Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Chang’e 5

2017-03-02T23:38:08Z

C-randles: Circa no longer appropriate

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Chang'e 5
| image =
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[sample return mission|Surface sample return]]
| operator = [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration =

| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer =
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = 8200kg
| power =

| launch_date = November 2017<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/china-space-program-change-5-first-lunar-sample-return-mission-be-launched-november-2479398 China Space Program: Chang’e-5, First Lunar Sample Return Mission, To Be Launched In November] January 23, 2017</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Long March 5|Chang Zheng 5]]
| launch_site = [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center|Wenchang]]
| launch_contractor =

| landing_date = 
| landing_site = 

| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_regime =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = selene

|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Late 2017
|departure_date =

}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Late 2017
|departure_date =
|location =
|sample_mass = 2kg
}}

| previous_mission = [[Chang'e 4]]
| next_mission = [[Chang'e 6]]
| programme = '''[[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]'''
}}

'''Chang'e 5''' ({{zh|s=嫦娥五号|hp=Cháng'é wǔhào}}) is an unmanned [[China|Chinese]] [[lunar exploration]] mission currently under development, which is expected to land on the Moon by 2017.<ref name=launch_date>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/16/c_132971252.htm|title=China plans to launch Chang'e 5 in 2017|publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm|date=Aug 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China Aims for the Moon| url=http://sputniknews.com/world/20140827/192396493.html|date=Aug 24, 2014}}</ref> Chang'e 5 will be China's first [[sample return mission]], aiming to return at least 2 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples back to the Earth. Like its predecessors, the spacecraft is named after the Chinese moon goddess [[Chang'e]].

==Mission profile==
The probe will be launched by [[Long March 5]] rocket at the [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center]] on [[Hainan Island]].
After making a soft landing on the Moon, the lander will dig and collect a lunar sample from up to 2 meters below the surface.

Unlike earlier Soviet missions, the mission will make [[Lunar orbit rendezvous|an automatic rendezvous]] and docking with the return module in lunar orbit before flying back to the Earth.<ref name=launch_date/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/china-unmanned-moon-mission-to-bring-back-lunar-soil-2012|title=China’s Unmanned Moon Mission To Bring Back Lunar Soil To Earth|publisher=AsianScientist|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/830521.shtml|title=Chang'e 5 proposed date to moon|publisher=Global Times|date=Dec 6, 2013}}</ref>

===Chang'e 5-T1===
[[Chang'e 5-T1]] is an experimental unmanned lunar mission that was launched on 23 October 2014 to conduct [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric re-entry]] tests on the capsule design planned to be used in the Chang'e 5 mission.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/14/c_132232333.htm| title=CLunar mission：craft to conduct re-entry tests before 2015| publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm| title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission| publisher=CRIEnglish News| date=Aug 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Launched>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|title=Chinese Long March Rocket successfully launches Lunar Return Demonstrator|publisher=Spaceflight101|date=Oct 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-10/24/c_127134592.htm| title=China launches test return orbiter for lunar mission| publisher=Xinhuanet| date=Oct 24, 2014}}</ref>

==Lander payload==
The lander will carry landing cameras, optical cameras, a mineral spectrometer, a soil gas analytical instrument, a soil composition analytical instrument, a sampling sectional thermodetector, and a robotic drilling rig.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{CLEP}}
{{Chinese spacecraft}}
{{2017 in space}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang'e 5}}
[[Category:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Sample return missions]]
[[Category:Chinese space probes]]
[[Category:2017 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2017 in China]]

Chang’e 5

2017-03-02T23:35:25Z

C-randles: Provide ref for Nov date

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Chang'e 5
| image =
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[sample return mission|Surface sample return]]
| operator = [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration =

| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer =
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = 8200kg
| power =

| launch_date = November 2017<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/china-space-program-change-5-first-lunar-sample-return-mission-be-launched-november-2479398 China Space Program: Chang’e-5, First Lunar Sample Return Mission, To Be Launched In November] January 23, 2017</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Long March 5|Chang Zheng 5]]
| launch_site = [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center|Wenchang]]
| launch_contractor =

| landing_date = 
| landing_site = 

| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_regime =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = selene

|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Circa 2017
|departure_date =

}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Circa 2017
|departure_date =
|location =
|sample_mass = 2kg
}}

| previous_mission = [[Chang'e 4]]
| next_mission = [[Chang'e 6]]
| programme = '''[[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]'''
}}

'''Chang'e 5''' ({{zh|s=嫦娥五号|hp=Cháng'é wǔhào}}) is an unmanned [[China|Chinese]] [[lunar exploration]] mission currently under development, which is expected to land on the Moon by 2017.<ref name=launch_date>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/16/c_132971252.htm|title=China plans to launch Chang'e 5 in 2017|publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm|date=Aug 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China Aims for the Moon| url=http://sputniknews.com/world/20140827/192396493.html|date=Aug 24, 2014}}</ref> Chang'e 5 will be China's first [[sample return mission]], aiming to return at least 2 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples back to the Earth. Like its predecessors, the spacecraft is named after the Chinese moon goddess [[Chang'e]].

==Mission profile==
The probe will be launched by [[Long March 5]] rocket at the [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center]] on [[Hainan Island]].
After making a soft landing on the Moon, the lander will dig and collect a lunar sample from up to 2 meters below the surface.

Unlike earlier Soviet missions, the mission will make [[Lunar orbit rendezvous|an automatic rendezvous]] and docking with the return module in lunar orbit before flying back to the Earth.<ref name=launch_date/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/china-unmanned-moon-mission-to-bring-back-lunar-soil-2012|title=China’s Unmanned Moon Mission To Bring Back Lunar Soil To Earth|publisher=AsianScientist|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/830521.shtml|title=Chang'e 5 proposed date to moon|publisher=Global Times|date=Dec 6, 2013}}</ref>

===Chang'e 5-T1===
[[Chang'e 5-T1]] is an experimental unmanned lunar mission that was launched on 23 October 2014 to conduct [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric re-entry]] tests on the capsule design planned to be used in the Chang'e 5 mission.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/14/c_132232333.htm| title=CLunar mission：craft to conduct re-entry tests before 2015| publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm| title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission| publisher=CRIEnglish News| date=Aug 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Launched>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|title=Chinese Long March Rocket successfully launches Lunar Return Demonstrator|publisher=Spaceflight101|date=Oct 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-10/24/c_127134592.htm| title=China launches test return orbiter for lunar mission| publisher=Xinhuanet| date=Oct 24, 2014}}</ref>

==Lander payload==
The lander will carry landing cameras, optical cameras, a mineral spectrometer, a soil gas analytical instrument, a soil composition analytical instrument, a sampling sectional thermodetector, and a robotic drilling rig.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{CLEP}}
{{Chinese spacecraft}}
{{2017 in space}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang'e 5}}
[[Category:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Sample return missions]]
[[Category:Chinese space probes]]
[[Category:2017 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2017 in China]]

Chang’e 5

2015-03-29T13:29:23Z

C-randles: No reason to think Aug 2014 refs are out of date, extra ref and ref dates

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Chang'e 5
| image =
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[sample return mission|Surface sample return]]
| operator = [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration =

| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer =
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass =
| power =

| launch_date = Circa 2017
| launch_rocket = [[Long March 5|Chang Zheng 5]]
| launch_site = [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center|Wenchang]]
| launch_contractor =

| landing_date = 
| landing_site = 

| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_regime =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = selene

|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Circa 2017
|departure_date =

}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Circa 2017
|departure_date =
|location =
|sample_mass =
}}

| previous_mission = [[Chang'e 4]]
| next_mission = [[Chang'e 6]]
| programme = '''[[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]'''
}}

'''Chang'e 5''' ({{zh|s=嫦娥五号|hp=Cháng'é wǔhào}}) is an unmanned [[China|Chinese]] [[lunar exploration]] mission currently under development, which is expected to land on the Moon by 2017.<ref name=launch_date>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/16/c_132971252.htm|title=China plans to launch Chang'e 5 in 2017|publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm|date=Aug 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China Aims for the Moon| url=http://sputniknews.com/world/20140827/192396493.html|date=Aug 24, 2014}}</ref> Chang'e 5 will be China's first [[sample return mission]], aiming to return at least 2 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples back to the Earth. Like its predecessors, the spacecraft is named after the Chinese moon goddess [[Chang'e]].

==Mission profile==
The probe will be launched by [[Long March 5]] rocket at the [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center]] on [[Hainan Island]].
After making a soft landing on the Moon, the lander will dig and collect a lunar sample from up to 2 meters below the surface.

Unlike earlier Soviet missions, the mission will make [[Lunar orbit rendezvous|an automatic rendezvous]] and docking with the return module in lunar orbit before flying back to the Earth.<ref name=launch_date/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/china-unmanned-moon-mission-to-bring-back-lunar-soil-2012|title=China’s Unmanned Moon Mission To Bring Back Lunar Soil To Earth|publisher=AsianScientist|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/830521.shtml|title=Chang'e 5 proposed date to moon|publisher=Global Times|date=Dec 6, 2013}}</ref>

===Chang'e 5-T1===
[[Chang'e 5-T1]] is an experimental unmanned lunar mission that was launched on 23 October 2014 to conduct [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric re-entry]] tests on the capsule design planned to be used in the Chang'e 5 mission.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/14/c_132232333.htm| title=CLunar mission：craft to conduct re-entry tests before 2015| publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm| title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission| publisher=CRIEnglish News| date=Aug 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Launched>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|title=Chinese Long March Rocket successfully launches Lunar Return Demonstrator|publisher=Spaceflight101|date=Oct 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-10/24/c_127134592.htm| title=China launches test return orbiter for lunar mission| publisher=Xinhuanet| date=Oct 24, 2014}}</ref>

==Lander payload==
The lander will carry landing cameras, optical cameras, a mineral spectrometer, a soil gas analytical instrument, a soil composition analytical instrument, a sampling sectional thermodetector, and a robotic drilling rig.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{CLEP}}
{{Chinese spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang'e 5}}
[[Category:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Sample return missions]]
[[Category:Chinese space probes]]
[[Category:2017 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2017 in China]]
[[Category:Space rendezvous]]

Chang’e 5

2015-03-27T01:07:52Z

C-randles: /* Chang'e 5-T1 */ correction - no lunar rover involved

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Chang'e 5
| image =
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[sample return mission|Surface sample return]]
| operator = [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration =

| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer =
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass =
| power =

| launch_date = Circa 2017
| launch_rocket = [[Long March 5|Chang Zheng 5]]
| launch_site = [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center|Wenchang]]
| launch_contractor =

| landing_date = 
| landing_site = 

| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_regime =
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = selene

|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Circa 2017
|departure_date =

}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = Lunar
|component =
|arrival_date = Circa 2017
|departure_date =
|location =
|sample_mass =
}}

| previous_mission = [[Chang'e 4]]
| next_mission = [[Chang'e 6]]
| programme = '''[[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]'''
}}

'''Chang'e 5''' ({{zh|s=嫦娥五号|hp=Cháng'é wǔhào}}) is an unmanned [[China|Chinese]] [[lunar exploration]] mission currently under development, which is expected to land on the Moon by 2017.<ref name=launch_date>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/16/c_132971252.htm|title=China plans to launch Chang'e 5 in 2017|publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm</ref> Chang'e 5 will be China's first [[sample return mission]], aiming to return at least 2 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples back to the Earth. Like its predecessors, the spacecraft is named after the Chinese moon goddess [[Chang'e]].

==Mission profile==
The probe will be launched by [[Long March 5]] rocket at the [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center]] on [[Hainan Island]].
After making a soft landing on the Moon, the lander will dig and collect a lunar sample from up to 2 meters below the surface.

Unlike earlier Soviet missions, the mission will make [[Lunar orbit rendezvous|an automatic rendezvous]] and docking with the return module in lunar orbit before flying back to the Earth.<ref name=launch_date/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/china-unmanned-moon-mission-to-bring-back-lunar-soil-2012|title=China’s Unmanned Moon Mission To Bring Back Lunar Soil To Earth|publisher=AsianScientist|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/830521.shtml|title=Chang'e 5 proposed date to moon|publisher=Global Times|date=Dec 6, 2013}}</ref>

===Chang'e 5-T1===
[[Chang'e 5-T1]] is an experimental unmanned lunar mission that was launched on 23 October 2014 to conduct [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric re-entry]] tests on the capsule design planned to be used in the Chang'e 5 mission.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/14/c_132232333.htm| title=CLunar mission：craft to conduct re-entry tests before 2015| publisher=Xinhuanet|date=Dec 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm| title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission| publisher=CRIEnglish News| date=Aug 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Launched>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|title=Chinese Long March Rocket successfully launches Lunar Return Demonstrator|publisher=Spaceflight101|date=Oct 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-10/24/c_127134592.htm| title=China launches test return orbiter for lunar mission| publisher=Xinhuanet| date=Oct 24, 2014}}</ref>

==Lander payload==
The lander will carry landing cameras, optical cameras, a mineral spectrometer, a soil gas analytical instrument, a soil composition analytical instrument, a sampling sectional thermodetector, and a robotic drilling rig.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{CLEP}}
{{Chinese spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang'e 5}}
[[Category:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Sample return missions]]
[[Category:Chinese space probes]]
[[Category:2017 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2017 in China]]
[[Category:Space rendezvous]]

Hurrikan Bertha (2008)

2008-07-17T08:10:53Z

C-randles: /* Storm history */

{{Ongoing weather|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Bertha
|time=11 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] [[July 16]] (0300 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[July 13]])
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=Bertha 07 july 2008 1630Z.jpg
|track=2008 02L 5-day track.gif
|location=[[latitude|35.4°N]] [[longitude|59.8°W]] ± 30 nm<br />About 360 mi (575 km) [[northeast|NE]] of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=60 [[Knot (speed)|knots]] {{!}} 70 [[mph]] {{!}} 110 [[km/h]]
|gusts=75 knots {{!}} 85 mph {{!}} 140 km/h
|pressure=995 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]]) {{!}} 29.38 [[inHg]]
|movement=[[southeast|SE]] at 7 kt {{!}} 8 mph {{!}} 13 km/h
}}

'''Hurricane Bertha''' is a rare early season [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]] and the easternmost forming July [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] on record. <ref name="Weather Underground">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Tropical Storm Bertha forms--and sets a record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-06|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=973&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha is the longest-lived tropical storm and hurricane on record in July, and its longevity has already exceeded that of any storm in the [[2007 Atlantic hurricane season|2007 season]]. <ref name="TWC - How Long Will Bertha Last">{{Cite web|author=Stu Ostro|title=How long will Bertha last?|year=2008|publisher=The Weather Channel|accessdate=2008-07-12|url=http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_16262.html?from=blog_rss&cm_ven=BLOG&cm_cat=rss&cm_pla=blog&cm_ite=8_16262&par=BLOG_rss&site=blog}}</ref> The second named storm of the [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season]], Bertha developed from a [[tropical wave]] that emerged off the coast of Africa on [[July 1]]. Tropical Depression Two formed about 250 miles (405 km) south of [[Cape Verde]]. The system quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Bertha on [[July 3]]. Bertha moved westward over the next few days as a weak tropical storm. Late on [[July 6]], Bertha began to strengthen well to the east of the Northern [[Leeward Islands]]. Bertha continued to strengthen and became the first hurricane of the season on [[July 7]], as well as the first major hurricane, later that day. The hurricane weakened during the day on [[July 8]], due to a nearby upper level low to its northeast. Thereafter, it drifted north-northwest towards Bermuda before slowly looping to its southeast on [[July 12]] and [[July 13]]. Bertha has become the longest-lived pre-August Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record and the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Irene (2005)|Irene]] in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt|title=Atlantic Hurricane Database|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>

==Storm history==
[[Image:Bertha 2008 track.png|250px|left|thumb|Track of Hurricane Bertha through 5 p.m. EDT [[July 11]]]]
Early on [[July 1]], a strong and large [[tropical wave]] emerged off the coast of [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Blake|title=July 1 6z Tropical Weather Outlook|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/TWOAT.200807010541.txt}}</ref> By early the next day, a surface low developed and the wave became better organized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cangialosi|title=July 2 2:05a EDT Tropical Weather Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/TWDAT.200807020558.txt}}</ref> The [[National Hurricane Center]] upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of [[July 3]] after the system was able to maintain [[convection]] over its center for at least 12 hours.<ref name="02L Discussion 1">{{cite web|author=Blake|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 1 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> The depression organized further and developed two distinct [[Tropical_cyclone#Banding|bands]] of convection. Six hours after becoming a depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm of the season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 2 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center noted that this tropical cyclone was remarkably forecasted up to a week in advance by many [[Numerical weather prediction|global computer models]].<ref name="02L Discussion 1"/>

Bertha continued on a westward motion as the storm moved under a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] of high pressure.<ref name="02L Discussion 5">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 5 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Despite low [[wind shear]], Bertha remained a weak tropical storm due to cool [[sea surface temperatures]].<ref name="02L Discussion 5"/> Over the next few days, the system started to move over warmer waters again, while moving west at over 25 mph (40 km/h). <ref name="02L Discussion 13">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 13 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.013.shtml?}}</ref> Bertha began to strengthen on [[July 6]] as microwave images showed a developing eye-like feature.<ref name="02L Discussion 16">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 16 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.016.shtml?}}</ref> Intensification continued into the morning of [[July 7]] when Tropical Storm Bertha strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the season.<ref name="02L Discussion 17">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 17 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> The deepening later became more rapid, and Bertha strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane late that afternoon.<ref name="02L Discussion 18">{{cite web|author=Rhome|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 18 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> Later in the evening, the National Hurricane Center said that Bertha may have been stronger than 115 mph (185 km/h) between 3 p.m. EDT (1900 UTC) and 5 p.m. EDT (2300 UTC) that evening as objective intensity estimates were at about 135 mph (215 km/h).

On [[July 8]] Bertha began to quickly weaken under increasing wind shear and was downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane later in the morning. Bertha continued to weaken that afternoon and was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the late afternoon, but re-intensified to Category 2 the next day. However, on [[July 10]] Bertha was again downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane as an eyewall replacement cycle had begun. Movement slowed as steering currents collapsed, and by [[July 12]], Bertha was stationary south-southeast of Bermuda. After barely moving for a full day, Bertha caused an upwelling of cold water which significantly cooled the sea surface temperature beneath it. This cooler water then weakened the hurricane down to strong tropical storm strength.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT2+shtml/122037.shtml</ref> On [[July 14]] Bertha passed within about 40 miles of Bermuda.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.public_a.046.shtml?</ref>

===Current storm information===
[[Image:BerthabyFlorida.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Hurricane Bertha at 5 p.m. on July 12]]
As of 11 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] [[July 16]] (0300 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[July 17]]), Tropical Storm Bertha is located within 30 [[nautical mile]]s of [[latitude|35.4°N]] [[longitude|59.8°W]], about 375 mi (580 km) [[northeast]] of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 60 knots (70 mph, 110 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 995 [[mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.38 [[InHg]]), and the system is moving [[southeast]] at 7 kt (8 mph, 13 km/h).

Tropical storm-force winds extend out up to 160 miles (260 km) from the center of Bertha.

For latest official information see:
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT2+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT2+shtml/ latest forecast/advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].

==Preparations and impacts==
As a tropical storm, Bertha dropped rainfall on Cape Verde's capital [[Praia]]. No damages or deaths were reported. {{Fact|date=July 2008}}


On [[July 7]], Bermuda residents began purchasing lamps, tarpaulins and flashlights in anticipation of hurricane Bertha. In the sudden rush, some stores sold out of batteries. <ref name="BermudaSun_July9">{{citation|author=Staff Writer|publisher=Bermuda Sun|title=No Title|page=A1|date=2008-07-09}}</ref> [[Bermuda]] [[Public Safety|Public Safety Minister]] Senator David Burch called a meeting of the island's Emergency Measures Organisation for the night of July 9. He also urged residents to prepare "emergency supply kits" of flashlights and batteries, a first aid kit, nonperishable foods, water and disposable utensils.<ref name="RG_Bermuda_EMO_July9">{{cite web|author=Tim Smith|publisher=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=2008-07-09|date=2008-07-09|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d874af30030001&sectionId=60|title=EMO meets today to discuss Hurricane Bertha}}</ref> On July 10 the Department of Parks placed high surf warning signs along the South Shore beaches as Bertha sent strong waves ahead of its path.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha back to Category One|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d875af30030000&sectionId=48|accessdate=2007-07-11|date=[[July 11]] [[2008]]}}</ref> On July 11 at 11 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches#Tropical_Storm_Watch|tropical storm watch]] for the island,<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.034.shtml?</ref> and 24 hours later this was raised to a [[tropical storm warning]]. <ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.038.shtml?</ref> On [[July 13]] barricades were erected at all of the island's beaches, which were closed to swimming and watersports.<ref name="The_RG_July14"/>

All flights into and out of the island were disrupted on [[July 14]] as the storm made its final approach to the island. [[JetBlue]] and [[Delta Air Lines]] canceled their flights while [[American Airlines]] flew its Miami and New York flights a day early, escaping before the tropical storm arrived. [[British Airways]] delayed its flight to the afternoon, hoping that the storm would have passed by the time its plane arrives.<ref name="The_RG_July14">{{cite web|author=Amanda Dale|Publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha loses strength|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8772b30030003&sectionId=48}}</ref><ref name="bda_sun_july14">{{cite web|author=Don Burgess|publisher=The Bermuda Sun|title=Flights cancelled as storm buffets Bermuda|accessdate=2008-08-14|date=2008-08-14|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=38261}}</ref> Ferry service to St. Georges was canceled for the whole day,<ref name="The_RG_July14"/> and all other routes outside of Hamilton Harbour were canceled after their morning runs.<ref name="bda_sun_july14_2">{{cite web|author=Tim Hall|publisher=Bermuda Sun|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|title=Causeway expected to remain open; buses to keep running|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?FromHome=1&TypeID=1&ArticleID=38262&SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270}}</ref> Some roads flooded, and tree branches were broken around the island. The wind downed power lines, causing scattered power outages, but engineers from the [[Bermuda Electric Light Company]] were reattaching cables immediately, even during the height of the storm.<ref name="bda_sun_july14_2"/>

Even as Bertha was passing to the east of the island and delivering tropical storm force winds, worries that it might re-strengthen to a hurricane before clearing the island prompted the government of Bermuda to issue a hurricane watch.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.update.07141855.shtml?</ref> A total of {{convert|4.69|in|mm}} of rainfall has fallen at their international airport so far.<ref>[[David M. Roth]] [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmaxima.html Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-14]].</ref>

The hurricane produced strong waves and rip currents along the [[East Coast of the United States]], which caused three deaths along the coastline of [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Reporter|date=2008-07-14|title=Three Swimmers Drown at Jersey Shore over the Weekend|accessdate=2008-07-15|url=http://www.thereporteronline.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=19849163&BRD=2275&PAG=461&dept_id=466404&rfi=6}}</ref>

==Records==
Hurricane Bertha holds the records for the easternmost forming tropical storm, at 24.7°W, easternmost-forming hurricane at 50.2°W, and easternmost-forming pre-August major hurricane at 52.1°W. Bertha is also the sixth strongest pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record and was the third strongest July storm on record, behind [[Hurricane Dennis|Dennis]] and [[Hurricane Emily (2005)|Emily]] of 2005.<ref name="Jeff Masters Blog">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Hurricane Bertha: 6th strongest early season hurricane on record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-08|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=978&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha became the second longest-lived July Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record on [[July 12]] and the longest lived on [[July 15]]; and is also the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Irene (2005)|Irene]] in 2005.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-13]].</ref>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{2008 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2008 Atlantic hurricane season|Bertha]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes|Bertha (2008)]]
[[Category:New Jersey hurricanes|Bertha]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Bertha]]

Hurrikan Bertha (2008)

2008-07-16T21:34:47Z

C-randles: /* Storm history */ within about 40 miles of Bermuda

{{Ongoing weather|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Bertha
|time=5 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (2100 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[July 16]]
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=Bertha 07 july 2008 1630Z.jpg
|track=2008 02L 5-day track.gif
|location=[[latitude|36.1°N]] [[longitude|60.5°W]] ± 30 nm<br />About 360 mi (580 km) [[northeast|NE]] of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=60 [[Knot (speed)|knots]] {{!}} 70 [[mph]] {{!}} 110 [[km/h]]
|gusts=75 knots {{!}} 85 mph {{!}} 140 km/h
|pressure=995 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]]) {{!}} 29.38 [[inHg]]
|movement=[[southeast|SE]] at 4 kt {{!}} 5 mph {{!}} 7 km/h
}}

'''Hurricane Bertha''' is a rare early season [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]] and the easternmost forming July [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] on record. <ref name="Weather Underground">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Tropical Storm Bertha forms--and sets a record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-06|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=973&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha is the longest-lived tropical storm and hurricane on record in July, and its longevity has already exceeded that of any storm in the 2007 season. <ref name="TWC - How Long Will Bertha Last">{{Cite web|author=Stu Ostro|title=How long will Bertha last?|year=2008|publisher=The Weather Channel|accessdate=2008-07-12|url=http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_16262.html?from=blog_rss&cm_ven=BLOG&cm_cat=rss&cm_pla=blog&cm_ite=8_16262&par=BLOG_rss&site=blog}}</ref> The second named storm of the [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season]], Bertha developed from a [[tropical wave]] that emerged off the coast of Africa on [[July 1]]. Tropical Depression Two formed about 250 miles (405 km) south of [[Cape Verde]]. The system quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Bertha on [[July 3]]. Bertha moved westward over the next few days as a weak tropical storm. Late on [[July 6]], Bertha began to strengthen well to the east of the Northern [[Leeward Islands]]. Bertha continued to strengthen and became the first hurricane of the season on [[July 7]], as well as the first major hurricane, later that day. The hurricane weakened during the day on [[July 8]], due to a nearby upper level low to its northeast. Thereafter, it drifted north-northwest towards Bermuda before slowly looping to its southeast on [[July 12]] and [[July 13]]. Bertha has become the longest-lived pre-August Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record and the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Irene (2005)|Irene]] in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt|title=Atlantic Hurricane Database|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>

==Storm history==
[[Image:Bertha 2008 track.png|250px|left|thumb|Track of Hurricane Bertha through 5 p.m. EDT [[July 11]]]]
Early on [[July 1]], a strong and large [[tropical wave]] emerged off the coast of [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Blake|title=July 1 6z Tropical Weather Outlook|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/TWOAT.200807010541.txt}}</ref> By early the next day, a surface low developed and the wave became better organized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cangialosi|title=July 2 2:05a EDT Tropical Weather Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/TWDAT.200807020558.txt}}</ref> The [[National Hurricane Center]] upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of [[July 3]] after the system was able to maintain [[convection]] over its center for at least 12 hours.<ref name="02L Discussion 1">{{cite web|author=Blake|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 1 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> The depression organized further and developed two distinct [[Tropical_cyclone#Banding|bands]] of convection. Six hours after becoming a depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm of the season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 2 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center noted that this tropical cyclone was remarkably forecasted up to a week in advance by many [[Numerical weather prediction|global computer models]].<ref name="02L Discussion 1"/>

Bertha continued on a westward motion as the storm moved under a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] of high pressure.<ref name="02L Discussion 5">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 5 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Despite low [[wind shear]], Bertha remained a weak tropical storm due to cool [[sea surface temperatures]].<ref name="02L Discussion 5"/> Over the next few days, the system started to move over warmer waters again, while moving west at over 25 mph (40 km/h). <ref name="02L Discussion 13">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 13 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.013.shtml?}}</ref> Bertha began to strengthen on [[July 6]] as microwave images showed a developing eye-like feature.<ref name="02L Discussion 16">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 16 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.016.shtml?}}</ref> Intensification continued into the morning of [[July 7]] when Tropical Storm Bertha strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the season.<ref name="02L Discussion 17">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 17 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> The deepening later became more rapid, and Bertha strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane late that afternoon.<ref name="02L Discussion 18">{{cite web|author=Rhome|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 18 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> Later in the evening, the National Hurricane Center said that Bertha may have been stronger than 115 mph (185 km/h) between 3 p.m. EDT (1900 UTC) and 5 p.m. EDT (2300 UTC) that evening as objective intensity estimates were at about 135 mph (215 km/h).

On [[July 8]] Bertha began to quickly weaken under increasing wind shear and was downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane later in the morning. Bertha continued to weaken that afternoon and was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the late afternoon, but re-intensified to Category 2 the next day. However, on [[July 10]] Bertha was again downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane as an eyewall replacement cycle had begun. Movement slowed as steering currents collapsed, and by [[July 12]], Bertha was stationary south-southeast of Bermuda. After barely moving for a full day, Bertha caused an upwelling of cold water which significantly cooled the sea surface temperature beneath it. This cooler water then weakened the hurricane.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT2+shtml/122037.shtml</ref> On [[July 14]] Bertha passed within about 40 miles of Bermuda.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.public_a.046.shtml?</ref>

===Current storm information===
[[Image:BerthabyFlorida.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Hurricane Bertha at 5 p.m. on July 12]]
As of 5 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (2100 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[July 16]], Tropical Storm Bertha is located within 30 [[nautical mile]]s of [[latitude|36.1°N]] [[longitude|60.5°W]], about 360 mi (580 km) [[northeast]] of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 60 knots (70 mph, 110 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 995 [[mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.38 [[InHg]]), and the system is moving [[southeast]] at 4 kt (5 mph, 7 km/h).

Tropical storm-force winds extend out up to 140 miles (220 km) from the center of Bertha.

For latest official information see:
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT2+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT2+shtml/ latest forecast/advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].

==Preparations and impacts==
As a tropical storm, Bertha dropped rainfall on Cape Verde's capital [[Praia]]. No damages or deaths were reported. {{Fact|date=July 2008}}


On [[July 7]], Bermuda residents began purchasing lamps, tarpaulins and flashlights in anticipation of hurricane Bertha. In the sudden rush, some stores sold out of batteries. <ref name="BermudaSun_July9">{{citation|author=Staff Writer|publisher=Bermuda Sun|title=No Title|page=A1|date=2008-07-09}}</ref> [[Bermuda]] [[Public Safety|Public Safety Minister]] Senator David Burch called a meeting of the island's Emergency Measures Organisation for the night of July 9. He also urged residents to prepare "emergency supply kits" of flashlights and batteries, a first aid kit, nonperishable foods, water and disposable utensils.<ref name="RG_Bermuda_EMO_July9">{{cite web|author=Tim Smith|publisher=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=2008-07-09|date=2008-07-09|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d874af30030001&sectionId=60|title=EMO meets today to discuss Hurricane Bertha}}</ref> On July 10 the Department of Parks placed high surf warning signs along the South Shore beaches as Bertha sent strong waves ahead of its path.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha back to Category One|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d875af30030000&sectionId=48|accessdate=2007-07-11|date=[[July 11]] [[2008]]}}</ref> On July 11 at 11 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches#Tropical_Storm_Watch|tropical storm watch]] for the island,<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.034.shtml?</ref> and 24 hours later this was raised to a [[tropical storm warning]]. <ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.038.shtml?</ref> On [[July 13]] barricades were erected at all of the island's beaches, which were closed to swimming and watersports.<ref name="The_RG_July14"/>

All flights into and out of the island were disrupted on [[July 14]] as the storm made its final approach to the island. [[JetBlue]] and [[Delta Air Lines]] canceled their flights while [[American Airlines]] flew its Miami and New York flights a day early, escaping before the tropical storm arrived. [[British Airways]] delayed its flight to the afternoon, hoping that the storm would have passed by the time its plane arrives.<ref name="The_RG_July14">{{cite web|author=Amanda Dale|Publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha loses strength|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8772b30030003&sectionId=48}}</ref><ref name="bda_sun_july14">{{cite web|author=Don Burgess|publisher=The Bermuda Sun|title=Flights cancelled as storm buffets Bermuda|accessdate=2008-08-14|date=2008-08-14|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=38261}}</ref> Ferry service to St. Georges was canceled for the whole day,<ref name="The_RG_July14"/> and all other routes outside of Hamilton Harbour were canceled after their morning runs.<ref name="bda_sun_july14_2">{{cite web|author=Tim Hall|publisher=Bermuda Sun|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|title=Causeway expected to remain open; buses to keep running|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?FromHome=1&TypeID=1&ArticleID=38262&SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270}}</ref> Some roads flooded, and tree branches were broken around the island. The wind downed power lines, causing scattered power outages, but engineers from the [[Bermuda Electric Light Company]] were reattaching cables immediately, even during the height of the storm.<ref name="bda_sun_july14_2"/>

Even as Bertha was passing to the east of the island and delivering tropical storm force winds, worries that it might re-strengthen to a hurricane before clearing the island prompted the government of Bermuda to issue a hurricane watch.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.update.07141855.shtml?</ref> A total of {{convert|4.69|in|mm}} of rainfall has fallen at their international airport so far.<ref>[[David M. Roth]] [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmaxima.html Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-14]].</ref>

The hurricane produced strong waves and rip currents along the [[East Coast of the United States]], which caused three deaths along the coastline of [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Reporter|date=2008-07-14|title=Three Swimmers Drown at Jersey Shore over the Weekend|accessdate=2008-07-15|url=http://www.thereporteronline.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=19849163&BRD=2275&PAG=461&dept_id=466404&rfi=6}}</ref>

==Records==
Hurricane Bertha holds the records for the easternmost forming tropical storm, at 24.7°W, easternmost-forming hurricane at 50.2°W, and easternmost-forming pre-August major hurricane at 52.1°W. Bertha is also the sixth strongest pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record and was the third strongest July storm on record, behind [[Hurricane Dennis|Dennis]] and [[Hurricane Emily (2005)|Emily]] of 2005.<ref name="Jeff Masters Blog">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Hurricane Bertha: 6th strongest early season hurricane on record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-08|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=978&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha became the second longest-lived July Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record on [[July 12]] and the longest lived on [[July 15]]; and is also the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Irene (2005)|Irene]] in 2005.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-13]].</ref>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{2008 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2008 Atlantic hurricane season|Bertha]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes|Bertha (2008)]]
[[Category:New Jersey hurricanes|Bertha]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Bertha]]

Hurrikan Bertha (2008)

2008-07-15T12:51:55Z

C-randles:

{{Ongoing weather|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Bertha
|time=8 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] [[July 14]] (0000 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[July 15]])
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=Bertha 07 july 2008 1630Z.jpg
|track=2008 02L 5-day track.gif
|location=[[latitude|33.4°N]] [[longitude|64.0°W]] ± 20 nm<br />About 85 mi (130 km) [[north-northeast|NNE]] of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=60 [[Knot (speed)|knots]] {{!}} 70 [[mph]] {{!}} 110 [[km/h]]
|gusts=75 knots {{!}} 85 mph {{!}} 140 km/h
|pressure=995 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]]) {{!}} 29.38 [[inHg]]
|movement=[[north|N]] at 9 kt {{!}} 10 mph {{!}} 17 km/h
}}

'''Hurricane Bertha''' is a rare early season [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]] and the easternmost forming July [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] on record. <ref name="Weather Underground">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Tropical Storm Bertha forms--and sets a record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-06|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=973&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha is one of the longest-lived tropical storms and hurricanes on record in July, and its longevity has already exceeded that of any storm in the 2007 season. <ref name="TWC - How Long Will Bertha Last">{{Cite web|author=Stu Ostro|title=How long will Bertha last?|year=2008|publisher=The Weather Channel|accessdate=2008-07-12|url=http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_16262.html?from=blog_rss&cm_ven=BLOG&cm_cat=rss&cm_pla=blog&cm_ite=8_16262&par=BLOG_rss&site=blog}}</ref> The second named storm of the [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season]], Bertha developed from a [[tropical wave]] that emerged off the coast of Africa on [[July 1]]. Tropical Depression Two formed about 250 miles (405 km) south of [[Cape Verde]]. The system quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Bertha on [[July 3]]. Bertha moved westward over the next few days as a weak tropical storm. Late on [[July 6]], Bertha began to strengthen well to the east of the Northern [[Leeward Islands]]. Bertha continued to strengthen and became the first hurricane of the season on [[July 7]], as well as the first major hurricane, later that day. The hurricane weakened during the day on [[July 8]], due to a nearby upper level low to its northeast. Thereafter, it drifted north-northwest towards Bermuda before slowly looping to its southeast on [[July 12]] and [[July 13]]. Bertha has become the second longest-lived pre-August Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record after [[Tropical_Storm_Allison_%281989%29|Allison(1989)]].<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]] and the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Helene (2006)|Helene]] in 2006.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-13]].</ref>

==Storm history==
[[Image:Bertha 2008 track.png|250px|left|thumb|Track of Hurricane Bertha through 5 p.m. EDT [[July 11]]]]
Early on [[July 1]], a strong and large [[tropical wave]] emerged off the coast of [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Blake|title=July 1 6z Tropical Weather Outlook|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/TWOAT.200807010541.txt}}</ref> By early the next day, a surface low developed and the wave became better organized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cangialosi|title=July 2 2:05a EDT Tropical Weather Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/TWDAT.200807020558.txt}}</ref> The [[National Hurricane Center]] upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of [[July 3]] after the system was able to maintain [[convection]] over its center for at least 12 hours.<ref name="02L Discussion 1">{{cite web|author=Blake|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 1 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> The depression organized further and developed two distinct [[Tropical_cyclone#Banding|bands]] of convection. Six hours after becoming a depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm of the season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 2 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center noted that this tropical cyclone was remarkably forecasted up to a week in advance by many [[Numerical weather prediction|global computer models]].<ref name="02L Discussion 1"/>

Bertha continued on a westward motion as the storm moved under a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] of high pressure.<ref name="02L Discussion 5">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 5 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Despite low [[wind shear]], Bertha remained a weak tropical storm due to cool [[sea surface temperatures]].<ref name="02L Discussion 5"/> Over the next few days, the system started to move over warmer waters again, while moving west at over 25 mph (40 km/h). <ref name="02L Discussion 13">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 13 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.013.shtml?}}</ref> Bertha began to strengthen on [[July 6]] as microwave images showed a developing eye-like feature.<ref name="02L Discussion 16">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 16 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.016.shtml?}}</ref> Intensification continued into the morning of [[July 7]] when Tropical Storm Bertha strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the season.<ref name="02L Discussion 17">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 17 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> The deepening later became more rapid, and Bertha strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane late that afternoon.<ref name="02L Discussion 18">{{cite web|author=Rhome|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 18 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> Later in the evening, the National Hurricane Center said that Bertha may have been stronger than 115 mph (185 km/h) between 3 p.m. EDT (1900 UTC) and 5 p.m. EDT (2300 UTC) that evening as objective intensity estimates were at about 135 mph (215 km/h).

On [[July 8]] Bertha began to quickly weaken under increasing wind shear and was downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane later in the morning. Bertha continued to weaken that afternoon and was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the late afternoon, but re-intensified to Category 2 the next day. However, on [[July 10]] Bertha was again downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane as an eyewall replacement cycle had begun. Movement slowed as steering currents collapsed, and by [[July 12]], Bertha was stationary south-southeast of Bermuda. After barely moving for a full day, Bertha caused an upwelling of cold water which significantly cooled the sea surface temperature beneath it. This cooler water then weakened the hurricane.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT2+shtml/122037.shtml</ref>

===Current storm information===
[[Image:BerthabyFlorida.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Hurricane Bertha at 5p.m. on July 12]]
As of 5 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (0900 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[July 15]], Tropical Storm Bertha is located within 20 [[nautical mile]]s of [[latitude|34.7°N]] [[longitude|63.2°W]], about 190 mi (305 km) [[north-northeast]] of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 60 knots (70 mph, 110 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 995 [[mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.38 [[InHg]]), and the system is moving [[north-northeast]] at 8 kt (9 mph, 15 km/h).

Tropical storm-force winds extend out up to 140 miles (220 km) from the center of Bertha.

For latest official information see:
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT2+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT2+shtml/ latest forecast/advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].

==Preparations and impacts==
As a tropical storm, Bertha dropped rainfall on Cape Verde's capital [[Praia]]. No damages or deaths were reported. {{Fact|date=July 2008}}


On [[July 7]], Bermuda residents began purchasing lamps, tarpaulins and flashlights in anticipation of hurricane Bertha. In the sudden rush, some stores sold out of batteries. <ref name="BermudaSun_July9">{{citation|author=Staff Writer|publisher=Bermuda Sun|title=No Title|page=A1|date=2008-07-09}}</ref> [[Bermuda]] [[Public Safety|Public Safety Minister]] Senator David Burch called a meeting of the island's Emergency Measures Organisation for the night of July 9. He also urged residents to prepare "emergency supply kits" of flashlights and batteries, a first aid kit, nonperishable foods, water and disposable utensils.<ref name="RG_Bermuda_EMO_July9">{{cite web|author=Tim Smith|publisher=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=2008-07-09|date=2008-07-09|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d874af30030001&sectionId=60|title=EMO meets today to discuss Hurricane Bertha}}</ref> On July 10 the Department of Parks placed high surf warning signs along the South Shore beaches as Bertha sent strong waves ahead of its path.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha back to Category One|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d875af30030000&sectionId=48|accessdate=2007-07-11|date=[[July 11]] [[2008]]}}</ref> On July 11 at 11 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches#Tropical_Storm_Watch|tropical storm watch]] for the island,<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.034.shtml?</ref> and 24 hours later this was raised to a [[tropical storm warning]]. <ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.038.shtml?</ref> On [[July 13]] barricades were erected at all of the island's beaches, which were closed to swimming and watersports.<ref name="The_RG_July14"/>

All flights into and out of the island were disrupted on [[July 14]] as the storm made its final approach to the island. [[JetBlue]] and [[Delta Air Lines]] canceled their flights while [[American Airlines]] flew its Miami and New York flights a day early, escaping before the tropical storm arrived. [[British Airways]] delayed its flight to the afternoon, hoping that the storm would have passed by the time its plane arrives.<ref name="The_RG_July14">{{cite web|author=Amanda Dale|Publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha loses strength|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8772b30030003&sectionId=48}}</ref><ref name="bda_sun_july14">{{cite web|author=Don Burgess|publisher=The Bermuda Sun|title=Flights cancelled as storm buffets Bermuda|accessdate=2008-08-14|date=2008-08-14|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=38261}}</ref> Ferry service to St. Georges was canceled for the whole day,<ref name="The_RG_July14"/> and all other routes outside of Hamilton Harbour were canceled after their morning runs.<ref name="bda_sun_july14_2">{{cite web|author=Tim Hall|publisher=Bermuda Sun|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|title=Causeway expected to remain open; buses to keep running|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?FromHome=1&TypeID=1&ArticleID=38262&SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270}}</ref> Some roads flooded, and tree branches were broken around the island. The wind downed power lines, causing scattered power outages, but engineers from the [[Bermuda Electric Light Company]] were reattaching cables immediately, even during the height of the storm.<ref name="bda_sun_july14_2"/>

Even as Bertha was passing to the east of the island and delivering tropical storm force winds, worries that it might re-strengthen to a hurricane before clearing the island prompted the government of Bermuda to issue a hurricane watch.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.update.07141855.shtml?</ref> A total of {{convert|4.69|in|mm}} of rainfall has fallen at their international airport so far.<ref>[[David M. Roth]] [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmaxima.html Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-14]].</ref>

The hurricane produced strong waves and rip currents along the [[East Coast of the United States]], which caused three deaths along the coastline of [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Reporter|date=2008-07-14|title=Three Swimmers Drown at Jersey Shore over the Weekend|accessdate=2008-07-15|url=http://www.thereporteronline.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=19849163&BRD=2275&PAG=461&dept_id=466404&rfi=6}}</ref>

==Records==
Hurricane Bertha holds the records for the easternmost forming tropical storm, at 24.7°W, easternmost-forming hurricane at 50.2°W, and easternmost-forming pre-August major hurricane at 52.1°W. Bertha is also the sixth strongest pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record and was the third strongest July storm on record, behind [[Hurricane Dennis|Dennis]] and [[Hurricane Emily (2005)|Emily]] of 2005.<ref name="Jeff Masters Blog">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Hurricane Bertha: 6th strongest early season hurricane on record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-08|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=978&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha became the second longest-lived July Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record on [[July 12]], the longest lived in July since 1916 and the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Helene (2006)|Helene]] in 2006.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-13]].</ref>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{2008 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2008 Atlantic hurricane season|Bertha]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes|Bertha (2008)]]
[[Category:New Jersey hurricanes|Bertha]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Bertha]]

Hurrikan Bertha (2008)

2008-07-14T15:31:06Z

C-randles: /* Records */ copyedit move July

{{Ongoing weather|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Bertha
|time=11 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (1500 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[July 13]]
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=Bertha 07 july 2008 1630Z.jpg
|track=2008 02L 5-day track.gif
|location=[[latitude|32.0°N]] [[longitude|63.8°W]] ± 30 nm<br />About 60 mi (100 km) [[east-southeast|ESE]] of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=55 [[Knot (speed)|knots]] {{!}} 65 [[mph]] {{!}} 100 [[km/h]]
|gusts=65 knots {{!}} 75 mph {{!}} 120 km/h
|pressure=990 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]]) {{!}} 29.23 [[inHg]]
|movement=[[north|N]] at 6 kt {{!}} 7 mph {{!}} 11 km/h
}}

'''Hurricane Bertha''' is a rare early season [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]] and the easternmost forming July [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] on record. <ref name="Weather Underground">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Tropical Storm Bertha forms--and sets a record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-06|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=973&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha is one of the longest-lived tropical storms and hurricanes on record in July, and its longevity has already exceeded that of any storm in the 2007 season. <ref name="TWC - How Long Will Bertha Last">{{Cite web|author=Stu Ostro|title=How long will Bertha last?|year=2008|publisher=The Weather Channel|accessdate=2008-07-12|url=http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_16262.html?from=blog_rss&cm_ven=BLOG&cm_cat=rss&cm_pla=blog&cm_ite=8_16262&par=BLOG_rss&site=blog}}</ref> The second named storm of the [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season]], Bertha developed from a [[tropical wave]] that emerged off the coast of Africa on [[July 1]]. Tropical Depression Two formed about 250 miles (405 km) south of [[Cape Verde]]. The system quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Bertha on [[July 3]]. Bertha moved westward over the next few days as a weak tropical storm. Late on [[July 6]], Bertha began to strengthen well to the east of the Northern [[Leeward Islands]]. Bertha continued to strengthen and became the first hurricane of the season on [[July 7]], as well as the first major hurricane, later that day. The hurricane weakened during the day on [[July 8]], due to a nearby upper level low to its northeast. Thereafter, it drifted north-northwest towards Bermuda before slowly looping to its southeast on [[July 12]] and [[July 13]]. Bertha became the second longest-lived July Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record. It is the longest lived in July since 1916 and the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Helene (2006)|Helene]] in 2006.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-13]].</ref>

==Storm history==
[[Image:Bertha 2008 track.png|250px|left|thumb|Track of Hurricane Bertha through 5 p.m. EDT [[July 11]]]]
Early on [[July 1]], a strong and large [[tropical wave]] emerged off the coast of [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Blake|title=July 1 6z Tropical Weather Outlook|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/TWOAT.200807010541.txt}}</ref> By early the next day, a surface low developed and the wave became better organized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cangialosi|title=July 2 2:05a EDT Tropical Weather Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWDAT/TWDAT.200807020558.txt}}</ref> The [[National Hurricane Center]] upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of [[July 3]] after the system was able to maintain [[convection]] over its center for at least 12 hours.<ref name="02L Discussion 1">{{cite web|author=Blake|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 1 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> The depression organized further and developed two distinct [[Tropical_cyclone#Banding|bands]] of convection. Six hours after becoming a depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm of the season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory 2 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-04|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center noted that this tropical cyclone was remarkably forecasted up to a week in advance by many [[Numerical weather prediction|global computer models]].<ref name="02L Discussion 1"/>

Bertha continued on a westward motion as the storm moved under a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] of high pressure.<ref name="02L Discussion 5">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 5 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Despite low [[wind shear]], Bertha remained a weak tropical storm due to cool [[sea surface temperatures]].<ref name="02L Discussion 5"/> Over the next few days, the system started to move over warmer waters again, while moving west at over 25 mph (40 km/h). <ref name="02L Discussion 13">{{cite web|author=Knabb|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 13 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.013.shtml?}}</ref> Bertha began to strengthen on [[July 6]] as microwave images showed a developing eye-like feature.<ref name="02L Discussion 16">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 16 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.016.shtml?}}</ref> Intensification continued into the morning of [[July 7]] when Tropical Storm Bertha strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the season.<ref name="02L Discussion 17">{{cite web|author=Avila|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 17 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> The deepening later became more rapid, and Bertha strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane late that afternoon.<ref name="02L Discussion 18">{{cite web|author=Rhome|title=Tropical Storm Bertha Advisory 18 Discussion|year=2008|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2008-07-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> Later in the evening, the National Hurricane Center said that Bertha may have been stronger than 115 mph (185 km/h) between 3 p.m. EDT (1900 UTC) and 5 p.m. EDT (2300 UTC) that evening as objective intensity estimates were at about 135 mph (215 km/h).

On [[July 8]] Bertha began to quickly weaken under increasing wind shear and was downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane later in the morning. Bertha continued to weaken that afternoon and was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the late afternoon, but re-intensified to Category 2 the next day. However, on [[July 10]] Bertha was again downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane as an eyewall replacement cycle had begun. Movement slowed as steering currents collapsed, and by [[July 12]], Bertha was stationary south-southeast of Bermuda. After barely moving for a full day, Bertha caused an upwelling of cold water which significantly cooled the sea surface temperature beneath it. This cooler water then weakened the hurricane.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT2+shtml/122037.shtml</ref>

===Current storm information===
[[Image:BerthabyFlorida.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Hurricane Bertha at 5p.m. on July 12]]
As of 11 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (1500 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[July 13]], Tropical Storm Bertha is located within 30 [[nautical mile]]s of [[latitude|32.0°N]] [[longitude|63.8°W]], about 60 mi (100 km) [[east-southeast]] of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 55 knots (65 mph, 100 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 990 [[mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.23 [[InHg]]), and the system is moving [[north]] at 6 kt (7 mph, 11 km/h).

Tropical storm-force winds extend out up to 140 miles (220 km) from the center of Bertha.

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarnings|align=right}}
As of 5 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (2100 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[July 13]]
*A '''tropical storm warning''' is in effect for
**[[Bermuda]]

For latest official information see:
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT2+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT2+shtml/ latest forecast/advisory on Tropical Storm Bertha].

==Preparations and impacts==
As a tropical storm, Bertha dropped rainfall on Cape Verde's capital [[Praia]]. No damages or deaths were reported. {{Fact|date=July 2008}}


On [[July 7]], [[Bermudians]] began purchasing lamps, tarpaulins and flashlights in anticipation of hurricane Bertha. In the sudden rush, some stores sold out of batteries. <ref name="BermudaSun_July9">{{citation|author=Staff Writer|publisher=Bermuda Sun|title=No Title|page=A1|date=2008-07-09}}</ref> [[Bermuda]] [[Public Safety|Public Safety Minister]] Senator David Burch called a meeting of the island's Emergency Measures Organisation for the night of July 9. He also urged residents to prepare "emergency supply kits" of flashlights and batteries, a first aid kit, nonperishable foods, water and disposable utensils.<ref name="RG_Bermuda_EMO_July9">{{cite web|author=Tim Smith|publisher=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=2008-07-09|date=2008-07-09|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d874af30030001&sectionId=60|title=EMO meets today to discuss Hurricane Bertha}}</ref> On July 10 the Department of Parks placed high surf warning signs along the South Shore beaches as Bertha sent strong waves ahead of its path.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha back to Category One|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d875af30030000&sectionId=48|accessdate=2007-07-11|date=[[July 11]] [[2008]]}}</ref> On July 11 at 11 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches#Tropical_Storm_Watch|tropical storm watch]] for the island,<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.034.shtml?</ref> and 24 hours later this was raised to a [[tropical storm warning]]. <ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al02/al022008.fstadv.038.shtml?</ref> On [[July 13]] baricades were erected at all of the island's beaches, which were closed to swimming and watersports.<ref name="The_RG_July14"/> All flights into and out of the island were disrupted on [[July 14]] as the storm made its final approach to the island. [[JetBlue]] and [[Delta Air Lines]] canceled their flights while [[American Airlines]] flew its Miami and New York flights a day early, escaping before the tropical storm arrived. [[British Airways]] delayed its flight to the afternoon, hoping that the storm would have passed by the time its plane arrives.<ref name="The_RG_July14">{{cite web|author=Amanda Dale|Publisher=The Royal Gazette|title=Bertha loses strength|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=2008-07-14|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8772b30030003&sectionId=48}}</ref><ref name="bda_sun_july14">{{cite web|author=Don Burgess|publisher=The Bermuda Sun|title=Flights cancelled as storm buffets Bermuda|accessdate=2008-08-14|date=2008-08-14|url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=38261}}</ref> Ferry service to St. Georges was canceled for the whole day,<ref name="The_RG_July14"/> and all other routes outside of Hamilton Harbour were canceled after their morning runs.

==Records==
Hurricane Bertha holds the records for the easternmost forming tropical storm, at 24.7°W, easternmost-forming hurricane at 50.2°W, and easternmost-forming pre-August major hurricane at 52.1°W. Bertha is also the sixth strongest pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record and was the third strongest July storm on record, behind [[Hurricane Dennis|Dennis]] and [[Hurricane Emily (2005)|Emily]] of 2005.<ref name="Jeff Masters Blog">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Hurricane Bertha: 6th strongest early season hurricane on record|year=2008|publisher=Wunderground|accessdate=2008-07-08|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=978&tstamp=200807}}</ref> Bertha became the second longest-lived July Atlantic [[tropical cyclone]] on record on [[July 12]], the longest lived in July since 1916 and the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since [[Hurricane Helene (2006)|Helene]] in 2006.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-07-13]].</ref>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{2008 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2008 Atlantic hurricane season|Bertha]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes|Bertha (2008)]]

Pazifische Hurrikansaison 1994

2006-09-01T12:37:23Z

C-randles: /* Hurricane Emilia */ Edit cat to 5

{{Infobox hurricane season| basin=Pacific hurricane
| first storm formed=[[June 18]], [[1994]]
| last storm dissipated=[[October 26]], [[1994]]
| strongest storm=''Gilma'' - 920 [[mbar]]
| total storms=20
| major storms=5
| total damages=$20+ million (1994 USD)
| total fatalities=4-8
| five seasons=[[1992 Pacific hurricane season|1992]], [[1993 Pacific hurricane season|1993]], '''1994''', [[1995 Pacific hurricane season|1995]], [[1996 Pacific hurricane season|1996]]
}}

The '''1994 Pacific hurricane season''' officially started on [[May 15]], [[1994]] in the eastern Pacific, and on [[June 1]], [[1994]] in the central Pacific, and lasted until [[November 30]], [[1994]]. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern [[Pacific Ocean]].

Of note in this season is an unusual spree of very intense storms. Hurricanes Emilia, Gilma, John, and Olivia all reached a pressure below 930 [[millibars]]. Elsewhere, Hurricane Rosa killed several people in [[Mexico]].

==Activity==
This season had slightly above average activity. Five hurricanes reached Category 2 intensity or higher on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]]. In addition, there were four other hurricanes and eight tropical storms. In the Central Pacific, two tropical storms and one hurricane formed.

===Hurricane Emilia===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Emilia
| category=cat5
| type=hurricane
| image=EmiliaRG hg.gif
| track=Emilia 1994 track.png
| formed=[[July 16]]
| dissipated=[[July 25]]
| highest winds=155 [[miles per hour|mph]] (205 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=926 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Hurricane Emilia was a powerful Category 5 storm, the first Category 5 storm in the East Pacific since [[1973 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Ava|Ava]] in [[1973]]. It briefly threatened the [[Hawaiian Islands]] near peak strength, but instead encountered [[wind shear]] and weakened. There was minor damage to roofs and some downed trees, and moderate rainfall.
{{clear}}

===Hurricane Gilma===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Gilma
| category=cat5
| type=hurricane
| image=Gilma 94 peak.jpg
| track=Gilma 1994 track.png
| formed=[[July 21]]
| dissipated=[[July 31]]
| highest winds=160 [[miles per hour|mph]] (210 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=920 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Hurricane Gilma was the strongest storm of the season, a Category 5 storm. It is also the strongest July storm in the east Pacific, and is the fifth strongest overall.
{{clear}}

===Hurricane/Typhoon John===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane John (1994)}}
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane John
| category=cat5
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_John.gif
| track=John 1994 track.png
| formed=[[August 11]]
| dissipated=[[September 10]]
| highest winds=175 [[miles per hour|mph]] (225 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=929 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Hurricane John was the longest lasting and most continuous tropical cyclone on Earth in recorded history. Its life began on [[August 11]] south of Mexico, and 31 days later the storm became extratropical south of [[Alaska]], after reaching Category 5 strength and passing the [[International Date Line]] twice. John caused $15 million (1994 USD) in damage on [[Johnston Island]].

===Tropical Depression One-C===
An area of disturbed weather organized into a tropical depression on [[August 9]] while located 740 miles (1190 km) southeast of [[Hilo, Hawaii]]. The depression moved westward without organizing, and dissipated on the 14th. Moisture from the system produced heavy rainfall over the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]], totaling to over 15 inches. [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1994.php#One-C] The flooding closed all major roads in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], and was considered the worst flooding in 40 years. The rainfall destroyed 2 homes and damaged 214, 14 severely. It also damaged roads and businesses. Damage throughout the island totaled to $5 million (1993 USD). [http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~203410] Flooding occurred in [[Maui]] as well, where landslides blocked portions of the Hana Highway. [http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~203402]

===Hurricane Olivia===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Olivia
| category=cat4
| type=hurricane
| image=Olivia 94 peak.jpg
| track=Olivia 1994 track.png
| formed=[[September 22]]
| dissipated=[[September 29]]
| highest winds=150 [[miles per hour|mph]] (200 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=923 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Hurricane Olivia was the second strongest storm of the season. It is one of the ten most intense east Pacific hurricanes ever recorded. At the time, it was the strongest October storm.
{{clear}}

===Hurricane Rosa===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Rosa
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Rosa 94 peak.jpg
| track=Rosa 1994 track.png
| formed=[[October 8]]
| dissipated=[[October 15]]
| highest winds=105 [[miles per hour|mph]] (155 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=974 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
An area of disturbed weather organized into a tropical depression at midday on [[October 8]]. It had trouble organizing, and advisories were discontinued for a while. The cyclone finally became a tropical storm on [[October 11]] and was named Rosa. It moved glacially, but eventually a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] steered Rosa north and then northeast. Rosa intensified quickly, peaking at Category 2 intensity just before landfall near [[La Concepcion]] on the morning of [[October 14]]. Rosa quickly decayed over the mountains of Mexico, and its cloud shield rapidly accelerated northward through the Plains and Mississippi Valley, moistening the atmosphere enough in Texas ahead of a slow moving occluded cyclone to help set the stage for a significant flood event in east Texas on the October 17.

Four deaths, two in each of [[Nayarit]] and [[Durango]], were reported. Four people were missing in [[Sinaloa]]. More than 100,000 people had their homes damaged in Nayarit. [[Telephone pole]]s and [[power line]]s were downed in Sinaloa. Rain caused landslides and flash-flooding in mountainous areas.

==1994 storm names==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1994. No names were retired, so it was used again in the [[2000 Pacific hurricane season|2000 season]]. This is the same list used for the [[1988 Pacific hurricane season|1988 season]] except for Ileana, which replaced Iva. A storm was named Ileana for the first time in 1994. Names that were not assigned are marked in <font color="gray">gray</font>.

{| width="90%"
|
* Aletta
* Bud
* Carlotta
* Daniel
* Emilia
* Fabio
* Gilma
* Hector
|
* Ileana
* [[Hurricane John (1994)|John]]
* Kristy
* Lane
* Miriam
* Norman
* Olivia
* Paul
|
* Rosa
* <div style="color: #888;">Sergio (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Tara (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Vicente (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Willa (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Xavier (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Yolanda (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Zeke (unused)</div>
|}

Three names were used from the Central Pacific list - Li, Mele and Nona. This was the first usage for all of these names.

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of notable tropical cyclones]]
*[[1994 Atlantic hurricane season]]
*[[1994 Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[1993-94 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[1994-95 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[1990-1994 North Indian cyclone seasons]]

== External links ==
* [ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/storm_archives/pacific/prelimep/ep1994/ NHC 1994 Pacific hurricane season archive]
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/#1994 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive]

{{Pacific hurricane season categories|1994}}