Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Grolier Club

2011-11-13T00:29:22Z

ButtonwoodTree:

[[Image:WTM sheila 0067.jpg|thumb|The Grolier Club's former home at the landmark [[29 East 32nd Street]].]]
The '''Grolier Club''' is a [[gentlemen's club|private club]] and [[bibliophilia|society of bibliophiles]] in [[New York City]]. Founded in January 1884, it is the oldest existing bibliophilic club in North America. The club is named after [[Jean Grolier de Servières|Jean Grolier de Servières, Viscount d'Aguisy]], Treasurer General of [[France]], whose library was famous; his motto, "Io. Grolierii et amicorum" [of or belonging to Jean Grolier and his friends], suggested his generosity in sharing books.<ref>[http://grolierclub.org/jean_grolier_biography.htm Jean Grolier Biography]</ref> The founders of the club were [[William L. Andrews]], [[Theodore Low De Vinne|Theodore L. DeVinne]], [[Alexander Wilson Drake|A. W. Drake]], [[Albert Gallup]], [[Robert Hoe III|Robert Hoe]], [[Brayton Ives]], [[Samuel W. Martin]], [[E. S. Mead]], and [[Arthur B. Turnure]]. The Club's stated objective is "the literary study of the arts pertaining to the production of books, including the occasional publication of books designed to illustrate, promote and encourage these arts; and the acquisition, furnishing and maintenance of a suitable club building for the safekeeping of its property, wherein meetings, lectures and exhibitions shall take place from time to time...."<ref>''The Grolier Club,'' Constitution, Article I, section 2. 2005 edition.</ref> Perfection in the art of [[Bookbinding|bookmaking]] is encouraged. [[Edwin Davis French|E. D. French]] engraved the club's own [[bookplate]] as well as bookplates for many of its members.

The Grolier Club maintains a research library specializing in books, bibliography and bibliophily, printing (especially the history of printing and examples of fine printing), binding, illustration and bookselling. The Grolier Club has one of the more extensive collections of book auction and book seller catalogs in North America.<ref>Grolier Club Library Overview http://grolierclub.org/CollectionsOverview.htm</ref><ref>''Lasting Impressions: The Grolier Club Library'' (New York: Grolier Club, 2004) pp. 8-12.</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://grolierclub.org/About.htm About The Grolier Club]</ref> The Library has the archives of a number of prominent bibliophiles such as [[Sir Thomas Phillipps]],<ref>[http://grolierclub.org/Phillipps.htm Phillipps]</ref> and of bibliophile and print collecting groups, such as the Hroswitha Club of women book collectors<ref>http://www.grolierclub.org/LibraryAMC.HroswithaClub.htm named after [[Hroswitha of Gandersheim]]</ref> and the Society of Iconophiles.<ref>http://grolierclub.org/LibraryAMC.Iconophiles.htm</ref>

Honorary members have included [[I.N. Phelps Stokes]] (elected 1927), [[Bruce Rogers (typographer)|Bruce Rogers]] (1928), [[Henry Watson Kent]] (1930), [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1934), [[Rudolph Ruzicka]] (1946), [[Lawrence C. Wroth]] (1950), [[Carl Purington Rollins]] (1951), [[Elmer Adler]] (1952), [[Joseph Blumenthal]] (1967), and [[Mary C. Hyde Eccles]] (1989); while Honorary Foreign Corresponding members have included [[Sir Emery Walker]] (elected 1920), [[Alfred W. Pollard]] (1921), Sir [[Geoffrey Keynes]] (1922), [[Michael Sadleir]] (1925), [[Stanley Morison]] (1951), [[Giovanni Mardersteig]] (1964), [[Howard M. Nixon]] (1971), [[Nicolas Barker]] (1972), [[John Carter]] (1973), and [[Hermann Zapf]] (2003).<ref>Members of the Grolier Club, 1884-2009 (New York: Grolier Club, 2009), pp.9-12.</ref>

The Grolier Club also has a program of public exhibitions which "treat books and prints as objects worthy of display, on a par with painting and sculpture."<ref>[http://grolierclub.org/Exhibitions.htm Exhibitions]</ref> The exhibitions draw on various sources including holdings of the Club, its members, and of institutional libraries.

The Grolier Club has had three locations since being founded in 1884. The Club's first home was rented. In 1890 the Grolier Club moved into a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] building at [[29 East 32nd Street]] (which still survives as a designated landmark). Its current location, 47 East 60th Street has been its home since 1917; the building was designed by [[Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The Grolier Club is a member of the [[Fellowship of American Bibliophilic Societies]].<ref>[http://www.fabsbooks.org/members.html FABS - Member Clubs]</ref>

== List of presidents<ref>A list of club presidents, complete to 2009, appeared in ''Members of the Grolier Club, 1884-2009'' (New York: Grolier Club, 2009), pp. 158-159. A previous list, complete to 1982, appeared in ''Members of the Grolier Club, 1884-1984'' (New York: Grolier Club, 1986), pp. 149-150.</ref> ==
* [[Robert Hoe III]] (1884–1888)
* [[William Loring Andrews]] (1888–1892)
* [[Beverly Chew]] (1892–1896)
* [[Samuel Putnam Avery]] (1896–1900) Porträt: Medaille 1897 by Anton Scharff (1845–1903)
* [[Howard Mansfield]] (1900–1904)
* [[Theodore Low De Vinne]] (1904–1906)
* [[Edwin B. Holden]] (1906-1906) [''sic'']
* [[Richard Hoe Lawrence]] (1906–1908)
* [[William F. Havemeyer]] (1908–1912)
* [[Edward G. Kennedy]] (1912–1916)
* [[Arthur H. Scribner]] (1916–1920)
* [[Henry Watson Kent]] (1920–1924)
* [[William B. Osgood Field]] (1924–1928)
* [[Lucius Wilmerding]] (1928–1932)
* [[William B. Ivins, Jr.]] (1932–1935)
* [[Frederick Coykendall]] (1935–1939)
* [[Harry T. Peters]] (1939–1943)
* [[Edwin De T. Bechtel]] (1943–1947)
* [[Frederick B. Adams, Jr.]] (1947–1951)
* [[Irving S. Olds]] (1951–1955)
* [[Arthur A. Houghton]] (1955–1957)
* [[C. Waller Barret]] (1957–1961)
* [[Donald F. Hyde]] (1961–1965)
* [[Gordon N. Ray]] (1965–1969)
* [[Alfred H. Howell]] (1969–1973)
* [[Robert H. Taylor]] (1973–1975)
* [[Herman W. Liebert]] (1975–1978)
* [[Robert D. Graff]] (1978–1982)
* [[Frank S. Streeter]] (1982–1986)
* [[G. Thomas Tanselle]] (1986–1990)
* [[Kenneth A. Lohf]] (1990–1994)
* [[William Bradford Warren]] (1994–1998)
* [[William T. Buice III]] (1998–2002)
* [[Carolyn L. Smith]] (2002–2006)
* [[William H. Helfand]] (2006–2010)
* [[Eugene S. Flamm]] (2010-

==See also==
* [[List of American gentlemen's clubs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|29 East 32nd Street}}
* [http://www.grolierclub.org Grolier Club]
* [http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/bookplates/20_2_Grolier.htm Journal of Library History, vol. 20 #2, Spring 1985, pp. 196-9, by Robert Nikirk] [On the Grolier Club's bookplates]
* [http://www.fabsbooks.org/ Fellowship of American Bibliophilic Societies]

{{coord missing|New York City}}

* {{NIE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grolier Club}}
[[Category:Bertram Goodhue buildings]]
[[Category:Bibliophiles]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in the United States]]
[[Category:Libraries in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York]]
[[Category:Library museums in New York]]
[[Category:Museums in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City cultural history]]
[[Category:Private clubs]]
[[Category:Richardsonian Romanesque architecture]]
[[Category:Romanesque Revival architecture in New York]]
[[Category:Traditional gentlemen's clubs in the United States]]
[[Category:Social clubs and societies in New York City]]

Morris Markin

2011-04-04T22:11:27Z

ButtonwoodTree: corecting link.

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2008}}
'''Morris Markin''' ({{lang-ru|'''Морис Маркин'''}}) (July 15, 1893 - July 8, 1970) was a [[Russia]]n-born [[United States|American]] entrepreneur and businessman who founded the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company (which would later become the [[Checker Motors Corporation]]).

==Early years==

Born in [[Smolensk]], a city in western [[Russia]], Morris Markin worked in a clothing factory during his young years. His determination and hard work got him promoted to a supervisor position by the age of nineteen, when he emigrated to the United States. When he arrived at [[Ellis Island]], he spoke no English and couldn't afford to pay the bond required to enter the country. A janitor at the facility loaned him the twenty-five dollars he needed for the bond.

From [[New York]], Markin went to [[Chicago]] to live with his uncle. He held several jobs as an errand boy, the last for a tailor who taught him the trade. When the tailor died, Markin purchased the business on credit from the widow. He worked hard and saved enough money to bring seven brothers and two sisters to the States. Markin then teamed up with one of the brothers and opened a factory which made pants under government contracts during [[World War I]]. This company prospered after the war.

==Formation of Checker Cab==

In 1921, Markin entered the automobile business when he collected an auto body manufacturing company from an engineer named Lomberg. Markin had loaned fifteen-thousand-dollars to Lomberg earlier in an effort to keep the company afloat. When it failed, Lomberg returned to Markin to ask for more money. Markin refused and took over the company for his debt. He then picked up a failed automobile manufacturer, [[Commonwealth Motors]], and with it the accountant, [[Ralph E. Oakland]]. Then, in a bold move, Markin purchased the defunct [[Handley-Knight]] chassis plant and the [[Dort (automobile)|Dort]] body plant in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]. He moved his entire operation to Kalamazoo and on February 2, 1922 formed the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company.

In 1929, he purchased the [[Yellow Cab Company]] from [[John D. Hertz|John Hertz]].

==External links==
*[http://www.checkertaxistand.com/ Checker Cabs] at the Checker Taxi Stand
*[http://www.checkerclub.org/ Checker Car Club of America]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Markin, Morris
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 15, 1893
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = July 8, 1970
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Markin, Morris}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:American manufacturing businesspeople]]
[[Category:Russian Jews]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]

Französische Kronjuwelen

2011-02-15T01:48:56Z

ButtonwoodTree: Reverted 1 edit by 163.1.150.29 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by John of Reading. (TW)

{{refimprove|date=August 2007}}
[[Image:French-crown-jewels.jpg|right|400px|thumb|Crown Jewels of France, on display at the Louvre with the crown and diadem of Empress Eugenie to the left, the set of Queen Marie Amélie in the centre and the crown of Louis XV to the right with the diadem of the Duchess of Angoulème.]]
[[File:FrenchCrownJewelsLouvre-1.jpg|right|400px|thumb|The ''Côte-de-Bretagne'' red spinel with the set of Queen Marie Amélie to the left, the bracelets and diadem of the Duchess of Angoulème in the centre and upper right and, between them, the set of Empress Josephine.]]
[[File:FrenchCrownJewelsLouvre-2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Sapphire set of Queen Marie Amélie.]]

The '''French Crown Jewels''' were the [[crown (headgear)|crown]]s, [[Globus cruciger|orb]], sceptres, diadems and jewels that were the symbol of royalty and which were worn by many [[King of France|Kings and Queens of France]]. The set was finally broken up, with most of it sold off in 1885 by the [[Third French Republic]]. The surviving French Crown Jewels, principally a set of historic crowns now set with decorated glass, are on display in the ''Galerie d'Apollon'' of the [[Louvre]], [[France]]'s premier [[museum]] and former royal [[palace]], together with the [[Regent Diamond]], the [[Sancy]] Diamond and the {{convert|105|carat|g|adj=on}} ''Côte-de-Bretagne'' red [[spinel]], carved into the form of a [[dragon]]. In addition, some gemstones and jewels (including the Emerald of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], the 'Ruspoli' sapphire and the diamond pins of Queen [[Marie Antoinette]]) are on display in the Treasury vault of the Mineralogy gallery in the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]].

==Use of the French crown jewels==
[[Image:Louis15.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[1722]] [[Crown of Louis XV]]. [[Louvre]].]]
[[File:Crown of Napoleon I.png|thumb|right|250px|The Crown of Napoleon created in 1804. [[Louvre]].]]
[[File:Crown of Dauphin Louis Antoine (1824).png|thumb|right|Crown of Dauphin Louis Antoine worn at the coronation of Charles X in 1825]]
The Crown jewels comprise the instruments of the [[coronation]] called [[Regalia]] and the jewels of the ruling family.

Since [[Pepin the Short]] in 752, the accession of the [[List of French monarchs|King]] of [[Kingdom of France|France]] was legitimized by a '''[[coronation]] ceremony''' later performed with the [[Crown of Charlemagne]] at [[Notre-Dame de Reims]] called ''sacre'', since the emphasis was on the [[anointing|unction]] with the [[chrism]] of the [[Holy Ampulla]]. All monarchs were crowned until the [[French revolution]], in the [[Notre-Dame de Reims]] cathedral (apart for two of them, who were crowned elsewhere). After the revolution, only Emperor [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]], [[Josephine de Beauharnais|Empress Josephine]] and King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] were crowned. Though not always used, a set of expensive crown jewels did exist and was augmented by various monarchs.

The Crown jewels or ''Diamants de la Couronne de France'' consisting of gemstones and jewellery<ref>[http://souverainsdefrance.free.fr/les_joyaux_de_la_couronne_113.htm] List of the surviving main Crown jewels</ref> became unalienable by decision of [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] on June 15, 1530. the ''Côte-de-Bretagne'' red spinel was then among the 8 main jewels. They suffered important loss by the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] in 1590 but were reconstitued by [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] and greatly enhanced by [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] notably with the gift of the 18 [[Mazarin]] diamonds and the buy of the [[Hope diamond|'Royal French Blue']] and 'Ruspoli' sapphire later followed in 1717 with the [[Regent Diamond]]. Under [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], they were kept in the ''Garde Meuble de la Couronne'' (Royal Treasury) in one of the pavilions of the [[Place de la Concorde]] where they suffered a theft in 1792 and a sale in 1795 after their partial recovery. In 1814, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] had restored the Crown jewels to 65 072 stones and pearls, not including the personal jewels of both empress Josephine and Marie-Louise. Enhanced again during the [[Bourbon Restoration|Restoration]] and more again during the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], they counted 77 662 stones and pearls comprising 51 403 brilliant cut diamonds, 21 119 rose cut diamonds, 2 962 pearls, 507 rubies, 136 sapphires, 250 emeralds, 528 turquoises, 22 opales, 235 amethysts and 500 other stones, when they were sold in 1885 by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. Nevetheless, as in 1793, an important set of stones and pearls was sent to the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] and some of the most important jewels were bought back since 1953, what makes the collection still number more than 11 000 stones and pearls.<ref>[http://souverainsdefrance.free.fr/historique_des_joyaux_120.htm] History of the ''Diamants de la Couronne''</ref>

The [[Regalia]],<ref>[http://souverainsdefrance.free.fr/regalia_in_english_105.htm] List of the surviving Regalia</ref> much lightly hit in 1590, were originally kept in the [[Basilica of Saint Denis]]<ref>[http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/Treasuremain.html] Plates of the treasure from Dom [[Michel Félibien]], ''Histoire de L'Abbaye Royale de Saint-Denys en France'', 1706</ref> from where they were removed in 1793 during the [[French Revolution]]. Some few pieces, considered to present an artistic value, were preserved and sent to the [[Louvre]] and other parisians museums. The others, like the [[Crown of Charlemagne]] and the one of the Queens, were melted down or dismanteled, with the rest of the basilica treasure including the cross of [[Saint Eligius]], the screen of [[Charlemagne]] or the gilded altar of [[Charles the Bald]]. The litugical instruments kept in [[Reims]] suffered the same policy. The Regalia were restored and recreated for the coronation of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]], which at their turn suffered again partial destruction in 1819, and finally completed for the coronation of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] in 1825.

==Regalia and jewels at the Louvre==
===Crown of Louis XV===
On the about 20 documented royal crowns of the [[Ancient Regime]],<ref>[http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/Comparative/Regalia.html] The royal crowns in the treasure of [[Basilica of St Denis|Saint Denis]] in 1706, from Dom [[Michel Félibien]], ''Histoire de L'Abbaye Royale de Saint-Denys en France''</ref> the only surviving one from the destructions of 1590 and 1793 is the [[Crown of Louis XV of France|crown of Louis XV]].<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226043&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226043&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500820&fromDept=true&baseIndex=180&bmLocale=en] [[Crown of Louis XV]], 1722, [[Louvre]]</ref> The king had the Regent Diamond set in the lower part of the [[fleur-de-lis]] in the front of his crown, while eight of the famous [[Mazarin]] diamonds that the cardinal had bequeath to the French Crown are set in the other seven fleur-de-lis and in the circlet of the crown. Diamonds and colored gemstones are set between two rows of pearls on the circlet and are also set into the four arches that rise behind the fleur-de-lis and the eight ornamental points between the fleur-de-lis. At the junction of these four arches is a small pedestal surrounded by two rows of small diamonds on either side of a row of small pearls. Eight larger diamonds set between this pedestal and the arches give the effect of a sunburst when the crown is viewed from above. On the pedestal rises a double fleur-de-lis formed of nine large diamonds, including the Sancy Diamond which forms the central upper petal of this double fleur-de-lis. The gold brocade cap which lines the crown is also ornamented with large diamonds.

Since the Middle Ages, and previous to the making of this crown, the crowns of French kings were adorned with gemstones like the [[Crown of Charlemagne]] or the crown of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]] sometimes called ''[[Sainte Couronne]]''.<ref>[http://www.crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr/Science/Emeraudes/Gallery_couronne.html] Crown of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]].</ref> But some of the most valuable precious stones could be removed of them, since it was traditional for a French king to bequeath his crown to the treasury of the Abbey, now [[Basilica of St Denis]] on their deaths. This crown was also bequeath to Saint Denis on the death of Louis XV, but not before the diamonds had been replaced with crystals and it is on display presently in the Louvre similarly set with crystals.

===Crown of Napoleon I===
The [[Crown of Napoleon]] was made by the jeweller [[Martin-Guillaume Biennais]] with antique [[cameo (carving)|cameo]]s for the coronation of the Emperor in 1804. His gilded crown of laurels<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=obj_view_obj&objet=cartel_16474_29695_p0001244.001.jpg_obj.html&flag=true] [[Napoleon I]] in coronation costume, [[François Gérard]], 1805, [[Louvre]]</ref> was destroyed in 1819 by [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] with the one of [[Empress Josephine]], the [[Globus cruciger|orb]] and the eagle sceptre. His coronation throne is at the [[Louvre]]<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=24284&langue=fr] Throne of [[Napoleon I]], 1804, [[Louvre]]</ref> and the coronation ring of [[Empress Josephine]] at the [[Château de Malmaison]].

===Crown of Empress Eugenie===
The [[Crown of Empress Eugenie]] was created in 1855 by [[Gabriel Lemonnier]] for the World's fair, like the one of the Emperor which was destroyed in 1887.<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226126&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226126&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500908&fromDept=true&baseIndex=239&bmLocale=en] [[Crown of Empress Eugenie]], 1855, [[Louvre]]</ref> But [[Napoleon III]] finally choosed not to be crowned.<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=obj_view_obj&objet=cartel_21851_45677_7091.001.jpg_obj.html&flag=true] Portrait of [[Napoleon III]] with his crown, ca 1855, [[Louvre]]</ref> Her diadem and large corsage diamond knot by the same jeweller are as well presented in the [[Louvre]] with a large diamond brooch by [[Alfred Bapst]] bearing two big [[Mazarin]] stones.

===Coronation sword===
[[File:Main Justice Louvre.jpg|thumb|The recreated "Hand of Justice". [[Louvre]].]]
[[File:Sceptre de Charles V.jpg|thumb|Statuette of [[Charlemagne]] on the sceptre of [[Charles V of France|Charles V]]. [[Louvre]].]]
[[File:Throne of Dagobert bronze Cabinet des Medailles.jpg|thumb|left|"Throne of Dagobert", traditionally attributed to [[Dagobert I]], while the arms and the back of the chair were added under [[Charles the Bald]]. [[Cabinet des Medailles]].]]
[[Image:Coupe des Ptolémées 02.JPG|thumb|left|[[Cup of the Ptolemies]], 1st century B.C or A.D. [[Cabinet des Medailles]].]]
The sword used during the coronation of the kings of France is displayed at the Louvre museum with its 13th century [[scabbard|sheath]],<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=5461&langue=fr] King's sword sheath, 13th c., [[Louvre]]</ref> apart from the crown jewels. In the first part of the celebration, the king received the insignia of knighthood, consisting of spurs and the sword. Throughout the rest of the ceremony, the sword was entrusted to the "Connétable", who held it with the blade pointing upwards. The treasury of Saint-Denis possessed several medieval swords including the one of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]]. According to legend the coronation sword is "[[Joyeuse]]", [http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_image.jsp;jsessionid=KWCxmhB23hhsBcfxW2PFJ1VxLCc2R8FDyzPjhmQpVr8PscX37P2w!1736489905?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673477491&CURRENT_LLV_ILLUSTRATION%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673477491&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500857&bmLocale=en&&newWidth==680&&newHeight==1011] Charlemagne's sword.<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500909&baseIndex=10&bmLocale=en] Coronation sword, 10-13th c., [[Louvre]]</ref> Its unusual build and ornamentation make it difficult to date, but the parts probably date to the 10th to 13th century. Some believe it might be much older, even manufactured before [[Charlemagne]]'s reign.

The coronation swords of [[Napoleon I]] and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] also were preserved in the Louvre museum, although the first was transferred to the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]] with most of the preserved litugical instruments and robes of the imperial ceremony and the latter stolen in 1976.

===Coronation spurs===
Some elements of the 12-16th centuries spurs were partially replaced for the coronation of [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon I]].<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=5463&langue=fr] Coronation spurs, 12-16th c. and 1804, [[Louvre]]</ref>

===Sceptre of Charles V===
One of the few surviving pieces of the medieval French crown jewels is the Sceptre [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] had made for the future coronation of his son, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]], currently on display in the [[Louvre]].<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4850&langue=fr] Sceptre of [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], 14th c., [[Louvre]]</ref> It is over five feet long and at the top is a lily supporting a small statuette of Charlemagne.<ref>[http://www.uoregon.edu/~dluebke/608Monarchs/608MonarchsHomepageS2009.htm] Sceptre of [[Charles V of France|Charles V]]</ref> This evocation of Charlemagne may also explain why this sceptre was included in the imperial regalia of Napoleon I.<ref>[[:File:Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial throne.jpg]]</ref>

The sceptre of [[Dagobert I]] was stolen in 1795 during the Revolution.

===''Main de Justice''===
A uniquely French type of sceptre is the ''Main de Justice'' (Hand of Justice), which has as its [[finial]] an ivory [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]] in a blessing gesture.<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4745&langue=fr] Hand of Justice, 1804 and medieval, [[Louvre]]</ref> Only the ivory finial itself appears to be medieval and probably comes from one of the three former Hands of Justice in the treasure of Saint Denis, perhaps the one of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]]. The present golden rod which it terminates was probably made for either the coronation of Napoleon I [/media/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg] or that of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]].[/media/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Charles_X_In_1829.jpg] The addition of cameos and other medieval gemstones like the XIIth century ring of [[Denis|Saint Denis]] which surround the junction of the finial and the replaced rod represent a deliberate nineteenth century anachronism.<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4902&langue=fr] Ring of [[Saint Denis]], 12th c., [[Louvre]]</ref>

Another sceptre, the Baton of Guillaume de Roquemont,<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4730&langue=fr] Baton of Guillaume de Roquemont, 14th c., [[Louvre]]</ref> and the ring of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]]<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4888&langue=fr] Ring of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], 14th c., [[Louvre]]</ref> are at the [[Louvre]].

===Brooch of Saint Louis===
The collection keeps as well the 14th century brooch or ''fermail'' of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], a large diamond shaped [[fibula (brooch)|fibula]] bearing a fleur-de-lis in precious stones, which was used to hold the coronation's robe.<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4865&langue=fr] Brooch (''fermail'') of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], 14th c., [[Louvre]]</ref>

===Serpentine paten===
The serpentine [[paten]] said of [[Abbot Suger]] of 1st century B.C. or A.D. associated with the [[Cup of the Ptolemies]] was used at the coronation of queens and keeps its gem-studded gold Carolingian mountings of [[Charles the Bald]].<ref>[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=6261&langue=fr] Serpentine paten, 1st century B.C. or A.D and 9th c., [[Louvre]]</ref>

===Famous diamonds===
Among the most famous diamonds<ref>[http://www.intellego.fr/index.php?PageID=print-document&document=44651] The ''Diamants de la Couronne''</ref> preserved in the collection and now kept in the Apollo Gallery of the [[Louvre]] are the [[Sancy]] Diamond, which once had been part of the pre-Commonwealth Crown Jewels of England, the Hortensia pink diamond cutted in 1678 for [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] and above all the [[Regent Diamond]].<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226045&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226045&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500820&fromDept=true&baseIndex=181&bmLocale=en] Regent Diamond, [[Louvre]]</ref> The treatment of the Regent Diamond epitomised the attitude of the French Royal Family to the Crown Jewels. While the Regent Diamond was the centrepiece of the King [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] crown, and worn by him at his coronation in February 1723, [[Marie Antoinette]], wife of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], wore it in a black velvet hat. The Royal [[French Blue]] was transformed into the [[Hope Diamond]] now in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]].

With two remaining jewels of the [[Renaissance]], the ''Côte-de-Bretagne'' red spinel and the ''Dragon perle'', a pin shaped into the form of a delphin, The crown jewels collection contains as well among others, the emerald set and pearl earings of [[Empress Josephine]], the micromosaic and emerald and diamond sets of [[Empress Marie Louise]], the pair of [[bracelets]] of rubies and the emerald diadem of the [[Marie Thérèse of France|Duchess of Angoulème]], the sapphire set of [[Queen Marie Amélie]], a diamond cross of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit]] or a diamond portrait box of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref>[http://souverainsdefrance.free.fr/les_joyaux_de_la_couronne_113.htm] List of the surviving main Crown jewels</ref><ref>[http://www.luxe-magazine.com/default.php?FCT=A&A=476] The jewels in the Apollo gallery, [[Louvre]]</ref>

==Gemstones in the Natural history museum and Ecole des Mines==
Some gemstones and jewels are on display in the Treasury vault of the Mineralogy gallery in the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]]. They include the {{convert|51.60|carat|g|adj=on}} Emerald of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]],<ref>[http://www.crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr/Science/Emeraudes/Gallery_st_louis_sertie.html] Emerald of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], [[Museum national d'histoire naturelle]]</ref> the {{convert|135.80|carat|g|adj=on}} 'Ruspoli' sapphire,<ref>[http://www.museum-mineral.com/specimens/saphir-mnhn-n-a-67,478.html#http://www.museum-mineral.com/specimens/specimen.php?id=478] 'Ruspoli' sapphire, [[Museum national d'histoire naturelle]]</ref> the Topaze (28.10 carats) and great Emerald (17 carats) of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], the diamond pins of Queen [[Marie Antoinette]], the Diamond-portrait (9.10 carats) and the Amethyst of [[Empress Marie Louise]], the great Opale of [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], the bicolore Sapphire (19.67 carats), the ''Jonquille'' diamond (9.75 carats) and more than 800 pearls and stones. Furthermore a set of 1 044 stones and pearls is kept at the [[Ecole des Mines]] in Paris.

==Regalia in the National Library of France==
The Throne of [[Dagobert I]] coming from [[Saint Denis]] can now be seen on the [[Rue de Richelieu|Richelieu]] site of the [[National Library of France]].
The [[Cup of the Ptolemies]] was used by the queens to take ablution after holy communion. This masterpieces among [[hardstone carving]]s or [[engraved gem]]s of [[Classical Antiquity|Antiquity]],<ref>[[Cup of the Ptolemies]], "the most precious vase that is in the treasure of Saint-Denis, and perhaps in any European cabinet." ([[Michel Félibien]], ''Histoire de... Saint-Denys'', Paris, 1706, pl. vi, at full scale); "one of the greatest treasures in the Cabinet des Médailles" (Sir W. Martin Conway, 1915, pp 119f ([http://vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu/medart/texts/Saint-Denis/Conway2.html on-line]); etc.</ref> was carved with [[Dionysus|Dionysiac]] vignettes and emblems, probably in [[Alexandria]] during the first century BC or the first century after. It was stolen in 1804, and recovered without its Carolingian gem-studded gold mountings. Its serpentine [[paten]] is at the [[Louvre]].

==Charles X Regalia in Saint Denis==
Some of the sovereign's robes of the coronation of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and regalia specially made for this event including the [[Crown of Charles X]] and the [[Crown of Queen Marie Thérèse of Savoy]] are displayed in one of the chapels of the nave of the [[Basilica of Saint Denis]].<ref>[http://fr.topic-topos.com/image-bd/les-regalia-saint-denis.jpg] The regalia of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and Queen [[Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy|Marie Thérèse of Savoy]] in the [[Basilica of St Denis]]</ref> The [[Crown of the Dauphin Louis Antoine]] [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Duke of Angoulême]] which subsists as well counts too among the six only surviving French crowns.

==Liturgical instruments and robes in Reims==
The [[Holy Ampulla]] reconstituted with some recovered fragments of the original [[balm]] for the coronation of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]<ref>[http://leblogdumesnil.unblog.fr/files/2008/11/steampoulereliquairedecharlesx.jpg] Reliquary of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] for the [[Holy Ampulla]]</ref><ref>[http://leblogdumesnil.unblog.fr/files/2008/11/steampouleampouleetaiguillette.jpg] Ampulla and needle of the reliquary of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]</ref> in 1825, which was originally kept in the [[Abbey of Saint-Remi]], is now presented in the [[Palace of Tau]] next to the cathedral [[Notre-Dame de Reims]] with the coronation [[Chalice]] as well as several preserved sovereign's robes and gowns of kings of the [[Ancien Regime]] and the liturgical instruments made for the coronation of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. They are displayed with the few remaining pieces of the medieval treasure of the cathedral and the [[Talisman]] of [[Charlemagne]], a large sapphire said to have been given by the [[Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]] which was found in the Emperor's grave in 1804 and later offered by [[Empress Eugenie]]. Since 1906, the content of the [[Holy Ampulla]] is kept in Reims archbishopric.<ref>[http://i30.servimg.com/u/f30/15/40/86/69/photo_10.jpg] Content of the [[Holy Ampulla]] kept in Reims archbishopric.</ref>

==Theft of the crown jewels during the revolution==
[[Image:HopeDiamond1.JPG|thumb|left|''The Hope Diamond'', which was cut from the ''Royal French Blue'', part of the French Crown Jewels.]]
The Crown Jewels were stolen in 1792 when the ''Garde Meuble'' (Royal Treasury) was stormed by rioters. Most, though not all, of the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Neither the [[Sancy]] Diamond nor the French Blue Diamond were found in the years after, however. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the [[Hope Diamond]].

The Hope is famously alleged to have been surrounded by bad luck. Marie Antoinette who supposedly wore it was beheaded (in fact, it was actually worn by her husband, Louis XVI). Other owners and their families experienced suicides, marriage break-ups, bankruptcy, deaths in car crashes, falls off cliffs, revolutions, mental breakdowns, and deaths through drug overdoses. It was even tangentially associated with the case of the murdered [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Lindbergh baby]], when its then owner, silver heiress [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]], [[pawn]]ed it to raise money that she ended up paying to a con-man unconnected with the actual kidnap. Most modern historians view the tales of a curse on the Hope to be spurious; the first mention of such tales is documented to 1908. Pierre Cartier, the Parisian jeweler, is widely credited with publicizing the stories of a curse on the diamond in hopes of increasing its saleability. Since 1958, it has been in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where it is the single most-viewed object in the Smithsonian's collection.

The Crown Jewels were augmented by jewels added by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] and [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] along with their empresses.

==Last coronation==
[[File:ProcessionOfLouisXIVAfterHisCoronatin.jpg|thumb|Procession of [[Louis XV of France]] after his coronation in [[Notre-Dame de Reims]], traditional location of the coronations of Kings of France]]
[[File:Calice du sacre Tau.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Chalice of [[Saint Remigius|Saint Remi]] at the [[Palace of Tau]], Reims]]
The last French coronation occurred in 1825 when King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] was crowned at [[Reims]]. The scale of the coronation was seen by critics to indicate a return to the [[Political absolutism|absolutism]] of the ''[[ancien regime]]'' that had been ended by the Revolution of 1789.Some historians suggest that the very grandeur of the ceremony marked the beginning of the end for the Bourbon monarchy, with Charles's image as an old style monarch falling out of favour with the French public, who had much preferred the low-key monarchy of his brother, [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]]. [[Louis Phillipe|Louis Phillipe of France]], the last [[King of France]], was not crowned, and neither was [[Napoleon III]], the last Emperor. Napoleon III's consort, [[Eugénie de Montijo]], did have a [[Crown of Empress Eugenie|crown]] made for her, though it was never used in an official coronation.

==Break-up and sale of the French crown jewels==
Throughout the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the jewels survived the [[First French Republic]], the [[French Directory|Directorate]], the [[First Empire]], the Restoration, the [[July Monarchy]], the [[Second French Republic]] and the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]]. However, the decision of [[Henri, Comte de Chambord]] not to accept the French Crown in the early 1870s ended not just the prospect of a royal restoration. It also led to the break-up and partial sale of the Crown Jewels.
The Brazilian Beauty Symbol Aimee de Heeren,<ref>[http://www.aimeedeheeren.com Aimee de Heeren, later owner of the private jewelry of Empress Eugenie]</ref> mistress of President [[Getulio Vargas]] is known for being the largest private owner of the French Crown jewels, along with the Brazilian crown jewels and other important jewelry.

In 1875 the [[Third French Republic]] came into being with the passage of a series of Organic Laws (collectively forming a constitution). The interim presidency was replaced by a full "President of the Republic".

While few expected a royal restoration, certainly after the failure of the ''[[Seize Mai]]'' attempted royalist [[coup]] by President [[Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta]], the continuing agitation of extreme right wing royalists, and the fear of a royalist ''coup d'état'', led radical deputies to propose the sale of the Crown Jewels, in the hope that their dispersal would undermine the royalist cause: "''Without a crown, no need for a king''" in the words of one member of the National Assembly. This controversial decision was implemented. All the jewels from the Crown Jewels were removed and sold in 1887, as were many of the crowns, diadems, rings and other items. Only a few of the crowns were kept for historic reasons, but with their original diamonds and gems replaced by colored glass. Some historic or unusual gems went to French museums, including the corsage brooch containing some of the 'Mazarin diamonds'[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=11327], which is now in the Louvre, and the 'Ruspoli' sapphire, which is now in the French Natural History Museum (curators took advantage of its unusual rhombohedral faceted shape and asked for it to be exempted from the sale, falsely claiming that it was a natural, uncut crystal).

==Most recent royal ceremony in France: The funeral of Louis XVII in 2004==


One of the mysteries of the French Revolution was the question of what had happened to the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]], the [[heir apparent]] of King [[Louis XVI]], after the execution of the King and Queen. Though it was generally believed that he had died in prison, popular legend had spoken of the young prince being spirited away from his prison and living in exile.

In 2004, however it was finally confirmed that the legend was fictitious. In reality Louis XVI's son, Louis Charles, called the young prince by some, and King [[Louis XVII of France]] by royalist supporters following his father's death, had died of [[tuberculosis]] in prison. The fact of his death was established using [[DNA]] evidence. The [[heart]] of the young man claimed by the royalists to be the young Louis XVII had been secretly removed by a doctor just after his death. By comparing the DNA from the heart with DNA taken from strands of hair of [[Marie Antoinette]] that had been kept as a memento by royalists, it was possible to establish that the boy who died in prison was indeed the son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; the above mentioned heir to the crown of Louis XVI.

{{Commons category|Crown jewels of France}}

The formal funeral for Louis XVII finally took place, albeit with his heart, not his body, in 2004. For the first time in over a century a royal ceremony took place in France, complete with the [[fleur-de-lis]] standard and a royal crown.

==References==
<references/>

{{Crowns}}
{{Crown jewels by country}}

[[Category:House of Bonaparte|!]]
[[Category:Crown jewels]]
[[Category:Crowns]]
[[Category:French monarchy]]
[[Category:History of Paris]]

[[cs:Francouzské korunovační klenoty]]
[[fr:Diamants de la Couronne]]
[[it:Gioielli della Corona francese]]
[[zh:法国王冠珠宝]]

Atari, Inc. (2003)

2010-12-21T15:53:04Z

ButtonwoodTree: Style changes.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = GT Interactive
| company_logo = [[Image:GT Interactive Logo.jpg|180 px]]
| vector_logo =
| company_type = [[Public ownership|Public]]
| fate = Stake purchased by [[Infogrames]]
| successor = [[Infogrames|Infogrames Interactive]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[1993 in video games|1993]]
| defunct = [[1999 in video games|1999]]
| founder = Ron Chaimowitz, </br> Cayre Family
| location_city = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[New York, NY]]
| location_country = [[USA]]
| origins = [[New York]]
| key_people = Ron Chaimowitz </br> Cayre Family </br> [[Harry M. Rubin]]
| area_served = World
| industry = [[Interactive Entertainment]]
| products = [[Unreal Tournament]], [[Mortal Kombat III]], [[Doom II]], [[Quake (video game)|Quake]]
| revenue = {{loss}}$408 million (1999)<ref name="3wu"/>
| operating_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-267 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| net_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-254 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| num_employees = 1,168 (August, 1999)<ref name="65Ts"/>
| parent =
| subsid = [[Humongous Entertainment]], [[Legend Entertainment]], [[Reflections Interactive]], [[Cavedog Entertainment]]
| owner =
| company_slogan =
| callsign_meaning = '''G'''ood<br/>'''T'''imes
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
'''GT Interactive Software Corporation''' ('''Good Times'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom">Kushner, D. (2003). ''Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture''. Random House. ISBN 0-37-550524-5</ref> or '''GTI'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom"/>) was an [[United States|American]] video game publisher and distributor, which later developed both [[video game]]s and [[PC games]].

GT Interactive ceased to exist in December 1999 when [[Infogrames|Infogrames Entertainment SA]] (IESA) took a controlling stake and renamed the company '''Infogrames, Inc.'''<ref name=infinc>{{cite web
|title = Infogrames Entertainment Corporate Profile and Annual Report
|publisher = Infogrames Entertainment SA
|date = Fiscal Year 2005-2006
|pages = 7
|url =http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf
|format=PDF|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref> In 2003, Infogrames Inc. changed its name to [[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari Inc.]]<ref name=incnamechange>{{cite web
|last = Atari Inc.
|title = 10-KT · For 3/31/03, Overview Subsection
|publisher = Atari Inc.
|date = March 31, 2003
|url =http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.28Z7.htm#5ug
|format =
|doi =
|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref>

==History==
===1993 – GT Interactive is founded===
GT Interactive was founded in 1993 as a division of [[Good Times Home Video]], a video-tape distributor owned by the Cayre family. In that same year, [[Doom (video game)|Doom]] was released, eventually selling 2.9 million copies, through its various publishers, including GT Interactive.<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and [[Hasbro]] Were Saying]</ref> In its first year, revenue reached $10.3 million. <ref name="BW">[http://www.businessweek.com/1996/36/b349199.htm 09/02/96 LOTS OF "DOOM" BUT NO GLOOM]</ref>

===1994 – 880% revenue growth===
GT Interactive revenue soared 880% and reached $101 million on its second year of existence and profits reached $18 million.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_1qyz SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> GT Interactive's partnership with [[id Software]] scored another hit with [[Doom II: Hell on Earth]], which was released in October and sold over 2 million copies.

===1995 – GT Interactive's IPO===
In February, GTIS obtained the publishing rights to games based on [[Mercer Mayer]] property, which included [[Little Critter]] and [[Little Monster]].<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+INTERACTIVE+REPORTS+RECORD+SECOND+QUARTER+REVENUES%3B+Publishing...-a018547655 GT INTERACTIVE REPORTS RECORD SECOND QUARTER REVENUES; Publishing Business Increases Nearly 300 Percent. - Free Online Library]</ref> GT Interactive began to set up displays at [[K-Mart]] and [[Wal-Mart]] for low cost software.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.83wj.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - POS AM - On 5/1/97]</ref>

GTIS signed an exclusive software supplier agreement with [[Wal Mart]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n19_v34/ai_17530287 | title=Software tops retailers' sales growth list for '94/'96 - Hot Growth Categories | year=1995 | work=Discount Store News}}</ref> that meant according to [[UBS]] Securities analyst Michael Wallace: "All software developers have to deal with GT if they want to sell in a Wal-Mart."<ref name="BW"/>

In December, GT Interactive debuted on [[Nasdaq]], its IPO raised $140 million and was one the biggest IPOs of the year only losing to the IPO of [[Netscape]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Oct_27/ai_56954514 | title=GT Interactive Co-founder Named CEO of The Auction Channel Ron Chaimowitz to Lead U.S. Launch and Global Roll-out of The Auction Channel Programming | date=October 27, 1999 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref name="caselaw">[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=2nd&navby=case&no=007005&exact=1 FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code]</ref> GT Interactive Software Corporation was listed on [[Nasdaq]] as GTIS.<ref name="86Pa">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.86Pa.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 6/30/97]</ref>

GT Interactive offered 10 million shares to the public at $14 each.<ref name="caselaw"/> During GT Interactive's IPO, Appellee Cayre sold more than 1.4 million shares, 9.2% of his shares, for a $20 million return.<ref name="caselaw"/>

GTIS reported a strong revenue growth of 134% in the year to $234.4 million, but in the first sign of trouble ahead profits increase a meager 23% to $22.6 million.<ref name="65Ts">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.65Ts.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99]</ref>

===1996 – Humongous Entertainment is acquired ===
In January, GT Interactive obtained the publish rights for the highly anticipated [[Quake (video game)|Quake]] from [[id Software]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Jan_11/ai_17776763 | title=GT Interactive Software signs id Software's highly anticipated 'QUAKE'; GT to Publish 'Quake' for all gaming hardware systems | date=January 11, 1996 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>
In February, GTIS and [[target (store)|Target]] signed an agreement in which GT Interactive became the primary consumer software supplier to all Target's 675 stores.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+Interactive+and+Target+Stores+enter+distribution+agreement%3B+GT...-a017963881. GT Interactive and Target Stores enter distribution agreement; GT Interactive to Become Primary Software Vendor to More Than 600 Target Stores Nationwide. - Free Online Library]</ref>

In June 1996 GTIS acquired [[WizardWorks]], which developed [[Deer Hunter]], for 2.4 million shares and [[FormGen]], which had the publishing rights of [[Duke Nukem]], for 1 million shares<ref name="86Pa"/> or $17 million.<ref>[http://dukenukem.typepad.com/game_matters/2003/12/royalties_and_a.html Game Matters: Royal tease]</ref>

[[Quake (video game)|Quake]] was also released in June by GT Interactive for [[PC game]]. Quake sold 1.8 million copies and became a classic [[PC game]].<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and Hasbro Were Saying]</ref>

In July, the game developer [[Humongous Entertainment]] was bought by GT Interactive for 3.5 million shares or $76 million<ref name="bizj">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1996/07/15/story5.html | first=M. Sharon | last=Baker | title=Humongous lives up to name with $76 million sale | date=July 14, 1996}}</ref>. In 1995, [[Humongous Entertainment]]'s revenue had risen to $10 million an increase of 233% over 1994's revenue of $3 million.<ref name="bizj"/> The deal gave GT Interactive rights to successful children's software titles such as [[Putt-Putt (series)|Putt-Putt]] and Freddie the Fish.

In November, GTIS acquired Warner Interactive Europe for $6.3 million in cash, with this acquisition GTIS gained access to software markets in Western Europe.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In a further sign of uncertainty about GT's future, GTIS, for the year, reported a net income increase of only 11% over the previous year to $25.1 million. Revenue growth also decelerated to 56%, revenue for the year was $365 million. Making matters worse, net income in the fourth quarter reduced 16.8% to $8.5 million when compared to 1995's fourth quarter.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1997 – $530 million in revenues but $25 million net loss ===
In January, GT bought [[One Stop]], a European value software publisher, for $800,000 in cash.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In June, GTIS signed a deal with [[MTV]], the deal gave GTIS the rights to publish games based on [[Beavis and Butt-head]] and [[Aeon Flux]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_June_18/ai_19518846 | title=GT Interactive and MTV: Music Television announce global multi-title publishing agreement | date=June 18, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>

On October, GTIS bought game developer [[SingleTrac]] for $14.7 million, $5.4 million in cash and $9.3 million in stock. [[SingleTrac]] owned and developed such games as [[Twisted Metal]] and [[Jet Moto]].<ref name="SI5174">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.5174.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99]</ref> In September game developer [[Cavedog Entertainment]] made its first release, [[Total Annihilation]]<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pages/tags/index.php?type=game&tags=cavedog cavedog - GameSpot]</ref>, which sold more than 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> [[Cavedog Entertainment]] was a divisision of [[Humongous Entertainment]]<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/company/cavedog-entertainment MobyGames - Cavedog Entertainment]</ref>

On October 5, 1997, GTIS announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire [[MicroProse]] for $250 million in stock, the deal had even been unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. The deal was expected to be completed by the end of that year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_Oct_5/ai_19817403 | title=GT Interactive to Expand as World's Fastest Growing Interactive Entertainment Company Through Acquisition of MicroProse | date=October 5, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E6DB103DF935A35753C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=$250 Million Stock Deal for Microprose | date=October 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

But on December 5 the acquisition was cancelled, according to both CEOs "''the time is simply not right"'' for the deal. [[MicroProse]]'s stock plummeted after the announcement of the deal's cancellation.<ref>[http://www.cbronline.com/article_cg.asp?guid=99237717-6B91-4283-9EC4-3338CE1B46B0 MICROPROSE AND GT INTERACTIVE CALL OFF MERGER - Computer Business Review]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5DD1E3DF935A35751C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Company News; Microprose And Gt Interactive End Merger Talks | date=December 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

GTIS's result was negatively affected because GTIS stopped being the exclusive computer software distributor to [[Wal Mart]] in March, [[Wal Mart]] decided to buy its software directly from the publishers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5057/is_199703/ai_n18409474 }} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

In 1997 GT Interactive's share of the Entertainment software market reached a historical low of 6.4% down from the record highs of 9% and 10% years earlier. GT Interactive was leader only on the arcade/action category, with a 20.3% market share. Making matters worse, GT Interactive also had a high debt/equity ratio of 41%, Electronic Arts had a debt/equity ratio of just 8%. For 1997 GTIS's return on equity was a dismal -16.14%.<ref>[http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/parkercenter/docs/studentresearch/1998_spring/erts.pdf ElecArts.PDF]</ref> For the year, GTIS 's revenue growth continued to decelerate, increased only 45% to $530 million.<ref name="Honcho">[http://www.atnewyork.com/news/article.php/249211 Gt Interactive Hires Disney Honcho, Raises Cash]</ref> GT Interactive posted its first net loss, during 1997 GTIS lost $25 million.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1998 – Revenue growth falls to 10% ===
In May, [[Epic Games]]'s [[Unreal]] was published by GT Interactive, in the first 10 months over 800,000 copies were sold. Coincidentally [[Deer Hunter]] II, which was released in October also sold 800,000 copies.<ref name="65Ts"/>

In November, GTIS bought for $17.2 million in stock One Zero Media, becoming the first game publisher to own an entertainment Internet website.<ref name="SI5174"/>

[[Legend Entertainment]] was acquired for around $2 million,<ref name="SI5174"/> while [[Reflections Interactive]] was acquired for 2.3 million shares or $13.5 million.<ref name="SI5174"/> Both companies were bought in December of [[1998 in video gaming|1998]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Game-Design-Second-Bob-Bates/dp/1592004938 Amazon.com: Game Design, Second Edition: Books: Bob Bates]</ref>

In the fourth quarter of 1998 GT Interactive posted a net income of $16.7 million on revenues of $246.3 million.<ref name="3wu">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.5174_3wu SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99, As Of 2/14/00 - Table in Document 1 of 2 - 10-Q - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> For the year, GT Interactive reported revenues were almost flat rising 10% to $584 million but GT Interactive swung into black by posting a $20.3 million net income.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="65Ts"/> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1998.

===1999 – Infogrames buys GT Interactive===
The year of 1999 brought bad news for GT Interactive's shareholders, it posted first quarter losses of $90 million due to restructuring costs.<ref name="65Ts"/> In February, in light of the bad results CEO Ron Chaimowitz was replaced.<ref name="Honcho"/>

Games sales in 1999 fell in comparison to 1998, this fact had dire consequences on GTIS's finances. In April, GTIS predicted for 2000 a first quarter loss of $55 million on revenues of around just $95 million. A failure to release 5 major games and a planned relocation to [[Los Angeles]] added to the losses.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_1999_April_13/ai_54373559 | title=GT Interactive Predicts Q4 Loss, Cuts 650 Jobs | year=1999 | work=Computergram International}}</ref> In June, GTIS announced it had hired [[Bear Stearns]] to look into the possibility of either a merger or a sale of the company and in October GT Interactive fired 35% of its workforce or 650 employees mostly from its distribution section.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE2D9133DF935A25752C1A96F958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Infogrames Gets Control of GT Interactive | date=November 16, 1999 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

In June [[Reflections Interactive|Reflection's]] [[Driver (game)|Driver]] was released it sold approximately 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> In July [[One Zero Media]] was sold for $5.2 million in cash, just six months after it was purchased.<ref name="SI5174"/>

On November 16, [[Infogrames]] announced that it would buy 70% of GT Interactive for $135 million and assume $75 million in bank debt. By June 2000, Infogrames had invested $30 million in GT.<ref name="NYT"/>

Ten days later GT Interactive made one of its last releases, the classic [[Unreal Tournament]] which went on to sell more than 1 million copies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200008/ai_mark15014824 | title=Infogrames Unleashes Unreal Tournament: Game Of The Year Edition To The Mass Market This Fall | year=2005 | work=Market Wire}}</ref>

[[Infogrames|IESA]]'s acquisition came just in time because GT Interactive's 1999 result were dismal. Revenues fell 30% to $408 million in 1999 and GT Interactive posted a net loss of $254 million for 1999.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_52cq SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1999.

On December 16, the deal was consummated and GT Interactive was no more, it became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], a subsidiary of [[Infogrames|IESA]].<ref name="65Ts"/>

GT Interactive became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], then '''[[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari, Inc]]''' in 2003.<ref>[http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf Microsoft Word - couverture_GB.doc]</ref> And IESA has since retired the GT Interactive brand.

==Games published==
===Game Boy===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-head (video game)|Beavis and Butt-Head]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures]]''

===Game Boy Color===
*''[[Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color)|Duke Nukem]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures 2]]''

===Macintosh===
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Lode Runner: The Legend Returns]]''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===Nintendo 64===
*''[[40 Winks]]'' (Cancelled), [[PlayStation]] only release
*''[[7th Legion]]''
*''[[DethKarz]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 64]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Zero Hour]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Mike Piazza's Strike Zone]]''
*''[[Ultra Combat]]'' (Cancelled<ref>Nintendo Power, Volume 86, page 15</ref>)
*''[[Unreal N64]]'' (Cancelled<ref>http://ign64.ign.com/objects/001/001975.html</ref>)

===PC===
*''[[1602 A.D.]]''
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Amok (video game)|Amok]]''
*''[[Animorphs (video game)|Animorphs]]''
*''[[Area 51 (arcade game)|Area 51]]'' (Arcade)
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head DO U]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Bunghole in One]]''
*''[[Bedlam (video game)|Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Blood: Plasma Pak]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen#The Nightmare Levels|Blood II: The Chosen - The Nightmare Levels]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Carnivores (game)]]''
*''[[Chasm: The Rift]]''
*''[[Clans]]''
*''[[Dark Vengeance]]''
*''[[Deep Sea Trophy Fishing]]''
*''[[Deer Hunter 2]]''
*''[[Disciples: Sacred Lands]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Duke: Nuclear Winter]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D#Expansions and versions|Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D: Kill-A-Ton Collection]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Planet of the Babes]]''
*''[[Hordes (video game)|Hordes]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire (video game)|Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica II|Imperium Galactica II: Alliances]]''
*''[[Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds]]''
*''Locus''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Mage Slayer]]''
*''[[Man of War II: Chains of Command]]''
*''[[Master Levels for Doom II]]''
*''[[M.I.A.: Missing in Action]]''
*''[[NAM (game)|Nam]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Powerslide (video game)|Powerslide]]''
*''[[Pro Bass Fishing]]''
*''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''
*''[[Ravage DCX]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Revolution]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Rising]]''
*''[[Robotron X]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter 2]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour|S.P.Q.R.: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 98]]''
*''[[Shadow Warrior]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Racing]]''
*''[[Star Command: Revolution]]''
*''[[SuperKarts]]''
*''[[Swamp Buggy Racing]]''
*''[[The Wheel of Time (video game)|The Wheel of Time]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Tides of War (1999)]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: Battle Tactics]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: The Core Contingency]]''
*''[[Totally Unreal]]''
*''[[Trans Am Racing]]''
*''[[Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Unreal]]''
*''[[Unreal|Unreal Mission Pack: Return to Na Pali]]''
*''[[Unreal Tournament]]''
*''[[WWII GI]]''
*''[[World War II: GI]]''
*''[[XS (video game)|XS]]''
*''[[Z (video game)|Z]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[40 Winks]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Critical Depth]]''
*''[[Dead Ball Zone]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Driver 2]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Time to Kill]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Invasion from Beyond]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 2000]]''
*''[[Streak: Hoverboard Racing]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

===Sega Saturn===
*''[[Area 51]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Defcon 5]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Mortal Kombat Trilogy]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Rampage World Tour]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

==Games developed==
===Macintosh===
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''

===PC===
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Hordes]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Tag Team Wrestling]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.atari.com/us}}
* [http://games.ign.com/objects/025/025028.html Games by GT Interactive]
* [http://www.the-underdogs.info/company.php?id=185 GT Interactive] at [[Home of the Underdogs]]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/company/atari-inc GT Interactive at MobyGames]

[[Category:Defunct video game companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in New York]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Entertainment Software Association]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1999]]

[[de:Infogrames#GT Interactive]]
[[es:GT Interactive]]
[[fr:GT Interactive]]
[[it:GT Interactive]]
[[pl:GT Interactive]]
[[pt:GT Interactive]]
[[ru:GT Interactive]]
[[fi:GT Interactive]]

Atari, Inc. (2003)

2010-12-21T15:46:49Z

ButtonwoodTree: sentence structuring and format adjusted.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = GT Interactive
| company_logo = [[Image:GT Interactive Logo.jpg|180 px]]
| vector_logo =
| company_type = [[Public ownership|Public]]
| fate = Stake purchased by [[Infogrames]]
| successor = [[Infogrames|Infogrames Interactive]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[1993 in video games|1993]]
| defunct = [[1999 in video games|1999]]
| founder = Ron Chaimowitz, </br> Cayre Family
| location_city = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[New York, NY]]
| location_country = [[USA]]
| origins = [[New York]]
| key_people = Ron Chaimowitz </br> Cayre Family </br> [[Harry M. Rubin]]
| area_served = World
| industry = [[Interactive Entertainment]]
| products = [[Unreal Tournament]], [[Mortal Kombat III]], [[Doom II]], [[Quake (video game)|Quake]]
| revenue = {{loss}}$408 million (1999)<ref name="3wu"/>
| operating_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-267 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| net_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-254 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| num_employees = 1,168 (August, 1999)<ref name="65Ts"/>
| parent =
| subsid = [[Humongous Entertainment]], [[Legend Entertainment]], [[Reflections Interactive]], [[Cavedog Entertainment]]
| owner =
| company_slogan =
| callsign_meaning = '''G'''ood<br/>'''T'''imes
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
'''GT Interactive Software Corporation''' ('''Good Times'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom">Kushner, D. (2003). ''Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture''. Random House. ISBN 0-37-550524-5</ref> or '''GTI'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom"/>) was an [[United States|American]] video game publisher and distributor, which later developed both [[video game]]s and [[PC games]].

GT Interactive ceased to exist in December 1999 when [[Infogrames|Infogrames Entertainment SA]] (IESA) took a controlling stake and renamed the company '''Infogrames, Inc.'''<ref name=infinc>{{cite web
|title = Infogrames Entertainment Corporate Profile and Annual Report
|publisher = Infogrames Entertainment SA
|date = Fiscal Year 2005-2006
|pages = 7
|url =http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf
|format=PDF|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref> In 2003, Infogrames Inc. changed its name to [[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari Inc.]]<ref name=incnamechange>{{cite web
|last = Atari Inc.
|title = 10-KT · For 3/31/03, Overview Subsection
|publisher = Atari Inc.
|date = March 31, 2003
|url =http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.28Z7.htm#5ug
|format =
|doi =
|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref>

==History==
===1993 – GT Interactive is founded===
GT Interactive was founded in 1993 as a division of [[Good Times Home Video]], a video-tape distributor owned by the Cayre family. First year's revenue reached $10.3 million.<ref name="BW">[http://www.businessweek.com/1996/36/b349199.htm 09/02/96 LOTS OF "DOOM" BUT NO GLOOM]</ref>

[[Doom (video game)|Doom]] was released, it sold 2.9 million copies.<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and [[Hasbro]] Were Saying]</ref> But GT Interactive didn't publish [[Doom (video game)|Doom]] exclusively.

===1994 – 880% revenue growth===
GT Interactive revenue soared 880% and reached $101 million on its second year of existence and profits reached $18 million.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_1qyz SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> GT Interactive's partnership with [[id Software]] scored another hit with [[Doom II: Hell on Earth]], which was released in October and sold over 2 million copies.

===1995 – GT Interactive's IPO===
In February, GTIS obtained the publishing rights to games based on [[Mercer Mayer]] property, which included [[Little Critter]] and [[Little Monster]].<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+INTERACTIVE+REPORTS+RECORD+SECOND+QUARTER+REVENUES%3B+Publishing...-a018547655 GT INTERACTIVE REPORTS RECORD SECOND QUARTER REVENUES; Publishing Business Increases Nearly 300 Percent. - Free Online Library]</ref> GT Interactive began to set up displays at [[K-Mart]] and [[Wal-Mart]] for low cost software.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.83wj.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - POS AM - On 5/1/97]</ref>

GTIS signed an exclusive software supplier agreement with [[Wal Mart]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n19_v34/ai_17530287 | title=Software tops retailers' sales growth list for '94/'96 - Hot Growth Categories | year=1995 | work=Discount Store News}}</ref> that meant according to [[UBS]] Securities analyst Michael Wallace: "All software developers have to deal with GT if they want to sell in a Wal-Mart."<ref name="BW"/>

In December, GT Interactive debuted on [[Nasdaq]], its IPO raised $140 million and was one the biggest IPOs of the year only losing to the IPO of [[Netscape]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Oct_27/ai_56954514 | title=GT Interactive Co-founder Named CEO of The Auction Channel Ron Chaimowitz to Lead U.S. Launch and Global Roll-out of The Auction Channel Programming | date=October 27, 1999 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref name="caselaw">[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=2nd&navby=case&no=007005&exact=1 FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code]</ref> GT Interactive Software Corporation was listed on [[Nasdaq]] as GTIS.<ref name="86Pa">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.86Pa.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 6/30/97]</ref>

GT Interactive offered 10 million shares to the public at $14 each.<ref name="caselaw"/> During GT Interactive's IPO, Appellee Cayre sold more than 1.4 million shares, 9.2% of his shares, for a $20 million return.<ref name="caselaw"/>

GTIS reported a strong revenue growth of 134% in the year to $234.4 million, but in the first sign of trouble ahead profits increase a meager 23% to $22.6 million.<ref name="65Ts">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.65Ts.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99]</ref>

===1996 – Humongous Entertainment is acquired ===
In January, GT Interactive obtained the publish rights for the highly anticipated [[Quake (video game)|Quake]] from [[id Software]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Jan_11/ai_17776763 | title=GT Interactive Software signs id Software's highly anticipated 'QUAKE'; GT to Publish 'Quake' for all gaming hardware systems | date=January 11, 1996 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>
In February, GTIS and [[target (store)|Target]] signed an agreement in which GT Interactive became the primary consumer software supplier to all Target's 675 stores.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+Interactive+and+Target+Stores+enter+distribution+agreement%3B+GT...-a017963881. GT Interactive and Target Stores enter distribution agreement; GT Interactive to Become Primary Software Vendor to More Than 600 Target Stores Nationwide. - Free Online Library]</ref>

In June 1996 GTIS acquired [[WizardWorks]], which developed [[Deer Hunter]], for 2.4 million shares and [[FormGen]], which had the publishing rights of [[Duke Nukem]], for 1 million shares<ref name="86Pa"/> or $17 million.<ref>[http://dukenukem.typepad.com/game_matters/2003/12/royalties_and_a.html Game Matters: Royal tease]</ref>

[[Quake (video game)|Quake]] was also released in June by GT Interactive for [[PC game]]. Quake sold 1.8 million copies and became a classic [[PC game]].<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and Hasbro Were Saying]</ref>

In July, the game developer [[Humongous Entertainment]] was bought by GT Interactive for 3.5 million shares or $76 million<ref name="bizj">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1996/07/15/story5.html | first=M. Sharon | last=Baker | title=Humongous lives up to name with $76 million sale | date=July 14, 1996}}</ref>. In 1995, [[Humongous Entertainment]]'s revenue had risen to $10 million an increase of 233% over 1994's revenue of $3 million.<ref name="bizj"/> The deal gave GT Interactive rights to successful children's software titles such as [[Putt-Putt (series)|Putt-Putt]] and Freddie the Fish.

In November, GTIS acquired Warner Interactive Europe for $6.3 million in cash, with this acquisition GTIS gained access to software markets in Western Europe.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In a further sign of uncertainty about GT's future, GTIS, for the year, reported a net income increase of only 11% over the previous year to $25.1 million. Revenue growth also decelerated to 56%, revenue for the year was $365 million. Making matters worse, net income in the fourth quarter reduced 16.8% to $8.5 million when compared to 1995's fourth quarter.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1997 – $530 million in revenues but $25 million net loss ===
In January, GT bought [[One Stop]], a European value software publisher, for $800,000 in cash.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In June, GTIS signed a deal with [[MTV]], the deal gave GTIS the rights to publish games based on [[Beavis and Butt-head]] and [[Aeon Flux]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_June_18/ai_19518846 | title=GT Interactive and MTV: Music Television announce global multi-title publishing agreement | date=June 18, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>

On October, GTIS bought game developer [[SingleTrac]] for $14.7 million, $5.4 million in cash and $9.3 million in stock. [[SingleTrac]] owned and developed such games as [[Twisted Metal]] and [[Jet Moto]].<ref name="SI5174">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.5174.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99]</ref> In September game developer [[Cavedog Entertainment]] made its first release, [[Total Annihilation]]<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pages/tags/index.php?type=game&tags=cavedog cavedog - GameSpot]</ref>, which sold more than 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> [[Cavedog Entertainment]] was a divisision of [[Humongous Entertainment]]<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/company/cavedog-entertainment MobyGames - Cavedog Entertainment]</ref>

On October 5, 1997, GTIS announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire [[MicroProse]] for $250 million in stock, the deal had even been unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. The deal was expected to be completed by the end of that year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_Oct_5/ai_19817403 | title=GT Interactive to Expand as World's Fastest Growing Interactive Entertainment Company Through Acquisition of MicroProse | date=October 5, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E6DB103DF935A35753C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=$250 Million Stock Deal for Microprose | date=October 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

But on December 5 the acquisition was cancelled, according to both CEOs "''the time is simply not right"'' for the deal. [[MicroProse]]'s stock plummeted after the announcement of the deal's cancellation.<ref>[http://www.cbronline.com/article_cg.asp?guid=99237717-6B91-4283-9EC4-3338CE1B46B0 MICROPROSE AND GT INTERACTIVE CALL OFF MERGER - Computer Business Review]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5DD1E3DF935A35751C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Company News; Microprose And Gt Interactive End Merger Talks | date=December 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

GTIS's result was negatively affected because GTIS stopped being the exclusive computer software distributor to [[Wal Mart]] in March, [[Wal Mart]] decided to buy its software directly from the publishers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5057/is_199703/ai_n18409474 }} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

In 1997 GT Interactive's share of the Entertainment software market reached a historical low of 6.4% down from the record highs of 9% and 10% years earlier. GT Interactive was leader only on the arcade/action category, with a 20.3% market share. Making matters worse, GT Interactive also had a high debt/equity ratio of 41%, Electronic Arts had a debt/equity ratio of just 8%. For 1997 GTIS's return on equity was a dismal -16.14%.<ref>[http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/parkercenter/docs/studentresearch/1998_spring/erts.pdf ElecArts.PDF]</ref> For the year, GTIS 's revenue growth continued to decelerate, increased only 45% to $530 million.<ref name="Honcho">[http://www.atnewyork.com/news/article.php/249211 Gt Interactive Hires Disney Honcho, Raises Cash]</ref> GT Interactive posted its first net loss, during 1997 GTIS lost $25 million.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1998 – Revenue growth falls to 10% ===
In May, [[Epic Games]]'s [[Unreal]] was published by GT Interactive, in the first 10 months over 800,000 copies were sold. Coincidentally [[Deer Hunter]] II, which was released in October also sold 800,000 copies.<ref name="65Ts"/>

In November, GTIS bought for $17.2 million in stock One Zero Media, becoming the first game publisher to own an entertainment Internet website.<ref name="SI5174"/>

[[Legend Entertainment]] was acquired for around $2 million,<ref name="SI5174"/> while [[Reflections Interactive]] was acquired for 2.3 million shares or $13.5 million.<ref name="SI5174"/> Both companies were bought in December of [[1998 in video gaming|1998]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Game-Design-Second-Bob-Bates/dp/1592004938 Amazon.com: Game Design, Second Edition: Books: Bob Bates]</ref>

In the fourth quarter of 1998 GT Interactive posted a net income of $16.7 million on revenues of $246.3 million.<ref name="3wu">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.5174_3wu SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99, As Of 2/14/00 - Table in Document 1 of 2 - 10-Q - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> For the year, GT Interactive reported revenues were almost flat rising 10% to $584 million but GT Interactive swung into black by posting a $20.3 million net income.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="65Ts"/> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1998.

===1999 – Infogrames buys GT Interactive===
The year of 1999 brought bad news for GT Interactive's shareholders, it posted first quarter losses of $90 million due to restructuring costs.<ref name="65Ts"/> In February, in light of the bad results CEO Ron Chaimowitz was replaced.<ref name="Honcho"/>

Games sales in 1999 fell in comparison to 1998, this fact had dire consequences on GTIS's finances. In April, GTIS predicted for 2000 a first quarter loss of $55 million on revenues of around just $95 million. A failure to release 5 major games and a planned relocation to [[Los Angeles]] added to the losses.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_1999_April_13/ai_54373559 | title=GT Interactive Predicts Q4 Loss, Cuts 650 Jobs | year=1999 | work=Computergram International}}</ref> In June, GTIS announced it had hired [[Bear Stearns]] to look into the possibility of either a merger or a sale of the company and in October GT Interactive fired 35% of its workforce or 650 employees mostly from its distribution section.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE2D9133DF935A25752C1A96F958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Infogrames Gets Control of GT Interactive | date=November 16, 1999 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

In June [[Reflections Interactive|Reflection's]] [[Driver (game)|Driver]] was released it sold approximately 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> In July [[One Zero Media]] was sold for $5.2 million in cash, just six months after it was purchased.<ref name="SI5174"/>

On November 16, [[Infogrames]] announced that it would buy 70% of GT Interactive for $135 million and assume $75 million in bank debt. By June 2000, Infogrames had invested $30 million in GT.<ref name="NYT"/>

Ten days later GT Interactive made one of its last releases, the classic [[Unreal Tournament]] which went on to sell more than 1 million copies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200008/ai_mark15014824 | title=Infogrames Unleashes Unreal Tournament: Game Of The Year Edition To The Mass Market This Fall | year=2005 | work=Market Wire}}</ref>

[[Infogrames|IESA]]'s acquisition came just in time because GT Interactive's 1999 result were dismal. Revenues fell 30% to $408 million in 1999 and GT Interactive posted a net loss of $254 million for 1999.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_52cq SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1999.

On December 16, the deal was consummated and GT Interactive was no more, it became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], a subsidiary of [[Infogrames|IESA]].<ref name="65Ts"/>

GT Interactive became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], then '''[[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari, Inc]]''' in 2003.<ref>[http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf Microsoft Word - couverture_GB.doc]</ref> And IESA has since retired the GT Interactive brand.

==Games published==
===Game Boy===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-head (video game)|Beavis and Butt-Head]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures]]''

===Game Boy Color===
*''[[Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color)|Duke Nukem]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures 2]]''

===Macintosh===
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Lode Runner: The Legend Returns]]''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===Nintendo 64===
*''[[40 Winks]]'' (Cancelled), [[PlayStation]] only release
*''[[7th Legion]]''
*''[[DethKarz]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 64]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Zero Hour]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Mike Piazza's Strike Zone]]''
*''[[Ultra Combat]]'' (Cancelled<ref>Nintendo Power, Volume 86, page 15</ref>)
*''[[Unreal N64]]'' (Cancelled<ref>http://ign64.ign.com/objects/001/001975.html</ref>)

===PC===
*''[[1602 A.D.]]''
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Amok (video game)|Amok]]''
*''[[Animorphs (video game)|Animorphs]]''
*''[[Area 51 (arcade game)|Area 51]]'' (Arcade)
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head DO U]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Bunghole in One]]''
*''[[Bedlam (video game)|Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Blood: Plasma Pak]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen#The Nightmare Levels|Blood II: The Chosen - The Nightmare Levels]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Carnivores (game)]]''
*''[[Chasm: The Rift]]''
*''[[Clans]]''
*''[[Dark Vengeance]]''
*''[[Deep Sea Trophy Fishing]]''
*''[[Deer Hunter 2]]''
*''[[Disciples: Sacred Lands]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Duke: Nuclear Winter]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D#Expansions and versions|Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D: Kill-A-Ton Collection]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Planet of the Babes]]''
*''[[Hordes (video game)|Hordes]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire (video game)|Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica II|Imperium Galactica II: Alliances]]''
*''[[Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds]]''
*''Locus''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Mage Slayer]]''
*''[[Man of War II: Chains of Command]]''
*''[[Master Levels for Doom II]]''
*''[[M.I.A.: Missing in Action]]''
*''[[NAM (game)|Nam]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Powerslide (video game)|Powerslide]]''
*''[[Pro Bass Fishing]]''
*''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''
*''[[Ravage DCX]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Revolution]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Rising]]''
*''[[Robotron X]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter 2]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour|S.P.Q.R.: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 98]]''
*''[[Shadow Warrior]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Racing]]''
*''[[Star Command: Revolution]]''
*''[[SuperKarts]]''
*''[[Swamp Buggy Racing]]''
*''[[The Wheel of Time (video game)|The Wheel of Time]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Tides of War (1999)]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: Battle Tactics]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: The Core Contingency]]''
*''[[Totally Unreal]]''
*''[[Trans Am Racing]]''
*''[[Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Unreal]]''
*''[[Unreal|Unreal Mission Pack: Return to Na Pali]]''
*''[[Unreal Tournament]]''
*''[[WWII GI]]''
*''[[World War II: GI]]''
*''[[XS (video game)|XS]]''
*''[[Z (video game)|Z]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[40 Winks]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Critical Depth]]''
*''[[Dead Ball Zone]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Driver 2]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Time to Kill]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Invasion from Beyond]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 2000]]''
*''[[Streak: Hoverboard Racing]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

===Sega Saturn===
*''[[Area 51]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Defcon 5]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Mortal Kombat Trilogy]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Rampage World Tour]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

==Games developed==
===Macintosh===
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''

===PC===
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Hordes]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Tag Team Wrestling]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.atari.com/us}}
* [http://games.ign.com/objects/025/025028.html Games by GT Interactive]
* [http://www.the-underdogs.info/company.php?id=185 GT Interactive] at [[Home of the Underdogs]]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/company/atari-inc GT Interactive at MobyGames]

[[Category:Defunct video game companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in New York]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Entertainment Software Association]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1999]]

[[de:Infogrames#GT Interactive]]
[[es:GT Interactive]]
[[fr:GT Interactive]]
[[it:GT Interactive]]
[[pl:GT Interactive]]
[[pt:GT Interactive]]
[[ru:GT Interactive]]
[[fi:GT Interactive]]

Atari, Inc. (2003)

2010-12-21T15:35:48Z

ButtonwoodTree: typo

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = GT Interactive
| company_logo = [[Image:GT Interactive Logo.jpg|180 px]]
| vector_logo =
| company_type = [[Public ownership|Public]]
| fate = Stake purchased by [[Infogrames]]
| successor = [[Infogrames|Infogrames Interactive]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[1993 in video games|1993]]
| defunct = [[1999 in video games|1999]]
| founder = Ron Chaimowitz, </br> Cayre Family
| location_city = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[New York, NY]]
| location_country = [[USA]]
| origins = [[New York]]
| key_people = Ron Chaimowitz </br> Cayre Family </br> [[Harry M. Rubin]]
| area_served = World
| industry = [[Interactive Entertainment]]
| products = [[Unreal Tournament]], [[Mortal Kombat III]], [[Doom II]], [[Quake (video game)|Quake]]
| revenue = {{loss}}$408 million (1999)<ref name="3wu"/>
| operating_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-267 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| net_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-254 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| num_employees = 1,168 (August, 1999)<ref name="65Ts"/>
| parent =
| subsid = [[Humongous Entertainment]], [[Legend Entertainment]], [[Reflections Interactive]], [[Cavedog Entertainment]]
| owner =
| company_slogan =
| callsign_meaning = '''G'''ood<br/>'''T'''imes
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
'''GT Interactive Software Corporation''' ('''Good Times'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom">Kushner, D. (2003). ''Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture''. Random House. ISBN 0-37-550524-5</ref> or '''GTI'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom"/>) was an [[United States|American]] video game publisher and distributor, which later developed both [[video game]]s and [[PC games]].

GT Interactive ceased to exist in December 1999 when [[Infogrames|Infogrames Entertainment SA]] (IESA) took a controlling stake and renamed the company '''Infogrames, Inc.'''<ref name=infinc>{{cite web
|title = Infogrames Entertainment Corporate Profile and Annual Report
|publisher = Infogrames Entertainment SA
|date = Fiscal Year 2005-2006
|pages = 7
|url =http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf
|format=PDF|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref> In 2003, Infogrames Inc. changed its name to [[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari Inc.]]<ref name=incnamechange>{{cite web
|last = Atari Inc.
|title = 10-KT · For 3/31/03, Overview Subsection
|publisher = Atari Inc.
|date = March 31, 2003
|url =http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.28Z7.htm#5ug
|format =
|doi =
|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref>

==History==
===1993 – GT Interactive is founded===
GT Interactive was founded in 1993 as a division of [[Good Times Home Video]], a video-tape distributor owned by the Cayre family. First year's revenue reached $10.3 million.<ref name="BW">[http://www.businessweek.com/1996/36/b349199.htm 09/02/96 LOTS OF "DOOM" BUT NO GLOOM]</ref>

[[Doom (video game)|Doom]] was released, it sold 2.9 million copies.<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and [[Hasbro]] Were Saying]</ref> But GT Interactive didn't publish [[Doom (video game)|Doom]] exclusively.

===1994 – 880% revenue growth===
GT Interactive revenue soared 880% and reached $101 million on its second year of existence and profits reached $18 million.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_1qyz SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> GT Interactive's partnership with [[id Software]] scored another hit with [[Doom II: Hell on Earth]], which was released in October and sold over 2 million copies.

===1995 – GT Interactive's IPO===
In February, GTIS obtained the publishing rights to games based on [[Mercer Mayer]] property, which included [[Little Critter]] and [[Little Monster]].<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+INTERACTIVE+REPORTS+RECORD+SECOND+QUARTER+REVENUES%3B+Publishing...-a018547655 GT INTERACTIVE REPORTS RECORD SECOND QUARTER REVENUES; Publishing Business Increases Nearly 300 Percent. - Free Online Library]</ref> GT Interactive began to set up displays at [[K-Mart]] and [[Wal-Mart]] for low cost software.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.83wj.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - POS AM - On 5/1/97]</ref>

GTIS signed an exclusive software supplier agreement with [[Wal Mart]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n19_v34/ai_17530287 | title=Software tops retailers' sales growth list for '94/'96 - Hot Growth Categories | year=1995 | work=Discount Store News}}</ref> that meant according to [[UBS]] Securities analyst Michael Wallace: "All software developers have to deal with GT if they want to sell in a Wal-Mart."<ref name="BW"/>

In December, GT Interactive debuted on [[Nasdaq]], its IPO raised $140 million and was one the biggest IPOs of the year only losing to the IPO of [[Netscape]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Oct_27/ai_56954514 | title=GT Interactive Co-founder Named CEO of The Auction Channel Ron Chaimowitz to Lead U.S. Launch and Global Roll-out of The Auction Channel Programming | date=October 27, 1999 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref name="caselaw">[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=2nd&navby=case&no=007005&exact=1 FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code]</ref> GT Interactive Software Corporation was listed on [[Nasdaq]] as GTIS.<ref name="86Pa">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.86Pa.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 6/30/97]</ref>

GT Interactive offered 10 million shares to the public at $14 each.<ref name="caselaw"/> During GT Interactive's IPO, Appellee Cayre sold more than 1.4 million shares, 9.2% of his shares, for a $20 million return.<ref name="caselaw"/>

GTIS reported a strong revenue growth of 134% in the year to $234.4 million, but in the first sign of trouble ahead profits increase a meager 23% to $22.6 million.<ref name="65Ts">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.65Ts.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99]</ref>

===1996 – Humongous Entertainment is acquired ===
In January, GT Interactive obtained the publish rights for the highly anticipated [[Quake (video game)|Quake]] from [[id Software]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Jan_11/ai_17776763 | title=GT Interactive Software signs id Software's highly anticipated 'QUAKE'; GT to Publish 'Quake' for all gaming hardware systems | date=January 11, 1996 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>
In February, GTIS and [[target (store)|Target]] signed an agreement in which GT Interactive became the primary consumer software supplier to all Target's 675 stores.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+Interactive+and+Target+Stores+enter+distribution+agreement%3B+GT...-a017963881. GT Interactive and Target Stores enter distribution agreement; GT Interactive to Become Primary Software Vendor to More Than 600 Target Stores Nationwide. - Free Online Library]</ref>

In June 1996 GTIS acquired [[WizardWorks]], which developed [[Deer Hunter]], for 2.4 million shares and [[FormGen]], which had the publishing rights of [[Duke Nukem]], for 1 million shares<ref name="86Pa"/> or $17 million.<ref>[http://dukenukem.typepad.com/game_matters/2003/12/royalties_and_a.html Game Matters: Royal tease]</ref>

[[Quake (video game)|Quake]] was also released in June by GT Interactive for [[PC game]]. Quake sold 1.8 million copies and became a classic [[PC game]].<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and Hasbro Were Saying]</ref>

In July, the game developer [[Humongous Entertainment]] was bought by GT Interactive for 3.5 million shares or $76 million<ref name="bizj">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1996/07/15/story5.html | first=M. Sharon | last=Baker | title=Humongous lives up to name with $76 million sale | date=July 14, 1996}}</ref>. In 1995, [[Humongous Entertainment]]'s revenue had risen to $10 million an increase of 233% over 1994's revenue of $3 million.<ref name="bizj"/> The deal gave GT Interactive rights to successful children's software titles such as [[Putt-Putt (series)|Putt-Putt]] and Freddie the Fish.

In November, GTIS acquired Warner Interactive Europe for $6.3 million in cash, with this acquisition GTIS gained access to software markets in Western Europe.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In a further sign of uncertainty about GT's future, GTIS, for the year, reported a net income increase of only 11% over the previous year to $25.1 million. Revenue growth also decelerated to 56%, revenue for the year was $365 million. Making matters worse, net income in the fourth quarter reduced 16.8% to $8.5 million when compared to 1995's fourth quarter.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1997 – $530 million in revenues but $25 million net loss ===
In January, GT bought [[One Stop]], a European value software publisher, for $800,000 in cash.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In June, GTIS signed a deal with [[MTV]], the deal gave GTIS the rights to publish games based on [[Beavis and Butt-head]] and [[Aeon Flux]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_June_18/ai_19518846 | title=GT Interactive and MTV: Music Television announce global multi-title publishing agreement | date=June 18, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>

On October, GTIS bought game developer [[SingleTrac]] for $14.7 million, $5.4 million in cash and $9.3 million in stock. [[SingleTrac]] owned and developed such games as [[Twisted Metal]] and [[Jet Moto]].<ref name="SI5174">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.5174.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99]</ref> In September game developer [[Cavedog Entertainment]] made its first release, [[Total Annihilation]]<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pages/tags/index.php?type=game&tags=cavedog cavedog - GameSpot]</ref>, which sold more than 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> [[Cavedog Entertainment]] was a divisision of [[Humongous Entertainment]]<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/company/cavedog-entertainment MobyGames - Cavedog Entertainment]</ref>

On October 5, 1997, GTIS announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire [[MicroProse]] for $250 million in stock, the deal had even been unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. The deal was expected to be completed by the end of that year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_Oct_5/ai_19817403 | title=GT Interactive to Expand as World's Fastest Growing Interactive Entertainment Company Through Acquisition of MicroProse | date=October 5, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E6DB103DF935A35753C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=$250 Million Stock Deal for Microprose | date=October 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

But on December 5 the acquisition was cancelled, according to both CEOs "''the time is simply not right"'' for the deal. [[MicroProse]]'s stock plummeted after the announcement of the deal's cancellation.<ref>[http://www.cbronline.com/article_cg.asp?guid=99237717-6B91-4283-9EC4-3338CE1B46B0 MICROPROSE AND GT INTERACTIVE CALL OFF MERGER - Computer Business Review]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5DD1E3DF935A35751C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Company News; Microprose And Gt Interactive End Merger Talks | date=December 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

GTIS's result was negatively affected because GTIS stopped being the exclusive computer software distributor to [[Wal Mart]] in March, [[Wal Mart]] decided to buy its software directly from the publishers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5057/is_199703/ai_n18409474 }} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

In 1997 GT Interactive's share of the Entertainment software market reached a historical low of 6.4% down from the record highs of 9% and 10% years earlier. GT Interactive was leader only on the arcade/action category, with a 20.3% market share. Making matters worse, GT Interactive also had a high debt/equity ratio of 41%, Electronic Arts had a debt/equity ratio of just 8%. For 1997 GTIS's return on equity was a dismal -16.14%.<ref>[http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/parkercenter/docs/studentresearch/1998_spring/erts.pdf ElecArts.PDF]</ref> For the year, GTIS 's revenue growth continued to decelerate, increased only 45% to $530 million.<ref name="Honcho">[http://www.atnewyork.com/news/article.php/249211 Gt Interactive Hires Disney Honcho, Raises Cash]</ref> GT Interactive posted its first net loss, during 1997 GTIS lost $25 million.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1998 – Revenue growth falls to 10% ===
In May, [[Epic Games]]'s [[Unreal]] was published by GT Interactive, in the first 10 months over 800,000 copies were sold. Coincidentally [[Deer Hunter]] II, which was released in October also sold 800,000 copies.<ref name="65Ts"/>

In November, GTIS bought for $17.2 million in stock One Zero Media, becoming the first game publisher to own an entertainment Internet website.<ref name="SI5174"/>

[[Legend Entertainment]] was acquired for around $2 million,<ref name="SI5174"/> while [[Reflections Interactive]] was acquired for 2.3 million shares or $13.5 million.<ref name="SI5174"/> Both companies were bought in December of [[1998 in video gaming|1998]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Game-Design-Second-Bob-Bates/dp/1592004938 Amazon.com: Game Design, Second Edition: Books: Bob Bates]</ref>

In the fourth quarter of 1998 GT Interactive posted a net income of $16.7 million on revenues of $246.3 million.<ref name="3wu">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.5174_3wu SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99, As Of 2/14/00 - Table in Document 1 of 2 - 10-Q - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> For the year, GT Interactive reported revenues were almost flat rising 10% to $584 million but GT Interactive swung into black by posting a $20.3 million net income.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="65Ts"/> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1998.

===1999 – Infogrames buys GT Interactive===
The year of 1999 brought bad news for GT Interactive's shareholders, it posted first quarter losses of $90 million due to restructuring costs.<ref name="65Ts"/> In February, in light of the bad results CEO Ron Chaimowitz was replaced.<ref name="Honcho"/>

Games sales in 1999 fell in comparison to 1998, this fact had dire consequences on GTIS's finances. In April, GTIS predicted for 2000 a first quarter loss of $55 million on revenues of around just $95 million. A failure to release 5 major games and a planned relocation to [[Los Angeles]] added to the losses.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_1999_April_13/ai_54373559 | title=GT Interactive Predicts Q4 Loss, Cuts 650 Jobs | year=1999 | work=Computergram International}}</ref> In June, GTIS announced it had hired [[Bear Stearns]] to look into the possibility of either a merger or a sale of the company and in October GT Interactive fired 35% of its workforce or 650 employees mostly from its distribution section.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE2D9133DF935A25752C1A96F958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Infogrames Gets Control of GT Interactive | date=November 16, 1999 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

In June [[Reflections Interactive|Reflection's]] [[Driver (game)|Driver]] was released it sold approximately 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> In July [[One Zero Media]] was sold for $5.2 million in cash, just six months after it was purchased.<ref name="SI5174"/>

In November 16, [[Infogrames]] announced that it was buying for $135 million 70% of GT Interactive, [[Infogrames]] assumed the new subsidiary's $75 million bank debt and had invested $30 million at GT Interactive by June 2000.<ref name="NYT"/>

Ten days later GT Interactive made one of its last releases, the classic [[Unreal Tournament]] which went on to sell more than 1 million copies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200008/ai_mark15014824 | title=Infogrames Unleashes Unreal Tournament: Game Of The Year Edition To The Mass Market This Fall | year=2005 | work=Market Wire}}</ref>

[[Infogrames|IESA]]'s acquisition came just in time because GT Interactive's 1999 result were dismal. Revenues fell 30% to $408 million in 1999 and GT Interactive posted a net loss of $254 million for 1999.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_52cq SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1999.

On December 16, the deal was consummated and GT Interactive was no more, it became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], a subsidiary of [[Infogrames|IESA]].<ref name="65Ts"/>

GT Interactive became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], then '''[[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari, Inc]]''' in 2003.<ref>[http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf Microsoft Word - couverture_GB.doc]</ref> And IESA has since retired the GT Interactive brand.

==Games published==
===Game Boy===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-head (video game)|Beavis and Butt-Head]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures]]''

===Game Boy Color===
*''[[Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color)|Duke Nukem]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures 2]]''

===Macintosh===
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Lode Runner: The Legend Returns]]''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===Nintendo 64===
*''[[40 Winks]]'' (Cancelled), [[PlayStation]] only release
*''[[7th Legion]]''
*''[[DethKarz]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 64]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Zero Hour]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Mike Piazza's Strike Zone]]''
*''[[Ultra Combat]]'' (Cancelled<ref>Nintendo Power, Volume 86, page 15</ref>)
*''[[Unreal N64]]'' (Cancelled<ref>http://ign64.ign.com/objects/001/001975.html</ref>)

===PC===
*''[[1602 A.D.]]''
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Amok (video game)|Amok]]''
*''[[Animorphs (video game)|Animorphs]]''
*''[[Area 51 (arcade game)|Area 51]]'' (Arcade)
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head DO U]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Bunghole in One]]''
*''[[Bedlam (video game)|Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Blood: Plasma Pak]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen#The Nightmare Levels|Blood II: The Chosen - The Nightmare Levels]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Carnivores (game)]]''
*''[[Chasm: The Rift]]''
*''[[Clans]]''
*''[[Dark Vengeance]]''
*''[[Deep Sea Trophy Fishing]]''
*''[[Deer Hunter 2]]''
*''[[Disciples: Sacred Lands]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Duke: Nuclear Winter]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D#Expansions and versions|Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D: Kill-A-Ton Collection]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Planet of the Babes]]''
*''[[Hordes (video game)|Hordes]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire (video game)|Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica II|Imperium Galactica II: Alliances]]''
*''[[Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds]]''
*''Locus''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Mage Slayer]]''
*''[[Man of War II: Chains of Command]]''
*''[[Master Levels for Doom II]]''
*''[[M.I.A.: Missing in Action]]''
*''[[NAM (game)|Nam]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Powerslide (video game)|Powerslide]]''
*''[[Pro Bass Fishing]]''
*''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''
*''[[Ravage DCX]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Revolution]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Rising]]''
*''[[Robotron X]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter 2]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour|S.P.Q.R.: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 98]]''
*''[[Shadow Warrior]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Racing]]''
*''[[Star Command: Revolution]]''
*''[[SuperKarts]]''
*''[[Swamp Buggy Racing]]''
*''[[The Wheel of Time (video game)|The Wheel of Time]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Tides of War (1999)]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: Battle Tactics]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: The Core Contingency]]''
*''[[Totally Unreal]]''
*''[[Trans Am Racing]]''
*''[[Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Unreal]]''
*''[[Unreal|Unreal Mission Pack: Return to Na Pali]]''
*''[[Unreal Tournament]]''
*''[[WWII GI]]''
*''[[World War II: GI]]''
*''[[XS (video game)|XS]]''
*''[[Z (video game)|Z]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[40 Winks]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Critical Depth]]''
*''[[Dead Ball Zone]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Driver 2]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Time to Kill]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Invasion from Beyond]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 2000]]''
*''[[Streak: Hoverboard Racing]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

===Sega Saturn===
*''[[Area 51]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Defcon 5]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Mortal Kombat Trilogy]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Rampage World Tour]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

==Games developed==
===Macintosh===
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''

===PC===
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Hordes]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Tag Team Wrestling]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.atari.com/us}}
* [http://games.ign.com/objects/025/025028.html Games by GT Interactive]
* [http://www.the-underdogs.info/company.php?id=185 GT Interactive] at [[Home of the Underdogs]]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/company/atari-inc GT Interactive at MobyGames]

[[Category:Defunct video game companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in New York]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Entertainment Software Association]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1999]]

[[de:Infogrames#GT Interactive]]
[[es:GT Interactive]]
[[fr:GT Interactive]]
[[it:GT Interactive]]
[[pl:GT Interactive]]
[[pt:GT Interactive]]
[[ru:GT Interactive]]
[[fi:GT Interactive]]

Atari, Inc. (2003)

2010-12-21T15:33:16Z

ButtonwoodTree: as discussed on Rubin page edits, he doesn't describe himself as a founder, just that he joined when it was a start-up. Searching for sources to prove otherwise. No luck yet.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = GT Interactive
| company_logo = [[Image:GT Interactive Logo.jpg|180 px]]
| vector_logo =
| company_type = [[Public ownership|Public]]
| fate = Stake purchased by [[Infogrames]]
| successor = [[Infogrames|Infogrames Interactive]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[1993 in video games|1993]]
| defunct = [[1999 in video games|1999]]
| founder = Ron Chaimowitz, </br> Cayre Family
| location_city = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[New York, NY]]
| location_country = [[USA]]
| origins = [[New York]]
| key_people = Ron Chaimowitz </br> Cayre Family </br> [[Harry M. Rubin]]
| area_served = World
| industry = [[Interactive Entertainment]]
| products = [[Unreal Tournament]], [[Mortal Kombat III]], [[Doom II]], [[Quake (video game)|Quake]]
| revenue = {{loss}}$408 million (1999)<ref name="3wu"/>
| operating_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-267 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| net_income = {{loss}}{{Red|$-254 million}} (1999)<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq"/>
| num_employees = 1,168 (August, 1999)<ref name="65Ts"/>
| parent =
| subsid = [[Humongous Entertainment]], [[Legend Entertainment]], [[Reflections Interactive]], [[Cavedog Entertainment]]
| owner =
| company_slogan =
| callsign_meaning = '''G'''ood<br/>'''T'''imes
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
'''GT Interactive Software Corporation''' ('''Good Times'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom">Kushner, D. (2003). ''Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture''. Random House. ISBN 0-37-550524-5</ref> or '''GTI'''<ref name="MastersOfDoom"/>) was an [[United States|American]] video game publisher and distributor, which later developed both [[video game]]s and [[PC games]].

GT Interactive ceased to exist in December 1999 when [[Infogrames|Infogrames Entertainment SA]] (IESA) took a controlling stake and renamed the company '''Infogrames, Inc.'''.<ref name=infinc>{{cite web
|title = Infogrames Entertainment Corporate Profile and Annual Report
|publisher = Infogrames Entertainment SA
|date = Fiscal Year 2005-2006
|pages = 7
|url =http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf
|format=PDF|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref> In 2003, Infogrames Inc. changed its name to [[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari Inc.]]<ref name=incnamechange>{{cite web
|last = Atari Inc.
|title = 10-KT · For 3/31/03, Overview Subsection
|publisher = Atari Inc.
|date = March 31, 2003
|url =http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.28Z7.htm#5ug
|format =
|doi =
|accessdate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref>

==History==
===1993 – GT Interactive is founded===
GT Interactive was founded in 1993 as a division of [[Good Times Home Video]], a video-tape distributor owned by the Cayre family. First year's revenue reached $10.3 million.<ref name="BW">[http://www.businessweek.com/1996/36/b349199.htm 09/02/96 LOTS OF "DOOM" BUT NO GLOOM]</ref>

[[Doom (video game)|Doom]] was released, it sold 2.9 million copies.<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and [[Hasbro]] Were Saying]</ref> But GT Interactive didn't publish [[Doom (video game)|Doom]] exclusively.

===1994 – 880% revenue growth===
GT Interactive revenue soared 880% and reached $101 million on its second year of existence and profits reached $18 million.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_1qyz SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> GT Interactive's partnership with [[id Software]] scored another hit with [[Doom II: Hell on Earth]], which was released in October and sold over 2 million copies.

===1995 – GT Interactive's IPO===
In February, GTIS obtained the publishing rights to games based on [[Mercer Mayer]] property, which included [[Little Critter]] and [[Little Monster]].<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+INTERACTIVE+REPORTS+RECORD+SECOND+QUARTER+REVENUES%3B+Publishing...-a018547655 GT INTERACTIVE REPORTS RECORD SECOND QUARTER REVENUES; Publishing Business Increases Nearly 300 Percent. - Free Online Library]</ref> GT Interactive began to set up displays at [[K-Mart]] and [[Wal-Mart]] for low cost software.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.83wj.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - POS AM - On 5/1/97]</ref>

GTIS signed an exclusive software supplier agreement with [[Wal Mart]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n19_v34/ai_17530287 | title=Software tops retailers' sales growth list for '94/'96 - Hot Growth Categories | year=1995 | work=Discount Store News}}</ref> that meant according to [[UBS]] Securities analyst Michael Wallace: "All software developers have to deal with GT if they want to sell in a Wal-Mart."<ref name="BW"/>

In December, GT Interactive debuted on [[Nasdaq]], its IPO raised $140 million and was one the biggest IPOs of the year only losing to the IPO of [[Netscape]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Oct_27/ai_56954514 | title=GT Interactive Co-founder Named CEO of The Auction Channel Ron Chaimowitz to Lead U.S. Launch and Global Roll-out of The Auction Channel Programming | date=October 27, 1999 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref name="caselaw">[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=2nd&navby=case&no=007005&exact=1 FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code]</ref> GT Interactive Software Corporation was listed on [[Nasdaq]] as GTIS.<ref name="86Pa">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.86Pa.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 6/30/97]</ref>

GT Interactive offered 10 million shares to the public at $14 each.<ref name="caselaw"/> During GT Interactive's IPO, Appellee Cayre sold more than 1.4 million shares, 9.2% of his shares, for a $20 million return.<ref name="caselaw"/>

GTIS reported a strong revenue growth of 134% in the year to $234.4 million, but in the first sign of trouble ahead profits increase a meager 23% to $22.6 million.<ref name="65Ts">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.65Ts.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99]</ref>

===1996 – Humongous Entertainment is acquired ===
In January, GT Interactive obtained the publish rights for the highly anticipated [[Quake (video game)|Quake]] from [[id Software]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Jan_11/ai_17776763 | title=GT Interactive Software signs id Software's highly anticipated 'QUAKE'; GT to Publish 'Quake' for all gaming hardware systems | date=January 11, 1996 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>
In February, GTIS and [[target (store)|Target]] signed an agreement in which GT Interactive became the primary consumer software supplier to all Target's 675 stores.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+Interactive+and+Target+Stores+enter+distribution+agreement%3B+GT...-a017963881. GT Interactive and Target Stores enter distribution agreement; GT Interactive to Become Primary Software Vendor to More Than 600 Target Stores Nationwide. - Free Online Library]</ref>

In June 1996 GTIS acquired [[WizardWorks]], which developed [[Deer Hunter]], for 2.4 million shares and [[FormGen]], which had the publishing rights of [[Duke Nukem]], for 1 million shares<ref name="86Pa"/> or $17 million.<ref>[http://dukenukem.typepad.com/game_matters/2003/12/royalties_and_a.html Game Matters: Royal tease]</ref>

[[Quake (video game)|Quake]] was also released in June by GT Interactive for [[PC game]]. Quake sold 1.8 million copies and became a classic [[PC game]].<ref>[http://www.justadventure.com/articles/What_Was_That/What_Was_That.shtm Now What Was That GT and Hasbro Were Saying]</ref>

In July, the game developer [[Humongous Entertainment]] was bought by GT Interactive for 3.5 million shares or $76 million<ref name="bizj">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1996/07/15/story5.html | first=M. Sharon | last=Baker | title=Humongous lives up to name with $76 million sale | date=July 14, 1996}}</ref>. In 1995, [[Humongous Entertainment]]'s revenue had risen to $10 million an increase of 233% over 1994's revenue of $3 million.<ref name="bizj"/> The deal gave GT Interactive rights to successful children's software titles such as [[Putt-Putt (series)|Putt-Putt]] and Freddie the Fish.

In November, GTIS acquired Warner Interactive Europe for $6.3 million in cash, with this acquisition GTIS gained access to software markets in Western Europe.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In a further sign of uncertainty about GT's future, GTIS, for the year, reported a net income increase of only 11% over the previous year to $25.1 million. Revenue growth also decelerated to 56%, revenue for the year was $365 million. Making matters worse, net income in the fourth quarter reduced 16.8% to $8.5 million when compared to 1995's fourth quarter.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1997 – $530 million in revenues but $25 million net loss ===
In January, GT bought [[One Stop]], a European value software publisher, for $800,000 in cash.<ref name="86Pa"/>

In June, GTIS signed a deal with [[MTV]], the deal gave GTIS the rights to publish games based on [[Beavis and Butt-head]] and [[Aeon Flux]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_June_18/ai_19518846 | title=GT Interactive and MTV: Music Television announce global multi-title publishing agreement | date=June 18, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref>

On October, GTIS bought game developer [[SingleTrac]] for $14.7 million, $5.4 million in cash and $9.3 million in stock. [[SingleTrac]] owned and developed such games as [[Twisted Metal]] and [[Jet Moto]].<ref name="SI5174">[http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.5174.htm SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99]</ref> In September game developer [[Cavedog Entertainment]] made its first release, [[Total Annihilation]]<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pages/tags/index.php?type=game&tags=cavedog cavedog - GameSpot]</ref>, which sold more than 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> [[Cavedog Entertainment]] was a divisision of [[Humongous Entertainment]]<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/company/cavedog-entertainment MobyGames - Cavedog Entertainment]</ref>

On October 5, 1997, GTIS announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire [[MicroProse]] for $250 million in stock, the deal had even been unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. The deal was expected to be completed by the end of that year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_Oct_5/ai_19817403 | title=GT Interactive to Expand as World's Fastest Growing Interactive Entertainment Company Through Acquisition of MicroProse | date=October 5, 1997 | work=Business Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E6DB103DF935A35753C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=$250 Million Stock Deal for Microprose | date=October 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

But on December 5 the acquisition was cancelled, according to both CEOs "''the time is simply not right"'' for the deal. [[MicroProse]]'s stock plummeted after the announcement of the deal's cancellation.<ref>[http://www.cbronline.com/article_cg.asp?guid=99237717-6B91-4283-9EC4-3338CE1B46B0 MICROPROSE AND GT INTERACTIVE CALL OFF MERGER - Computer Business Review]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5DD1E3DF935A35751C1A961958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Company News; Microprose And Gt Interactive End Merger Talks | date=December 6, 1997 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

GTIS's result was negatively affected because GTIS stopped being the exclusive computer software distributor to [[Wal Mart]] in March, [[Wal Mart]] decided to buy its software directly from the publishers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5057/is_199703/ai_n18409474 }} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

In 1997 GT Interactive's share of the Entertainment software market reached a historical low of 6.4% down from the record highs of 9% and 10% years earlier. GT Interactive was leader only on the arcade/action category, with a 20.3% market share. Making matters worse, GT Interactive also had a high debt/equity ratio of 41%, Electronic Arts had a debt/equity ratio of just 8%. For 1997 GTIS's return on equity was a dismal -16.14%.<ref>[http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/parkercenter/docs/studentresearch/1998_spring/erts.pdf ElecArts.PDF]</ref> For the year, GTIS 's revenue growth continued to decelerate, increased only 45% to $530 million.<ref name="Honcho">[http://www.atnewyork.com/news/article.php/249211 Gt Interactive Hires Disney Honcho, Raises Cash]</ref> GT Interactive posted its first net loss, during 1997 GTIS lost $25 million.<ref name="65Ts"/>

===1998 – Revenue growth falls to 10% ===
In May, [[Epic Games]]'s [[Unreal]] was published by GT Interactive, in the first 10 months over 800,000 copies were sold. Coincidentally [[Deer Hunter]] II, which was released in October also sold 800,000 copies.<ref name="65Ts"/>

In November, GTIS bought for $17.2 million in stock One Zero Media, becoming the first game publisher to own an entertainment Internet website.<ref name="SI5174"/>

[[Legend Entertainment]] was acquired for around $2 million,<ref name="SI5174"/> while [[Reflections Interactive]] was acquired for 2.3 million shares or $13.5 million.<ref name="SI5174"/> Both companies were bought in December of [[1998 in video gaming|1998]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Game-Design-Second-Bob-Bates/dp/1592004938 Amazon.com: Game Design, Second Edition: Books: Bob Bates]</ref>

In the fourth quarter of 1998 GT Interactive posted a net income of $16.7 million on revenues of $246.3 million.<ref name="3wu">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.5174_3wu SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-Q - For 12/31/99, As Of 2/14/00 - Table in Document 1 of 2 - 10-Q - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> For the year, GT Interactive reported revenues were almost flat rising 10% to $584 million but GT Interactive swung into black by posting a $20.3 million net income.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="65Ts"/> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1998.

===1999 – Infogrames buys GT Interactive===
The year of 1999 brought bad news for GT Interactive's shareholders, it posted first quarter losses of $90 million due to restructuring costs.<ref name="65Ts"/> In February, in light of the bad results CEO Ron Chaimowitz was replaced.<ref name="Honcho"/>

Games sales in 1999 fell in comparison to 1998, this fact had dire consequences on GTIS's finances. In April, GTIS predicted for 2000 a first quarter loss of $55 million on revenues of around just $95 million. A failure to release 5 major games and a planned relocation to [[Los Angeles]] added to the losses.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_1999_April_13/ai_54373559 | title=GT Interactive Predicts Q4 Loss, Cuts 650 Jobs | year=1999 | work=Computergram International}}</ref> In June, GTIS announced it had hired [[Bear Stearns]] to look into the possibility of either a merger or a sale of the company and in October GT Interactive fired 35% of its workforce or 650 employees mostly from its distribution section.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE2D9133DF935A25752C1A96F958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Infogrames Gets Control of GT Interactive | date=November 16, 1999 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

In June [[Reflections Interactive|Reflection's]] [[Driver (game)|Driver]] was released it sold approximately 1 million copies.<ref name="65Ts"/> In July [[One Zero Media]] was sold for $5.2 million in cash, just six months after it was purchased.<ref name="SI5174"/>

In November 16, [[Infogrames]] announced that it was buying for $135 million 70% of GT Interactive, [[Infogrames]] assumed the new subsidiary's $75 million bank debt and had invested $30 million at GT Interactive by June 2000.<ref name="NYT"/>

Ten days later GT Interactive made one of its last releases, the classic [[Unreal Tournament]] which went on to sell more than 1 million copies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200008/ai_mark15014824 | title=Infogrames Unleashes Unreal Tournament: Game Of The Year Edition To The Mass Market This Fall | year=2005 | work=Market Wire}}</ref>

[[Infogrames|IESA]]'s acquisition came just in time because GT Interactive's 1999 result were dismal. Revenues fell 30% to $408 million in 1999 and GT Interactive posted a net loss of $254 million for 1999.<ref name="3wu"/><ref name="s_52cq">[http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svr4.65Ts_52cq SEC Info - Atari Inc - 10-K - For 3/31/99, On 6/29/99 - Table in Document 1 of 9 - 10-K - Gt Interactive Software Corp]</ref> Results with the fiscal year ending on December 31, 1999.

On December 16, the deal was consummated and GT Interactive was no more, it became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], a subsidiary of [[Infogrames|IESA]].<ref name="65Ts"/>

GT Interactive became [[Infogrames, Inc.]], then '''[[Atari, Inc (Infogrames)|Atari, Inc]]''' in 2003.<ref>[http://corporate.infogrames.com/MT-3.34-en/mt-static/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/DOCDEREF05_06GB.pdf Microsoft Word - couverture_GB.doc]</ref> And IESA has since retired the GT Interactive brand.

==Games published==
===Game Boy===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-head (video game)|Beavis and Butt-Head]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures]]''

===Game Boy Color===
*''[[Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color)|Duke Nukem]]''
*''[[Oddworld Adventures 2]]''

===Macintosh===
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Lode Runner: The Legend Returns]]''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===Nintendo 64===
*''[[40 Winks]]'' (Cancelled), [[PlayStation]] only release
*''[[7th Legion]]''
*''[[DethKarz]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 64]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Zero Hour]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Mike Piazza's Strike Zone]]''
*''[[Ultra Combat]]'' (Cancelled<ref>Nintendo Power, Volume 86, page 15</ref>)
*''[[Unreal N64]]'' (Cancelled<ref>http://ign64.ign.com/objects/001/001975.html</ref>)

===PC===
*''[[1602 A.D.]]''
*''[[9: The Last Resort]]''
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Amok (video game)|Amok]]''
*''[[Animorphs (video game)|Animorphs]]''
*''[[Area 51 (arcade game)|Area 51]]'' (Arcade)
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head DO U]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Bunghole in One]]''
*''[[Bedlam (video game)|Bedlam]]''
*''[[Blood (computer game)|Blood]]''
*''[[Blood: Plasma Pak]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen]]''
*''[[Blood II: The Chosen#The Nightmare Levels|Blood II: The Chosen - The Nightmare Levels]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Carnivores (game)]]''
*''[[Chasm: The Rift]]''
*''[[Clans]]''
*''[[Dark Vengeance]]''
*''[[Deep Sea Trophy Fishing]]''
*''[[Deer Hunter 2]]''
*''[[Disciples: Sacred Lands]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Doom II]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Duke: Nuclear Winter]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D#Expansions and versions|Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem 3D: Kill-A-Ton Collection]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Planet of the Babes]]''
*''[[Hordes (video game)|Hordes]]''
*''[[Ice and Fire (video game)|Ice and Fire]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica]]''
*''[[Imperium Galactica II|Imperium Galactica II: Alliances]]''
*''[[Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds]]''
*''Locus''
*''[[Lode Runner 2]]''
*''[[Mage Slayer]]''
*''[[Man of War II: Chains of Command]]''
*''[[Master Levels for Doom II]]''
*''[[M.I.A.: Missing in Action]]''
*''[[NAM (game)|Nam]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Powerslide (video game)|Powerslide]]''
*''[[Pro Bass Fishing]]''
*''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''
*''[[Ravage DCX]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Revolution]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon Rising]]''
*''[[Robotron X]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Rocky Mountain Trophy Hunter 2]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour|S.P.Q.R.: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 98]]''
*''[[Shadow Warrior]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Racing]]''
*''[[Star Command: Revolution]]''
*''[[SuperKarts]]''
*''[[Swamp Buggy Racing]]''
*''[[The Wheel of Time (video game)|The Wheel of Time]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Tides of War (1999)]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: Battle Tactics]]''
*''[[Total Annihilation: The Core Contingency]]''
*''[[Totally Unreal]]''
*''[[Trans Am Racing]]''
*''[[Trophy Hunter]]''
*''[[Unreal]]''
*''[[Unreal|Unreal Mission Pack: Return to Na Pali]]''
*''[[Unreal Tournament]]''
*''[[WWII GI]]''
*''[[World War II: GI]]''
*''[[XS (video game)|XS]]''
*''[[Z (video game)|Z]]''
*''[[ZPC]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[40 Winks]]''
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Bug Riders]]''
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Critical Depth]]''
*''[[Dead Ball Zone]]''
*''[[Discworld Noir]]''
*''[[Driver: You Are The Wheelman|Driver]]''
*''[[Driver 2]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Time to Kill]]''
*''[[Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Invasion from Beyond]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus]]''
*''[[Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee]]''
*''[[Rebel Moon]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''
*''[[Sensible Soccer (series)|Sensible Soccer 2000]]''
*''[[Streak: Hoverboard Racing]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

===Sega Saturn===
*''[[Area 51]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Courier Crisis]]''
*''[[Defcon 5]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]''
*''[[Hexen]]''
*''[[Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Mortal Kombat Trilogy]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Rampage World Tour]]'' (Europe)
*''[[Trash It!]]''
*''[[Z (computer game)|Z]]''

==Games developed==
===Macintosh===
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''

===PC===
*''[[AHX-1]]''
*''[[Bedlam]]''
*''[[Hordes]]''
*''[[SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour]]''
*''[[Seventeen Style Studio]]''
*''[[Snowmobile Championship 2000]]''
*''[[Tag Team Wrestling]]''

===PlayStation===
*''[[Beavis and Butt-Head: Get Big in Hollywood]]''
*''[[Tiger Shark (game)|Tiger Shark]]''
*''[[Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.atari.com/us}}
* [http://games.ign.com/objects/025/025028.html Games by GT Interactive]
* [http://www.the-underdogs.info/company.php?id=185 GT Interactive] at [[Home of the Underdogs]]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/company/atari-inc GT Interactive at MobyGames]

[[Category:Defunct video game companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in New York]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Entertainment Software Association]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1999]]

[[de:Infogrames#GT Interactive]]
[[es:GT Interactive]]
[[fr:GT Interactive]]
[[it:GT Interactive]]
[[pl:GT Interactive]]
[[pt:GT Interactive]]
[[ru:GT Interactive]]
[[fi:GT Interactive]]

Französische Kronjuwelen

2010-09-29T12:52:10Z

ButtonwoodTree: source formatting.

{{unreferenced|date=August 2007}}
[[Image:French-crown-jewels.jpg|right|400px|thumb|Crown Jewels of France, on display at the Louvre.]]
[[File:FrenchCrownJewelsLouvre-1.jpg|right|400px|thumb|.]]
[[File:FrenchCrownJewelsLouvre-2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|.]]
The '''French Crown Jewels''' were the [[crown (headgear)|crown]]s, orbs, diadems and jewels that were the symbol of royalty and which were worn by many [[King of France|Kings and Queens of France]]. The set was finally broken up, with most of it sold off in 1885 by the [[Third French Republic]]. The surviving French Crown Jewels, principally a set of historic crowns now set with decorated glass, are on display in the ''Galerie d'Apollon'' of the [[Louvre]], [[France]]'s premier [[museum]] and former royal [[palace]], together with the [[Regent Diamond]], the [[Sancy]] Diamond and the {{convert|105|carat|g|adj=on}} Côte-de-Bretagne red [[spinel]], carved into the form of a [[dragon]]. In addition, some gemstones and jewels (including the Emerald of Saint Louis <ref> [http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/GuideDecouverte/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?i=1&nav=liste&INFO_ID=154&SITE_ID=10&AE_ID=197&LIEU_ID=170&idx=0&MAN_ID=256 The Museum], </ref> the 'Ruspoli' sapphire <ref> [http://www.museum-mineral.com/specimens/saphir-mnhn-n-a-67,478.html#http://www.museum-mineral.com/specimens/specimen.php?id=478] </ref> and the diamond pins of Queen Marie-Antoinette) are on display in the Treasury vault of the Mineralogy gallery in the French Natural History Museum (Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle).

==Use of the French crown jewels==
[[Image:Louis15.jpg|thumb|right|[[1722]] [[Crown of Louis XV]]]]
[[File:Crown of Dauphin Louis Antoine (1824).png|thumb|right|Crown of Dauphin Louis Antoine worn at the coronation of Charles X]]
In contrast with [[England|English]] monarchs, French kings were less attached to the ritual use of crown jewels. Nevertheless, all monarchs were crowned until the [[French revolution]], in the [[Notre-Dame de Reims]] cathedral (apart for two of them, who were crowned elsewhere). After the revolution, only Emperor [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]], [[Josephine de Beauharnais|Empress Josephine]] and King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] were crowned. Though not always used, a set of expensive crown jewels did exist and was augmented by various monarchs.

==Famous diamonds==
Among the most famous diamonds in the collection were the [[Sancy]] Diamond, which once had been part of the pre-Commonwealth Crown Jewels of England, the Royal [[French Blue]], and the [[Regent Diamond]]. The treatment of the Regent Diamond epitomised the attitude of the French Royal Family to the Crown Jewels. While the Regent Diamond was the centrepiece of the King [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] crown, and worn by him at his coronation in February 1723, [[Marie Antoinette]], wife of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], wore it in a black velvet hat.

Louis XV had the Regent Diamond set in the lower part of the [[fleur-de-lis]] in the front of his crown, while eight of the famous [[Mazarin]] diamonds that the cardinal had bequeath to the French Crown are set in the other seven fleur-de-lis and in the circlet of the crown. Diamonds and colored gemstones are set between two rows of pearls on the circlet and are also set into the four arches that rise behind the fleur-de-lis and the eight ornamental points between the fleur-de-lis. At the junction of these four arches is a small pedestal surrounded by two rows of small diamonds on either side of a row of small pearls. Eight larger diamonds set between this pedestal and the arches give the effect of a sunburst when the crown is viewed from above. On the pedestal rises a double fleur-de-lis formed of nine large diamonds, including the Sancy Diamond which forms the central upper petal of this double fleur-de-lis. The gold brocade cap which lines the crown is also ornamented with large diamonds.

Previous to the making of this crown the crowns of French kings had not contained many or valuable precious stones, since it was traditional for a French king to bequeath his crown to the treasury of the Abbey, now [[Basilica of St Denis]] on their deaths. This crown was also bequeath to Saint Denis on the death of Louis XV, but not before the diamonds had been replaced with crystals and it is on display presently in the Louvre similarly set with crystals.

==King's sword==
[[File:Main Justice Louvre.jpg|thumb|The recreated "Hand of Justice"]]
The sword used during the coronation of the kings of France is displayed at the Louvre museum, apart from the crown jewels. According to legend it is "[[Joyeuse]]"[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_image.jsp;jsessionid=KWCxmhB23hhsBcfxW2PFJ1VxLCc2R8FDyzPjhmQpVr8PscX37P2w!1736489905?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673477491&CURRENT_LLV_ILLUSTRATION%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673477491&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500857&bmLocale=en&&newWidth==680&&newHeight==1011][http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500909&baseIndex=10&bmLocale=en] Charlemagne's sword. Its unusual build and ornamentation make it difficult to date, but the parts probably date to the 10th to 13th century. Some believe it might be much older, even manufactured before [[Charlemagne]]'s reign.

The coronation swords of Napoleon I and Charles X also were preserved in the Louvre museum, although the latter was recently stolen.

==Sceptre of Charles V and ''Main de Justice''==
One of the few surviving pieces of the medieval French crown jewels is the Sceptre Charles V had made for the future coronation of his son, Charles VI, currently on display in the Louvre . It is over five feet long and at the top is a lily supporting a small statuette of Charlemagne.<ref>http://www.uoregon.edu/~dluebke/608Monarchs/608MonarchsHomepageS2009.htm</ref> This evocation of Charlemagne may also explain why this sceptre was included in the imperial regalia of Napoleon I.<ref>[[:File:Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial throne.jpg]]</ref>

A uniquely French type of sceptre is the ''Main de Justice'' (Hand of Justice), which has as its [[finial]] an ivory [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]] in a blessing gesture. Only the ivory finial itself appears to be medieval; the present golden rod which it terminates was probably made for either the coronation of Napoleon I [/media/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg] or that of Charles X.[/media/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Charles_X_In_1829.jpg] The camoes and other medieval gemstones which surround the junction of the finial and the rod represent a deliberate nineteenth century anachronism.

==Theft of the crown jewels during the revolution==
[[Image:HopeDiamond1.JPG|thumb|left|''The Hope Diamond'', which was cut from the ''Royal French Blue'', part of the French Crown Jewels.]]
The Crown Jewels were stolen in 1792 when the ''Garde Meuble'' (Royal Treasury) was stormed by rioters. Most, though not all, of the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Neither the [[Sancy]] Diamond nor the French Blue Diamond were found in the years after, however. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the [[Hope Diamond]].

The Hope is famously alleged to have been surrounded by bad luck. Marie Antoinette who supposedly wore it was beheaded (in fact, it was actually worn by her husband, Louis XVI). Other owners and their families experienced suicides, marriage break-ups, bankruptcy, deaths in car crashes, falls off cliffs, revolutions, mental breakdowns, and deaths through drug overdoses. It was even tangentially associated with the case of the murdered [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Lindbergh baby]], when its then owner, silver heiress [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]], [[pawn]]ed it to raise money that she ended up paying to a con-man unconnected with the actual kidnap. Most modern historians view the tales of a curse on the Hope to be spurious; the first mention of such tales is documented to 1908. Pierre Cartier, the Parisian jeweler, is widely credited with publicizing the stories of a curse on the diamond in hopes of increasing its saleability. Since 1958, it has been in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where it is the single most-viewed object in the Smithsonian's collection.

The Crown Jewels were augmented by jewels added by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] and [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] along with their empresses.

==Last coronation==
The last French coronation occurred in 1824 when King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] was crowned at [[Reims]]. The scale of the coronation was seen by critics to indicate a return to the [[Political absolutism|absolutism]] of the ''[[ancien regime]]'' that had been ended by the Revolution of 1789.Some historians suggest that the very grandeur of the ceremony marked the beginning of the end for the Bourbon monarchy, with Charles's image as an old style monarch falling out of favour with the French public, who had much preferred the low-key monarchy of his brother, [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]]. [[Louis Phillipe|Louis Phillipe of France]], the last [[King of France]], was not crowned, and neither was [[Napoleon III]], the last Emperor. Napoleon III's consort, [[Eugénie de Montijo]], did have a [[Crown of Empress Eugenie|crown]] made for her, though it was never used in an official coronation.

==Break-up and sale of the French crown jewels==
[[File:ProcessionOfLouisXIVAfterHisCoronatin.jpg|thumb|Procession of [[Louis XV of France]] after his coronation in [[Notre-Dame de Reims]], traditional location of the coronations of Kings of France]]
Throughout the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the jewels survived the [[First French Republic]], the [[French Directory|Directorate]], the [[First Empire]], the Restoration, the [[July Monarchy]], the [[Second French Republic]] and the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]]. However, the decision of [[Henri, Comte de Chambord]] not to accept the French Crown in the early 1870s ended not just the prospect of a royal restoration. It also led to the break-up and partial sale of the Crown Jewels.
The Brazilian Beauty Symbol Aimee de Heeren, mistress of President [[Getulio Vargas]] and other statesmen is known for being the largest private owner of the French Crown jewels, along with the Brazilian crown jewels and other important jewellery.

In 1875 the [[Third French Republic]] came into being with the passage of a series of Organic Laws (collectively forming a constitution). The interim presidency was replaced by a full "President of the Republic".

While few expected a royal restoration, certainly after the failure of the ''[[Seize Mai]]'' attempted royalist [[coup]] by President [[Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta]], the continuing agitation of extreme right wing royalists, and the fear of a royalist ''coup d'état'', led radical deputies to propose the sale of the Crown Jewels, in the hope that their dispersal would undermine the royalist cause: "''Without a crown, no need for a king''" in the words of one member of the National Assembly. This controversial decision was implemented. All the jewels from the Crown Jewels were removed and sold, as were many of the crowns, diadems, rings and other items. Only a few of the crowns were kept for historic reasons, but with their original diamonds and gems replaced by coloured glass. Some historic or unusual gems went to French museums, including the corsage brooch containing some of the 'Mazarin diamonds'[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=11327], which is now in the Louvre, and the 'Ruspoli' sapphire, which is now in the French Natural History Museum (curators took advantage of its unusual rhombohedral faceted shape and asked for it to be exempted from the sale, falsely claiming that it was a natural, uncut crystal).

==Most recent royal ceremony in France: The funeral of Louis XVII in 2004==


One of the mysteries of the French Revolution was the question of what had happened to the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]], the [[heir apparent]] of King [[Louis XVI]], after the execution of the King and Queen. Though it was generally believed that he had died in prison, popular legend had spoken of the young prince being spirited away from his prison and living in exile.

In 2004, however it was finally confirmed that the legend was fictitious. In reality Louis XVI's son, Louis Charles, called the young prince by some, and King [[Louis XVII of France]] by royalist supporters following his father's death, had died of [[tuberculosis]] in prison. The fact of his death was established using [[DNA]] evidence. The [[heart]] of the young man claimed by the royalists to be the young Louis XVII had been secretly removed by a doctor just after his death. By comparing the DNA from the heart with DNA taken from strands of hair of [[Marie Antoinette]] that had been kept as a memento by royalists, it was possible to establish that the boy who died in prison was indeed the son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; the above mentioned heir to the crown of Louis XVI.

{{Commonscat|Crown jewels of France}}

The formal funeral for Louis XVII finally took place, albeit with his heart, not his body, in 2004. For the first time in over a century a royal ceremony took place in France, complete with the [[fleur-de-lis]] standard and a royal crown.

==References==
<references/>

{{Crowns}}
{{Crown jewels by country}}

[[Category:House of Bonaparte|!]]
[[Category:Crown jewels]]
[[Category:Crowns]]
[[Category:French monarchy]]
[[Category:History of Paris]]

[[cs:Francouzské korunovační klenoty]]
[[fr:Diamants de la Couronne]]
[[it:Gioielli della Corona francese]]
[[zh:法国王冠珠宝]]

Olmsted Brothers

2009-09-03T15:18:22Z

ButtonwoodTree: alphabetized.

The '''Olmsted Brothers''' company was an influential landscape design firm in the United States, formed in 1898 by stepbrothers [[John Charles Olmsted]] (1852–1920) and [[Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.]] (1870–1957). They inherited the nation's first landscape architecture business from their father [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. This firm was a successor to the earlier firm of Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot after the untimely death of their gifted partner [[Charles Eliot (landscape architect)|Charles Eliot]]. The two brothers were among the founding members of the [[American Society of Landscape Architects]] (ASLA) and played an influential role in creating the [[National Park Service]]. The firm employed nearly 60 staff at its peak in the early 1930s. Notable [[landscape architect]]s in the firm included [[James Frederick Dawson]]. The last Olmsted family member in the firm, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., retired in 1949.<ref>http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/pacificnw/2003/0427/cover.html</ref> The firm itself remained in operation until 1980. "Fairsted", the firm's 100-year-old business headquarters and design office, has been carefully preserved as the [[Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site]], located on {{convert|7|acre|ha|3|lk=out}} of landscaped grounds at 99 Warren St., [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. It offers excellent insights into the practice of large-scale landscape design and engineering.

The Olmsted Brothers completed numerous high-profile projects, many of which remain popular to this day, including park systems, universities, exposition grounds, libraries, hospitals, residential neighborhoods and state capitols. Notable commissions include the roadways in the [[Great Smoky Mountains]] and [[Acadia National Park]]s, [[Yosemite Valley]], Atlanta's [[Piedmont Park]], a residential neighborhood in [[Oak Bay, British Columbia|Oak Bay]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] [[Uplands, Greater Victoria|Uplands]]; and entire park systems in cities such as [[Seattle]].<ref>http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19990502&slug=2958185</ref> The Olmsted Brothers also co-authored, with [[Harland Bartholomew]], a 1930 report for the [[Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce]] entitled "Parks, Playgrounds, and Beaches for the Los Angeles Region" encouraging the preservation of outdoor public space in southern California.<ref name="edenbydesign">{{cite book
|author=Hise, Greg; Deverell, William
|title=Eden by Design: The 1930 Olmsted-Bartholomew Plan for the Los Angeles Region
|publisher=University of California Press
|isbn=978-0520224155}}</ref> The report was largely ignored by the city, but became an important urban planning reference.

== Selected Olmsted Brothers landscape designs ==

* [[Ashland Park]], residential neighborhood built around [[Ashland, The Henry Clay Estate]] in [[Lexington, Kentucky]]
* The [[British Properties]], [[Vancouver, Canada]]
* Crocker Field, [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts]]
* [[Elm Bank Horticulture Center]]
* [[Fort Tryon Park]]
* [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
* [[Grover Cleveland Park]], [[Caldwell, New Jersey]]
* [[High Point (New Jersey)]]
* Kentucky State Capitol Grounds, [[Frankfort, Kentucky]]
* Locust Valley Cemetery, [[Locust Valley, New York]]
* Metro Parks, [[Summit County, Ohio]] <ref>[http://www.summitmetroparks.org Metro Parks]</ref>
* [[Manito Park and Botanical Gardens]], [[Spokane, Washington]]
* [[Marquette Park]], Chicago, Illinois
* [[Oheka Castle|Otto Kahn Estate]], Cold Spring Hills, New York
* [[Pope Park, Hartford, Connecticut]]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3290 Seattle Park System]
* Thompson Park, [[Watertown (city), New York|Watertown, New York]] and roadways
* [[Verona Park]], [[Verona, New Jersey]]
* Wade Lagoon, Cleveland, Ohio

===Olmsted Brothers campus designs===
*[[Bryn Mawr College]], [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]] (1895-1927)
*[[Chatham University]], [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Denison University]], [[Granville, Ohio]]
*[[Harvard Business School]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (1925-31)
*[[Haverford College]], [[Haverford, Pennsylvania]] (1925-32)*
*[[Huntingdon College]] campus <ref>[http://www.huntingdon.edu/visit_our_campus/map Huntingdon College campus map]</ref>
*[[Iowa State University]] [[Ames, Iowa]] (1906)
*[[Johns Hopkins University]], [[Baltimore, Maryland]] (1903-19)
*[[Middlesex School]], [[Concord, Massachusetts]] (1901)
*[[Mount Holyoke College]], [[South Hadley, Massachusetts]] (1896-1922)
* Newton Country Day School, [[Newton, Massachusetts]] (1927)
*[[Saint Joseph College (Connecticut)]]
*[[University of Chicago]], [[Chicago, Illinois]] (1901-10)
*[[University of Florida]], [[Gainesville, Florida]] (1925)
*[[University of Idaho]], [[Moscow, Idaho]] (1908)<ref>[http://www.ucm.uidaho.edu/default.aspx?pid=86022 Official site], [[University of Idaho]]</ref>
*[[University of Notre Dame]], [[South Bend, Indiana]] (1929-32)
*[[University of Rhode Island]], [[Kingston, Rhode Island]] (1894-1903)
*[[University of Washington]], [[Seattle, Washington]] (1902-20)
*[[Vassar College]], [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]] (1896-1932)
* [[Western Michigan University]] original campus, [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]
*[[Williams College]], [[Williamstown, Massachusetts]] (1902-12)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.olmsted.org/index.php?tg=articles&idx=More&topics=46&article=63 Olmsted His Essential Theory]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1124 Olmsted Parks in Seattle -- A Snapshot History] at HistoryLink.org

[[Category:American landscape architects]]
[[Category:Companies of the United States]]

[[fr:Olmsted Brothers]]

Chic Hecht

2009-07-30T03:17:04Z

ButtonwoodTree:

{{Infobox Senator
| name = Chic Hecht
| image name = Chic Hecht.JPG
| jr/sr =United States Senator
| state=[[Nevada]]
| party =[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| term_start = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| term_end = [[January 3]], [[1989]]
| alongside =
| preceded = [[Howard Cannon]]
| succeeded = [[Richard Bryan]]
| date of birth = {{birth date|1928|11|30}}
| place of birth = [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]]
| dead = dead
| date of death = {{death date and age|2006|05|15|1928|11|30}}
| place of death = [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]
| spouse = Gail Kahn
| profession=
| religion = [[Judaism]]
}}
'''Mayer Jacob "Chic" Hecht''' ([[November 30]] [[1928]] – [[May 15]] [[2006]]) was a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Nevada]] and [[U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas]].

==Biography==
===Early life and career===
Hecht was born into a [[Jewish]] family in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]]. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[retail]]ing from [[Washington University in St. Louis]] in 1949.

Hecht attended Military Intelligence School at [[Fort Holibird]] and served as an intelligence agent with the [[United States armed forces|U.S. armed forces]] during the [[Korean War]], from 1951 to 1953. Hecht was a member of the National Military Intelligence Association, and was inducted into the [[Military Intelligence Hall of Fame]] in 1988.

After leaving military service, Hecht moved to Nevada. His business activities included retailing, the operation of a bank, and interests in hotels. He married the former Gail Kahn in 1959.

===Political career===
In 1966 he was elected to the [[Nevada State Senate]], the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to represent his predominantly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] district in and around [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] in more than 25 years. He was a state senator from 1967 to 1975, serving as Senate minority leader from 1969 to 1970.

In [[United States Senate election, 1982|1982]] he was elected to the U.S. Senate, ousting four-term incumbent Democrat [[Howard Cannon]] in a major upset. He served only one term, from 1983 to 1989, having been defeated for reelection in [[United States Senate election, 1988|1988]] by Democratic [[Governor of Nevada|Governor]] [[Richard Bryan]]. He was then appointed ambassador to the [[Bahamas]] by President [[George H. W. Bush]], and served in that post from 1989 to 1994.

===Activism for Soviet Jews===

Before the [[Reykjavik Summit]] in 1986, Hecht met with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]. Hecht urged Reagan to ask [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to ease [[emigration]] requirements for Soviet Jews, including those on a list that had been prepared by a member of the Council for Soviet Jewry. <ref> [http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/May-18-Thu-2006/opinion/7470040.html Review Journal] </ref> <ref> [http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/dhh_weblog/2006-blog/2006-06/2006-06-20-chic_hecht.htm Jewish Sightseeing] </ref> Hecht reported his effort as successful:

<blockquote>The former senator related that Reagan told him afterwards that he had given the list to the Soviet leader at the beginning of the summit when the two men met alone. Hecht said that Reagan was told by Gorbachev, "as long as nothing is in the paper, there is no publicity, and we don't hear about it," Jews on the list would be quietly released. <ref> [http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/dhh_weblog/2006-blog/2006-06/2006-06-20-chic_hecht.htm jewish Sightseeing] </ref> </blockquote>

Hecht credited [[Rabbi]] [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Menachem Schneerson]] for prompting him to undertake the effort. <ref> [http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article.asp?AID=523711 Chabad.org] </ref>

===Relationship with John Kerry===
Hecht's name reappeared in the news in the course of the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]] because of an event during his term in the Senate. On [[July 12]] [[1988]], Hecht was leaving a Republican weekly policy lunch when he began to choke on an apple slice from his lunch of fruit salad and cottage cheese. Unable to talk to his colleagues and not wanting to vomit on them, he ran into the hallway, where Senator [[Kit Bond]], a Republican from [[Missouri]], unsuccessfully tried to help Hecht. Senator [[John Kerry]], stepping off an elevator at the time, recognized what was happening and quickly performed the [[Heimlich maneuver]], saving Hecht's life <ref> [http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/lv-gov/2004/feb/06/516309920.html Las Vegas Sun] </ref>.

For the rest of his life, Hecht called Kerry on [[Christmas Day]] ([[December 25]]) each year to thank him. Though a conservative Republican who contributed the maximum amount to the re-election campaign of [[George W. Bush]], Hecht said that he would appear in support of Kerry if asked <ref> [http://www.cqpolitics.com/2006/10/trivia102406.htm CQ Politicsl] </ref>, though he declined to reveal whether he planned to vote for Kerry or for Bush <ref> [http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/lv-gov/2004/feb/06/516309920.html Las Vegas Sun] </ref>. One of Hecht's daughters, Leslie Helmer, who worked for the presidential campaigns of [[Ronald Reagan]] and George H. W. Bush, helped raise funds for Kerry's campaign, out of gratitude for his action <ref> [http://www.campaignline.com/webedition/page.cfm?pageid=400&navid=51 Campaign Line] </ref>.

===Life after politics===
After finishing his time as ambassador to the Bahamas in 1994, Hecht returned home to Las Vegas to focus on his business activities.
He was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] in 2005. Hecht died of the disease on [[May 15]], [[2006]], at age 77. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.

== See also ==
* [[List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines]]
*{{Congbio|H000439}}
* {{cite news | url = http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1110AP_Obit_Hecht.html | work = [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] | title = Chic Hecht, former senator from Nev., dies | date = [[2006-05-16]] }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=389821 | title = Senator Jacob ("Chic") Hecht (1929-2006) | first = Chanie | last = Goldman | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | publisher = Chabad.org }}

==External links==
* {{pgbio|heathman-hedlund.html#R9M0J03V6|Jacob Chic Hecht}}

==References==
<references/>

{{start box}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box|
before=[[Howard Cannon]]|
state=Nevada|class=1|
after=[[Richard Bryan]]|
years=1983–1989
|alongside=[[Paul Laxalt]], [[Harry Reid]]}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box
|title=[[United States Ambassador to the Bahamas]]
|before=Carol Boyd Hallett
|after=[[Lino Gutierrez]]<br>(as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim)
|years=[[August 23]], [[1989]]–[[March 1]], [[1993]]}}
{{end box}}

{{USSenNV}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hecht, Chic}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to the Bahamas]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Nevada]]
[[Category:Nevada State Senators]]
[[Category:Nevada Republicans]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Jewish Americans in the military]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]]
[[Category:People from Cape Girardeau County, Missouri]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Nevada]]
[[Category:Jewish United States Senators]]

Chic Hecht

2009-07-30T03:14:43Z

ButtonwoodTree: formatting.

{{Infobox Senator
| name = Chic Hecht
| image name = Chic Hecht.JPG
| jr/sr =United States Senator
| state=[[Nevada]]
| party =[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| term_start = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| term_end = [[January 3]], [[1989]]
| alongside =
| preceded = [[Howard Cannon]]
| succeeded = [[Richard Bryan]]
| date of birth = {{birth date|1928|11|30}}
| place of birth = [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]]
| dead = dead
| date of death = {{death date and age|2006|05|15|1928|11|30}}
| place of death = [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]
| spouse = Gail Kahn
| profession=
| religion = [[Judaism]]
}}
'''Mayer Jacob "Chic" Hecht''' ([[November 30]] [[1928]] – [[May 15]] [[2006]]) was a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Nevada]] and [[U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas]].

==Biography==
===Early life and career===
Hecht was born into a [[Jewish]] family in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]]. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[retail]]ing from [[Washington University in St. Louis]] in 1949.

Hecht attended Military Intelligence School at [[Fort Holibird]] and served as an intelligence agent with the [[United States armed forces|U.S. armed forces]] during the [[Korean War]], from 1951 to 1953. Hecht was a member of the National Military Intelligence Association, and was inducted into the [[Military Intelligence Hall of Fame]] in 1988.

After leaving military service, Hecht moved to Nevada. His business activities included retailing, the operation of a bank, and interests in hotels. He married the former Gail Kahn in 1959.

===Political career===
In 1966 he was elected to the [[Nevada State Senate]], the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to represent his predominantly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] district in and around [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] in more than 25 years. He was a state senator from 1967 to 1975, serving as Senate minority leader from 1969 to 1970.

In [[United States Senate election, 1982|1982]] he was elected to the U.S. Senate, ousting four-term incumbent Democrat [[Howard Cannon]] in a major upset. He served only one term, from 1983 to 1989, having been defeated for reelection in [[United States Senate election, 1988|1988]] by Democratic [[Governor of Nevada|Governor]] [[Richard Bryan]]. He was then appointed ambassador to the [[Bahamas]] by President [[George H. W. Bush]], and served in that post from 1989 to 1994.

===Activism for Soviet Jews===

Before the [[Reykjavik Summit]] in 1986, Hecht met with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]. Hecht urged Reagan to ask [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to ease [[emigration]] requirements for Soviet Jews, including those on a list that had been prepared by a member of the Council for Soviet Jewry. <ref> [http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/May-18-Thu-2006/opinion/7470040.html Review Journal] </ref> <ref> [http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/dhh_weblog/2006-blog/2006-06/2006-06-20-chic_hecht.htm Jewish Sightseeing] </ref> Hecht reported his effort as successful:

<blockquote>The former senator related that Reagan told him afterwards that he had given the list to the Soviet leader at the beginning of the summit when the two men met alone. Hecht said that Reagan was told by Gorbachev, "as long as nothing is in the paper, there is no publicity, and we don't hear about it," Jews on the list would be quietly released. <ref> [http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/dhh_weblog/2006-blog/2006-06/2006-06-20-chic_hecht.htm jewish Sightseeing] </ref> </blockquote>

Hecht credited [[Rabbi]] [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Menachem Schneerson]] for prompting him to undertake the effort. <ref> [http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article.asp?AID=523711 Chabad.org] </ref>

===Relationship with John Kerry===
Hecht's name reappeared in the news in the course of the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]] because of an event during his term in the Senate. On [[July 12]] [[1988]], Hecht was leaving a Republican weekly policy lunch when he began to choke on an apple slice from his lunch of fruit salad and cottage cheese. Unable to talk to his colleagues and not wanting to vomit on them, he ran into the hallway, where Senator [[Kit Bond]], a Republican from [[Missouri]], unsuccessfully tried to help Hecht. Senator [[John Kerry]], stepping off an elevator at the time, recognized what was happening and quickly performed the [[Heimlich maneuver]], saving Hecht's life <ref> [http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/lv-gov/2004/feb/06/516309920.html Las Vegas Sun] </ref>.

For the rest of his life, Hecht called Kerry on [[Christmas Day]] ([[December 25]]) each year to thank him. Though a conservative Republican who contributed the maximum amount to the re-election campaign of [[George W. Bush]], Hecht said that he would appear in support of Kerry if asked <ref> [http://www.cqpolitics.com/2006/10/trivia102406.htm CQ Politicsl] </ref>, though he declined to reveal whether he planned to vote for Kerry or for Bush <ref> [http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/lv-gov/2004/feb/06/516309920.html Las Vegas Sun] </ref>. One of Hecht's daughters, Leslie Helmer, who worked for the presidential campaigns of [[Ronald Reagan]] and George H. W. Bush, helped raise funds for Kerry's campaign, out of gratitude for his action <ref> [http://www.campaignline.com/webedition/page.cfm?pageid=400&navid=51 Campaign Line] </ref>.

===Life after politics===
After finishing his time as ambassador to the Bahamas in 1994, Hecht returned home to Las Vegas to focus on his business activities.
He was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] in 2005. Hecht died of the disease on [[May 15]], [[2006]], at age 77. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.

==References==
*{{Congbio|H000439}}
* {{cite news | url = http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1110AP_Obit_Hecht.html | work = [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] | title = Chic Hecht, former senator from Nev., dies | date = [[2006-05-16]] }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=389821 | title = Senator Jacob ("Chic") Hecht (1929-2006) | first = Chanie | last = Goldman | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | publisher = Chabad.org }}

== See also ==
* [[List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines]]

==External links==
* {{pgbio|heathman-hedlund.html#R9M0J03V6|Jacob Chic Hecht}}

{{start box}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box|
before=[[Howard Cannon]]|
state=Nevada|class=1|
after=[[Richard Bryan]]|
years=1983–1989
|alongside=[[Paul Laxalt]], [[Harry Reid]]}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box
|title=[[United States Ambassador to the Bahamas]]
|before=Carol Boyd Hallett
|after=[[Lino Gutierrez]]<br>(as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim)
|years=[[August 23]], [[1989]]–[[March 1]], [[1993]]}}
{{end box}}

{{USSenNV}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hecht, Chic}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to the Bahamas]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Nevada]]
[[Category:Nevada State Senators]]
[[Category:Nevada Republicans]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Jewish Americans in the military]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]]
[[Category:People from Cape Girardeau County, Missouri]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Nevada]]
[[Category:Jewish United States Senators]]

Chic Hecht

2009-07-30T03:12:57Z

ButtonwoodTree: Formatting.

{{Infobox Senator
| name = Chic Hecht
| image name = Chic Hecht.JPG
| jr/sr =United States Senator
| state=[[Nevada]]
| party =[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| term_start = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| term_end = [[January 3]], [[1989]]
| alongside =
| preceded = [[Howard Cannon]]
| succeeded = [[Richard Bryan]]
| date of birth = {{birth date|1928|11|30}}
| place of birth = [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]]
| dead = dead
| date of death = {{death date and age|2006|05|15|1928|11|30}}
| place of death = [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]
| spouse = Gail Kahn
| profession=
| religion = [[Judaism]]
}}
'''Mayer Jacob "Chic" Hecht''' ([[November 30]] [[1928]] – [[May 15]] [[2006]]) was a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Nevada]] and [[U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas]].

==Biography==
===Early life and career===
Hecht was born into a [[Jewish]] family in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], [[Missouri]]. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[retail]]ing from [[Washington University in St. Louis]] in 1949.

Hecht attended Military Intelligence School at [[Fort Holibird]] and served as an intelligence agent with the [[United States armed forces|U.S. armed forces]] during the [[Korean War]], from 1951 to 1953. Hecht was a member of the National Military Intelligence Association, and was inducted into the [[Military Intelligence Hall of Fame]] in 1988.

After leaving military service, Hecht moved to Nevada. His business activities included retailing, the operation of a bank, and interests in hotels. He married the former Gail Kahn in 1959.

===Political career===
In 1966 he was elected to the [[Nevada State Senate]], the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to represent his predominantly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] district in and around [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] in more than 25 years. He was a state senator from 1967 to 1975, serving as Senate minority leader from 1969 to 1970.

In [[United States Senate election, 1982|1982]] he was elected to the U.S. Senate, ousting four-term incumbent Democrat [[Howard Cannon]] in a major upset. He served only one term, from 1983 to 1989, having been defeated for reelection in [[United States Senate election, 1988|1988]] by Democratic [[Governor of Nevada|Governor]] [[Richard Bryan]]. He was then appointed ambassador to the [[Bahamas]] by President [[George H. W. Bush]], and served in that post from 1989 to 1994.

===Activism for Soviet Jews===

Before the [[Reykjavik Summit]] in 1986, Hecht met with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]. Hecht urged Reagan to ask [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to ease [[emigration]] requirements for Soviet Jews, including those on a list that had been prepared by a member of the Council for Soviet Jewry. <ref> [http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/May-18-Thu-2006/opinion/7470040.html Review Journal] </ref> <ref> [http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/dhh_weblog/2006-blog/2006-06/2006-06-20-chic_hecht.htm Jewish Sightseeing] </ref> Hecht reported his effort as successful:

<blockquote>The former senator related that Reagan told him afterwards that he had given the list to the Soviet leader at the beginning of the summit when the two men met alone. Hecht said that Reagan was told by Gorbachev, "as long as nothing is in the paper, there is no publicity, and we don't hear about it," Jews on the list would be quietly released. <ref> [http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/dhh_weblog/2006-blog/2006-06/2006-06-20-chic_hecht.htm jewish Sightseeing] </ref> </blockquote>

Hecht credited [[Rabbi]] [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Menachem Schneerson]] for prompting him to undertake the effort. <ref> [http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article.asp?AID=523711 Chabad.org] </ref>

===Relationship with John Kerry===
Hecht's name reappeared in the news in the course of the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]] because of an event during his term in the Senate. On [[July 12]] [[1988]], Hecht was leaving a Republican weekly policy lunch when he began to choke on an apple slice from his lunch of fruit salad and cottage cheese. Unable to talk to his colleagues and not wanting to vomit on them, he ran into the hallway, where Senator [[Kit Bond]], a Republican from [[Missouri]], unsuccessfully tried to help Hecht. Senator [[John Kerry]], stepping off an elevator at the time, recognized what was happening and quickly performed the [[Heimlich maneuver]], saving Hecht's life [http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/lv-gov/2004/feb/06/516309920.html].

For the rest of his life, Hecht called Kerry on [[Christmas Day]] ([[December 25]]) each year to thank him. Though a conservative Republican who contributed the maximum amount to the re-election campaign of [[George W. Bush]], Hecht said that he would appear in support of Kerry if asked[http://www.cqpolitics.com/2006/10/trivia102406.html], though he declined to reveal whether he planned to vote for Kerry or for Bush [http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/lv-gov/2004/feb/06/516309920.html]. One of Hecht's daughters, Leslie Helmer, who worked for the presidential campaigns of [[Ronald Reagan]] and George H. W. Bush, helped raise funds for Kerry's campaign, out of gratitude for his action [http://www.campaignline.com/webedition/page.cfm?pageid=400&navid=51].

===Life after politics===
After finishing his time as ambassador to the Bahamas in 1994, Hecht returned home to Las Vegas to focus on his business activities.
He was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] in 2005. Hecht died of the disease on [[May 15]], [[2006]], at age 77. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.

==References==
*{{Congbio|H000439}}
* {{cite news | url = http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1110AP_Obit_Hecht.html | work = [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] | title = Chic Hecht, former senator from Nev., dies | date = [[2006-05-16]] }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=389821 | title = Senator Jacob ("Chic") Hecht (1929-2006) | first = Chanie | last = Goldman | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | publisher = Chabad.org }}

== See also ==
* [[List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines]]

==External links==
* {{pgbio|heathman-hedlund.html#R9M0J03V6|Jacob Chic Hecht}}

{{start box}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box|
before=[[Howard Cannon]]|
state=Nevada|class=1|
after=[[Richard Bryan]]|
years=1983–1989
|alongside=[[Paul Laxalt]], [[Harry Reid]]}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box
|title=[[United States Ambassador to the Bahamas]]
|before=Carol Boyd Hallett
|after=[[Lino Gutierrez]]<br>(as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim)
|years=[[August 23]], [[1989]]–[[March 1]], [[1993]]}}
{{end box}}

{{USSenNV}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hecht, Chic}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to the Bahamas]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Nevada]]
[[Category:Nevada State Senators]]
[[Category:Nevada Republicans]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Jewish Americans in the military]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]]
[[Category:People from Cape Girardeau County, Missouri]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Nevada]]
[[Category:Jewish United States Senators]]

Cedarmere-Clayton Estates

2009-05-21T02:07:55Z

ButtonwoodTree: category added

{{Infobox nrhp
| name = Cedarmere-Clayton Estates
| nrhp_type = hd
| image = Cedarmere - Home of WC Bryant.jpg
| caption = Front elevation of Cedarmere, 2006
| lat_degrees = 40
| lat_minutes = 48
| lat_seconds = 40
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 73
| long_minutes = 38
| long_seconds = 45
| long_direction = W
| location = [[Roslyn Harbor, New York|Roslyn Harbor]], [[New York|NY]]
| nearest_city = [[Glen Cove, New York|Glen Cove]]
| area = 172 acres (69 ha)<ref name="NRHP nom">{{cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Austin|title=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Cedarmere-Clayton Estates|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=4618|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|date=July 1986|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref>
| built = 1843, 1899
| architect = [[Ogden Codman, Jr.]], others
| architecture = [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]], [[Neoclassical architecture|Classical Revival]], [[Gothic Revival]]
| designated =
| added = 1986
| established =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| refnum = 86002634
| mpsub = Historic and Architectural Resources of Roslyn Harbor
| governing_body = [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] Department of Parks, Recreation and Museums (Cedarmere); [[Nassau County Museum of Art]] (Clayton)
}}
The '''Cedarmere-Clayton Estates''' are located in [[Roslyn Harbor, New York|Roslyn Harbor]], [[New York]], [[United States]], listed jointly on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1986. Cedarmere, the smaller of the two, is [[William Cullen Bryant]]'s [[estate (house)|estate]], located on the west side of Bryant Avenue overlooking Hempstead Harbor, now a [[historic house museum]] open to the public. Clayton, the bulk of the property, is the large landscaped Bryce/Frick [[estate (house)|estate]], now home to the [[Nassau County Museum of Art]]. The two combined properties, with input from several notable architects, illustrate the development of estates on the [[North Shore (Long Island)|North Shore]] of [[Long Island]] over a period of nearly a century.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Bryant originally owned almost the entire property. Fifteen years after his death, in 1893, [[Lloyd Bryce]] bought the largely-undeveloped inland portion of the estate and hired [[Ogden Codman, Jr.]] to design a [[mansion]] for it. In 1919, the dying [[Henry Clay Frick]] purchased the estate for his son [[Childs Frick|Childs]], who, after renovating it and expanding it, lived there with his family until his 1965 death. Four years later, it was turned over to the county for use as a museum.

==Estates==

All of Cedarmere and most of Clayton were part of Bryant's original purchase. After his descendants sold all but the area around Cedarmere to the Bryces, they and the Fricks made some other additions as well.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

===Cedarmere===

Cedarmere is located behind a high stone wall on a 7 acre (4 ha) parcel along Bryant, with two small ponds and a landscape designed by [[Frederick Law Olmstead]]. Its main house is a three-[[bay (architecture)|bay]], two-and-a-half story main block with two wings: a two-story multi-bay structure to the east and a smaller, single-story section to the north. All are covered in [[slate]] [[gambrel roof]]s, [[fenestration|fenestrated]] with trimmed [[gable]]d [[dormer window|dormers]]. Window shapes vary throughout the facades. The house is faced with [[stucco]], except for the visible [[stonemasonry|stone]] [[foundation (architecture)|foundation]]. A green glass-and-metal [[conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]] protrudes from the front, and a [[porch]] wraps around all but the north side.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

A single-bay entrance [[pavilion]] projects onto the south porch, overlooking the larger pond and its stone bridge. It is topped with a [[railing|railed]] [[balcony]]. The doorway is heavily [[ornament (architecture)|ornamented]] with classical [[molding (decorative)|molded]] surround, [[pilaster]]s, sidelights, [[entablature]] and [[lead glass|leaded]] [[transom (architectural)|transom]]. The south elevation also has solid and [[latticework]] supports with decorated [[baluster]]s and [[bracket (architecture)|brackets]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

At the other edge of the main house's pond is a small [[Gothic Revival]] building known as the mill, although it was never used as such and remains purely decorative, used mainly for storage. Its brick basement gives way to a board-and-[[batten]] first floor, with heavy surface decoration, and then to a slate-covered cross-gabled roof with decorated [[bargeboard]]s and filials, topped by a brick chimney. The windows have been trimmed with arches of various shapes and other decorative touches.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Other outbuildings include a small [[greenhouse]] south of the garden and two more modern [[garage]]s to the north, some distance from the house. The latter two are the only improvements to the property not considered [[contributing property|contributing]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

===Clayton===

Clayton's property begins across Bryant from Cedarmere, but its main entrance is located on Hempstead Turnpike ([[New York State Route 25A|NY 25A]]). The drive up, after passing a [[hip roof|hipped-roofed]] brick Neoclassical gatehouse to what is now the museum takes visitors through some of the pastorally landscaped 165 acres (66 ha)<ref name="acreage difference">This figure is from the NRHP nom (see p. 2). The museum's website claims only 145 acres (58 ha)[http://www.nassaumuseum.com/about.html].</ref> that make up the center of Roslyn Harbor. The main house sits on a high plateau, surrounded by plantings and a modern parking lot. It is a [[Georgian Revival]] building, brick with stone trim and [[copper]] hipped roof, pierced by gabled dormers, its eaves lined with [[modillion]]s above a stone entablature.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The main block is two and a half stories high and nine bays wide. On both end there are symmetrical, two-bay pavilions outlined in [[quoin]]s. The front facade has a five-bay open porch with [[Ionic order|Ionic]] [[column]]s and a flat roof, entablature and [[balustrade]]. The main entrance is a double door with semi-circular transom. On the east facade a series of round-arched [[French door]]s give access to the garden, topped by a balustraded balcony. Two one-story [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]] wings project from it. The mansion's interior features much original woodwork and plaster.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Near the main house is a [[garden]] designed by Marian Coffin, with symmetrical plantings surrounding a central [[fountain]]. The remnants of a private [[zoo]], primarily an old animal enclosure and tower. A narrow road leads to the Jerusha Dewey Cottage, originally built by Bryant for a friend of his and later used as a guest house, after extensive renovation by the Fricks. It is therefore a mixture of brick foundation, board-and-batten siding, slate roof and a mix of fenestration styles.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

As at Cedarmere, two more modern buildings have been erected to support the property's current use as an art museum and [[sculpture garden]]. They are the only ones of the 11 buildings and structures at Clayton not considered contributing.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

==History==

The property that became Cedarmere had been in use since the early days of local settlement in the 17th century. The earliest known house on it was built in 1787 by Richard Kirk, a [[Quaker]] farmer.<ref name="About Cedarmere">{{cite web|title=Cedarmere|url=http://www.nassaucountyny.gov/agencies/Parks/WhereToGo/museums/north_shore_museum/cedarmere_mus.html|publisher=[[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]|accessdate=2008-07-05}}</ref> Bryant bought a small house first built by Joseph Moulton in 1843 with the intent of establishing a retreat for himself from his job in the city as editor of the ''[[New York Post|New York Evening Post]]'', where he could contemplate nature and write his poetry.<ref name="About Cedarmere" /> He expanded both the land and the house through the 1850s and 1860s into the present structure, following the then-popular principles of [[Andrew Jackson Downing]] and disciples like [[Calvert Vaux]], who supposedly designed the mill house, calling for small [[Gothic Revival]] cottages, sometimes in a [[Picturesque]] mode, that maintained harmony with their rural surroundings. At Cedarmere, as he later named the property, he received not only Vaux and his sometime collaborator [[Frederick Law Olmstead]], but other cultural notables of the era such as painter [[Thomas Cole]], [[James Fenimore Cooper]] and actor [[Edwin Booth]].<ref name="NRHP nom" />

He sold it to his daughter Julia in 1875, as long as he was allowed to live the remainder of his life there; and he did, dying three years later. She in turn sold it to her nephew, Harold Godwin, in 1891. Eight years later, he sold the undeveloped property that became Clayton to [[Lloyd Bryce]], a former [[United States House of Representatives|congressman]] and heir to industrial fortunes.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

The upper stories of Cedarmere were damaged considerably by a 1903 fire. On the other property, Bryce hired Codman, a young architect responsible for many seaside homes in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], to design the main house, and began creating gardens in the property's northwest corner. The Fricks hired [[Charles Allom]] to modify the house for their use when they moved in 1919, renaming it Clayton, but Codman's design remains largely unchanged. Allom's main changes were the replacement of the original entrance [[loggia]] with the porch and, inside, creating a large entrance hall in keeping with the Fricks' intention to emulate an [[English country house]], a popular aspiration of wealthy Americans during the 1920s. To that end, [[Guy Lowell]] designed the gatehouse, and Coffin added the main garden a decade later.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

Four years after Frick's death, in 1969, the family sold the estate to Nassau County for use as an art museum. In 1989 the county transferred control to a private foundation.<ref name="museum history">{{cite web|title=History of NCMA|url=http://www.nassaumuseum.com/history.htm|publisher=Nassau County Museum of Art|accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref> The Godwin family continued living in Cedarmere until they, too, donated it to the county for use as a museum in 1975.<ref name="NRHP nom" />

==Cedarmere and Clayton today==

Both houses and their grounds are open to the public. The grounds at Cedarmere are free and open year round; the house is open on weekends and by appointment.<ref name="About Cedarmere" /> Visitors to Clayton must pay an entrance fee as well as parking; the museum is open every day except Mondays and holidays year-round.<ref name="museum admission fees">{{cite web|title=Visitor Information|url=http://www.nassaumuseum.com/admissionfees.html|publisher=Nassau County Museum of Art|accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oldlongisland.com/search/label/Cedarmere Old Long Island - Cedarmere]
*[http://www.oldlongisland.com/search/label/Clayton Old Long Island - Clayton]
*[http://www.nassaucountyny.gov/agencies/Parks/WhereToGo/museums/north_shore_museum/cedarmere_mus.html Cedarmere website]
*[http://www.nassaumuseum.com/history.htm Nassau County Museum of Art]

{{Registered Historic Places}}

[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in New York]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in New York]]
[[Category:1843 architecture]]
[[Category:Town of North Hempstead, New York]]
[[Category:Gold Coast Mansions of Long Island]]

Morris Markin

2007-06-10T12:38:28Z

ButtonwoodTree: Link corrected.

'''Morris Markin''' ([[Russian Language|Russian]]: '''Морис Маркин''') ([[1893]] - [[1970]]) was a [[Russia|Russian]]-born [[United States|American]] entrepreneur and businessperson who founded the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company (which would later become the [[Checker Motors Corporation]]).

==Early years==

Born in [[Smolensk]], a city in western [[Russia]], Morris Markin worked in a clothing factory during his young years. His determination and hard work got him promoted to a supervisor position by the age of nineteen, when he emigrated to the United States. When he arrived at [[Ellis Island]], he spoke no English and couldn't afford to pay the bond required to enter the country. A janitor at the facility loaned him the twenty-five dollars he needed for the bond.

From [[New York]], Markin went to [[Chicago]] to live with his uncle. He held several jobs as an errand boy, the last for a tailor who taught him the trade. When the tailor died, Markin purchased the business on credit from the widow. He worked hard and saved enough money to bring seven brothers and two sisters to the States. Markin then teamed up with one of the brothers and opened a factory which made pants under government contracts during [[World War I]]. This company prospered after the war.

==Formation of Checker Cab==

In 1921, Markin entered the automobile business when he collected an auto body manufacturing company from an engineer named [[Lomberg]]. Markin had loaned fifteen-thousand-dollars to Lomberg earlier in an effort to keep the company afloat. When it failed, Lomberg returned to Markin to ask for more money. Markin refused and took over the company for his debt. He then picked up a failed automobile manufacturer, [[Commonwealth Motors]], and with it the accountant, [[Ralph E. Oakland]]. Then, in a bold move, Markin purchased the defunct [[Handley-Knight]] chassis plant and the Dort body plant in [[Kalamazoo]], [[Michigan]]. He moved his entire operation to Kalamazoo and on February 2, 1922 formed the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company.

In [[1929]], he purchased [[Yellow Cab]] from [[John D. Hertz|John Hertz]].

==External links==
*[http://www.checkertaxistand.com/ Checker Cabs] at the Checker Taxi Stand
*[http://www.checkerclub.org/ Checker Car Club of America]

[[Category:1893 births|Markin, Morris]]
[[Category:1970 deaths|Markin, Morris]]
[[Category:American entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Russian Jews]]
[[Category:Russian-American Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish businesspeople|Markin, Morris]]

Olmsted Brothers

2006-11-07T03:02:03Z

ButtonwoodTree: /* Selected Olmsted Brothers landscape designs */

The '''Olmsted Brothers''' company was an influential landscape design firm in the United States, formed in 1898 by step-brothers [[John Charles Olmsted]] (1852-1920) and [[Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.]] (1870-1957), who had inherited the nation's first landscaping practice from their father, [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. This firm was a successor to the earlier firm of [[Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot]] after the untimely death of their gifted partner [[Charles Eliot]]. The two brothers were also among the founding members of the [[American Society of Landscape Architects]], and played an influential role in creating the [[National Park Service]].

The Olmsted Brothers completed numerous high-profile projects, many of which remain popular to this day, including park systems, universities, exposition grounds, libraries, hospitals, and state capitols. Notable commissions include the [[United States Capitol]] and [[White House]] Grounds, [[Great Smoky Mountains]] and [[Acadia National Park]]s, [[Yosemite Valley]], New York's [[Central Park]], Atlanta's [[Piedmont Park]], and entire park systems in cities such as [[Seattle]], [[Boston]] and [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. The firm employed nearly 60 staff at its peak in the early [[1930s]]. Notable [[landscape architect]]s in the firm included [[James Frederick Dawson]]. The last family member in the firm, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., retired in 1949.

"Fairsted", the firm's 100 year old business headquarters and design office, has been carefully preserved as the [[Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site]], located on 7 acres (28,000 m²) of landscaped grounds at 99 Warren St., [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. It offers excellent insights into the actual practice of large-scale landscape design and engineering.

==Selected Olmsted Brothers landscape designs==
*[[Elm Bank Horticulture Center]]
*[[Fort Tryon Park]]
*[[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
*[[Kentucky State Capitol Grounds, Frankfort, Kentucky]]
*[[Oheka Castle |Otto Kahn Estate]], Cold Spring Hills, New York
*[[Pope Park, Hartford, Connecticut]]
*[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3290 Seattle Park System]
*[[University of Washington]] campus, [[Seattle]]
[http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/papersrecords/OlmstedBrothers170.xml]
*[[Verona Park]], [[Verona, New Jersey]]
*[[Huntingdon College]] campus, [http://www.huntingdon.edu/visit_our_campus/map]

==External links==
*[http://www.olmsted.org/index.php?tg=articles&idx=More&topics=46&article=63 Olmsted His Essential Theory]
*[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1124 Olmsted Parks in Seattle -- A Snapshot History] at HistoryLink.org

[[Category:Landscape architects]]

Jeffrey Glenn Miller

2006-02-20T02:16:36Z

ButtonwoodTree:

<div id="filo_photo">[[Image:Kent State massacre.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Mary Ann Vecchio]] kneels over the body of Jeffrey Miller in this famous photo by [[John Filo]]]]</div>'''Jeffrey Glenn Miller''' ([[March 28]], [[1950]] - [[May 4]], [[1970]]) was a student at [[Kent State University]], [[Ohio]], when he was shot and killed by [[United States National Guard|Ohio National Guard]]smen in the [[Kent State shootings]] while protesting the [[Vietnam War]].

At the time of his death, Miller had recently transferred to Kent State from [[Michigan State University]].

Of the four students killed at Kent State that day, Miller was standing closest to the Guardsmen. He was shot in the mouth while standing in an access road leading into the Prentice Hall parking lot at a distance of approximately 270 feet. [http://dept.kent.edu/sociology/lewis/LEWIHEN.htm]

Three other students were killed in the shootings: [[Allison Krause]], [[Sandra Scheuer]] and [[William Schroeder (Kent State)|William Schroeder]]. The shootings led to protests on college campuses throughout the [[United States]], causing hundreds of campuses to close because of both violent and non-violent demonstrations. The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks. Just five days after the shootings, 100,000 people demonstrated in [[Washington DC]] against the war.

Miller was buried in [[Hartsdale, New York]] . A memorial has recently been erected at his former high school in [[Plainview, New York|Plainview]]-[[Old Bethpage, New York]].

==External link==
*[http://www.may4archive.org/jeffrey_miller.shtml Jeffrey Miller: May 4 archive]
*[http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs823b,0,7550916.story?coll=ny-lihistory-navigation Newsday: A Long Island Student Dies at Kent State]
*[http://www.peace.ca/mysondied.htm My son was killed 30 years ago at Kent State] by Elaine Holstein, Miller's mother
*[http://dept.kent.edu/sociology/lewis/LEWIHEN.htm The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy, By Jerry M. Lewis and Thomas R. Hensley]
*[http://theheretik.typepad.com/the_heretik/sign_of_peace/index.html The Heretik Remembers: The Boy From Diamond Drive]

{{US-activist-stub}}

{{Vietnam-war-stub}}

[[Category:1970 deaths|Miller, Jeffrey]]
[[Category:Firearm deaths|Miller, Jeffrey]]
[[Category:Vietnam War people|Miller, Jeffrey]]
[[Category:Phi Kappa Tau members|Miller, Jeffrey]]

Jeffrey Glenn Miller

2006-02-20T02:16:06Z

ButtonwoodTree: /* External link */

<div id="filo_photo">[[Image:Kent State massacre.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Mary Ann Vecchio]] kneels over the body of Jeffrey Miller in this famous photo by [[John Filo]]]]</div>'''Jeffrey Glenn Miller''' ([[March 28]], [[1950]] - [[May 4]], [[1970]]) was a student at [[Kent State University]], [[Ohio]], when he was shot and killed by [[United States National Guard|Ohio National Guard]]smen in the [[Kent State shootings]] while protesting the [[Vietnam War]].

At the time of his death, Miller had recently transferred to Kent State from [[Michigan State University]].

Of the four students killed at Kent State that day, Miller was standing closest to the Guardsmen. He was shot in the mouth while standing in an access road leading into the Prentice Hall parking lot at a distance of approximately 270 feet. [http://dept.kent.edu/sociology/lewis/LEWIHEN.htm]

Three other students were killed in the shootings: [[Allison Krause]], [[Sandra Scheuer]] and [[William Schroeder (Kent State)|William Schroeder]]. The shootings led to protests on college campuses throughout the [[United States]], causing hundreds of campuses to close because of both violent and non-violent demonstrations. The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks. Just five days after the shootings, 100,000 people demonstrated in [[Washington DC]] against the war.

Mlller was buried in [[Hartsdale, New York]] . A memorial has recently been erected at his former high school in [[Plainview, New York|Plainview]]-[[Old Bethpage, New York]].

==External link==
*[http://www.may4archive.org/jeffrey_miller.shtml Jeffrey Miller: May 4 archive]
*[http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs823b,0,7550916.story?coll=ny-lihistory-navigation Newsday: A Long Island Student Dies at Kent State]
*[http://www.peace.ca/mysondied.htm My son was killed 30 years ago at Kent State] by Elaine Holstein, Miller's mother
*[http://dept.kent.edu/sociology/lewis/LEWIHEN.htm The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy, By Jerry M. Lewis and Thomas R. Hensley]
*[http://theheretik.typepad.com/the_heretik/sign_of_peace/index.html The Heretik Remembers: The Boy From Diamond Drive]

{{US-activist-stub}}

{{Vietnam-war-stub}}

[[Category:1970 deaths|Miller, Jeffrey]]
[[Category:Firearm deaths|Miller, Jeffrey]]
[[Category:Vietnam War people|Miller, Jeffrey]]
[[Category:Phi Kappa Tau members|Miller, Jeffrey]]