naklejki "Strefa wolna od LGBT". Czy ktoś w redakcji słyszał o nazistach?|trans-title="Gazeta Polska" prints "LGBT free zone" stickers. Has anyone in the editorial heard about the Nazis?|website=Gazeta.pl|language=pl|date=17 July 2019}}</ref>

Liberal politicians and media and [[human rights]] activists have compared the declarations to Nazi-era declarations of areas being ''[[judenfrei]]'' (free of Jews). Left-leaning Italian newspaper ''[[la Repubblica]]'' called it "a concept that evokes the term 'Judenfrei'".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2019/07/21/news/polonia_botte_e_insulti_alla_manifestazioni_gay-231691360/?refresh_ce|title=Polonia, botte e insulti al gay-pride di Bialystok|trans-title=Poland, beatings and insults to the gay pride of Bialystok|newspaper=[[la Repubblica]]|language=it|date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rp.pl/Dobra-osobiste/308059965-RPO-o-Strefie-wolnej-od-LGBT-Polsce-grozi-dyskryminacja-na-rynku-uslug.html|title=RPO o "Strefie wolnej od LGBT": Polsce grozi dyskryminacja na rynku usług|trans-title=RPO on the "LGBT Free Zone": Poland is facing discrimination in the services market|newspaper=[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]|language=pl|date=5 August 2019}}</ref> [[Campaign Against Homophobia]] director Slava Melnyk compared the declarations to "1933, when there were also free zones from a specific group of people."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fakty.tvn24.pl/ogladaj-online,60/naklejki-strefa-wolna-od-lgbt-komentarz-ambasador-i-odpowiedz-rzadu,954297.html|title=Naklejki "Strefa wolna od LGBT". Komentarz ambasador i odpowiedź rządu|trans-title=Newspaper promotes stickers with the words "LGBT free zone": US ambassador "disappointed and worried"|website=[[TVN24]]|language=pl|first1=Magda|last1=Łucyan|date=19 July 2019}}</ref> Warsaw's deputy president Paweł Rabiej tweeted, "The German fascists created zones free of Jews. Apartheid, of blacks."<ref name="BBC20190719" /><ref name="NBC20190719">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/polish-magazine-criticized-planning-lgbt-free-zone-stickers-n1031296|title=Polish magazine criticized for planning 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|publisher=NBC News|first1=Tim|last1=Fitzsimons|date=19 July 2019|quote=While conservative social media users cheered the move on Twitter and on Facebook, many liberal Poles connected the effort to create "LGBT-free" zones to Nazi efforts to create zones free of Jews.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[LGBT history in Poland]]
* [[LGBT rights in Poland]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gender-related violence]]
[[Category:Discrimination against LGBT people]]
[[Category:2019 in Poland]]
[[Category:Polish law]]
[[Category:2019 in law]]
[[Category:2019 in LGBT history]]

LGBT-ideologiefreie Zone

2019-11-04T12:20:53Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 83.170.146.136 (talk) to last version by Hb1290

LGBT-ideologiefreie Zone

2019-11-02T17:05:10Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 109.232.240.63 (talk) to last version by Girth Summit

{{Uncited category|Gender-related violence|type=article|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Poland LGBT zones July 2019 Counties and Provinces.png|thumb|Map of Poland, LGBT-free zones declared (as of August 2019) on a [[voivodeship]] or [[powiat]] level marked in red.<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/><ref name="onet20190723"/><ref name=":1"/>]]
An '''LGBT-free zone''' ({{lang-pl|Strefa wolna od LGBT}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/ny-lgbtq-free-zone-poland-gazerta-polska-20190725-fclqose45fd5bg3b36vktbmmae-story.html|title=Outrage over 'LGBTQ-free zone' stickers distributed by Polish magazine|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) is an act by a Polish municipality,<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="CBC20190727"/> [[powiat]] (county),<ref name="TVN20190722"/> or [[voivodeship]] (province)<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/> declaring their respective regions as free of "[[LGBT]] ideology".<ref name="NYT20190727"/>

While unenforceable and considered primarily symbolic, activists say the declared zones represent an attempt to stigmatize and exclude members of the LGBT community.<ref name="CBC20190727"/><ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> As of August 2019, around 30 different LGBT-free zone declarations have been made in Poland, including four voivodeships in the south-east of the country:<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2019-08-07/new-threat-polands-sexual-minorities|title=The New Threat to Poland's Sexual Minorities|last=Figlerowicz|first=Marta|date=August 9, 2019|work=|access-date=August 19, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref name="TVN20190722"/> [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]], [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship|Podkarpackie]], [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Świętokrzyskie]], and [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]].<ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/>

== Background ==
[[File:02019 0075 (2) Rechte Demo der Unterstützung für die homophobe Predigt von Erzbischof Marek Jedraszewski.jpg|thumb|August 2019 protest in support of Archbishop [[Marek Jędraszewski]]'s statements on LGBT. Sign reads: "away ([down]) with leftist ideological totalitarianism", precz (throw away) is also on the crossed-out [[Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|gay pride flag]]]]
In February 2019, Warsaw's liberal mayor [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] signed a declaration supporting LGBTQ rights<ref name="Telegraph20190809" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3022115/poland-war-over-gay-rights-pride-and-prejudice-election|title=Pride and prejudice: Poland at war over gay rights before vote|date=9 August 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> and announced his intention to follow [[World Health Organization]] guidelines and integrate LGBT issues into the Warsaw school sex education curricula.<ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> [[Law and Justice|PiS]] politicians objected to the sex education program saying it would sexualize children.<ref name="Reuters20190521"/> PiS party leader [[Jarosław Kaczyński]] responded to the declaration, calling LGBT rights "an import" that threatened Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5619660/lgbt-rights-poland/|title=Poland Is Holding Massive Pride Parades. But How Far Have LGBTQ Rights Really Come?|last=Roache|first=Madeline|date=July 3, 2019|website=Time|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> The declaration "enraged and galvanized" conservative politicians and conservative media in Poland, according to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> The LGBT-free zone declarations are considered to be a reaction to the Warsaw declaration.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/><ref name=":2" />

[[File:02019 0471 Equality March 2019 in Częstochowa cropped.jpg|thumb|Pride marcher in [[Częstochowa]] holding the ''Rainbow Madonna'', a depiction of [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]] with the halo replaced by rainbow colors. In May 2019, civil-rights activist [[Elżbieta Podleśna]] was arrested for the charge of [[Blasphemy law#Poland|offending religious sentiment]] in relation to distribution of such posters.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /><ref name="BBC20190514"/>|alt=painting of a madonna and child with halos rendered in rainbow colors]]
According to [[The Daily Telegraph]], the conservative establishment is fearful of a liberal transition that may erode the power of the [[Catholic Church in Poland]] in a manner similar to the transition around the [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Irish Church]].<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/> Decreasing Church attendance, rising secularization, and [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country#Poland|sexual abuse scandals]] have put pressure on the conservative position.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/>
In May 2019, Polish police arrested civil-rights activist [[Elżbieta Podleśna]] for putting up posters of the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]] with the halo painted rainbow colors for the charge of [[Blasphemy law#Poland|offending religious sentiment]], which is illegal in Poland.<ref name="Balkan20190626"/><ref name="BBC20190514">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48257706|title=LGBT Virgin Mary triggers Polish activist's detention|publisher=BBC News|date=14 May 2019}}</ref> Also in May, two weeks prior to the [[2019 European Parliament election]], a [[Tell No One (2019 film)|documentary on child sex abuse in the Church]], was released online.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> The documentary was expected to hurt the Church-aligned PiS electorally, which led PiS leader Kaczyński to speak heatedly of the Polish nation and children as being under attack by deviant foreign ideas, which led conservative voters to rally around PiS.<ref name="Balkan20190626"/> According to feminist scholar [[Agnieszka Graff]], "The attack on LGBT was triggered by the [Warsaw] Declaration, but that was just a welcome excuse", as PiS sought to woo the rural-traditional demographic and needed a scapegoat to replace migrants.<ref name="Balkan20190626"/>

In August 2019, the [[Archbishop of Kraków]] [[Marek Jędraszewski]] said LGBT people were like a "rainbow plague" in a sermon commemorating the [[Warsaw uprising]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland’s Catholic Church says country is under siege from a ‘rainbow plague’ |url=https://nypost.com/2019/08/02/polands-catholic-church-says-country-is-under-siege-from-a-rainbow-plague/ |work=New York Post |issue=August 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="FT20190811">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e815df96-bb8f-11e9-89e2-41e555e96722|title=Poland's ruling party fuels anti-LGBT sentiment ahead of elections|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="euronews20190808">{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/08/08/activists-warn-poland-s-lgbt-community-is-under-attack-the-cube?PageSpeed=noscript|title=Activists warn Poland's LGBT community is 'under attack'|agency=Euronews|date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/justice/church-poland-continues-confrontation-lgbtq-community|title=Church in Poland continues confrontation with the LGBTQ community|last=Luxmoore|first=Jonathan|date=August 19, 2019|website=National Catholic Reporter|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> Not long after, a drag queen simulated his murder on stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rmf24.pl/fakty/polska/news-drag-queen-symulowal-zabojstwo-jedraszewskiego-kep-i-rpo-kom,nId,3148989|title=Drag queen "symulował zabójstwo" Jędraszewskiego. KEP i RPO komentują kontrowersyjny występ|trans-title=Drag queen "simulated the murder" of Jędraszewski: KEP and RPO comment on the controversial performance|last=|first=|date=August 14, 2019|website=Rmf24.pl|language=pl|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref>

As of 2019, being [[LGBT and rurality|openly gay in Poland's small towns and rural areas]] "[takes] increasing physical and mental fortitude" due to the efforts of Polish authorities and the Catholic Church, according to ''The Telegraph''.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/> Public perceptions, however, have been becoming more tolerant of gays.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/><ref name="Reuters20190521"/> In 2001, 41 percent of Poles surveyed stated that "being gay wasn’t normal and shouldn’t be tolerated" whereas 24 percent said so in 2017, 5 percent said "being gay was normal" in 2001 while 16 percent said so in 2017.<ref name="Reuters20190521"/>

== Declarations ==
LGBT-free zone motions are made by Polish municipalities,<ref name="Wapo20190719">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/polands-right-wing-ruling-party-has-found-a-new-targetlgbt-ideology/2019/07/19/775f25c6-a4ad-11e9-a767-d7ab84aef3e9_story.html|title=Polish towns advocate 'LGBT-free' zones while the ruling party cheers them on|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=21 July 2019}} [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/poland-lgbt-free-zones-homophobia-hate-speech-law-justice-party-a9013551.html reprint at ''The Independent'']</ref><ref name="CBC20190727">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/britain-s-other-new-leader-impeach-o-meter-mister-rogers-radical-theology-lgbt-free-zones-in-poland-more-1.5224060/why-lgbt-free-zones-are-on-the-rise-in-poland-1.5224067|title=Why 'LGBT-free zones' are on the rise in Poland|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=27 July 2019}}</ref> [[powiat]]s (counties),<ref name="TVN20190722"/> and [[voivodeship]]s (provinces)<ref name="Telegraph20190809">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/09/lgbtq-activists-poland-battle-growing-hostility-countrys-powerful/|title=Polish ruling party whips up LGBTQ hatred ahead of elections amid 'gay-free' zones and Pride march attacks|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=9 August 2019}}</ref> who declare the regions under their control as free of "[[LGBT]] ideology"<ref name="NYT20190727">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/27/world/europe/gay-pride-march-poland-violence.html|title=Anti-Gay Brutality in a Polish Town Blamed on Poisonous Propaganda|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 July 2019}}</ref> in reaction to the declaration.<ref name=":2" /> While unenforceable, activists say the declared zones represent attempts to exclude the LGBT community.<ref name="CBC20190727"/><ref name="Telegraph20190809" /> Activist Olga Kaczorek called the declarations "a statement saying that a specific kind of people is not welcome there."<ref name="CBC20190727" />

In March 2019, the town of [[Świdnik]] in eastern Poland passed a resolution rejecting "LGBT ideology".<ref name="Reuters20190521">{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-election-poland/polish-towns-go-lgbt-free-ahead-of-bitter-european-election-campaign-idUKKCN1SR0XV|title=Polish towns go 'LGBT free' ahead of bitter European election campaign|agency=Reuters|first1=Marcin|last1=Goclowski|first2=Anna|last2=Wlodarczak-Semczuk|date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

As of August 2019, around 30 different LGBT-free zones have been declared in Poland, including four [[voivodeship]]s in the south-east of the country:<ref name="Wapo20190719"/><ref name="Wyborcza20190719"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name="TVN20190722"/> [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]], [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship|Podkarpackie]], [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Świętokrzyskie]], and [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]].<ref name="Wyborcza20190719">{{cite news|url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,25008005,krakowski-magistrat-odpowiada-na-homofobiczny-akt-gazety-polskiej.html|title=Krakowski magistrat odpowiada na homofobiczny akt "Gazety Polskiej"|trans-title=The Krakow municipality responds to the homophobic act of "Gazeta Polska"|language=pl|newspaper=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]|location=Krakow|date=19 July 2019}}</ref> The four Voivodeships form the "historically conservative" part of Poland.<ref name="CBC20190727" />

Powiats adopting such measures include: [[Białystok County]], [[Jarosław County]], [[Lesko County]], [[Lubaczów County]], [[Mielec County]], [[Puławy County]], [[Ryki County]], [[Świdnik County]], [[Tarnów County]], and [[Zamość County]].<ref name="onet20190723">{{cite web|url=https://lublin.onet.pl/gdzie-w-polsce-przyjeto-uchwaly-przeciw-ideologii-lgbt/9c83glx|title=Gdzie w Polsce przyjęto uchwały przeciw "ideologii LGBT"?|trans-title=Where in Poland were the resolutions adopted against "LGBT ideology"?|language=pl|publisher=ONET|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Law and Justice party ==
Ahead of the [[2015 Polish parliamentary election]], the ruling [[Law and Justice]] (PiS) party took an anti-migrant stance.<ref name="Wapo20190719"/> With migration slowing significantly,<ref name="CBC20190727"/> in the run-up to the [[2019 Polish parliamentary election]] the party has focused on countering Western "LGBT ideology".<ref name="Wapo20190719"/> PiS leader [[Jarosław Kaczyński]] labelled migrants as carrying "parasites and protozoa" in 2015<ref name="Politico20151014">{{cite news |last1=Cienski |first1=Jan |title=Migrants carry ‘parasites and protozoa,’ warns Polish opposition leader |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/migrants-asylum-poland-kaczynski-election/ |work=POLITICO |date=2015-10-14|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>, while in 2019 he rebuked the Warsaw mayor's pro-LGBTQ declaration as "an attack on the family and children" and stated that LGBTQ was an "imported" ideology.<ref name="Telegraph20190809"/>

After Archbishop Jędraszewski made his speech calling "LGBT ideology" a "rainbow plague", the Polish minister for aid defended the comments.<ref name="euronews20190808"/>

In June 2019, Justice Minister [[Zbigniew Ziobro]] ordered an investigation of [[Ikea]] after it fired an employee who expressed [[homophobic]] sentiments.<ref name="FT20190811" />

== Stickers ==
[[File:02019 1570 LGBT free zone, cursed rainbow, Gazeta Polska stickers.jpg|thumb|upright|LGBT-free zone stickers distributed by the ''[[Gazeta Polska]]'' newspaper|alt=|left]]
The conservative ''[[Gazeta Polska]]'' newspaper issued "LGBT-free zone" stickers to readers.<ref name="BBC20190719">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49037275|title=Polish newspaper to issue 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|publisher=BBC News|date=18 July 2019}}</ref> The Polish opposition and diplomats, including US ambassador to Poland [[Georgette Mosbacher]], condemned the stickers.<ref name="NYT20190727"/><ref name="Reuters20190724">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-lgbt/conservative-polish-magazine-issues-lgbt-free-zone-stickers-idUSKCN1UJ0HE|title=Conservative Polish magazine issues 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|agency=Reuters|date=24 July 2019}}</ref> ''Gazeta'' editor in chief [[Tomasz Sakiewicz]] replied to the criticism with: "what is happening is the best evidence that LGBT is a totalitarian ideology".<ref name="Reuters20190724"/>

The Warsaw district court ordered that distribution of the stickers should halt pending the resolution of a court case.<ref name="HRW20190801">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/01/polish-court-rebukes-lgbt-free-zone-stickers|title=Polish Court Rebukes "LGBT-Free Zone" Stickers|publisher=HRW|date=1 August 2019}}</ref> However ''Gazeta''{{'s}} editor dismissed the ruling saying it was "fake news" and censorship, and that the paper would continue distributing the stickers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/lgbt-rights-polish-paper-dismisses-court-ruling-on-lgbt-free-zone-stickers/|title=Polish magazine dismisses court ruling on 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|newspaper=Politico|date=26 July 2019}}</ref> ''Gazeta'' continued distribution of the stickers, but modified the decal to read "LGBT Ideology-Free Zone".<ref name="HRW20190801"/>

In July Polish media chain [[Empik]], the country's largest, refused to stock ''Gazeta Polska'' after it issued the stickers.<ref name=":0" /> In August 2019, a show organized by the ''Gazeta Polska Community of America'' scheduled for October 24 in [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York was cancelled after complaints of anti-LGBT ties led to artists pulling out of the show.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/carnegie-hall-anti-lgbt-gazeta-polska-1456199 CARNEGIE HALL CONCERT LINKED TO ANTI-LGBT MAGAZINE CANCELED], Newsweek, Jake Maher, 26 August 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/group-connected-lgbt-free-zone-newspaper-cancels-carnegie-hall-event-n1046376 Group connected to 'LGBT-Free Zone' newspaper cancels Carnegie Hall event], NBC, Tim Fitzsimons, 26 August 2019</ref>
{{clear}}

== Demonstrations ==
[[File:02019 1209 (2) Neo-Nazis attack an LGBT rigths pride parade in Rzeszów.jpg|thumb|Nationalists counter-protesting June 2019 [[Rzeszów]] pride parade]]
[[File:02019 0895 Rzeszów Pride.jpg|thumb|June 2019 [[Rzeszów]] pride parade]]
In [[Rzeszów]], after LGBT activists submitted a request to hold a [[pride march]], PiS councilors drafted a resolution to make Rzeszów an LGBT-free zone as well as outlaw the event itself.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> Some 29 requests for counter-demonstrations reached city hall, which led mayor Tadeusz Ferenc, of the opposition [[Democratic Left Alliance]], to ban the march due to security concerns.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> The ban was then overturned by a court ruling.<ref name="Balkan20190626" /> PiS councilors put forward a resolution outlawing "LGBT ideology", which was defeated by two votes.<ref name="Balkan20190626">{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/06/26/save-the-children/|title='FOREIGN IDEOLOGY': POLAND'S POPULISTS TARGET LGBT RIGHTS|first1=Claudia|last1=Ciobanu|website=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

Following the violent events in the first [[Białystok equality march]]<ref name="CBC20190727"/><ref name="CNN20190721">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/21/europe/bialystok-polish-lgbtq-pride-intl/index.html|title=Polish city holds first LGBTQ pride parade despite far-right violence|publisher=CNN|date=21 July 2019}}</ref> and the ''Gazeta Polska'' stickers a demonstration for tolerance was held in [[Gdańsk]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/world/article/Right-wing-Polish-magazine-slammed-for-anti-LGBT-14118983.php|title=Right-wing Polish magazine slammed for anti-LGBT stickers|agency=Associated Press|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=24 July 2019}}</ref> on 23 July 2019, with the slogan "zone free of zones" ({{lang-pl|Strefa wolna od stref}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,25021564,strefa-wolna-od-stref-w-gdansku-odbyl-sie-protest-przeciwko.html|title="Każdy równy, wszyscy różni". W Gdańsku odbył się protest przeciwko nienawiści|trans-title="Everyone is equal, everyone is different": A protest against hatred took place in Gdansk|language=pl|first1=Maciej|last1=Dzwonnik|newspaper=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]|location=Tricity|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/strefa-wolna-od-stref-manifestacja-przeciwko-nienawisci-w-gescie-solidarnosci-z-lgbt-w-gdansku-2307/ar/c1-14294763|title="Strefa wolna od stref" - manifestacja przeciwko nienawiści, w geście solidarności z LGBT w Gdańsku|trans-title="Zone free of zones" – a manifestation against hatred, in a gesture of solidarity with LGBT in Gdansk|language=pl|website=Dziennik Baltycki|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Polityka20190723">{{cite news|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/spoleczenstwo/1801490,1,solidarni-z-bialymstokiem-marsze-zbiorki-i-teczowasroda.read|title=Solidarni z Białymstokiem. Marsze, zbiórki i #TęczowaŚroda|trans-title=Solidarity with Bialystok: Marches, rebounds and #TęczowaŚroda|language=pl|newspaper=[[Polityka]]|date=23 July 2019}}</ref> In [[Szczecin]] a demonstration under the slogan of "hate-free zone" ({{lang-pl|Strefa wolna od nienawiści}}) took place,<ref name="Polityka20190723"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,25029552,szczecin-strefa-wolna-od-nienawisci-w-odpowiedzi-na-te-furie.html|title=Szczecin - strefa wolna od nienawiści! W odpowiedzi na tę furię, ten rynsztok|trans-title=Szczecin – a zone free from hatred! In response to this fury, this gutter|language=pl|newspaper=Gazeta Wyborcza|date=26 July 2019}}</ref> and in [[Łódź]] left-wing politicians handed out "hate-free zone" stickers.<ref name="Polityka20190723"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/7,35136,25020614,lodz-razem-z-bialystokiem-rozdano-wlepki-strefa-wolna-od-nienawisci.html|title=Łódź razem z Białymstokiem. Rozdano wlepki "strefa wolna od nienawiści", będzie pikieta|trans-title=Łódź together with Białystok: "Hate Free Zone" stickers were distributed, there will be a picket|language=pl|newspaper=Gazeta Wyborcza|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
[[Image:Judenfrei Bydgoszcz synagoga.jpg|thumb|Synagogue in [[Bydgoszcz]], German-occupied Poland, 1939. Nazi banner proclaiming city is ''[[judenfrei]]'' (free of Jews). This image was tweeted by a representative of [[Robert Biedroń]]'s party in response to the LGBT-free zones.<ref name="queer20190718">{{cite web|url=https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=34079|title=Polnisches Magazin verteilt Aufkleber "LGBT-freie Zone"|trans-title=Polish magazine distributed "LGBT-free zone" stickers|language=de|website=Queer.de|date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="NBC20190719"/>]]

=== Support for declarations ===
Bożena Bieryło, a PiS councilwoman in Białystok County, said the legislation in Białystok county was required due to LGBT "provocations" and "demands" for [[sex education]] instruction.<ref name="NYT20190727" />

The national PiS party has encouraged the local declarations, with a PiS official handing out medals in Lublin to local politicians who supported the declarations.<ref name="Wapo20190719" />

=== Criticism of declarations ===
In July 2019, Polish [[Ombudsman]] [[Adam Bodnar]] stated that "the government is increasing homophobic sentiments" with remarks "on the margins of hate speech".<ref name="Wapo20190719" /> Bodnar said he is preparing an appeal to the [[administrative court]] against the declarations, as according to Bodnar they are not only political but also have a normative character that affects the lives of people in the declared region.<ref name="TVN20190722">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/adam-bodnar-przygotowuje-sie-do-zaskarzenia-uchwal-w-sprawie-ideologii-lgbt,954999.html|title=Adam Bodnar: przygotowuję się do zaskarżenia uchwał w sprawie ideologii LGBT|trans-title=Adam Bodnar: I'm preparing to appeal against resolutions banning LGBT ideology|language=pl|website=[[TVN24]]|date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1718135/right-wing-polish-magazine-issues-anti-lgbt-stickers|title=Right-wing Polish magazine issues anti-LGBT stickers|website=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

In July 2019, Warsaw city Councillor Marek Szolc and the {{ill|Polish Society for Anti-Discrimination Law|pl|Polskie Towarzystwo Prawa Antydyskryminacyjnego}} (PTPA) released a legal opinion stating that LGBT-free zone declarations stigmatize and exclude people and are illegal as they violate article 32 of the [[Constitution of Poland]] which guarantees equality and lack of discrimination.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ptpa.org.pl/aktualnosci/2019/konferencja-prasowa/|title=Konferencja prasowa na rzecz osób LGBT+|trans-title=Press release about LGBT+ people|language=pl|publisher=Polish Society for Anti-Discrimination Law|date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/samorzady-przyjmuja-tak-zwane-uchwaly-anty-lgbt,955659.html|title=Samorządy przyjmują tak zwane uchwały anty-LGBT|trans-title=Local governments adopt anti-LGBT resolutions|language=pl|website=[[TVN24]]|date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://queer.pl/news/203112/ustawy-regionow-wolnych-od-lgbt-sa-niezgodne-z-prawem|title=Ustawy regionów "wolnych od LGBT" są niezgodne z prawem|trans-title=The laws of "LGBT free" regions are unlawful|website=Queer.pl|language=pl|date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

The [[Razem]] party stated: "Remember how the right [were scared] of the so-called [Muslim] [[No-go area|no-go zone]]s? Thanks to the same right, we have our own no-go zones."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/polish-newspaper-is-handing-out-lgbt-free-zone-stickers/#gs.whm7ob|title=Polish newspaper is handing out 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|date=18 July 2019|website=Gay Star News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114883,25004389,gazeta-polska-drukuje-naklejki-strefa-wolna-od-lgbt-doczekalismy.html|title="Gazeta Polska" drukuje naklejki "Strefa wolna od LGBT". Czy ktoś w redakcji słyszał o nazistach?|trans-title="Gazeta Polska" prints "LGBT free zone" stickers. Has anyone in the editorial heard about the Nazis?|website=Gazeta.pl|language=pl|date=17 July 2019}}</ref>

Liberal politicians and media and [[human rights]] activists have compared the declarations to Nazi-era declarations of areas being ''[[judenfrei]]'' (free of Jews). Left-leaning Italian newspaper ''[[la Repubblica]]'' called it "a concept that evokes the term 'Judenfrei'".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2019/07/21/news/polonia_botte_e_insulti_alla_manifestazioni_gay-231691360/?refresh_ce|title=Polonia, botte e insulti al gay-pride di Bialystok|trans-title=Poland, beatings and insults to the gay pride of Bialystok|newspaper=[[la Repubblica]]|language=it|date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rp.pl/Dobra-osobiste/308059965-RPO-o-Strefie-wolnej-od-LGBT-Polsce-grozi-dyskryminacja-na-rynku-uslug.html|title=RPO o "Strefie wolnej od LGBT": Polsce grozi dyskryminacja na rynku usług|trans-title=RPO on the "LGBT Free Zone": Poland is facing discrimination in the services market|newspaper=[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]|language=pl|date=5 August 2019}}</ref> [[Campaign Against Homophobia]] director Slava Melnyk compared the declarations to "1933, when there were also free zones from a specific group of people."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fakty.tvn24.pl/ogladaj-online,60/naklejki-strefa-wolna-od-lgbt-komentarz-ambasador-i-odpowiedz-rzadu,954297.html|title=Naklejki "Strefa wolna od LGBT". Komentarz ambasador i odpowiedź rządu|trans-title=Newspaper promotes stickers with the words "LGBT free zone": US ambassador "disappointed and worried"|website=[[TVN24]]|language=pl|first1=Magda|last1=Łucyan|date=19 July 2019}}</ref> Warsaw's deputy president Paweł Rabiej tweeted, "The German fascists created zones free of Jews. Apartheid, of blacks."<ref name="BBC20190719" /><ref name="NBC20190719">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/polish-magazine-criticized-planning-lgbt-free-zone-stickers-n1031296|title=Polish magazine criticized for planning 'LGBT-free zone' stickers|publisher=NBC News|first1=Tim|last1=Fitzsimons|date=19 July 2019|quote=While conservative social media users cheered the move on Twitter and on Facebook, many liberal Poles connected the effort to create "LGBT-free" zones to Nazi efforts to create zones free of Jews.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[LGBT history in Poland]]
* [[LGBT rights in Poland]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gender-related violence]]
[[Category:Discrimination against LGBT people]]
[[Category:2019 in Poland]]
[[Category:Polish law]]
[[Category:2019 in law]]
[[Category:2019 in LGBT history]]

Phyllis Smith (Schauspielerin)

2019-10-27T19:09:07Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 2607:FCC8:66C3:D600:6105:3184:EA85:C173 (talk) to last version by Balolay

{{Other people}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Phyllis Smith
| image = Phyllis Smith FOX 2 St. Louis.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Smith in 2014 at [[KTVI]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|8|15}}
| birth_place = [[The Hill, St. Louis|The Hill]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], U.S.
| alma_mater=[[University of Missouri–St. Louis]]
| occupation = Actress, casting associate
| years_active = 1992–present
}}

'''Phyllis Smith''' (born August 15, 1949) is an American actress and casting associate. She is best known for playing [[Phyllis Vance]] in the television series ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' and her critically acclaimed voice role as Sadness in the film ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]''. She has a regular role on the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The OA]]''.

==Early life==
Smith was born in [[The Hill, St. Louis|The Hill]], a neighborhood of [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. She is the second eldest of 9 siblings.

== Education ==
Smith graduated from the [[University of Missouri–St. Louis]] in 1972 with a degree in elementary education.<ref name="UMSL Magazine">{{cite journal|last=Tracy|first=Linda|date=Fall 2008|title=It's never just another day at the office for UM-St. Louis alumna Phyllis Smith|journal=UM St. Louis|publisher=University of Missouri-St. Louis|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=14–15|oclc=19214058|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/creative/pubs/magazine/index.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116150909/http://www.umsl.edu/services/creative/pubs/magazine/index.htm|archivedate=2011-11-16}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, she worked as a dancer, a cheerleader for the old [[History of the St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)|St. Louis Cardinals]] football team, and a [[burlesque]] performer. She said that there was "no stripping, but I did wear feathers."<ref name="Slate Magazine">{{cite journal|last=Grose|first=Jessica|authorlink=Jessica Grose|date=June 23, 2011|title=Questions for Phyllis Smith|journal=Slate|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/interrogation/2011/06/questions_for_phyllis_smith.html}}</ref> She was forced to quit dancing after suffering a knee injury. Following this, Smith worked briefly as a telemarketer, lasting only 3 hours before resigning. She later worked in [[Hollywood, California]], as an actress and in casting. Smith’s first paid acting role was as an extra in the film ''[[Caddyshack]]''.

==Career==
Smith was working as a casting associate on ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' when she was offered the role of [[Phyllis Vance]], a character created specifically for her: a soft-spoken saleswoman who tends to disagree with the pompous office manager [[Michael Scott (The Office)|Michael Scott]]. She received [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] in [[13th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2006]] and [[14th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2007]] for her performance in ''The Office'' in the category "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series." In June 2008, Smith appeared with the cast of ''The Office'' on ''[[Celebrity Family Feud]]''. In 2011, she played a supporting role in the film ''[[Bad Teacher]]''. In 2015, she voiced the character Sadness in the [[Pixar]] film ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'', receiving high critical praise for her performance. Since 2016, she has appeared as a regular in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The OA]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/brit-marling-netflix-the-oa-mystery-trailer-video/|title=Brit Marling’s Netflix Series ‘The OA’ Promises Mystery in First Trailer (Video)|publisher=The Wrap|date=December 12, 2016|accessdate=December 12, 2016|first=Linda|last=Ge}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Once Upon a Forest]]'' || Abigail's Mother || Uncredited/deleted scenes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The Princess and the Goblin (film)|The Princess and the Goblin]]'' || Narrator || Uncredited
|-
| 1995 || ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]'' || Maiden from Mombassa || Uncredited
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]'' || Mrs. Stitzer || Uncredited
|-
| 2006 || ''[[I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With]]'' || Marsha ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Bad Teacher]]'' || Lynn ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Butter (2011 film)|Butter]]'' || Nancy ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked]]'' || Flight Attendant ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' || Sadness (voice) || [[Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production]]
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' || Carla || Episode: "[[The Immaculate Election]]"
|-
| 2005{{ndash}}2013 || ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' || [[Phyllis Vance]] || Starring: 187 episodes [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] (2007{{ndash}}2008) Nominated {{ndash}} [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] (2009{{ndash}}2013)
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Office: The Accountants]]'' || Phyllis Vance || Episode: "Phyllis"
|-
| 2008 || ''The Office: The Outburst'' || Phyllis Vance || Episode: "The Explanation"
|-
| 2013 || [[Trophy Wife (TV series)|''Trophy Wife'']] || Mrs. Patty Steinberg || 3 episodes
|-
| 2014 || [[The Middle (TV series)|''The Middle'']] || Mrs. Huff || Episode: "The Sinkhole"
|-
| 2016{{ndash}}2019 || ''[[The OA]]'' || Betty Broderick-Allen || Starring (season 1-2): 12 episodes
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Disney Infinity 3.0]]'' || Sadness || Voice<ref>{{Cite video game | title = [[Disney Infinity 3.0]] | year = 2015 | scene=Closing credits, 5:39 in, Featuring the Voice Talents of| developer=[[Avalanche Software]]}}</ref>
|}

===Production work===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Position !! Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''A Taste for Killing'' || rowspan="5" | Casting associate || TV Movie
|-
| 1994–1997 || ''[[Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman]]'' || 88 episodes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' || 1 episode
|-
| 2000–2002 || ''[[Spin City]]'' || 45 episodes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'' || 10 episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0809613|Phyllis Smith}}
* [http://deadspin.com/sports/whimsy/the-most-famous-buzzsaw-cheerleader-192490.php Deadspin profile]
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Phyllis Smith
|list =
{{Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAwards EnsembleTVComedy 2000–2009}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Film|Television|United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Phyllis}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Missouri]]
[[Category:Actresses from St. Louis]]
[[Category:American female dancers]]
[[Category:American dancers]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American female erotic dancers]]
[[Category:American erotic dancers]]
[[Category:Annie Award winners]]
[[Category:American Burlesque performers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Football League cheerleaders]]
[[Category:People from St. Louis County, Missouri]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:University of Missouri–St. Louis alumni]]
[[Category:American cheerleaders]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]

Carlos Bolsonaro

2019-10-17T20:30:49Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 177.141.253.181 (talk) to last revision by Pcgomes (TW)

{{Portuguese name|Nantes|Bolsonaro}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Carlos Bolsonaro
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Solenidades. Homenagens (46509134842) (cropped).jpg
| image_upright =
| office = [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro|City Councillor]] of [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| term_start = 1 January 2001
| term_end =
| party = {{plainlist|
* [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]] {{small|(2009–present)}}
* [[Progressistas|PP]] {{small|(2005-2008)}}
* [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]] {{small|(2001–2004)}}
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|12|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Resende, Rio de Janeiro|Resende]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
| parents = [[Jair Bolsonaro|Jair Messias Bolsonaro]] Rogéria Nantes Braga
| relatives = [[Flávio Bolsonaro]] {{small|(brother)}} [[Eduardo Bolsonaro]] {{small|(brother)}}
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = [[Estácio S.A.|Universidade Estácio de Sá]]
}}
'''Carlos Nantes Bolsonaro''' (born 7 December 1982) is a [[Brazil]]ian [[politician]] and the second son of the [[President of Brazil|38th President of Brazil]], [[Jair Bolsonaro]].

He graduated in [[Aeronautics|Aeronautical Science]] from [[Estácio S.A.|Estácio de Sá University]]<ref name="Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro">{{Cite web|url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/vereador_informacoes.php?m1=inform&cvd=24&np=CarlosBolsonaro&nome_politico=Carlos%20Bolsonaro|title=Informações pessoais sobre Carlos Bolsonaro|date=|website=camara.rj.gov.br|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> and has been an [[Alderman]] of the [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro]] since 2001, being affiliated to the [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian Party]] (PSC).<ref name="Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro" />

His brothers are [[Flávio Bolsonaro]], a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro]] from 2003 until 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://epoca.globo.com/tudo-sobre/noticia/2016/09/flavio-bolsonaro.html|title=Deputado estadual, Flávio Bolsonaro é candidato a prefeito do Rio|work=epoca.globo.com|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> and currently member of the [[Federal Senate of Brazil]], and [[Eduardo Bolsonaro]], a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.camara.leg.br/Internet/deputado/Dep_Detalhe.asp?id=92346|title=Deputado Eduardo Bolsonaro — Portal da Câmara dos Deputados|website=camara.leg.br|language=pt-br|access-date=2018-10-15}}</ref>

In 2000, Carlos Bolsonaro was the youngest Alderman elected in [[History of Brazil|Brazil's history]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/65/reportagem/rep_bolsonaro.htm|title=Tal pai, tal filho|website=terra.com.br|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> having received 16,053 votes. In 2016, he was re-elected to a fifth term, being the most voted with 106,657 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,carlos-bolsonaro-e-o-candidato-a-vereador-mais-votado-do-rio,10000079800|title=Carlos Bolsonaro é o candidato a vereador mais votado do Rio - Política - Estadão|work=Estadão|access-date=2018-10-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons cat inline|Carlos Bolsonaro}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolsonaro, Carlos}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Bolsonaro family|Carlos]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Venetian descent]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Calabrian descent]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Brazilian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Social Christian Party (Brazil) politicians]]
[[Category:Children of Presidents of Brazil]]

{{Brazil-politician-stub}}

Gaganyaan

2019-10-07T03:12:55Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by Tanishq vinodiya 666 (talk) to last revision by RL0919 (TW)

{{short description|Indian crewed orbital spacecraft}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = ''Gaganyaan''
| image = [[File:Actual crew module used during the Pad Abort Test (PAT) of Crew Escape System (CES).jpg|300px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption = [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|CARE]] test vehicle used for suborbital re-entry test.

| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] and [[ISRO]]
| country = [[India]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| applications = Crewed orbital vehicle


| spacecraft_type = Crewed
| design_life = 7{{Nbsp}}days
| launch_mass = {{Cvt|7800|kg}} (includes service module)<ref name='Astronautix'/>
| dry_mass = {{Cvt|3735|kg||abbr=}}<ref name='Astronautix'>[http://www.astronautix.com/i/indianmannedspacecraft.html Indian Manned Spacecraft]. ''Astronautix''. 2014.</ref>
| crew_capacity = 3 <ref name='three'/>
| volume = {{Cvt|8|m3}}<ref name="CPCS_tender">{{cite web |title=Integrated Cabin Pressure Control System |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/458pt.pdf |website=isro.gov.in |publisher=ISRO |accessdate=23 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821103027/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/458pt.pdf |archivedate=21 August 2019 |page=11}}</ref>
| power = [[Photovoltaic system|Photovoltaic array]]
| batteries =
| equipment =
| orbits = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| dimensions = Diameter: {{Cvt|3.5|m}}<ref name="STSC-2019"/> Height: {{Cvt|3.58|m}} <ref name="STSC-2019">{{cite web |last1=Kunhikrishnan |first1=P |title=India's Human Spaceflight Programme: GAGANYAAN |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf |website=UNOOSA |accessdate=20 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220170416/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2019}}</ref>


| status = In development
| built =
| launched =
| operational =
| retired =
| failed =
| lost =
| first = December 2020 (uncrewed) December 2021 (crewed)<ref name='launch 2021'>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022]. ''The Times of India''. 29 December 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = First Unmanned Mission Under Gaganyaan By December 2020, Says ISRO Chief | url = https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-unmanned-mission-under-gaganyaan-by-december-2020-says-isro-chief-1947483}}</ref>

| insignia =
| insignia_size =
| insignia_alt =
| insignia_caption =

| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Gaganyaan''' ({{lang-sa|गगनयान}}, "Sky Vehicle") is an Indian [[List of crewed spacecraft|crewed orbital spacecraft]] intended to be the basis of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. The [[spacecraft]] is being designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden crewed mission, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s largely autonomous {{Convert|3.7|t|lb|adj=on}} capsule will orbit the Earth at {{cvt|400|km}} altitude for up to seven days with a two or three-person crew on board. The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO's [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk III]] in December 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms|title=Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 - Times of India |website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref name='launch 2022'>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi]. ''The Hindu''. 15 August 2018.</ref> This [[Hindustan Aeronautics|HAL]]-manufactured crew module had its first un-crewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014.<ref name="hal-india.com">http://hal-india.com/Crew%20Module.asp</ref> {{As of|May 2019}}, design of the crew module has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India's first solar mission in 2020: ISRO chairman|url = https://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/69169011.cms|date = May 4, 2019|accessdate = May 5, 2019|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== History ==
Preliminary studies and technological development of ''Gaganyaan'' started in 2006 under the generic name "Orbital Vehicle". The plan was to design a simple capsule with an endurance of about a week in space, a capacity of two astronauts, and a [[splashdown]] landing after re-entry. The design was finalized by March 2008 and was submitted to the Government of India for funding. The funding for the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was sanctioned in February 2009,<ref name=ISRO>{{cite news|last =Priyadarshi |first =Siddhanta |title =Planning Commission Okays ISRO Manned Space Flight Program | pages =2 | work =[[Indian Express]]| date =23 February 2009 | url =https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/}}</ref> but it fell short of full political support and it obtained limited developmental funding.<ref name=ISRO/> Initially, the first uncrewed flight of the orbital vehicle was proposed to be in 2013,<ref>[http://www.indiaedunews.net/Science/ISRO_gets_green_signal_for_manned_space_mission_7530/ ISRO gets green signal for manned space mission, Science News - By Indiaedunews.net]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-to-send-an-indian-into-space-isro-maned-mission-5308964/|title=Gaganyan: How to send an Indian into space}}</ref> then it was revised to 2016.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8483787.stm | publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=India announces first manned space mission | date=27 January 2010 | accessdate=5 May 2010 | first=Habib | last=Beary | location=Bangalore}}</ref> However, in April 2012 it was reported that funding problems placed the future of the project in serious doubt;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Spaceflight-stuck-due-to-budget-CAG/articleshow/12860797.cms |title=Spaceflight stuck due to budget: CAG| date=25 April 2012 | author=Press Trust of India | work=[[Times of India]]| accessdate=11 June 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> and in August 2013 it was announced that all crewed spaceflight efforts by India had been designated as being 'off ISRO's priority list'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press Trust of India|title=Human space flight mission off ISRO priority list|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/human-space-flight-mission-off-isro-priority-list-406551|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref> By early 2014 the project was reconsidered and was one of the main beneficiaries of a substantial budget increase announced in February 2014.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-171-crore-boost-to-manned-space-project/articleshow/30591353.cms</ref> ISRO is developing the ''Gaganyaan'' orbital vehicle on the tests performed with their scaled 550 kg [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), which was launched and recovered in January 2007.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm China View: India's first space capsule returns to earth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160720/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm |date=2008-05-02 }} January 22, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm ISRO Press Release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514090034/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm |date=2008-05-14 }} January 22, 2007</ref>

The latest push for the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] took place in 2017,<ref>[http://eprints.nias.res.in/1359/1/2017-MK-Rao-IAC-17-B3-1-9-IndianHumanSpaceFlightFullPaper.pdf THE DECISION FOR INDIAN HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAMME. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES, NATIONAL RELEVANCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES]. (PDF) Mukund Kadursrinivas Raoa, Sridhara Murthi K. Rb, and Prasad M. 68th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Adelaide, Australia, 25–29 September 2017.</ref> and it was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 15 August 2018.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-will-take-national-flag-to-space-on-board-gaganyaan-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-ctNAmDef79gbpj7OHrU8dP.html Indian will take national flag to space on board Gaganyaan by 2022, says PM Narendra Modi in Independence Day speech]. ''Hindustan Times''. 15 August 2018.</ref> The current design calls for a crew of three.<ref name='three'>[https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-mission-isro-pilots-crew-module-1435145-2019-01-20 Gaganyaan: Astronauts on mission likely to be pilots, crew module design to be finalised soon.] ''India Today''. 20 January 2019.</ref>

=== Funding and infrastructure ===
A crewed spacecraft would require about {{Indian Rupee}} 124 billion ([[US$]]1.77 billion) over a period of seven years, including the {{Indian Rupee}} 50 billion ([[US$]]0.7 billion) for the initial work of the crewed spacecraft during the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] (2007–12) out of which govt released {{Indian Rupee}} 500 million ([[US$]]7 million) in 2007-08.<ref name=pl>[http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf Eleventh Five year Plan (2007-12) proposals for Indian space program]</ref><ref name=bs2>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/isro-plans-manned-mission-to-moon-in-2014-108100801012_1.html | title = ISRO plans manned mission to moon in 2014 | work = Business Standard| last=Mishra | first=Bibhu Ranjan | date=8 October 2008 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | location=Sriharikota Range (SHAR)}}</ref> In December 2018, the government approved further {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion ([[US$]]1.5 billion) for a 7-days crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place by 2021.<ref name=":0" />

[[Madhavan Chandradathan]], director of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), stated that ISRO would need to set up an [[astronaut training]] facility in [[Bangalore]]. Newly established Human Space Flight Centre (HSPC) will coordinate the IHSF efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece|title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre|last=Ds|first=Madhumathi|date=2019-01-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Existing launch facilities will be upgraded for launches under Indian Human Spaceflight project<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html|title=India’s human space programme gets a fillip|accessdate=11 January 2019|quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf|title=Question number 1733 in Rajya Sabha|accessdate=11 January 2019|quote=It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme.}}</ref> with extra facilities needed for [[launch escape system]]s.<ref name=bs2 /> Russia is likely to provide astronaut training, and assist with some aspects in the development of the launcher.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/russia-to-help-india-in-2022-space-mission-russian-envoy-nikolay-kudashev-1957344 Russia to Help India In 2022 Space Mission: Russian Envoy]. ''NDTV''. December 3, 2018.</ref> In spring 2009 the full-scale mock-up of crew capsule of ''Gaganyaan'' was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts.<ref>{{ citation | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm | title=Model of space crew module ready | author=T.S. Subramanian | work=The Hindu| date=2 May 2009 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | location=Chennai}}</ref>

India has already successfully developed and tested several building blocks, including [[Reentry capsule|re-entry space capsule]], [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|pad abort test]], [[Launch escape system|safe crew ejection mechanism]] in case of rocket failure, flight suit developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory|DEBEL]] and the powerful [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV-MkIII]] launch vehicle.<ref name=rentry1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/cabinet-approves-3-member-manned-space-mission/articleshow/67286574.cms India's manned space mission is on, Cabinet okays Rs 10,000 crore plan], Economic Times, 28 Dec 2018.</ref> Having met all required technological keystones, the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2018. ''Gaganyaan'' will be the first crewed spacecraft under this programme.

[[ISRO]]'s [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]], which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation [[Roscosmos]], signed an agreement on July 1, 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms|title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=|first=|last2=|date=1 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-01|last3=|first3=}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) will be setup in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms|title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=Singh|first=Surendra|last2=|date=31 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-01|last3=|first3=}}</ref>

== Description ==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+
Flight schedule<ref name=":0" /><ref name='April launch'>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline]. Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times''. 11 January 2019.</ref>
!Flight type
!Date
!Regime
!Crew
|- {{yes}}
|[[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|Re-entry Test]]
|18 December 2014
|[[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
|None
|-{{yes}}
|[[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]]
|5 July 2018
|Atmospheric
|None
|-
|Test Flight 1
|December 2020
|[[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
|None
|-
|Test Flight 2
|July 2021
|LEO
|None
|-
|Crewed Flight 1
|December 2021
|LEO
|2-3
|}

''Gaganyaan'' is a fully autonomous {{Convert|3.7|t|lb|adj=on}} spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the Earth after a mission duration of up to seven days. Its service module is powered by two liquid propellant engines. The crew module is mated to the service module, and together they are called the orbital module. Based on the payload capability of the GSLV-III booster, the service module would have a mass of about {{Convert|3|t|lb}}.<ref name='Astronautix'/>

The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems. It will be equipped with emergency mission abort and emergency escape that can be done at the first stage or second stage of the rocket burn.<ref>{{cite news | title=ISRO gears up for manned space mission | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp | date=4 January 2009 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | last=Ray | first=Kalyan |location=Shillong | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010314/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp | archivedate=3 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The nose of the original version of the orbital vehicle was free for a [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]] mechanism, but primary entry was evidently through a side hatch secured by explosive bolts.<ref>[http://www.astronautix.com/craft/orbhicle.htm Orbital Vehicle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201012911/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/orbhicle.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>

Following two non-crewed orbital flight demonstrations of the spacecraft, a crewed ''Gaganyaan'' is slated to be launched on the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV Mk III]] launcher in late 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name='launch 2022'/>

About 16 minutes after liftoff from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), [[Sriharikota]], the rocket will inject the spacecraft into an orbit {{Cvt|300-400|km}} above Earth. When ready to land, its service module and solar panels will be disposed off before reentry. The capsule would return for a parachute splashdown in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Times of India10012014">{{cite news |title=ISRO inches closer to manned mission |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/india/46065854_1_crew-module-space-capsule-recovery-experiment-gslv-mark |accessdate=13 January 2014 |newspaper=Times of India|date=10 January 2014 |quote="We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters."}}</ref> Crew module is equipped with two parachutes for redundancy, while one parachute is good enough for safe splashdown. The parachutes would reduce the speed of the crew module from over {{Cvt|216|m/s}} to under {{Cvt|11|m/s}} at splashdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/isro-drdo-agra-labs-make-711368.html|title=Agra lab parachutes to bring back India astronauts|date=2019-01-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

==Testing==
{{main|Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment}}
[[File:ISRO Crew Module descent.jpg|thumb|The Crew capsule descends under parachutes on 5 July 2018 after the abort motor lifted it to an altitude of {{Convert|8200|ft}}]]

On 13 February 2014, [[Hindustan Aeronautics|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] handed over the first Crew Module structural assembly to ISRO.<ref name="hal-india.com"/><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/human-space-flight-prog-hal-hands-over-crew-module-assembly-to-isro/article5685195.ece Human space flight prog: HAL hands over crew module assembly to ISRO | Business Line]</ref> ISRO's [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] would equip the Crew Module with systems necessary for life support, navigation, guidance and control systems. ISRO undertook an uncrewed test launch of the vehicle aboard the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk3]] X1, for an experimental sub-orbital flight on 18 December 2014. The GSLV Mk3 launcher with a dummy upper cryogenic stage (filled with liquid nitrogen to simulate weight of fuel) was launched at 9:30 am from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms| title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December| publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 October 2014| accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> The crew module separated from the rocket at an altitude of 126 km. On board motors controlled and reduced the speed of the module until an altitude of {{Cvt|80|km}}. Thrusters were shutoff at that altitude and atmospheric drag further reduced speed of the capsule. The module heat shield was expected to experience temperature in excess of {{Cvt|1600|C}}. Parachutes were deployed at an altitude of {{Cvt|15|km}} to slow down the module which performed a [[splashdown]] in the Bay of Bengal near Andaman and Nicobar islands.<ref>[https://archive.is/20141218090307/http://isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Dec18_2014 First Experimental Flight of India's Next Generation Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk-III Successful ] - ISRO Press Release - December 18, 2014</ref><ref>http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/india-successfully-launches-heaviest-rocket-gslv-mk-iii-1480025</ref>

This flight was used to test orbital injection, separation and re-entry procedures and systems of the Crew Capsule. Also tested were the capsule separation, heat shields and [[aerobraking]] systems, deployment of parachute, retro-firing, splashdown, flotation systems and procedures to recover the Crew Capsule from the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight] The Hindu 19 December 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30527602 India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule] BBC News 18 December 2014</ref>

=== Pad abort test ===
The [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Indian Space Research Organisation's Pad Abort Test]] was conducted successfully on 5 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/07/isro-pad-abort-test-indian-human-program/|title=ISRO conducts pad abort test for Indian human space flight program – NASASpaceFlight.com|website=www.nasaspaceflight.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal| Spaceflight }}
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Human Space Flight Centre]]
*[[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
*[[Space exploration]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gaganyaan.in/ Gaganyaan – Fan Website]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaganyaan}}
[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Proposed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Future human spaceflights]]

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2019-09-30T15:21:57Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by Osmosisjonesfan76 (talk) to last revision by Path slopu (TW)

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
|name = Wabbit Twouble
|image = WabbitTwouble Lobby Card.png
|caption = Lobby card
|director = [[Bob Clampett]] (credited as Wobert Cwampett and for Superwision)
|story = Dave Monahan (credited for Stowy)
|animator = Sid Sutherland (credited as Sid Suthewand) [[Virgil Ross]] (unc.) [[Rod Scribner]] (unc.) [[Robert McKimson]] (unc.)
|starring = [[Mel Blanc]] (unc.) [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] (unc.)
|music = [[Carl Stalling]] (credited as Cawl W. Stawwing and for Musical Diwection)
|background_artist = John Didrik Johnsen (unc.)
|producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
|distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|studio = Leon Schlesinger Productions
|released = December 20, 1941
|color_process = [[Technicolor]]
|runtime = 8:22 (1 reel)
|language = English
}}

'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ("Rabbit Trouble" in Elmer Fudd's speech impediment)<ref>{{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Caroline|title=Does a Bear Sh*t in the Woods?: Answers to Rhetorical Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isZEd2_ZjgsC&pg=PT48|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=978-1-101-53999-6|page=48}}</ref> is a ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Warner Bros. Cartoons|Leon Schlesinger Productions]] and released on December 20, 1941 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. This is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refers to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment, making the names of [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]], and [[Carl Stalling]] as well as the roles of Story, Supervision, and Musical Direction intentionally misspelled in the credits to receive the perfect match for Elmer's speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park. He mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by Dave Monahan and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sidney Sutherland|Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited animator, although [[Virgil Ross]], [[Rod Scribner]], and [[Robert McKimson]] also animated the short. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, driving his [[Ford Model T]] [[jalopy]] to a [[Conga (music)|Conga]] beat, makes his way to Jellostone National Park (a pun on [[Yellowstone National Park]]) while looking forward to get some rest. Elmer sets up his campsite by setting a cooking fire, an hanging mirror on a tree and, beneath it, a wash basin on a table, hanging a hammock, and pitching his tent. The tent is positioned directly over Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole (just as Elmer had arrived, Bugs had posted a sign next to his hole saying 'Camp Here', then had retreated into the lair, covering it with grass as he went). From down there, Bugs breaks down the tent and drags it inside. Elmer reaches in and, in spite of resistance from below, retrieves the tent which is tied in knots. Bugs pops up, welcomes Elmer to Jellostone ("a restful retreat. Oh brudda!") and pulls Elmer's hat over his eyes. Elmer reaches in again and tries to yank Bugs out. After several attempts, Elmer pulls his hands out to find that his fingers are tied together. He nails a board over the hole ("that'll hold 'em alwhight, heh-heh-heh-heh-heh"). However, Bugs simply pushes it open, steps out and mimics Elmer. Bugs balloons up to Elmer's size and repeats what Elmer had said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer then settles into his hammock and quickly falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs places a pair of glasses on Elmer's face, paints the lenses black and sets the alarm clock to go off at noon. When it wakes Elmer, he thinks it is nighttime because everything seems dark. He goes to his tent, takes off his day clothes to reveal night clothes underneath, and goes to bed. Bugs then removes the glasses from Elmer and crows like a rooster, awakening Elmer who believes it is the next morning.

Elmer washes his face but cannot reach his towel because it is hanging on a branch that Bugs keeps at a steady, short distance from him. Elmer blindly follows the towel ("I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture", Bugs [[Breaking the fourth wall|confides to the audience]]). He causes Elmer to step off a cliff edge. Elmer looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]], but suddenly realizes he is in midair. He runs back to safety and holds on to Bugs for dear life. Bugs then admits he is the one pulling these gags and runs off, with a furious Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent. However, he runs into a [[American black bear|black bear]]. The bear starts growling, and so Elmer turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which directs him to play dead.

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" – his feet), but Bugs climbs onto Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear. He misbehaves in various ways to keep Elmer on the ground with his eyes shut, but just as he starts biting Elmer's foot, Elmer sees what is going on and grabs his shotgun. The bear returns and Bugs runs away just as Elmer swings the gun, clobbering the bear rather than the rabbit. A chase ensues with Elmer and the bear running through the trees to the tune of the "[[William Tell Overture]]." Finally, the bear freaks Elmer out by riding on top of him.

When the bear is knocked off him after hitting a tree branch, Elmer gives up and packs everything into his car (almost including a huge tree). He passes the welcome sign at the gate on his way out, backs up and reads it again. He declares its promise of "a restful retreat" to be "bawogney!" and, to teach the park not to give false advertisement, he chops the sign to bits with an ax and stomps on the pieces while calling the park's "peace and wewaxation" promises "wubbish!" A ranger (along with Bugs) appears, and has an angry expression on his face. Elmer is arrested for the destruction of government property, and from his jail cell window he tells us that "anyway" he is "wid of that gwizzwy bear and scwewy wabbit! West and wewaxation at wast!" Unfortunately, he turns to find out that somehow he is sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear. They both ask how long he has in jail ("Pardon me but, how long ya in for, doc?" they ask).

==Production==
For the cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make three more appearances in the ''Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies'' canon – ''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'' and ''[[Fresh Hare]]'', in addition to a [[cameo appearance]] in the non-canon war bond advertisement ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' – before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known, for ''[[The Hare-Brained Hypnotist]]''. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose. This is the only cartoon with the "fat" version of Elmer to remain under copyright; the other "fat Elmer" cartoons are in the public domain.

Bugs would show up in a prison two more times: in ''[[Rebel Rabbit]]'' (1949) and ''[[Big House Bunny]]'' (1950). At the ends of ''[[Rabbit Transit (cartoon)|Rabbit Transit]]'' (1947) and ''[[Hare Brush]]'' (1955) he is arrested, but not actually shown in prison therein.

The lobby card where Bugs paints Elmer's glasses black is also done in the film.

==Availability==
* DVD - ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', Volume 1
* Blu-ray - ''[[Looney Tunes Platinum Collection]]'', Volume 2

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Big Chungus.png|200px|thumb|The still frame from the short that has come to be known as "Big Chungus".]]
In December 2018, a still from the short depicting Bugs mocking Elmer by imitating his weight became an [[Internet meme]]. The meme originated from fictitious cover art for a video game titled ''Big Chungus'' (with "chungus" being a neologism associated with video game commentator [[Jim Sterling]]) which featured the still and was popularized by a [[Facebook]] post by a [[GameStop]] manager, who alleged that a colleague's mother had inquired about purchasing the fictional game as a gift for her son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/magazine/all-the-presidents-memes.html|title=All the President's Memes|last=Staley|first=Willy|date=2019-01-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/big-chungus-memes/|title=Big Chungus Is The Last Great Meme Of 2018|date=2018-12-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|34368}}
* {{bcdb title|5268}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/122041dvdWabbitTwoubleMm.mp4 ''Wabbit Twouble'' on the Internet Archive]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[All This and Rabbit Stew]]
|title = [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]]
|years = 1941
|after = [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1941 animated films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in national parks]]
[[Category:1940s American animated films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Animated films about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]
[[Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny]]

Benutzer:Macfx23/Entwurf Jan Lewan

2019-08-16T15:09:48Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 12.208.107.186 (talk) to last revision by Dirkbb (TW)

{{for|people who share this surname|Lewandowski}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jan Lewan
| image = The King of Polka - Sundance Festival cropped.jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = Lewan at [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2017
| birth_name = Jan Lewandowski
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Bydgoszcz]], [[Poland]]
| nationality = Polish, American
| other_names = Polka King, Dowski
| known_for =
| occupation = Songwriter,
Polka band leader and Tour Guide
| children = Daniel Lewandowski
| criminal_charge = [[Fraud]]
}}
'''Jan Lewandowski''' ({{IPA-pl|lɛvanˈdɔfskʲi}}; born 1941 in [[Bydgoszcz]], [[Poland]]) known professionally as '''Jan Lewan,''' is a Polish-American songwriter and [[polka]] band leader. Lewan's financial crimes were described by ''[[The Morning Call]]'' as a "classic [[Ponzi scheme]]".<ref name="morningcall"/>

Lewan's life has been depicted in multiple films, first in the 2007 TV [[documentary]] ''Mystery of the Polka King'', the 2009 documentary film ''The Man Who Would Be Polka King'', and the 2017 American comedy film ''[[The Polka King]]'', in which Lewandowski is portrayed by [[Jack Black]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/movies/mc-nws-polka-king-netflix-movie-20180101-story.html|title=Polka, Ponzi and prison: Jack Black stars in Netflix film about Hazleton's Jan Lewan|last=|first=|date=11 January 2018|work=The Morning Call|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://moviepilot.com/posts/4544137 | title = How 'The Polka King' Turns A Real-Life Con Artist Into One Of Jack Black's Most Endearing Roles | date = 9 January 2018 | accessdate = 13 January 2018 | work = MoviePilot.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Patten|first1=Dominic|url=http://deadline.com/2016/12/sundance-2017-premieres-midnight-special-events-robert-redford-rashida-jones-1201864406/|title=Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, ‘Rebel In The Rye’ & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> which was released on [[Netflix]] on January 12, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://screencrush.com/new-on-netflix-january-2018/|title=January premieres on Netflix|work=Screencrush|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Information on Lewan's early life is found primarily on his official website, which states that Lewan was born in [[Bydgoszcz]] in northern [[Poland]] in 1941 during the [[German Reich|German]] occupation of the country during [[World War II]].<ref name="OfficialAbout">{{cite web|last=Lewan|first=Jan|title=About me - Jan Lewan Lewandowski - Official website|url=http://www.janlewandowski.com/about-me/|accessdate=January 21, 2018|work=About me|date=}}</ref> As a young child Lewan loved music and enrolled in Conservatory of Music in [[Gdansk]]. He also sang in an [[opera]]. Lewan served in the [[Polish Armed Forces|Central Polish Army]] for several years as all young men in Poland were obliged to do at the time. Lewan played in music halls across Poland and Northern Europe including the [[National Philharmonic in Warsaw]].<ref name="OfficialAbout"/> When Lewan came to the United States he later met his first wife Rhonda Lewan during a telethon and wed later on, and in 2011 officially divorced. Rhonda Lewan then married Steve Saive.

== Career ==
After his career in Europe, Lewan moved to the [[United States]] via [[Canada]]. He settled in Northeastern [[Pennsylvania]] where he continued his polka career. He was a main part in the foundation of ''Pennsylvania Polka'' on [[Pennsylvania Cable Network|PCN]]. During this time Lewan toured frequently. Notable tours were to [[Poland]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[England]], [[Israel]], [[Russia]], [[Greece]], [[Egypt]] and [[Ukraine]].

He created a polka oriented orchestra and recorded several albums. Lewan's self titled album, ''Jan Lewan And His Orchestra'', was nominated for a Grammy in 1995. Lewan went on to perform even bigger polka shows in the prestigious Las Vegas Hilton Showroom, Las Vegas Sands Convention Center, and Atlantic City's [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino]], [[Atlantis Hotel and Casino]], and Trump Castle Hotel Casino.

Lewan's legacy was the focal point of the 2007 TV documentary ''Mystery of Polka King'', its 2009 documentary film follow up ''The Man Who Would Be Polka King'', as well as the 2017 comedy film ''The Polka King'' in which Lewan is portrayed by [[Jack Black]].<ref name="Mar2016D">{{cite news|last1=Jaafar|first1=Ali|title=Jack Black To Star In And Produce Jan Lewan Biopic ‘The Man Who Would Be Polka King’|url=http://deadline.com/2016/03/jack-black-polka-king-jan-lewan-ben-stiller-ponzi-red-hour-1201717756/|accessdate=September 17, 2016|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=March 10, 2016}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
Lewan owned and operated a gift store in [[Hazleton, Pennsylvania]]. When he would tour back in Poland, he would bring back jewelry and other goods to sell in the store. To support the store, he also sold shares in the business and promised returns of 12 percent and 20 percent to investors, many of whom had traveled with him. The state of Pennsylvania warned him to stop selling securities, but he continued. In 2004 Lewan was arrested for [[defrauding]] some 400 people in 22 states of millions of dollars. Lewan was sentenced to five years and 11 months imprisonment by a federal court judge as well as a seven year sentence in New Jersey, which were served concurrently.<ref name = morningcall>{{cite web|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2004-10-15/news/3577152_1_bethlehem-s-musikfest-polka-lovers-lewan|title=Polka king's scamming ways get him jail time|date=2004-10-15|publisher=[[The Morning Call]]|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Lewan was prosecuted by the New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice. The case was handled by Deputy Attorney General Francine Pozner-Ehrenberg. Lewan was sentenced by the Mercer County Superior Court on Money Laundering and Securities Fraud charges.

While in prison in Delaware in 2004, Lewan was [[stabbed]] in the [[neck]] by a cellmate. He was taken to a nearby hospital and was released back to prison several days later. The perpetrator of the stabbing had 15 years added to his sentence.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Lewan was released from prison in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Filming for ‘The Polka King’ gets started {{!}} The Valley Breeze|url=http://www.valleybreeze.com/2016-07-19/pawtucket/filming-polka-king-gets-started#.V90SkPl94dU|accessdate=September 17, 2016|work=www.valleybreeze.com|date=July 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Andy|title=Shooting in Cranston, Jack Black movie looking for extras|url=http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20160719/shooting-in-cranston-jack-black-movie-looking-for-extras|accessdate=September 17, 2016|work=The Providence Journal|date=July 19, 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
=== List of awards nominations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| [[37th Grammy Awards|1995]]
| [[Grammy Award for Best Polka Album]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/jan-lewan | title = Jan Lewan Grammy nominations and bio | work = Grammy.com | accessdate = 13 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Vehicle accident ==
On January 26, 2001, Lewan's tour bus wrecked en route to Florida for six shows. Two of his musicians were killed, he was injured and his son Daniel suffered critical injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cosmopolitanreview.com/jan-lewan/|title=When an American Dream Turns into an American Tragedy… Jan Lewan strives for redemption|website=cosmopolitanreview.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.janlewandowski.com Official website]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewan, Jan}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bydgoszcz]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Polka musicians]]
[[Category:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes]]

Minecraft Dungeons

2019-08-13T01:19:10Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 136.36.207.143 (talk) to last revision by Dozed Off (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Minecraft Dungeons
| image =Minecraft Dungeons Cover.png
| alt =
| caption =
| developer = [[Mojang]]
| publisher = [[Xbox Game Studios]]
| series = ''[[Minecraft]]''
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list|[[Xbox One]]|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[Microsoft Windows]]}}
| released = Q2 2020
| genre = [[Action role-playing game|Action role-playing]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Minecraft Dungeons''''' is an [[action role-playing game]] set to be released in the second quarter of 2020 on [[Windows]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]], and [[Xbox One]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2019/06/09/minecraft-dungeons-is-a-new-action-rpg-set-in-the-minecraft-universe/|title='Minecraft Dungeons' Is A New Action-RPG Set In The 'Minecraft' Universe|last=Kain|first=Erik|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref> It can be played solo or online with up to four players.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/06/09/minecraft-dungeons-release-window-announced-e3-2019|title=Minecraft Dungeons Release Window Announced - E3 2019|last=Marks|first=Tom|date=2019-06-09|website=IGN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>

==Development==
It was created by [[Mojang]] under the creative director Mans Olsen, using [[Unreal Engine 4]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/minecraft-dungeons/unreal-engine|title=Minecraft: Dungeons is made in the Unreal Engine|website=PCGamesN|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Unlike ''[[Minecraft]]'', ''Minecraft Dungeons'' has no crafting, building, or the ability to destroy blocks. Instead it focuses on being a [[dungeon crawler]] game, where the player explores [[procedural generation#Video games|randomly-generated]] dungeons filled with randomly-generated monsters, deals with traps and puzzles, and finds treasures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/11/minecraft-dungeons-is-a-blocky-smash-and-slash-adventure/|title='Minecraft Dungeons' is a blocky, smash-and-slash adventure|website=Engadget|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2019/6/10/18660635/minecraft-dungeons-release-date-xbox-one-pc-ps4-e3-2019|title=Minecraft Dungeons is simple, Diablo-inspired fun for the family|last=Campbell|first=Colin|date=2019-06-10|website=Polygon|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

There is no [[character class|class]] system. Anyone can use any weapon or armor they wish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/minecraft-dungeons-is-diablo-for-people-who-are-intimidated-by-diablo|title=Minecraft Dungeons is Diablo for People Who Are Intimidated by Diablo|last=McCarthy|first=Caty|date=2019-06-11|website=USgamer|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Shacknews]] calls it "a fun, laid back dungeon crawler for friends to get into".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/112340/minecraft-dungeons-e3-2019-preview-creative-sidestep|title=Minecraft Dungeons E3 2019 preview: Creative sidestep|website=Shacknews|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/dungeons}}

[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[category:Minecraft]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Sweden]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Video games using procedural generation]]
[[Category:Microsoft games]]
[[Category:Unreal Engine games]]

For sale: baby shoes, never worn

2019-08-12T15:01:49Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 208.38.250.3 (talk) to last revision by Packer1028 (TW)

{{short description|Claimed to be the shortest possible story in the English language}}
[[File:Classic baby shoes.jpg|thumb|right|A 6-word story regarding a pair of baby shoes is considered an extreme example of [[flash fiction]].]]
'''"For sale: baby shoes, never worn."''' is the entirety of what has been described as a six-word story, making it an extreme example of what is called [[flash fiction]] or sudden fiction. Although it is often attributed to [[Ernest Hemingway]], the link to him is unsubstantiated and similar stories predate him.<ref name="quote">{{cite web|url=http://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/01/28/baby-shoes/|author=Garson O'Toole|title=For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn|publisher=quoteinvestigator.com|date=January 28, 2013|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Haglund">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/01/31/for_sale_baby_shoes_never_worn_hemingway_probably_did_not_write_the_famous.html|title=Did Hemingway Really Write His Famous Six-Word Story?|last=Haglund|first=David|date= Jan 31, 2013|publisher=Slate|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref>

== Setting ==
The claim of Hemingway's authorship originates in an unsubstantiated anecdote about a wager between him and other writers. In a 1992 letter to Canadian humorist [[John Robert Colombo]], science fiction writer [[Arthur C. Clarke]] recounts it thus: While lunching with friends at a restaurant (variously identified as [[Luchow's]] or [[Algonquin Hotel|The Algonquin]]), Hemingway bets the table ten dollars each that he can craft an entire story in six words. After the pot is assembled, Hemingway writes "For sale: baby shoes, never worn" on a napkin, passes this around the table, and collects his winnings.<ref name="quote" />

== History ==
[[File:Babys Clothes Never Worn.png|thumb|300px|right|This May 16, 1910 article from ''The Spokane Press'' recounts an earlier advertisement which struck the author as particularly tragic.]]
The May 16, 1910, edition of ''The Spokane Press'' had an article titled "Tragedy of Baby's Death is Revealed in Sale of Clothes." At that time, Hemingway would only have been aged ten, and years away from beginning his writing career.<ref name="quote" />

In 1917, William R. Kane published a piece in a periodical called ''The Editor'' where he outlined the basic idea of a grief-stricken woman who had lost her baby and even suggested the title of ''Little Shoes, Never Worn''.<ref name="Haglund" /> In his version of the story, the shoes are being given away rather than sold. He suggests that this would provide some measure of solace for the seller, as it would mean that another baby would at least benefit directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF04AQAAIAAJ&q=%22never+worn%22#v=snippet&|title=untitled|last=Kane|first=William R.|date=February 24, 1917|work=The Editor: The Journal of Information for Literary Workers, Volume 45, number 4|pages=175–176|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref>

By 1921, the story was already being parodied: the July issue of ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'' that year published a version that used a [[baby carriage]] instead of shoes; there, however, the narrator described contacting the seller to offer condolences, only to be told that the sale was due to the birth of twins rather than of a single child.<ref name="quote" />

The earliest known connection to Hemingway was in 1991, thirty years after the author's death.<ref name="quote" /> This attribution was in a book by Peter Miller called ''Get Published! Get Produced!: A Literary Agent's Tips on How to Sell Your Writing''. He said he was told the story by a "well-established newspaper syndicator" in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Peter|title=Get Published! Get Produced!: A Literary Agent's Tips on How to Sell Your Writing|publisher=SP Books|date=Mar 1, 1991|pages=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqKAE2euEnMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Get%20Published!%20Get%20Produced!%3A%20A%20Literary%20Agent%E2%80%99s%20Tips%20on%20How%20to%20Sell%20Your%20Writing&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=baby}}</ref> In 1992, John Robert Colombo printed a letter from Arthur C. Clarke that repeated the story, complete with Hemingway having won $10 each from fellow writers.<ref name="quote" />

This connection to Hemingway was reinforced by a one-man play called ''Papa'' by John deGroot, which debuted in 1996. Set during a ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine photo session in 1959, deGroot has the character utter the phrase as a means of illustrating Hemingway's brevity.<ref name="quote" /> In ''[[Playbill]]'', deGroot defended his portrayal of Hemingway by saying, "Everything in the play is based on events as described by Ernest Hemingway, or those who knew him well. Whether or not these things actually happened is something we'll never know truly. But Hemingway and many others claimed they did."<ref name="snopes">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/literary/babyshoes.asp|title=Baby Shoes|last1=Mikkelson |first1=David |last2=Mikkelson |first2=Barbara|date=29 October 2008|website=[[Snopes.com]] |accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The general concept of trying to tell a story with the absolute minimum of words became known by the general term of [[flash fiction]]. The six-word limit in particular has spawned the concept of ''[[Six-Word Memoirs]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500186_162-3876944.html|title=Six-Word Memoirs Can Say It All|date=February 11, 2009|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> including a collection published in book form in 2008 by ''[[Smith Magazine]]'', and two sequels published in 2009.

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|Literature}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Short stories]]
[[Category:Ernest Hemingway]]

GWR-Klasse 5600

2019-08-09T16:44:42Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 2 edits by 2A00:23C6:C89A:2600:B4F1:8A55:22C9:437E (talk) to last revision by 2A02:C7D:1A35:BF00:149A:8157:DD59:32D5 (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox Locomotive
|name=Great Western Railway 5600 class<ref name="Obs1960" >{{cite book
| last = Casserley
| first = H. C.
| authorlink = H. C. Casserley
| title = The Observer's Book of Railway Locomotives of Britain
| publisher = [[Frederick Warne & Co|Frederick Warne]]
| date = 1955 (Revised ed. 1960)
| page = 56
}}</ref>
|powertype=Steam
|image= Aberbeeg Locomotive Depot '5600' class geograph-2942234-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
|caption=6685 at Aberbeeg Locomotive Depot in April 1951.
|designer = [[Charles B. Collett]]
|builder=GWR [[Swindon Works]] (150); [[Armstrong Whitworth]] (50)
|serialnumber=
|builddate=1924–1928
|whytetype=[[0-6-2T]]
|uicclass=C1'ht
|gauge={{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
|driverdiameter={{convert|4|ft|7+1/2|in|3|abbr=on}}
|trailingdiameter={{convert|3|ft|8|in|3|abbr=on}}
|fueltype=[[Coal]]
|fuelcap= {{convert|3.75|LT|t ST|abbr=on}}
|watercap={{convert|1900|impgal|abbr=on}}
|boilerpressure={{convert|200|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
|firearea=
|superheatertype=Yes
|valvegear=[[Stephenson valve gear|Stephenson's]]
|valvetype=[[Piston valve (steam engine)|piston valves]]
|cylindercount=Two, inside
|cylindersize={{convert|18|x|26|in|0|abbr=on}}
|tractiveeffort={{convert|25800|lbf|kN|abbr=on}}
|factorofadhesion=
|operator=[[Great Western Railway]]; [[British Railways]]
|operatorclass=5600
|powerclass=GWR: D BR: 5MT
|axleloadclass=Red
|fleetnumbers=5600–5699, 6600–6699
|withdrawndate=1962–1965
|disposition=9 preserved, remainder [[scrap]]ped
|totalproduction=200}}
The [[Great Western Railway|GWR]] '''5600 Class''' is a class of [[0-6-2T]] [[steam locomotive]] built between 1924 and 1928. They were designed by [[Charles Collett|C.B Collett]] for the [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR), and were introduced into traffic in 1924. After the 1923 grouping, Swindon inherited a large and variable collection of locomotives from historic Welsh railway companies, which did not fit into their standardisation programme. GWR boiler inspectors arrived en masse and condemned many of the original locomotives. The systematic destruction of many examples of locomotives, most still in serviceable condition, followed. Of the Taff Vale Railway, many engines continued to operate up to the 1950s, but today only two locomotives survived, [[Taff Vale Railway O1 class|TVR 'O1']] No.28, the last-surviving Welsh-built engine, and [[Taff Vale Railway O2 class|TVR 'O2']] No.85.

Two hundred GWR 5600 class replacement locomotives were built and remained in service until withdrawn by [[British Railways]] between 1962 and 1965. Nine of the class have survived into preservation.

==Background: Welsh 0-6-2T types==
The railways of [[South Wales]] seem to have had a particular liking for the 0-6-2T type. This was because the nature of the work they undertook demanded high adhesive weight, plenty of power with good braking ability, but no need for outright speed, nor large tanks or bunker as the distances from pit to port were short. The 0-6-2 configuration was discovered to confidently handle the sharp curves so prevalent in the area. These Welsh locomotives were taken over by the GWR at [[Railways Act 1921|The Grouping]] in 1923 and some were [[Remanufacturing|rebuilt]] with GWR [[taper boiler]]s. A number of them passed into [[British Railways]] (BR) ownership in 1948, including (with some gaps in numbering):
* [[Brecon and Merthyr Railway]], BR numbers 431-436
* [[Cardiff Railway]], BR number 155
* [[Rhymney Railway]], BR numbers 35-83
* [[Taff Vale Railway]], BR numbers 204-399

For further information on these pre-grouping locomotives see [[Locomotives of the Great Western Railway]].

==Origins==
When the GWR took over the Welsh valley lines, they discovered that the Welsh locomotive crews liked their 0-6-2T locomotives. Rather than a new design the 5600 Class was a "Swindonised" version of the [[Rhymney Railway M class]] and [[Rhymney Railway R class|R class]] locomotives. The 1904 M class (and the similar 1909 R class) were successful designs ideally suited to hauling heavy coal trains a relatively short distance.

The 5600 Class was specially designed for work in [[South Wales]], replacing the elderly, worn-out locomotives that had been 'inherited' in 1923, when the smaller railway companies were forcibly merged into the GWR at The Grouping. Contrary to this trend, the Rhymney Railway's more modern 0-6-2s were in generally good order and had proved successful. Thus they became the blueprint for the 56xx.

The first of five R class locos was re-boilered by the GWR in 1926 and a single M class was upgraded in 1930. In this form, both were visually almost indistinguishable from the 56 Class.

==Design==
The design of the 5600 Class followed Great Western Railway practice as far as possible, by utilising many [[standardisation|standardised]] parts. Included in Collett's innovations was a Standard Number 2 [[boiler]] which was suitable for the 5600 Class, and the M and R class Rhymney locomotives, complete with the traditional brass GWR safety valve casing and copper-capped chimney.

They were substantial sized [[tank engine]]s, 37 ft 6ins in length and weighing 62 tons. The side tanks were capable of holding 1900 [[gallons]] of water. The high domed cab, bunker and tanks were closely related to the 31xx and 42xx classes. One hundred of the class were built at the GWR workshops in [[Swindon Works|Swindon]] from 1924-1927.

In 1927 another 100 similar engines were constructed – these were slightly heavier and numbered in the 66xx series. Nos 6600-6649 were Swindon-built in 1927-1928, but due to the pressure of work 6650-6699 were built by [[Armstrong Whitworth]] in 1928. This resulted in some minor design differences from the Swindon locomotives.

While they were powerful machines, the 5600s were very unpopular with footplate crews at the time. They were beset by numerous failures, the most common of which was hot axle boxes. They lacked the wider tolerances in their boxes that the original Welsh company locomotives had. They also had the tendency to derail, so those driving them preferred them in reverse, where the pony truck was able to guide them around tight curves. When the Welsh railwaymen discovered that the new [[GWR 5700 Class]] 0-6-0 [[GWR 0-6-0PT|pannier tank]] (introduced 1929) was even more suitable for the same work – being shorter and lighter, with roughly the same (slightly lower) tractive effort – no further Class 56xx/66xx locos were built.<ref>http://cdn.steampowered.com/Manuals/65222/56xx%20Locomotive%20Addon.pdf</ref>

The 5600 Class had the distinction of being the only locomotive of [[0-6-2]] wheel arrangement built new by the GWR. Nevertheless, there were just over 400 locos with that wheel arrangement in service from 1940–1945, demonstrating the large number acquired in 1923.

==Dimensions==
* Locomotive weight:
** All locos, 68 tons 12 cwt<ref>{{cite book |last=le Fleming |first=H.M. |editor-last=White |editor-first=D.E. |title=Part 5: Six-coupled Tank Engines |series=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway |date=April 1958 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|RCTS]] |page=E75 |ref=harv }}</ref>
** 5600 Class, 68 tons 12 cwt{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
** 6600 Class, 69 tons 7 cwt{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
** 5600 Class, 62 tons 18 cwt<ref name="Obs1960"/>
** 6600 Class, 15 cwt more than 5600<ref name="Obs1960"/>

==Service==
[[File:Newport High Street station up coal train geograph-2942116-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|6614 with a coal trian at Newport]]
A fall in the South Wales coal trade in the 1930s saw many of the class re-allocated to other parts of the system. Due to the stability of the design, many drivers would typically operate the 56xx class down the Welsh valleys in reverse (bunker first). The placement of the trailing wheels helped the engine enter the curves better than if operated in the other direction. Typically, during operation, when pulling a heavy load the tanks were operated bunker first, and then smokebox first on the return trips up the valleys.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haresnape |first=Brian |title=Collett & Hawksworth Locomotives: A Pictorial History |year=1978 |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-0869-8 |page=38 |ref=harv }}</ref>

All the 56xx/66xx locomotives passed into [[British Railways]] ownership at [[nationalisation]] in 1948, and all remained in service until 1962, at which time they were withdrawn from service quite rapidly, with the onset of [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] traction on BR gaining momentum. All had been retired by 1965.

== Withdrawal ==

[[File:Swindon Works withdrawn locomotives geograph-2941882-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|Withdrawn engines at Swindon]]
Withdrawn from 1962-1965.

== Preservation ==
[[File:GWR 6619 in BR Black - geograph.org.uk - 1479727.jpg|right|thumb| 6619 in BR Black, Weybourne]]
Several ended up in [[Woodham Brothers]]' [[scrapyard]] in [[Barry, South Wales]], with eight of the nine preserved engines saved from Barry. The majority of the class in preservation were built at [[Swindon Works]], three of them: 6686, 6695 & 6697 being built by [[Armstrong Whitworth]].

As the locomotives were operated mainly in South Wales, some [[railfan]]s know the Class by the nickname "Taffy Tank";<ref>{{cite web
| last = Morgan
| first = Keith
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Latest progress on GWR Taffy Tank No. 6695 at Herston Works, Swanage
| work = (Swanage Railway News Gallery - Page 118)
| publisher = [[Swanage Railway]]
| date = 2002-02-17
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Saved loco pulls passengers again
| journal= [[BBC News online]]
| date = 13 February 2006
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/4707756.stm
| accessdate = 10 January 2010
}}</ref> 'Taffy' being a [[Taffy was a Welshman|derogatory term]] for someone of [[Welsh people|Welsh]] descent. However, the 56xx class never had this title officially, whereas the more typical examples of the Rhymney Railway's M and R classes they replaced, were arguably the original 'Taffy Tanks' of fame.

As of 2017 6 of the class have run in preservation with 3 classmembers currently in operation, 5668 is currently undergoing restoration from scrapyard condition at the Kent and East Sussex Railway, 6634 and 6686 are both awaiting restoration from scrapyard condition at Peak Rail and The Barry Tourist Railway's & 6697 is on static display at Didcot Railway Centre.

The following table lists the Preserved locomotives:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Number
!Builder
!Built
!Withdrawn
!Working Life
!Current Location
!Current Status
!Notes
|-
|5619
|[[Swindon Works]]
|March 1925
|June 1964
|39 Years, 3 months
|{{nowrap|[[Nene Valley Railway]]}}
|In Service
|align="left"|In BR unlined Black, owned by the [[Telford Steam Railway]]. currently at the Swindon and Cricklade Railway where it is expected to remain until Easter 2019.
|-
|5637
|Swindon Works
|September 1925
|June 1964
|38 Years, 9 months
|[[East Somerset Railway]]
|In Service
|align="left"|In BR lined Green, owned by the 5637 Steam Loco Group
|-
|5643
|Swindon Works
|October 1925
|July 1963
|37 Years, 9 months
|[[Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway|Embsay & Bolton Abbey Railway]]
|In Service
|align="left"|In BR lined Green, owned by the Furness Railway Trust. Based at the [[Ribble Steam Railway]] but currently out on loan.
|-
|5668
|Swindon Works
|June 1926
|September 1964
|38 Years, 3 months
|[[Kent & East Sussex Railway]]
|Awaiting Restoration
|align="left"|Privately owned. Asbestos stripped in readiness for a boiler lift
|-
|6619
|Swindon Works
|January 1928
|March 1963
|35 Years, 1 month
|[[Kent & East Sussex Railway]]
|Awaiting Overhaul.
|align="left"|In BR unlined Black. Owned by 6619 Ltd. Boiler Ticket Expired 1 January 2015.
|-
|6634
|Swindon Works
|August 1928
|June 1964
|35 Years, 8 months
|[[Peak Rail]]
|Under Restoration
|align="left"|Owned by [[Pete Waterman]]. Restoration was to be undertaken by the [[Severn Valley Railway|SVR]] but never commenced, moved to Rowsley in Nov 2017.
|-
|6686
|[[Armstrong Whitworth]]
|October 1928
|June 1964
|35 Years, 6 months
|[[Barry Tourist Railway]]
|{{nowrap|Awaiting Restoration}}
|align="left"|Owned by the Vale of Glamorgan Council as part of the [[Barry Ten]]
|-
|6695
|Armstrong Whitworth
|October 1928
|July 1964
|35 Years, 9 months
|[[West Somerset Railway]]
|Undergoing Overhaul
|align="left"|In BR lined Green, formerly based at [[Swanage Railway]] but undergoing Overhaul and repairs at WSR after low loader incident where the trailer collapsed.
|-
|6697
|Armstrong Whitworth
|October 1928
|May 1966
|37 Years, 7 months
|[[Didcot Railway Centre]]
|On Static Display
|align="left"|In GWR unlined Green, only member of the Class not to go through Woodham Brothers' scrapyard
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|GWR 5600 Class}}
* [http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_062.htm 5600 class] (Great Western Archive)
* [http://www.5637.co.uk/ No. 5637] (5637 Steam Locomotive Group)
* [http://www.furnessrailwaytrust.org.uk/other5643.htm No. 5643] (Furness Railway Trust)
* [http://www.kesr.org.uk/stock-register/steam-locomotives/gwr-0-6-2t-6619 No. 6619] (Kent & East Sussex Railway)
* [http://www.swanagerailway.co.uk/stock/detail/gwr-0-6-2t-5600-class-no-6695 No. 6695] (Swanage Railway)

{{GWR Locomotives}}

[[Category:Great Western Railway locomotives|5600 Class]]
[[Category:0-6-2T locomotives]]
[[Category:Armstrong Whitworth locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1924]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain]]

YouTube Music

2019-08-08T16:40:17Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 2A00:23C6:410A:3E00:95B6:9323:FD2E:3160 (talk) to last version by Gsad+-*sfdxx

{{Infobox online service
| name = YouTube Music
| logo = Logo_of_YouTube_Music.svg
|logo_size= 250px
|image= YTmusic web.jpg
|image_size= 250px
| caption = Screenshot of YouTube Music on the [[web app|web]]
|launched= {{Start date and age|2015|11|12}}
|developer= [[YouTube]]
| key_people = [[Susan Wojcicki]] {{small|(YouTube CEO)}} T. Jay Fowler {{small|(Director of product, Music)}}
| pricing =
|platform= {{hlist|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]|[[iOS]]|[[Amazon Alexa]]|[[Google Home]]|[[Sonos]]}}
| availability = 62 countries; mostly in the Americas, Europe and Oceania, and in parts of Africa and Asia.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web |last1=Deahl |first1=Dani |title=YouTube Music and YouTube Premium officially launch in US, Canada, UK, and other countries |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/18/17475122/youtube-music-premium-launch-us-canada-uk |website=[[The Verge]] |accessdate=June 18, 2018 |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name=AndroidPolice>{{cite web |last1=Gao |first1=Richard |title=YouTube Premium and Music launch today in 17 countries, including Canada and 11 European countries |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/06/18/youtube-premium-music-launch-today-17-countries-including-canada-11-european-countries/ |website=Android Police |accessdate=June 18, 2018 |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtubemusic/answer/6313540|title=Paid memberships available locations - YouTube Help|website=support.google.com|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>
|website= {{URL|https://www.youtube.com/musicpremium}}
}}

'''YouTube Music''' is a [[Comparison of on-demand streaming music services|music streaming service]] and mobile app developed by [[YouTube]]; it provides a tailored interface for the service oriented towards [[Streaming media|music streaming]], allowing users to browse through songs and music videos on YouTube based on genres, playlists, and recommendations. The service also offers a premium tier, which enables ad-free playback, audio-only background playback, and downloading songs for offline playback. These subscription benefits are also offered to subscribers of [[Google Play Music]] and [[YouTube Premium]].

As of July 2019, the app is available in 62 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay.<ref>{{cite web|title=System requirements & availability|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6307365?hl=en|website=Google Support|publisher=Google|accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ivan|date=14 November 2018|title=YouTube Premium and Music Premium expand to seven new countries|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_and_music_premium_expand_to_seven_new_countries-news-34221.php|work=GSMArena|accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The YouTube Music app was unveiled in October 2015 and released the following month; its release came alongside the unveiling of [[YouTube Red]], a larger subscription service that covers the entirety of the YouTube platform, including the Music app. Although redundant to [[Google]]'s existing [[Google Play Music]] All Access subscription service, the app is designed for users who primarily consume music through YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|title=Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="engadget-ytmusic"/>

On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced a new version of the YouTube Music service, including a web-based desktop player and redesigned mobile app, more dynamic recommendations based on various factors, and use of Google artificial intelligence technology to search songs based on lyrics and descriptions. In addition, YouTube Music became a separate subscription service (positioned as a more direct competitor to [[Apple Music]] and [[Spotify]]), offering ad-free and background/audio-only streaming, and downloading for offline playback, for music content on YouTube. The service's benefits will continue to be available as part of the existing [[YouTube Premium]] (formerly YouTube Red) service, and to Google Play Music All Access subscribers. The YouTube Music subscription is priced in line with its competitors at US$9.99 per-month; the price of YouTube Premium was concurrently increased to $11.99 for new subscribers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/youtubes-revamped-music-subscription-service-launches-on-may-22/|title=New YouTube Music Premium costs $9.99 monthly, add $2 to get all Red perks|work=Ars Technica|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/17/17364056/youtube-music-premium-google-launch|title=Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

In 2018, YouTube Music reached multiple sponsorship agreements with [[Dick Clark Productions]] to serve as a partner for its television specials ''[[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve]]'' and the [[American Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-music-american-music-awards-amas-sponsorship-1202913542/|title=YouTube Music Signs American Music Awards Two-Year Title Sponsorship Deal|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=2018-08-22|work=Variety|access-date=2018-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/youtube-music-dick-clark-productions-extend-partnership-for-new-years-rockin-eve-with-ryan-seacrest-1202500921/|title=YouTube Music And Dick Clark Productions Extend Partnership For ‘New Year’s Rockin’ Eve With Ryan Seacrest’|last=Hayes|first=Dade|date=2018-11-13|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Features==
The availability of music includes many of the releases from mainstream artists and extends to any video categorized as music on the YouTube service.

YouTube Music will initially operate in parallel with Google Play Music, but product manager Elias Roman stated that Google Play Music users will eventually be migrated to YouTube Music after it reaches feature parity (including the addition of features such as music purchases and a cloud-based library for user-provided music). YouTube Music product manager T. Jay Fowler stated that collections, playlists and preferences would be migrated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/23/17386752/youtube-music-uploads-feature-google-play-music|title=YouTube Music will eventually get Google Play Music’s best features, including user uploads|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>

YouTube Music became available on [[Google Assistant]] [[smart speaker]]s (including [[Google Home]]) on April 18, 2019, with feature-limited ad-supported playback available for non-subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/04/18/youtube-music-is-now-free-with-ads-on-google-home-devices/|title=YouTube Music is now free with ads on Google Home devices|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref>

===Subscriptions===
The free tier usually plays songs in its versions of [[music video]] where applicable. The premium tier plays official tracks of the [[album]], unless the user searches for the music video version. YouTube Music Premium subscribers are able to switch to an audio-only mode that can play in the background while the application is not in use. The free tier does not allow audio-only mode with background playback as it displays video advertisements.<ref name="engadget-ytmusic">{{cite web | title = YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds | url = https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/ | publisher = Engadget | accessdate = November 7, 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subscription
! Price
! Ads
! Skipping and [[Scrubbing (audio)|Scrubbing]]
! Offline Mode
! Background playback
! Accounts
! Audio Quality (kbit/s)
|-
! Free
| Free
| {{No|Ad-Supported}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited Skips and Scrubbing}}
| {{No|Unavailable}}
| {{No|Unavailable}}
|1
| [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] Quality (128 kbit/s)
|-
! Premium Student
| $4.99/month{{notetag|1 month free trial. Included for free on YouTube Premium subscriptions.}}
| {{Yes|None}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited Skips and Scrubbing}}
| {{Yes|Available|Unknown number of devices}}
| {{Yes|Available}}
|1
|AAC Quality (256 kbit/s)
|-
! Premium
| $9.99/month{{notetag|3 or 1 month free trial. Included for free on YouTube Premium subscriptions.}}
| {{Yes|None}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited Skips and Scrubbing}}
| {{Yes|Available|Unknown number of devices}}
| {{Yes|Available}}
|1
| AAC Quality (256 kbit/s)
|-
! Premium Family
| $14.99/month{{notetag|1 month free trial. Included for free on YouTube Premium subscriptions.}}
| {{Yes|None}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited Skips and Scrubbing}}
| {{Yes|Available|Unknown number of devices}}
| {{Yes|Available}}
|6
| AAC Quality (256 kbit/s)
|}

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Internet|Music}}
*{{Official website|https://www.youtube.com/musicpremium}}
*[https://music.youtube.com Official web player]

{{YouTube navbox}}
{{Music digital distribution platforms}}

[[Category:Streaming music services]]
[[Category:YouTube]]
[[Category:2015 software]]

Myprotein

2019-07-29T16:04:56Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 195.89.14.3 (talk) to last revision by 194.6.185.158 (TW)

{{Infobox company
| name = Myprotein
| logo = Myprotein-logo.jpg
| industry = [[e-commerce]], sports supplements, fitness
| founded = [[Greater Manchester]], England (2004, 14 years ago)
| hq_location = [[Northwich]], Cheshire, England
| area_served = Worldwide
| owner = [[The Hut Group]]
| founder = [[Oliver Cookson]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/business-big-shot-oliver-cookson-of-myproteincom-27grmc0qj59|title=Business big shot: Oliver Cookson of Myprotein.com|last=Pitel|first=Laura|date=2011-06-02|work=The Times|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
}}

'''Myprotein''' is a British online retailer based in [[Cheshire|Cheshire, UK]] that manufactures [[sports nutrition]] products and gym clothing, including supplements, protein powders, vitamins and high-protein foods and snacks.

It was first founded in 2004 by [[Oliver Cookson]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/business-big-shot-oliver-cookson-of-myproteincom-27grmc0qj59|title=Business big shot: Oliver Cookson of Myprotein.com|last=Pitel|first=Laura|date=2011-06-02|work=The Times|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>, but was later acquired by British e-commerce company [[The Hut Group]] in June 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/hut-group-buys-myprotein-60m-861993|title=Hut Group buys Myprotein in £60m deal|last=News|first=Manchester Evening|date=2011-06-01|work=men|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>

In December 2015, Myprotein announced an agreement with Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development to build their first production facility outside the UK in [[Bullitt County, Kentucky]]. Myprotein (registered as Cend Limited) invested $17million to rent a production and distribution facility that planned to create 350 new jobs in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whereopportunityknox.com/new-manufacturing-facility-athletic-supplement-producer-cend-llc-to-create-350-jobs-in-bullitt-county/|title=New Manufacturing Facility, Athletic Supplement Producer Cend LLC to Create 350 Jobs in Bullitt County|website=whereopportunityknox.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>

== Sports partnerships ==
As part of the sports nutrition industry, Myprotein has partnered with various competitive sports teams from across the UK and Canada.

Currently, Myprotein has a partnership with the following sports teams:

* St Helens RFC<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saintsrlfc.com/2015/01/26/my-protein/|title=My Protein {{!}} St.Helens R.F.C.|last=Cultivate|date=2015-01-26|work=St.Helens R.F.C.|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Warrington Wolves<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/sport/13797342.Wolves_wire_up_with_Myprotein_com/|title=Wolves wire up with Myprotein.com|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>
* London Broncos<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://londonbroncosrl.com/news/london-broncos-join-forces-with-myprotein/|title=London Broncos Rugby League {{!}} #WeAreLondon {{!}} » London Broncos join forces with MYPROTEIN|website=londonbroncosrl.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>
* Sale Sharks<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salesharks.com/news/6130.php#.W3LdPShKhPY|title=Myprotein to fuel the Sharks|website=salesharks.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>
* Burnley FC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/fans/my-protein/|title=Burnley Football Club - My Protein|website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>
* Nottingham Forrest (University of Nottingham)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2016/june/myprotein-become-nottingham-forests-official-performance-supplement-supplier/|title=Myprotein become Nottingham Forest’s official performance supplement supplier|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sport/news/news/university-of-nottingham-sport-announce-new-sponsorship-deal-with-leading-nutrition-brand-myprotein.aspx|title=University of Nottingham Sport announce new sponsorship deal with leading nutrition brand Myprotein - The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>
* Toronto Wolfpack

== Controversy ==
In April 2017, customer Adam Brenton reportedly found a dead mouse in a 1.45kg bag of chocolate flavour whey protein that he had purchased on the Myprotein site.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/You/Archive/fitness-fanatic-finds-something-seriously-gross-in-his-protein-powder-20170728|title=Fitness fanatic finds something seriously gross in his protein powder|work=News24|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en}}</ref> He claimed that he had been using the protein powder for 3 weeks before discovering the mouse carcass at the bottom of the bag.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-43306645|title=Dead mouse in protein powder claim 'false'|date=2018-03-06|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Brenton took to social media platform, Twitter, to express his disappointment in the company’s customer service which was later followed up by a number of news outlets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5741939/man-found-dead-mouse-protein-powder-admits-lying/|title=Man who claimed he found a dead mouse in sealed protein powder bag admits LYING|date=2018-03-06|work=The Sun|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

With Brenton’s consent, the bag of protein powder was tested by food safety experts Ecolab as endorsed by the University of Liverpool. The results showed that the mouse was not present in the protein powder during shipping and that it had died around 3 weeks after the protein batch had been finalised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unilad.co.uk/fitness/fitness-brand-answers-claims-a-dead-mouse-was-found-in-their-protein-powder/|title=Fitness Brand Answers Claims A Dead Mouse Was 'Found In Their Protein Powder'|date=2017-04-13|work=UNILAD|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Consequently, Brenton was ordered to pay The Hut.com Ltd and Cend Ltd unspecified damages and legal costs. Many of the news outlets that covered the original story subsequently posted an apology to the brand regarding the previously published claims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/08/10/corrections-and-clarifications-myproteins-protein-shake-powder-6843385/|title=Corrections and clarifications: Myprotein's protein shake powder|date=2017-08-10|work=Metro|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Retail companies of England]]
[[Category:Cheshire West and Chester]]
[[Category:Nutritional supplement companies]]

Blue Corn

2019-07-28T18:49:09Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 184.91.41.81 (talk) to last revision by BrownHairedGirl (TW)

{{For|the Native American artist and potter called "Blue Corn"|Crucita Calabaza}}
[[File:Hopi Blue Corn.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Corncobs.jpg|right|thumb|Ears of corn, including the dark blue corn variety]]
[[File:¡Viva México en Xochimilco! 112.JPG|thumbnail|Tlacoyo, Mexican appetizer made of blue corn]]
[[File:01 Blue Corn Quesadillas.jpg|thumb|right|Blue corn [[quesadilla]]s]]

'''Blue corn''' (also known as '''[[Hopi]] maize''', '''Yoeme Blue''', '''Tarahumara Maiz Azul''', and '''Rio Grande Blue''') is several closely related varieties of [[flint corn]] grown in [[Mexico]], the [[Southwestern United States]], and the [[Southeastern United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soleri |first1=D |last2=Cleaveland |first2=D. | year=1993 |title=Hopi Crop Diversity and Change |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology |publisher=Society of Ethnobiology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=203–231 |url=http://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/13-2/SoleriCleveland.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716100954/http://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/13-2/SoleriCleveland.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref><ref name=johnson/><ref name="Cherokee About">{{cite web | title=About Us | website=Cherokee Nation | url=https://webtest3.cherokee.org/SeedBank/Home/About | access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> It is one of the main types of corn used for the traditional Southern and Central Mexican food known as [[tlacoyo]].

It was originally developed by the [[Hopi]], the [[Puebloans#New Mexico|Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande in New Mexico]], and several Southeastern Tribes, including the [[Cherokee]].<ref name="johnson">{{Citation | last = Johnson | first = Duane L. | author2-last = Jha | author2-first = Mitra N. | editor-last = Janick | editor-first = Jules | editor2-last = Simon | editor2-first = James E. | contribution = Blue Corn | title = New Crops | pages = 228–230 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | place = New York | date = 1993 | isbn = 0-471-59374-5 | contribution-url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-228.html | accessdate = 2010-07-23 }}</ref> It remains an essential part of Hopi dishes like [[piki|piki bread]]. Blue corn meal is a [[corn meal]] that is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. It is also a staple of [[New Mexican cuisine]] used commonly to make [[tortilla]]s.<ref>{{Cite book | last = McKee | first = Gwen |author2=Barbara Moseley | title = Best of the Best from New Mexico Cookbook: Selected Recipes from New Mexico's Favorite Cookbooks | publisher = Quail Ridge Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-937552-93-3}}</ref>

==Varieties==
Five Hopi blue corn cultivars identified in the 1950s showed significant differences for several traits, such as plant height, kernel weight, width of kernel, and thickness of kernel.<ref name=johnson/> The different varieties have a color range from nearly black to blue-grey, with names derived from the "standard" blue ("sakwaqa'o"), hard blue ("huruskwapu"), and grey-blue ("maasiqa'o").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soleri |first1=D |last2=Cleaveland |first2=D. |year=1993 |title=Seeds of strength for Hopis and Zunis |journal=Seedling |publisher= |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=13–18 |url=http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-190/004-190.html |accessdate=2010-08-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620131110/http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-190/004-190.html |archivedate=2010-06-20 |df= }}</ref>

The traditional Hopi blue corn varieties are extremely drought tolerant, deep rooted, and somewhat short plants, seldom exceeding 4 to 5 feet in height. The Rio Grande pueblo blue corn varieties are taller, reaching 5–7 feet, higher yielding, and not as drought tolerant as the Hopi varieties. Both varieties of blue corn prefer deep, sandy soils.<ref name=farming-conf>[http://tradition.nmda.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Pratt-ORG-Farm-Conf-2017-Blue-Corn.pdf Rio Grande Blue Corn New Mexico Farming Conference]</ref>

Other native varieties of blue corn include '''Yoeme Blue''', a small kernel, short (3 to 4 feet), bushy, and very heat tolerant low desert blue corn variety cultivated on the Salt River Pima Reservation in Arizona, and the [[Tarahumara]] northern Mexican variety '''Tarahumara Maiz Azul''', cultivated in the high deserts bordering the Sierra Madre in Northern Mexico. Tarahumara Maiz Azul is widely used to make tortillas and tamales in Mexico, as well as [[tesgüino]], a Tarahumaran corn beer.<ref name=farming-conf/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.nativeseeds.org/collections/corn-flour/products/zf021|title=Tarahumara Maiz Azul - Native-Seeds-Search|website=shop.nativeseeds.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.nativeseeds.org/collections/corn-flour/products/zf024|title=Yoeme Blue - Native-Seeds-Search|website=shop.nativeseeds.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/zea-mays-yoeme-blue-corn/|title=Zea mays ( Yoeme Blue Corn ) - Backyard Gardener|date=21 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/zea-mays-tarahumara-maiz-azul-corn/|title=Zea mays ( Tarahumara Maiz Azul Corn ) - Backyard Gardener|date=21 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

A [[Cherokee]] heirloom variety of blue corn which originated from the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is called '''Cherokee White Eagle Corn''' and is distributed to Cherokee tribal members from the Cherokee Nation Seed Bank. It is a tall variety, reaching 5 to 7 feet, and is high yielding.<ref name="Cherokee Nation">{{cite web | title=Seed Bank Plant Listing | website=Cherokee Nation | url=https://webapps.cherokee.org/SeedBank/Selected_Plants/Plants | access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>

==Tortilla protein content==

In 100 grams of blue corn tortilla (Sakwavikaviki), the [[protein]] content is 7.8%,<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic nutrition report per 100 grams: 35239, Tortilla, blue corn, Sakwavikaviki (Hopi)|url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/8450|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database; Standard Reference 28|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531032809/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/8450|archivedate=31 May 2017|df=}}</ref> compared to 5.7% in yellow corn tortillas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic nutrition report per 100 grams: 18449, Tortillas, ready-to-bake or -fry, corn, without added salt|url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/5913|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database; Standard Reference 28|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115235859/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/5913|archivedate=15 November 2017|df=}}</ref>

==Anthocyanins==

Varieties of blue corn cultivated in the [[Southwestern United States]] vary in their respective contents of [[anthocyanin]]s, the [[polyphenol]] pigment giving the corn its unique color.<ref name="nankar">{{cite journal|pmid=26879128|year=2016|author1=Nankar|first1=A. N.|title=Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of kernel anthocyanins from southwestern United States blue corn|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=96|issue=13|pages=4542–52|last2=Dungan|first2=B|last3=Paz|first3=N|last4=Sudasinghe|first4=N|last5=Schaub|first5=T|last6=Holguin|first6=F. O.|last7=Pratt|first7=R. C.|doi=10.1002/jsfa.7671}}</ref> Anthocyanins having the highest contents are [[cyanidin 3-glucoside]] (most abundant), [[pelargonidin]] and [[peonidin 3-glucoside]].<ref name=nankar/>

==Food uses==

Aside from its use in traditional Southwestern dishes of tortillas and cereal, blue corn is used commercially in products such as blue corn chips and blue corn pancake mix.<ref name=johnson/><ref>{{cite newspaper |first=Earl |last=Aronson |title=Blue Corn: A Food Fad Lasting for Centuries |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-01/home/hm-5165_1_blue-corn |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=December 1, 1990 |accessdate=April 19, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106222138/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-01/home/hm-5165_1_blue-corn |archivedate=November 6, 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==Symbolic uses==

The Hopi used corn in religious rituals, placing blue corn in a framework of directional associations in which yellow corn was associated with the Northwest; blue corn with the Southwest; red corn with the Southeast; white corn with the Northeast; black corn with the Above, and all-colored corn with the Below.<ref>{{Citation | last = Stephen | first = Alexander M. | editor-last = Parsons | editor-first = Elsie Clews | editor-link = Elsie Clews Parsons | title = Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen | place = New York | publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 1936 | page = | pages = 961, 1191 | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.39000005904458;view=1up;seq=219 }}</ref><ref>{{ Citation | last = Hieb | first = Louis A. | editor-last = Ortiz | editor-first = Alfonso | editor-link = Alfonso Ortiz | date = 1979 | title = Handbook of North American Indians | chapter = Hopi World View | volume = 9, Southwest | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | place = Washington, DC | pages = 577–580 | quote = The Hopi cultural construction of space is a quadripartite one to which are added 'up' and 'down'.… From this middle place paths of cornmeal radiate outward to the six directions and various objects (including ears of corn,…) are added according to their position in the system of correspondences. }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of maize dishes]]
* [[Purple corn]]
{{Portal bar|Food}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{corn}}

[[Category:Maize varieties]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian Southwest cuisine]]
[[Category:Hopi culture]]
[[Category:New Mexican cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the United States]]

Nguyễn Tuấn Anh

2019-07-23T16:53:25Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 2402:800:6313:E4C0:1D87:4F4D:F26D:E6F9 (talk) to last version by 27.71.206.148

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nguyễn Tuấn Anh
| image = [[File:Nguyễn Tuấn Anh.jpg]]
| image_size =
| caption = Captain Nguyễn Tuấn Anh playing for [[ HAGL ]].
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|05|16}}
| birth_place = [[Quỳnh Phụ District|Quỳnh Phụ]], [[Thái Bình Province|Thái Bình]],Vietnam
| height = {{height|m=1.78}}
| currentclub = [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.|Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C]]
| clubnumber = 11
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2007–2014
| youthclubs1 = [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai – Arsenal JMG Academy|HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy]]
| years1 = 2015–
| clubs1 = [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.|Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C]]
| caps1 = 52
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2016
| clubs2 = → [[Yokohama F.C.|Yokohama FC]] (loan)
| caps2 = 2
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2013–2014
| nationalteam1 = [[Vietnam national under-19 football team|Vietnam U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 23
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2015–2018
| nationalteam2 = [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 16
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| nationalyears3 = 2016–
| nationalteam3 = [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]]
| nationalcaps3 = 9
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| pcupdate = 5 May 2019
| ntupdate = 05 June 2019
| medaltemplates =
{{medal|RU|[[AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]|[[2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2013]]}}
{{medal|RU|[[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|AFF U-19 Championship]]|[[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2014]]}}
}}

'''Nguyễn Tuấn Anh''' (born 16 May 1995) is a [[Vietnam]]ese [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]] for [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.|Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C]] and [[Vietnam national football team]].

Tuấn Anh is considered one of the most talented and technically gifted midfielder that Vietnam football has ever seen.<ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/75/99084/tien-ve-nguyen-tuan-anh-nguoi-dac-biet-o-u19-viet-nam.bdplus</ref><ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/65/104603/tuan-anh-la-cua-hiem-cua-bong-da-noi.bdplus</ref> He is a product of [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai – Arsenal JMG Academy|HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy]] and was promoted to [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]] first team in 2015. Tuấn Anh has represented Vietnam national team at U-19 and U-23 level. He was voted as 2014 young player of the year.<ref>http://www.vietnamplus.vn/qua-bong-vang-u21-tuan-anh-em-may-man-hon-cong-phuong-va-anh-toan/317401.vnp</ref>

==Early life==
Tuấn Anh was born on 16 May 1995 in Mai Trang, An Quý, [[Quỳnh Phụ District]], [[Thái Bình Province]] to Nguyễn Văn Dung, a doctor, and Nguyễn Thị Loan.<ref>http://news.zing.vn/Tuan-Anh-Cau-be-mit-uot-thanh-nguoi-hung-U19-VN-post464632.html</ref> He's the second child in a family of two siblings, he has an older sister named Quỳnh Mai. His father, Nguyễn Văn Dung is the deputy director of Phụ Dục general hospital in Quỳnh Phụ, Thái Bình,<ref>http://www.nguoiduatin.vn/gia-the-giau-co-cua-tien-ve-tuan-anh-a151586.html</ref> he wanted his son to become a doctor but Tuấn Anh expressed that he love football more than anything. Tuan Anh's family was later persuaded by his enthusiasm for football and allowed him to follow his dream.<ref>http://www.bongda.com.vn/viet-nam/cau-thu-nguyen-tuan-anh-yeu-bong-da-hon-ca-ban/</ref>

Tuấn Anh was a part of [[Thái Bình Province]] U-11 football team that won the second place in 2004 national youth football tournament in [[Khánh Hòa Province]] when he was nine.<ref>http://danviet.vn/bong-da/tien-ve-nguyen-tuan-anh-u19-viet-nam-ronaldinho-cua-que-lua-473136.html</ref> His performance caught the attention of staffs from [[Thái Bình Province]]'s football talent school and he was offered a place at the school. After seven months of living there, his parents withdrew him from the school due to their concern about living standard there even though the school highly rated Tuấn Anh and really wanted to keep him.<ref>http://citinews.net/the-thao/nhung-dieu-it-biet-ve-tuan-anh---ngoi-sao--den-tu-que-lua-cua-u19-viet-nam-43PW2RQ/</ref>

==Club career==

===Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.===

====HAGL - Arsenal JMG Academy====
In 2007, Tuấn Anh passed the try-out for [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai – Arsenal JMG Academy|HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy]], he was one of only fourteen players that got accepted into the academy out of about seven thousand candidates from all over the country in the first selection.<ref>http://hotnhat.biz/the-thao/bong-da/tien-ve-nguyen-tuan-anh-nhac-truong-cua-u19-viet-nam</ref>

In June 2010, Tuấn Anh and [[Nguyễn Công Phượng]] were the only two players from HAGL JMG Academy that were invited to a fifteen days oversea training program in [[Mali]], It was a training program for top players of [[JMG Academy]] from all over the globe.<ref>http://www.hagl.com.vn/Football_Academy_Posts/DetailPost/201104211349414941</ref> Tuấn Anh was praised and highly rated by the academy's director [[Jean-Marc Guillou]] during the training program.<ref>http://m.msport.com.vn/tin-tuc/bau-vat-bau-duc-di-nhan-ronaldinho-viet-nam.8474</ref><ref>http://nld.com.vn/the-thao/nghi-he-khac-nghiet-201009291102220.htm</ref>

In November 2012, Tuấn Anh along with [[Nguyễn Công Phượng]], [[Lương Xuân Trường]], [[Trần Hữu Đông Triều]] were four of the players from the academy received the invitation to train with [[Arsenal F.C.]] U-17 team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thethao247.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/v-league/cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-quyet-ghi-diem-tai-arsenal--d31820.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225043/http://thethao247.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/v-league/cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-quyet-ghi-diem-tai-arsenal--d31820.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}</ref> In the letter, Arsenal's performance supervisor, [[Steve Morrow]] stated that coach [[Arsène Wenger]] was impressed with the academy's players when they beat Arsenal U-17 team in January.<ref>http://news.zing.vn/Arsenal-thu-viec-4-cau-thu-U17-Hoang-Anh-Gia-Lai-post285705.html</ref><ref>http://www.hagl.com.vn/Group_Posts/DetailPost/20121029110210210</ref> After the training end, Tuấn Anh was the player impressed coach Arsène Wenger the most, he even introduced Tuấn Anh to a [[Greeks]] football club for a trial.<ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/75/66511/tuyen-thu-u19-tuan-anh-bau-vat-cua-bau-duc.bdplus</ref> Unfortunately Tuấn Anh missed the trial opportunity as he suffered from a serious [[ligament]] injury in early 2012 that took him six month to recover. He was sent to a hospital in [[Paris]] that specialize in treating injures for sport athlete for the knee operation.<ref>http://www.bongda.com.vn/nhan-vat-su-kien/Doi-truong-U19-Viet-Nam-tung-lo-co-hoi-choi-bong-o-chau-Au/</ref>

Tuấn Anh was voted as player of the tournament at 2014 [[International U-21 Thanh Niên Newspaper Cup]] where HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy team was crowned as the champion after defeated Thailand U-21 (3-0) in the final.<ref>http://thethao247.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/tuyen-quoc-gia-vn/tuan-anh-tro-thanh-cau-thu-xuat-sac-nhat-giai-u21-quoc-te-2014-d93986.html</ref>

====Hoàng Anh Gia Lai first team====
Tuấn Anh was promoted to [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]] first team along with other academy's player from the first selection in 2015 when the club revolutionized their first team, most of their first team players were released, only a few was kept to guide young player from the academy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/fms/v-league/111588/bau-duc-khang-dinh-se-don-u19-vn-da-vleague-2015.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-03-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091133/http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/fms/v-league/111588/bau-duc-khang-dinh-se-don-u19-vn-da-vleague-2015.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}</ref> Tuấn Anh was promoted to first team along with other academy's player from the first selection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motthegioi.vn/thethao/bongda/bau-duc-don-cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-jmg-da-vleague-bai-hoc-tien-giang-2006-118679.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116072218/http://motthegioi.vn/thethao/bongda/bau-duc-don-cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-jmg-da-vleague-bai-hoc-tien-giang-2006-118679.html |archivedate=2015-01-16 |df= }}</ref>

Tuấn Anh made his [[V.League 1]] debut on 4 January 2015 at the opening game of the season against [[Sanna Khanh Hoa F.C.]]. He score his first league goal in this game as [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]] won the game 4–2.<ref>http://dailo.vn/the-thao/hagl-4-2-khanh-hoa-cong-phuong-tuan-anh-xuan-truong-toa-sang-20150104090417714.htm</ref> On 14 April, Tuấn Anh won the 2014 young player of the year award with 49 votes, 10 votes more than his club mate [[Công Phượng]] at second place.<ref>http://news.zing.vn/Thanh-Luong-gianh-Qua-bong-vang-Viet-Nam-2014-post530176.html</ref> Tuấn Anh was also voted as the team's best player at the end of the season,<ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/3/132632/vuot-cong-phuong-tuan-anh-xuat-sac-nhat-ha-gl-tai-v-league-2015.bdplus</ref> he has the most appearances in the team, played in all 26 league games of the season including 25 starts.

===Yokohama F.C.===
Tuấn Anh has officially joined [[Yokohama F.C.]] in December 2015 in a season-long loan.<ref>[http://footballchannel.asia/2015/12/12/post8447/ "Official: Nguyen Tuan Anh joins Yokohama FC on loan"], ''Football Channel Asia'', 12 December 2015.</ref> Tuấn Anh had an impressive game for the club against [[AC Nagano Parceiro|Nagano Parceiro]] in the emperor's cup, where he won a penalty for his team and scored the winning goal in a 3-2 win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballchannel.asia/2016/09/23/post12537/|title=Vietnamese youngster Nguyen Tuan Anh scored winning goal for Yokohama FC|work=Football Channel Asia|date=23 September 2016|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==

=== Club ===
{{Updated | July 2, 2017}}

{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Season
! rowspan = 2 | Club
! colspan = 3 | nation
! colspan = 2 | National Cup
! colspan = 2 | Continent
! colspan = 2 | Other
! colspan = 2 | total
|-
! Tournaments
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
|-
! colspan = 2 | Vietnam
! colspan = 3 | [[V.League 1]]
! colspan = 2 | [[Vietnamese Cup|National Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | [[AFC Champions League]]/[[AFC Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | Other
! colspan = 2 | total
|-
| [[2015 V.League 1|2015]] || rowspan = "2" | [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.|Hoàng Anh Gia Lai]] || rowspan = "2" | [[V.League 1]] || 26 || 1 || 2 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 28 || 1
|-
| [[2017 V.League 1|2017]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 4 || 0
|-

! rowspan = 1 | total
! colspan = 2 | HAGL
| 29 || 1 || 3 || 0 || - || - || - || 32 || 1 ||
|-

! colspan = 2 | Japan
! colspan = 3 | [[J2 League]]
! colspan = 2 | [[Emperor's Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | [[AFC Champions League]]/[[AFC Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | Other
! colspan = 2 | total
|-
| [[2016 J2 League|2016]] || [[Yokohama FC|Yokohama]] || [[J2 League]] || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || - || - || - || 2 || 1 ||
|-

! rowspan = 2 | total
! colspan = 2 | Vietnam
| 29 || 1 || 3 || 0 || - || - || - || 32 || 1 ||
|-
! colspan = 2 | Japan
| 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || - || - || - || - || 2 || 1
|-
! colspan = 3 | Total career
| 29 || 1 || 5 || 1 || - || - || - || 34 || 2 ||
|}

=== National team jersey ===

{{Updated | 24 July 2017. Statistics count only matches at FIFA national team and international friendly matches}}
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! Five !! Battle !!
|-
! colspan = 3 | [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]]
|-
| 2016 || 6 || 1
|-
| 2017
| 1
| 0
|-
| Total || 7 || 1
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! Five !! Battle !!
|-
! colspan = 3 | [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|U-23 Vietnam]]
|-
| 2015 || 4 || 0
|-
| 2016
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2017 || 3 || 1
|-
| Total || 11 || 2
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! Five !! Battle !!
|-
! colspan = 3 | [[Vietnam national under-19 football team|U-19 Vietnam]]
|-
| 2013 || 9 || 0
|-
| 2014
| 14
| 1
|-
| Total || 23 || 1
|}

==International career==

===Vietnam under-19===
Tuấn Anh first played for [[Vietnam national under-19 football team|Vietnam U-19]] team at [[2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]. He captained his team in the final<ref>http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/fms/menu1/103665/vi-sao-tuan-anh-duoc-trao-bang-thu-quan-u19-vn-.html</ref> as they lost to the host Indonesia U-19 in the penalty shoot-out. Tuấn Anh was voted as the player of the tournament.

Throughout 2013 to 2014, Tuấn Anh was an important part of the U-19 team<ref>http://www.tinthethao.com.vn/news/47/31D279/Nguyen-Tuan-Anh-Tham-lang-nhung-khong-the-thay-the</ref> he played in all of their competitions such as: [[2014 AFC U-19 Championship qualification]] where his team came out as Group F winner after they shockingly beat Australia U-19 (5-1),<ref>http://www.thanhniennews.com/sports/vietnam-crushes-australia-qualifies-for-u19-championship-986.html</ref> [[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship]] where they finished second, and [[2014 AFC U-19 Championship]].

===Vietnam under-23===
Tuấn Anh was called to the [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U-23]] team in March 2015 to play in [[2016 AFC U-23 Championship qualification]]. He played at the opening game in which his team beat host Malaysia U-23 (2-1) before missed out the last match again Macau U-23 due to injury.<ref>http://thethao.thanhnien.com.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/u23-viet-nam-mat-tuan-anh-tran-gap-macau-47498.html</ref>
After the [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U-23]] team qualified, he played in the [[2016 AFC U-23 Championship]] and scored one goal against [[United Arab Emirates national under-23 football team|UAE-U-23]].<ref>http://vtv.vn/clip/chiem-nguong-tuyet-pham-cua-tuan-anh-giua-vong-vay-4-cau-thu-uae-20160121020643728.htm</ref>

==International goals==

===U-19===

:''Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 11 September 2014 || [[Hanoi]], Vietnam
|| {{fbu|19|MYA}}||'''1'''–0||4–1|| [[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]
|}

===U-22===

:''Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 20 January 2016 || [[Doha]], Qatar
|| {{fbu|23|UAE}}||'''2'''–1||2–3|| [[2016 AFC U-23 Championship]]
|-
| 2 || 19 July 2017 || [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
|| {{fbu|22|TLS}}||'''4'''–0||4–0|| [[2018 AFC U-23 Championship qualification]]
|}

===Vietnam===

:''Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first.''<ref name="NFT">{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/63484/Tuan_Anh_Nguyen.html|title=Nguyễn, Tuấn Anh|publisher=National Football Teams|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! No !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 6 October 2016 || [[Thống Nhất Stadium]], [[Hồ Chí Minh City]], [[Vietnam]] || {{fb|PRK}} || align=center | '''1'''–1 || align=center | 5–2 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==

===Vietnam-U19===
: '''Runners-up :''' [[AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]: [[2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2013]], [[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2014]]
: '''Runners-up :''' [[Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy]] : [[2014 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy|2014]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|tuan-anh-nguyen/352969}}
*{{J.League player}}
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDVop63S7mQ
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdxSxY_fqL8

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nguyen, Tuan Anh}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vietnamese footballers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:V.League 1 players]]
[[Category:Vietnam international footballers]]
[[Category:Hoang Anh Gia Lai F.C. players]]
[[Category:Vietnamese expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese expatriate sportspeople in Japan]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Japan]]
[[Category:J2 League players]]
[[Category:Yokohama FC players]]
[[Category:People from Thai Binh Province]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games]]

Nikki Glaser

2019-07-09T19:57:10Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 2 edits by 67.85.174.13 (talk) to last revision by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (TW)

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Nikki Glaser
| image = Nikki Glaser.jpg
| caption = Glaser performing in August 2016
| alma_mater = [[University of Kansas]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|June 1, 1984}}
| birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], U.S.
| medium = [[Stand-up comedy]] [[Podcast]]ing Television
| nationality = American
| active = 2002–present
| spouse =
| children =
| notable_works = ''[[Not Safe with Nikki Glaser]]'' ''[[Nikki & Sara Live]]'' ''[[@midnight]]''
| website = {{URL|http://www.nikkiglaser.com/}}
}}

'''Nikki Glaser''' (born June 1, 1984) is an [[United States|American]] [[stand-up comedian]], [[actress]], [[podcast]] host, radio host and television host. She was the host of the television series ''[[Not Safe with Nikki Glaser]]'', which premiered on [[Comedy Central]] and [[Much (TV channel)|Much]] on February 9, 2016.

==Early life==
Glaser was born on June 1, 1984 in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], the daughter of Julie E. (née Burke) and Edward J. Glaser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/television/gail-pennington/st-louis-comic-nikki-glaser-is-headed-for-mtv-late/article_200d6d94-5350-55d4-8edb-8a38a0bde834.html |title=St. Louis comic Nikki Glaser is headed for MTV late-night |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> She has German and Irish ancestry.<ref name=genref1>{{cite web|url=http://thehalperts.com/genealogy/Default/PersPage_12294.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140942/http://thehalperts.com/genealogy/Default/PersPage_12294.html|archivedate=April 13, 2014|deadurl=yes|title=Nikki Glaser|website=thehalperts.com|accessdate=July 4, 2017}}</ref> Glaser spent most of her childhood in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://splitsider.com/2011/01/the-life-of-th-road-warrior-with-nikki-glaser/ |title=The Life of the Road Warrior with Nikki Glaser |publisher=Splitsider |date=January 27, 2011}}</ref> She graduated from [[Kirkwood High School]] and later graduated from the [[University of Kansas]] with a degree in [[English Literature]].<ref name="youhadtobethere.libsyn.com">{{cite web|url=http://youhadtobethere.libsyn.com/|title=You Had To Be There|publisher=|accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

==Career==

===Stand-up comedy===

Glaser started performing stand-up at the age of 18. Since then, Glaser has performed stand-up on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', ''[[Conan (talk show)|Conan]]'', and two seasons of the reality series ''[[Last Comic Standing]]''.<ref name= "Laugh Button">{{cite web |url=http://thelaughbutton.com/news/nikki-glaser-tape-comedy-central-pilot-nsfw-wnikki-glaser/ |title=Nikki Glaser to tape Comedy Central pilot, NSFW w/Nikki Glaser |publisher=The Laugh Button |date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

===Podcast and radio===

From 2011-2014, Glaser hosted a podcast with comedian [[Sara Schaefer]] called ''You Had To Be There''.<ref name="youhadtobethere.libsyn.com"/>

In March 2015, Glaser appeared on [[Giant Bomb]]'s life advice podcast, Danswers, talking about subjects such as her experience with co-host Dan Ryckert at college.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://giantbomb.com/podcasts/danswers-04-nikki-glaser/1600-1158/ | website= GiantBomb.com | title= Danswers 04: Nikki Glaser| accessdate= February 3, 2016}}</ref>

Glaser co-hosted the podcast ''We Know Nothing'' with comedian Phil Hanley and roommate/musician [[Anya Marina]]. ''We Know Nothing'' is a humorous relationship-based podcast that takes calls from listeners and attempts to give them love advice.<ref name="Laugh Button" /> In 2015, she left the podcast after she determined that it was interfering with her personal relationships.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

From January to October 2016, she hosted the companion podcast to her Comedy Central show "Not Safe" with Dan St. Germain and Brian Frange. Each episode they discussed sex and relationship issues as well as apples.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/not-safe-podcast-with-nikki-glaser/id1072434264?mt=2 |title=Not Safe Podcast with Nikki Glaser |publisher=iTunes}}</ref>

In February 2018, she began hosting ''You Up? With Nikki Glaser'', a daily radio show on Sirius XM.

===Television===

''[[Nikki & Sara Live]]'', a weekly television series hosted by Glaser and Schaefer, premiered on January 29, 2013, on MTV.<ref>{{cite news|last=Angelo|first=Megan|title=Friends First, Talk-Show Hosts Later|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/30/arts/television/nikki-glaser-and-sara-schaefer-get-ready-for-mtv.html|accessdate=December 30, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 28, 2012}}</ref> The show was canceled on October 29, 2013, after two seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/22/nikki-sara-live-canceled-after-two-seasons-by-mtv/217443/|title='Nikki & Sara Live' Canceled After Two Seasons by MTV|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|work=TV by the Numbers|date=November 22, 2013}}</ref>

Glaser has also appeared on [[MTV]] shows such as ''Money from Strangers'', ''[[Awkward (TV series)|Awkward. After Show. You're Welcome.]]'', and ''[[Failosophy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/shows/nikki_and_sara/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=15828 |title=Nikki & Sara LIVE: Cast |publisher=MTV |accessdate=June 30, 2014}}</ref>

On June 2, 2015, [[Comedy Central]] greenlit a sex-themed talk show hosted by Glaser, titled ''[[Not Safe with Nikki Glaser]]''. The show premiered on February 9, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/nikki-glaser-getting-her-own-raunchy-comedy-centra-220243 |title=Nikki Glaser is getting her own raunchy Comedy Central show |publisher=A.V Club |date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> The show was picked up by [[4Music]] in the United Kingdom. The show was cancelled in November 2016.

On September 5, 2016, Glaser appeared on the ''[[Comedy Central Roast|Comedy Central Roast of Rob Lowe]]'' as a Roaster.<ref>[http://www.cc.com/shows/roast-of-rob-lowe "ALL THE ROB THAT'S FIT TO ROAST"] Retrieved September 6, 2016.</ref> She appeared on the ''Comedy Central Roast'' of Bruce Willis on July 28, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cc.com/shows/roast-of-bruce-willis|title=Roast of Bruce Willis|website=Comedy Central|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref>

On September 12, 2018, Glaser was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on [[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)|season 27]] of ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]''. Her professional partner was [[Gleb Savchenko]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/dancing-with-the-stars-season-27-cast-revealed-meet-the-celebs-and-their-pro-partners-109440|title='Dancing With the Stars' Season 27 Cast Revealed -- Meet the Celebs and Their Pro Partners!|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|first=Desiree|last=Murphy|date=September 12, 2018|accessdate=September 12, 2018}}</ref> They were the first couple eliminated from the competition on September 25.

On February 6, 2019, Glaser appeared in the third episode of the third season of the celebrity rap battle competition show ''[[Drop the Mic]]'', where she competed against fellow comedian [[Brad Williams (comedian)|Brad Williams]], ultimately winning the battle.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYdOZ2J7P7k</ref>

===Film===

Glaser played a small role in [[Henry Phillips (comedian)|Henry Phillips]]' 2009 film ''[[Punching the Clown]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1192624/fullcredits#cast | title= Cast of ''Punching the Clown''| website=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref> She also appeared as herself in [[Jordan Brady]]'s 2010 documentary ''[[I Am Comic]]'',<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1568926/fullcredits#cast |title= Cast of ''I Am Comic'' | website= Internet Movie Database}}</ref> and its 2014 sequel, ''I Am Road Comic''.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3883282/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
|title= ''I Am Road Comic'' | website= Internet Movie Database}}</ref>

Glaser had a role in the [[Judd Apatow]]-directed film ''[[Trainwreck (film)|Trainwreck]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nerdist.com/interview-amy-schumer-judd-apatow-on-bringing-trainwreck-to-life/ |title=Interview: Amy Schumer & Judd Apatow on Bringing TRAINWRECK to Life |website=Nerdist.com |date=April 29, 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Glaser has voiced opinions on [[rape culture]], following [[People v. Turner|the Brock Turner case]],<ref name="Romano">{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Nick|title=Channing Tatum on Stanford rape case: 'Rape culture is a very real thing'|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/06/25/channing-tatum-stanford-rape-brock-turner-cosmopolitan|website=EW.com|accessdate=5 July 2016 |date=25 June 2016 |quote=Tatum joins the likes of Lena Dunham and Comedy Central’s Nikki Glaser, who’ve spoken out about rape culture in light of the Stanford case.}}</ref> suggesting Judge [[Aaron Persky]], who handed down Turner's sentence, should be a synonym for rape apologist.<ref name="Bacle">{{cite web|last1=Bacle|first1=Ariana|title=Nikki Glaser slams Stanford rape case judge on Not Safe|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/06/20/not-safe-nikki-glaser-stanford-rape-case|website=EW.com|accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref> 

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#; height:10px;"| Year
! style="background:#; height:10px;"| Title
! style="background:#; height:10px;"| Role
! style="background:#; height:10px;"| Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Punching the Clown]]'' || Olympia ||
|-
| ''[[It's On with Alexa Chung]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[I Am Comic]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| 2011-12 || ''[[Red Eye (TV series)|Red Eye]]'' || Panelist || Has appeared in two episodes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Awkward (TV series)|Awkward. After Show. You're Welcome.]]'' || Host || Co-hosted with [[Sara Schaefer]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2013 || ''[[Nikki & Sara Live]]'' || Host/Creator || Co-hosted and co-created with Sara Schaefer
|-
|''[[Conan (talk show)|Conan]]'' || Herself ||
|-
|''[[Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell]]'' || Guest ||
|-
| ''[[Last Call with Carson Daly]]'' || Guest ||
|-
| ''[[The Half Hour]]'' || Herself || Season 2 Episode 2: Stand-up comedy set
|-
| ''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]'' || Amanda || Episode 3: A Porn Star Is Born
|-
| ''Women Who Kill'' || Herself ||
|-
|rowspan"1"| 2013–17 || ''[[@midnight]]'' || Herself || Has appeared in twenty episodes.
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Big Morning Buzz Live]] || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Adam DeVine's House Party]]'' || Herself || Season 2 Episode 7: Marriage Material
|-
| ''I Am Road Comic'' || Herself ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]] || Guest co-host ||
|-
| ''[[VH1 Top 20 Countdown]]'' || Guest co-host ||
|-
| ''[[Trainwreck (film)|Trainwreck]]'' || Lisa ||
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2016 || ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]] || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Not Safe with Nikki Glaser]]'' || Herself/Host ||
|-
| ''Nikki Glaser's Perfect'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Conan (talk show)|Conan]]'' || Guest || Herself |
|-
| ''[[And Punching the Clown]]'' || Claire the Bartender ||
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Roast|Comedy Central Roast of Rob Lowe]]'' || Herself/Roaster || Television special
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''The Standups'' || Herself ||
|-
|''[[Adam Ruins Everything#Season 2 (2017–18)|Adam Ruins Everything]] || Sallie Mae || Episode: ''Adam Ruins College''
|-
|''[[American Ninja Warrior#Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day|American Ninja Warrior]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 || ''[[A.P. Bio]]'' || Chloe from Baltimore ||
|-
|''[[Alone Together (TV series)|Alone Together]] ''|| Annette || Episode: ''Property Management''
|-
| ''[[The Comedy Central Roast]]''
| Herself
| Episode: “Bruce Willis”
|-
|''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)|Dancing with the Stars]]''
|Herself/Contestant
|Season 27; eliminated first
|-
|''[[The Fix (2018 TV series)|The Fix]]''
|Panelist
|Has appeared in two episodes
|-
|-
| ''[[Jeff Ross Presents Roast Battle]]''
| Judge ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://nikkiglaser.com/ NikkiGlaser.com]
* {{Twitter}}
* [http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article89598237.html 2016 Nikki Glaser interview] with Jon Niccum

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glaser, Nikki}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Actresses from St. Louis]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American podcasters]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Missouri]]
[[Category:Comedians from Ohio]]
[[Category:Late night television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:University of Kansas alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Women podcasters]]

Devon Larratt

2019-05-29T20:23:01Z

CLCStudent: Reverted 1 edit by 2600:387:6:9A2:0:0:0:8 (talk) to last revision by 96.59.124.41 (TW)

{{Infobox person
| name = Devon Larratt
| residence = Big Island, [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] <ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.walunderground.com/competitors/competitors-details/devon-larratt |title=Devon Larratt Profile |publisher=''walunderground.com'' |date= |accessdate=2018-10-15}}</ref>
| other_names = "No Limits"
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|4|24|}}
| birth_place = [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada
| known =
| nationality = Canadian
| occupation = [[Arm wrestling|Arm wrestler]]
| title =
| salary =
| website =
| footnotes =
| employer =
| height = {{convert|1.95|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bio"/>
| weight = {{convert|120|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bio"/><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c81rOQVHVK0</ref>
}}

'''Devon "No Limits" Larratt''' (born 24 April 1975 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional [[armwrestler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armwrestlersonly.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/devon-larratt.html|title=Devon Larratt|work=armwrestlersonly.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada, Larratt's interest in armwrestling began in the early teens. After joining the [[Canadian Special Forces]] at the age of 21, Larratt still managed to train and compete, and he credits the experience gained at different military bases as a large part of his success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/local-sports/arms-and-the-man-devon-larratt-is-set-to-take-on-the-world-of-pro-arm-wrestling|title=Arms and the man: Devon Larratt is set to take on the world of pro arm wrestling|date=27 December 2014|work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]}}</ref> In 2013, Larratt had surgery on his right arm and elbow, forcing him to compete left-handed only. He also had the same surgery on his left elbow in 2016, but recovered much faster that time, as he won the World Armwrestling League (WAL) with that arm the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/devon.larratt.5?fref=ts|title=Devon Larratt - Facebook|work=facebook.com}}</ref>

Larratt has, amongst other things, been known for defeating the armwrestler [[John Brzenk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2nk5aVz6zs|title=DEVON LARRATT vs JOHN BRZENK ( 6 - 0 )|first=|last=Tomás Emilio Silva Ebensperger|date=11 May 2009|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 2015, Larratt won the WAL Left-Arm Heavyweight (196–225 lb) title. He also took third place in the Right-Arm.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.walunderground.com/competitors/competitors-details/devon-larratt|title=World Armwrestling League - Competitors|work=walunderground.com}}</ref> In 2016, Larratt successfully defended his WAL Left-Arm title, and also won the WAL Right-Arm Heavyweight championship claiming two "hammers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walunderground.com/news/news-details/2016-championships-pro-results|title=World Armwrestling League - News|work=walunderground.com}}</ref> In 2017 he repeated this result by winning the WAL Championships again, in both the Right-Arm Heavyweight and Left-Arm Heavyweight categories. In 2018 he lost the WAL Championship Right-Arm Super Heavyweights final against Michael Todd. Later that year, during Armfight 50, he lost a left-hand match-up against Denis Cyplenkov 6-0.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Larratt, Devon}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Arm wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia]]

{{Canada-sport-bio-stub}}

Pikes Peak Goldrausch

2019-05-06T21:10:28Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 64.37.19.97 (talk) to last version by Graham87

[[File:Pikes Peak miners.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|Gold prospectors in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of western [[Kansas Territory]]]]
The '''Pike's Peak Gold Rush''' (later known as the '''Colorado Gold Rush''') was the boom in [[gold]] prospecting and mining in the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of western [[Kansas Territory]] and southwestern [[Nebraska Territory]] of the United States that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest [[gold rushes]] in [[North America]]n history.<ref name=ArapahoCamp>{{cite web | date = December 19, 2006 | url = http://www.denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp | title = Denver History – The Arapaho Camp | format = [[Active Server Pages|ASP]]/[[HTML]] | work = Mile High City | author = Thomas J. Noel | publisher = City and County of Denver | accessdate = December 19, 2006 | authorlink = Thomas Noel (historian) | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013125031/http://denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp | archivedate = October 13, 2007 | df = }}</ref>

The participants in the gold rush were known as "[[Fifty-Niner]]s" after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto '''Pike's Peak or Bust!''' In fact, the location of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush was centered {{convert|85|mi}} north of Pike's Peak. The name Pike's Peak Gold Rush was used mainly because of how well known and important Pike's Peak was at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Robert|title=The Great Pikes Peak Gold Rush|year=1985|publisher=Caxton Press|location=Caldwell, Idaho|isbn=0-87004-412-5}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Prospector in Pikes Peak, CO 4a09164a original.jpg|thumb|Prospector in Pikes Peak]]
The Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which followed the [[California Gold Rush]] by approximately one decade, produced a dramatic but temporary influx of [[immigrant]]s into the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of the [[Rocky Mountains|Southern Rocky Mountains]]. The rush was exemplified by the slogan "Pike's Peak or Bust!", a reference to the prominent mountain at the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains that guided many early prospectors to the region westward over the [[Great Plains]]. The [[Prospecting|prospector]]s provided the first major [[White American|European-American]] population in the region.

The rush created a few mining camps such as [[Denver, Colorado|Denver City]] and [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder City]] that would develop into cities. Many smaller camps such as [[Auraria, Colorado|Auraria]] and [[Denver, Colorado#History|Saint Charles City]] were absorbed by larger camps and towns. Scores of other mining camps have faded into [[ghost town]]s, but quite a few camps such as [[Central City, Colorado|Central City]], [[Black Hawk, Colorado|Black Hawk]], [[Georgetown, Colorado|Georgetown]], and [[Idaho Springs, Colorado|Idaho Springs]] survive.

==Discovery==
[[File:At timber line, Pike's Peak trail. Colo, by Martin, Alexander, d. 1929.jpg|thumb|left|"At timber line, Pike's Peak trail" ~ circa unknown]]

For many years, people had suspected the mountains in present-day Colorado contained numerous rich gold deposits. In 1835, French trapper Eustace Carriere lost his party and ended up wandering through the mountains for many weeks. During those weeks he found many gold specimens which he later took back to New Mexico for examination. Upon examination, they turned out to be "pure gold". But when he tried to lead an expedition back to the location of where he found the gold, they came up short because he could not quite remember the location.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hafen|first1=Le Roy Reuben|title=The Illustrated Miners' Hand-book and Guide to Pike's Peak: With a New and Reliable Map, Showing All the Routes and the Gold Regions of Western Kansas and Nebraska|year=1859|publisher=Parker and Huyett|location=Saint Louis}}</ref>

In 1849 and 1850, several parties of gold seekers bound for the [[California Gold Rush]] [[placer mining|panned]] small amounts of gold from various streams in the [[South Platte River]] valley at the foot of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The Rocky Mountain gold failed to impress or delay men with visions of unlimited wealth in California, and the discoveries were not reported for several years.<ref name=PikesPeakGold>{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html | title = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | work = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | author = Gehling, Richard | publisher = Richard Gehling | accessdate = December 19, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215083309/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html|archivedate=2006-02-15}}</ref>

As the hysteria of the California Gold Rush faded, many discouraged gold seekers returned home. Rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted and several small parties explored the region. In the summer of 1857, a party of [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] gold seekers from [[New Mexico]] worked a [[placer mining|placer deposit]] along the South Platte River about 5 miles (8 kilometers) above [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]], now part of metropolitan [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]].<ref name=ArapahoCamp/>
[[File:Gold mining in Boren's Gulch. La Plata County, Colorado - NARA - 517143.jpg|thumb|Sluicing for gold, photo by the U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories. (1874–1879) Photographer: [[William Henry Jackson]]]]
[[William Greeneberry Russell|William Greeneberry "Green" Russell]] was a [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgian]] who worked in the California gold fields in the 1850s. Russell was married to a [[Cherokee]] woman, and through his connections to the tribe, he heard about an 1849 discovery of gold along the South Platte River. Green Russell organized a party to prospect along the South Platte River, setting off with his two brothers and six companions in February 1858. They rendezvoused with Cherokee tribe members along the [[Arkansas River]] in present-day [[Oklahoma]] and continued westward along the [[Santa Fe Trail]]. Others joined the party along the way until their number reached 107.<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>

Upon reaching [[Bent's Fort]], they turned to the northwest, reaching the confluence of [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]] and the South Platte on May 23. The site of their initial explorations is in present-day [[Confluence Park]] in Denver. They began prospecting in the river beds, exploring Cherry Creek and nearby [[Ralston Creek (Colorado)|Ralston Creek]] but without success. In the first week of July 1858, Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of [[Little Dry Creek (Englewood, Colorado)|Little Dry Creek]] that yielded about 20 [[troy ounce]]s (622 grams) of gold, the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. The site of the discovery is in the present-day Denver suburb of [[Englewood, Colorado|Englewood]], just north of the junction of [[U.S. Highway 285]] and [[U.S. Highway 85]].<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>

==Initial boom==
[[File:Pikes peak-gold rush-map01.jpg|360px|thumb|A map from the late 1850s showing prominent routes to the gold regions]]

The first decade of the boom was largely concentrated along the South Platte River at the base of the Rocky Mountains, in the canyon of [[Clear Creek (Colorado)|Clear Creek]] in the mountains west of Golden City, at [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]] and in [[South Park (Park County, Colorado)|South Park]] at [[Como, Colorado|Como]], [[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]], and [[Alma, Colorado|Alma]]. By 1860, Denver City, [[Golden, Colorado|Golden City]], and Boulder City were substantial towns that served the mines. Rapid population growth led to the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] in 1861.

The Pike's Peak Gold Rush sent many Americans into a frenzy, prompting them to pack up their belongings and head to Colorado. This initial boom influenced people to begin falsifying information, often sending people out to the west without any proof of a true presence of gold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush|title=Colorado Gold Rush|date=May 6, 2016|publisher=Colorado Encyclopedia|accessdate=November 16, 2017}}</ref> As early as the spring of 1859, people raced to the Pike's Peak country. Some even dared to go out in the winter of 1858 to try to get a head start, only to realize that they would have to wait until the snow melted to even begin their mining for gold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pike's Peak Gold Rush|url=http://www.explore-old-west-colorado.com/pikes-peak-gold-rush.html|website=Explore Old West Colorado|accessdate=July 29, 2014}}</ref>

===Free gold===
{{Main|Gold mining in Colorado}}
Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their [[Patio process|amalgamation]] mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.<ref>A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) ''Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States'', US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.86.</ref> This problem was eventually solved and gold and silver mining in Colorado became a major industry.

Colorado produced 150,000 ounces of gold in 1861 and 225,000 troy ounces in 1862. This led Congress to establish the [[Denver Mint]]. Cumulative Colorado production by 1865 was 1.25 million ounces, of which sixty percent was placer gold.<ref name=Voynick>Voynick, S.M., 1992, Colorado Gold, Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, {{ISBN|0878424555}}</ref>{{rp|28–30}}

==See also==
*[[Australian gold rushes]]
*[[Colorado Silver Boom]]
*[[Horace Greeley]], namesake of [[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]], [[Colorado]], who mined for gold in the rush
*[[Klondike Gold Rush]]
*[[Silver mining in Colorado]]
*[[Ute people]]
*[[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links}}

{{coord|39|39|35|N|105|00|10|W|region:US-CO_type:event|display=title}}

{{Gold rush}}
{{Colorado}}
{{Wild West}}

[[Category:American gold rushes]]
[[Category:Gold mining in Colorado]]
[[Category:Colorado Mining Boom]]
[[Category:Pikes Peak]]
[[Category:1858 in Kansas Territory]]
[[Category:American Old West]]
[[Category:Kansas Territory]]
[[Category:Jefferson Territory]]
[[Category:Economy of Colorado]]
[[Category:Mining in Colorado]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Colorado]]
[[Category:1858 in the United States]]
[[Category:19th century in Colorado]]

Nigger in the Woodpile

2019-04-27T18:18:33Z

CLCStudent: Reverted edits by 68.151.158.56 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{For|the film|A Nigger in the Woodpile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
[[File:The Nigger in the Woodpile.jpg|thumb|A [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] parody, titled "The Nigger in the Woodpile", lampooned what they claimed were Republican efforts to play down the antislavery plank in their 1860 platform. Republican candidate [[Abraham Lincoln]], who had worked as a laborer splitting wooden rails as a young man, is sitting on top of the pile.]]
A '''nigger in the woodpile''' or '''fence''' is a [[figure of speech]] originating in the [[United States]] meaning "some fact of considerable importance that is not disclosed—something suspicious or wrong".<ref name="Conforth2013">{{cite book|author=Bruce M. Conforth|title=African American Folksong and American Cultural Politics: The Lawrence Gellert Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2mqs_FvabIC&pg=PA145|date=16 May 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8489-2|page=145}}</ref>

Commonly used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, usage has declined since then, and use of the phrase by public figures has often been followed by criticism over the racism of the term "[[nigger]]". Thus, the phrase has been supplanted by the similar (though not entirely synonymous) phrase "[[Skeleton in the closet (idiom)|skeletons in the closet]]" which carries no such connotations.

== Origin ==
Both the "fence" and "woodpile" variants developed about the same time in the period of 1840–50,<ref>"nigger, n. and adj., §P2" OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 11 July 2017.</ref> when the [[Underground Railroad]] was flourishing. The evidence is slight, but it is presumed that they were derived from actual instances of the concealment of [[fugitive slaves]] in their flight north under piles of firewood or within hiding places in stone walls.<ref>"nigger, n. and adj., etymology" OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 11 July 2017.</ref><ref>"Heavens to Betsy" (1955, Harper & Row) by [[Charles Earle Funk]]</ref> Another possible origin comes from the practice of transporting [[pulpwood]] on special railroad cars. In the era of slavery, the pulpwood cars were built with an outer frame with the wood being stacked inside in moderately neat rows and stacks. However, given the nature of the cars, it was possible to smuggle persons in the pile itself, possibly giving rise to the term.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

== Usage ==
===Historical===
An American film comedy titled ''[[A Nigger in the Woodpile]]'' was released in 1904,<ref name=Stewart>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Jacqueline Najuma|title=Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Modernity|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-23350-6|page=1}}</ref> and the idiom was common in literature and film during the 1920s and 30s. Examples include the original 1927 version of the [[Hardy Boys]] book ''[[The House on the Cliff]]'' (pg. 77), where Frank Hardy uses the expression (removed when the story was revised in 1959), and the old-time band [[Skillet Lickers]] recording a song called "Nigger in the Woodpile" in 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/skillet-lickers-vol-4-1929-1930-mw0000007207|title=Skillet Lickers, Vol. 4: 1929–1930 – The Skillet Lickers – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic|author=Steve Leggett|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref>

[[Dr. Seuss]] used the term in a 1929 cartoon "Cross-Section of The World's Most Prosperous Department Store", wherein customers browse through a department store looking for items to make their lives more difficult. The panels show a series of scenarios based on popular figures of speech: a man with a net trying to catch a [[fly in the ointment|fly for his ointment]], another looking at [[monkeywrenching|monkey wrenches to throw into his machinery]], one examining [[needle in a haystack (disambiguation)|haystacks with matching needles]], and finally a man looking at a selection of "niggers" for his woodpile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/27/racist-dr-seuss_n_7446806.html|title=One Particularly Upsetting And Racist Dr. Seuss Cartoon Is Heading To Auction|first=Priscilla|last=Frank|date=27 May 2015|work=Huff Post}}</ref>

The author Zane Grey's 1921 novel ''The Mysterious Rider'' uses the expression at least twice throughout the story to explain a situation in which facts were purposefully omitted.

In the 1930 "pre-code" comedy “[[Not So Dumb]],” Marion Davies consistently and constantly convolutes common idioms and expressions. After finally finding misplaced billiard balls that she had used as darning eggs, she proudly exclaims, “I just knew there was a woodpile in the nigger when I couldn't find 'em.”{{cn|date=March 2019}}

A visual gag in the [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon "[[Porky's Railroad]]" from 1937 refers to the phrase.

The phrase is also used in ''[[The Razor's Edge]]'' by [[Somerset Maugham]]. One of the American characters, on the brink of closing a business deal, says to the narrator, "I'll fly down to Texas to give the outfit the once-over, and you bet I'll keep my eyes peeled for a nigger in the woodpile before I cough up any ... dough."<ref>The Razor's Edge (Vintage International) (Part Seven, Chapter 3, p. 244).</ref>

In Chapter 3 of ''[[Absalom, Absalom]]'' William Faulkner uses the phrase when referring to the success of a cotton plantation: “. . .some among his fellow citizens who believed even yet that there was a nigger in the woodpile somewhere." <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28378575|title=Absalom, Absalom! : the corrected text|last=1897-1962.|first=Faulkner, William,|date=1993|publisher=Modern Library|year=|isbn=0679600728|edition= 1993 Modern Library |location=New York|pages=72|oclc=28378575}}</ref>

In the book ''Your Health: A Corrective System of Exercising that Revolutionizes the Entire Field of Physical Education'', by Joseph H. Pilates in 1934, page 18 writes, "This is the 'Nigger in the wood pile'."<ref>Pilates, Joseph H., (1934) Your Health: A Corrective System of Exercising that Revolutionizes the Entire Field of Physical Education. Published by Joseph H. Pilates.</ref>

Agatha Christie used the phrase as the title of chapter 18 of the 1937 [[Hercule Poirot]] novel ''[[Dumb Witness]]'', which was later published in the U.S. as ''Poirot Loses a Client''. The chapter was later retitled "A Cuckoo in the Nest". The phrase was also used by a character in early editions of Christie's novel ''[[And Then There Were None]]'' (originally released under the title ''Ten Little Niggers''), but was changed in later editions to ''There's a [[fly in the ointment]]''. As late as 1952, in the novel ''[[They Do It with Mirrors]]'', published in the U.S. as ''Murder with Mirrors,'' she has a character use the phrase. It appears in editions published as late as 1985.

[[W. C. Fields]] used variations of this phrase in two of his films: In ''[[You Can't Cheat an Honest Man]]'' (1939) he said there was "an Ubangi in the fuel supply", and in ''[[My Little Chickadee]]'' (1940) he said there was "an Ethiopian in the fuel supply".

In the song, "This Could Be True", [[Pat Kirkwood (actress)|Pat Kirkwood]] and [[Graham Payn]] sing the phrase in [[Noël Coward]]'s 1950 musical ''[[Ace of Clubs (musical)|Ace of Clubs]]''.

Popular western author [[Louis L'Amour]] used a variant in ''Crossfire Trail'' (1954): "Now there seemed to be a larger African in the woodpile, or several of them."

In 2018 Australian shock jock [[Alan Jones (radio broadcaster)|Alan Jones]] referred to [[Mathias Cormann]] in the context of moves to change the leadership of the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Parliamentary Liberal Party]], as "the nigger in the woodpile."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/n-in-the-wood-pile-alan-jones-uses-racial-slur-on-air-20180823-p4zz7p.html|title='We all make mistakes': Jones apologises for using racial slur|first=Broede|last=Carmody|date=23 August 2018|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

In 2018 it was revealed that Irish race car driver and commentator [[Derek Daly]] had used the phrase in a radio interview in 1980. He did so while describing how he was the only non-American on his new race team. Once it was revealed, Derek lost his commentator job. His son also lost his sponsor for the weekend.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jalopnik.com/conor-daly-loses-weekend-nascar-sponsorship-after-dads-1828590727|title=Conor Daly Loses Weekend NASCAR Sponsorship After Dad's Reported Use of the N-Word|last=King|first=Alanis|work=Jalopnik|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Contemporary usage===
The phrase declined in use during the 20th century, and now the occasional use of this phrase by public figures has often been followed by controversy and apology.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

====Lord Dixon-Smith====
In July 2008, the leader of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]], [[David Cameron]], was urged to sack Conservative peer [[Lord Dixon-Smith]], who said in the [[House of Lords]] that concerns about government housing legislation were "the nigger in the woodpile". Dixon-Smith said the phrase had "slipped out without my thinking", and that "It was common parlance when I was younger".<ref name="cameron">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/2273176/David-Cameron-urged-to-sack-Tory-peer-after-nigger-in-the-woodpile-remark.html|title=David Cameron urged to sack Tory peer after 'nigger in the woodpile' remark – David Cameron is facing calls to sack a Conservative peer who described concerns over government housing legislation as "the nigger in the woodpile" during a House of Lords debate.|author=Lucy Cockcroft|website=The Daily Telegraph|date=9 July 2008}}</ref>

====Anne Marie Morris====
In July 2017, the phrase was again used by British Conservative Party politician [[Anne Marie Morris]] who said that [[Brexit]] without a deal with the European Union was the "real nigger in the woodpile". She later apologised, saying, "The comment was totally unintentional. I apologise unreservedly for any offence caused."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40555639|title=MP Anne Marie Morris apologises for racist remark|date=10 July 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-brexiteer-uk-leaving-eu-without-deal-n-word-in-the-woodpile-anne-marie-morris-newton-abbott-a7833786.html|title=Tory Brexiteer describes UK leaving EU without deal as 'real n***** in the woodpile'|date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/tory-mp-racist-brexit-recording_uk_59638608e4b02e9bdb0e2c77?|title=Listen As Tory MP Recorded Saying Brexit No Deal Is A 'N***** In A Woodpile'|date=10 July 2017}}</ref> However, she was suspended the same day by the party's [[chief whip]], on the orders of party leader, the prime minister, [[Theresa May]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/10/tories-urgently-investigating-after-mp-uses-n-word-at-public-event|title=Theresa May orders Tory MP to be suspended after using N-word |date=10 July 2017|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The Conservative Party whip was restored to Morris on 12 December 2017, one day before a crucial vote on the Brexit process. Although Morris voted with the Conservative Government, the Government was defeated by four votes.<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = Anne Marie Morris: Tory MP has whip restored after racist remark | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42322022 | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 12 December 2017 | access-date = 12 December 2017 }}</ref>

====Alan Jones====
In 2019, the [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]] (ACMA) ruled that radio station [[2GB]] breached the Commercial Radio Code of Practice when the broadcaster [[Alan Jones (radio broadcaster)|Alan Jones]] used a "racially charged phrase" during a segment in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-29/sydney-news-morning-briefing-friday-march-29/10950098|title=Jones used 'racially charged phrase'|date=29 March 2019|publisher=ABC News Australia}}</ref> ACMA received numerous complaints after Jones used the controversial phrase in August 2018, while discussing the looming second [[Liberal Party of Australia]] leadership spill. "The nigger in the woodpile here, if one can use that expression — and I'm not going to yield to people who tell us that certain words in the language are forbidden — the person who's playing hard to get is [[Mathias Cormann]]," Jones told listeners. ACMA found that, while the phrase was widely considered racist, its use in the broadcast didn't likely incite "hatred", "serious contempt" or "severe ridicule". 2GB's management agreed the term will not be used on-air again.{{cn|date=April 2019}}

== See also ==
* [[The Dog in the Manger|Dog in the manger]]
* [[Elephant in the room]]
* [[Skeleton in the closet (idiom)|Skeleton in the closet]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
*[http://loc.harpweek.com/LCPoliticalCartoons/DisplayCartoonMedium.asp?MaxID=&UniqueID=4&Year=1860&YearMark= Racist parody of Republican platform] from 1860 Presidential campaign, in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]''
*[http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/714/714_cariou.htm Epistemology of the Woodpile], ''[[University of Toronto]] Quarterly''
*[http://hnn.us/articles/1828.html#11130301 History News Network blog post] about origins of term
*[http://hnn.us/articles/1368.html#11180302 History News Network blog post] about a recent controversy
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=nlgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72&#v=onepage&q&f=false Phrase used in 1918 advertisement for Patterson Publishing Company] The Rotarian magazine

[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to people]]