https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=CISWikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-05-03T05:18:39ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.27https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251663Holozän-Kalender2011-07-05T21:54:05Z<p>CIS: /* Motivation */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', also known as the '''Holocene era''' or '''Human era''' (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently world-dominant ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) and [[Common Era]] (CE) system, placing its first year near the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch and the [[Neolithic revolution]]. Holocene calendar proponents claim that it makes for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating, as well as that it bases its epoch on a more universally relevant event. The current year of {{currentyear}} AD can be transformed into a Holocene year by adding the digit "1" before it, making it 1{{currentyear}} HE. The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of claimed problems with the current ''Anno Domini'' era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. These issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' era (or Common Era) is based on an erroneous estimation of [[Chronology of Jesus#Year of birth|the birth year]] of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]. The era places Jesus' birth year in 1 BC, but modern scholars have determined that he was born in either 6 AD or before 3 BC.<br />
* The approximate birth year of Jesus is seen by some as a less universally-relevant [[epoch (reference date)|epoch event]] than the approximate beginning of the Holocene epoch.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC<br />
* The Gregorian calendar has no [[year zero]], with 1 BC followed immediately by AD 1, complicating the determination of the interval between years on opposite sides of the BC/AD era marker. Many historical lives and regimes span that marker.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last single digits of BC and HE equivalent pairs must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2501 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[8.2 ka event]]<br />
| c. 6200 BC<br />
| c. 3801 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in Middle East - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximated date of possible Black Sea inundation [[Black Sea deluge theory]]<br />
| c. 5600 BC<br />
| c. 4401 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of Northwestern European [[Neolithic#Europe|Neolithic]]<br />
| c.5500 BC<br />
| c.4500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Julian Day Number]] 0<br />
| January 1, 4713 BC <br> (from noon UTC)<br />
| 5288 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Day of Creation according to the [[Ussher chronology]]<br />
| October 23, 4004 BC<br />
| 5997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of construction of [[Passage grave|Passage Graves]] in Ireland<br />
| c. 4000 BC<br />
| c. 6000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[5.9 ka event]]<br />
| c. 3900 BC<br />
| c. 6101 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebrew calendar#Epoch|Hebrew calendar's]] epoch<br />
| October 7, 3761 BC<br />
| 6240 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Mayan creation date]] <br />
| August 11, 3114 BC<br />
| 6915 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narmer]] or [[Menes]], [[First dynasty of Egypt|first Pharaoh of the unified Egypt]] <br />
| c. 3100 BC<br />
| c. 6901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7001 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in China<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moses]] leads the [[Hebrew]]s out of [[Egypt]] according to the Old Testament<br />
| c. 1255 BC<br />
| c. 8746 HE<br />
|- <br />
|Foundation of Rome, 1 [[Ab urbe condita|AUC]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]], king of [[Anshan]] and [[Persia]] <br />
| 559 BC<br />
| 9442 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]; [[Ptolemy Soter|Ptolemy I Soter]] becomes Pharaoh of Egypt<br />
| 323 BC<br />
| 9678 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Destruction of [[Carthage]] and annexation of the [[Fourth Macedonian War|Macedonian Kingdom]] by the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]<br />
| 146 BC<br />
| 9855 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]] suicide and end of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]].<br />
| August 12, 30 BC<br />
| 9971 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus]] becomes the first Emperor of Rome<br />
| January 16, 27 BC<br />
| 9974 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Birth of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]<br />
| 5 BC<br />
| 9996 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Herod the Great]]<br />
| {{nowrap|Late March or Early April, 4 BC}}<br />
| 9997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Possible year of Jesus' crucifixion <br />
| AD 30<br />
| 10030 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300–476 <br />
| {{nowrap|10300–10476 HE}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Constantine I|Constantine]] converts to [[Christianity]]; defeats [[Maxentius]]<br />
| AD 312<br />
| 10312 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Edict of Milan]]: freedom of cult for the Christians.<br />
| AD 313<br />
| 10313 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| The [[Muslim]]s, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], reach the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. <br />
| AD 711<br />
| 10711 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to Europe<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Osman I]] becomes Sultan of the Ghazi state of [[Söğüt]] and establishes the [[Ottoman Dynasty]]; <br />
| AD 1299<br />
| 11299 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] reduces Asia and Europe's population by 30% to 60% <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mehmet II]], Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], conquers [[Constantinople]].<br />
| AD 1453<br />
| 11453 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vasco da Gama]] reaches India, by sea, through circumnavigating the [[Africa|African continent]]<br />
| AD 1498<br />
| 11498 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil is officially discovered and reclaimed by the Portuguese<br />
| April 22, AD 1500<br />
| 11500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|The United States of America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[French Revolution]]<br />
| July 14, AD 1789<br />
| 11789 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Independence of the [[Hispanic America|Hispanic-American]] countries<br />
| AD 1811–30<br />
| 11811–30 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Belle Époque]]; [[World War I|First World War]]<br />
| AD 1914–18<br />
| 11914–18 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939–45<br />
| 11939–45 HE<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| Establishment of the [[United Nations]]<br />
| AD 1945<br />
| 11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| Conquest of [[Mount Everest]]<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Discovery of [[DNA]] genetic code<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuri Gagarin]] becomes [[Human spaceflight|The first human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[SN1987A]]<br />
| AD 1987<br />
| 11987 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human Genome Project|Completion of Human Genome Project]]<br />
| AD 2003<br />
| 12003 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ Boxing Day Tsunami]]<br />
| AD 2004<br />
| 12004 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149 | isbn=9780471298274}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48 | isbn=9783540634362}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holocene Calendar}}<br />
<br />
[[be-x-old:Галяцэнскі каляндар]]<br />
[[br:Deiziadur holosenek]]<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[da:Holocæne kalender]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:گاهشماری هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[hu:Holocén naptár]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[pt:Calendário Holoceno]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251660Holozän-Kalender2011-07-05T21:52:46Z<p>CIS: Undid revision 436867781 by MarcCountry (talk) biased</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', also known as the '''Holocene era''' or '''Human era''' (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently world-dominant ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) and [[Common Era]] (CE) system, placing its first year near the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch and the [[Neolithic revolution]]. Holocene calendar proponents claim that it makes for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating, as well as that it bases its epoch on a more universally relevant event. The current year of {{currentyear}} AD can be transformed into a Holocene year by adding the digit "1" before it, making it 1{{currentyear}} HE. The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of claimed problems with the current ''Anno Domini'' era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. These issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' era (or Common Era) is based on an erroneous estimation of [[Chronology of Jesus#Year of birth|the birth year]] of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]. The era places Jesus' birth year in 1 BC, but modern scholars have determined that he was born either before 4 BC or in 6 AD.<br />
* The approximate birth year of Jesus is seen by some as a less universally-relevant [[epoch (reference date)|epoch event]] than the approximate beginning of the Holocene epoch.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC<br />
* The Gregorian calendar has no [[year zero]], with 1 BC followed immediately by AD 1, complicating the determination of the interval between years on opposite sides of the BC/AD era marker. Many historical lives and regimes span that marker.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last single digits of BC and HE equivalent pairs must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2501 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[8.2 ka event]]<br />
| c. 6200 BC<br />
| c. 3801 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in Middle East - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximated date of possible Black Sea inundation [[Black Sea deluge theory]]<br />
| c. 5600 BC<br />
| c. 4401 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of Northwestern European [[Neolithic#Europe|Neolithic]]<br />
| c.5500 BC<br />
| c.4500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Julian Day Number]] 0<br />
| January 1, 4713 BC <br> (from noon UTC)<br />
| 5288 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Day of Creation according to the [[Ussher chronology]]<br />
| October 23, 4004 BC<br />
| 5997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of construction of [[Passage grave|Passage Graves]] in Ireland<br />
| c. 4000 BC<br />
| c. 6000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[5.9 ka event]]<br />
| c. 3900 BC<br />
| c. 6101 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebrew calendar#Epoch|Hebrew calendar's]] epoch<br />
| October 7, 3761 BC<br />
| 6240 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Mayan creation date]] <br />
| August 11, 3114 BC<br />
| 6915 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narmer]] or [[Menes]], [[First dynasty of Egypt|first Pharaoh of the unified Egypt]] <br />
| c. 3100 BC<br />
| c. 6901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7001 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in China<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moses]] leads the [[Hebrew]]s out of [[Egypt]] according to the Old Testament<br />
| c. 1255 BC<br />
| c. 8746 HE<br />
|- <br />
|Foundation of Rome, 1 [[Ab urbe condita|AUC]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]], king of [[Anshan]] and [[Persia]] <br />
| 559 BC<br />
| 9442 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]; [[Ptolemy Soter|Ptolemy I Soter]] becomes Pharaoh of Egypt<br />
| 323 BC<br />
| 9678 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Destruction of [[Carthage]] and annexation of the [[Fourth Macedonian War|Macedonian Kingdom]] by the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]<br />
| 146 BC<br />
| 9855 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]] suicide and end of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]].<br />
| August 12, 30 BC<br />
| 9971 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus]] becomes the first Emperor of Rome<br />
| January 16, 27 BC<br />
| 9974 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Birth of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]<br />
| 5 BC<br />
| 9996 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Herod the Great]]<br />
| {{nowrap|Late March or Early April, 4 BC}}<br />
| 9997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Possible year of Jesus' crucifixion <br />
| AD 30<br />
| 10030 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300–476 <br />
| {{nowrap|10300–10476 HE}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Constantine I|Constantine]] converts to [[Christianity]]; defeats [[Maxentius]]<br />
| AD 312<br />
| 10312 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Edict of Milan]]: freedom of cult for the Christians.<br />
| AD 313<br />
| 10313 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| The [[Muslim]]s, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], reach the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. <br />
| AD 711<br />
| 10711 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to Europe<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Osman I]] becomes Sultan of the Ghazi state of [[Söğüt]] and establishes the [[Ottoman Dynasty]]; <br />
| AD 1299<br />
| 11299 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] reduces Asia and Europe's population by 30% to 60% <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mehmet II]], Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], conquers [[Constantinople]].<br />
| AD 1453<br />
| 11453 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vasco da Gama]] reaches India, by sea, through circumnavigating the [[Africa|African continent]]<br />
| AD 1498<br />
| 11498 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil is officially discovered and reclaimed by the Portuguese<br />
| April 22, AD 1500<br />
| 11500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|The United States of America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[French Revolution]]<br />
| July 14, AD 1789<br />
| 11789 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Independence of the [[Hispanic America|Hispanic-American]] countries<br />
| AD 1811–30<br />
| 11811–30 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Belle Époque]]; [[World War I|First World War]]<br />
| AD 1914–18<br />
| 11914–18 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939–45<br />
| 11939–45 HE<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| Establishment of the [[United Nations]]<br />
| AD 1945<br />
| 11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| Conquest of [[Mount Everest]]<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Discovery of [[DNA]] genetic code<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuri Gagarin]] becomes [[Human spaceflight|The first human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[SN1987A]]<br />
| AD 1987<br />
| 11987 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human Genome Project|Completion of Human Genome Project]]<br />
| AD 2003<br />
| 12003 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ Boxing Day Tsunami]]<br />
| AD 2004<br />
| 12004 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149 | isbn=9780471298274}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48 | isbn=9783540634362}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holocene Calendar}}<br />
<br />
[[be-x-old:Галяцэнскі каляндар]]<br />
[[br:Deiziadur holosenek]]<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[da:Holocæne kalender]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:گاهشماری هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[hu:Holocén naptár]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[pt:Calendário Holoceno]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251658Holozän-Kalender2011-07-05T21:51:08Z<p>CIS: /* Motivation */ few changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', also known as the '''Holocene era''' or '''Human era''' (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently world-dominant ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) and [[Common Era]] (CE) system, placing its first year near the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch and the [[Neolithic revolution]]. Holocene calendar proponents claim that it makes for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating, as well as that it bases its epoch on a more universally relevant event. The current year of {{currentyear}} AD can be transformed into a Holocene year by adding the digit "1" before it, making it 1{{currentyear}} HE. The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of claimed problems with the current ''Anno Domini'' era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. These issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' era (or Common Era) is based on an erroneous estimation of [[Chronology of Jesus#Year of birth|the birth year]] of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]. The era places Jesus' birth year in 1 BC, but modern scholars have determined that he was born either before 4 BC or in 6 AD.<br />
* The approximate birth year of Jesus is seen by some as a less universally-relevant [[epoch (reference date)|epoch event]] than the approximate beginning of the Holocene epoch.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC<br />
* The Gregorian calendar has no [[year zero]], with 1 BC followed immediately by AD 1, complicating the determination of the interval between years on opposite sides of the BC/AD era marker. Many historical lives and regimes span that marker.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last single digits of BC and HE equivalent pairs must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2501 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[8.2 ka event]]<br />
| c. 6200 BC<br />
| c. 3801 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in Middle East - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximated date of possible Black Sea inundation [[Black Sea deluge theory]]<br />
| c. 5600 BC<br />
| c. 4401 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of Northwestern European [[Neolithic#Europe|Neolithic]]<br />
| c.5500 BC<br />
| c.4500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Julian Day Number]] 0<br />
| January 1, 4713 BC <br> (from noon UTC)<br />
| 5288 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Day of Creation according to the [[Ussher chronology]]<br />
| October 23, 4004 BC<br />
| 5997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of construction of [[Passage grave|Passage Graves]] in Ireland<br />
| c. 4000 BC<br />
| c. 6000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[5.9 ka event]]<br />
| c. 3900 BC<br />
| c. 6101 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebrew calendar#Epoch|Hebrew calendar's]] epoch<br />
| October 7, 3761 BC<br />
| 6240 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Mayan creation date]] <br />
| August 11, 3114 BC<br />
| 6915 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narmer]] or [[Menes]], [[First dynasty of Egypt|first Pharaoh of the unified Egypt]] <br />
| c. 3100 BC<br />
| c. 6901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7001 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in China<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moses]] leads the [[Hebrew]]s out of [[Egypt]] according to the Old Testament<br />
| c. 1255 BC<br />
| c. 8746 HE<br />
|- <br />
|Foundation of Rome, 1 [[Ab urbe condita|AUC]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]], king of [[Anshan]] and [[Persia]] <br />
| 559 BC<br />
| 9442 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]; [[Ptolemy Soter|Ptolemy I Soter]] becomes Pharaoh of Egypt<br />
| 323 BC<br />
| 9678 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Destruction of [[Carthage]] and annexation of the [[Fourth Macedonian War|Macedonian Kingdom]] by the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]<br />
| 146 BC<br />
| 9855 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]] suicide and end of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]].<br />
| August 12, 30 BC<br />
| 9971 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus]] becomes the first Emperor of Rome<br />
| January 16, 27 BC<br />
| 9974 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Birth of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], the main character in the books of the New Testament<br />
| 5 BC<br />
| 9996 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Herod the Great]]<br />
| {{nowrap|Late March or Early April, 4 BC}}<br />
| 9997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Possible year of Jesus' crucifixion <br />
| AD 30<br />
| 10030 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300–476 <br />
| {{nowrap|10300–10476 HE}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Constantine I|Constantine]] converts to [[Christianity]]; defeats [[Maxentius]]<br />
| AD 312<br />
| 10312 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Edict of Milan]]: freedom of cult for the Christians.<br />
| AD 313<br />
| 10313 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| The [[Muslim]]s, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], reach the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. <br />
| AD 711<br />
| 10711 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to Europe<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Osman I]] becomes Sultan of the Ghazi state of [[Söğüt]] and establishes the [[Ottoman Dynasty]]; <br />
| AD 1299<br />
| 11299 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] reduces Asia and Europe's population by 30% to 60% <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mehmet II]], Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], conquers [[Constantinople]].<br />
| AD 1453<br />
| 11453 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vasco da Gama]] reaches India, by sea, through circumnavigating the [[Africa|African continent]]<br />
| AD 1498<br />
| 11498 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil is officially discovered and reclaimed by the Portuguese<br />
| April 22, AD 1500<br />
| 11500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|The United States of America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[French Revolution]]<br />
| July 14, AD 1789<br />
| 11789 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Independence of the [[Hispanic America|Hispanic-American]] countries<br />
| AD 1811–30<br />
| 11811–30 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Belle Époque]]; [[World War I|First World War]]<br />
| AD 1914–18<br />
| 11914–18 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939–45<br />
| 11939–45 HE<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| Establishment of the [[United Nations]]<br />
| AD 1945<br />
| 11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| Conquest of [[Mount Everest]]<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Discovery of [[DNA]] genetic code<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuri Gagarin]] becomes [[Human spaceflight|The first human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[SN1987A]]<br />
| AD 1987<br />
| 11987 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human Genome Project|Completion of Human Genome Project]]<br />
| AD 2003<br />
| 12003 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ Boxing Day Tsunami]]<br />
| AD 2004<br />
| 12004 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149 | isbn=9780471298274}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48 | isbn=9783540634362}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holocene Calendar}}<br />
<br />
[[be-x-old:Галяцэнскі каляндар]]<br />
[[br:Deiziadur holosenek]]<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[da:Holocæne kalender]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:گاهشماری هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[hu:Holocén naptár]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[pt:Calendário Holoceno]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251628Holozän-Kalender2011-04-14T20:18:01Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', also known as the '''Holocene era''' or '''Human era''' (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently world-dominant ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) and [[Common Era]] (CE) system, placing its first year near the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch and the [[Neolithic revolution]]. Holocene calendar proponents claim that it makes for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating, as well as that it bases its epoch on a more universally relevant event. The current year of {{currentyear}} AD can be transformed into a Holocene year by adding the digit "1" before it, making it 1{{currentyear}} HE. The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of problems with the current ''Anno Domini'' era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. The issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' era (or Common Era) begins at the presumed year of the birth of [[Jesus Christ]]. This Christian aspect (especially the use of ''Before Christ'' and ''Anno Domini'') can be offensive to non-Christians.<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm Controversy over the use of "CE/BCE" or "AD/BC" dating notation] at Religious Tolerance.org</ref><br />
* Biblical scholarship is virtually unanimous that the birth of Jesus Christ would actually have been a few years prior to AD 1{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. This makes the calendar inaccurate insofar as Christian dates are concerned.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC<br />
* The Gregorian calendar has no [[year zero]], with 1 BC followed immediately by AD 1, complicating the determination of the interval between years on opposite sides of the BC/AD era marker. Many historical lives and regimes span that marker.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last single digits of BC and HE equivalent pairs must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2501 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[8.2 ka event]]<br />
| c. 6200 BC<br />
| c. 3801 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in Middle East - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximated date of possible Black Sea inundation [[Black Sea deluge theory]]<br />
| c. 5600 BC<br />
| c. 4401 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Julian Day Number]] 0<br />
| January 1, 4713 BC <br> (from noon UTC)<br />
| 5288 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Day of Creation according to the [[Ussher chronology]]<br />
| October 23, 4004 BC<br />
| 5997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[5.9 ka event]]<br />
| c. 3900 BC<br />
| c. 6101 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebrew calendar#Epoch|Hebrew calendar's]] epoch<br />
| October 7, 3761 BC<br />
| 6240 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Mayan creation date]] <br />
| August 11, 3114 BC<br />
| 6915 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narmer]] or [[Menes]], [[First dynasty of Egypt|first Pharaoh of the unified Egypt]] <br />
| c. 3100 BC<br />
| c. 6901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7001 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in China<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moses]] leads the [[Hebrew]]s out of [[Egypt]] according to the Old Testament<br />
| c. 1255 BC<br />
| c. 8746 HE<br />
|- <br />
|Foundation of Rome, 1 [[Ab urbe condita|AUC]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]], king of [[Anshan]] and [[Persia]] <br />
| 559 BC<br />
| 9442 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]; [[Ptolemy Soter|Ptolemy I Soter]] becomes Pharaoh of Egypt<br />
| 323 BC<br />
| 9678 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Destruction of [[Carthage]] and annexation of the [[Fourth Macedonian War|Macedonian Kingdom]] by the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]<br />
| 146 BC<br />
| 9855 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]] suicide and end of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]].<br />
| August 12, 30 BC<br />
| 9971 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus]] becomes the first Emperor of Rome<br />
| January 16, 27 BC<br />
| 9974 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Birth of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]<br />
| 5 BC<br />
| 9996 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Herod the Great]]<br />
| {{nowrap|Late March or Early April, 4 BC}}<br />
| 9997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Possible year of Jesus' crucifixion <br />
| AD 30<br />
| 10030 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300–476 <br />
| {{nowrap|10300–10476 HE}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Constantine I|Constantine]] converts to [[Christianity]]; defeats [[Maxentius]]<br />
| AD 312<br />
| 10312 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Edict of Milan]]: freedom of cult for the Christians.<br />
| AD 313<br />
| 10313 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| The [[Muslim]]s, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], reach the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. <br />
| AD 711<br />
| 10711 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to Europe<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Osman I]] becomes Sultan of the Ghazi state of [[Söğüt]] and establishes the [[Ottoman Dynasty]]; <br />
| AD 1299<br />
| 11299 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] reduces Asia and Europe's population by 30% to 60% <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mehmet II]], Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], conquers [[Constantinople]].<br />
| AD 1453<br />
| 11453 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vasco da Gama]] reaches India, by sea, through circumnavigating the [[Africa|African continent]]<br />
| AD 1498<br />
| 11498 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil is officially discovered and reclaimed by the Portuguese<br />
| April 22, AD 1500<br />
| 11500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|The United States of America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[French Revolution]]<br />
| July 14, AD 1789<br />
| 11789 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Independence of the [[Hispanic America|Hispanic-American]] countries<br />
| AD 1811–30<br />
| 11811–30 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Belle Époque]]; [[World War I|First World War]]<br />
| AD 1914–18<br />
| 11914–18 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939–45<br />
| 11939–45 HE<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| Establishment of the [[United Nations]]<br />
| AD 1945<br />
| 11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| Conquest of [[Mount Everest]]<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Discovery of [[DNA]] genetic code<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuri Gagarin]] becomes [[Human spaceflight|The first human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ September 11 Terrorist attacks]]<br />
| AD 2001<br />
| 12001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human Genome Project|Completion of Human Genome Project]]<br />
| AD 2003<br />
| 12003 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ Boxing Day Tsunami]]<br />
| AD 2004<br />
| 12004 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149 | isbn=9780471298274}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48 | isbn=9783540634362}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holocene Calendar}}<br />
<br />
[[be-x-old:Галяцэнскі каляндар]]<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:گاهشماری هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[hu:Holocén naptár]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[pt:Calendário Holoceno]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251626Holozän-Kalender2011-04-14T20:15:40Z<p>CIS: intro changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', also known as the '''Holocene era''' or '''Human era''' (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently world-dominant ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) and [[Common Era]] (CE) system, placing its first year near the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch and the [[Neolithic revolution]]. Holocene calendar proponents claim that it makes for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating, as well as basing its epoch on a more universally relevant event. The current year of {{currentyear}} AD can be transformed into a Holocene year by adding the digit "1" before it, making it 1{{currentyear}} HE. The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of problems with the current ''Anno Domini'' era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. The issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' era (or Common Era) begins at the presumed year of the birth of [[Jesus Christ]]. This Christian aspect (especially the use of ''Before Christ'' and ''Anno Domini'') can be offensive to non-Christians.<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm Controversy over the use of "CE/BCE" or "AD/BC" dating notation] at Religious Tolerance.org</ref><br />
* Biblical scholarship is virtually unanimous that the birth of Jesus Christ would actually have been a few years prior to AD 1{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. This makes the calendar inaccurate insofar as Christian dates are concerned.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC<br />
* The Gregorian calendar has no [[year zero]], with 1 BC followed immediately by AD 1, complicating the determination of the interval between years on opposite sides of the BC/AD era marker. Many historical lives and regimes span that marker.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last single digits of BC and HE equivalent pairs must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2501 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[8.2 ka event]]<br />
| c. 6200 BC<br />
| c. 3801 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in Middle East - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximated date of possible Black Sea inundation [[Black Sea deluge theory]]<br />
| c. 5600 BC<br />
| c. 4401 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Julian Day Number]] 0<br />
| January 1, 4713 BC <br> (from noon UTC)<br />
| 5288 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Day of Creation according to the [[Ussher chronology]]<br />
| October 23, 4004 BC<br />
| 5997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Approximate start of the [[5.9 ka event]]<br />
| c. 3900 BC<br />
| c. 6101 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebrew calendar#Epoch|Hebrew calendar's]] epoch<br />
| October 7, 3761 BC<br />
| 6240 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Mayan creation date]] <br />
| August 11, 3114 BC<br />
| 6915 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narmer]] or [[Menes]], [[First dynasty of Egypt|first Pharaoh of the unified Egypt]] <br />
| c. 3100 BC<br />
| c. 6901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7001 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in China<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7901 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moses]] leads the [[Hebrew]]s out of [[Egypt]] according to the Old Testament<br />
| c. 1255 BC<br />
| c. 8746 HE<br />
|- <br />
|Foundation of Rome, 1 [[Ab urbe condita|AUC]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]], king of [[Anshan]] and [[Persia]] <br />
| 559 BC<br />
| 9442 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]; [[Ptolemy Soter|Ptolemy I Soter]] becomes Pharaoh of Egypt<br />
| 323 BC<br />
| 9678 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Destruction of [[Carthage]] and annexation of the [[Fourth Macedonian War|Macedonian Kingdom]] by the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]<br />
| 146 BC<br />
| 9855 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra's]] suicide and end of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]].<br />
| August 12, 30 BC<br />
| 9971 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Augustus]] becomes the first Emperor of Rome<br />
| January 16, 27 BC<br />
| 9974 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Birth of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]<br />
| 5 BC<br />
| 9996 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Death of [[Herod the Great]]<br />
| {{nowrap|Late March or Early April, 4 BC}}<br />
| 9997 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Possible year of Jesus' crucifixion <br />
| AD 30<br />
| 10030 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300–476 <br />
| {{nowrap|10300–10476 HE}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Constantine I|Constantine]] converts to [[Christianity]]; defeats [[Maxentius]]<br />
| AD 312<br />
| 10312 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Edict of Milan]]: freedom of cult for the Christians.<br />
| AD 313<br />
| 10313 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| The [[Muslim]]s, under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], reach the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. <br />
| AD 711<br />
| 10711 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to Europe<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Osman I]] becomes Sultan of the Ghazi state of [[Söğüt]] and establishes the [[Ottoman Dynasty]]; <br />
| AD 1299<br />
| 11299 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] reduces Asia and Europe's population by 30% to 60% <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mehmet II]], Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], conquers [[Constantinople]].<br />
| AD 1453<br />
| 11453 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vasco da Gama]] reaches India, by sea, through circumnavigating the [[Africa|African continent]]<br />
| AD 1498<br />
| 11498 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Brazil is officially discovered and reclaimed by the Portuguese<br />
| April 22, AD 1500<br />
| 11500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|The United States of America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[French Revolution]]<br />
| July 14, AD 1789<br />
| 11789 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Independence of the [[Hispanic America|Hispanic-American]] countries<br />
| AD 1811–30<br />
| 11811–30 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Belle Époque]]; [[World War I|First World War]]<br />
| AD 1914–18<br />
| 11914–18 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939–45<br />
| 11939–45 HE<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| Establishment of the [[United Nations]]<br />
| AD 1945<br />
| 11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| Conquest of [[Mount Everest]]<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Discovery of [[DNA]] genetic code<br />
| AD 1953<br />
| 11953 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuri Gagarin]] becomes [[Human spaceflight|The first human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ September 11 Terrorist attacks]]<br />
| AD 2001<br />
| 12001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human Genome Project|Completion of Human Genome Project]]<br />
| AD 2003<br />
| 12003 HE<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[ Boxing Day Tsunami]]<br />
| AD 2004<br />
| 12004 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149 | isbn=9780471298274}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48 | isbn=9783540634362}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holocene Calendar}}<br />
<br />
[[be-x-old:Галяцэнскі каляндар]]<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:گاهشماری هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[hu:Holocén naptár]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[pt:Calendário Holoceno]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251453Holozän-Kalender2010-02-02T14:47:47Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|H.E.|For other uses of H.E., see [[He (disambiguation)]]}}{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', popular term for the '''''Holocene Era''''' or '''''Human Era''''', is a year numbering system similar to [[astronomical year numbering]] but adds 10,000, placing its first year at the start of the ''Human Era'' (HE, the beginning of human [[civilization]]) the approximation of the [[Holocene|Holocene Epoch]] (HE, post [[Ice Age]]) for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating. The current [[Gregorian Calendar|Gregorian]] year can be transformed by simply placing a 1 before it (e.g., &nbsp;{{ #expr: {{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} }} becomes {{ #expr: {{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }}&nbsp;HE). The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of problems with the current [[Anno Domini]] era, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. The issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' era (or [[Common Era]]) begins at the presumed year of the birth of [[Jesus Christ]]. This Christian aspect (especially the use of ''Before Christ'' and ''Anno Domini'') can be offensive to non-Christians.<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm Controversy over the use of "CE/BCE" or "AD/BC" dating notation] at Religious Tolerance.org</ref><br />
* Biblical scholarship is virtually unanimous that the birth of Jesus Christ would actually have been a few years prior to AD 1{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. This makes the calendar inaccurate insofar as Christian dates are concerned.<br />
* There is no [[year zero]] as 1 BC is followed immediately by AD 1.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC. This makes calculating date ranges in the Holocene era across the BC/AD boundary more complicated than in the HE.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last digit of BC and HE equivalents must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in [[Middle East]] - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7000 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in [[China]]<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7900 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Foundation of [[Rome]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| First [[Maya civilization#Writing system|Central American writing systems]]; final Jōmon period ends <br />
| c. 400 BC<br />
| c. 9600 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300/476 <br />
| 10300/10476 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to [[Europe]]<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] decimates Asia and Europe <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939-1945<br />
| 11939-11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human spaceflight|First human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:تقویم هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holoz%C3%A4n-Kalender&diff=99251452Holozän-Kalender2010-02-02T14:43:53Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect3|H.E.|For other uses of H.E., see [[He (disambiguation)]]}}{{redirect3|Holocene era|For the geological epoch, see [[Holocene Epoch]]}}<br />
The '''Holocene calendar''', popular term for the '''''Holocene Era''''' or '''''Human Era''''', is a year numbering system similar to [[astronomical year numbering]] but adds 10,000, placing its first year at the start of the ''Human Era'' (HE, the beginning of human [[civilization]]) the approximation of the [[Holocene|Holocene Epoch]] (HE, post [[Ice Age]]) for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]] and [[historical]] dating. The current [[Gregorian Calendar|Gregorian]] year can be transformed by simply placing a 1 before it (e.g., &nbsp;{{ #expr: {{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} }} becomes {{ #expr: {{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }}&nbsp;HE). The ''Human Era'' was first proposed by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993 {{nowrap|(11993 HE)}}.<ref>Cesare Emiliani, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E Calendar Reform]", ''Nature'' '''366''' (1993) 716.</ref><ref>[http://www.readersadvice.com/mmeade/house/holocene.html The Holocene Calendar] at Meerkat Meade</ref><ref>[http://weseman.com/page.php?form=human_era_calendar The Human Era Calendar] by Harry and Svetlana Weseman</ref><br />
<br />
==Motivation==<br />
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a [[calendar reform]] sought to solve a number of problems with the current [[Anno Domini]] and [[Common Era]]s, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. The issues include:<br />
* The ''Anno Domini'' and ''Common Eras'' begin at the presumed year of the birth of [[Jesus Christ]]. This Christian aspect (especially the use of ''Before Christ'' and ''Anno Domini'') can be offensive to non-Christians.<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm Controversy over the use of "CE/BCE" or "AD/BC" dating notation] at Religious Tolerance.org</ref><br />
* Biblical scholarship is virtually unanimous that the birth of Jesus Christ would actually have been a few years prior to AD 1{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. This makes the calendar inaccurate insofar as Christian dates are concerned.<br />
* There is no [[year zero]] as 1 BC is followed immediately by AD 1.<br />
* BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC. This makes calculating date ranges in the Holocene era across the BC/AD boundary more complicated than in the HE.<br />
<br />
Instead, HE places its [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] or year one of the current [[era]] to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current [[Epoch (geology)|geologic epoch]], the [[Holocene]] (the name means ''entirely recent''). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.<br />
<br />
===Conversion===<br />
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.<br />
<br />
A useful validity check is that the last digit of BC and HE equivalents must add up to 1 or 11.<br />
<br />
{| {{fintabell}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Events'''<br />
| '''Julian or <br> Gregorian years'''<br />
| ''' Holocene Era'''<br/>'''Human Era'''<br />
|-<br />
| End of the [[Paleolithic]] Period,<br>All continents (except [[Antarctica]]) inhabited,<br>[[Neolithic Revolution|Agriculture]] and the domestication of animals begins.<br />
| c. 10000 BC<br />
| c. 1 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Earliest [[PPNA Wall of Jericho|walled city]] ([[Jericho]])<br />
| c. 9000 BC<br />
| c. 1000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Initial [[Jōmon period]] begins <br />
| c. 7500 BC <br />
| c. 2500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First copper found in [[Middle East]] - beginning of [[Copper Age]]<br />
| c. 6000 BC<br />
| c. 4000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Beginning of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] <br />
| c. 3000 BC<br />
| c. 7000 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Probable date of the completion of the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Egyptian pyramid]] <br />
| 2611 BC<br />
| 7390 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Beginning of [[Xia Dynasty]] in [[China]]<br />
| c. 2100 BC<br />
| c. 7900 HE<br />
|- <br />
| Foundation of [[Rome]] <br />
| 753 BC<br />
| 9248 HE<br />
|- <br />
| First [[Maya civilization#Writing system|Central American writing systems]]; final Jōmon period ends <br />
| c. 400 BC<br />
| c. 9600 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Empire of [[Ashoka the Great|Asoka]] <br />
| 273 BC<br />
| 9728 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Imperial China, [[Qin dynasty]] <br />
| 221 BC<br />
| 9780 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Last year of [[Before Christ|BC]] era <br />
| 1 BC<br />
| 10000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| First year of [[Anno Domini]] era<br />
| AD 1<br />
| 10001 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Migration Period]] begins, leading to the [[Fall of Rome]]<br />
| AD 300/476 <br />
| 10300/10476 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkic migration]]s begin <br />
| c. AD 500<br />
| c. 10500 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Muslim conquests]] begin <br />
| AD 632<br />
| 10632 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Great Zimbabwe]] built <br />
| c. AD 1000<br />
| c. 11000 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] introduced to [[Europe]]<br />
| AD 1202<br />
| 11202 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Death]] decimates Asia and Europe <br />
| AD 1340s<br />
| 11340s HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Age of Discovery|European expansion and colonization]] begins<br />
| AD 1419<br />
| 11419 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|European discovery of the New World]]<br />
| AD 1492<br />
| 11492 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of the [[Inca Empire]] <br />
| AD 1572<br />
| 11572 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Declaration of Independence|America declares independence from Britain]]<br />
| AD 1776<br />
| 11776 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Industrial Revolution]] <br />
| c. AD 1850<br />
| c. 11850 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[World War II|Second World War]] and [[nuclear technology|nuclear fission]]<br />
| AD 1939-1945<br />
| 11939-11945 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sputnik 1|First artificial satellite (Sputnik I)]] <br />
| AD 1957<br />
| 11957 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Human spaceflight|First human in space]] <br />
| AD 1961<br />
| 11961 HE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apollo 11|First human landing on the Moon]]<br />
| AD 1969<br />
| 11969 HE<br />
|-<br />
| Current year<br />
| AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}<br />
| {{#expr:{{{year|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}+10000 }} HE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Before Present]]<br />
* [[Calendar Era]]<br />
* [[Common Era]]<br />
* [[Julian date]] (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, [[Julian proleptic calendar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=David Ewing Duncan|title=The Calendar|year=1999|publisher=|pages=331&ndash;332|isbn=1-85702-979-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Duncan Steel|title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=|pages=149–151|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Günther A. Wagner|title=''Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology''|year=1998|publisher=Springer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48|page=48}}<br />
* [http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML Timeline of World History]<br />
* "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00457.x News and comment]", ''Geology Today'', '''20'''/3 (2004) 89–96.<br />
<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Chronology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeology]]<br />
[[Category:Calendar eras]]<br />
[[Category:Chronology]]<br />
[[Category:Geochronology]]<br />
[[Category:Holocene]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed calendars]]<br />
[[Category:Jōmon period]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Holocénový letopočet]]<br />
[[es:Calendario holoceno]]<br />
[[eo:Holocena kalendaro]]<br />
[[fa:تقویم هولوسین]]<br />
[[fr:Calendrier holocène]]<br />
[[it:Calendario olocenico]]<br />
[[nl:Holocene kalender]]<br />
[[ru:Голоценский календарь]]<br />
[[sr:Холоценски календар]]<br />
[[sh:Holocenski kalendar]]<br />
[[fi:Holoseenin ajanlasku]]<br />
[[sv:Holocen era]]<br />
[[zh-yue:全新世紀年]]<br />
[[zh:全新世紀年]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frauen_und_Kinder_zuerst!&diff=125190868Frauen und Kinder zuerst!2009-09-19T06:44:43Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Otheruses4|the expression|the Van Halen album|Women and Children First (album)}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Titanic-lifeboat.gif|thumb|250px|RMS ''Titanic'' survivors aboard a collapsible lifeboat]]<br />
<br />
"'''Women and children first'''" is a saying that implies that the lives of [[women]] and [[children]] are to be saved first if the lives of a group of people are at stake. The saying is most famously associated with the sinking of [[RMS Titanic]] in 1912.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The practice arose from the [[chivalry|chivalrous]] actions of soldiers during sinking of [[HMS Birkenhead (1845)|HMS ''Birkenhead'']] in 1852, though the phrase was not coined until 1860.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| last =<br />
| first =<br />
| authorlink =<br />
| coauthors =<br />
| title = Women and Children First<br />
| work =<br />
| publisher =<br />
| date =<br />
| url = http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/women-and-children-first.html<br />
| doi =<br />
| accessdate = 2007-05-08 }}</ref> Although never part of international [[maritime law]], the phrase was popularised by its usage on the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']],<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UvwNDSWNe7kC|title=Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters|author=Logan Marshall|date=2004|isbn=1419147358|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> where, as a consequence of this practice, 74% of women on board were saved and 52% of children, but only 20% of men.<ref>[http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm "Titanic Casualty Figures"]</ref> <br />
<br />
Unfortunately, some officers on the ''Titanic'' misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith to prevent men from boarding lifeboats. It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because so few men were saved on the ''Titanic'', the men who did survive were in danger of being branded as cowards.<ref> [http://nsonline.com/titanic/stories.htm Survivor stories from ''Titanic''] </ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<br />
<br />
==Gender-based views==<br />
{{Original research|section|date=June 2009}}<br />
An explanation is that men have a better chance of surviving in poor conditions compared to women and children. Saving the individuals that are more likely to die first increases the likelihood that more people will survive overall. This argument explains why post-reproductive women are saved and why male children would be saved.<br />
<br />
Some [[masculists]] and [[men's rights]] activists{{Who|date=July 2009}} have viewed the policy of "women and children first" (and [[conscription]]) as evidence of what [[Warren Farrell]] refers to as "[[male disposability]]": society expects a man to commit [[suicide]] to save the life of a woman, and views him as a coward if he does not.<ref name="chivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2006/0426roberts.html |title=Titanic Chivalry|author=Carey Roberts|date=April 26, 2006|publisher=[http://ifeminists.com ifeminists.com]}}</ref> Some second-wave [[feminism|feminists]]{{Who|date=January 2009}} also take issue with this procedure, arguing that it implies that women are weak and incapable of facing crisis situations, and that to be grouped in the same category as children is demeaning/degrading to their adult persons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.logoi.com/notes/titanic/women_children_first.html Titanic - Women and Children first]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Women And Children First (Saying)}}<br />
[[Category:Bias]]<br />
[[Category:Discrimination]]<br />
[[Category:English phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Men's rights]]<br />
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]<br />
<br />
[[nl:Vrouwen en kinderen eerst]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_pacis&diff=146041574Regina pacis2009-07-17T09:10:23Z<p>CIS: commonly confused as rock band</p>
<hr />
<div>{{otheruses4|the religious symbol|the rock band|Our Lady Peace|other uses|OLP (disambiguation)}}<br />
[[Image:Gerald Farinas Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu.JPG|thumb|250px|A statue of Our Lady of Peace stands in the courtyard of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu.]]<br />
'''Our Lady of Peace''' or '''Queen of Peace''' is a title of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. She is represented in art holding a [[dove]] and an [[olive]] branch, symbols of [[peace]]. Her official [[Calendar of saints|memorial feast]] is celebrated on [[January 24]] each year in [[Hawaii]] and some churches in the [[United States]]. Elsewhere, the memorial feast is celebrated on [[July 9]].<br />
<br />
Our Lady of Peace is the patroness of the [[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary]] religious order, founded by [[Peter Coudrin]] in [[Paris]] during the [[French Revolution]]. When the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary founded the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu|Hawaii Catholic Church]], they consecrated the [[Hawaiian Islands]] under the protection of Our Lady of Peace. They erected the first Roman Catholic [[Church (building)|church]] in Hawaii to her. Today, the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] is the oldest Roman Catholic [[cathedral]] in continuous use in the United States.<br />
<br />
[[Our Lady of Peace Quasi-Parish|EDSA Shrine]] is a shrine dedicated to Our Lady of Peace. Located in the Philippines, near the highway that intersects major highways, EDSA, which meant Epifanio De Los Santos, also meant, the Gathering of the Saints. In that street, Filipinos have said that Our Lady of Peace appeared unto the tanks and the military personnel that would attack on the quiet protesters in 1986 (See [[EDSA Revolution]], and stopped the attack.<br />
<br />
There are three famous statues of Our Lady of Peace located in Paris and Honolulu. The original is a wooden carving located at a [[convent]] of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in [[France]]. A larger replica in bronze was hoisted above the altar and sanctuary at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace. A third stands outside the cathedral on a pedestal.<br />
<br />
The original statue of Our Lady of Peace was ceremonially crowned on [[July 9]], [[1906]] by the [[Archbishop of Paris]] in the name of [[Pope Pius X|Pope Saint Pius X]]. Every July 9 since then, the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary celebrated the Feast of Our Lady of Peace. During the troubled years of [[World War I]], [[Pope Benedict XV]] added Our Lady of Peace to the Litany of Loreto, a sacred prayer in [[liturgy]].<br />
<br />
[[Pope John Paul II]] consecrated and dedicated the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro]] to Our Lady of Peace. It is the largest place of worship in [[Africa]]. Elsewhere throughout the world, there are parish churches named in honor of Our Lady of Peace in various forms, especially in [[Ireland]] and the United States. Some of the most notable of these churches are in Harper Woods, Michigan and also the [[Queen of Peace, Bray|Queen of Peace church]] in [[Bray]], [[Co. Wicklow]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.legionofmarytidewater.com/ourladyqueenofpeace Our Lady Queen of Peace Praesidium]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Titles of Mary]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Unmarried&diff=89397600Gary Unmarried2009-05-16T11:21:50Z<p>CIS: not network show</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Television<br />
|show_name=Gary Unmarried<br />
|image=<br />
|genre=[[Comedy]]<br />
|starring= [[Jay Cox Mohr]]<br>[[Paula Marshall]]<br>[[Ryan Malgarini]]<br>[[Kathryn Newton]]<br>[[Al Madrigal]]<br />
|creator=[[Ed Yeager]]<br />
|country={{USA}}<br />
|language=[[English language|English]]<br />
|num_seasons= 1<br />
|num_episodes= 20 ([[Gary Unmarried#Weekly Ratings|List of episodes]])<br />
|first_aired= September 24, 2008<br />
|last_aired= present<br />
|runtime= 30 min (approx. 22 min without commercials)<br />
|network= [[CBS]]<br />
|related=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gary Unmarried''''' is a [[sitcom]] created by Ed Yeager starring [[Jay Cox Mohr]], which premiered on [[CBS]] [[September 24]], [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20080514cbs01 Breaking News - CBS ANNOUNCES NEW 2008-2009 PRIMETIME SCHEDULE | TheFutonCritic.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The show is about two very different people sharing custody of their kids while starting new relationships. Yeager and Ric Swartzlander serve as [[Executive Producer]]s. The show is being produced by [[ABC Studios]] and [[CBS Paramount Network Television]].<br />
<br />
On [[November 14]], [[2008]], CBS picked up Gary Unmarried for a full 22 episode season. <ref>http://www.thrfeed.com/2008/11/cbs-orders-full.html</ref> On January 7, 2009, the show won the "Favorite New TV Comedy" award at the [[35th People's Choice Awards]] beating ''[[Kath & Kim (U.S. TV series)|Kath & Kim]]'' and ''[[Worst Week]]''. As of April 2009, none of the three nominees have been confirmed for a second season. ''[[Kath & Kim (U.S. TV series)|Kath & Kim]]'' had its season cut from 22 to 17 episodes while ''[[Worst Week]]'' already has its complete series DVD in the works.<br />
<br />
On May 10, 2009, it was announced that executive producers Ed Yeager and Ric Swartzlander had left Gary Unmarried over creative differences.<ref>http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i4b5caa365ad73b3ac65e92c061cdfd9f</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The [[series]] is centered around the life of Gary Brooks and begins three months after he and his ex-wife, Allison Brooks, officially [[divorce]]. Gary owns a house [[paint|painting]] business and bought his own place after his divorce. Now his life revolves around trying to move on from his [[marriage]] and get back out into the dating scene while constantly having to deal with his ex-wife because they have two teenagers together. For these reasons, he has difficulty adjusting to life without Allison, and matters are not helped by his unfriendly relationship with Allison. Despite their acrimonious relationship and constant flinging of cracks at each other, Gary and Allison affectionately make up at the end of most of their conflicts, as the two seem to have a soft spot for each other underneath all their hostility. <br />
<br />
Their teenagers are sent back and forth between them so as to spend time with each parent. Their teenagers are Tom, a brash 14-year-old, who's already had a girl in his [[bedroom]] (though at the advice of his father), has tried drinking [[beer]], spoken to Gary as if he's Gary's father, and has even spoken to Vanessa in a flirtatious manner; and Louise, their precocious daughter, who plays the [[cello]], keeps photos of [[Gandhi]], [[Al Gore]] and [[Che Guevara]] on her bedroom walls, and watches [[C-SPAN]]. Allison considers Gary to be irresponsible in his [[parent]]ing while Gary considers Allison to be boring in her parenting; this is shown whenever they pick up their teens from the other's house. In the [[pilot]] episode, Gary starts dating a young [[divorcee]] mom, Vanessa Flood, while Allison reveals that she's engaged to their former marriage counselor, Dr. Walter Krandall. Krandall is no longer Tom begins a romance of his own when he invites a girl over for the first time. The three couples move forward uncertainly (except Louise, who loves Al Gore). Vanessa, however, broke up with Gary after a short-lived relationship because of his inability to quit worrying about Allison.<br />
<br />
==Main Cast==<br />
'''Gary Brooks''' ([[Jay Cox Mohr]]): A sophomoric, wisecracking, loving, but sneaky, scheming, dishonest divorced father, who's often on some misadventure to keep out of trouble. Despite his deceptiveness and sneakiness, more often than not Gary is caught and fails miserably, resulting in him forecefully trying to justify his actions at the end of most situations. Gary enjoys drinking beer, sports, and playing games with his guy friends.<br><br />
'''Allison Brooks''' ([[Paula Marshall]]): Gary's troublemaking ex-wife and Louise/Tom's mother, who once went on a trip to revisit an "old friend" that she admittedly never got along with—even forcing Gary to involve himself in it. Although generally seen behaving antagonistically and [[spite (sentiment)|spitefully]] towards Gary, Allison has a tender side and is needy in terms of love, affection, and emotional support.<br><br />
'''Tom Brooks''' ([[Ryan Malgarini]]): Gary and Allison's brash teenage son who can be just as loving and caring as his mom but can also be just as witty and quick on the draw as his dad.<br><br />
'''Louise Brooks''' Pilot: ([[Laura Marano]]) from episode two and on portrayed by ([[Kathryn Newton]]): Gary and Allison's sassy daughter; a precocious environmentalist.<br><br />
'''Vanessa Flood''' ([[Jaime King]]): Gary's first post-divorce understanding, affable girlfriend, whom he has a lot in common with and met when his company painted her condo. Much like Gary, she has a child from a previous marriage and has a negative relationship with her ex-husband. Though Vanessa is good-humored for the most part, she isn't the easiest person to get along with when discussing her ex-husband and once almost got into a quarrel with Allison, but Gary broke it up out of concern that Allison would hurt Vanessa. Vanessa is no longer appearing in the series and Jamie King is no longer listed in the credits. <br><br />
'''Dennis Lopez''' ([[Al Madrigal]]): Gary's witty best friend and coworker.<br><br />
'''Dr. Walter Krandall''' ([[Ed Begley, Jr.]]): A [[nerd|nerdy]], instructive psychiatrist and former marriage counselor to Gary and Allison, now engaged to Allison. He's an older man and fifteen years older than Allison, which Gary doesn't hesitate to make insults about. Krandall has stopped appearing in the series and Begley, Jr. is no longer listed in the credits. <br><br />
<br />
== Notable guest stars ==<br />
'''Mitch''' ([[David Denman]]): Vanessa's ex-husband whom she has a very contentious relationship with. In episode 6 (Gary Meets The Gang), Mitch unwelcomely shows up at the [[restaurant]] where Vanessa works. Unaware that it was Vanessa's ex-husband, Gary befriends him. Later on in the episode, Mitch treacherously reveals to Vanessa all the comments Gary made about wishing to play the field despite the fact that he knew Gary was dating Vanessa.<ref>http://www.tv.com/gary-unmarried/gary-meets-the-gang/episode/1235360/summary.html</ref><br />
<br />
'''Parker Flood''' (Charles Henry Wyson): Vanessa's violent only [[son]] with her ex-husband, Mitch. Parker is first seen when Vanessa brings him over to Gary's house for [[Thanksgiving]] in episode 9 (Gary Gives Thanks). Parker persistently assaults Tom despite being younger and much smaller than him. <ref>http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:yM3QMVipL_QJ:tv.msn.com/tv/airing.aspx%3Ftype%3Depisode%26progid%3D199547574+Gary+Unmarried+Gives+Thanks+guest+stars&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us</ref><br />
<br />
'''[[Jack Brooks]]''' ([[Max Gail]]): Gary's eccentric [[father]], who visited him for Thanksgiving (episode 9). He was lured away by Allison to celebrate Thanksgiving over at her place, in effect causing a lot of chaos.<ref>http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:fqPzKALL_sUJ:www.thefutoncritic.com/listings.aspx%3Fid%3D20081110cbs08+Max+Gail+Garry+Unmarried&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us</ref><br />
<br />
'''Charlie''' ([[Martin Mull]]): Allison's discontented, henpecked, fun-loving father. Charlie is a man who's kept from many of his desires because of his [[wife]]. He is first seen on Thanksgiving as well. In retaliation for Allison luring Gary's father to her house, Gary lured Charlie to spend Thanksgiving over at his house. Charlie reveled in the freedom he had away from his wife, Connie. Charlie doesn't hesitate to show his dislike for Allison's [[fiance]], Walter. His nickname for Allison is "Alligator."<ref>http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:fqPzKALL_sUJ:www.thefutoncritic.com/listings.aspx%3Fid%3D20081110cbs08+Max+Gail+Garry+Unmarried&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us</ref><br />
<br />
'''Connie''' ([[Jane Curtin]]): Allison's strict, presumptuous [[mother]] and Charlie's wife. Connie was first seen on Thanksgiving as well. Like Gary, she feels that Walter is much too old for Allison. When she visited on Thanksgiving, she had no qualms with going through her daughter's [[undergarment]]s and openly displaying her own [[undergarment]]s to her daughter. Despite her own forward nature, she greatly limits her husband's freedom.<ref>http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:fqPzKALL_sUJ:www.thefutoncritic.com/listings.aspx%3Fid%3D20081110cbs08+Max+Gail+Garry+Unmarried&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us</ref><br />
<br />
'''Ira:''' (Senyo Amoaku) A bouncer at Vanessa's work.<br />
==Similar Series==<br />
''The Rules of Starting Over'' (2007): [[Mike Sikowitz]] ("[[The Class (TV series)|The Class]]") has been tapped as the [[midseason replacement|midseason comedy]]'s [[showrunner]]. There he'll supervise co-creators [[Chris Pappas]] and [[Mike Bernier]] as well as serve as an [[executive producer]] alongside [[Bobby Farrelly]], [[Peter Farrelly]], [[Brad Johnson]] and [[Bradley Thomas]]. Separately, Sikowitz will continue to develop new series projects for [[Sony Pictures Television]] via his overall deal. The [[20th Century Fox]] Television-based "Rules" stars [[Craig Bierko]] as a recently divorced man who enters the dating world and discovers that things have changed since he got married.<br />
<br />
==Main Crew==<br />
==Weekly Ratings==<br />
Ratings based on Live+Same Day<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
! #<br />
! Episode<br />
! Air Date<br />
! Timeslot<br />
! 18-49<br />
! Viewers <br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Television pilot|Pilot]]<br />
| [[September 24]], [[2008]]<br />
| rowspan="19" |Wednesday <br />
8:30 P.M.<br />
| 2.3/6<br />
| 6.84<br />
|- <br />
! 2<br />
| Gary Gets Boundaries<br />
| [[October 1]], [[2008]] <br />
| 2.2/6<br />
| 6.97<br />
|- <br />
! 3<br />
| Gary Marries off His Ex<br />
| [[October 8]], [[2008]] <br />
| 2.2/6<br />
| 7.43<br />
|- <br />
! 4<br />
| Gary Gets His Stuff Back<br />
| [[October 15]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.4/7<br />
| 7.71<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| Gary Breaks Up His Ex-wife and Girlfriend<br />
| [[October 22]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.5/7<br />
| 7.85<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| Gary Meets The Gang<br />
| [[November 5]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.1/6<br />
| 6.44<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| Gary and Allison's Restaurant<br />
| [[November 12]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.1/5<br />
| 6.71<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| Gary and Allison Brooks<br />
| [[November 19]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.7/7<br />
| 8.14<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| Gary Gives Thanks<br />
| [[November 26]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.2/7<br />
| 7.72 <br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| Gary Goes First<br />
| [[December 10]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.4/7<br />
| 8.03<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| Gary Toughens Up Tom<br />
| [[December 17]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.3/7<br />
| 7.55<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| Gary Dates Louise's Teacher<br />
| [[January 14]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.1/5<br />
| 7.07<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
| Gary Moves Back In<br />
| [[January 21]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.2/5<br />
| 7.07<br />
|-<br />
! 14<br />
| Gary and Dennis' Sister<br />
| [[February 11]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.1/5<br />
| 6.86<br />
|-<br />
! 15<br />
| Gary's Ex-Brother-In-Law<br />
| [[February 18]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.1/5<br />
| 7.26 (Live+7: 8.15)<br />
|-<br />
! 16<br />
| Gary Uses His Veto<br />
| [[March 11]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.3 <br />
| 7.71 (Live+7: 8.82) <br />
|-<br />
! 17<br />
| Gary Hooks Up Allison<br />
| [[March 18]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.3/7<br />
| 7.57<br />
|-<br />
! 18<br />
| Gary and the Trophy<br />
| [[April 8]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.2/7<br />
| 7.30<br />
|-<br />
! 19<br />
| Gary and His Half Brother<br />
| [[May 6]], [[2009]]<br />
| 2.0/6<br />
| 6.66<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Most Recent: was second in households (4.8), viewers (7.63m), adults 25-54 (3.0) and adults 18-49 (2.3). Compared to the last first run episode (on February 18, 2009), GARY UNMARRIED was up +17% in households (from 4.1), +20% in adults 25-54 (from 2.5), +21% in adults 18-49 (from 1.9) and added +1.13m viewers (from 6.50m, +17%). <br />
<br />
===Ratings Post-[[Two and a Half Men]]===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
! #<br />
! Episode<br />
! Air Date<br />
! Timeslot<br />
! 18-49<br />
! Viewers <br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| Pilot<br />
| [[October 27]], [[2008]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Monday<br />
9:30 P.M.<br />
| 2.9/7<br />
| 8.65 (Live+7: 8.54)<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| Gary's Marries off His Ex<br />
| [[December 29]], [[2008]]<br />
| 2.9/8<br />
| 8.79 (Live+7: 9.68)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
*Note that both rerun episodes of ''Gary Unmarried'' that aired after ''Two and a Half Men'' repeats have received more viewers than any original episode.<br />
<br />
==International distribution==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Country!!TV Network(s)!!Series Premiere!! Weekly schedule (local time)<br />
|- <br />
|{{Flagcountry|USA}}||[[CBS]] || September 24, 2008 || Wednesday 8.30pm<br />
|- <br />
|{{Flagcountry|Turkey}}||[[Comedy Max]] || November 25, 2008 || Tuesday 8.00pm<br />
|- <br />
|{{Flagcountry|Canada}}||[[CTV]] || January 3, 2009 || Monday 8.30pm<br />
|- <br />
|{{Flagcountry|Netherlands}}||[[Veronica]] || January 05, 2009 || Monday 9.30pm<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagcountry|Sweden}}||[[Kanal 5]] || March 05, 2009 || Thursday 8.00pm<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagcountry|Pakistan}}||[[ShowComedy]] || January 23, 2009 || Tuesday 11.00pm<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagcountry|Italy}}||[[FOX]] || June 2009 || .........<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flagcountry|South Africa}}||[[M-NET]]|| January 2009 || Tuesday 7.00pm<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards/Nominations==<br />
2009 - People's Choice Awards - Favorite New Comedy - Won<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Imdb title|id=1229401}}<br />
* {{Tv.com show|id=75593}}<br />
*[http://www.garyunmarried.com/ GaryUnmarried.com - Blog, Rumors, Fans]<br />
*[http://www.cbs.com/primetime/fall_preview_2008/ CBS fall preview site]<br />
*[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20225070,00.html]<br />
*[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117994552.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&nid=2565]<br />
*[http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/general/view.bg?articleid=1137269 Marshall overturns her rep as a show killer]<br />
<br />
[[Category:American television sitcoms]]<br />
[[Category:CBS network shows]]<br />
[[Category:2008 television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2000s American television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by Buena Vista Television]]<br />
[[Category:Television series by CBS Paramount Television]]<br />
[[cs:Gary Unmarried]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marge_Simpson&diff=94800991Marge Simpson2006-08-18T01:36:28Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Simpsons character<br />
| image=[[Image:C-marge.png|222px]]<br />
| name= Marge Simpson<br />
| gender=[[Female]]<br />
| age=34 - 47 <br />
<!-- see text for cites, please do not change without citing your sources... --><br />
| job=None permanent, occasionally collects [[unemployment insurance]]<br />
<br />
| relatives=Husband [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], son [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], daughters [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]], father-in-law [[Abraham Simpson|Abe]], father, [[Clancy Bouvier]], mother, [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline]], and sisters [[Bouvier sisters|Patty and Selma]], mother-in-law [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]], brother in law [[Herb Powell]]. (See [[Simpson family]])|<br />
appearance=[[The Tracey Ullman Show]], Simpsons Short: Good Night|<br />
voiceactor=[[Julie Kavner]]|<br />
}}<br />
'''Marjorie "Marge" Simpson''', neé ''Marge Bouvier'', (born [[1960s]]), is a [[fictional character]] featured in the [[animated series|animated television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and is voiced by [[Julie Kavner]]. She is the well-meaning and patient wife of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]]. Her most notable physical feature is her [[blue hair]], styled into an improbably high [[beehive (hairstyle)|beehive]] (kept in place by Johnson's Water Seal); she is proud to have never met anyone with taller hair outside [[Graceland]]. It was once mentioned, by [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], that she actually dyes her hair blue, as she's been "grey as a mule since she was seventeen". <br />
<br />
With a few exceptions, Marge spends most of her time tending to housework, minding [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]], being supportive of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]], and either disciplining [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] or defending him from Homer's rage. She was named after Margaret "Marge" Groening, mother of series creator [[Matt Groening]], upon whom she is loosely based. In many ways, Marge Simpson is actually modeled after the stereotypical suburban [[housewife]] from the [[1950s]] right down to the pearl necklace.<br />
<br />
==Age==<br />
<br />
In the first-season episode ("[[Life on the Fast Lane]]"), Marge's age was said to be 34; several later episodes, however, have given Marge's age as 38, possibly a reflection on her and Homer's attending their twentieth anniversary [[high school|high-school]] [[reunion]] in one episode. In the seventeenth season episode "[[Regarding Margie]]", Homer says that Marge is the same age as him, meaning she could be anywhere between 39 - 47. Her birthday may be [[March 18]] (working from the air date of "Life on the Fast Lane"); the episode "[[Homer's Paternity Coot]]" would suggest that her birthday is in February, as she said that [[emerald]]s would have been her birthstone if she had been born three months later (emeralds are the birthstones for May), but in the later episode, "[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]", she says her birthday is in May.<br />
<br />
==Employment== <br />
<br />
Marge has taken on various jobs, many of which have lasted only one episode each, among them:<br />
* Homemaker (1980 to present), this is the only thing on her resume/CV before [[Lisa]] added to it.<br />
* [[Pretzel]] maker/saleswoman<br />
* [[Police officer]]<br />
* [[Trade show|Trade-show]] model<br />
* [[Realtor]] (she sold the infamous "Murder House" to [[Ned Flanders]])<br />
* [[Springfield Nuclear Power Plant]] worker<br />
* Actress / musical singer<br />
* Professional artist<br />
* Substitute teacher at [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]] [[Elementary School]]<br />
* Endowed shoe spokespeson (Large Marge)<br />
* Activist against violence in children's television<br />
* Novelist<br />
* Waitress on roller skates<br />
* The church "Listen Lady"<br />
* [[Female bodybuilder]]in ("[[Strong Arms of Ma]]")<br />
* [[Bartender]]/[[waitress]] at [[Moe's Tavern]] (in "[[Mommie Beerest]]")<br />
* Sideshow Marge (although not seen, she references to it in [[Eight Misbehavin']])<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Marge's family are fairly recent [[Immigration|immigrants]]. They chose to come to Springfield rather than Stenchburg because they admired the life story of [[Jebediah Springfield]].<br />
<br />
When Marge was young she harbored aspirations of becoming an astronaut. <br />
<br />
During her youth, Marge was a talented painter. She had such an intense crush on [[Ringo Starr]] that she painted numerous portraits of him (including one in which they get married) and wrote to him, however it was 25-years before she received a response, which inspired her to paint again.<br />
<br />
Marge claims her greatest moment of stardom was back in high school when she and her friend on the school paper, Chloe, busted a younger [[Moe Szyslak]], who was a cafeteria worker and had spat in some soup to "teach them to give him his first job outta prison!"<br />
<br />
After [[high school]], and before marrying Homer and giving birth to Bart, Marge worked as a "roller-waitress" at a [[drive-through]] restaurant. She sometimes collects [[unemployment benefits]] from her short lived professions.<br />
<br />
Marge has two older sisters, twins [[Patty and Selma]] (both also voiced by Kavner). A brother named Ardie was once mentioned to never be spoke of again. Her father, a former flight attendant (air steward)and baby photographer, died as a result of a freak roller coaster accident. Her disapproving mother, [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline]], lives on but is rarely seen. All members of the Bouvier family (except, of course, Marge) smoke heavily and have gruff voices and sarcastic, snarky demeanors. None of the other Bouvier family members approve of Marge's marriage to Homer.<br />
<br />
In spite of her reputation as a stereotypical [[sitcom]] mother and her relatively higher morals compared to some characters, Marge, who often appears to be naive and gullible, has had her share of escapades, which have earned her the moral disdain of Springfield's less forgiving residents. Having a brief stint as the only female police [[police officer|cop]] in the Springfield Police Department, taking classes for [[Road rage (phenomenon)|road rage]], time in jail for "[[misdemeanor]] [[shoplifting]]", a [[gambling]] addiction, a predilection for alcoholic beverages, a memorable cross-country police chase (à la ''[[Thelma and Louise]]''), having [[sex]] with Homer at the miniature golf course, which led to Homer and Marge running all over town completely naked, ultimately ending with them on a football field in broad day light being photographed, to which a humiliated Marge grumbled "It would have to be camera day...", and mistakenly having [[breast implants]] ([[Large Marge]]) are just some of the situations that Marge has found herself in. Marge also displays surprisingly strong will. In [[The Joy of Sect]] she escaped the brainwashing of the [[Movementarians]], and in [[Bart-Mangled Banner]], in prison she questions Lisa when Lisa begins losing her beliefs after watching propoganda cartoons. She also apparently makes very bad [[Ice Cream Sundae|ice-cream sundaes]], though she is otherwise a cook highly regarded, especially for her celebrated [[pork chops]]; Marge manages to feed her entire family with only twelve [[dollars]] a [[week]] (she pads Homer's food with [[sawdust]]). She also prepares commemorative [[hams]], including an emergency ham, a condolence ham, an [[earthquake]] ham, and a celebration ham. She is also extremely jealous towards women that perform better as parents to her children.<br />
<br />
Marge is the only member of the family who actively encourages [[church]] attendance.<br />
<br />
Politically, Marge generally aligns with the [[United States Democratic Party]]. She once mentioned that she voted for [[Jimmy Carter]] ("twice" according to Lisa) and supported the candidacy of their unnamed state's Democratic [[governor]] [[List of one-time characters from The Simpsons#Mary Bailey|Mary Bailey]].<br />
<br />
As a child, Marge developed a fear of flying when she was shocked to learn that her father was an airline [[steward]] (flight attendant). On her first day of school, she was teased for having a [[lunch box]] with a picture of [[The Monkees]] on it.<br />
<br />
It was revealed in the episode [[The Way We Weren't]] that Marge first met Homer when they were both 10, attending summer camp. Although she never knew his real name (he told her it was "Elvis Jagger Abdul-Jabbar"), they shared a brief mutual attraction. The short relationship ended when Homer did not show up for a planned date, leaving Marge heartbroken. It was later revealed that the stand-up was entirely unintentional; Homer had fallen off a cliff and gotten trapped in a fat-camp at the time.<br />
<br />
Marge briefly participated in [[student activism]] as a [[teenager]] in high school. After her initial (and only) protest, she was punished by the school and was forced to serve detention, where she happened to meet Homer for the second time (although she did not recognize him from the earlier incident). Eventually, the two began dating each other. Marge became pregnant with her first child, Bart, in her mid or late twenties; in response, she and Homer married, in a low-budget wedding at a combined wedding [[chapel]] and [[casino]] across the state line.<br />
<br />
Besides husband Homer Simpson, Marge has had a number of admirers in the past, including [[C. Montgomery Burns]]; Springfield Isotopes player Flash Baylor; and high school classmate and ex-millionaire [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Artie Ziff|Artie Ziff]] (who recently got over her and is now interested in Marge's sister, Selma). Probably Marge's most persistent and obsessed admirer (who never seemed to get completely over her) is Homer's friend and town bartender, [[Moe Szyslak]]. On many occasions, Moe has made an effort to steal Marge from Homer: his first try was in Season 5 ("[[Secrets of a Successful Marriage]]"); his most recent plot in tempting her to "become his" in Aruba is in Season 16 ("[[Mommie Beerest]]"). Moe and Marge's [[love-hate relationship]] has become a regular and famous gag of the show. <br />
<br />
Her favorite foods are buttered [[noodles]], julienned [[potatoes]] and [[peach]] crumble.<br />
<br />
She said in "[[Burns, Baby Burns]]" that spring and winter are her favorite seasons, followed by autumn, and summer (by implication) is her least favorite.<br />
<br />
She has also suggested that if she was born three months later her birthstone would be an [[emerald]] which is the birthstone of the month of May (confirmed in episode 17x17 to be May).<br />
<br />
She is afflicted with various untreated [[mental illnesses]], including [[ludopathy]], [[psychosomatic stress]] from her family and childhood [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] from a rich tapestry of discovering that her father was a pioneering airline steward, being raked by biplane machine gun fire in a cornfield, having her toy airplane cart catch fire, and being teased with her food as a baby. In addition to this, she also suffers from chronic foot pain.<br />
<br />
Marge has a very parochial worldview that, for example, sees self-denying domestic servitude in the suburbs as the only valid life choice for women. This is evidenced both by her espousing this lifestyle to those around her as opportunity presents, and by her annoyance when more cosmopolitan influences come to town and broaden people's perspectives (especially that of her children). Her insistent adherence to this worldview is likely a coping mechanism that helps her justify being married to what is perhaps the most apish man in Springfield.<br />
<br />
==Height==<br />
Marge's height is somewhat inconsistent. In the episode "[[Marge in Chains]]", she is 8 ft 6 in, 6 ft 2 in excluding hair. Her beehive hairdo has been mentioned as being 3 feet tall, which would make her 5 ft 6 in or 5 ft 7 in. In the episode "[[Homer Alone]]", her height is 5 ft 4 in, 6 ft 2 in including hair. In "[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)]]", in the couch gag, she is shown to be above 7 ft with her hair, but around 5 ft without it. She is also shorter than Homer, who has been seen as being 6 ft in his police lineup photos in various episodes. In the episode where Marge and Homer's tryst in a miniature golf course is foiled resulting in them running all over town naked, they briefly stand behind a lawn display, a completely naked Marge appears to be only two inches shorter than Homer, suggesting she is 5 ft 10 in. In "[[Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield]]", Marge was seen playing cards with some other members, and when she realised she had a winning hand, her mind started talking to her, and then various points in her hair joined in. The top of her hair said "Don't listen to me, I'm just hair. Your head stopped 18 inches ago."<br />
<br />
==Interesting Facts==<br />
* Once dated (more accurately will date) Krusty the Clown ("[[Future-Drama]]")<br />
* Was a junior member of [[The Last of the Red Hat Mamas|The Cheery Red Tomatoes]], a homage to the [[Red Hat Society]].<br />
* In France, the actor and actress who voice Homer and Marge are married in real life [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_Augereau#Anecdote]<br />
*Marge appeared on the cover of "[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]".<br />
* She's apparently fluent in [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]].<br />
* Marge has confessed that her hair isn't really blue.<br />
* [[:de:Elisabeth Volkmann|Elisabeth Volkmann]], who voiced Marge in Germany, died in July 2006.<br />
* She is left-handed.<br />
* She has webbed toes.<br />
* In the episode [[Krusty Gets Kancelled]], Marge, who appears in the episode, has no lines of dialogue.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Characters from The Simpsons]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sim64.co.uk/marge.html Marge Simpson's Christmas message 2004]<br />
*[http://www.turninto.com/?p=marge TurnInto] How to become Marge Simpson<br />
{{Simpsons characters}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Simpsons characters|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional police officers|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Democrats|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional feminists|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Protestants|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional gamblers|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional mothers|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional artists|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Animation protagonists|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
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[[tr:Marge Simpson]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marge_Simpson&diff=94800990Marge Simpson2006-08-18T01:34:51Z<p>CIS: few edits</p>
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<div>{{Simpsons character<br />
| image=[[Image:C-marge.png|222px]]<br />
| name= Marge Simpson<br />
| gender=[[Female]]<br />
| age=34 - 47 <br />
<!-- see text for cites, please do not change without citing your sources... --><br />
| job=None permanent, occasionally collects [[unemployment insurance]]<br />
<br />
| relatives=Husband [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], son [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], daughters [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]], father-in-law [[Abraham Simpson|Abe]], father, [[Clancy Bouvier]], mother, [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline]], and sisters [[Bouvier sisters|Patty and Selma]], mother-in-law [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]], brother in law [[Herb Powell]]. (See [[Simpson family]])|<br />
appearance=[[The Tracey Ullman Show]], Simpsons Short: Good Night|<br />
voiceactor=[[Julie Kavner]]|<br />
}}<br />
'''Marjorie "Marge" Simpson''', neé ''Marge Bouvier'', (born [[1960ss]]), is a [[fictional character]] featured in the [[animated series|animated television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and is voiced by [[Julie Kavner]]. She is the well-meaning and patient wife of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]]. Her most notable physical feature is her [[blue hair]], styled into an improbably high [[beehive (hairstyle)|beehive]] (kept in place by Johnson's Water Seal); she is proud to have never met anyone with taller hair outside [[Graceland]]. It was once mentioned, by [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], that she actually dyes her hair blue, as she's been "grey as a mule since she was seventeen". <br />
<br />
With a few exceptions, Marge spends most of her time tending to housework, minding [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]], being supportive of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]], and either disciplining [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] or defending him from Homer's rage. She was named after Margaret "Marge" Groening, mother of series creator [[Matt Groening]], upon whom she is loosely based. In many ways, Marge Simpson is actually modeled after the stereotypical suburban [[housewife]] from the [[1950s]] right down to the pearl necklace.<br />
<br />
==Age==<br />
<br />
In the first-season episode ("[[Life on the Fast Lane]]"), Marge's age was said to be 34; several later episodes, however, have given Marge's age as 38, possibly a reflection on her and Homer's attending their twentieth anniversary [[high school|high-school]] [[reunion]] in one episode. In the seventeenth season episode "[[Regarding Margie]]", Homer says that Marge is the same age as him, meaning she could be anywhere between 39 - 47. Her birthday may be [[March 18]] (working from the air date of "Life on the Fast Lane"); the episode "[[Homer's Paternity Coot]]" would suggest that her birthday is in February, as she said that [[emerald]]s would have been her birthstone if she had been born three months later (emeralds are the birthstones for May), but in the later episode, "[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]", she says her birthday is in May.<br />
<br />
==Employment== <br />
<br />
Marge has taken on various jobs, many of which have lasted only one episode each, among them:<br />
* Homemaker (1980 to present), this is the only thing on her resume/CV before [[Lisa]] added to it.<br />
* [[Pretzel]] maker/saleswoman<br />
* [[Police officer]]<br />
* [[Trade show|Trade-show]] model<br />
* [[Realtor]] (she sold the infamous "Murder House" to [[Ned Flanders]])<br />
* [[Springfield Nuclear Power Plant]] worker<br />
* Actress / musical singer<br />
* Professional artist<br />
* Substitute teacher at [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]] [[Elementary School]]<br />
* Endowed shoe spokespeson (Large Marge)<br />
* Activist against violence in children's television<br />
* Novelist<br />
* Waitress on roller skates<br />
* The church "Listen Lady"<br />
* [[Female bodybuilder]]in ("[[Strong Arms of Ma]]")<br />
* [[Bartender]]/[[waitress]] at [[Moe's Tavern]] (in "[[Mommie Beerest]]")<br />
* Sideshow Marge (although not seen, she references to it in [[Eight Misbehavin']])<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Marge's family are fairly recent [[Immigration|immigrants]]. They chose to come to Springfield rather than Stenchburg because they admired the life story of [[Jebediah Springfield]].<br />
<br />
When Marge was young she harbored aspirations of becoming an astronaut. <br />
<br />
During her youth, Marge was a talented painter. She had such an intense crush on [[Ringo Starr]] that she painted numerous portraits of him (including one in which they get married) and wrote to him, however it was 25-years before she received a response, which inspired her to paint again.<br />
<br />
Marge claims her greatest moment of stardom was back in high school when she and her friend on the school paper, Chloe, busted a younger [[Moe Szyslak]], who was a cafeteria worker and had spat in some soup to "teach them to give him his first job outta prison!"<br />
<br />
After [[high school]], and before marrying Homer and giving birth to Bart, Marge worked as a "roller-waitress" at a [[drive-through]] restaurant. She sometimes collects [[unemployment benefits]] from her short lived professions.<br />
<br />
Marge has two older sisters, twins [[Patty and Selma]] (both also voiced by Kavner). A brother named Ardie was once mentioned to never be spoke of again. Her father, a former flight attendant (air steward)and baby photographer, died as a result of a freak roller coaster accident. Her disapproving mother, [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline]], lives on but is rarely seen. All members of the Bouvier family (except, of course, Marge) smoke heavily and have gruff voices and sarcastic, snarky demeanors. None of the other Bouvier family members approve of Marge's marriage to Homer.<br />
<br />
In spite of her reputation as a stereotypical [[sitcom]] mother and her relatively higher morals compared to some characters, Marge, who often appears to be naive and gullible, has had her share of escapades, which have earned her the moral disdain of Springfield's less forgiving residents. Having a brief stint as the only female police [[police officer|cop]] in the Springfield Police Department, taking classes for [[Road rage (phenomenon)|road rage]], time in jail for "[[misdemeanor]] [[shoplifting]]", a [[gambling]] addiction, a predilection for alcoholic beverages, a memorable cross-country police chase (à la ''[[Thelma and Louise]]''), having [[sex]] with Homer at the miniature golf course, which led to Homer and Marge running all over town completely naked, ultimately ending with them on a football field in broad day light being photographed, to which a humiliated Marge grumbled "It would have to be camera day...", and mistakenly having [[breast implants]] ([[Large Marge]]) are just some of the situations that Marge has found herself in. Marge also displays surprisingly strong will. In [[The Joy of Sect]] she escaped the brainwashing of the [[Movementarians]], and in [[Bart-Mangled Banner]], in prison she questions Lisa when Lisa begins losing her beliefs after watching propoganda cartoons. She also apparently makes very bad [[Ice Cream Sundae|ice-cream sundaes]], though she is otherwise a cook highly regarded, especially for her celebrated [[pork chops]]; Marge manages to feed her entire family with only twelve [[dollars]] a [[week]] (she pads Homer's food with [[sawdust]]). She also prepares commemorative [[hams]], including an emergency ham, a condolence ham, an [[earthquake]] ham, and a celebration ham. She is also extremely jealous towards women that perform better as parents to her children.<br />
<br />
Marge is the only member of the family who actively encourages [[church]] attendance.<br />
<br />
Politically, Marge generally aligns with the [[United States Democratic Party]]. She once mentioned that she voted for [[Jimmy Carter]] ("twice" according to Lisa) and supported the candidacy of their unnamed state's Democratic [[governor]] [[List of one-time characters from The Simpsons#Mary Bailey|Mary Bailey]].<br />
<br />
As a child, Marge developed a fear of flying when she was shocked to learn that her father was an airline [[steward]] (flight attendant). On her first day of school, she was teased for having a [[lunch box]] with a picture of [[The Monkees]] on it.<br />
<br />
It was revealed in the episode [[The Way We Weren't]] that Marge first met Homer when they were both 10, attending summer camp. Although she never knew his real name (he told her it was "Elvis Jagger Abdul-Jabbar"), they shared a brief mutual attraction. The short relationship ended when Homer did not show up for a planned date, leaving Marge heartbroken. It was later revealed that the stand-up was entirely unintentional; Homer had fallen off a cliff and gotten trapped in a fat-camp at the time.<br />
<br />
Marge briefly participated in [[student activism]] as a [[teenager]] in high school. After her initial (and only) protest, she was punished by the school and was forced to serve detention, where she happened to meet Homer for the second time (although she did not recognize him from the earlier incident). Eventually, the two began dating each other. Marge became pregnant with her first child, Bart, in her mid or late twenties; in response, she and Homer married, in a low-budget wedding at a combined wedding [[chapel]] and [[casino]] across the state line.<br />
<br />
Besides husband Homer Simpson, Marge has had a number of admirers in the past, including [[C. Montgomery Burns]]; Springfield Isotopes player Flash Baylor; and high school classmate and ex-millionaire [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Artie Ziff|Artie Ziff]] (who recently got over her and is now interested in Marge's sister, Selma). Probably Marge's most persistent and obsessed admirer (who never seemed to get completely over her) is Homer's friend and town bartender, [[Moe Szyslak]]. On many occasions, Moe has made an effort to steal Marge from Homer: his first try was in Season 5 ("[[Secrets of a Successful Marriage]]"); his most recent plot in tempting her to "become his" in Aruba is in Season 16 ("[[Mommie Beerest]]"). Moe and Marge's [[love-hate relationship]] has become a regular and famous gag of the show. <br />
<br />
Her favorite foods are buttered [[noodles]], julienned [[potatoes]] and [[peach]] crumble.<br />
<br />
She said in "[[Burns, Baby Burns]]" that spring and winter are her favorite seasons, followed by autumn, and summer (by implication) is her least favorite.<br />
<br />
She has also suggested that if she was born three months later her birthstone would be an [[emerald]] which is the birthstone of the month of May (confirmed in episode 17x17 to be May).<br />
<br />
She is afflicted with various untreated [[mental illnesses]], including [[ludopathy]], [[psychosomatic stress]] from her family and childhood [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] from a rich tapestry of discovering that her father was a pioneering airline steward, being raked by biplane machine gun fire in a cornfield, having her toy airplane cart catch fire, and being teased with her food as a baby. In addition to this, she also suffers from chronic foot pain.<br />
<br />
Marge has a very parochial worldview that, for example, sees self-denying domestic servitude in the suburbs as the only valid life choice for women. This is evidenced both by her espousing this lifestyle to those around her as opportunity presents, and by her annoyance when more cosmopolitan influences come to town and broaden people's perspectives (especially that of her children). Her insistent adherence to this worldview is likely a coping mechanism that helps her justify being married to what is perhaps the most apish man in Springfield.<br />
<br />
==Height==<br />
Marge's height is somewhat inconsistent. In the episode "[[Marge in Chains]]", she is 8 ft 6 in, 6 ft 2 in excluding hair. Her beehive hairdo has been mentioned as being 3 feet tall, which would make her 5 ft 6 in or 5 ft 7 in. In the episode "[[Homer Alone]]", her height is 5 ft 4 in, 6 ft 2 in including hair. In "[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)]]", in the couch gag, she is shown to be above 7 ft with her hair, but around 5 ft without it. She is also shorter than Homer, who has been seen as being 6 ft in his police lineup photos in various episodes. In the episode where Marge and Homer's tryst in a miniature golf course is foiled resulting in them running all over town naked, they briefly stand behind a lawn display, a completely naked Marge appears to be only two inches shorter than Homer, suggesting she is 5 ft 10 in. In "[[Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield]]", Marge was seen playing cards with some other members, and when she realised she had a winning hand, her mind started talking to her, and then various points in her hair joined in. The top of her hair said "Don't listen to me, I'm just hair. Your head stopped 18 inches ago."<br />
<br />
==Interesting Facts==<br />
* Once dated (more accurately will date) Krusty the Clown ("[[Future-Drama]]")<br />
* Was a junior member of [[The Last of the Red Hat Mamas|The Cheery Red Tomatoes]], a homage to the [[Red Hat Society]].<br />
* In France, the actor and actress who voice Homer and Marge are married in real life [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_Augereau#Anecdote]<br />
*Marge appeared on the cover of "[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]".<br />
* She's apparently fluent in [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]].<br />
* Marge has confessed that her hair isn't really blue.<br />
* [[:de:Elisabeth Volkmann|Elisabeth Volkmann]], who voiced Marge in Germany, died in July 2006.<br />
* She is left-handed.<br />
* She has webbed toes.<br />
* In the episode [[Krusty Gets Kancelled]], Marge, who appears in the episode, has no lines of dialogue.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Characters from The Simpsons]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sim64.co.uk/marge.html Marge Simpson's Christmas message 2004]<br />
*[http://www.turninto.com/?p=marge TurnInto] How to become Marge Simpson<br />
{{Simpsons characters}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Simpsons characters|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional police officers|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Democrats|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional feminists|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Protestants|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional gamblers|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional mothers|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional artists|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
[[Category:Animation protagonists|Simpson, Marge]]<br />
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[[tr:Marge Simpson]]</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frauen_und_Kinder_zuerst!&diff=125190705Frauen und Kinder zuerst!2006-08-18T00:15:18Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Women and children first''' is a well-known saying, that implies that the lives of [[women]] (all ages) and [[children]] (usually under 13) are to be saved first (before men) if the lives of a certain collection of people are at stake. The phrase was popularized in its usage on the [[RMS Titanic]], whereas only women and children were allowed on the [[lifeboat]]s until there were no women and children remaining on the ship. Titanic's officers were heard shouting "''Women and children only. Stand back, sir''" to the passengers.</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show&diff=98402119The Ellen DeGeneres Show2006-05-22T16:13:36Z<p>CIS: /* Starring */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Ellendegeneres.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ellen DeGeneres, on her talk show.]]<br />
The '''Ellen DeGeneres Show''', often shortened to '''Ellen''', is a [[television syndication|syndicated]] [[television]] [[talk show]] hosted by actress and comedienne [[Ellen DeGeneres]]. The show features interviews with [[celebrity|celebrities]] and comedic [[monologue]]s by the host. It premiered on [[September 8]], [[2003]].<br />
<br />
The show was nominated for 11 [[Daytime Emmy Awards]] its first season, winning four, including Best Talk Show. It gained 12 nominations in its second season and won best talk show and talk show host.<br />
<br />
"Ellen" is known for its variety of recurring jokes and gags, some of which eventually puttered out. Since the show's conception Degeneres has [[Segue|segued]] from her opening monologue to the rest of the show by doing a dance. This has progressed to a two minute segment wherein Degeneres dances into the audience, sometimes "borrowing" a coat or purse from someone's chair, and taking it with her. She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves.<br />
<br />
Early popularity of the show resulted from Degeneres making viewers feel as though they were a part of the "family" of crew and employees on the show itself. A popular crew member, aspiring stunt man Houston (pronounced "How-Ston"), frequently featured during the first broadcast year. He was set up on a variety of blind dates, and a segment called "Have Houston Do It For You" in which he was sent to people's homes to help with tasks like putting up Christmas decorations or remodeling a bathroom.<br />
<br />
Similar to ''[[The Rosie O'Donnell Show]]'', Degeneres often has audience participation games where prizes are awarded. During her "Twelves Days of Giveaways" promotion she gives about $1,000 worth of prizes to a member of the audience for 12 days in a row. Because the show has become so popular, not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio, so an off-shoot space referred to as "The Riff Raff Room" was created. Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off-stage and do not participate in audience activities (or receive any giveaway prizes).<br />
<br />
Degeneres' mother [[Betty Degeneres|Betty]] regularly attended the show and was frequently featured on camera, but she stopped appearing early in 2006. Her chair was designated the "Mama" chair and special privileges are given to the audience member who sits in it.<br />
<br />
Ellen has also helped many people to be "famous for 15 minutes" by having them as guests on the show for no reason in particular. The owner of a small shop called "Mostly Moose and More" appeared as a guest, as well as Jim "Carl," the audience member who refused to dance. <br />
<br />
In the show's third season, a new part of the format was added, in which Ellen surprised fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities.<br />
<br />
The show was featured in an episode on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Joey (sitcom)|Joey]]'', with the main character ([[Joey Tribbiani]]) as a guest star. It was also featured on an episode of the [[HBO]] series ''[[Six Feet Under]]''. Still later, it was featured on an episode of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] show ''[[Extreme Makeover: Home Edition]]''; while the Holmes family of [[Altamonte Springs, Florida]] was receiving a new home, they were in the audience during an episode of the show, and saw the unveiling of a secondary project of [[Ty Pennington]]'s team, a [[turtle]] habitat, while there.<br />
<br />
On [[May 18th]], [[2006]], The Ellen DeGeneres Show is celebrated its 500th episode.<br />
<br />
==Starring==<br />
*[[Ellen DeGeneres]] &mdash; Host (2003&ndash;present)<br />
*[[Tony Okenboah]] &mdash; DJ/Co-host (2003&ndash;2006)<br />
<br />
==''Ellen'' Overseas==<br />
===Australia===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered in Early February 2006 on [[Australia]]n [[cable]] channel [[Arena]], shortly after it also premiered on [[Network Ten]] an Australian major television broadcaster.<br />
===New Zealand===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered on [[7th February]] 2006 in [[New Zealand]] on free-to-air network television [[Television New Zealand]] [[TV One]]. Episodes air approximately one week behind US air dates.<br />
===Philippines===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered on [[15th October]],[[2005]] on [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]]'s [[ETC 2nd Avenue]]. It only shows on Weekdays at 8:00pm (GMT 20:00). The show always airs before [[Wheel Of Fortune]] and [[Jeopardy!]]. The Episodes air the next day's episode like<br />
:'''Monday''' airs '''Friday Episode'''<br />
:'''Tuesday''' airs '''Monday Episode'''<br />
:'''Wednesday''' airs '''Tuesday Episode'''<br />
:'''Thursday''' airs '''Wednesday Episode'''<br />
:'''Friday''' airs '''Thursday Episode'''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.tvtome.com/tvtome/servlet/ShowMainServlet/showid-17071/ TV Tome: The Ellen DeGeneres Show]<br />
* [http://ellen.warnerbros.com/ The Ellen DeGeneres Show] Official site<br />
<br />
[[Category:Television talk shows|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:2000s TV shows in the United States|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:TV shows produced/distributed by Warner Brothers|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:Syndicated television series|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
<br />
{{tvseries-stub}}</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show&diff=98402114The Ellen DeGeneres Show2006-05-22T15:04:51Z<p>CIS: /* Starring */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Ellendegeneres.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ellen DeGeneres, on her talk show.]]<br />
The '''Ellen DeGeneres Show''', often shortened to '''Ellen''', is a [[television syndication|syndicated]] [[television]] [[talk show]] hosted by actress and comedienne [[Ellen DeGeneres]]. The show features interviews with [[celebrity|celebrities]] and comedic [[monologue]]s by the host. It premiered on [[September 8]], [[2003]].<br />
<br />
The show was nominated for 11 [[Daytime Emmy Awards]] its first season, winning four, including Best Talk Show. It gained 12 nominations in its second season and won best talk show and talk show host.<br />
<br />
"Ellen" is known for its variety of recurring jokes and gags, some of which eventually puttered out. Since the show's conception Degeneres has [[Segue|segued]] from her opening monologue to the rest of the show by doing a dance. This has progressed to a two minute segment wherein Degeneres dances into the audience, sometimes "borrowing" a coat or purse from someone's chair, and taking it with her. She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves.<br />
<br />
Early popularity of the show resulted from Degeneres making viewers feel as though they were a part of the "family" of crew and employees on the show itself. A popular crew member, aspiring stunt man Houston (pronounced "How-Ston"), frequently featured during the first broadcast year. He was set up on a variety of blind dates, and a segment called "Have Houston Do It For You" in which he was sent to people's homes to help with tasks like putting up Christmas decorations or remodeling a bathroom.<br />
<br />
Similar to ''[[The Rosie O'Donnell Show]]'', Degeneres often has audience participation games where prizes are awarded. During her "Twelves Days of Giveaways" promotion she gives about $1,000 worth of prizes to a member of the audience for 12 days in a row. Because the show has become so popular, not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio, so an off-shoot space referred to as "The Riff Raff Room" was created. Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off-stage and do not participate in audience activities (or receive any giveaway prizes).<br />
<br />
Degeneres' mother [[Betty Degeneres|Betty]] regularly attended the show and was frequently featured on camera, but she stopped appearing early in 2006. Her chair was designated the "Mama" chair and special privileges are given to the audience member who sits in it.<br />
<br />
Ellen has also helped many people to be "famous for 15 minutes" by having them as guests on the show for no reason in particular. The owner of a small shop called "Mostly Moose and More" appeared as a guest, as well as Jim "Carl," the audience member who refused to dance. <br />
<br />
In the show's third season, a new part of the format was added, in which Ellen surprised fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities.<br />
<br />
The show was featured in an episode on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Joey (sitcom)|Joey]]'', with the main character ([[Joey Tribbiani]]) as a guest star. It was also featured on an episode of the [[HBO]] series ''[[Six Feet Under]]''. Still later, it was featured on an episode of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] show ''[[Extreme Makeover: Home Edition]]''; while the Holmes family of [[Altamonte Springs, Florida]] was receiving a new home, they were in the audience during an episode of the show, and saw the unveiling of a secondary project of [[Ty Pennington]]'s team, a [[turtle]] habitat, while there.<br />
<br />
On [[May 18th]], [[2006]], The Ellen DeGeneres Show is celebrating its 500th episode.<br />
<br />
==Starring==<br />
*[[Ellen DeGeneres]]<br />
*[[Tony Okenboah]] &mdash; (2003&ndash;2006)<br />
<br />
==''Ellen'' Overseas==<br />
===Australia===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered in Early February 2006 on [[Australia]]n [[cable]] channel [[Arena]], shortly after it also premiered on [[Network Ten]] an Australian major television broadcaster.<br />
===New Zealand===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered on [[7th February]] 2006 in [[New Zealand]] on free-to-air network television [[Television New Zealand]] [[TV One]]. Episodes air approximately one week behind US air dates.<br />
===Philippines===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered on [[15th October]],[[2005]] on [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]]'s [[ETC 2nd Avenue]]. It only shows on Weekdays at 8:00pm (GMT 20:00). The show always airs before [[Wheel Of Fortune]] and [[Jeopardy!]]. The Episodes air the next day's episode like<br />
:'''Monday''' airs '''Friday Episode'''<br />
:'''Tuesday''' airs '''Monday Episode'''<br />
:'''Wednesday''' airs '''Tuesday Episode'''<br />
:'''Thursday''' airs '''Wednesday Episode'''<br />
:'''Friday''' airs '''Thursday Episode'''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.tvtome.com/tvtome/servlet/ShowMainServlet/showid-17071/ TV Tome: The Ellen DeGeneres Show]<br />
* [http://ellen.warnerbros.com/ The Ellen DeGeneres Show] Official site<br />
<br />
[[Category:Television talk shows|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:2000s TV shows in the United States|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:TV shows produced/distributed by Warner Brothers|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:Syndicated television series|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
<br />
{{tvseries-stub}}</div>CIShttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show&diff=98402113The Ellen DeGeneres Show2006-05-22T15:03:56Z<p>CIS: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Ellendegeneres.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ellen DeGeneres, on her talk show.]]<br />
The '''Ellen DeGeneres Show''', often shortened to '''Ellen''', is a [[television syndication|syndicated]] [[television]] [[talk show]] hosted by actress and comedienne [[Ellen DeGeneres]]. The show features interviews with [[celebrity|celebrities]] and comedic [[monologue]]s by the host. It premiered on [[September 8]], [[2003]].<br />
<br />
The show was nominated for 11 [[Daytime Emmy Awards]] its first season, winning four, including Best Talk Show. It gained 12 nominations in its second season and won best talk show and talk show host.<br />
<br />
"Ellen" is known for its variety of recurring jokes and gags, some of which eventually puttered out. Since the show's conception Degeneres has [[Segue|segued]] from her opening monologue to the rest of the show by doing a dance. This has progressed to a two minute segment wherein Degeneres dances into the audience, sometimes "borrowing" a coat or purse from someone's chair, and taking it with her. She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves.<br />
<br />
Early popularity of the show resulted from Degeneres making viewers feel as though they were a part of the "family" of crew and employees on the show itself. A popular crew member, aspiring stunt man Houston (pronounced "How-Ston"), frequently featured during the first broadcast year. He was set up on a variety of blind dates, and a segment called "Have Houston Do It For You" in which he was sent to people's homes to help with tasks like putting up Christmas decorations or remodeling a bathroom.<br />
<br />
Similar to ''[[The Rosie O'Donnell Show]]'', Degeneres often has audience participation games where prizes are awarded. During her "Twelves Days of Giveaways" promotion she gives about $1,000 worth of prizes to a member of the audience for 12 days in a row. Because the show has become so popular, not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio, so an off-shoot space referred to as "The Riff Raff Room" was created. Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off-stage and do not participate in audience activities (or receive any giveaway prizes).<br />
<br />
Degeneres' mother [[Betty Degeneres|Betty]] regularly attended the show and was frequently featured on camera, but she stopped appearing early in 2006. Her chair was designated the "Mama" chair and special privileges are given to the audience member who sits in it.<br />
<br />
Ellen has also helped many people to be "famous for 15 minutes" by having them as guests on the show for no reason in particular. The owner of a small shop called "Mostly Moose and More" appeared as a guest, as well as Jim "Carl," the audience member who refused to dance. <br />
<br />
In the show's third season, a new part of the format was added, in which Ellen surprised fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities.<br />
<br />
The show was featured in an episode on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Joey (sitcom)|Joey]]'', with the main character ([[Joey Tribbiani]]) as a guest star. It was also featured on an episode of the [[HBO]] series ''[[Six Feet Under]]''. Still later, it was featured on an episode of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] show ''[[Extreme Makeover: Home Edition]]''; while the Holmes family of [[Altamonte Springs, Florida]] was receiving a new home, they were in the audience during an episode of the show, and saw the unveiling of a secondary project of [[Ty Pennington]]'s team, a [[turtle]] habitat, while there.<br />
<br />
On [[May 18th]], [[2006]], The Ellen DeGeneres Show is celebrating its 500th episode.<br />
<br />
==Starring==<br />
[[Ellen DeGeneres]]<br />
[[Tony Okenboah]] &mdash; (2003&ndash;2006)<br />
<br />
==''Ellen'' Overseas==<br />
===Australia===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered in Early February 2006 on [[Australia]]n [[cable]] channel [[Arena]], shortly after it also premiered on [[Network Ten]] an Australian major television broadcaster.<br />
===New Zealand===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered on [[7th February]] 2006 in [[New Zealand]] on free-to-air network television [[Television New Zealand]] [[TV One]]. Episodes air approximately one week behind US air dates.<br />
===Philippines===<br />
''Ellen'' premiered on [[15th October]],[[2005]] on [[Solar Entertainment Corporation]]'s [[ETC 2nd Avenue]]. It only shows on Weekdays at 8:00pm (GMT 20:00). The show always airs before [[Wheel Of Fortune]] and [[Jeopardy!]]. The Episodes air the next day's episode like<br />
:'''Monday''' airs '''Friday Episode'''<br />
:'''Tuesday''' airs '''Monday Episode'''<br />
:'''Wednesday''' airs '''Tuesday Episode'''<br />
:'''Thursday''' airs '''Wednesday Episode'''<br />
:'''Friday''' airs '''Thursday Episode'''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.tvtome.com/tvtome/servlet/ShowMainServlet/showid-17071/ TV Tome: The Ellen DeGeneres Show]<br />
* [http://ellen.warnerbros.com/ The Ellen DeGeneres Show] Official site<br />
<br />
[[Category:Television talk shows|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:2000s TV shows in the United States|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:TV shows produced/distributed by Warner Brothers|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
[[Category:Syndicated television series|Ellen DeGeneres Show]]<br />
<br />
{{tvseries-stub}}</div>CIS