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Muhammed Badamosi

2022-09-26T12:33:17Z

BrownHairedGirl: Add banner {{Cleanup bare URLs}}. After at least 7 passes by @Citation bot since 20220903, this article still has 1 untagged bare URL ref

{{short description|Gambian footballer}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Muhammed Badamosi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|12|27}}
| birth_place = Bundung, [[The Gambia]]
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=6}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|Centre-forward]]
| currentclub = [[FK Čukarički|Čukarički]]
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 = 2013–2015 | youthclubs1 = Jolakunda
| years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Real de Banjul FC|Real Banjul]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Olympique de Ngor|Olympique Ngor]] | caps2 = 13 | goals2 = 7
| years3 = 2017–2020 | clubs3 = [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] | caps3 = 62 | goals3 = 7
| years4 = 2020– | clubs4 = [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] | caps4 = 32 | goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2022– | clubs5 = → [[FK Čukarički|Čukarički]] (loan) | caps5 = 10 | goals5 = 9
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[Gambia national under-20 football team|Gambia U20]]<ref name="cafonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=ynL5VNdjqdeKW6jGTSpvCA==|title=Gambia begin preparations for zonal U-20 Championship|website=www.cafonline.com}}</ref>
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2018–
| nationalteam2 = [[Gambia national football team|Gambia]]<ref name="News Gambia - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia">{{cite web | title=The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia | website=News Gambia - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia | url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocc | access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
| nationalcaps2 = 15
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| pcupdate = 15 Septembar 2022
| ntupdate = 6 June 2021
}}
'''Muhammed Badamosi''' (born 27 December 1998) is a Gambian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|centre-forward]] for Serbian club [[FK Čukarički|Čukarički]] on loan from the Belgian club [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] and the [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]].

==Early career==
Born in Bundung, [[The Gambia]], Badamosi started his playing career at home town club Jolakunda in 2013. While at Jolakunda, he drew the attention of many [[GFA League First Division]] clubs. Despite still been a kid, the top clubs were eager to sign him as they saw a brighter future in him.

==Club career==
===Real de Banjul===
After a season with Jolakunda in the Nawettan League, it was [[GFA League First Division]] giant, [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] that won the race to sign the newest talent in Gambian football. He began his [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] in 2015 as he aimed to become the new star in the [[GFA League First Division]]. However, he didn't realized his dream as he had to cut his Real de Banjul career short to move to the [[Senegal Premier League]]. He made less than 15 appearances for Real de Banjul and score two goals before departing the club in 2016.

===Olympique de Ngor===
After spending less than a full season with [[Real de Banjul]], Badamosi moved to [[Senegal Premier League]] club, [[Olympique de Ngor]] on a season loan from Real de Banjul. He may not have had the opportunity to get the goals rolling at the back of the net in the [[GFA League First Division]], but he made use of his time in [[Senegal]] as he became one of the best finishers in Senegalese football. Just in his first year, he registered seven goals in thirteen appearances as he became the target of several top clubs.

===FUS Rabat===
After a season with [[Olympique de Ngor]], Badamosi would go on to be the target of many clubs in [[Senegal]] and other top African countries. Following negotiations with several to top clubs, he made a permanent switch to [[Morocco]] [[Botola]] club, [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fus.ma/fr/player/mohamed-badamosi/|title=MOHAMED BADAMOSI – Site officiel du Fath Union Sport|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="gambiasports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gambiasports.com/all-sport/football/249-badamosi-completes-fus-switch|title=Badamosi completes FUS switch|website=www.gambiasports.com}}</ref> He joined the club on a four-year deal.<ref name="gambiasports.com"/> He made his debut against [[Raja Casablanca]] on September 26, 2017 in the [[Moroccan Throne Cup]] match which played to a goalless draw. He scored his first [[Botola]] goal in [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] 2–0 win of [[Racing de Casablanca]] on 28 October 2017.

===Kortrijk===
On 5 October 2020, he signed a four-year contract with [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] in Belgium.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]|url=https://www.kvk.be/nieuws/muhammedbadamosi/|title=AANVALLENDE POWER VOOR ONZE KERELS|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=13 October 2021|language=nl}}</ref> Due to visa delays, he did not arrive to Belgium until three weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]|url=https://www.kvk.be/nieuws/badamosi-geland-in-belgie/|title=BADAMOSI GELAND IN BELGIË|date=28 October 2020|accessdate=13 October 2021|language=nl}}</ref>

====Loan to Čukarički====
In the summer of 2022, Badamosi joined [[FK Čukarički|Čukarički]] in Serbia on loan with an option to buy.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Čukarički|url=https://www.fkcukaricki.com/post/napadac-mohamed-badamosi-potpisao-ugovor-sa-cukarickim|title=NAPADAČ MOHAMED BADAMOSI POTPISAO UGOVOR SA ČUKARIČKIM|access-date=24 August 2022|language=sr}}</ref>

==International career==
===Youth===
After some brilliant performances in the [[GFA League First Division]], Badamosi was invited by [[Gambia national under-20 football team|Gambia U-20]] coach, Omar Sise in 2016 to attend a trial for the Gambia U-20 ahead of a crucial match against the Guinea U-20 national team in the [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]] qualifiers.<ref>http://www.foroyaa.gm/archives/7223</ref> Out of the 35 players invited, he made the final list of players for the match against Guinea.<ref name="cafonline.com"/> His Gambia U-20 debut ended not in the best way as Gambia lost to Guinea 2–1 in [[Conakry]] to exit the [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]] qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/24/africa/caf-u20-championship/guinea-under-21/gambia-u20/2240272/|title=Guinea U20 vs. Gambia U20 - 24 July 2016 - Soccerway|website=us.soccerway.com}}</ref>

===Senior===
Less than a year after joining [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]], he was given a call-up to the senior [[Gambia national football team]] for a friendly match against [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocco |title=Coach Sang Ndong unveils Squad for friendly clashes in Morocco - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia |website=thepoint.gm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227124516/http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocco |archive-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>

He played in the [[Africa Cup of Nations|2021 Africa cup of Nations]], his national team's first continental tournament, where they made a sensational quarter-final.<ref>https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa -cup-of-nations/matches/2021/2243295/lineups</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59746378 | title=The Gambia name squad for first Nations Cup finals | work=BBC Sport }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|muhammed-badamosi/614341}}

{{FK Čukarički squad}}
{{Gambia squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badamosi, Muhammed}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:People from Serekunda]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia under-20 international footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia international footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Real de Banjul FC players]]
[[Category:Olympique de Ngor players]]
[[Category:Fath Union Sport players]]
[[Category:K.V. Kortrijk players]]
[[Category:FK Čukarički players]]
[[Category:Botola players]]
[[Category:Belgian First Division A players]]
[[Category:Serbian SuperLiga players]]
[[Category:2021 Africa Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Senegal]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Senegal]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Morocco]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Morocco]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Serbia]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia]]

Muhammed Badamosi

2022-07-01T13:41:17Z

BrownHairedGirl: clean up

{{short description|Gambian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Muhammed Badamosi
| image = Badamosi Muhammed.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Serekunda|Bundung]], [[Gambia]]
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=6}}
| position = [[Forward (football)|Centre-Forward]]
| currentclub = [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 = 2013–14 | youthclubs1 = Jolakunda
| years1 = 2014–2015 | clubs1 = [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2016 | clubs2 = [[Olympique de Ngor]] | caps2 = 13 | goals2 = 7
| years3 = 2017–2020 | clubs3 = [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] | caps3 = 40 | goals3 = 10
| years4 = 2020– | clubs4 = [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] | caps4 = 16 | goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[Gambia national under-20 football team|Gambia U-20]]<ref name="cafonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=ynL5VNdjqdeKW6jGTSpvCA==|title=Gambia begin preparations for zonal U-20 Championship|website=www.cafonline.com}}</ref>
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2017–
| nationalteam2 = [[Gambia national football team|Gambia]]<ref name="News Gambia - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia">{{cite web | title=The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia | website=News Gambia - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia | url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocc | access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
| nationalcaps2 = 6
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| pcupdate = 25 September 2021
| ntupdate = 6 June 2021
}}
'''Muhammed Badamosi''' (born 27 December 1998) is a Gambian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|centre-forward]] for [[Belgian First Division A]] club [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] and the [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]].

==Early career==
Born in [[Bundung]], in the [[Gambia]], Muhammed started his playing career at home town club Jolakunda in 2013. While at Jolakunda, he drew the attention of many [[GFA League First Division]] clubs. Despite still been a kid, the top clubs were eager to sign him as they saw a brighter future in him.

==Club career==
===Real de Banjul===
After a season with Jolakunda in the Nawettan League, it was [[GFA League First Division]] giant, [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] that won the race to sign the newest talent in [[Gambia]]n football. He began his [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] in 2014 as he aimed to become the new star in the [[GFA League First Division]]. However, he didn't realized his dream as he had to cut his [[Real de Banjul]] career short to move to the [[Senegal Premier League]]. He made less than 15 appearances for [[Real de Banjul]] and score two goals before departing the club in 2016. In his brief spelled with [[Real de Banjul]], he won the [[GFF Super Cup]].

===Olympique de Ngor===
After spending less than a full season with [[Real de Banjul]], Muhammed moved to [[Senegal Premier League]] club, [[Olympique de Ngor]] on a season loan from [[Real de Banjul]]. He may not have had the opportunity to get the goals rolling at the back of the net in the [[GFA League First Division]], but he made use of his time in [[Senegal]] as he became one of the best finishers in [[Senegalese]] football. Just in his first year, he registered seven goals in thirteen appearances as he became the target of several top clubs.

===FUS Rabat===
After a season with [[Olympique de Ngor]], Muhammed would go on to be the target of many clubs in [[Senegal]] and other top [[Africa]]n countries. Following negotiations with several to top clubs, he made a permanent switch to [[Morocco]] [[Botola]] club, [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fus.ma/fr/player/mohamed-badamosi/|title=MOHAMED BADAMOSI – Site officiel du Fath Union Sport|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="gambiasports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gambiasports.com/all-sport/football/249-badamosi-completes-fus-switch|title=Badamosi completes FUS switch|website=www.gambiasports.com}}</ref> He joined the club on a four-year deal.<ref name="gambiasports.com"/> He made his debut against [[Raja Casablanca]] on September 26, 2017 in the [[Moroccan Throne Cup]] match which played to a goalless draw. He scored his first [[Botola]] goal in [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] 2–0 win of [[Racing de Casablanca]] on 28 October 2017.

===Kortrijk===
On 5 October 2020, he signed a four-year contract with [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] in Belgium.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]|url=https://www.kvk.be/nieuws/muhammedbadamosi/|title=AANVALLENDE POWER VOOR ONZE KERELS|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=13 October 2021|language=nl}}</ref> Due to visa delays, he did not arrive to Belgium until three weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]|url=https://www.kvk.be/nieuws/badamosi-geland-in-belgie/|title=BADAMOSI GELAND IN BELGIË|date=28 October 2020|accessdate=13 October 2021|language=nl}}</ref>

==Internationalc career==
===Gambia U20===
After some brilliant performances in the [[GFA League First Division]], Muhammed was invited by [[Gambia]]U-20 coach, Omar Sise in 2016 to attend a trial for the [[Gambia]]U-20 ahead of a crucial match against the [[Guinea]]U-20 national team in the [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]] qualifiers<ref>http://www.foroyaa.gm/archives/7223</ref> Out of the 35 players invited, he made the final list of players for the match against Guinea.<ref name="cafonline.com"/> His [[Gambia]]U-20 debut ended not in the best way as [[Gambia]] lost to [[Guinea]] 2–1 in [[Conakry]] to exit the [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]] qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/24/africa/caf-u20-championship/guinea-under-21/gambia-u20/2240272/|title=Guinea U20 vs. Gambia U20 - 24 July 2016 - Soccerway|website=us.soccerway.com}}</ref>

===Senior national team===
Less than a year after joining [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]], he was given a call-up to the senior [[Gambia national football team]] for a friendly match against [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocco |title=Coach Sang Ndong unveils Squad for friendly clashes in Morocco - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia |website=thepoint.gm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227124516/http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocco |archive-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>

== Honours ==
'''Real de Banjul'''
* [[GFA Super Cup]]: 2016{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gambiasports.com/all-sport/football/249-badamosi-completes-fus-switch Gambia sports]
{{K.V. Kortrijk squad}}{{Gambia squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badamosi, Muhammed}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:People from Serekunda]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia under-20 international footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia international footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Real de Banjul FC players]]
[[Category:Olympique de Ngor players]]
[[Category:Fath Union Sport players]]
[[Category:K.V. Kortrijk players]]
[[Category:Botola players]]
[[Category:Belgian First Division A players]]
[[Category:2021 Africa Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Senegal]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Senegal]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Morocco]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Morocco]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium]]

High Capacity Metro Train

2022-06-29T07:17:15Z

BrownHairedGirl: clean up

{{short description|Electric trains in use in Melbourne, Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox train
| name = High Capacity Metro Trains
| image = 319A2344.jpg
| caption = HCMT set E008 undergoing testing on the [[Werribee railway line|Werribee line]] at {{rwsa|Seddon}}
| interiorimage = High Capacity Metro Train interior.jpg
| interiorcaption = Interior of HCMT in service, showing PIDs and folding seating
| service = 2020–present
| manufacturer = Evolution Rail ([[Downer Rail]], [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles|CRRC Changchun]] and [[Plenary Group]])
| assembly = [[Newport Workshops]] (final assembly)
| factory = [[Changchun]], China
| replaced = [[Comeng (train)|Comeng]] (projected)
| yearconstruction = 2018–present
| yearservice = {{start date|2020|12|27|df=y}}
| refurbishment =
| numberconstruction = 28
| numberbuilt = 42<ref name="vicsig" />
| numberservice = 28
| formation = 7-car sets Tc–DMp–Mp1–DT–Mp2–DMp–Tc
| fleetnumbers = E001–E070<ref name="vicsig">[https://vicsig.net/suburban/train/HCMT High Capacity Metro Trains] Vicsig</ref>
| capacity = 1,380 (gross train capacity){{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} 1,800 (crush)<ref name="config">{{Cite web|url=https://cmsportal.metrotrains.com.au/docnum.aspx?id=A8520|title=WTT NETWORK CONFIGURATION: METRO ROLLING STOCK|website=Metro Trains Document Portal|format=PDF|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>
| operator = [[Metro Trains Melbourne]]
| depots = [[Pakenham East, Victoria|Pakenham East]] Calder Park
| lines = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham]], [[Cranbourne railway line|Cranbourne]]
* [[Sunbury railway line|Sunbury]] (after Metro Tunnel opening)
* [[Melbourne Airport rail link|Airport]] (starts 2029)<ref>{{cite news|title=Melbourne Airport Rail Link construction to start 2022, trains to run to CBD every 10 minutes|newspaper=ABC News |date=21 November 2020 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-21/melbourne-airport-rail-link-trains-to-run-into-cbd-every-10-min/12907286|access-date=23 December 2020|language=en}}</ref>
}}
| carbody =
| trainlength = {{convert|160,196|mm|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| carlength = {{convert|24,648|mm|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}} (Tc) {{convert|22.18|m|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}} (DMp/Mp/DT)
| width = {{convert|3.04|m|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|4186|mm|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| floorheight = {{convert|1.17|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| platformheight =
| entrylevelorstep = Level
| doors = 6 per carriage, 3 per side<ref>{{cite web|title=MelbourneTrains.Net - Learn - HCMT|url=https://sites.google.com/view/melbournetrainsnet/learn/trains/hcmt?authuser=0|access-date=7 June 2020|language=en}}</ref>
| maxspeed = {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|316.9|t|abbr=on}}
| axleload = 1 sanded axle (DMp) 2 sanded axles (Mp)<ref name="config" />
| acceleration =
| deceleration =
| traction = [[Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric|Times Electric]] [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBT]]–[[Variable-frequency drive|VVVF]]<ref name="suppliers">{{Cite web|url=https://transport.vic.gov.au/-/media/tfv-documents/high-capacity-metro-trains/hcmt-project-suppliers-map-with-list.pdf|title=Suppliers on the High Capacity Metro Trains Project|website=[[Department of Transport (Victoria)]]}}</ref>
| traction motors = [[ABB]] [[Three-phase electric power|3-phase AC]] [[induction motor]]<ref name="suppliers" />
| poweroutput =
| transmission =
| aux =
| powersupply =
| hvac =
| electricsystem = {{1,500 V DC}} (nominal) from [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (transport)|Pantograph]]
| uicclass =
| aarwheels =
| bogies =
| brakes =
| safety = Arden-Anzac only: [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Cityflo 650 CBTC|CITYFLO 650]] [[Communications-based train control|CBTC]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barrow|first1=Keith|title=Bombardier to maintain Melbourne Metro Tunnel signalling|url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/australia-nz/bombardier-to-maintain-melbourne-metro-tunnel-signalling/|access-date=2021-11-19|work=[[International Railway Journal]]|date=2018-04-19}}</ref>
| coupling = [[Dellner]]
| multipleworking =
| seating = 502<ref name="config" />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1600mm|lk=on}} broad gauge
}}

The '''High Capacity Metro Train''' ('''HCMT''') is a type of [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train for use by [[Metro Trains Melbourne]] on the [[Melbourne rail network]]. The first train set entered service on 27 December 2020 and will become the primary rolling stock used in the [[Metro Tunnel]] when it opens in 2025. The HCMTs carry around 1,400 passengers in seven carriages, running on Melbourne's {{1,500 V DC}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]] system, and are currently the most advanced trains in the Metro Trains fleet. A consortium of investors and rail companies are constructing the trains in China and Australia via a contract with the [[Victorian Government]], in addition to upgrade works necessary for the operation of the trains.

== History ==
=== Background ===
The previous major procurement of rolling stock for the [[Railways in Melbourne|Melbourne rail network]] occurred in 2002, when franchisees [[M-Train|M>Train]] and [[Connex Melbourne|Connex]] ordered 62 [[Siemens Nexas]] and 58 [[X'Trapolis 100]] trains respectively, as part of their franchise agreements to replace the older [[Hitachi (Australian train)|Hitachi trains]].<ref name="Siemens PR">{{cite web|title=Siemens Transportation Systems wins major contract in Australia|url=http://www.siemens.com/page/1,3771,226112-1-18_0_0-0,00.html|website=Siemens Transportation Systems|publisher=Siemens AG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122043434/http://www.siemens.com/page/1,3771,226112-1-18_0_0-0,00.html|archive-date=22 November 2005|location=Munich|date=1 April 2000}}</ref><ref name="DPC PR 2002">{{cite web|title=X'Trapolis Welcomed To Melbourne's Railways|url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/11f92c2160b6c533ca256c93007bbcaf?OpenDocument|website=Media Release from the Minister for Public Transport|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717164206/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/11f92c2160b6c533ca256c93007bbcaf?OpenDocument|archive-date=17 July 2005|date=18 December 2002}}</ref> However, the Siemens units suffered major braking issues over the following decade, causing their repeated withdrawal from service;<ref name="Age Jan 2010">{{cite news|last1=Sexton|first1=Reid|title=Siemens trains the biggest cause of rail delays|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/siemens-trains-the-biggest-cause-of-rail-delays-20100130-n5jo.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=31 January 2010}}</ref> when the [[Government of Victoria|State Government]] tendered for 18 further six-carriage trains in 2007, it restricted bids to the previous two models ordered and awarded the contract to Alstom.<ref name="DPC PR 2007">{{cite web|title=18 More Trains Ordered For Metropolitan Rail System|url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/7180e6f43c8354ecca2573ba0080658e!OpenDocument|website=Media Release from the Minister for Public Transport|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019174552/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/7180e6f43c8354ecca2573ba0080658e!OpenDocument|archive-date=19 October 2009|date=21 December 2007}}</ref> Several further orders were placed for X'Trapolis trains over the next 10 years.

The Public Transport Development Authority (later branded as [[Public Transport Victoria]]) was created in 2011 by the newly-elected state government of Premier [[Ted Baillieu]] with the intent of, among other things, running major studies into the operation of the metropolitan rail network.<ref name="Age PTV creation">{{cite news|last1=Lucas|first1=Clay|title=Comeback for Kennett-era transport chief|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/comeback-for-kennettera-transport-chief-20110823-1j8hu.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The Age|date=24 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail]] (NDPMR), released publicly in early 2013 in the partial fulfillment of this objective, was designed as a series of concrete proposals for the expansion and consolidation of the rail network over the following 20 years.<ref name="Age NDPMR">{{cite news|last1=Gough|first1=Deborah|title=Major rail projects expected in 20 years|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/major-rail-projects-expected-in-20-years-20130326-2gt8r.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The Age|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> The NDPMR's first stage, intended to be completed before 2016, acknowledged the need for an interim solution of several more X'Trapolis trains to overcome major constraints,{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=7}} as well as recommending the internal reconfiguration of Siemens and [[Comeng (train)|Comeng]] trains to increase capacity,{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=72}} but identified the provision of new rolling stock as critical to the cost-effective use of existing railway infrastructure.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=34}}

Among the deficiencies of existing rolling stock noted by the NDPMR were "multi-purpose" designs intended to strike a balance between [[commuter rail]] and [[rapid transit|metro]] operations, and the failure of existing trains to use the entire length of metropolitan [[railway platform|platforms]].{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=34}} The NDPMR rejected [[Bilevel rail car|double-decker trains]] on the basis that they would increase [[Dwell time (transportation)|dwell time]] at crowded stations, and argued that 220 metre trains, formed by operating the existing three car sets as nine car trains, would require extensive and prohibitively expensive infrastructure works, particularly in the [[City Loop]]. Instead, it recommended the procurement of single-level trains with a fixed number of cars, increased standing room and a length of {{convert|153|m|ft}}, with the capacity for expansion to {{cvt|220|m|ft}} upon the opening of the [[Metro Tunnel]]. The NDPMR envisaged these trains with a maximum capacity of 1,100 and 1,600 passengers respectively.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=35}}

The NDPMR envisaged that these high-capacity trains would completely replace the Comeng fleet by 2032, and be used primarily on the [[Sunshine railway station, Melbourne|Sunshine]]–[[Dandenong railway station|Dandenong]] line created by the Metro Tunnel. Furthermore, it identified the need for the new trains to include [[cab signalling]] to reduce the [[headway]] required between trains, and for the construction of new maintenance facilities at several points on the network.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=137}}

Prior to the [[2014 Victorian election]], then-Premier [[Denis Napthine]] promised an order of 25 of the proposed high-capacity trains if his incumbent [[Liberal-National Coalition]] government was returned for a second term.<ref name="Age Mar 2014">{{cite news|last1=Dowling|first1=Jason|title=Transport boost with 25 new trains for Cranbourne, Pakenham lines|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/transport-boost-with-25-new-trains-for-cranbourne-pakenham-lines-20140306-3492j.html|access-date=7 December 2017|work=The Age|date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

=== Order and design phase ===
In June 2015, the new [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] [[Government of Victoria|Victorian Government]] under Premier [[Daniel Andrews]] announced that expressions of interest would be requested for 37 new trains to be delivered and maintained for the Melbourne rail network.<ref name="Age June 2015">{{cite news|last1=Preiss|first1=Benjamin|title=Andrews government to spend $1.3b on high-capacity trains|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/andrews-government-to-spend-13b-on-highcapacity-trains-20150629-gi0ek0.html|access-date=7 December 2017|work=The Age|date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

In November 2015, three consortia were shortlisted to build and maintain 37 trains:<ref name="RG Nov 2015">{{cite news|title=Three shortlisted for Melbourne's High Capacity Metro Trains contract|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/three-shortlisted-for-melbournes-high-metro-capacity-trains-contract.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=13 November 2015|language=en}}</ref>
* Bombardier: [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Macquarie Group|Macquarie Bank]], [[Itochu]] & Infrared Capital Partners
* Eureka Rail: [[Alstom]], [[MUFG Bank|Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ]] & [[John Laing Group|John Laing]]
* '''Evolution Rail: [[Downer Rail]], [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]] & [[Plenary Group]]'''

In March 2016, the order was increased to 65.<ref name="RG Mar 2016">{{cite news|title=Melbourne high capacity train order increased|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/melbourne-high-capacity-train-order-increased.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=15 March 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2016, the contract was awarded to the Evolution Rail consortium. New depots to maintain the trains will be built in [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham East]] and [[Calder Park, Victoria|Calder Park]].<ref name="VicPrem Sep 2016">{{cite web|title=1,100 Jobs With 65 New Trains Built In Victoria, For Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/1100-jobs-with-65-new-trains-built-in-victoria-for-victoria/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129115013/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/1100-jobs-with-65-new-trains-built-in-victoria-for-victoria/|archive-date=29 November 2017|date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="RG Sep 2016">{{cite news|title=Evolution Rail to supply Melbourne high capacity EMUs|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/evolution-rail-to-supply-melbourne-high-capacity-emus.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=12 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> By September of the following year, a full-scale mock-up of two carriages had been constructed and was presented to Minister for Public Transport [[Jacinta Allan]].<ref name="RG Sep 2017">{{cite news|title=CRRC presents Melbourne EMU mock-up|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/crrc-presents-melbourne-emu-mock-up-1.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=7 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> The mock-up was made available to [[train driver|drivers]], technicians, representatives of the [[Public Transport Users Association]] and passenger groups including the visually impaired and those with physical disabilities. The Evolution Rail consortium noted that this last stage in the design process marked the fulfilment of the project's first major contractual obligation.<ref name="RG Nov 2017">{{cite news|title=High Capacity Metro Train mock-up supports design process|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/high-capacity-metro-train-mock-up-supports-design-process.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=25 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:HCMT-9002-testing-Newport-Jan2020.jpg|thumb|right|HCMT set E002 undergoing testing at {{rwsa|Newport|M}} in January 2020]] In late 2017, the Locomotive Division of the [[Australian Rail Tram and Bus Union (Victorian branch)|Victorian Rail Tram and Bus Union]] lodged proceedings in the [[Federal Court of Australia]] against Metro Trains, claiming that the consortium, government and Metro planned to introduce a lower standard of training for operators of the HCMT. It furthermore refused to support the implementation of the new rolling stock unless all electric train drivers were trained in the operation of the HCMT.<ref name="LL Sep 17">{{cite news|last1=Marotta|first1=Marc|title=Secretary's Report|url=http://www.rtbuvicloco.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/LocoLines-Edition-69-SEP-2017.pdf|access-date=30 November 2017|work=LocoLines|issue=69|publisher=RTBU Victorian Locomotive Division|date=September 2017|pages=3–7}}</ref> Among the union's objections to the project are the necessary changes in work practice and the increased automation of certain processes.<ref name="Age Nov 2017" /> This followed criticism by the [[Australian Workers' Union]] of the decision to award the contract to Evolution Rail instead of Bombardier, the latter of which had an established manufacturing operation in [[Dandenong]].<ref name="HS Aug 2016" /> The government announced the awarding of several subcontracts for the project in December.<ref name="PR Dec 2017">{{cite web|title=Melbourne's Bigger Trains Creating Jobs Boom|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbournes-bigger-trains-creating-jobs-boom/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083407/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbournes-bigger-trains-creating-jobs-boom/|archive-date=13 December 2017|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>

The mockup carriages used for the consultation phase were placed on public display at [[Birrarung Marr]] from 9–17 February 2018. The display concluded during Melbourne's [[White Night festivals|White Night]] event with a light show.<ref name="PR Feb 2018">{{cite web|title=Melbourne, Meet Your New Train|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-meet-your-new-train/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=11 March 2018|date=7 February 2018}}</ref>

By June of that year, manufacturing had commenced, with the first body shells arriving at Newport Workshops from CRRC's facility in China.<ref name="RE Jun 2018">{{cite news |last1=Loneragan |first1=David |title=New high capacity trains being assembled in Melbourne – Rail Express |url=https://www.railexpress.com.au/new-high-capacity-trains-being-assembled-in-melbourne/ |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=Rail Express |date=14 June 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The HCMTs were expected to begin testing in November 2018 and enter passenger service on the [[Cranbourne railway line|Cranbourne]] and [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham]] lines in 2019.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} <ref name="9NewsMelb Aug 2019">{{cite news|title=Twelve month delay for Melbourne's new $2.3 billion high-capacity trains|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/news-melbourne-twelve-month-delay-for-melbourne-s-new-23-billion-high-capacity-trains/56c115c7-c7a8-4b37-8d4d-18c289045a73|work=9News Melbourne|date=9 August 2019|language=en}}</ref> [[File:HCMT Set 3 rises into Heatherdale returning from testing on the Belgrave Line.jpg|thumb|HCMT set E003 rising into {{rwsa|Heatherdale}} returning from testing on the Belgrave line]]

The first revenue service for the HCMT was the 8:31am service from Pakenham on the [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham line]] on 27 December 2020. This was an extra service and regular timetabled services didn't commence until 31 January 2021, when the new [[Public Transport Victoria|PTV]] timetable was introduced.<ref>[https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/the-new-timetable-for-victorias-train-network/ New services and new timetables] Public Transport Victoria</ref>

On 9 May 2022 the Victorian Government announced it was procuring an additional 5 HCMT sets for use on the [[Melbourne Airport rail link]], to bring the total order to 70.<ref>https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/order-for-highcapacity-trains-shows-airport-rail-link-on-track/news-story/c9af65d81b717a8dab8cb08fbee7211c {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref>

== Contract and construction ==
The trains are being delivered as a [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) between the State of Victoria and Evolution Rail Pty Ltd, under the Partnerships Victoria agency. The initial contract specified that the consortium would be responsible for the design, construction and delivery of 65 trains, as well as the construction of a heavy maintenance facility and depot in Pakenham East, the construction of a light maintenance facility in Calder Park, and the provision of two [[train simulator|simulators]] for driver training. It also stated that the consortium would be responsible for the maintenance of the HCMTs throughout their lifetime, as well as the operation and maintenance of the depots and simulators over the same time frame.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=5}}

{{anchor|Evolution Rail}}
Evolution Rail is a [[consortium]] composed of [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]], [[Downer Rail]] and [[Plenary Group]].<ref name="HS Aug 2016">{{cite news|last1=Galloway|first1=Anthony|title=Problems with trains of Chinese company bidding for Victorian contract|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/problems-with-trains-of-chinese-company-bidding-for-victorian-contract/news-story/57bc1a1bec6a3eb960a764a61138103c|access-date=7 December 2017|work=Herald Sun|date=24 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>

CRRC Changchun is leading the development and design for the HCMTs, and is manufacturing the train bodies as a [[joint venture]] with Downer Rail. 60% of construction is "local content" from a Victorian manufacturing [[supply chain]]. Downer leads the delivery and maintenance of the sets, as well as the construction of the new rail yard facilities.<ref name="Plenary fact sheet">{{cite web|title=High Capacity Metro Trains|url=https://plenarygroup.com/assets/downloads/factsheets/plenary-HCMT-factsheet-.pdf|publisher=Plenary Group|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> Frames for [[bogie]]s will be manufactured by Hoffman Engineering in [[Bendigo]].<ref name="BA Nov 2017">{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Adam|title=Hofmann Engineering sheds 15 staff in Bendigo|url=http://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/5064181/hofmann-engineering-sheds-15-staff-in-bendigo/|access-date=20 November 2017|work=Bendigo Advertiser|date=17 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> The Australian arm of [[Times Electric]] is manufacturing the [[traction motor]]s and other electrical systems in [[Morwell, Victoria|Morwell]], and SIGMA Air Conditioning is building the [[heating]] and [[cooling]] systems in [[Derrimut, Victoria|Derrimut]].<ref name="PR Dec 2017" /> Assembly of [[wheelset (rail transport)|wheel sets]] and [[bogie]]s is being performed by Downer at [[Newport Workshops]]. Plenary Group is responsible for the financial management of the project, and the debt is financed by a group of [[Investment banking|investment banks]] led by [[Westpac]].{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=19}}

The contract did not prescribe specific design elements of the HCMTs, but required that the design fulfil a number of objectives, centred on the provision of a "safe and comfortable journey for passengers".{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=6}}

The total value of the PPP is around $2.3 billion.<ref name="Age Nov 2017">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|title=Union signals rough ride for rollout of government's high-capacity trains|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/union-signals-rough-ride-for-rollout-of-governments-highcapacity-trains-20170609-gwo9jm.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=12 June 2017}}</ref>

== Design ==
The HCMT are based on the Type A design used by CRRC Changchun.<ref name="RG Nov 2017" /> The trains will have seven carriages initially, with a total passenger capacity of 1,380.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} However, provision will be made for the trains to be extended to 10 carriages for a capacity of more than 1,970.<ref name="Age May 2017">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|title=2000 people per train: Metro's standing room-only future revealed|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/2000-people-per-train-metros-standing-roomonly-future-revealed-20170528-gwettp.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=29 May 2017}}</ref> An [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] nose cone and retractable cover for the [[Coupler (railroad)|couplers]] at each end of the trains has been designed to reduce the incidence of [[train surfing]] when the HCMTs are in operation.<ref name="9News Aug 2017">{{cite news|last1=Lund|first1=Andrew|title=New high-capacity trains to curb dangerous train surfing in Melbourne|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/2017/08/28/20/53/victoria-introduces-new-metro-trains|access-date=7 December 2017|work=9 News|date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

[[File:HCMT at Carnegie.jpg|thumb|HCMT set E009 at {{rwsa|Carnegie}}|258x258px]]

Approximately 30–40% of passengers will be seated when the train is at full capacity. The standing areas of the train will offer multiple types of straps and handles for the safety of standing passengers, and wide doors for rapid ingress and egress from these areas. As well as 70 [[Passenger information display system|passenger information displays]] (PIDs) in each train, [[Wi-Fi]] connection will be available throughout the passenger areas.<ref name="Broadsheet May 2017">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Steffanie|title=65 New High-Capacity Trains Will be Added to the Melbourne Network|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/melbourne/city-file/standing-only-future-metro-trains|access-date=19 April 2018|work=Broadsheet|date=29 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> The PIDs will show the next station, current time, and the train's location on an adapted rail map. Displays on the front and sides of the train will indicate its destination.<ref name="PTUA mockup">{{cite web|title=Inside Melbourne's new trains|url=https://www.ptua.org.au/2017/10/06/inside-melb-new-trains/|publisher=Public Transport Users Association|access-date=30 November 2017|language=en-AU}}</ref> Twenty-eight wheelchair spaces and wide aisles between seats will enable easy access for passengers with disabilities.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}}<ref name="Age May 2017" />

A number of semi-automated features will be implemented in the HCMT design, including the capacity for low-speed [[Shunting (rail)|shunting]] by remote control and for trains to be started without a driver present. The trains will also automatically estimate the passenger load, and the reading can be accessed remotely.<ref name="Age May 2017" /> Furthermore, the HCMTs will include "stopping aids" to maximize accuracy of the position of train's arrival at platforms.
Drivers will also have the capacity to open individual doors on the trains.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=13}}

{| class="wikitable" summary="HCMT" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background-color:#ccc; width:7em;" |
| colspan="7" | {{TrainDirection|3=HCMT rolling stock configuration<ref name="config" />|1={{stnlnkA|Sunbury|M}}|2={{stnlnkA|Pakenham}} or {{stnlnkA|Cranbourne}}}}
|-style="border-top:solid 4px #{{rcr|Melbourne}};"
! style="width:7em" | Car position
| style="width:6em" | 1
| style="width:6em" | 2
| style="width:6em" | 3
| style="width:6em" | 4
| style="width:6em" | 5
| style="width:6em" | 6
| style="width:6em" | 7
|-style="border-top:solid 4px #{{rcr|Melbourne}};"
! Pantograph
|
| style="text-align:left;" | <
| style="text-align:left;" | <
|
| style="text-align:right;" | >
| style="text-align:right;" | >
|
|-
! Car type
| 90xx (Tc)
| 91xx (DMp)
| 92xx (Mp1)
| 93xx (DT)
| 97xx (Mp2)
| 98xx (DMp)
| 99xx (Tc)
|-
|-
! Main features
| Control cab
| Inter-car door
|
| Inter-car door
|
| Inter-car door
| Control cab
|-
! Sanded axles
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0
|-
! Numbers
| 9001 : 9070
| 9101 : 9170
| 9201 : 9270
| 9301 : 9370
| 9701 : 9770
| 9801 : 9870
| 9901 : 9970
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|title=Network Development Plan – Metropolitan Rail|date=December 2012|publisher=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|url=https://static.ptv.vic.gov.au/siteassets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Metro-rail-network-development-plan/PTV_Network-Development-Plan_Metropolitan-Rail_2016update.pdf|access-date=29 November 2017|ref={{sfnref|NDPMR|2012}}}}
*{{cite book|title=High Capacity Metro Trains Project: Project Summary|date=February 2017|publisher=[[Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources]]|url=http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1433876/HCMT_Project-Summary.pdf|access-date=29 November 2017|ref={{sfnref|DEDJTR|2017}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520012442/http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1433876/HCMT_Project-Summary.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2017}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{VRLocos|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Changchun Railway Vehicles]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Melbourne rail rollingstock]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in Australia]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 2020]]

High Capacity Metro Train

2022-05-23T23:29:33Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{Bare URL inline}} refs to sites where WP:REFLINKS won't get title. See User:BrownHairedGirl/No-reflinks websites

{{short description|Electric trains in use in Melbourne, Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox train
| name = High Capacity Metro Trains
| image = 319A2344.jpg
| caption = HCMT set E008 undergoing testing on the [[Werribee railway line|Werribee line]] at {{rwsa|Seddon}}
| interiorimage = High Capacity Metro Train interior.jpg
| interiorcaption = Interior of HCMT in service, showing PIDs and folding seating
| service = 2020–present
| manufacturer = Evolution Rail ([[Downer Rail]], [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles|CRRC Changchun]] and [[Plenary Group]])
| assembly = [[Newport Workshops]] (final assembly)
| factory = [[Changchun]], China
| replaced = [[Comeng (train)|Comeng]] (projected)
| yearconstruction = 2018–present
| yearservice = {{start date|2020|12|27|df=y}}
| refurbishment =
| numberconstruction = 29
| numberbuilt = 41<ref name="vicsig" />
| numberservice = 26
| formation = 7-car sets Tc–DMp–Mp1–DT–Mp2–DMp–Tc
| fleetnumbers = E001–E070<ref name="vicsig">[https://vicsig.net/suburban/train/HCMT High Capacity Metro Trains] Vicsig</ref>
| capacity = 1,380 (gross train capacity){{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} 1,800 (crush)<ref name="config">{{Cite web|url=https://cmsportal.metrotrains.com.au/docnum.aspx?id=A8520|title=WTT NETWORK CONFIGURATION: METRO ROLLING STOCK|website=Metro Trains Document Portal|format=PDF|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>
| operator = [[Metro Trains Melbourne]]
| depots = [[Pakenham East, Victoria|Pakenham East]] Calder Park
| lines = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham]], [[Cranbourne railway line|Cranbourne]]
* [[Sunbury railway line|Sunbury]] (after Metro Tunnel opening)
* [[Melbourne Airport rail link|Airport]] (starts 2029)<ref>{{cite news|title=Melbourne Airport Rail Link construction to start 2022, trains to run to CBD every 10 minutes|newspaper=ABC News |date=21 November 2020 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-21/melbourne-airport-rail-link-trains-to-run-into-cbd-every-10-min/12907286|access-date=23 December 2020|language=en}}</ref>
}}
| carbody =
| trainlength = {{convert|160,196|mm|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| carlength = {{convert|24,648|mm|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}} (Tc) {{convert|22.18|m|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}} (DMp/Mp/DT)
| width = {{convert|3.04|m|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|4186|mm|ftin|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| floorheight = {{convert|1.17|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| platformheight =
| entrylevelorstep = Level
| doors = 6 per carriage, 3 per side<ref>{{cite web|title=MelbourneTrains.Net - Learn - HCMT|url=https://sites.google.com/view/melbournetrainsnet/learn/trains/hcmt?authuser=0|access-date=7 June 2020|language=en}}</ref>
| maxspeed = {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|316.9|t|abbr=on}}
| axleload = 1 sanded axle (DMp) 2 sanded axles (Mp)<ref name="config" />
| acceleration =
| deceleration =
| traction = [[Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric|Times Electric]] [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBT]]–[[Variable-frequency drive|VVVF]]<ref name="suppliers">{{Cite web|url=https://transport.vic.gov.au/-/media/tfv-documents/high-capacity-metro-trains/hcmt-project-suppliers-map-with-list.pdf|title=Suppliers on the High Capacity Metro Trains Project|website=[[Department of Transport (Victoria)]]}}</ref>
| traction motors = [[ABB]] [[Three-phase electric power|3-phase AC]] [[induction motor]]<ref name="suppliers" />
| poweroutput =
| transmission =
| aux =
| powersupply =
| hvac =
| electricsystem = {{1,500 V DC}} (nominal) from [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (transport)|Pantograph]]
| uicclass =
| aarwheels =
| bogies =
| brakes =
| safety = Arden-Anzac only: [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Cityflo 650 CBTC|CITYFLO 650]] [[Communications-based train control|CBTC]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barrow|first1=Keith|title=Bombardier to maintain Melbourne Metro Tunnel signalling|url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/australia-nz/bombardier-to-maintain-melbourne-metro-tunnel-signalling/|access-date=2021-11-19|work=[[International Railway Journal]]|date=2018-04-19}}</ref>
| coupling = [[Dellner]]
| multipleworking =
| seating = 502<ref name="config" />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1600mm|lk=on}} broad gauge
}}

The '''High Capacity Metro Train''' ('''HCMT''') is a type of [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train for use by [[Metro Trains Melbourne]] on the [[Melbourne rail network]]. The first train set entered service on 27 December 2020 and will become the primary rolling stock used in the [[Metro Tunnel]] when it opens in 2025. The HCMTs carry around 1,400 passengers in seven carriages, running on Melbourne's {{1,500 V DC}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]] system, and are currently the most advanced trains in the Metro Trains fleet. A consortium of investors and rail companies are constructing the trains in China and Australia via a contract with the [[Victorian Government]], in addition to upgrade works necessary for the operation of the trains.

== History ==
=== Background ===
The previous major procurement of rolling stock for the [[Railways in Melbourne|Melbourne rail network]] occurred in 2002, when franchisees [[M-Train|M>Train]] and [[Connex Melbourne|Connex]] ordered 62 [[Siemens Nexas]] and 58 [[X'Trapolis 100]] trains respectively, as part of their franchise agreements to replace the older [[Hitachi (Australian train)|Hitachi trains]].<ref name="Siemens PR">{{cite web|title=Siemens Transportation Systems wins major contract in Australia|url=http://www.siemens.com/page/1,3771,226112-1-18_0_0-0,00.html|website=Siemens Transportation Systems|publisher=Siemens AG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122043434/http://www.siemens.com/page/1,3771,226112-1-18_0_0-0,00.html|archive-date=22 November 2005|location=Munich|date=1 April 2000}}</ref><ref name="DPC PR 2002">{{cite web|title=X'Trapolis Welcomed To Melbourne's Railways|url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/11f92c2160b6c533ca256c93007bbcaf?OpenDocument|website=Media Release from the Minister for Public Transport|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717164206/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/11f92c2160b6c533ca256c93007bbcaf?OpenDocument|archive-date=17 July 2005|date=18 December 2002}}</ref> However, the Siemens units suffered major braking issues over the following decade, causing their repeated withdrawal from service;<ref name="Age Jan 2010">{{cite news|last1=Sexton|first1=Reid|title=Siemens trains the biggest cause of rail delays|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/siemens-trains-the-biggest-cause-of-rail-delays-20100130-n5jo.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=31 January 2010}}</ref> when the [[Government of Victoria|State Government]] tendered for 18 further six-carriage trains in 2007, it restricted bids to the previous two models ordered and awarded the contract to Alstom.<ref name="DPC PR 2007">{{cite web|title=18 More Trains Ordered For Metropolitan Rail System|url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/7180e6f43c8354ecca2573ba0080658e!OpenDocument|website=Media Release from the Minister for Public Transport|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019174552/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/7180e6f43c8354ecca2573ba0080658e!OpenDocument|archive-date=19 October 2009|date=21 December 2007}}</ref> Several further orders were placed for X'Trapolis trains over the next 10 years.

The Public Transport Development Authority (later branded as [[Public Transport Victoria]]) was created in 2011 by the newly-elected state government of Premier [[Ted Baillieu]] with the intent of, among other things, running major studies into the operation of the metropolitan rail network.<ref name="Age PTV creation">{{cite news|last1=Lucas|first1=Clay|title=Comeback for Kennett-era transport chief|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/comeback-for-kennettera-transport-chief-20110823-1j8hu.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The Age|date=24 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail]] (NDPMR), released publicly in early 2013 in the partial fulfillment of this objective, was designed as a series of concrete proposals for the expansion and consolidation of the rail network over the following 20 years.<ref name="Age NDPMR">{{cite news|last1=Gough|first1=Deborah|title=Major rail projects expected in 20 years|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/major-rail-projects-expected-in-20-years-20130326-2gt8r.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The Age|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> The NDPMR's first stage, intended to be completed before 2016, acknowledged the need for an interim solution of several more X'Trapolis trains to overcome major constraints,{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=7}} as well as recommending the internal reconfiguration of Siemens and [[Comeng (train)|Comeng]] trains to increase capacity,{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=72}} but identified the provision of new rolling stock as critical to the cost-effective use of existing railway infrastructure.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=34}}

Among the deficiencies of existing rolling stock noted by the NDPMR were "multi-purpose" designs intended to strike a balance between [[commuter rail]] and [[rapid transit|metro]] operations, and the failure of existing trains to use the entire length of metropolitan [[railway platform|platforms]].{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=34}} The NDPMR rejected [[Bilevel rail car|double-decker trains]] on the basis that they would increase [[Dwell time (transportation)|dwell time]] at crowded stations, and argued that 220 metre trains, formed by operating the existing three car sets as nine car trains, would require extensive and prohibitively expensive infrastructure works, particularly in the [[City Loop]]. Instead, it recommended the procurement of single-level trains with a fixed number of cars, increased standing room and a length of {{convert|153|m|ft}}, with the capacity for expansion to {{cvt|220|m|ft}} upon the opening of the [[Metro Tunnel]]. The NDPMR envisaged these trains with a maximum capacity of 1,100 and 1,600 passengers respectively.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=35}}

The NDPMR envisaged that these high-capacity trains would completely replace the Comeng fleet by 2032, and be used primarily on the [[Sunshine railway station, Melbourne|Sunshine]]–[[Dandenong railway station|Dandenong]] line created by the Metro Tunnel. Furthermore, it identified the need for the new trains to include [[cab signalling]] to reduce the [[headway]] required between trains, and for the construction of new maintenance facilities at several points on the network.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=137}}

Prior to the [[2014 Victorian election]], then-Premier [[Denis Napthine]] promised an order of 25 of the proposed high-capacity trains if his incumbent [[Liberal-National Coalition]] government was returned for a second term.<ref name="Age Mar 2014">{{cite news|last1=Dowling|first1=Jason|title=Transport boost with 25 new trains for Cranbourne, Pakenham lines|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/transport-boost-with-25-new-trains-for-cranbourne-pakenham-lines-20140306-3492j.html|access-date=7 December 2017|work=The Age|date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

=== Order and design phase ===
In June 2015, the new [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] [[Government of Victoria|Victorian Government]] under Premier [[Daniel Andrews]] announced that expressions of interest would be requested for 37 new trains to be delivered and maintained for the Melbourne rail network.<ref name="Age June 2015">{{cite news|last1=Preiss|first1=Benjamin|title=Andrews government to spend $1.3b on high-capacity trains|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/andrews-government-to-spend-13b-on-highcapacity-trains-20150629-gi0ek0.html|access-date=7 December 2017|work=The Age|date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

In November 2015, three consortia were shortlisted to build and maintain 37 trains:<ref name="RG Nov 2015">{{cite news|title=Three shortlisted for Melbourne's High Capacity Metro Trains contract|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/three-shortlisted-for-melbournes-high-metro-capacity-trains-contract.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=13 November 2015|language=en}}</ref>
* Bombardier: [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Macquarie Group|Macquarie Bank]], [[Itochu]] & Infrared Capital Partners
* Eureka Rail: [[Alstom]], [[MUFG Bank|Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ]] & [[John Laing Group|John Laing]]
* '''Evolution Rail: [[Downer Rail]], [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]] & [[Plenary Group]]'''

In March 2016, the order was increased to 65.<ref name="RG Mar 2016">{{cite news|title=Melbourne high capacity train order increased|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/melbourne-high-capacity-train-order-increased.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=15 March 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2016, the contract was awarded to the Evolution Rail consortium. New depots to maintain the trains will be built in [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham East]] and [[Calder Park, Victoria|Calder Park]].<ref name="VicPrem Sep 2016">{{cite web|title=1,100 Jobs With 65 New Trains Built In Victoria, For Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/1100-jobs-with-65-new-trains-built-in-victoria-for-victoria/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129115013/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/1100-jobs-with-65-new-trains-built-in-victoria-for-victoria/|archive-date=29 November 2017|date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="RG Sep 2016">{{cite news|title=Evolution Rail to supply Melbourne high capacity EMUs|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/evolution-rail-to-supply-melbourne-high-capacity-emus.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=12 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> By September of the following year, a full-scale mock-up of two carriages had been constructed and was presented to Minister for Public Transport [[Jacinta Allan]].<ref name="RG Sep 2017">{{cite news|title=CRRC presents Melbourne EMU mock-up|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/crrc-presents-melbourne-emu-mock-up-1.html|access-date=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=7 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> The mock-up was made available to [[train driver|drivers]], technicians, representatives of the [[Public Transport Users Association]] and passenger groups including the visually impaired and those with physical disabilities. The Evolution Rail consortium noted that this last stage in the design process marked the fulfilment of the project's first major contractual obligation.<ref name="RG Nov 2017">{{cite news|title=High Capacity Metro Train mock-up supports design process|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/high-capacity-metro-train-mock-up-supports-design-process.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette International|date=25 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:HCMT-9002-testing-Newport-Jan2020.jpg|thumb|right|HCMT set E002 undergoing testing at {{rwsa|Newport|M}} in January 2020]] In late 2017, the Locomotive Division of the [[Australian Rail Tram and Bus Union (Victorian branch)|Victorian Rail Tram and Bus Union]] lodged proceedings in the [[Federal Court of Australia]] against Metro Trains, claiming that the consortium, government and Metro planned to introduce a lower standard of training for operators of the HCMT. It furthermore refused to support the implementation of the new rolling stock unless all electric train drivers were trained in the operation of the HCMT.<ref name="LL Sep 17">{{cite news|last1=Marotta|first1=Marc|title=Secretary's Report|url=http://www.rtbuvicloco.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/LocoLines-Edition-69-SEP-2017.pdf|access-date=30 November 2017|work=LocoLines|issue=69|publisher=RTBU Victorian Locomotive Division|date=September 2017|pages=3–7}}</ref> Among the union's objections to the project are the necessary changes in work practice and the increased automation of certain processes.<ref name="Age Nov 2017" /> This followed criticism by the [[Australian Workers' Union]] of the decision to award the contract to Evolution Rail instead of Bombardier, the latter of which had an established manufacturing operation in [[Dandenong]].<ref name="HS Aug 2016" /> The government announced the awarding of several subcontracts for the project in December.<ref name="PR Dec 2017">{{cite web|title=Melbourne's Bigger Trains Creating Jobs Boom|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbournes-bigger-trains-creating-jobs-boom/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083407/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbournes-bigger-trains-creating-jobs-boom/|archive-date=13 December 2017|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>

The mockup carriages used for the consultation phase were placed on public display at [[Birrarung Marr]] from 9–17 February 2018. The display concluded during Melbourne's [[White Night festivals|White Night]] event with a light show.<ref name="PR Feb 2018">{{cite web|title=Melbourne, Meet Your New Train|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-meet-your-new-train/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=11 March 2018|date=7 February 2018}}</ref>

By June of that year, manufacturing had commenced, with the first body shells arriving at Newport Workshops from CRRC's facility in China.<ref name="RE Jun 2018">{{cite news |last1=Loneragan |first1=David |title=New high capacity trains being assembled in Melbourne – Rail Express |url=https://www.railexpress.com.au/new-high-capacity-trains-being-assembled-in-melbourne/ |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=Rail Express |date=14 June 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The HCMTs were expected to begin testing in November 2018 and enter passenger service on the [[Cranbourne railway line|Cranbourne]] and [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham]] lines in 2019.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} <ref name="9NewsMelb Aug 2019">{{cite news|title=Twelve month delay for Melbourne's new $2.3 billion high-capacity trains|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/news-melbourne-twelve-month-delay-for-melbourne-s-new-23-billion-high-capacity-trains/56c115c7-c7a8-4b37-8d4d-18c289045a73|work=9News Melbourne|date=9 August 2019|language=en}}</ref> [[File:HCMT Set 3 rises into Heatherdale returning from testing on the Belgrave Line.jpg|thumb|HCMT set E003 rising into {{rwsa|Heatherdale}} returning from testing on the Belgrave line]]

The first revenue service for the HCMT was the 8:31am service from Pakenham on the [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham line]] on 27 December 2020. This was an extra service and regular timetabled services didn't commence until 31 January 2021, when the new [[Public Transport Victoria|PTV]] timetable was introduced.<ref>[https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/more/the-new-timetable-for-victorias-train-network/ New services and new timetables] Public Transport Victoria</ref>

On 9 May 2022 the Victorian Government announced it was procuring an additional 5 HCMT sets for use on the [[Melbourne Airport rail link]], to bring the total order to 70.<ref>https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/order-for-highcapacity-trains-shows-airport-rail-link-on-track/news-story/c9af65d81b717a8dab8cb08fbee7211c {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref>

== Contract and construction ==
The trains are being delivered as a [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) between the State of Victoria and Evolution Rail Pty Ltd, under the Partnerships Victoria agency. The initial contract specified that the consortium would be responsible for the design, construction and delivery of 65 trains, as well as the construction of a heavy maintenance facility and depot in Pakenham East, the construction of a light maintenance facility in Calder Park, and the provision of two [[train simulator|simulators]] for driver training. It also stated that the consortium would be responsible for the maintenance of the HCMTs throughout their lifetime, as well as the operation and maintenance of the depots and simulators over the same time frame.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=5}}

{{anchor|Evolution Rail}}
Evolution Rail is a [[consortium]] composed of [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]], [[Downer Rail]] and [[Plenary Group]].<ref name="HS Aug 2016">{{cite news|last1=Galloway|first1=Anthony|title=Problems with trains of Chinese company bidding for Victorian contract|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/problems-with-trains-of-chinese-company-bidding-for-victorian-contract/news-story/57bc1a1bec6a3eb960a764a61138103c|access-date=7 December 2017|work=Herald Sun|date=24 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>

CRRC Changchun is leading the development and design for the HCMTs, and is manufacturing the train bodies as a [[joint venture]] with Downer Rail. 60% of construction is "local content" from a Victorian manufacturing [[supply chain]]. Downer leads the delivery and maintenance of the sets, as well as the construction of the new rail yard facilities.<ref name="Plenary fact sheet">{{cite web|title=High Capacity Metro Trains|url=https://plenarygroup.com/assets/downloads/factsheets/plenary-HCMT-factsheet-.pdf|publisher=Plenary Group|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> Frames for [[bogie]]s will be manufactured by Hoffman Engineering in [[Bendigo]].<ref name="BA Nov 2017">{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Adam|title=Hofmann Engineering sheds 15 staff in Bendigo|url=http://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/5064181/hofmann-engineering-sheds-15-staff-in-bendigo/|access-date=20 November 2017|work=Bendigo Advertiser|date=17 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> The Australian arm of [[Times Electric]] is manufacturing the [[traction motor]]s and other electrical systems in [[Morwell, Victoria|Morwell]], and SIGMA Air Conditioning is building the [[heating]] and [[cooling]] systems in [[Derrimut, Victoria|Derrimut]].<ref name="PR Dec 2017" /> Assembly of [[wheelset (rail transport)|wheel sets]] and [[bogie]]s is being performed by Downer at [[Newport Workshops]]. Plenary Group is responsible for the financial management of the project, and the debt is financed by a group of [[Investment banking|investment banks]] led by [[Westpac]].{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=19}}

The contract did not prescribe specific design elements of the HCMTs, but required that the design fulfil a number of objectives, centred on the provision of a "safe and comfortable journey for passengers".{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=6}}

The total value of the PPP is around $2.3 billion.<ref name="Age Nov 2017">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|title=Union signals rough ride for rollout of government's high-capacity trains|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/union-signals-rough-ride-for-rollout-of-governments-highcapacity-trains-20170609-gwo9jm.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=12 June 2017}}</ref>

== Design ==
The HCMT are based on the Type A design used by CRRC Changchun.<ref name="RG Nov 2017" /> The trains will have seven carriages initially, with a total passenger capacity of 1,380.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} However, provision will be made for the trains to be extended to 10 carriages for a capacity of more than 1,970.<ref name="Age May 2017">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|title=2000 people per train: Metro's standing room-only future revealed|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/2000-people-per-train-metros-standing-roomonly-future-revealed-20170528-gwettp.html|access-date=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=29 May 2017}}</ref> An [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] nose cone and retractable cover for the [[Coupler (railroad)|couplers]] at each end of the trains has been designed to reduce the incidence of [[train surfing]] when the HCMTs are in operation.<ref name="9News Aug 2017">{{cite news|last1=Lund|first1=Andrew|title=New high-capacity trains to curb dangerous train surfing in Melbourne|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/2017/08/28/20/53/victoria-introduces-new-metro-trains|access-date=7 December 2017|work=9 News|date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

[[File:HCMT at Carnegie.jpg|thumb|HCMT set E009 at {{rwsa|Carnegie}}|258x258px]]

Approximately 30–40% of passengers will be seated when the train is at full capacity. The standing areas of the train will offer multiple types of straps and handles for the safety of standing passengers, and wide doors for rapid ingress and egress from these areas. As well as 70 [[Passenger information display system|passenger information displays]] (PIDs) in each train, [[Wi-Fi]] connection will be available throughout the passenger areas.<ref name="Broadsheet May 2017">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Steffanie|title=65 New High-Capacity Trains Will be Added to the Melbourne Network|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/melbourne/city-file/standing-only-future-metro-trains|access-date=19 April 2018|work=Broadsheet|date=29 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> The PIDs will show the next station, current time, and the train's location on an adapted rail map. Displays on the front and sides of the train will indicate its destination.<ref name="PTUA mockup">{{cite web|title=Inside Melbourne's new trains|url=https://www.ptua.org.au/2017/10/06/inside-melb-new-trains/|publisher=Public Transport Users Association|access-date=30 November 2017|language=en-AU}}</ref> Twenty-eight wheelchair spaces and wide aisles between seats will enable easy access for passengers with disabilities.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}}<ref name="Age May 2017" />

A number of semi-automated features will be implemented in the HCMT design, including the capacity for low-speed [[Shunting (rail)|shunting]] by remote control and for trains to be started without a driver present. The trains will also automatically estimate the passenger load, and the reading can be accessed remotely.<ref name="Age May 2017" /> Furthermore, the HCMTs will include "stopping aids" to maximize accuracy of the position of train's arrival at platforms.
Drivers will also have the capacity to open individual doors on the trains.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=13}}
 

{| class="wikitable" summary="HCMT" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background-color:#ccc; width:7em;" |
| colspan="7" | {{TrainDirection|3=HCMT rolling stock configuration<ref name="config" />|1={{stnlnkA|Sunbury|M}}|2={{stnlnkA|Pakenham}} or {{stnlnkA|Cranbourne}}}}
|-style="border-top:solid 4px #{{rcr|Melbourne}};"
! style="width:7em" | Car position
| style="width:6em" | 1
| style="width:6em" | 2
| style="width:6em" | 3
| style="width:6em" | 4
| style="width:6em" | 5
| style="width:6em" | 6
| style="width:6em" | 7
|-style="border-top:solid 4px #{{rcr|Melbourne}};"
! Pantograph
|
| style="text-align:left;" | <
| style="text-align:left;" | <
|
| style="text-align:right;" | >
| style="text-align:right;" | >
|
|-
! Car type
| 90xx (Tc)
| 91xx (DMp)
| 92xx (Mp1)
| 93xx (DT)
| 97xx (Mp2)
| 98xx (DMp)
| 99xx (Tc)
|-
|-
! Main features
| Control cab
| Inter-car door
|
| Inter-car door
|
| Inter-car door
| Control cab
|-
! Sanded axles
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0
|-
! Numbers
| 9001 : 9070
| 9101 : 9170
| 9201 : 9270
| 9301 : 9370
| 9701 : 9770
| 9801 : 9870
| 9901 : 9970
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|title=Network Development Plan – Metropolitan Rail|date=December 2012|publisher=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|url=https://static.ptv.vic.gov.au/siteassets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Metro-rail-network-development-plan/PTV_Network-Development-Plan_Metropolitan-Rail_2016update.pdf|access-date=29 November 2017|ref={{sfnref|NDPMR|2012}}}}
*{{cite book|title=High Capacity Metro Trains Project: Project Summary|date=February 2017|publisher=[[Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources]]|url=http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1433876/HCMT_Project-Summary.pdf|access-date=29 November 2017|ref={{sfnref|DEDJTR|2017}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520012442/http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1433876/HCMT_Project-Summary.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2017}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{VRLocos|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Changchun Railway Vehicles]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Melbourne rail rollingstock]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in Australia]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 2020]]

Weruche Opia

2022-04-24T11:43:47Z

BrownHairedGirl: add {{Use dmy dates}} for 21st-century British ppl by occupation per https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=21950906

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Weruche Opia
| image = Weruche Opia.jpg
| caption = Opia in 2017
| birth_name = Reanne Weruche Opia
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|4|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nigeria]]
| alma_mater = [[University of the West of England, Bristol]]
| occupation = Actress and entrepreneur
}}
'''Reanne Weruche Opia''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ə|ˈ|r|uː|tʃ|eɪ|_|ˈ|oʊ|p|i|ə}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnb5GMNYMfw|title=Weruche Opia On 'I May Destroy You', Sexual Consent And Her Dream Role|work=Elle UK|date=13 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> (born 11 April 1987) is a [[Nigerian]] film and stage actress and entrepreneur. She currently serves as CEO of her clothing line, Jesus Junkie Clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yhponline.com/2009/10/05/yhp-interviews-young-entrepreneur-and-ceo-of-jesus-junkie-reanne-weruche-opia/|title=YHP Interviews Young Entrepreneur and CEO of Jesus Junkie, Reanne Weruche Opia.|publisher=Your Hidden Potential|date=5 October 2009|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born in Nigeria, Opia migrated to Britain at the age of 13. Her father is an author and professor of [[social science]]s and her mother is a veteran Nigerian broadcaster and television host, [[Ruth Benamaisia-Opia|Ruth Benamaisia Opia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Akbar|first=Arifa|date=2020-12-06|title=Weruche Opia: 'I told my team I didn't want the sassy rude girl roles any more'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/06/weruche-opia-i-may-destroy-you-faces-of-2020|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2020|title=Weruche Opia is the next Nigerian actress you should be stanning|work=YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/weruche-opia-is-the-next-nigerian-actress-you-should-be-stanning/|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> Opia holds a degree in drama and [[sociology]] from the [[University of the West of England, Bristol]].<ref name=":0" />

Best known for starring as Cleopatra Ofoedo in the TV series ''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/bad_education/interview/bad_education_girls/|title=Bad Education's girls interview|date=15 September 2014|publisher=British Comedy Guide|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> Weruche was nominated in 2015 in the "Nollywood Actress of the Year" category at the [[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]. In 2018, Opia starred alongside [[Steve Pemberton]] and [[Reece Shearsmith]] in the sixth and final episode of series 4 of ''[[Inside No. 9]]'' titled "Tempting Fate". Opia starred as Terry Pratchard in BBC series ''[[I May Destroy You]]'', which first aired in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.afrinolly.com/celebs/d/851|title=Weruche Opia|work=Afrinolly|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2016}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Film
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! style="width:40px;"| Year
! style="width:250px;"| Film
! style="width:150px;"| Role
! style="width:300px;"| Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Bill]]''
| Selina Moris
| TV series
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Top Boy]]''
| Nafisa
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]''
| Cleopatra Ofoedo
| Series 3
|-
|''[[When Love Happens]]''
| Mo
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|''[[Banana (TV series)]]''
| Lilia
| featured in 1 episode
|-
|''[[The Bad Education Movie]]''
| Cleopatra Ofoedo
|
|-
|''Hot Pepper''
| Toya
| featured in 1 episode
|-
|''Suspects''
| Mae Roberts
| featured in 2 episodes
|-
|''Prey'' (IV)
| Ebele
|
|-
| 2016

| ''[[When Love Happens Again]]''
| Mo
| 2016
''[[An African Tale D'ere']]
| Staring

|-
|
| ''[[Thereafter]]''
| June
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Just a couple|Just a Couple]]
| Melissa
| TV series
|-
| 2018
|''[[Inside No. 9]]''
| Maz
| Episode "Tempting Fate"
|-
| 2019
|''[[Sliced (TV series)|Sliced]]''
| Naomi
| TV series featured in all 3 episodes
|-
|2020
|''[[I May Destroy You]]''
| Terry
| TV Series
|-
|TBA
|''[[High Desert (TV series)|High Desert]]''
| Carol
| TV Series
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Prize
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|[[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Actress of The Year (Nollywood)
|rowspan="2"|''[[...When Love Happens]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/news/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-2015/|title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees|publisher=OkayAfrica|last=Oneill|first=Danielle|date=15 July 2015|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards|3rd Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Comedy
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html|title=AMVCA 2015 Nominees Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|date=11 December 2014|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021
|[[36th Independent Spirit Awards]]
|Best Ensemble Cast in a New Scripted Series (shared with cast)
| rowspan=2 | ''[[I May Destroy You]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warren |first1=Matt |title=2021 Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations Announced! |url=https://www.filmindependent.org/blog/2021-film-independent-spirit-award-nominations-announced/ |website=Film Independent |access-date=6 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 British Academy Television Awards|British Academy Television Awards]]
| [[British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2020/television?|title=Television - 2020|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA)|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm4030255|Weruche Opia}}

{{Black Reel Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress, TV Movie or Limited Series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Opia, Weruche}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century British actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]]
[[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]]
[[Category:British businesspeople]]
[[Category:Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Benutzer:Spidermanstein/Sami Al-Arian

2022-02-23T20:51:36Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{Bare URL inline}} refs to sites where WP:REFLINKS won't get title. See User:BrownHairedGirl/No-reflinks websites

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sami Al-Arian
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1958|1|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kuwait]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| cause =
| alias =
| motive =
| charge =
| conviction =
| employer = [[University of South Florida]]
| alma_mater = [[Southern Illinois University Carbondale|Southern Illinois University]] [[North Carolina State University]]
| occupation = Professor of [[computer engineering]]
| spouse = Nahla Al-Najjar
| parents = Amin; Laila
| children = Abdullah [[Laila Al-Arian|Laila]] Leena Ali Lama}}

'''Sami Amin Al-Arian''' ({{lang-ar|سامي أمين العريان}}; born January 14, 1958) is a Kuwaiti born [[Islamism|Islamist]] and [[Politics|political]] [[activist]] of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] origin who was a [[computer engineering]] professor at [[University of South Florida]]. During the [[Clinton administration]] and [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], he was invited to the [[White House]]. He actively campaigned for the [[George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000|Bush presidential campaign]] in the [[United States]] [[2000 United States presidential election|presidential election in 2000]].

After a contentious interview with [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] on ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' following the [[September 11 attacks]], Al-Arian's tenure at [[University of South Florida]] came under public scrutiny.

He was indicted in February 2003 on 17 counts under the [[Patriot Act]]. A [[jury]] acquitted him on 8 counts and deadlocked on the remaining 9 counts. He later struck a plea bargain and admitted to one of the remaining charges in exchange for being released and deported by April 2007. However, as his release date approached, a federal prosecutor in Virginia demanded he testify before a grand jury in a separate case, which he refused to do, claiming it would violate his plea deal. He was held under [[house arrest]] in [[Northern Virginia]] from 2008 until 2014 when federal prosecutors filed a motion to dismiss charges against him.<ref>Josh Gerstein, [http://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/sami-al-arian-prosecution-108404.html#ixzz35uX4KECf Feds drop Sami Al-Arian prosecution], [[Politico.com]], June 27, 2014.</ref>

Al-Arian's activities and connections became a factor in multiple political campaigns, including the [[2004 United States Senate election in Florida]] and the [[2010 United States Senate election in California|2010 United States Senate election in California]].<ref>https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2004/09/22/martinez-going-after-castor-on-al-arian-issue/</ref><ref>https://www.politico.com/story/2010/02/al-arian-roils-calif-senate-race-033541 {{Bare URL inline|date=February 2022}}</ref>

He was deported to [[Turkey]] on February 4, 2015.<ref>Jodie Tillman, [http://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/sami-al-arian-leaves-us-and-goes-to-turkey/2216534 Ex-USF professor Sami al-Arian deported to Turkey], [[Tampabay.com]], February 5, 2015.</ref>

==Early life and education==
===Kuwait and Egypt===
Al-Arian was born on January 14, 1958 in [[Kuwait]]. His parents, Amin and Laila Al-Arian, were [[Palestinian refugees]] after the creation of [[Israel]] in 1948.<ref name="war">{{cite news |title=Arab-Americans' feelings mixed on postwar hoopla |first=Ellen |last=Debenport |newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] |date= March 10, 1991 }}</ref><ref name="rep1">{{cite news | first = Bill | last = Varian | title = Al-Arian's rise in U.S. began in academics | date = February 21, 2003 | url = http://www.sptimes.com/2003/02/21/TampaBay/Al_Arian_s_rise_in_US.shtml | work = Tampa Bay Times | accessdate = October 20, 2012}}</ref> After the [[1948 Palestine war]], Amin had to leave behind the family soap factory in [[Jaffa]] and flee towards the [[Palestine refugee camps#Gaza Strip|Gaza Strip's refugee camps]].<ref name='post1'/> Amin's family migrated to Kuwait in 1957 where Sami Al-Arian was born.<ref name='post1'/> Under Kuwaiti law, his parents had legal resident status but he was not eligible for citizenship.<ref name="usflib">{{cite web | url = http://www.lib.usf.edu/aeon/eads/index.html?eadrequest=true&ead_id=U29-00074-A06 | title = Guide to the Sami Al-Arian Collection, 1986–2007 | last = Camp | first = Paul | publisher= [[University of South Florida]] Libraries – Special & Digital Collections | accessdate = October 21, 2012}}</ref> In 1966, his family was expelled from [[Kuwait]] after refusing to become informants for Kuwaiti intelligence.<ref name="rep1"/> He received his primary and secondary education at [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].<ref name="usflib"/><ref name="book1"/> During the early 1970s, Sami learned English from American TV shows, including ''[[Kojak]]'', ''[[Starsky and Hutch]]'', ''[[Baretta]]'', and [[The Fugitive (1963 TV series)|''The Fugitive'']].<ref name='post1'/> He left Egypt in 1975, and returned in 1979 for a visit when he married Nahla Al-Najjar.<ref name="usflib"/>

===United States===
Amin Al-Arian used all of his life savings to send Sami to America for an education.<ref name='post1'/> In 1975, Al-Arian came to the United States to study engineering at [[Southern Illinois University Carbondale|Southern Illinois University]].<ref name="events"/> In 1978, he graduated with a major in Electrical Sciences and Systems Engineering.<ref name="harvard1">{{cite web | url = http://www.pluralism.org/reports/view/97 | title = The Strange Trial of Dr. Sami Al-Arian: Controversies around Secret Evidence, Academic Freedom, and Free Speech | accessdate = October 21, 2012 | year = 2005 | website = The Pluralism Project |archive-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603022134/http://pluralism.org/reports/view/97 | publisher = Harvard University}}</ref> At [[North Carolina State University]], he earned his master's degree in 1980 and [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] in 1985.<ref name="usflib"/><ref name="harvard1"/> He worked with Professor Dharma P. Agrawal on physical failures and fault models of CMOS circuits.<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1086138/references#references Physical failures and fault models of CMOS circuits, S. Al-Arian; D. Agrawal, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems ( Volume: 34, Issue: 3, Mar 1987)]</ref>

==Tenured at University of South Florida==
He moved to [[Temple Terrace]] after he was hired as an assistant professor to teach computer engineering at [[University of South Florida]] (USF) on January 22, 1986.<ref name="usflib"/><ref name="book1"/><ref name="stp">{{cite news | first = Meg | last = Laughlin | title = Al-Arian | date = June 30, 2007 | url = http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/30/Hillsborough/Al_Arian_s_wife_bids_.shtml | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] | accessdate = October 21, 2012 | archive-date = January 24, 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120124022420/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/30/Hillsborough/Al_Arian_s_wife_bids_.shtml }}</ref> He was granted [[Permanent residence (United States)|permanent resident]] status for United States in March 1989.<ref name=BostonGlobe2005-12-07>{{cite news| url = https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/12/07/fla_ex_professor_cleared_of_some_terror_charges/| title = Fla. ex-professor cleared of some terror charges| newspaper = The Boston Globe| author = Mitch Stacy| date = December 7, 2005| archive-date = October 25, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102902/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/12/07/fla_ex_professor_cleared_of_some_terror_charges/| url-status = live | quote = The case against Sami al-Arian, 47, had been seen as one of the biggest courtroom tests yet of the Patriot Act's expanded search-and-surveillance powers.}}</ref> He was promoted from an assistant professor to an associate professor with tenure.<ref name="usflib"/> He received many accolades relating to teaching including the Jerome Krivanek Distinguished Teacher Award in 1993 and a salary raise based on merit grades via the Teaching Incentive Program in 1994.<ref name="usflib"/>

==Activism==
===Community involvement and WISE===
He was very involved in the local community. He served as an [[imam]] for a local mosque and as a charter officer for the local religious school.<ref name='post1'/><ref name="usflib"/> In 1992, he hosted a local cable-access show — ''Peace be upon you''.<ref name='post1'/>

He rose to national prominence for his pursuit of civil rights of Muslim-Americans and raising awareness of the Palestinian plight. Al-Arian criticized the peace process led by [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] president [[Yasser Arafat]] and advocated support for the Palestinian uprisings against [[Israel]]i occupation during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="rep5">{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = USF professor's address canceled after threat | date = May 3, 1996 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref><ref name="rep6">{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = Accused of being suspicious | date = May 7, 2000 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> On October 20, 1988, Al-Arian established the Islamic Concern Project, which included a committee devoted to raising charity for Palestine.<ref name="events">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3wowAAAAIBAJ&pg=4792,8100841&dq=sami+al-arian&hl=en|title=Events in the Sami Al-Arian Investigation|date=December 21, 2003ev|work=Lakeland Ledger|accessdate=March 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = University Seeks to Fire Scholar For Reputed Link to Terrorism
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/22/us/university-seeks-to-fire-scholar-for-reputed-link-to-terrorism.html |newspaper = [[New York Times]] |date= August 22, 2002|accessdate=October 21, 2012 | archive-date = May 2, 2014 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005927/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/22/us/university-seeks-to-fire-scholar-for-reputed-link-to-terrorism.html }}</ref> In 1990–91, his continued involvement in promoting dialogue between the West and Middle East<ref>{{cite news | first = Jonathan | last = Kaufman | title = In the war of words, a Palestinian professor tests limits of liberty | date = October 1, 2001 | work = Wall Street Journal }}</ref> led to the creation of World and Islam Studies Enterprise (WISE), which served as a [[think tank]] that promoted public policy initiatives.<ref name="usflib"/><ref name="events"/> WISE and University of South Florida formally agreed to cooperate on March 11, 1992.<ref name="usflib"/><ref name="Laughlin-plea">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/23/Hillsborough/In_his_plea_deal__wha.shtml |title=In his plea deal, what did Sami Al-Arian admit to? |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |author=Meg Laughlin |date=April 23, 2006 |archive-date=October 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016060604/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/23/Hillsborough/In_his_plea_deal__wha.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bio">{{cite news| url = http://www.freesamialarian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=5| title = Biography: Who is Dr. Sami Al-Arian?| publisher = [[FreeSamiAlArian.com]]| archive-date = February 22, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222125530/http://www.freesamialarian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=5| url-status = live}}</ref> WISE published journals, supported graduate student education, and held seminars between American and Middle Eastern scholars.<ref name="r0395">{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = Federal agents investigate ex-USF teacher | date = November 3, 1995 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref>

===Emerson film and investigation===
[[Steven Emerson|Steve Emerson]] published a controversial film in November 1994 that accused WISE as a terrorist front organization which Al-Arian vehemently denied.<ref>{{cite news | first = Marty | last = Rosen | title = Anger rises in media debate | date = January 11, 1996 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> In May 1995, Michael Fechter of the ''[[Tampa Tribune]]'' expanded on Emerson's film. Fechter's articles were criticized by fellow journalists for instigating bigotry through reckless journalism.<ref name="r0395"/><ref>{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = E-mail tells little of ex-professor | date = November 9, 1995 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> Sami Al-Arian's daughter, [[Laila Al-Arian]], lambasted Emerson and the Tribune for publishing photographs of their home, school, and family car.<ref name="r0196">{{cite news | first = Marty | last = Rosen | title = USF-Muslim stories draw fiery debate | date = January 11, 1996 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> In November 1995, federal agents investigating "violations of perjury and immigration laws" searched Sami Al-Arian's home for six hours to seize bank statements dating as far back as 1986, airline passes, telephone bills, AAA travel maps, family videotapes, audiotapes, and computer disks.<ref name="events"/><ref name="search">{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = Professor's home, office searched | date = November 21, 1995 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> A three-month independent inquiry was led by prominent Tampa lawyer and former USF President William Reece Smith that involved hundreds of documents and 59 interviews.<ref name="report"/> The investigation reported in May 1996 that there was "no evidence" to support the allegation that Al-Arian or WISE supported terrorism.<ref name="report"/> The report went on to conclude that University of South Florida officials acted appropriately in collaborating with WISE.<ref name="report"/> The 99-page report was lauded by USF President [[Betty Castor]] for its "comprehensive, thoughtful, and detailed analysis".<ref name="report">{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = USF ties to Islamic group cleared | date = May 30, 1996 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> In June 1996, Florida universities Chancellor Charles Reed also said their investigation found no links between WISE and terror organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=USF Program Probed for Arab Terrorist Link |first= Jack |last= Wheat |newspaper= Miami Herald |date= June 2, 1995 }}</ref>

In May 1996, [[Villanova University]] canceled a seminar that involved many speakers including Al-Arian after the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) complained about the possibility of riots.<ref name="rep5"/> The [[Middle East Studies Association of North America]] (MESA), the United States's largest association of Middle East scholars, approved a resolution that rebuked ADL for "creating an atmosphere of intimidation that resulted in the cancellation of an academic event".<ref>{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = Jewish group rebuked for 'silencing' USF scholar | date = November 28, 1996 | work = [[St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> USF placed Al-Arian on paid [[administrative leave]] in May 1996 pending the outcome of a federal investigation which had an indefinite time frame.<ref name="events"/> Students complained in August 1997 after a graduation requirement course taught by Al-Arian was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = USF teacher in legal limbo, not class | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> After consultation with authorities who brought no charges after a three-year federal investigation,<ref>{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = USF consults investigators in plan to reinstate Al-Arian | date = March 14, 1998 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> USF decided to reinstate him in August 1998.<ref>{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = Professor back at USF after suspension | date = August 26, 1998 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref>

===Citizenship===
He applied for U.S. citizenship in January 1994. Although he was informed that he passed all of the requirements to obtain citizenship in September 1994, he was neither granted nor denied citizenship. Federal law requires notification within 120 days after the citizenship examination. In October 1995, he filed suit for a judge to award him citizenship directly.<ref name="citizen">{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = Professor sues over citizenship delay | date = October 25, 1995 | work =[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> His petition for citizenship was denied in March 1996 under the pretense of unlawfully voting in a 1994 [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]] local election.<ref name="citizen 2">{{cite news | first = James | last = Harper | title = Affidavits link USF professor, terrorists | date = April 19, 1996 | work = [[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = John | last = Sugg | title = Jailed Palestinian Professor Sami Al-Arian to Be Deported After Prosecutors Fail to Convict Him on a Single Charge | date = April 17, 2006 | url = http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/17/jailed_palestinian_professor_sami_al_arian | work = Democracy Now | accessdate = October 21, 2012}}</ref> But a state investigation discovered no discrepancies and vindicated him because voter registration deputies gave Al-Arian the voter registration card via mail to vote in the 1994 local election.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}{{clarify|reason=So what happened in the end? Was he ever granted citizenship?|date=October 2016}}

===Mazen Al-Najjar===
Sami Al-Arian's brother-in-law Mazen Al-Najjar was jailed for nearly five years, accused of having links to Palestinian terrorists.<ref name="tampabay.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/sami-al-arian-leaves-us-and-goes-to-turkey/2216534 |title = Ex-USF professor Sami al-Arian deported to Turkey|date = February 5, 2015}}</ref> In May 1997, Al-Najjar was incarcerated in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], Florida without charge and was held in jail indefinitely on the basis of secret evidence.<ref name="rep6"/><ref>{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = Grand jury subpoenas Chicago Muslim | date = February 6, 1998 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> Although Judge McHugh found Al-Najjar to be a respected member of a community, McHugh denied bail on the basis of secret evidence in May 1997.<ref name="rep6"/> In May 2000, U.S. district judge John A. Leonard ordered a rehearing because Al-Najjar's right to due process had been violated when the government did not cede evidence in order for Al-Najjar to defend himself.<ref name="rep7"/><ref name="ref10">{{cite news | title = Palestinian remains jailed while lawyers fight secret evidence battle | date = September 1, 2000 | agency = Associated Press }}</ref> During the first day of the rehearing in August 2000, the government called Al-Arian to testify. Several legal analysts and Al-Arian were convinced that Al-Arian, not Al-Najjar, was the focus of the Al-Najjar's court case.<ref>{{cite news | title = Agent: Government lacks direct evidence in terrorism case | date = August 31, 2000 | agency = Associated Press }}</ref> On the advice of his attorney, Al-Arian cited the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|5th Amendment]] to 99 of 102 questions.<ref name="rep7">{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = Al-Najjar relative grilled on stand | date = August 30, 2000 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> Because Al-Najjar was a Palestinian born in Gaza during Egyptian control of the region, Al-Najjar essentially had no citizenship anywhere and the allegations that he was connected to terrorists had ruined attempts to find a country to take him, his wife, and three young daughters.<ref name="ref10"/> Al-Najjar was released in December 2000 after a judge ruled the government had no evidence to continue holding him.<ref>{{cite news | first = Vickie | last = Chachere | title = Freed Palestinian vows to be activist for others being held | date = December 18, 2000 | agency = Associated Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = Tampa's Muslims brace for backlash | date = September 12, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref><ref group="notes">Al-Najjar was again detained in November 2001 by Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). He was held in detention officially for overstaying his [[student visa]] in the 1980s. His supporters accused the government of subverting civil liberties in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Al-Najjar was granted a two-week tourist visa by [[Bahrain]]. But en route to Ireland, Bahrain reversed its decision to accept Al-Najjar. After negotiations, Al-Najjar flew to Italy and then landed in [[Lebanon]], which granted him a six-month visitor's visa beginning in August 2002.</ref> He overstayed his US student visa, and was deported in August 2002.<ref name="tampabay.com"/>

===Political involvement===
Inspired by Al-Najjar's predicament, Al-Arian co-founded the Tampa Bay Coalition for Peace and Justice, which focused on the use of secret evidence and other [[civil rights]] issues in [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996]] and [[Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996]]. In 2000, Al-Arian co-founded and led the National Coalition to Protect Political Freedom.<ref name="briefing"/> ''[[Newsweek]]'' named him as a "premier civil rights activist" for his efforts to repeal the use of secret evidence in trials.<ref name="book1">{{cite book |title= American Dissidents: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Subversives, and Prisoners of Conscience, Volume 1 |first= Kathlyn |last= Gay |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1598847642 |pages=17–22 |accessdate=October 20, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzQVpPvlVMcC&q=sami+al+arian&pg=PA18}}</ref>

Al-Arian visited the White House four times from 1997 to 2001.<ref name="info"/>

During the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]], Al-Arian contacted [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000|Al Gore's campaign]] and [[George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000|Bush's campaign]] to address the use of secret evidence to detain U.S. citizens without charge.<ref name='post1'/> Al-Arian met Bush during a campaign stop at the [[Florida Strawberry Festival]] to demonstrate against the Clinton administration's use of secret evidence.<ref>{{cite news | first = Dan | last = Mangan | title = White House twist in terror prof's case | date = February 24, 2003 | work = The New York Post }}</ref> After [[2000 United States presidential election#Presidential debates|presidential debates]] in which Bush decried the use of secret evidence as a form of racial profiling against Arab-Americans, Al-Arian began campaigning for Bush as the candidate most likely to end discrimination.<ref name='post1'/> During the White House briefing that announced Bush as the winner of the election, Al-Arian received a spot in the front row for his voter outreach efforts in Florida.<ref name='post1'/> On June 20, 2001, Al-Arian joined 160 [[Muslim American|Muslim-American]] activists in a White House briefing with Bush senior adviser [[Karl Rove]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Suspected terror financier to highlight ties to Bush, Hill | journal = CongressDaily | date = June 6, 2005 | first = John | last = Stanton | pages = 6}}</ref> But in a separate White House event on June 28, his son Abdullah – a congressional intern – made national headlines when he was escorted out by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] without explanation. Twenty four Muslim community leaders walked out also to protest Abdullah's ejection.<ref name="briefing">{{cite news | first = Caryle | last = Murphy | title = Muslim Leaders Leave White House Briefing; Removal of Intern Leads to Walkout | date = June 29, 2001 | newspaper = The Washington Post }}</ref><ref name="info"/> The Secret Service later apologized for the incident citing "confusion by one of its guards".<ref name="info">{{cite news | first = Susan | last = Aschoff | title = Professor's son ejected from D.C. meeting | date = July 29, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> President Bush personally apologized in a letter to Nahla and thanked the family for their charitable contributions to the Muslim communities around the world.<ref name='post1'/>

The Tampa Bay Muslim Alliance (TBMA) and Al-Arian had helped the resettlement of 50 families fleeing from the [[Bosnian War]]. Al-Arian and other leaders of TBMA condemned the [[September 11 attacks]] in the immediate aftermath. Al-Arian encouraged the nation to pursue those responsible but simultaneously discouraged acts of war that might impact innocent people. He discouraged radio talk show hosts from spreading hate-filled rhetoric and called for national unity.<ref>{{cite news | first = Babita | last = Persaud | title = Bay area Muslims lament toll of terrorism // Leaders call for justice, not war | date = September 19, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> Al-Arian led the local Muslim community in organizing a blood drive in solidarity with the victims of September 11.

Al-Arian had opposed the [[War in Iraq]] and even spoke at an anti-war rally against the war. He had also been critical of [[neoconservatism]] and the [[Zionist]] movement.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211206/EyVrvvYtaaU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217145123/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyVrvvYtaaU&feature=related Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyVrvvYtaaU| title = Dr. Sami Al-Arian 2002 anti-war appeal (interview) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Education===
Al-Arian co-founded the [[Islamic Academy of Florida]]. After his criminal indictment, the school dissolved itself in 2004, with the new [[American Youth Academy]] using the former Islamic Academy buildings and equipment, with most of the students remaining.<ref name=Brown>{{cite news|author=Brown, Marilyn|url=http://www.tampatrib.com/FloridaMetro/MGBCSJ6E3FE.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060611034801/http://www.tampatrib.com/FloridaMetro/MGBCSJ6E3FE.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-06-11|title=School Purging Links To Al-Arian|newspaper=[[Tampa Tribune]]|date=2005-10-13|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref>

==O'Reilly controversy==
===Television interview===
On September 26, 2001, Al-Arian was invited to appear on ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' to discuss Arab-American reactions to the 9/11 attacks.<ref name='post1'/><ref>{{cite news | title = The Case of Sami al-Arian | date = July 9, 2004 | url = http://www.democracynow.org/2004/7/9/the_case_of_sami_al_arian | work = Democracy Now! | accessdate = October 28, 2012}}</ref> O'Reilly never addressed the reactions of Arab-Americans<ref name='post1'>{{cite news | first = Richard | last = Leiby | title = Talking Out of School; Was an Islamic Professor Exercising His Freedom or Promoting Terror? | date = July 28, 2002 | newspaper = The Washington Post }}</ref> and confronted Al-Arian with a 1988 recording of him shouting "[[death to Israel]]".<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/2003/02/20/transcript-oreilly-interviews-al-arian-in-september-2001/ Transcript: O'Reilly Interviews Al-Arian in September 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407042311/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2003/02/20/transcript-oreilly-interviews-al-arian-in-september-2001/ |date=April 7, 2015 }}. Fox News. September 26, 2001</ref>

{{quote|O'REILLY: In – in 1988, you did a little speaking engagement in Cleveland, and you were quoted as saying, "Jihad is our path. Victory to Islam. Death to Israel. Revolution. Revolution until victory. Rolling to Jerusalem." Did you say that? 
AL-ARIAN: Let me just put it into context. When president Bush talked about crusade, we understand what he meant here. The Muslim world thought he is going to carry a cross and go invade the Muslim world and turn them into Christians. We have to understand the context. When you say "Death to Israel", you mean death to occupation, death to apartheid, death to oppression, death to ... (sentence interrupted)}}

O'Reilly ended his interview by calling for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to shadow Al-Arian. USF spokesman Michael Reich said that "O'Reilly's comments were nothing but speculation."<ref>{{cite news | first = Tamara | last = Lush | url = http://www.sptimes.com/News/092801/news_pf/TampaBay/TV_terrorist_talk_lea.shtml | title = TV terrorist talk leads USF to address security | date = September 28, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times | accessdate = October 29, 2012}}</ref> The O'Reilly interview caused Al-Arian to receive death threats from throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news | first = Mary Jo | last = Melone | url = http://www.sptimes.com/News/093001/Columns/Where_hard_evidence_i.shtml | title = Where hard evidence is lacking, fear fills the void | date = September 30, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times | accessdate = October 29, 2012}}</ref>

===Academic freedom===
In October 2001, USF president [[Judy Genshaft]] placed Al-Arian on paid administrative leave and prohibited Al-Arian from entering USF property because she believed Al-Arian's presence would compromise campus security.<ref>{{cite news | title = Threats continue after professor leaves | date = October 14, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Barry | last = Klein | title = USF trustees to hear report on Al-Arian | date = December 19, 2001 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> During winter recess when students and faculty were on leave in December 2001, Genshaft and the USF Board of Trustees declared their intention to fire Al-Arian from teaching at USF because of academic disruption and problems for campus safety. The Faculty Senate President Gregory Paveza condemned the intention to fire as underhanded because the professors did not have their voices heard.<ref>{{cite news | first = Babita | last = Persaud | title = Faculty to discuss Al-Arian firing | date = January 1, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> The faculty adviser to the Board of Trustees resigned in protest of the firing.<ref>{{cite news | first = Babita | last = Persaud | title = Adviser protests Al-Arian decision | date = January 4, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> The Faculty Senate held an emergency meeting in January 2002 in which they approved by a wide majority a resolution that condemned the firing as an assault on academic freedom.<ref name='post1'/><ref>{{cite news | first = Barry | last = Klein |author2=Babita Persaud | title = Faculty leaders refuse to back Al-Arian firing | date = January 10, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> United Faculty of Florida, the faculty union representing USF professors, voted to throw its full support behind Al-Arian and condemned the university for exaggerating security concerns.<ref>{{cite news | first = Babita | last = Persaud | title = USF faculty union supports Al-Arian | date = January 11, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref>

CNN did an interview with Al-Arian in January 2002 in which Al-Arian accused the university of allowing those who make death threats to dictate the limits of academic freedom.<ref>{{cite news | first = Lisa | last = Ling |author2=Diana Muriel | title = Interview with Sami Al-Arian | date = January 14, 2002 | work = CNN }}</ref> [[Florida]] Governor Jeb Bush entered into the fray when he offered support for Genshaft's decision for Al-Arian's dismissal.<ref>{{cite news | first = Bill | last = Rufty | title = Ousted USF Professor Sami Al-Arian to discuss controversy, Islamic issues, speaking his mind | date = February 13, 2002 | work = The Ledger }}</ref> An editorial from ''[[The New York Times]]'' criticized Bush and the university's handling of the case as an affront to freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite news | title = Protecting Speech on Campus | date = January 27, 2002 | work = The New York Times }}</ref> In late January, several student organizations at USF rallied on campus to protest Genshaft's firing of Al-Arian.<ref>{{cite news | first = Rob | last = Brannon | title = U. South Florida students rally for academic freedom | date = January 24, 2002 | publisher = The Oracle | work = University Wire }}</ref> At the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship in Lakeland in February 2002, Al-Arian discussed the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and answered questions from the community regarding his USF quandary.<ref>{{cite news | first = Bill | last = Lofty | title = Professor defends his beliefs under attack; Al-Arian draws respect for his courage | date = February 14, 2002 | work = The Ledger }}</ref> Roy Weatherford, the President of the USF Faculty Union, lambasted the decision to fire Al-Arian in front of Genshaft in a faculty summit in March 2002.<ref name="aaup">{{cite news | first = Chris | last = O'Donnell | title = U. South Florida president criticized at lecture | date = March 8, 2002 | publisher = The Oracle | work = University Wire }}</ref> Following the summit, the [[American Association of University Professors]] (AAUP) revealed that it was conducting an investigation on Genshaft to determine if she had violated academic freedom.<ref name="aaup"/> In late April 2002, AAUP investigators reported that Genshaft was wavering on her decision to fire Al-Arian, especially if the university was officially censured. AAUP investigators went on to conclude that Genshaft's decision to place Al-Arian on paid administrative leave rather than suspension reflected her lack of faith in legal advice that green-lighted Al-Arian's firing. USF denied the report and denied that AAUP's decision for censure would factor in Al-Arian's firing.<ref>{{cite news | first = Graham | last = Brink | title = Investigator: USF chief wavering on Al-Arian's fate | date = April 26, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref>

The largest national teacher's union, [[American Federation of Teachers]], called on Genshaft in July 2002 to protect academic freedom by the reinstatement of Al-Arian.<ref>{{cite news | first = Anita | last = Kumar | title = Teachers union urges USF to restore Al-Arian | date = July 9, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> AAUP's investigating committee determined USF's premise for Al-Arian's removal was "insubstantial" and cited "grave issues of academic freedom and due process". [[Libertarianism|Civil libertarians]] and professors nationwide condemned USF for willingly capitulating to post-9/11 hysteria.<ref name='post1'/> Former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) agent Vincent Cannistraro publicly rebuked allegations against Al-Arian and testified in a [[Deposition (law)|civil disposition]] that Al-Arian had no ties to illegal organizations.<ref name='post1'/><ref>{{cite news | first = Graham | last = Brink | title = Al-Arian called a jihad founder | date = August 20, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref>

The investments of the Genshaft Family Foundation (GFF) in [[corporate bond]]s of the Industrial Development Bank of Israel came under scrutiny in September 2002. Several internet petitions also cited Genshaft's Jewish faith to raise support against Al-Arian. Genshaft denied knowing about the corporate bonds and said her decisions were neither affected by her investments nor her religion in the Al Arian case.<ref>{{cite news | first = Chuck | last = Murphy | title = Genshaft allies cite her religion in Al-Arian case | date = September 14, 2002 | url = http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/14/TampaBay/Genshaft_allies_cite_.shtml | work = St. Petersburg Times | accessdate = December 25, 2012}}</ref> [[John Esposito]], a prominent scholar of Middle East, cancelled his USF speech in October 2002 to protest Genshaft's contraventions on academic freedom.<ref>{{cite news | first = Anita | last = Kumar | title = USF speech canceled in protest | date = September 14, 2002 | url = http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/14/TampaBay/USF_speech_canceled_i.shtml | work = St. Petersburg Times | accessdate = December 25, 2012}}</ref>

Because Genshaft feared the punitive lawsuits if she fired Al-Arian, Genshaft continued to pursue the Al-Arian's dismissal through an unusual step in which she asked Hillsborough Circuit Court to determine whether firing Al-Arian would violate Al-Arian's [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights.<ref>{{cite news | first = Anita | last = Kumar | title = Al-Arian asks judge to put USF dispute out of court | date = October 17, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> [[United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida|District Court]] judge [[Susan C. Bucklew|Susan Bucklew]] dismissed Genshaft's case in December 2002. After Al-Arian filed a grievance contending that Genshaft broke the union contract by disciplining Al-Arian, Genshaft reversed course and affirmed Al-Arian was never disciplined.<ref>{{cite news | first = Anita | last = Kumar | title = Al-Arian files USF grievance | date = January 7, 2003 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> But a week after a federal indictment on Al-Arian, Genshaft fired him on February 27, 2003 by using the indictment as legal cover to protect the university from any ensuing lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news | first = Anita | last = Kumar | title = USF fires Al-Arian after terrorism charges | date = February 27, 2013 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref>

===Loftus lawsuit===
In March 2002, [[John Loftus (author)|John Loftus]] compounded on O'Reilly's accusations by citing anonymous sources and filing a lawsuit that claimed Al-Arian used state-regulated organizations to launder money.<ref>{{cite news | first = Graham | last = Brink | title = Transcript quotes Al-Arian speaking at rallies | date = March 26, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref> Al-Arian's defense team derided the lawsuit as a publicity seeking stunt and suggested Loftus needed mental treatment.<ref name="sandwich">{{cite news | first = Graham | last = Brink | title = Suit against Al-Arian filed again | date = July 2, 2002 | work = St. Petersburg Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Rob | last = Brannon | title = Lawsuit refiled against U. South Florida professor | date = July 8, 2002 | publisher = The Oracle | work = University Wire }}</ref> Loftus's lawsuit was summarily dismissed by the judge for failing to adequately show how Loftus was personally injured by Al-Arian's alleged activities.<ref name="sandwich"/>

==Indictment==
{{main|Sami Al-Arian indictments and trial}}

===Indictment===
After one of the [[U.S. Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s longest-running and most controversial terrorism investigations, federal prosecutors filed an indictment on February 21, 2003 which charged Al-Arian with [[Racket (crime)|racketeering]] for [[Palestine Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ). Al-Arian was indicted with co-defendants Ghassan Ballut, Hatim Fariz, and Sameeh Hammoudeh.<ref>{{cite news | first = Eric | last = Lichtblau |author2=Judith Miller | title = Threats and responses: The Money Trail; Indictment ties U.S. professor to terror group | date = January 21, 2003 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/21/us/threats-responses-money-trail-indictment-ties-us-professor-terror-group.html | work = The New York Times | accessdate = December 27, 2012}}</ref> [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]] hailed the vastly expanded powers of the [[Patriot Act]] as fundamental to the indictment. [[Arab American]] groups condemned the indictment as persecution for Al-Arian's advocacy of Palestinian causes.<ref>{{cite news | first = Eric | last = Lichtblau |author2=Judith Miller | title = Threats and responses: The Professor, Officials Say Case Against professor had been hindered | date = February 22, 2003 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/22/world/threats-responses-professor-officials-say-case-against-professor-had-been.html | work = The New York Times | accessdate = December 29, 2012}}</ref> Local community activists, Iraq war protesters, and Muslim-Americans held demonstrations regularly on Al-Arian's affair in the weeks following the indictment.<ref>{{cite news | first = Bob | last = Edwards |author2=Greg Allen | title = Firing of Professor Sami Al-Arian from the University of South Florida | date = February 28, 2003 | work = National Public Radio }}</ref> Al-Arian labeled his arrest a consequence of post-9/11 hysteria at a public pronouncement in front of a courthouse rally by his supporters.<ref>{{cite news | first = Rachel | last = La Corte | title = Al-Arian calls self 'prisoner of conscience,' victim of hysteria | date = February 25, 2003 | agency=The Associated Press State & Local Wire }}</ref>

===Trial===
Al-Arian's five-month, 13-day trial began with frenzied attention from national media outlets. The prosecution's case was built largely on FBI wiretaps and fax transmissions gathered between 1994 and the time of Mr. Al-Arian's arrest in 2003. The surveillance included roughly 20,000 hours of dialogue from 472,000 wiretapped telephone conversations on 18 tapped lines gathered from 1994 to 2003.<ref>{{cite news | first = Peter | last = Whoriskey | title = Ex-Professor won court case but not his freedom | date = December 14, 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/13/AR2005121301697.html | newspaper = The Washington Post | access-date = November 30, 2013}}</ref> While such wiretaps taken by the intelligence arm of the FBI are usually kept secret from federal criminal investigators, provisions in the Patriot Act and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act allow their use in certain trials dealing with terrorism.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Terrorism trial of ex-professor gets started in Florida | journal = The Chronicle of Higher Education | date = June 17, 2005 | volume = 51 | issue = 41}}</ref> At the end of the prosecution's case, Al-Arian's lawyers chose not to present any witnesses in his defense and rested without offering a defense, hoping to leave the burden of proof squarely on the government's shoulders.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Al-Arian Acquitted of 8 Terrorism Charges | journal = The Chronicle of Higher Education | date = December 16, 2005 | first = John | last = Gravois| volume = 52 | issue = 17}}</ref> The trial concluded in November 2005. After 13 days of deliberations, the jury acquitted Al-Arian in December on 8 of 17 counts and deadlocked on the remaining nine. Two co-defendants were acquitted of all charges and another co-defendant was also acquitted on majority of his charges.<ref name="Laughlin12-7-05">Meg Laughlin, Jennifer Liberto and Justin George, [http://www.sptimes.com/2005/12/07/Tampabay/8_times__Al_Arian_hea.shtml 8 times, Al-Arian hears 'Not guilty'], ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', December 7, 2005.</ref> The verdict was seen as a major embarrassment to the government's prosecution and to the Patriot Act.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Al-Arian to Be Deported in Deal With Prosecutors | journal = The Chronicle of Higher Education | date = April 28, 2006 | first = Thomas | last = Bartlett | volume = 52 | issue = 34}}</ref>

At trial, the prosecution accused Al-Arian of aiding Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ), which the Clinton administration issued an executive order declaring the PIJ a "specially designated terrorist" organization in 1995. The executive order barred "making or receiving contributions, funds, goods or services" to benefit the PIJ, and outlawed actions designed to evade the ban. Federal prosecutors presented several transcripts of phone conversations and fax exchanges that Al-Arian had with PIJ leaders before such communications became illegal in 1995. None involved any discussion of an attack against the U.S. or reflected advance knowledge of attacks in the Middle East.<ref name="Laughlin-plea"/>

In April 2005, the faculty union United Faculty of Florida passed resolutions to send a representative to Al-Arian's trial and to express support for Al-Arian's constitutional right to a fair trial with fair treatment of prisoners.<ref name="goodman">{{cite journal | title = Sami al-Arian, the Politics of Injury, and the Academic Bill of Right | journal = College Literature | date = September 1, 2006 | first = Robin | last = Goodman | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 113–36| doi=10.1353/lit.2006.0053}}</ref>

===Plea agreement===
On February 28, 2006, Al-Arian signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to contribute services to or for the benefit of the PIJ, a Specially Designated Terrorist organization, in violation of 18 [[U.S.C.]] § 371.<ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf |title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian |date=February 28, 2006 |accessdate=March 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162657/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf |archive-date=March 1, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |accessdate=March 16, 2010}}</ref> In return, the U.S. Attorney: a) agreed to dismiss the other eight remaining charges in the superseding indictment; b) agreed not to charge Al-Arian with any other crimes known to the government at the time of the execution of the agreement; c) agreed not to enter any recommendation as to the imposition or amount of a fine; d) agreed with Al-Arian that an appropriate sentence would be 46–57 months in prison; and e) covenanted that if no adverse information were received suggesting such a recommendation to be unwarranted, the U.S. would recommend that Al-Arian receive a sentence "at the low end of the applicable guideline range, as calculated by the Court".<ref name="plea"/> As part of the deal, Al-Arian agreed to be [[deported]] once his prison sentence ended.<ref name="plea"/><ref name="relguilt">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprguiltyplea.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Provide Services to Palestinian Islamic Jihad|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=April 17, 2006|website=Press Release|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref> The plea agreement provided that it was "limited to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Middle District of Florida and the Counterterrorism Section of the Department of Justice, and cannot bind other federal, state, or local prosecuting authorities."<ref name="plea"/><ref name="appeal">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_11thcircappeals.pdf|title=''U.S. v. Al-Arian''|last=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|date=January 25, 2008|website=Appeal from the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref> It also provided that it "constitutes the entire agreement between the government and [Al-Arian] ... and no other promises, agreements, or representations exist or have been made to [Al-Arian]".<ref name="plea"/><ref name="appeal"/> The district court judge asked Al-Arian whether he had been promised anything else by anyone to induce his guilty plea, and he said that he had not.<ref name="appeal"/> The plea agreement was unsealed and accepted by Judge [[James S. Moody, Jr.|James S. Moody]] on April 17, 2006.<ref name="relguilt"/> The count carried a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment, a $250,000 fine, and three years of supervised release.<ref name="plea"/> Al-Arian remained in custody pending his sentencing and deportation. The deal came after 11 years of [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] investigations, wiretaps and searches, and three and a half years of trial preparation, time Al-Arian spent in jail, most of it in solitary confinement.<ref name="ML-Plea">Meg Laughlin,[http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml Plea deal overcame the discord], [[St. Petersburg Times]], April 24, 2006.</ref>

Supporters of Al-Arian said the agreement was reached in part to end his family's suffering and to reunite them.<ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2006/05/01/State/Al_Arian_gets_18_more.shtml Al-Arian gets 18 more months in prison], [[Associated Press]], Published May 1, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/18/Tampabay/Al_Arian_s_plea_ends_.shtml Al-Arian's plea ends an ordeal; He agreed to a single count of conspiracy to end his family's turmoil, his attorney says.], [[St. Petersburg Times]], April 18, 2006.</ref>

===Sentencing===
Judge Moody sentenced al-Arian to the maximum 57 months in prison and three years of supervised release on May 1, 2006, and gave him credit for time served.<ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|website=Press Release|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref> Prosecutors said al-Arian would serve the balance of 19 months, and then be deported. In his ruling, Moody harshly criticized al-Arian.<ref name="orph">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/01/us/01cnd-islamic.html?hp&ex=1146542400&en=19620dd1d723e57c&ei=5094&partner=homepage|title=Palestinian to Be Imprisoned Before Deportation |last=Steinhauer|first=Jennifer|date=May 1, 2006|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/01/AR2006050100379.html|title=Prof. Gets 18 Months More in Terror Case|website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Al-Arian went on a 62-day [[hunger strike]] to protest the ruling.<ref name="prison">{{cite news | title = Film review: "USA vs Al-Arian" | date = December 4, 2007 | publisher = The Electronic Intifada | url = http://electronicintifada.net/content/film-review-usa-vs-al-arian/3529 | work = Institute for Middle East Understanding | accessdate = November 30, 2013}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] demanded his immediate release and called for an investigation on his treatment in prison. It deemed his pre-trial detention conditions to be "gratuitously punitive" and "inconsistent with international standards for humane treatment".<ref name="AI30July2003">{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR511102003?open&of=ENG-360 |title=USA: Amnesty International raises concern about prison conditions of Dr Sami Al-Arian | Amnesty International |publisher=Web.amnesty.org |accessdate=March 16, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061118030444/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR511102003?open&of=ENG-360|archive-date=November 18, 2006 }}</ref> In a 2007 letter to Ashcroft, the human rights organization went on to declare that his "unacceptably harsh and punitive" abuse by prison guards was "based, at least in part, on his political background."<ref name="prison"/><ref>{{cite journal | title = Muslim groups fast for jailed Al-Arian | journal = The Washington Times | date = February 20, 2007 | first = Audrey | last = Hudson| url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/20/20070220-105235-9410r/ | accessdate = November 30, 2013}}</ref>

==Civil and criminal contempt prosecutions; 2006–present==
Al-Arian was subpoenaed three times to testify in terrorism-related investigations before Virginia federal grand juries between 2006 and 2008. Each time, he refused to testify. He challenged the initial subpoena in four different federal courts, each of which held that he was in fact required to testify. He was imprisoned for 13 months for civil contempt for failing to testify in compliance with the first subpoena.

===Grand jury subpoenas, refusal to testify, civil contempt, and hunger strikes===
In May 2006, the [[U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia]] issued a [[subpoena]] to Al-Arian to testify before a federal [[grand jury]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], Virginia, in an investigation into the alleged financing of terror by the [[Herndon, Virginia|Herndon]], Virginia-based [[International Institute of Islamic Thought]] (IIIT).<ref name="appeal"/><ref name="Markon"/> The subpoena was served on Al-Arian in October 2006.<ref name="appeal"/> He sought to quash it on the assertion that his plea agreement prevented his being forced to testify before the Virginia grand jury.<ref name="appeal"/> He said the government had agreed that he would not be required to cooperate with it in any manner, though that specific agreement was not reflected in the written plea agreement.<ref name="appeal"/> In a verbal agreement that he says appears in court transcripts, federal prosecutors agreed he would not have to testify in Virginia.<ref name="Laughlin2">[http://www.sptimes.com/2007/03/20/Hillsborough/Gaunt_Al_Arian_shocks.shtml Gaunt Al-Arian shocks family] by Meg Laughlin. ''St. Petersburg Times''. March 20, 2007.</ref> Second, Al-Arian also said he refused to testify because he believed "his life would be in danger if he testified."<ref name="Markon"/> Third, Al-Arian claimed he has no information that could further the investigation.<ref name="Markon">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/13/AR2006111301205.html Witness Is Silent in Terror Probe: Ex-Professor Says Grand Jury Testimony Would Endanger Him.] ''Washington Post''. November 14, 2006.</ref> Fourth, Al-Arian said he would not testify because he felt IIIT was inappropriately charged.<ref name="refus">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032102775.html|title=Refusal Keeps Terrorism Convict in Prison; Former Professor Fights Attempts to Force His Testimony Against Muslim Charities|last=Fears|first=Darryl|date=March 22, 2008|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=March 9, 2010|archive-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110123010/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032102775.html}}</ref> When called before the grand jury on October 19, Al-Arian refused to answer questions about IIIT.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,246380,00.html|title=Florida Professor in Prison for Terror Ties on Hunger Strike to Protest 'Harassment'|website=Fox News|access-date=April 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024211539/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,246380,00.html|archive-date=October 24, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

A Virginia District Court held that he had no legal basis to refuse to testify. The court held him in [[civil contempt]], and imprisoned him on November 16, 2006, for [[contempt of court]], with the days served for civil contempt not counting towards the days of imprisonment he had remaining on his guilty conspiracy plea.<ref name="appeal"/> He appealed the Virginia District Court decision to the [[Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals]], which affirmed the lower court's ruling.<ref name="appeal"/> Thirteen months later, on December 14, 2007, the Virginia District Court lifted its contempt order, starting the clock ticking again on his days-served on his conspiracy guilty plea sentence.<ref name="appeal"/> A Florida District Court also held that the plea agreement was not ambiguous, and did not prevent the government from issuing a subpoena requiring him to testify before a grand jury.<ref name="appeal"/> Al-Arian, who is diabetic, began a 60-day [[hunger strike]] on January 22, 2007, to "protest continued government harassment."<ref name="Markon" /><ref>[http://www.wilmingtonstar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070217/NEWS/702170359/-1/State Family says inmate's hunger strike not near end.] ''Wilmington Star'' (NC). February 17, 2007.</ref> By March 20, 2007, the {{convert|6|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} Al-Arian had gone from {{convert|202|to|149|lb}}.<ref name="Laughlin2"/> Al-Arian appealed the Florida District Court decision to the [[Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals]], which upheld the lower court on January 25, 2008.<ref name="appeal"/> It pointed out that the plea agreement did not contain any mention of whether Al-Arian would be compelled to testify in front of a grand jury in the future.<ref name="appeal"/> It also noted that the agreement said it reflected all promises and agreements between Al-Arian and the government, and that this accorded with Al-Arian's statement, when questioned by the trial court judge, that there were no promises or inducements made to him other than those reflected in the written agreement.<ref name="appeal"/> Furthermore, the court observed that the plea agreement only spoke to the issue of the government prosecuting Al-Arian for crimes known to the office at the time of the agreement, but did not immunize Al-Arian from future subpoenas.<ref name="appeal"/> The court therefore held the plea agreement to be clear, unambiguous, and to not grant Al-Arian immunity from the grand jury subpoena.<ref name="appeal"/> The Justice Department issued its third subpoena later that month.<ref name="refus"/>

In March 2008 he began another hunger strike, to protest his subpoena.<ref name="refus"/> He ended his hunger strike two months later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/21/al_arian_enters_19th_day_of|title=Al-Arian Enters 19th Day of Hunger Strike in Protest of "Government Harassment"|website=Democracy Now!}}</ref> A 2011 [[NPR]] report claimed some of the people associated with this case were imprisoned in a highly restrictive [[Communication Management Unit]].<ref name=npr2/>

===Criminal contempt proceedings; house arrest; deportation===
On June 26, 2008, he was indicted by a grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia on two counts of [[criminal contempt]], for unlawfully and willfully refusing court orders that he testify as a grand jury witness on October 16, 2007, and March 20, 2008.<ref>[http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/US_v_AlArian_IndictmentContempt.pdf ''U.S. v. Al-Arian'', Indictment, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, June 26, 2008, accessed March 8, 2010]</ref> On September 2, 2008, he was released from custody and put under [[house arrest]] at his daughter Laila's residence in Northern Virginia, where he was [[electronic tagging|monitored electronically]] while he awaited trial on criminal contempt charges.<ref name="Goldstein">Joseph Goldstein, [http://www.nysun.com/national/al-arian-is-freed-but-more-charges-await/85081/ Al-Arian Is Freed, but More Charges Await], ''[[New York Sun]]'', September 3, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/02/AR2008090202973.html|title=Ex-Professor in Palestinian Case Is Freed After 5 Years|website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>Laila Al-Arian, [http://www.thenation.com/article/168373/when-your-father-accused-terrorism# When Your Father Is Accused of Terrorism], [[The Nation]], June 13, 2012.</ref>

At a January 2009 hearing to schedule his trial, his attorneys filed documents saying Al-Arian "did cooperate and answer questions on IIIT" for federal prosecutors. Attorneys alleged Virginia prosecutors are "ultimately not interested in IIIT ... but want to revisit the Tampa trial."<ref name="TT-Jan09">[http://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/criminal/article968358.ece Judge sets trial for Sami Al-Arian on criminal contempt charge], ''[[Tampa Tribune]]'', January 17, 2009.</ref> In a motion filed on March 4, 2009, prosecutors in Virginia acknowledged that when Al-Arian took the plea deal in early 2006, prosecutors in Tampa believed that it exempted him from testifying in other cases.<ref>{{cite web|author=Click here to post a comment |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/criminal/article981644.ece |title=Federal judge says Sami Al-Arian plea deal does matter – St. Petersburg Times |publisher=Tampabay.com |accessdate=March 16, 2010}}</ref> This affirms sworn declarations submitted to the court by Al-Arian's Florida trial attorneys, Bill Moffitt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freesamialarian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:william-b-moffit-declaration-on-plea-deal&catid=31:documents-a-releases-|title=William B. Moffit Declaration on Plea Deal|author=Administrator|website=freesamialarian.com}}</ref> and Linda Moreno.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freesamialarian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296:&catid=31:documents-a-releases-|title=Linda Moreno Declaration on Plea Deal|author=Administrator|website=freesamialarian.com}}</ref>

On March 9, 2010 Judge [[Leonie Brinkema]] postponed the criminal contempt trial, pending a motion by defense attorneys to dismiss the charges in the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/AP/story/940573.html |accessdate=March 11, 2009 |website=[[Miami Herald]] }} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> While under federal law, Al-Arian could not be jailed for more than 18 months for civil contempt, the law does not have a time limit for criminal contempt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/foreign/al-arian-indicted-for-refusal-to-testify/80821/|title=Al-Arian Indicted for Refusal To Testify in Charities Cases|website=nysun.com}}</ref> On June 27, 2014 Assistant U.S. Attorney Gordon D. Kromberg moved to dismiss the indictment, but because the case has dragged on so long they decided to drop the case and begin proceedings to deport Al-Arian.<ref>Matt Zapotosky, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/va-prosecutors-move-to-drop-charges-against-ex-professor/2014/06/27/20326416-fe36-11e3-b1f4-8e77c632c07b_story.html Va. prosecutors move to drop charges against ex-professor], ''[[Washington Post]]'', June 27, 2014.</ref>

On February 4, 2015 Al-Arian was deported from the United States to Turkey. He was flown on a commercial flight from Dulles International Airport from Herndon, Virginia to Turkey. In a statement released by his former attorney, Jonathan Turley, Al-Arian said in part, "After 40 years, my time in the U.S. has come to an end." He added, "But despite the long and arduous ordeal and hardships suffered by my family, I leave with no bitterness or resentment in my heart whatsoever. In fact, I'm very grateful for the opportunities and experiences afforded to me and my family in this country, and for the friendships we've cultivated over the decades. These are lifelong connections that could never be affected by distance.".<ref>Elaine Silvestrini, [http://tbo.com/news/crime/grateful-al-arian-leaves-us-for-turkey-20150205/ ‘Grateful’ former USF professor Al-Arian deported to Turkey], [[Tbo.com]], February 5, 2015.</ref>

In 2017, Dr. Al-Arian founded the [https://www.izu.edu.tr/en/ciga/home Center for Islam and Global Affairs] (CIGA) at [[Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University]] (IZU) in Istanbul, Turkey, which he directs.

==Personal life==
He is married to Nahla Al-Najjar, and they have five children.<ref name="Bio"/> Nahla was born in 1961.<ref name="book1"/> His son Abdullah Al-Arian was an intern for U.S. Representative [[David E. Bonior]] in 2001.<ref name="intern">[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76022067.html Intern's removal prompts Bush apology] {{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[UPI]], June 29, 2001.</ref> Al-Arian's eldest daughter, [[Laila Al-Arian]], is a producer for ''[[Al Jazeera English]]'' in Washington, D.C., and a [[freelance journalist]] and contributor to the ''[[Huffington Post]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/laila-alarian|title=Laila Al-Arian|website=huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> and ''[[The Nation]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/laila_al_arian|title=Authors – The Nation|website=thenation.com}}</ref>

===Film===
''[[USA vs. Al-Arian]]'' is a 2007 [[documentary film]] by Norwegian director [[Line Halvorsen]] about Al-Arian and his family during and after his trial from his family's point of view, and a commentary on the U.S. justice system under the [[Patriot Act]].<ref>Jay Weissberg, [https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932652.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&query=USA+vs+Al%2DArian "USA vs Al-Arian" (Movie review)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215950/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932652.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&query=USA+vs+Al-Arian |date=September 26, 2007 }}, [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]], February 19, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QvMeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2480,398374&dq=sami+al-arian&hl=en|website=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|via=Google News Archive Search|title=Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search}}</ref> The documentary was hosted by two [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] and screened in the Norwegian [[Parliament of Norway|parliament]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Sean | last = Kinane | title = Department of injustice | date = April 17, 2007 | work = Nation }}</ref>

==Notes==
<references group="notes"/>

==See also==
* [[Sami Al-Arian indictments and trial]]

==References==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

<references>

<ref name=npr2>
[https://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134227726/data-graphics-population-of-the-communications-management-units DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units], Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, [[NPR]], 3-3-11, retrieved 2011 03 04 from npr.org
</ref>

</references>

{{div col end}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021075930/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,61096,00.html FOX News transcript of O'Reilly interview], September 26, 2001
*[http://www.sptimes.com/2003/02/21/TampaBay/Sami_Al_Arian__in_his.shtml News Links and "Sami Al-Arian, in his words" quotations], [[St. Petersburg Times]], February 23, 2003
* ''USA vs. Al-Arian'' official site in [http://www.usavsalarian.com/ English] and [http://www.usamotalarian.no Norwegian].
*Anita Kumar, [http://www.sptimes.com/2003/01/07/TampaBay/Al_Arian_demands_USF_.shtml Al-Arian Demands USF Restore his Standing] – [[St. Petersburg Times]], January 7, 2003
*[http://www.sptimes.com/2005/webspecials05/al-arian/index.shtml Links to 2006–2007 trial coverage from the St. Petersburg Times]
*Melva Underbakke and Paul Findley, [http://www.washington-report.org/archives/July_2006/0607032.html Two Views: Sami Al-Arian’s Plea “Bargain”], [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], July 2006
*[https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/02/05/sami-al-arian-charged-terrorism-never-convicted-deported-today-u-s/ Exclusive Interview: Sami Al-Arian, Professor Who Defeated Controversial Terrorism Charges, is Deported from U.S.] [[The Intercept]], 2015

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arian, Sami}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in the United States]]
[[Category:Critics of neoconservatism]]
[[Category:Kuwaiti prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:North Carolina State University alumni]]
[[Category:Palestinian expatriates in Kuwait]]
[[Category:Palestinian Muslim activists]]
[[Category:People from Cairo]]
[[Category:People from Hillsborough County, Florida]]
[[Category:Southern Illinois University Carbondale alumni]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]
[[Category:University of South Florida faculty]]

Benutzer:Spidermanstein/Dyab Abou Jahjah

2022-02-23T09:05:04Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{Dead link}} tag on bare URL refs which return HTTP 404 or 410

{{short description|Arab political activist and writer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=August 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2015}}
{{original research|date=August 2015}}
}}

[[File:Dyab Abou Jahjah.jpg|thumb|Dyab Abou Jahjah in 2008.]]
'''Dyab Abou Jahjah''' ({{lang-ar|دياب أبو جهجه}}, born 24 June 1971 in [[Hanine|Hanin]], [[Lebanon]]) is an [[Arab]] political activist and writer who was active in Europe between 2001 and 2007. He is the founder and former leader of the [[Arab European League]] (AEL), a [[Pan-Arabist]] movement that supports the interests of [[Muslim]] immigrants in Europe. Since then, Abou Jahjah has distanced himself from identity politics and holds a non-ethnic, secular, and leftist framework.

==Personal life==

He was born and grew up in southern [[Lebanon]] in [[Hanine|Hanin]], near the Lebanese-[[Israel]]i border. He gained refugee status in 1996 and became a Belgian citizen through marriage to a Belgian woman, from whom he much later divorced. He is now married to a Belgian Muslim woman, Nabila Boujdaine of Moroccan origin, who was also on the electoral lists for his MDP party in 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180517192607/http://verkiezingen2004.belgium.be/nl/vla/preferred/preferred_e105_p2192.html 2004 elections]</ref> N. Boujdaine is the sister of Saida from the book ''Saida'', written by ''De Standaard'' journalist, Tom Naegels<ref>[https://www.demorgen.be/plus/saida-boujdaine-vertelde-haar-levensverhaal-aan-schrijver-tom-naegels-b-1412181578459/ The book Saida from Tom Naegels]</ref> and is the partner in a new organisation, Safe Have Aid, established by Dyab Abou Jahjah and his brother.<ref>[https://www.slideshare.net/thierrydebels/abou-jahjah-actief-in-nieuwe-belgische-organisatie Save Haven Aid]</ref> He holds a [[Master's degree]] in [[political science]] from the [[Université catholique de Louvain]].

Abou Jahjah has written several books, among them an [[autobiography]] entitled "Between Two Worlds - the Roots of a Freedom Fight" that sold 7,000 copies in Belgium and the Netherlands. He was also the subject of two political biographies, one written by [[Mohammed Benzakour]]<ref>Abou Jahjah, nieuwlichter of oplichter?</ref> and the other by Maroun Labaki, and a political analysis book written by the Belgian communist writer [[Ludo De Witte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboujahjah.org/books.html|title=Books|publisher=aboujahjah.org}}</ref>

===Move to Belgium===
In 1991, at the age of 19, Abou Jahjah left Lebanon: "I wanted to go abroad like a lot of Lebanese young people".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/01/world/the-saturday-profile-an-outspoken-arab-in-europe-demon-or-hero.html?pagewanted=2%7ctitle=An%20Outspoken%20Arab%20in%20Europe:%20Demon%20or%20Hero?%7clast=Simons%7cfirst=Marlise%7cdate=1%20March%202003%7cwork=New%20York%20Times%7caccessdate=2009-03-27isearch.avg.com/tab?cid={4B48FBA9-7CCC-410C-852F-C796112A1951}&mid=46959696aae447d0a55bc9e043cf1e69-115bfc5a2da0591dff3a31a668bf5e49e1a09944&lang=en&ds=AVG&pr=fr&d=2013-01-24%2012:24:11&v=14.0.0.14&pid=avg&sg=&sap=nt | work=The New York Times | first=Marlise | last=Simons | title=THE SATURDAY PROFILE; An Outspoken Arab in Europe: Demon or Hero? | date=2003-03-01}}</ref> Abou Jahjah studied at [[Université catholique de Louvain]] (UCL) in Louvain la Neuve and obtained a master's degree in political science and International relations. After several odd jobs during his study time, including factory work and construction labour, he became the director of vzw Welkom, the Immigrant working body for the Belgian ABVV trade Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/article_1908.jsp|title=Everyone is afraid: the world according to Abou Jahjah|work=openDemocracy|access-date=2009-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116083738/https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/article_1908.jsp|archive-date=2018-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political views==

Abou Jahjah is a Social democrat and moderate Muslim, although he later revealed that he is rather a Muslim by culture and agnostic on faith.<ref name="standaardboekhandel.be">{{cite web|url=http://www.standaardboekhandel.be/seo/nl/boeken/boeken_geschiedenis_hedendaagsetijd/9789085420965/Dyab+Abou+Jahjah/Dagboek+Beiroet-Brussel%7ctitle=Dagboek+Beiroet-Brussel%7cwork=standaardboekhandel|title=Dagboek Beiroet-Brussel|publisher=standaardboekhandel|access-date=2015-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812150419/https://www.standaardboekhandel.be/seo/nl/boeken/boeken_geschiedenis_hedendaagsetijd/9789085420965/Dyab+Abou+Jahjah/Dagboek+Beiroet-Brussel|archive-date=2018-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is an opponent of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]]. He wants immigrants to be treated as full citizens who can keep their own [[culture]], rather than being treated as guests. He was compared to the American activist [[Malcolm X]], also a Muslim, who opposed assimilation and the [[melting pot]] model of [[Racial integration|integration]]. He sees the integration of [[Armenians]] in Lebanon as the ideal model. He has said that, "America's race laws are more advanced than here. I have relatives in Detroit and they are Arab-Americans but they feel American. I don't feel European. Europe needs to make its concept of citizenship inclusive to all cultures and religions.

===Arab European League===

In 2000 Abou Jahjah founded the [[Arab European League]] in [[Antwerp]], a city with a large Muslim population. In the 2003 election the Arab European League partnered with the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Workers' Party of Belgium]] to form the [[RESIST (electoral list)]], which failed to win any seats and soon dissolved.<ref name="WittePoliticalHistory">{{cite book|last1=Witte|first1=Els|title=Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards|date=2009|isbn=978-9054875178|page=431}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://verkiezingen2003.belgium.be/electionshome/nl/result/senate/table_top.html|title=Senaat - Resultaat der lijsten - Het Rijk|work=belgium.be}}</ref>
In 2004 he started the MDP, but this party didn't obtain any elected participants.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180517192607/http://verkiezingen2004.belgium.be/nl/vla/preferred/preferred_e105_p2192.html elections 2004]</ref> Early in 2006 Abou Jahjah announced that he will no longer be leading the AEL nor holding a leadership position.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

===Sabra and Shatila===

In 2001, Abou Jahjah founded the Sabra and Shatila committee, which brought a lawsuit against former Israeli Prime Minister [[Ariel Sharon]] for his alleged role in the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] committed, in adjacent refugee camps, during the [[Lebanese Civil War|Israel-Lebanon war]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/542/fo2.htm|title=Against the gray|last=Howeidy|first=Amira|date=July 12–18, 2001|work=Al-Ahram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105201154/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/542/fo2.htm|archive-date=November 5, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===9/11===

He said of Arab reaction to the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]] that "Most of us ... felt that day something that can not be described as joy, or as happiness, but rather as that sweet revenge feeling. We all had – except that small minority- a "what goes around comes around’" attitude", but he continued that "Now, almost two months after the eleventh of September, we see things clear(er). It is terrible how criminals can cause by their acts the misery for so many people, people of their own kind and people of their alleged enemy. How violence will breed violence that will breed more violence".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/dyababoujahjah1.html|title=Our Collateral damage, and theirs!|last=Abou Jahjah|first=Dyab|date=November 2001|work=Media Monitors Network|accessdate=2009-03-27}}</ref>

===Negative attitudes towards homosexuals===
In his own column in the Belgian daily ''De Standaard'',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.facebook.com/1425322007679944/photos/pcb.1759563540922454/1759563194255822/?type=3&theater |title= Onruststoker Abou Jahjah prijst tijdens... - Homo geweld en Justitie : Kroniek van een aangekondigd falen |publisher= [[Facebook]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2018}} he stated "We (Belgians with Arab roots) are predominantly negatively disposed towards homosexuals. This isn't because we're immigrants, but rather because we're men. The idea that another man could desire us sexually, is for most heterosexual men a nightmare that can render them aggressive."

===Means to an end===
Abou Jahjah considers democracy a strong means to an end. Sharia would be instated after a democratic process.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1781499/2003/03/08/AEL-wil-sharia-via-democratie-invoeren.dhtml |title= AEL wil Sharia via democratie invoeren |work= trouw.nl}}</ref> Indeed, his messages are altogether mixed<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2004/06/14/panther/|title=The Arabian Panther|first=Abigail R.|last=Esman|work=salon.com}}</ref> Jahjah suggested in a televised debate that a similar attack was likely in the Netherlands. "It's logical," he said. "You make war with us, we make war with you."

==Controversies==

===Arrest===

Abou Jahjah was arrested and detained for several days in 2002 after he allegedly organized [[riot]]s and called for violence. The riots broke out in [[Borgerhout]], a district of Antwerp, after a 27-year-old Belgian-Moroccan was shot by his [[Flemish people|Flemish]] neighbor. He was [[acquitted]] from all charges on October 21, 2008. A police officer who was watching him the night of the riots said that Abou Jahjah is innocent and that the evidence against him was fabricated.<ref>[http://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/wankele-bewijzen-tegen-abou-jahjah/site72-section24-article16003.html Wankele bewijzen tegen Abou Jahjah - België - nieuws - Knack.be] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425231011/http://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/wankele-bewijzen-tegen-abou-jahjah/site72-section24-article16003.html |date=2008-04-25 }}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. Current link is dead|date=July 2016}} His arrest sparked sharp debates and dominated Belgian politics for months. He gained a lot of support among Belgian intellectuals and academics and was considered as a political prisoner. 300 personalities signed a petition demanding a more moderate approach by the government in dealing with the AEL and the issue of immigration and discrimination in the country. The case became a famous example of [[demonization]] of political activists and violation of the separation of powers. The Abou Jahjah affaire is still taught as a case study in some law schools in Belgium and the Netherlands.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. |date=July 2016}}

===Theo van Gogh===

In the Netherlands, Abou Jahjah had a row with the late film director [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]], who was known for his opposition to Islam. After van Gogh, who was supposed to be the moderator of a debate between him and [[Boris Dittrich]], insulted Abou Jahjah by calling him "de pooier van de profeet" ("the prophet's pimp") in front of an audience of 1000 people, Abou Jahjah stormed out of the theater, with his bodyguards in tow and refused to continue considering that a moderator should be neutral and not insult the guests. His opponent that day Boris Dietrich declared his sympathy to his position and his dismay at the behavior of Van Gogh.<ref>http://www.parool.nl/nieuws/2004/MEI/10/ams2.htm {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

===2006 Israel-Lebanon war===

In July 2006 he announced that he would be going to Lebanon to help in whatever way he can defending his country against the attack by Israeli forces.<ref>[http://www.arabeuropean.org/article.php?ID=117 Move to Lebanon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928020556/http://www.arabeuropean.org/article.php?ID=117 |date=2008-09-28 }}, AEL website</ref> In response, [[Vlaams Belang]] leader [[Filip Dewinter]] called on the Belgian government to revoke Abou Jahjah's citizenship.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

He wrote a book on the Israel-Lebanon war called "Diary Brussels Beirut".<ref name="standaardboekhandel.be"/>

===Return to Lebanon===
Since 2007 Abou Jahjah left Belgium and resettled in Lebanon and focused on his management career as a CEO of a small BPO company, Jana SARL in Saida. He later confirmed in 2009 on his Facebook wall that he was "glad to be out of that shit-hole now".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalibre.be/culture/medias-tele/le-quotidien-de-standaard-ne-publiera-plus-la-chronique-du-sulfureux-abou-jahjah-5873af1ecd708a17d55ea479|title=Le quotidien de Standaard ne publiera plus la chronique du sulfureux Abou Jahjah}}</ref>

It was also in 2009 that he called on Facebook and in Arab language on his blog: "la valise ou le cercueil" and "And resist the occupier and colonizer constantly and without hesitation, and by all means necessary and available, and the most important thing, the armed struggle – until his expulsion from our land for good and unconditionally."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://joodsactueel.be/2017/01/10/abou-jahjah-roept-in-het-arabisch-al-langer-op-tot-gewapend-geweld/|title = Abou Jahjah roept in het Arabisch al langer op tot gewapend geweld|date = 10 January 2017}}</ref>

He continued visiting Europe regularly to speak at meetings and media shows. The VRT, the Belgian-Flemish state television was even accused of sympathising with him and promoting him after it became known that the TV station paid his airplane ticket and hotel costs to attend the famous Belgian talk show Phara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlaamsbelang.be/nieuws/8819/|title=Heilige Abou Jahjah?|author=Vlaams Belang - Nationale redactie|work=vlaamsbelang.be|access-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805113137/http://vlaamsbelang.be/nieuws/8819|archive-date=2016-08-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is considered an authority on issues of immigration, and the Arab world. After the Arab spring, that Abou Jahjah supports adamantly, he gained intellectual credit in the West as someone who has always defended the opinion that revolution is inevitable in the Arab world.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. |date=July 2016}} In 2008 a group of Flemish students videotaped an interview with him in which he was speaking in details about revolution in Egypt and elsewhere and expected it to happen within 5 years. Parts of the video were later shown on Belgian Television.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3QLFONSZlA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/M3QLFONSZlA |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=2008: Dyab Abou Jahjah over crisis Arabische regimes|date=25 February 2011|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Three young students from Arab origin in Belgium wrote that Abou Jahjah and his AEL were a chance to build a better understanding between communities, and that chance was missed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/2461/Opinie/article/detail/285003/2008/05/22/Abou-Jahjah-een-gemiste-kans-voor-Vlaanderen.dhtml|title=Opinie: Abou Jahjah, een gemiste kans voor Vlaanderen - Binnenland - De Morgen|work=De Morgen}}</ref> Many argue today that it would have been much easier and more productive to dialogue with a person like Abou Jahjah instead of the religious groups that appeared after he left Europe.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. |date=July 2016}} This opinion has been outed by many people including former rivals, like former prime minister Verhofstadt, the man who decreed his arrest.{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source. |date=July 2016}}

===Popular culture===
During the year of 2002 Abou Jahjah was the most mentioned name in the Belgian media, exceeding reference of the prime minister and the king.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standaardboekhandel.be/seo/nl/boeken/boeken_mensmaatschappij_socialewetenschappen/9789056175276/Ludo+Witte/Wie+is+bang+voor+moslims%3F|first=Ludo |last=Witte|title=Wie is bang voor moslims?|work=standaardboekhandel}}</ref> He became a household name in Belgium and in the Netherlands, and this was reflected in hundreds of caricatures and satires{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}. He was played by the comedian {{Interlanguage link multi|Paul Groot|nl}} in the Dutch comedy show [[Kopspijkers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humortv.vara.nl/pa.321.cabaret-abu-jahjah-balkenende-beatrix.html|title=Cabaret: Abu Jahjah, Balkenende, Beatrix|work=Humor TV}}</ref> He was also a main character in the best selling novel ''Los'' of writer [[Tom Naegels]] which was later filmed. ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Los (film)|nl}}'' was directed by {{Illm|Jan Verheyen (director)|lt=Jan Verheyen|nl|Jan Verheyen (filmregisseur)}}.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Jan Verheyen Los (2008) |people = Caudron, Pepijn; De Graeve, Koen; Mouziane, Sana; Verheyen, Jan|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/7508453034}}</ref>
The name "Abou Jahjah" also was used as a protest slogan by Antwerp dock workers during a strike in clashes with the Police. It was also sung by supporters of football club [[RSC Anderlecht]] in its clashes with rivals [[Royal Antwerp]], as a tool to provoke the Antwerp supporters.

===Debating skills===

Abou Jahjah was called by Roderiek van Grieken of a Dutch debating institute a "perfect pure talent" in debating.<ref>http://www.benzakour.nl/materiaal/html/Art__Jahjah-Donner_Zemzem.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Also as a solo speaker, Abou Jahjah drew very large crowds and could galvanize them to his causes{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}. The renowned linguist Professor C. Delantsheer wrote a chapter on Abou Jahjah's rhetoric in a book published by Cambridge university in 2007.<ref>De Landtsheer, C. (2007). Crisis style or radical rhetoric? The speech by Dyab Abou Jahjah, leader of the Arab European League (AEL). In C. Hart, C., & D. Lukes, D. (Eds.), Cognitive Linguistics and Critical Discourse Studies (pp. 57-80). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press</ref> He had also presented a paper on the power of metaphors in the discourse of Abou Jahjah and presented it to an academical congress in Sweden.<ref>De Landtsheer, C. (2004). Integrative complexity, metaphor power and modality in the rhetoric of Dyab Abou Jahjah, leader of the Arab European League (AEL). Paper 27th Conference ISPP, Lund, Sweden, 15–18 July 2004.</ref>

==Return to Belgium==
In September 2013 Abou Jahjah returned to Belgium due to the dire security situation in Lebanon. He declared that for the time being he was choosing the security of his children over all other considerations. Upon his return, several opinion makers wrote articles welcoming him back. He declared that he will be founding a new movement that will seek to defend equal rights and social justice. From January 2014 he became a weekly columnist at the prestigious newspaper ''[[De Standaard]]''. In January 2017 ''De Standaard'' stopped his column, when Jahjah declared on the [[January 2017 Jerusalem vehicular attack]], the "liberation of Palestine 'by any means necessary' needs to take place" as calling for violence is not compatible with the policy of the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://deredactie.be/permalink/1.2862527|title=De Standaard stopt met de column van Abou Jahjah|work=deredactie.be}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sotaliraq.com/blog/2017/01/09/belgian-newspaper-de-standaard-fires-arab-author-dyab-abou-jahjah/|title=Belgian newspaper De Standaard fires Arab author Dyab Abou Jahjah|work=Voice of Iraq|access-date=2017-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110020346/http://www.sotaliraq.com/blog/2017/01/09/belgian-newspaper-de-standaard-fires-arab-author-dyab-abou-jahjah/|archive-date=2017-01-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Soon after he was chosen as the 4th most influential Belgian of foreign origin by ''[[Knack (magazine)|Knack]]'' magazine, only preceded by then Belgian Prime Minister [[Elio Di Rupo]], [[Meyrem Almaci]] and [[Vincent Kompany]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.aboujahjah.org}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101004837/http://www.gva.be/dossiers/-a/abou%20jahjah/dossier.asp Dyab Abou Jahjah] {{in lang|nl}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict-terrorism/article_2362.jsp|title=The thirty-year war on terror|last=Abou Jahjah|first=Dyab|date=8 March 2005|work=OpenDemocracy|accessdate=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite news|url=http://newhumanist.org.uk/956|title=Continental rift|last=Bechler|first=Rosemary|date=March–April 2006|work=New Humanist|accessdate=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite web|url=http://dutch.berkeley.edu/mcnl/index.php/Dyab_Abou_Jahjah|title=Dyab Abou Jahjah|work=The Multicultural Netherlands|accessdate=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/article_1908.jsp|title=Everyone is afraid: the world according to Abou Jahjah|last=Bechler|first=Rosemary|date=19 May 2004|work=OpenDemocracy|accessdate=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s762498.htm|title=Muslim militants on the rise in Europe|last=Hutchison|first=Geoff|date=13 January 2003 |work=The 7:30 Report (transcript)|publisher=ABC News (Australia)|accessdate=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/2910779.stm|title=A radical voice for Europe's Arabs|last=Beattie |first=Meriel|date=3 April 2003|work=Crossing Continents, BBC Radio 4|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-03-27}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abou Jahjah, Dyab}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lebanese agnostics]]
[[Category:Lebanese Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Lebanese Arab nationalists]]
[[Category:Belgian activists]]
[[Category:Minority rights activists]]
[[Category:Debating]]
[[Category:Belgian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Lebanese emigrants to Belgium]]

Muhammed Badamosi

2022-02-21T23:30:57Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{Dead link}} tag on bare URL refs which return HTTP 404 or 410

{{short description|Gambian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Muhammed Badamosi
| image = Badamosi Muhammed.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Serekunda|Bundung]], [[Gambia]]
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}}
| position = [[Forward (football)|Centre-Forward]]
| currentclub = [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 = 2013–14 | youthclubs1 = Jolakunda
| years1 = 2014–2015 | clubs1 = [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2016 | clubs2 = [[Olympique de Ngor]] | caps2 = 13 | goals2 = 7
| years3 = 2017–2020 | clubs3 = [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] | caps3 = 40 | goals3 = 10
| years4 = 2020– | clubs4 = [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] | caps4 = 16 | goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[Gambia national under-20 football team|Gambia U-20]]<ref name="cafonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=ynL5VNdjqdeKW6jGTSpvCA==|title=Gambia begin preparations for zonal U-20 Championship|website=www.cafonline.com}}</ref>
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2017–
| nationalteam2 = [[Gambia national football team|Gambia]]<ref name="News Gambia - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia">{{cite web | title=The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia | website=News Gambia - The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia | url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocc | access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
| nationalcaps2 = 6
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| pcupdate = 25 September 2021
| ntupdate = 6 June 2021
}}
'''Muhammed Badamosi''' (born 27 December 1998) is a Gambian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|centre-forward]] for [[Belgian First Division A]] club [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] and the [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]].

==Early career==
Born in [[Bundung]], in the [[Gambia]], Muhammed started his playing career at home town club Jolakunda in 2013. While at Jolakunda, he drew the attention of many [[GFA League First Division]] clubs. Despite still been a kid, the top clubs were eager to sign him as they saw a brighter future in him.

==Club career==
===Real de Banjul===
After a season with Jolakunda in the Nawettan League, it was [[GFA League First Division]] giant, [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] that won the race to sign the newest talent in [[Gambia]]n football. He began his [[Real de Banjul FC|Real de Banjul]] in 2014 as he aimed to become the new star in the [[GFA League First Division]]. However, he didn't realized his dream as he had to cut his [[Real de Banjul]] career short to move to the [[Senegal Premier League]]. He made less than 15 appearances for [[Real de Banjul]] and score two goals before departing the club in 2016. In his brief spelled with [[Real de Banjul]], he won the [[GFF Super Cup]].

===Olympique de Ngor===
After spending less than a full season with [[Real de Banjul]], Muhammed moved to [[Senegal Premier League]] club, [[Olympique de Ngor]] on a season loan from [[Real de Banjul]]. He may not have had the opportunity to get the goals rolling at the back of the net in the [[GFA League First Division]], but he made use of his time in [[Senegal]] as he became one of the best finishers in [[Senegalese]] football. Just in his first year, he registered seven goals in thirteen appearances as he became the target of several top clubs.

===FUS Rabat===
After a season with [[Olympique de Ngor]], Muhammed would go on to be the target of many clubs in [[Senegal]] and other top [[Africa]]n countries. Following negotiations with several to top clubs, he made a permanent switch to [[Morocco]] [[Botola]] club, [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fus.ma/fr/player/mohamed-badamosi/|title=MOHAMED BADAMOSI – Site officiel du Fath Union Sport|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="gambiasports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gambiasports.com/all-sport/football/249-badamosi-completes-fus-switch|title=Badamosi completes FUS switch|website=www.gambiasports.com}}</ref> He joined the club on a four-year deal.<ref name="gambiasports.com"/> He made his debut against [[Raja Casablanca]] on September 26, 2017 in the [[Moroccan Throne Cup]] match which played to a goalless draw. He scored his first [[Botola]] goal in [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] 2–0 win of [[Racing de Casablanca]] on 28 October 2017.

===Kortrijk===
On 5 October 2020, he signed a four-year contract with [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] in Belgium.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]|url=https://www.kvk.be/nieuws/muhammedbadamosi/|title=AANVALLENDE POWER VOOR ONZE KERELS|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=13 October 2021|language=nl}}</ref> Due to visa delays, he did not arrive to Belgium until three weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]]|url=https://www.kvk.be/nieuws/badamosi-geland-in-belgie/|title=BADAMOSI GELAND IN BELGIË|date=28 October 2020|accessdate=13 October 2021|language=nl}}</ref>

==Internationalc career==
===Gambia U20===
After some brilliant performances in the [[GFA League First Division]], Muhammed was invited by [[Gambia]]U-20 coach, Omar Sise in 2016 to attend a trial for the [[Gambia]]U-20 ahead of a crucial match against the [[Guinea]]U-20 national team in the [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]] qualifiers<ref>http://www.foroyaa.gm/archives/7223</ref> Out of the 35 players invited, he made the final list of players for the match against Guinea.<ref name="cafonline.com"/> His [[Gambia]]U-20 debut ended not in the best way as [[Gambia]] lost to [[Guinea]] 2–1 in [[Conakry]] to exit the [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]] qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/24/africa/caf-u20-championship/guinea-under-21/gambia-u20/2240272/|title=Guinea U20 vs. Gambia U20 - 24 July 2016 - Soccerway|website=us.soccerway.com}}</ref>

===Senior national team===
Less than a year after joining [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]], he was given a call-up to the senior [[Gambia national football team]] for a friendly match against [[Morocco]].<ref>http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/coach-sang-ndong-unveils-squad-for-friendly-clashes-in-morocco {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

== Honours ==
'''Real de Banjul'''
* [[GFA Super Cup]]: 2016{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gambiasports.com/all-sport/football/249-badamosi-completes-fus-switch Gambia sports]
{{K.V. Kortrijk squad}}{{Gambia squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badamosi, Muhammed}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:People from Serekunda]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia under-20 international footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia international footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Real de Banjul FC players]]
[[Category:Olympique de Ngor players]]
[[Category:Fath Union Sport players]]
[[Category:K.V. Kortrijk players]]
[[Category:Botola players]]
[[Category:Belgian First Division A players]]
[[Category:2021 Africa Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Senegal]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Senegal]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Morocco]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Morocco]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium]]

Gefangenenlager des Sezessionskrieges

2021-11-29T23:10:44Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{Bare URL inline}} refs to sites where WP:REFLINKS won't get title. See User:BrownHairedGirl/No-reflinks websites

[[File:Andersonvillesurvivor.jpg|right|thumb|upright|A [[Union Army|Union Army soldier]] barely alive in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] on his release in May 1865. Both [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] and [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] suffered great hardships during their captivity.]]

'''American Civil War Prison Camps''' were operated by both the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] to handle the 409,000 soldiers captured during the war from 1861 to 1865. The Record and Pension Office in 1901 counted 211,000 Northerners who were captured. In 1861-63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to prison camps. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. By contrast 464,000 Confederates were captured (many in the final days) and 215,000 imprisoned. Over 30,000 Union and nearly 26,000 Confederate prisoners died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Ford Rhodes|title=History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864-1866|url=https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst20unkngoog|year=1904|publisher=Harper & Brothers|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst20unkngoog/page/n529 507]–8}}</ref>

==Parole==
Lacking means for dealing with large numbers of captured troops early in the [[American Civil War]], the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] governments both relied on the traditional European system of parole and exchange of prisoners. A prisoner who was on parole promised not to fight again until his name was "exchanged" for a similar man on the other side. Then both of them could rejoin their units. While awaiting exchange, prisoners were briefly confined to permanent camps. The exchange system broke down in mid 1863 when the Confederacy refused to treat captured black prisoners as equal to white prisoners. The prison populations on both sides then soared. There were 32 major Confederate prisons, 16 of them in the Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina.<ref>Roger Pickenpaugh, ''Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union'' (2009)</ref> Training camps were often turned into prisons, and new prisons also had to be made. The North had a much larger population than the South, and Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was well aware that keeping its soldiers in Northern prisons hurt the Southern economy and war effort.

===Prisoner exchanges===
{{main|Dix–Hill Cartel}}
At the outbreak of the War the Federal government avoided any action, including prisoner exchanges, that might be viewed as official recognition of the Confederate government in Richmond. Public opinion forced a change after the [[First Battle of Bull Run]], when the Confederates captured over one thousand Union soldiers.<ref name="auto">Hesseltine, ''Civil War Prisons,'' pp. 9-12.</ref>

Union and Confederate forces exchanged prisoners sporadically, often as an act of humanity between opposing commanders. Support for prisoner exchanges grew throughout the initial months of the war, as the North saw increasing numbers of its soldiers captured. Petitions from prisoners in the South and editorials in Northern newspapers brought pressure on the Lincoln administration.<ref name="auto"/> On December 11, 1861, the US Congress passed a joint resolution calling on President Lincoln to "inaugurate systematic measures for the exchange of prisoners in the present rebellion."<ref>''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 3, p. 157.</ref> In two meetings on February 23 and March 1, 1862, Union Major Gen. [[John E. Wool]] and Confederate Brig. Gen. [[Howell Cobb]] met to reach an agreement on prisoner exchanges. They discussed many of the provisions later adopted in the Dix-Hill agreement. However, differences over which side would cover expenses for prisoner transportation stymied the negotiations.

===Dix-Hill Cartel of 1862===
Prison camps were largely empty in mid-1862, thanks to the informal exchanges. Both sides agreed to formalize the system. Negotiations resumed in July 1862, when Union Maj. Gen. [[John Adams Dix|John A. Dix]] and Confederate Maj. Gen. [[Daniel Harvey Hill|D. H. Hill]] were assigned the task. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for the exchange of military officers and enlisted men. Thus a navy captain or an army colonel was worth fifteen privates or ordinary seamen, while personnel of equal ranks were exchanged man for man. Each government appointed an agent to handle the exchange and parole of prisoners. The agreement also allowed the exchange of non-combatants, such as citizens accused of "disloyalty", and civilian employees of the military, and allowed the informal exchange or parole of captives between the commanders of the opposing forces.

Authorities were to [[parole#Prisoners of war|parole]] any prisoners not formally exchanged within ten days following their capture. The terms of the cartel prohibited paroled prisoners from returning to the military in any capacity including "the performance of field, garrison, police, or guard, or constabulary duty."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dix-Hill_Cartel| title=WikiSource: Dix-Hill Cartel| access-date=2008-02-10| author=WikiSource| author-link=WikiSource}}</ref>

===End of exchanges===
The exchange system collapsed in 1863 because the Confederacy refused to treat Black prisoners the same as whites. They said they were probably ex-slaves and belonged to their masters, not to the Union Army.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mark Grimsley|author2=Brooks D. Simpson|title=The Collapse of the Confederacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkCTN9_38WgC&pg=PA88|year=2002|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|page=88|isbn=0803271034}}</ref> The South needed the exchanges much more than the North did, because of the severe manpower shortage in the Confederacy. In 1864 Ulysses Grant, noting the "prisoner gap" (Union camps held far more prisoners than Confederate camps), decided that the growing prisoner gap gave him a decided military advantage. He therefore opposed wholesale exchanges until the end was in sight. Around 5,600 Confederates were allowed to join the Union Army. Known as "[[Galvanized Yankees]]" these troops were stationed in the West facing Native Americans.<ref name="nps">{{cite journal | last =National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior | year = 1992| title = The Galvanized Yankees| journal = Experience Your America| issue =July| url = http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/galvanized_yankees.pdf| access-date =2 Jan 2012}}</ref>

Prisoner exchanges resumed early in 1865, just before the war's end, with the Confederates sending 17,000 prisoners North while receiving 24,000 men.<ref>Pickenpaugh, ''Captives in Blue'' p 232</ref> On April 23, after the war ended, the riverboat ''[[Sultana (steamboat)|Sultana]]'' was taking 1900 ex-prisoners North on the Mississippi River when it exploded, killing about 1500 of them.

==Death rates==
The overall mortality rates in prisons on both sides were similar, and quite high. Many Southern prisons were located in regions with high disease rates, and were routinely short of medicine, doctors, food and ice. Northerners often believed their men were being deliberately weakened and killed in Confederate prisons, and demanded that conditions in Northern prisons be equally harsh, even though shortages were not a problem in the North.<ref>The position is denied in James Gillispie, ''Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners'' (2012); he says there was no conspiracy to maltreat Confederate prisoners. However, he compares the death rates in Northern camps with the death rates of Confederate soldiers in a Confederate hospital that faced severe shortages; he did not compare with a Union hospital for Union soldiers.</ref>

About 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war, accounting for almost 10% of all Civil War fatalities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chambers and Anderson|title=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham|url-access=registration|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/559 559]|isbn=978-0-19-507198-6}}</ref> During a period of 14 months in [[Camp Sumter]], located near [[Andersonville, Georgia]], 13,000 (28%) of the 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm |title=Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1 |publisher=Nps.gov |access-date=2008-11-28}}</ref> At [[Camp Douglas (Chicago)|Camp Douglas]] in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and [[Elmira Prison]] in New York state, with a death rate of 25%, very nearly equaled that of Andersonville.<ref>Yancey Hall "[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html "US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands"]. National Geographic News. July 1, 2003.</ref>

==Main camps==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:95%;"
|-
! style="width:12%;"|Combatant
! style="width:10%;"|Name
! style="width:8%;"|Location
! style="width:40%;"|Notes
! class="unsortable" style="width:30px;"|Image
|-
|Union
|[[Camp Chase]]
|[[Columbus, Ohio]]
| Established in May 1861 and closed in 1865. The camp's original capacity was for 4,000 men, but at times more than 7,000 prisoners were accommodated. The capacity was increased to 7,000, but towards the end of the war up to 10,000 men were crammed into the facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdiggins.com/prison_campchase.html|title=Camp Chase Civil War Prison|access-date=October 27, 2012|publisher=Censusdiggins.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108135215/http://www.censusdiggins.com/prison_campchase.html|archive-date=November 8, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[File:Camp Chase Memorial in 1909.jpg|thumb|center|border|150px|The memorial to the Confederate dead at [[Camp Chase]], dedicated in 1909]]
|-
|Union
|[[Camp Douglas (Chicago)|Camp Douglas]]
|[[Chicago, Illinois]]
| Camp Douglas, sometimes described as "The North's Andersonville," was the largest Union POW Camp. The Union Army first used the camp in 1861 as an organizational and training camp for volunteer regiments. It became a prisoner-of-war camp in early 1862 and is noteworthy due to its poor living conditions and a death rate of roughly 15%. Of the 26,060 interned over the four years, roughly 4,000 died from starvation, execution, or exposure.<ref>Levy, George. ''To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65''. (2nd ed. 1999)</ref>
|[[File:Camp Douglas Prison Grounds Chicago.png|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|-
|Union
|[[Fort Slocum (New York)|Fort Slocum]]
|[[Davids' Island (New York)|Davids' Island]], [[New York City]]
| Davids' Island was used from July 1863 to October 1863 as a temporary hospital for Confederate soldiers injured during the [[Battle of Gettysburg]].
|
|-
|Union
|[[Elmira Prison]]
|[[Elmira, New York]]
| Originally established as Camp Rathbun, a training base, the site was converted to a prisoner of war camp in 1864 with a capacity for approximately 12,000 prisoners. Before its closure in 1865, 2,963 prisoners died there from various causes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Elmira: Death Camp of the North|last=Horigan|first=Michael|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2002|isbn=0-8117-1432-2|location=Amazon.com|pages=179–180}}</ref>
|
|-
|Union
|[[Fort Delaware]]
|[[Delaware City, Delaware]]
|
|
|-
|Union
|[[Fort Warren (Massachusetts)|Fort Warren]]
|[[Boston, Massachusetts]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarnews.com/archive/articles/ft_warren.htm |title=Preservationists Seek Funds For Film About Boston's Fort Warren |publisher=Civilwarnews.com |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|Union
|[[Gratiot Street Prison]]
|[[St. Louis, Missouri]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/Gratiot/gratiot.htm |title=Gratiot Street Prison |publisher=Civilwarstlouis.com |date=January 25, 2001 |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|Union
|[[Johnson's Island]]
|Lake Erie, [[Sandusky, Ohio]]
|<ref>http://www.nps.gov/pevi/HTML/johnson.html {{Bare URL inline|date=November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Johnson's Island Prison Drawing.png|center|border|thumb|150px]]
|-
|Union
|[[Ohio Penitentiary]]
|[[Columbus, Ohio]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtv-zone.com/civilwar/ohio.html |title=Ohio State Penitentiary |publisher=Wtv-zone.com |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|Union
|[[Old Capitol Prison]]
|[[Washington, DC]]
|<ref>{{cite web|author=Colonel N. T. Colby |url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/oldcapitolprison.htm |title=The "Old Capitol" Prison |publisher=Civilwarhome.com |date=March 1, 2002 |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|Union
|[[Point Lookout, Maryland|Point Lookout]]
|[[Saint Mary's County, Maryland]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Point Lookout State Park History |publisher=Maryland Department of Natural Resources |date=June 16, 2009 |url=http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/ptlookouthistory.html |access-date=June 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219191208/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/ptlookouthistory.html |archive-date=December 19, 2009 }}</ref>
|
|-
|Union
|[[Rock Island Arsenal|Rock Island Prison]]
|[[Rock Island, Illinois]]
|A U.S. Government owned island in the [[Mississippi River]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illinoiscivilwar.org/riarsenal.html |title=Rock Island National Cemetery, Arsenal, and Confederate POW Camp |publisher=Illinoiscivilwar.org |year=2007 |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Andersonville National Historic Site|Andersonville]]
|[[Andersonville, Georgia]]
||13,000 of the 45,000 Union soldiers imprisoned here died, making Andersonville the worst prison in the Civil War. The site is now the [[National POW Museum]].
|[[File:Andersonville Prison.jpg|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|-
|Confederate
|[[Camp Lawton (Georgia)|Camp Lawton]]
|[[Millen, Georgia]]
|To relieve some of the conditions at Andersonville, a larger prison was constructed in the summer of 1864 near the Lawton Depot in the town of Millen, Georgia. Around 10,000 prisoners were moved to Camp Lawton between October and late November 1864. It is currently a state park, [[Magnolia Springs State Park|Magnolia Springs]].
|[[File:Camp Lawton earthenworks, Jenkins County, GA, US.jpg|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|-
|Confederate
|[[Belle Isle (Virginia)|Belle Isle]]
|[[Richmond, Virginia]]
|
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Blackshear Prison]]
|[[Blackshear, Georgia]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://piercecounty.www.50megs.com/military/military_wbts_prison_camp.html |title=Blackshear Prison Camp |publisher=Piercecounty.www.50megs.com |date=June 15, 2000 |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Cahaba Prison]] (Castle Morgan)
|[[Selma, Alabama]]
|
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Camp Ford]]
|Near [[Tyler, Texas]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ford/|title=Camp Ford|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin|access-date=November 3, 2012}}</ref>
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Castle Pinckney]]
|[[Charleston, South Carolina]]
|
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Castle Sorghum]]
|[[Columbia, South Carolina]]
|
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Castle Thunder (prison)|Castle Thunder]]
|[[Richmond, Virginia]]
|
|
|-
|Confederate
|Danville Prison
|[[Danville, Virginia]]
|The Confederate prison at Danville, Va., was not one prison camp but six tobacco warehouses in which captured Union soldiers were confined during 1863–1865. Only Prison Number 6 remains on site at 300 Lynn Street
|
|-
|Confederate
|[[Florence Stockade]]
|[[Florence, South Carolina]]
|
|[[File:Florence Stockade Confederate Prison Camp.jpg|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|-
|Confederate
|[[Fort Pulaski]]
|[[Savannah, Georgia]]
|Fort Pulaski was used as Confederate prison camp from 1861 to 1862.
|[[File:Fort Pulaski Civil War.jpg|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|-
|Confederate
|[[Libby Prison]]
|[[Richmond, Virginia]]
|
|[[File:Libby Prison, Richmond, 05-1865 - NARA - 533454.tif|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|-
|Confederate
|[[Salisbury Prison]]
|[[Salisbury, North Carolina]]
|
|[[File:Bird's Eye View of the Confederate Prison Pen Salisbury North Carolina 1864.jpg|thumb|center|border|150px]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Prisoner-of-war camp]], worldwide history
*[[Henry Wirz]], commander at Andersonville; executed for [[war crime]]s
*[[Parole camp]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

===General===
* Burnham, Philip. ''So Far from Dixie: Confederates in Yankee Prisons'' (2003)
* Butts, Michele Tucker. ''Galvanized Yankees on the Upper Missouri: The Face of Loyalty'' (2003); Confederate POWs who joined the US Army
* Current, Richard N. et al., eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Confederacy'' (1993); reprinted in ''The Confederacy: Macmillan Information Now Encyclopedia'' (1998), articles on "Prisoners of War" and "Prisons"
* Gillispie, James M. ''Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners'' (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=O6Ki-EOl6A8C excerpt and text search]
* Gray, Michael P., ed. ''Crossing the Deadlines: Civil War Prisons Reconsidered'' (2018) [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53459 online review]
* [[William B. Hesseltine|Hesseltine, William B.]] (1930). ''Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology''. Ohio State University Press.
* Hesseltine, William B (1935). "The Propaganda Literature of Confederate Prisons," ''Journal of Southern History'' 1#1 pp. 56–66 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2191752 in JSTOR]
* Joslyn, Mauriel P (1996). ''Captives Immortal: The Story of Six Hundred Confederate Officers and the United States Prisoner of War Policy.'' White Mane Publishing.
* Kellogg, Robert H (1865). ''Life and Death in Rebel Prisons: Giving a Complete History of the Inhumane and Barbarous Treatment of Our Brave Soldiers by Rebel Authorities, Inflicting Terrible Suffering and Frightful Mortality, Principally at Andersonville, Ga., and Florence, S.C., Describing Plans of Escape, Arrival of Prisoners, with Numerous and Varied Incidents and Anecdotes of Prison Life.'' Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins.
* Pickenpaugh, Roger (2013). ''Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy'' [https://www.amazon.com/Captives-Blue-Prisons-Confederacy-ebook/dp/B00DL993CI/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1374282889&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Pickenpaugh, Roger (2009). ''Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union.''
* {{cite book|author=Rhodes|title=History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864-1866|first=James Ford|url=https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst20unkngoog/page/n505|year=1904|publisher=Harper & Brothers|pages=483–508 vol 4 ch 29}}, for an impartial account. [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/prisons.htm another copy online]
* Robins, Glenn. "Race, Repatriation, and Galvanized Rebels: Union Prisoners and the Exchange Question in Deep South Prison Camps," ''Civil War History'' (2007) 53#2 pp. 117–140 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cwh/summary/v053/53.2robins.html in Project MUSE].
* Sanders, Charles W., Jr (2005). ''While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War.'' Louisiana State University Press.
* Silkenat, David (2019). ''Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-4972-6}}.
* Speer, Lonnie R (1997). ''Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War''.
* Speer, Lonnie R (2002). ''War of Vengeance: Acts of Retaliation Against Civil War POWs''. Stackpole Books.
* Stokes, Karen (2013). ''The Immortal 600, Surviving Civil War in Charleston and Savannah.'' The History Press.

===Specific camps===
* Arnold–Scriber, Theresa and Terry G. Scriber (2012). ''Ship Island, Mississippi: Rosters and History of the Civil War Prison.'' McFarland [https://www.amazon.com/Ship-Island-Mississippi-Rosters-ebook/dp/B00AB3IS5A/ excerpt and text search]
* Byrne, Frank L., "Libby Prison: A Study in Emotions," ''Journal of Southern History'' (1958) 24(4): 430–444. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2954671 in JSTOR]
* Casstevens, Frances (2004). ''George W. Alexander and Castle Thunder: A Confederate Prison and Its Commandant''. McFarland.
* Davis, Robert Scott (2006). ''Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville: Essays on the Secret Social Histories of America's Deadliest Prison.'' Mercer University Press.
* Fetzer Jr., Dale and Bruce E. Mowdey (2002). ''Unlikely Allies: Fort Delaware's Prison Community in the Civil War''. Stackpole Books.
* Genoways, Ted and Genoways, Hugh H. (eds.) (2001). ''A Perfect Picture of Hell: Eyewitness Accounts by Civil War Prisoners from the 12th Iowa.'' University of Iowa Press.
* Gray, Michael P. (2001). ''The Business of Captivity in the Chemung Valley: Elmira and Its Civil War Prison'' (2001) [https://www.questia.com/read/109688193/the-business-of-captivity-elmira-and-its-civil-war online]
* Hesseltine William B., ed. (1972). ''Civil War Prisons.'' reprints among others:
** Futch, Ovid (1962). "Prison Life at Andersonville," ''Civil War History'' 8#2 pp. 121–135
** McLain, Minor H. (1962) "The Military Prison At Fort Warren," ''Civil War History.'' 8#2 pp. 135–151.
** Robertson, James I., Jr. (1962). "The Scourge of Elmira," ''Civil War History.'' 8#2 pp. 184–201.
** Walker, T. R. (1962). "Rock Island Prison Barracks," ''Civil War History.'' 8#2 pp. 152–163.
* Hesseltine, William B. (1956). "Andersonville Revisited," ''The Georgia Review.'' 10#1 pp. 92–101 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41396606 in JSTOR]
* Horigan, Michael (2002). ''Elmira: Death Camp of the North''. Stackpole Books.
* Levy, George (1999). ''To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65''. (2nd ed.) [https://www.amazon.com/To-Die-Chicago-Confederate-Prisoners/dp/1565543319/ excerpt and text search].
* Marvel, William. ''Andersonville (1994). The Last Depot.'' University of North Carolina Press.
*McAdams, Benton (2000). ''Rebels at Rock Island: The Story of a Civil War Prison.''
* Richardson, Rufus B. "Andersonville," ''New Englander and Yale Review'' (November 1880) 39# 157 pp. 729–774 [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=nwng;idno=nwng0039-6 online]
* Triebe, Richard H. (2011). ''Fort Fisher to Elmira: The Fateful Journey of 518 Confederate Soldiers''. CreateSpace.
* Waggoner, Jesse. "The Role of the Physician: Eugene Sanger and a Standard of Care at the Elmira Prison Camp," ''Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences'' (2008) 63#1 pp 1–22; Sanger reportedly boasted of killing enemy soldiers
* Wheelan, Joseph (2010). ''Libby Prison Breakout: The Daring Escape from the Notorious Civil War Prison''. New York: Public Affairs.

===Historiography===
* Chesson, Michael B. (1996). "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed. ''The American Civil War.'' pp. 466–78; good review of published studies. [https://www.questia.com/read/14877569/the-american-civil-war-a-handbook-of-literature-and online]
* Cloyd, Benjamin G. (2010). ''Haunted by Atrocity: Civil War Prisons in American Memory.'' (Louisiana State University Press. Traces shifts in Americans' views of the brutal treatment of soldiers in both Confederate and Union prisons, from raw memories in the decades after the war to a position that deflected responsibility. [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0807136417/ excerpt and text search]
** Robins, Glenn. "Andersonville in History and Memory," ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' (2011) 95#3, pp 408–422; extended review of Cloyd (2010)

===Fiction===
* Kantor, MacKinlay (1956). ''Andersonville.'' A novel that won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction

===Primary sources===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000830123806/http://www.civilwarliterature.com/1AspectsOfMilitaryLife/InTheLibey/InTheLibey.htm] reports from ''Harper's Weekly'' 1863–64; illustrated
* [http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/military/cwrd/main.htm] Civil War Research Database search for individual soldiers
* [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0120%2F&tif=00558.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fsgml%2Fmoa-idx%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0120] Chandler's 1864 Confederate report; the single most important original document. From ''Official Records'' series. ii. vol. vii. pp. 546–551
* [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABR0102-0083-8] Extracts from the ''Minutes of Proceedings of the Standing Committee of the United States Sanitary Commission...1864 '', with hair-raising details
* [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABR0102-0083-9] ''Appendix to the Report of the Sanitary Commission'' (1864) much more detail
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980524214017/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/wirz/wirz.htm] Trial of Captain Henry Wirz with documents
* [https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425141462/gregreevesA/102-8214099-8103338] Ransom, John. ''Andersonville''] (original edition 1881; reprinted as ''Andersonville Diary''); first person account that greatly exaggerated conditions; historians consider it untrustworthy as a primary source.
* [http://www.ehistory.com/uscw/library/books/life.cfm] Robert H. Kellogg, ''Life and Death in Rebel Prisons'' (1866) ch 1
* [http://www.letterscivilwar.com/lmoswdapindex.html] prison letters from Massachusetts men who died in prison

==External links==
* [http://www.nps.gov/ande Andersonville National Historic Site at NPS.gov] – official site
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11andersonville.htm "Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan]
* {{gnis|346938}}
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/prisons.htm "WWW Guide to Civil War Prisons" (2004)]

{{American Civil War}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American Civil War prison camps| ]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention in the United States]]
[[Category:Lists of prisoner of war camps|*]]

Jean Tatlock

2021-11-11T05:15:09Z

BrownHairedGirl: phab:T291704 and.or H:BR fixes, plus WP:GENFIXES

{{short description|American activist}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Jean Frances Tatlock
|image = Jean Tatlock.png
|image_size =
|caption = Jean Tatlock in her 20s
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|2|21}}
|birth_place = [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|1|4|1914|2|21}}
|death_place = [[San Francisco, California]]
|body_discovered =
|death_cause = Suicide
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|alma_mater = {{hlist|[[Vassar College]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]|[[Stanford University]]}}
|employer =
|occupation = Psychiatrist
|years_active =
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|party = [[Communist Party of the United States of America]]
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|parents = [[John Strong Perry Tatlock]] (father)
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}}
'''Jean Frances Tatlock''' (February 21, 1914 – January 4, 1944) was an American [[psychiatrist]] and [[physician]]. She was a member of the [[Communist Party of the United States of America]] and was a reporter and writer for the party's publication ''Western Worker''. She is most widely known for her romantic relationship with [[Robert Oppenheimer]], the director of the [[Manhattan Project]]'s [[Los Alamos Laboratory]] during [[World War II]].

The daughter of [[John Strong Perry Tatlock]], a prominent Old English [[Philology|philologist]] and an expert on [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], Tatlock was a graduate of [[Vassar College]] and the [[Stanford Medical School]], where she studied to become a psychiatrist. Tatlock began seeing Oppenheimer in 1936, when she was a graduate student at Stanford and Oppenheimer was a professor of [[physics]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. As a result of their relationship and her membership of the Communist Party, she was placed under surveillance by the [[FBI]] and her phone was [[telephone tapping|tapped]].

She suffered from [[clinical depression]] and committed suicide on January 4, 1944.

==Early life==
Jean Frances Tatlock was born in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], on February 21, 1914,<ref name=96-HC-1931-PLUS-1930USCensus>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/1896report08harvuoft/1896report08harvuoft_djvu.txt |access-date=November 6, 2016 |title='96 Harvard College – Class 1896 |journal=Harvard College: Class of 1896 Thirty-fifth Anniversary Report |location=Norwood, Massachusetts |publisher=-Plimpton Press |issue=VIII |date=June 1931}}</ref> the second child of [[John Strong Perry Tatlock]] and his wife Marjorie {{nee}} Fenton. She had an older brother named Hugh, who became a [[physician]].<ref name="Streshinsky and Klaus, p. 7">Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 7.</ref> Her father, who had a [[Ph.D.]] from [[Harvard University]], was a noted and acclaimed professor of English at the [[University of Michigan]]; an Old English [[Philology|philologist]]; an expert on [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] and English plays, poems, and Elizabethan era literature; and author of approximately 60 books on those subjects, including ''The Complete Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer'' (1912) and ''The Mind and Art of Chaucer'' (1950).<ref name="Streshinsky and Klaus, p. 7" /><ref name = KashnerS-JM-p65>Kashner and MacNair, ''The Bad & the Beautiful'', p. 65.</ref> John Tatlock was a professor of English at Stanford from 1915 to 1925, and Harvard from 1925 to 1929,<ref name=96-HC-1931-PLUS-1930USCensus /> before returning to the [[Bay Area]] as a professor of English at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>"Between the wars: 1914–45". ''Sandstone & Tile''. Winter/Spring 2002. Stanford Historical Society. Volume 26, No. 1.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hart |first=W. M. |first2=I. M. |last2=Linforth |last3=B. H. |first3=Lehman |year=1948 |url=http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb9p300969&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00023&toc.depth=1&toc.id= |title=John Strong Perry Tatlock, English: Berkeley |publisher=University of California |access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', pp. 23, 40–41, 51.</ref>

Tatlock attended [[Cambridge Rindge and Latin School]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]],<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 39.</ref> and Williams College in Berkeley.<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 60.</ref> In 1930, she entered [[Vassar College]].<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 85.</ref> She graduated in 1935, and returned to Berkeley, where she took courses to complete the prerequisites for [[Stanford Medical School]], and was a reporter and writer for the ''Western Worker'', the [[Communist Party of America]]'s organ on the [[West Coast of the United States]].<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 94.</ref> She was accepted into Stanford Medical School (then located in San Francisco), where she studied to become a psychiatrist.<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 96.</ref> She graduated from Stanford with the class of 1941,<ref>''Stanford University Yearbook — 1941'', School of Medicine, [[Stanford University]], p. 176.</ref> and completed her [[Internship (medicine)|internship]] at [[St. Elizabeths Hospital]] in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 140.</ref> and [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] at the Department of Psychiatry at Mount Zion Hospital (now the [[University of California, San Francisco Medical Center]]) in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/8607 |title=Pulitzer Prize-Winning Authors to Discuss Oppenheimer |publisher=[[University of California]] |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=November 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613210000/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/8607 |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref>

==Romance with Oppenheimer==
Tatlock struggled with her sexuality,<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', pp. 76, 104.</ref> at one point writing to a friend that "there was a period when I thought I was homosexual. I still am, in a way, forced to believe it, but really, logically, I am sure that I can't be because of my un-masculinity."<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 68.</ref> She began seeing [[Robert Oppenheimer]] in 1936, when she was a graduate student there and Oppenheimer was a professor of [[physics]] at Berkeley.<ref>Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 105</ref> They met through his landlady, Mary Ellen Washburn, who was also a member of the Communist Party, when Washburn held a fund raiser for communist-backed [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republicans]]. The couple started dating and had a passionate relationship; he proposed to her twice, but she refused.<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 118.</ref><ref name=Herken-P-29>Herken, ''Brotherhood of the Bomb'', p. 29.</ref> She is credited with introducing Oppenheimer to radical politics during the late 1930s,<ref>Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 114.</ref> and to people involved with, or sympathetic to the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] or related groups, such as [[Rudy Lambert]] and [[Thomas Addis]].<ref name=Herken-P-29 /> They continued seeing each other after he became involved with [[Katherine Oppenheimer|Kitty Harrison]], whom he married on November 1, 1940. Oppenheimer and Tatlock spent the New Year together in 1941, and once met at Mark Hopkins hotel in San Francisco.<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', pp. 131, 138.</ref>

Oppenheimer's association with her friends was used as evidence against him during his [[Oppenheimer security hearing|1954 security hearing]].<ref>Evans, Ward V. [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/opp01.asp "Findings and Recommendations of the Personnel Security Board in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer"], United States Atomic Energy Commission (c/o Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law Library, Yale Law School). May 27, 1954.</ref><ref name = "Smyth">Smyth, Henry D. [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/opp06.asp "Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer"] (c/o Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law Library, Yale Law School). June 29, 1954.</ref> In a letter to Major General [[Kenneth D. Nichols]], General Manager, [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]], dated March 4, 1954, Oppenheimer described their association as follows:

{{blockquote|In the spring of 1936, I had been introduced by friends to Jean Tatlock, the daughter of a noted professor of English at the university; and in the autumn, I began to court her, and we grew close to each other. We were at least twice close enough to marriage to think of ourselves as engaged. Between 1939 and her death in 1944 I saw her very rarely. She told me about her [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] memberships; they were on again, off again affairs, and never seemed to provide for her what she was seeking. I do not believe that her interests were really political. She loved this country and its people and its life. She was, as it turned out, a friend of many fellow travelers and Communists, with a number of whom I was later to become acquainted.

I should not give the impression that it was wholly because of Jean Tatlock that I made leftwing friends, or felt sympathy for causes which hitherto would have seemed so remote from me, like the Loyalist cause in Spain, and the organization of migratory workers. I have mentioned some of the other contributing causes. I liked the new sense of companionship, and at the time felt that I was coming to be part of the life of my time and country.<ref>Personal correspondence, J. Robert Oppenheimer to Kenneth D. Nichols, March 4, 1954, in: [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesatom007206mbp ''United States Atomic Energy Commission In The Matter Of J.Robert Oppenheimer'']. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954, p. 8.</ref>}}

While some historians believe that Oppenheimer had an extramarital affair with Tatlock while he was working on the [[Manhattan Project]],<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', pp. 143–144.</ref> others assert he met with Tatlock only once after he was picked to head the [[Los Alamos Laboratory]] in mid-June 1943.<ref name = Herken-P-101-102>Herken, ''Brotherhood of the Bomb'', pp. 101–102.</ref> On June 14, 1943,<ref name="Huffington Post" /> Oppenheimer was in Berkeley to recruit [[David Hawkins (philosopher)|David Hawkins]] as an administrative assistant.<ref name="Restricted Data">{{cite web |url=http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2015/12/11/the-curious-death-of-oppenheimers-mistress/ |title=The curious death of Oppenheimer's mistress |first=Alex |last=Wellerstein |date=December 11, 2015 |access-date=January 10, 2017 |publisher=Restricted Data }}</ref> They went to a Mexican restaurant in her green 1935 Plymouth coupe, and spent the night together at her San Francisco apartment at 1405 Montgomery Street. All the while, U.S. Army agents, waiting in the street outside, had them under surveillance.<ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite news |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=4 November 2013 |first=Shirley |last=Streshinsky |first2=Patricia |last2=Klaus |title=The Day That Could Have Brought Down Robert Oppenheimer |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shirley-streshinsky/the-day-that-could-have-b_b_4274182.html |access-date=January 27, 2017 }}</ref> At that meeting she told him that she still loved him and wanted to be with him.<ref>Smith, and Weiner, ''Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and Recollections'', p. 262.</ref><ref>Chafe, ''The Achievement of American Liberalism'', p. 141.</ref> He never saw her again.<ref>Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 232</ref><ref>Conant, ''109 East Palace'', pp. 193–194.</ref>

==Death==
Tatlock suffered from severe [[clinical depression]], and was being treated at Mount Zion.<ref name = "Herken-P-101-102" /> At around 1 pm on January 5, 1944, her father arrived at her apartment at 1405 Montgomery Street. When there was no response to his ringing the doorbell, he climbed in through a window.<ref name = KashnerS-JM-p65 /><ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 250">Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 250.</ref> He found her dead, lying on a pile of cushions in the bathroom, with her head submerged in the partly-filled bathtub.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Letters to the Editor: "Comment on book review of: ''Brotherhood of the Bomb'' by Gregg Herken (2003)" |journal=American Journal of Physics |date=July 2003 |volume=71 |issue=7 |page=647 |doi=10.1119/1.1579499|last1=Herken |first1=Gregg |bibcode=2003AmJPh..71..647H }}</ref><ref name = "Crease">Serber and Crease, ''Peace & War'', p. 86.</ref><ref name = "Pais">Pais and Crease, ''J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life'', p. 36.</ref><ref name = "Thorpe">Thorpe, ''Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect'', p. 55.</ref> There was an unsigned [[suicide note]], which read:

{{blockquote|I am disgusted with everything... To those who loved me and helped me, all love and courage. I wanted to live and to give and I got paralyzed somehow. I tried like hell to understand and couldn't... I think I would have been a liability all my life—at least I could take away the burden of a paralyzed soul from a fighting world.<ref name="Restricted Data" /> }}

Her father found her correspondence and sifted through it, burning letters and photographs in the fireplace. At 5:10 pm he called the Halstead Funeral Home, who contacted the police. The police arrived at 5:30 pm, accompanied by the deputy coroner. At the time of her death she was under surveillance by the [[FBI]], and her phone had been [[telephone tapping|tapped]], so one of the first people informed about it was FBI director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], via a [[Teleprinter|teletype]] link.<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', pp. 192–194, 198–199</ref> The news of her death was reported in Bay Area newspapers.<ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 252">Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 252.</ref>

Washburn cabled [[Charlotte Serber]] at Los Alamos.<ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 252" /> As the librarian, she had access to the Technical Area, and told her husband, physicist [[Robert Serber]], who then went to inform Oppenheimer. When he reached his office, he found that Oppenheimer already knew.<ref>Conant, ''109 East Place'', pp. 193–194.</ref> The security chief at Los Alamos, Captain [[Peer de Silva]], had received the news through the wiretap and Army Intelligence, and had broken it to Oppenheimer.<ref>Monk, ''Inside the Centre'', pp. 386–387.</ref> Tatlock had introduced Oppenheimer to the poetry of [[John Donne]], and it is widely believed he named the first [[nuclear testing|test of a nuclear weapon]] "[[Trinity site|Trinity]]" in reference to one of Donne's poems, as a tribute to her.<ref name=Herken-P-129>Herken, ''Brotherhood of the Bomb'', p. 129.</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New Yorker]] |url=http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-first-light-of-the-trinity-atomic-test |access-date=January 14, 2017 |first=Alex |last=Wellerstein |date=July 16, 2015 |title=The First Light of Trinity }}</ref> In 1962, [[Leslie Groves]] wrote to Oppenheimer about the origin of the name, and elicited this reply:

{{blockquote|I did suggest it... Why I chose the name is not clear, but I know what thoughts were in my mind. There is a poem of John Donne, written just before his death, which I know and love. From it a quotation:

<poem>As West and East
In all flatt Maps—and I am one—are one,
So death doth touch the Resurrection.</poem>

In another, better known devotional poem Donne opens,
:''Batter my heart, three person'd God''.<ref>Rhodes, ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb'', pp. 571–572.</ref>}}

A formal inquest in February 1944 returned a verdict of "Suicide, motive unknown".<ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 251">Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 251.</ref> In his report, the coroner found that Tatlock had eaten a full meal shortly before her death. She had taken some [[barbiturates]], but not a fatal dose. Traces of [[chloral hydrate]] were found, a drug normally associated with a "[[Mickey Finn (drugs)|Mickey Finn]]" when combined with alcohol, but there was no alcohol in her blood, despite damage to her [[pancreas]] that indicated she was a heavy drinker. As a psychiatrist working in a hospital, she had access to sedatives such as chloral hydrate.<ref>Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', pp. 249–253.</ref> The coroner found that she had died at around 4:30 pm on January 4. The cause of death was recorded as "acute edema of the lungs with pulmonary congestion"<ref>Streshinsky and Klaus, ''An Atomic Love Story'', p. 192</ref> — drowning in the bathtub. It seems likely that she knelt over the bathtub, took chloral hydrate, and plunged her head into the water.<ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 253">Bird and Sherwin, ''American Prometheus'', p. 253.</ref>

There has been, at times, speculation by historians and her brother Hugh as to whether her death was truly a [[suicide]], as there were some suspicious circumstances. The [[conspiracy theory]] that she was murdered by intelligence agents working for the Manhattan Project was bolstered by the 1975 [[Church Committee]], which revealed details of assassinations carried out by American intelligence agencies,<ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 253" /> and was depicted in the fictional TV series ''[[Manhattan (TV series)|Manhattan]]''.<ref name="Restricted Data" /> One doctor observed that: "If you were clever and wanted to kill someone, this is the way to do it."<ref name="Bird and Sherwin, p. 253"/>

Her father had her remains cremated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/find-a-grave-prod/photos/2014/212/133652819_1406920011.jpg |title=Death certificate – Jean Francis Tatlock |access-date=November 6, 2016 |publisher=Find a Grave |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828011446/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/find-a-grave-prod/photos/2014/212/133652819_1406920011.jpg |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bird |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Bird|first2=Martin J. |last2=Sherwin |authorlink2=Martin J. Sherwin |title=[[American Prometheus]]: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2005|isbn=0-375-41202-6 |oclc=56753298 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chafe |first=William Henry |title=The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-231-11212-2 |oclc=50035078 }}
* {{cite book |last=Conant |first=Jennet |authorlink=Jennet Conant |title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=0-7432-5007-9 |oclc=57475908 |url=https://archive.org/details/109eastpalacerob00cona }}
* {{cite book |last=Herken|first=Gregg |title=Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller|url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofbom0000herk|url-access=registration|location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2002 |isbn=0-8050-6588-1 |oclc=48941348 }}
*{{cite book|last=Kashner |first=Sam |last2=MacNair |first2=Jennifer |title=The Bad & the Beautiful: Hollywood in the Fifties|url=https://archive.org/details/badbeautifulholl00kash |url-access=registration |year=2002|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-32436-5 |oclc=48817334 }}
* {{cite book | last = Monk | first = Ray | authorlink = Ray Monk | title = Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center | year = 2012 | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-385-50407-2 |oclc=828190062 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |authorlink=Abraham Pais |title=J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-19-516673-6 |location=Oxford |oclc=65637244 |url=https://archive.org/details/jrobertoppenheim00pais_0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Rhodes |title=[[The Making of the Atomic Bomb]] |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1986 |isbn=0-671-44133-7|oclc=13793436 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Serber |first1=Robert |author-link=Robert Serber |last2=Crease |first2=Robert P. |author-link2=Robert P. Crease |title=Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science |year=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-10546-0 |oclc=37631186 |url=https://archive.org/details/peacewarreminisc00serb }}
* {{cite book |last= Smith|first=Alice Kimball|last2=Weiner |first2=Charles|title=Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections|url= https://archive.org/details/robertoppenheime00oppe|url-access= registration|publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=1980 |isbn= 0-8047-2620-5 |oclc=5946652 }}
* {{cite book |last=Streshinsky |first=Shirley |last2=Klaus |first2=Patricia |title=An Atomic Love Story: The Extraordinary Women in Robert Oppenheimer's Life |location=New York |publisher=Turner Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61858-019-1 |oclc=849822662 }}
* {{cite book | last=Thorpe |first=Charles |title=Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect| year=2006 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=0-226-79845-3 |oclc=751082388}}
{{refend}}
{{portal bar|biography|communism|psychiatry|World War II}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatlock, Jean}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1944 suicides]]
[[Category:People from Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Physicians from California]]
[[Category:American women psychiatrists]]
[[Category:American psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Stanford Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:American communists]]
[[Category:Suicides by drowning in the United States]]
[[Category:Cambridge Rindge and Latin School alumni]]
[[Category:Bisexual women]]
[[Category:J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
[[Category:Members of the Communist Party USA]]
[[Category:Communist women writers]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Michigan]]

King’s Inns

2021-05-31T01:11:23Z

BrownHairedGirl: tag with {{Cleanup bare URLs}}

{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=May 2021}}
{{Short description|Irish legal society}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Honorable Society of King's Inns
| native_name = Óstaí an Rí
| image = Kings Inns, Dublin.jpg
| logo =
| motto = Nolumus Mutari
| established = 1541 by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
| city = [[Dublin]]
| country = Ireland
| head_label = CEO and Under Treasurer
| head = Mary Griffin
| dean = Eimear Brown
| address = Henrietta Street Dublin 1
| website = {{URL|http://www.kingsinns.ie}}
}}
'''The Honorable Society of King's Inns'''{{efn|The society uses the spelling "Honorable", although "Honourable" is now standard in Ireland and Britain.<ref>{{cite web |author-link=Tom Kitt (politician) |last1=Kitt |first1=Tom |title=Copyright and Related Rights Bill, 1999 [Seanad]: Report Stage (Resumed) and Final Stage |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2000-06-22/21/#spk_881 |website=Dáil Éireann (28th Dáil) debates |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=21 September 2020 |language=en-ie |date=22 June 2000}}</ref>|group="n"}} is the "Inn of Court" for the [[Bar Council of Ireland|Irish bar]]: the [[Bencher]]s of King's Inns award the degree of [[barrister|barrister-at-law]] necessary to be [[called to the bar]] by the [[Chief Justice of Ireland]]. As well as training future and qualified barristers, the School extends its reach to a diverse community of people from legal and non–legal backgrounds offering a range of accessible part-time courses in specialist areas of the law. King's Inns is also a centre of excellence in promoting the use of the Irish language in the law.

==History==

The society was granted a Royal Charter by King Henry VIII in 1541, 51 years before [[Trinity College, Dublin]] was founded, making it one of Ireland's oldest professional and educational institutions. The founders named their society in honour of King [[Henry VIII of England]] and his newly established [[Kingdom of Ireland]]. It secured a lease of lands at [[Inns Quay]] on the north bank of the [[River Liffey]] in Dublin. It was reconstituted in 1607, having been inactive for some time. In 1790 the Inns Quays site was acquired for the purposes of the [[Four Courts]]; the foundation stone at the present building at the top of Henrietta Street was laid on 1 August 1800, with [[James Gandon]] being commissioned as the architect. The building was completed by his pupil [[Henry A. Baker|Henry Aaron Baker]].<ref>[Colum Kenny, ''King's Inns and the Kingdom of Ireland: The Irish 'inn of court' 1541–1800'' (Irish Academic Press & Irish Legal History Society, 1992), pp. 261–5]</ref> Turn Again Lane, adjacent to the grounds, was renamed King's Inns Street.

From almost the moment that King's Inns was founded, Irishmen who wished to practise as barristers were required to attend the [[Inn of Court (England and Wales)|English Inns of Court]] in London, and that requirement stayed in place until the late nineteenth century. Only from the middle of the eighteenth century onwards were courses of legal education provided at King's Inns.<ref>Colum Kenny. ''Tristram Kennedy and the Revival of Irish Legal Training, 1835–1885'', Irish Academic Press & Irish Legal History Society, 1996.</ref>

King's Inns initially hoped the 1920–1922 [[partition of Ireland]] would not end its all-island remit, and it set up a "Committee of Fifteen" Northern Ireland Benchers in 1922.<ref name="Osborough1972"/> These sought more independence and separatism was fuelled by King's Inns' 1925 admission as barrister of [[Kevin O'Higgins]], who had not sat the exams but was [[Minister for Justice (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]] in the [[Irish Free State]].<ref name="Osborough1972"/> In 1926 a separate inn of court in Northern Ireland catered for the [[Bar Council of Northern Ireland]].<ref name="Osborough1972"/> In 1929 [[Hugh Kennedy]] succeeded in make knowledge of [[Irish language|Irish]] compulsory for admission to King's Inns.<ref name="Osborough1972">{{cite journal |last1=Osborough |first1=W. N. |title=Law in Ireland 1916–26 |journal=Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly |date=Spring 1972 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=53–54}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! List of Treasurers from 1804 to 1979<ref>*Source: The Honorable Society of King's Inns: Library
*Source: The Longman Handbook of Modern Irish History Since 1800 by N. C. Fleming and Alan O'Day, Pages 481–485 {{ISBN|0-582-08102-5}}</ref><ref>*Notes on List:
*LCJ: Lord Chief Justice
*MR: Master of the Rolls
*KC: King's Counsel
*QC: Queen's Counsel
*SC: Senior Counsel</ref>
|-
|1804–1805 [[Barry Yelverton, 1st Viscount Avonmore|Viscount Avonmore]]
|-
|1805–1806 [[William Downes, 1st Baron Downes|William Downes]]
|-
|1806–1807 [[John Toler, 1st Earl of Norbury|Lord Norbury]]
|-
|1807–1808 S. O'Grady
|-
|1808–1809 No name
|-
|1809–1810 Mr. Justice Day
|-
|1810–1811 No name
|-
|1811–1812 [[Luke Fox (judge)|Mr. Justice Fox]]
|-
|1812–1813 No name
|-
|1813–1814 [[Sir William Cusack-Smith, 2nd Baronet|W.C. Smith]]
|-
|1814–1815 [[Charles Osborne (politician)|Charles Osbourne]]
|-
|1815–1816 [[James McClelland (Solicitor-General)|Baron McCleland]]
|-
|1816–1817 [[Edward Mayne|Judge Mayne]]
|-
|1817–1818 Judge Fletcher
|-
|1818–1819 Judge Moore
|-
|1819–1820 Judge Johnson
|-
|1820–1821 Judge Jebb
|-
|1821–1822 No name
|-
|1822–1823 Mr. Justice Burton
|-
|1823–1824 [[Edward Pennefather|Baron Pennefather]]
|-
|1824–1825 [[Charles Kendal Bushe]], LCJ
|-
|1825–1826 Mr. Justice Vandeleur
|-
|1826–1827 [[Robert Torrens (judge)|Mr. Justice Torrens]]
|-
|1827–1828 [[William MacMahon]], MR
|-
|1828–1829 [[William Plunket, 1st Baron Plunket|Lord Plunket]]
|-
|1829–1830 No name
|-
|1830–1831 S. O'Grady
|-
|1831–1832 [[Sir William Cusack-Smith, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Smith. Bt.]]
|-
|1832–1833 John Leslie Foster
|-
|1833–1834 [[John Doherty (Irish politician)|John Doherty]]
|-
|1834–1835 [[Henry Joy (judge)|Henry Joy]]
|-
|1835–1836 Mr. Justice Burton
|-
|1836–1837 No name
|-
|1837–1838 [[Robert Torrens (judge)|Mr. Justice Torrens]]
|-
|1838–1839 [[John Leslie Foster|Baron Foster]]
|-
|1839–1840 [[Philip Cecil Crampton|Judge Crampton]]
|-
|1840–1841 [[Louis Perrin|Judge Perrin]]
|-
|1841–1842 No name
|-
|1842–1843 [[John Richards (Attorney General)|Baron Richards]]
|-
|1843–1844 [[Nicholas Ball (lawyer)|Nicholas Ball]]
|-
|1844–1845 No name
|-
|1845–1846 [[Thomas Langlois Lefroy|Thomas Lefroy]]
|-
|1846–1847 [[Edward Pennefather]], LCJ
|-
|1847–1848 [[Francis Blackburne|Francis Blackburn]], LCJ
|-
|1848–1849 [[Thomas Cusack-Smith|T. B. C. Smith]], MR
|-
|1849–1850 [[David Richard Pigot|David R. Pigot]]
|-
|1850–1851 [[Richard Moore (Irish lawyer)|Judge Moore]]
|-
|1851–1852 [[James Henry Monahan]], LCJ of the Common Pleas Court
|-
|1852–1853 The Lord Chancellor
|-
|1853–1854 [[Richard Wilson Greene|Baron Greene]]
|-
|1854–1855 No name
|-
|1855–1856 [[Thomas Langlois Lefroy|Thomas Lefroy]]
|-
|1856–1857 [[Thomas Cusack-Smith|T. B. C. Smith]], MR
|-
|1857–1858 No name
|-
|1858–1859 [[James Henry Monahan]], LCJ of the Common Pleas Court
|-
|1859–1860 [[Jonathan Christian|Mr. Justice Christian]]
|-
|1860–1861 [[William O'Brien (judge)|Mr. Justice O'Brien]]
|-
|1861–1862 [[Edmund Hayes (judge)|Mr. Justice Hayes]]
|-
|1862–1863 [[John FitzGerald, Baron FitzGerald|Baron Fitzgerald]]
|-
|1863–1864 No name
|-
|1864–1865 [[John FitzGerald, Baron FitzGerald|Baron Fitzgerald]]
|-
|1865–1866 [[Rickard Deasy|Baron Deasy]]
|-
|1866–1867 [[Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan|Mr. Justice O'Hagan]]
|-
|1867–1868 [[James Whiteside]], LCJ
|-
|1868–1869 [[Francis Blackburne|The Lord Chancellor]]
|-
|1869–1870 No name
|-
|1870–1871 [[James Anthony Lawson|Mr. Justice Lawson]]
|-
|1871–1872 George Battersby, QC
|-
|1872–1873 [[Gerald FitzGibbon (Irish lawyer)|Gerald FitzGibbon]]
|-
|1873–1874 [[Richard Dowse|Baron Dowse]]
|-
|1874–1875 Mr. Justice Morris
|-
|1875–1876 The Judge of the Court of Probate
|-
|1876–1877 Hewitt Poole Jellett
|-
|1877–1878 Mr. Justice Barry
|-
|1878–1879 James Murphy
|-
|1879–1880 [[George Augustus Chichester May]]
|-
|1880–1881 Edward Pennefather, QC
|-
|1881–1882 Mr. Justice Harrison
|-
|1882–1883 Mr. Serjeant David Sherlock (First Serjeant at Law)
|-
|1883-1884 Judge Townsend
|-
|1884–1885 Thomas De Moleyns, QC
|-
|1885–1886 [[Sir Andrew Porter, 1st Baronet|Andrew M. Porter]], MR
|-
|1886–1887 Piers F. White, QC
|-
|1887–1888 [[Christopher Palles|The Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer]]
|-
|1888–1889 Arthur Stanley Jackson, QC
|-
|1889–1890 Lord Justice Fitzgibbon
|-
|1890–1891 John Richardson, QC
|-
|1891–1892 Mr. Justice Holmes
|-
|1892–1893 Samuel Walker
|-
|1893–1894 Judge Miller
|-
|1894–1895 [[Charles Hemphill, 1st Baron Hemphill|Charles Hare Hemphill]], QC, Solicitor General
|-
|1895–1896 Mr. Justice Johnson
|-
|1896–1897 William Bennett Campion, QC
|-
|1897–1898 Mr. Justice O'Brien
|-
|1898–1899 No name
|-
|1899–1900 Mr. Justice Andrews
|-
|1900–1901 John H. Twigg, QC
|-
|1902–1903 Stephen Ronan
|-
|1903–1904 Mr. Justice Boyd
|-
|1904–1905 Mr. Serjeant William Houston Dodd (Third Serjeant at Law)
|-
|1905-1906 Mr. Justice Madden
|-
|1906–1907 James H. M. Campbell, KC, MP
|-
|1907–1908 Mr. Justice Kenny
|-
|1908–1909 Charles L. Matheson, KC
|-
|1909–1910 Mr. Justice White
|-
|1910–1911 [[Charles O'Connor (judge)|Charles Andrew O'Connor]], KC, Solicitor General
|-
|1911–1912 Mr. Justice Barton
|-
|1912–1913 John Gordon, KC
|-
|1913–1914 Mr. Justice Wylie
|-
|1914–1915 Denis Henry, KC
|-
|1915–1916 Gerald Fitzgerald
|-
|1916–1917 Arthur W. Samuels, KC
|-
|1917–1918 [[Thomas O'Shaughnessy|Thomas Lopdell O'Shaughnessy]] (Last Recorder of Dublin)
|-
|1918–1919 [[Godfrey Fetherstonhaugh]], KC
|-
|1919–1920 Mr. Justice Moore
|-
|1920–1921 Robert F. Harrison
|-
|1921–1922 Mr. Justice Powell
|-
|1922–1923 William Morgan Jellet, KC, MP
|-
|1923–1924 [[Thomas Molony|Thomas Francis Molony]], LCJ (Last Lord Chief Justice of Ireland)
|-
|1924–1925 Samuel L. Brown, KC
|-
|1925–1926 [[Gerald Fitzgibbon|Mr. Justice Gerald Fitzgibbon]]
|-
|1926–1927 Alexander F. Blood, KC
|-
|1927–1928 Mr. Justice Henry Hanna
|-
|1928–1929 Garrett William Walker
|-
|1929–1930 Mr. Justice William E. Wylie
|-
|1930–1931 Hewitt R. Poole
|-
|1931–1932 Mr. Justice Timothy Sullivan (First President of the High Court)
|-
|1932–1933 Frederick W. Price
|-
|1933–1934 Frederick W. Price
|-
|1934–1935 Mr. Justice James Creed Meredith
|-
|1935–1936 Ernest J. Phelps, SC
|-
|1936–1937 Mr. Justice Johnson
|-
|1937–1938 Frederick F. Denning
|-
|1938–1939 Mr. Justice James A. Murnaghan
|-
|1939–1940 Andrew Kingsbury Overend, KC
|-
|1940–1941 Mr. Justice John O'Byrne
|-
|1941–1942 Thomas S. McCann
|-
|1942–1943 [[Conor Maguire|Conor Alexander Maguire]] (Second President of the High Court)
|-
|1943–1944 Patrick Lynch, KC
|-
|1944–1945 Mr Justice Geoghegan
|-
|1945–1946 J. M. Fitzgerald, SC
|-
|1946–1947 Mr. Justice Cahir Davitt
|-
|1947–1948 John Aloysius Costello
|-
|1948–1949 Mr. Justice George Gavan Duffy (Third President of the High Court)
|-
|1949–1950 R. G. L. Leonard, KC
|-
|1950–1951 Mr. Justice George William Shannon (First President of the Circuit Court)
|-
|1951–1952 Vincent Rice, SC
|-
|1952–1953 [[Cecil Lavery|Mr. Justice Cecil Lavery]]
|-
|1953–1954 Frank Fitzgibbon, QC
|-
|1954–1955 Mr. Justice Martin C. Maguire
|-
|1955–1956 Mr. Carson
|-
|1956–1957 Mr Justice Kevin Haugh
|-
|1957–1958 P. McCarthy
|-
|1958–1959 Mr. Justice T.C. Kingsmill Moore
|-
|1959–1960 Henry J. Molony
|-
|1960–1961 Mr. Justice [[Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh|Carroll O'Daly]]
|-
|1961–1962 Richard McGonigal, SC
|-
|1962–1963 Mr. Justice Frederick O. Budd
|-
|1963–1964 Thomas F. Bacon
|-
|1964–1965 Mr. Justice George D. Murnaghan
|-
|1965–1966 Mr Campbell
|-
|1966–1967 Mr. Justice Richard McLoughlin
|-
|1967–1968 Denis Pringle
|-
|1968–1969 Mr. Justice William Fitzgerald
|-
|1969–1970 G. Micks
|-
|1970–1971 Mr. Justice Thomas Teevan
|-
|1971–1972 T. K. Liston, SC
|-
|1972–1973 Mr. Justice [[Aindrias Ó Caoimh (judge)|Aindrias Ó Caoimh]] (Fifth President of the High Court)
|-
|1973–1974 Thomas B. Hannin
|-
|1974–1975 Mr. Justice Brian Walsh
|-
|1975–1976 Ernest M. Wood
|-
|1976–1977 Mr. Justice John Kenny
|-
|1977–1978 Oliver D. Gogarty, SC
|-
|1978–1979 Mr. Justice [[Séamus Henchy]]
|-
|1979–1980 Thomas Vincent Davy, SC (The last officeholder to hold the position as Treasurer)
|}

==Academic life==
Candidates need either an approved law degree or King's Inns' own Diploma in Legal Studies in order to "apply" for the Degree of Barrister-at-Law ({{lang-la|ad Gradum Advocatum Apud Judices}}). Applicants are required to attend courses, take exams, and [[Formal (university)|eat in the Dining Hall]] a minimum number of times. In 2006, King's Inns had an enrollment of approximately 300 students. By 2016, that number had fallen to approximately 120. There are approximately 2,800 practicing barristers in Ireland.<ref>https://www.lsra.ie/for-law-professionals/roll-of-practising-barristers/</ref>

==Profile==
[[File:The Honourable Society of Kings Inns (455776430).jpg|right|thumb|255px|King's Inns courtyard on Henrietta Street]]

[[File:"Classical building - location unknown" is Henrietta St, Dublin (33481350971).jpg|thumb|King's Inns courtyard at the turn of the 20th century]]

The society had generally kept a low profile in current affairs in Ireland, though it did come to prominence in 1972, when financial difficulties led to it selling a considerable stock of non-legal books it had in its library. The library collection dates from the end of the 18th century (when it also adopted its motto 'Nolumus mutari'<ref>Colum Kenny. 2005. Nolumus mutari: time for change at King's Inns?. ''Irish Jurist'', 40, 1, 321–346.</ref>), and was based on the part of that of [[Christopher Robinson (Irish judge)|Christopher Robinson]], senior [[puisne judge]] of the [[Court of King's Bench (Ireland)]], who died in 1787. Books were sold at auction at [[Sotheby's]], London, and a considerable stock of them were sold to clients outside Ireland. This was seen at the time as a major cultural outflow, as many of the books were of historical and cultural significance.<ref>Colum Kenny, ''King's Inns and the Battle of the Books, 1972: Cultural Controversy at a Dublin Library'' (Four Courts Press & Irish Legal History Society, 2002), passim</ref> In addition, its library had received an annual grant since 1945 for the upkeep of the books from the [[Exchequer of Ireland|Irish Exchequer]].

A King's Inns team or individual has often won the [[Irish Times National Debating Championship]], and in 2010 won the [[European Universities Debating Championship]]s. In 2006 the Inns' [[hurling]] team competed in and won the [[Fergal Maher Cup]] (3rd Level Division 3) in their inaugural year and have subsequently reached the final and semi-final.

The [[Hungry Tree]], a London Plane that is encapsulating a park bench lies in the grounds of the King's Inns, near to the south gate.<ref name=secret>{{cite news |last1=O Conghaile |first1=Pol |title=Secret Dublin |url=https://www.independent.ie/life/travel/secret-dublin-29738897.html |access-date=20 September 2018 |publisher=Irish Independent |date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

==Notable alumni and academics==
*[[Henry Grattan]] (1746 - 1820)
*[[Theobald Wolfe Tone]] (1763 - 1798)
*[[Daniel O'Connell]] (1775 - 1847)
*[[Christopher Palles]] (1831-1920)
*[[Edward Carson|The Baron Carson]] (1854 - 1935)
*[[John Redmond]] (1856 - 1918)
*[[Patrick Pearse]] (1879 - 1916)
*[[John A. Costello]] (1891 - 1976)
*[[Jack Lynch]] (1917 - 1999)
*[[Liam Cosgrave]] (1920 - 2017)
*[[Charles Haughey]] (1925 - 2006)
*[[Mary Robinson]] (1944 - )
*[[John Bruton]] (1947 - )
See also [[:Category:Alumni of King's Inns|Category:Alumni of King's Inns]]

==See also==
* [[Northern Ireland Inn of Court]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kingsinns.ie Official site – King's Inns]

{{Schools and colleges in County Dublin}}
{{IrishUni}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|53|21|10.4|N|6|16|18|W|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Legal organisations based in Ireland]]
[[Category:Inns of Court]]
[[Category:1541 establishments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dublin (city)]]

Wurzelförmiges Zahnimplantat

2021-04-03T22:46:19Z

BrownHairedGirl: @Jekkara: Disable the categories on this page while it is still a draft, per WP:DRAFTNOCAT/WP:USERNOCAT (using Draft no cat v1.5). The easiest way to do this is by converting them to links, by adding a colon: "[[Category:" → "[[:Category:"

{{User sandbox}}


A '''root-analog [[dental implant]] (RAI)''' – also known as a truly anatomic dental implant, or an anatomical/custom implant – is a [[medical device]] to replace one or more roots of a single tooth immediately after [[Dental extraction|extraction]]. In contrast to common titanium screw type implants, these implants are custom-made to exactly match the extraction socket of the specific patient. Thus there is usually no need for surgery.

As the root analog dental implant matches the [[Dental alveolus|tooth socket]] (dental alveolus) it can only be placed in conjunction with the tooth extraction. If the tooth has been already lost and the soft and hard tissue is already healed a RAI can no longer be placed.

The basic principle of endosseous implants is a biological process described as [[osseointegration]], in which materials such as titanium or ceramic form an intimate bond to bone. There are no particular differences between the osseointegration of a root analog implant and a conventional screw type implant.

==Disadvantages of conventional implants==
[[File:Root analogue ceramic dental implant vs titanium screw type implant.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Root Analogue Dental Implant|Root analogue ceramic dental implant in comparison with titanium screw type implant]]
As technology has improved, so has implant success rate. However, this does not address fundamental problem with conventional implant technology: the patient must be altered to fit the screw or cylinder implant, rather than the other way around.

A tooth has one or more [[Dental anatomy|roots]]. Even a single-rooted tooth is nearly twice as wide in one direction as in the other. A cylindrical screw-type implant does not resemble a tooth, so invasive surgery is needed to make it fit into an existing tooth socket. Such surgery involves drilling into healthy bone, filling gaps between implant and bone either with bone or bone substitutes, and frequently sinus lift procedures.

Titanium screws are prone to [[peri-implantitis]] and plaque accumulation, leading to further interventions. The grey color of titanium tends to show through gums, and in case of gum and bone recession, esthetic outcome is often highly unpredictable.

==Root analogue implants==
[[File:Illustration showing comparison of screw type implant with root analogue implant.jpg|thumb|Illustration showing comparison of screw type implant with root analogue implant]]

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = X-rays of root analogue dental implants in different regions
| width = 178
| image1 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant single rooted right lower second premolar.jpg
| alt1 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant single rooted right lower second premolar
| caption1 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant single rooted right lower second premolar
| image2 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant two rooted left lower molar.jpg
| alt2 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant two rooted left lower molar.jpg
| caption2 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant two rooted left lower molar.jpg
| image3 = X-ray of root analogue three rooted dental implant right first upper molar.jpg
| alt3 = X-ray of root analogue three rooted dental implant right first upper molar.jpg
| caption3 = X-ray of root analogue three rooted dental implant right first upper molar.jpg
}}

RAIs are custom made to perfectly fit the tooth socket of a specific patient immediately after tooth extraction. Therefore every implant is unique. As an optimized root-form it is much more than a simple 1:1 replica of a tooth. Since it exactly fills the gap left after the tooth is extracted, surgery is rarely needed. The implant can be produced from a copy of the extracted tooth, an impression of the tooth socket, or from a [[CT scan|CT scan]] or [[Cone beam computed tomography|CBCT scan]] <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Zachary P. |last2=Renne |first2=Walter G. |last3=Bacro |first3=Thierry R. |last4=Mennito |first4=Anthony S. |last5=Ludlow |first5=Mark E. |last6=Lecholop |first6=Michael K. |title=Anatomic Customization of Root-Analog Dental Implants With Cone-Beam CT and CAD/CAM Fabrication: A Cadaver-Based Pilot Evaluation |journal=Journal of Oral Implantology |volume=XLIV |issue=1 |year=2018 |pages=15-25}}</ref>. The advantage of a CBCT scan is that the implant can be produced before extraction. With the former methods, it takes one or two days to fabricate an implant.

A root analogue implant can be fabricated from [[zirconium dioxide]] (zirconia) or [[titanium]]. Zirconia is the preferred material, because it is more esthetic in color, with no grey discoloration visible through gums.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Happe |first1=Arndt |last2=Schulte-Mattler |first2=Verena |last3=Strassert |first3=Christian |last4=Naumann |first4=Michael |last5=Stimmelmayr |first5=Michael |last6=Zoller |first6=Joachim |last7=Rothamel |first7=Daniel |title=In Vitro Color Changes of Soft Tissues Caused by Dyed Fluorescent Zirconia and Nondyed, Nonfluorescent Zirconia in Thin Mucosa |journal=The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry |volume=33 |issue=01 |year=2013 |pages=e1-8 |doi=10.11607/prd.1303}}</ref>
Zirconium dioxide is doped with small amounts of yttria, which results in a material with superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, and enhanced fracture toughness - ideal for surgical implants. Zirconia is metal free and is [[Biocompatibility|biocompatible]].

True ‘root-form analogue’ or ‘anatomic’ dental implants have been attempted in the past. Those early attempts failed because of insufficient knowledge of healing of cortical and spongy bone, method, material, tooling, and technology. The principle of Differentiated Osseointegration, in conjunction with suitable material and technology, has enabled the first success in this field<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Kocher |first2=A |title=Immediate, non-submerged, root-analogue zirconia implant in single tooth replacement. |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. |year=2008 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=293-5 |doi=10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.008 |pmid=18272340}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Kocher |first2=A |title=Immediate, non-submerged, root-analogue zirconia implants placed into single-rooted extraction sockets: 2-year follow-up of a clinical study. |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. |year=2009 |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=1127-32 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.07.008|pmid=19665354}}</ref><ref name="Pirker2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Wiedemann |first2=D |last3=Lidauer |first3=A |last4=Kocher |first4=A |title=Immediate, single stage, truly anatomic zirconia implant in lower molar replacement: a case report with 2.5 years follow-up. |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. |year=2011 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=212-6 |doi=10.1016/j.ijom.2010.08.003 |pmid=20833511}}</ref>.

==The Principle of “Differentiated Osseointegration”==

Differentiated Osseointegration<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Kocher |first2=A |title=True Anatomic Immediate Dental Implant Method: A Clinical Case |journal=International Magazine of Oral Implantology |year=2009 |issue=4 |pages=10-14}}</ref> describes the guided equilibrium of bone-to-implant distance, contact and compression, taking into account spongy or cortical bone, in order to achieve secure [[osseointegration]] of individual anatomical dental implants.

The design of the implant surface is crucial in integrating all three possible primary bone-to-implant contact scenarios:

* Contact in the area of the exact root replica, for an immediate start of primary osseointegration without bone trauma;
* Distance at the thin buccal and lingual cortical plates, to safely avoid fracture and pressure resorption of this sensitive bone;
* Compression with macro retentions only in areas of spongy bone to maintain safe primary stability during the entire osseointegration phase.

The combination of all these factors is the most important condition for osseointegration of anatomically shaped dental implants.

==Technique==
[[File:Placement of root analogue ceramic implant.webm|thumb|Video showing placement of root analogue ceramic dental implant without surgery, and outcome at one year follow-up]]
[[File:X-ray of root analogue dental implant left central incisor.jpg|thumb|X-ray of root analogue dental implant corresponding to above surgical video]]

Treatment consists of three steps:

* Obtain the 3D form of the tooth to be replaced. This is done either through careful tooth extraction and scanning of the root, taking an impression of the tooth socket, or a pre-op [[Cone beam computed tomography|CBCT scan]]. The root analogue implant is produced using modern [[CAD/CAM dentistry|CAD/CAM]] technology, based on the Principle of Differentiated Osseointegration;
* Atraumatic extraction of the hopeless tooth;
* Placement of the root analogue implant by tapping it in. In general, no surgery is necessary. In particular, no sinus lift or invasive surgery is ever necessary. The implant is placed immediately if it has been produced beforehand from a CBCT scan, or the next day if root has to be scanned or an impression of the socket is used. A protective splint is fitted to protect the implant during the healing period.

Recovery time is very fast as neither soft nor hard tissue is traumatized. Typically, even the day after implant placement there is no swelling, bruising or pain. After 8–12 weeks' healing period, the final crown may be fitted by a family dentist.

==Advantages==
* Can be placed by any family dentist, requiring no specific surgical skills; there are no guidelines besides indications and contra-indications. The implant is placed with simple tools, typically in less than a minute.
* Natural form: a custom milled anatomic implant replicates the natural form of a tooth, so it simply fits into the tooth socket. Like the original tooth, a root analogue implant can have single- and multi-rooted forms.
* Esthetic: a ceramic RAI closely resembles a natural tooth in color. Thus there is no discoloration through the gums, as is commonly seen with titanium implants.
* No drilling or surgery, or bone augmentation, is necessary. The patient never needs a sinus lift. There is no additional bone loss, in contrast to a conventional implant where bone must be drilled. No antibiotics are necessary.
* Extremely low risk of [[peri-implantitis]]: a conventional implant has a screw winding which is prone to peri-implantitis if it is exposed to the mouth environment. A RAI has none of these problems. Similarly, as it is a single piece implant, there are no gaps which can be infected.
* Immediate: a RAI is placed into a tooth socket immediately or the next day after tooth removal. Injury to neighboring roots, nerves or sinus is impossible.
* Widely applicable: RAIs can be used in approximately 30% of cases, as opposed to 5% for conventional implants. The technology is completely open to all common methods of crown reconstruction.
* The consequences in case of implant failure are minimal: the patient's anatomy has not been altered (the tooth socket is unchanged), so there is still the option to switch to a conventional treatment.

==Risks and complications==
Form alterations to the RAI, in conjunction with the pathology of patient, can only be carried out by a practitioner with the requisite knowledge, experience and skills. A failure rate of 10% appears high because of the wider [[Indication (medicine)|indications]] for this implant solution; almost all failures occur within the first 4 weeks. After this period, it is rare to have an implant fail.

==History==
Tooth loss is as old as humanity. Examples from history show that it has always made sense to replace a tooth with an implant that is shaped like a tooth.<ref name="Misch2015">{{cite book |last=Misch |first=Carl E |date=2015 |title=Dental Implant Prosthetics |edition=2nd |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/dental-implant-prosthetics/9780323078450 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=9780323078450 |pages=26-45 |chapter=Chapter 2: Generic Root Form Component Terminology}}</ref> The earliest known dental implant, discovered in Honduras and dating from 600 AD, is that of a Mayan woman who had several implanted incisors carved from sea shells. At least one of these implants had osseointegrated.<ref name="Misch2015"></ref>

In modern times, a tooth replica implant in baboons was reported as early as 1969 by Hodosh and colleagues, but the polymethacrylate tooth analogue was encapsulated by soft tissue rather than osseointegrated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodosh |first1=M |last2=Povar |first2=M |last3=Shklar |first3=G |title=The dental polymer implant concept |journal=J. Prosthet. Dent. |year=1969 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1016/0022-3913(69)90200-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodosh |first1=M |last2=Shklar |first2=G |last3=Povar |first3=M |title=The porous vitreous carbon/polymethacrylate tooth implant: Preliminary studies |journal=J. Prosthet. Dent. |year=1974 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=326–334 |doi=10.1016/0022-3913(74)90037-7}}</ref>

In 1992 Lundgren and colleagues used root analogue titanium implants in an experimental model of immediate implant placement in dogs, with bony integration in 88% of cases<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lundgren |first1=D |last2=Rylander |first2=H |last3=Andersson |first3=M |last4=Johansson |first4=M |last5=Albrektsson |first5=T |title=Healing-in of root analogue titanium implants placed in extraction sockets. An experimental study in the beagle dog. |journal=Clin Oral Implants Res. |year=1992 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=136-43 |pmid=1290794}}</ref>. A good fit between implant and bone was considered an important factor for implant success.

For this reason, Kohal et al. in 1997 further refined the approach of root-analogue titanium implants in monkeys by using slightly larger implants to compensate for the lost periodontal ligament. This provided a better fit between implant and extraction socket. In several instances implant insertion led to fractures of the thin buccal wall of the alveolar bone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohal |first1=RJ |last2=Hürzeler |first2=MB |last3=Mota |first3=LF |last4=Klaus |first4=G |last5=Caffesse |first5=RG |first6=Strub |last6= JR |title=Custom-made root analogue titanium implants placed into extraction sockets. An experimental study in monkeys. |journal=Clin Oral Implants Res. |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=386-392 |pmid=9612143 }}</ref>

An ensuing clinical study in humans in 2002 with root-identical titanium implants showed excellent primary stability, but, disappointingly, nearly half the implants failed after 9 months. This particular implant system was not recommended for clinical use, and clinical trials were stopped.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heydecke |first1=G |last2=Kohal |first2=R |last3=Gläser |first3=R |title=Optimal Esthetics in Single-Tooth Replacement with the Re-Implant System: A Case Report |journal=Int J Prosthodont |year=1999 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=184-189 |pmid=10371922 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohal |first1=R |last2=Klaus |first2=G |last3=Strub |first3=J |title=Clinical investigation of a new dental immediate implant system. The ReImplant-System. |journal=Dtsch Zahnärztl Z. |year=2002 |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=495-497 }}</ref>

A new attempt was made by Pirker et al 2004 in a human trial with root analogue zirconia implants, but this time by applying differentiated osseoingration on the surface. In 2011 he reported 90% success rate with this method in a 2.5 year human trial.<ref name="Pirker2011"></ref>

Mangano et al in Italy in 2012 reported the successful clinical use of a custom-made root analogue implant made by direct laser metal forming (DLMF) from a CBCT scan. This demonstrated that it is possible to combine CBCT 3D data and CAD/CAM technology to manufacture root-analogue implants with sufficient precision.<ref name="Mangano2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mangano |first1=F |last2=Cirotti |first2=B |last3=Sammons |first3=R |last4=Mangano |first4=C |title=Custom-made, root-analogue direct laser metal forming implant: a case report |journal=Lasers Med Sci |year=2012 |volume=27 |pages=1241-1245 |doi=10.1007/s10103-012-1134-z}}</ref>

In 2012 Moin et al in The Netherlands investigated the accuracy of CBCT and CAD/CAM technology on individual root analogue implants, and concluded that this technique could potentially provide accurate dental implants for immediate placement.<ref name="Moin2013">{{cite journal |last1=Anssari Moin |first1=D |last2=Hassan |first2=B |last3=Mercelis |first3=P |last4=Wismeijer |first4=D |title=Designing a novel dental root analogue implant using cone beam computed tomography and CAD/CAM technology |journal=Clin. Oral Imp. Res. |year=2013 |volume=24 |pages=25–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02359.x}}</ref>

Pour et al in Germany reported a single tooth replacement with a root-analog hybrid implant in 2017, using a titanium implant fused with a ceramic cover in the esthetic zone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pour |first1=RS |last2=Randelzhofer |first2=P |last3=Edelhoff |first3=D |last4=Prandtner |first4=O |last5=Rafael |first5=CF |last6=Liebermann |first6=A |title=Innovative Single-Tooth Replacement with an Individual Root-Analog Hybrid Implant in the Esthetic Zone: Case Report |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants |year=2017 |volume=32 |pages=e153-e160 |doi=10.11607/jomi.5562}}</ref>

Successful RAIs are a relatively young technology. In contrast to conventional geometric implants, only a handful of scientific groups have carried out any work in this area since 1964. Ongoing efforts to combine CBCT scans with CAD/CAM technology suggest an imminent breakthrough.<ref name="Mangano2012"></ref><ref name="Moin2013"></ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[:Category:Implants (medicine)]]
[[:Category:Dental equipment]]
[[:Category:Restorative dentistry]]
[[:Category:Prosthetics]]
[[:Category:Oral surgery]]
[[:Category:Prosthodontology]]

İzbırak

2020-08-09T00:38:46Z

BrownHairedGirl: clean up, removed stub tag

{{Infobox settlement
|name = İzbırak
|other_name =
|native_name =
|settlement_type =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Turkey
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Turkey
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Mardin Province]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Turkey|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Midyat]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|population_as_of =2019
|population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nufusune.com/158123-mardin-midyat-izbirak-mahallesi-nufusu|title=İZBIRAK MAHALLESİ NÜFUSU MİDYAT MARDİN|author= |access-date=14 May 2020|website=Türkiye Nüfusu|language=tr}}</ref>
|population_total =31
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone=
|utc_offset=
|timezone_DST=
|utc_offset_DST=
|coordinates = {{Coord|37|30|47.9|N|41|32|10.0|E}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''İzbırak''' ({{lang-ar|زاز|Zaz}}, {{lang-syr|ܙܰܐܙ|Zāz}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syriaca.org/place/538.html|date=9 December 2016|title=Zāz|last1=Carlson|first1=Thomas A.|access-date=14 May 2020|website=The Syriac Gazetteer}}</ref> is a village in [[Mardin Province]] in southeastern [[Turkey]]. It is located in the district of [[Midyat]] and the historical region of [[Tur Abdin]].

In the village, there are churches of [[Mar|Mor]] Dimet and Mort [[Woman with seven sons|Shmuni]].{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=319}} There is also the ruins of the church of Mor [[Gabriel of Beth Qustan|Gabriel]].{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=319}}

==History==
Zaz is identified as the settlement of Zazabukha, where the [[Assyria]]n king [[Ashurnasirpal II]] made camp whilst on campaign against [[Nairi]] and received tribute from [[Anıtlı, Midyat|Khabkhi]] in 879 BC.{{sfnp|Palmer|1990|pp=1, 29}} Arches on the north side of the church of Mor Dimet suggest pre-Christian buildings originally stood on the site.{{sfnp|Palmer|1990|pp=29-30}} The church of Mor Dimet was constructed by 932, from which year a funerary inscription survives.{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=431}} A copy of the Syriac [[diptych#Ecclesiastical|diptychs]] ({{lang-syr|Sphar Ḥaye}}, "Book of Life") written in the village in the early 16th century was found in 1909, but was lost in the Assyrian genocide.{{sfnp|Barsoum|2003|pp=97-98}}

By 1915, Zaz was exclusively inhabited by 2000 Assyrians, with 200 families, all of whom were adherents of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].{{sfnp|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=323}}{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} Amidst the [[Assyrian genocide]] in the [[First World War]], the village was attacked by Kurds in August 1915, and the villagers took refuge in the church of Mor Dimet and two large houses.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} After receiving assurances the villagers wouldn't be harmed, 365/366 Assyrians left the buildings, but were taken by the Kurds to a hill named Perbume between Zaz and [[Ortaca, Midyat|Heştrek]] and slaughtered.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} A survivor of the massacre at Perbume returned to Zaz and warned the villagers, who subsequently held out for a month.{{sfnp|Biner|2019|p=109}} Some survivors fled to [[Gülgöze, Mardin|Ayn Wardo]].{{sfnp|Çetinoğlu|2018|p=186}}

An [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] official arrived at the village and assured the villagers of their safety, only to separate the young, who were given to Kurds from neighbouring villages,{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} and split the remaining Assyrians in two groups.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} One group was sent to [[Dargeçit|Kerboran]], and the other was sent to Midyat, where they were forced to collect and bury the corpses of Assyrians who had been killed in the streets of those places, as well as pick up animal faeces.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} Those who did not die of hunger or thirst were killed once the corpses were buried.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} Some villagers who had survived the genocide were helped to return to Zaz in 1920 by Çelebi, ''[[agha (title)|agha]]'' (chief) of the Heverkan clan.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}}{{sfnp|Gaunt|2017|p=66}} A portico was added to the church of Mor Dimet in 1924.{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=319}}

In the early 1990s, there were skirmishes between [[Village guard system|paramilitaries]], the Turkish military, and [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) militants near the village as part of the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Kurdish–Turkish conflict]].{{sfnp|Biner|2019|p=115}} Paramilitaries and their relatives extorted 20 million Turkish lira from the villagers on 18 February 1992 on threat of killing the ''[[mukhtar]]'' Gevriye Akyol (village headman).{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} The Assyrian villagers were forced to flee to Midyat in April 1993 upon receiving death threats from paramilitaries, and they remained there in the hope the situation would improve, but again received death threats on returning to Zaz in the summer.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} The four Kurdish families were allowed to remain,{{sfnp|Biner|2019|p=109}} whereas the Assyrians emigrated to Europe, particularly [[German Assyrians|Germany]] and [[Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden|Sweden]].{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}}

The church of Mor Dimet was restored in the late 1990s by [[Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|Assyrians in the diaspora]], and a monk and nun took up residence in the church in 2001.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=7-8}}{{sfnp|Güç-Işık|2014|p=752}} It was reported that Kurds from neighbouring villages had seized the Assyrians' houses and land, damaged the church by pouring sewage into it, and verbally and physically abused the monk and nun.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=7-8}}

==Notable people==
*[[Masʿūd II of Ṭur ʿAbdin]] (1431-1512), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Tur Abdin{{sfnp|Barsoum|2003|pp=509-510}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | last1 =Barsoum| first=Ephrem |date=2003|title=The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences|edition=2nd|publisher=Gorgias Press|translator=Matti Moosa|authorlink=Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum
}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Biner| first1 =Zerrin Ozlem |date=2019|title=States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Çetinoğlu| first1 =Sait|date=2018|chapter= Genocide/ Seyfo – and how resistance became a way of life|title=The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies|editor1=Hannibal Travis|publisher=Routledge|translator=Abdulmesih BarAbraham|pages=178–191|authorlink=Sait Çetinoğlu}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Gaunt| first1 =David|date=2017|chapter=Sayfo Genocide: The Culmination of an Anatolian Culture of Violence|title=Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide against the Assyrian, Syriac and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire|editor1=David Gaunt|editor2=Naures Atto|editor3=Soner O. Barthoma|pages=54–70}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Güç-Işık| first1 =Ayşe|date=2014|chapter=Süryani Cemaatinde Toplumsal Dönüşüm ve Siyasete Dâhil Olma|title=İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi|url=https://www.academia.edu/39441667/S%C3%BCryani_Cemaatinde_Toplumsal_D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm_ve_Siyasete_D%C3%A2hil_Olma|language=tr|pages=739–760}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Günaysu| first= Ayşe |date=2019|title=Safety Of The Life Of Nun Verde Gökmen In The Village Zaz (Izbirak) — Midyat, Tur Abdin – And The General Social Situation Of The Assyrian Villages In The Region|publisher=Human Rights Association Commission Against Racism and Discrimination|translator=Abdulmesih BarAbraham|url=http://www.aina.org/reports/nunverde.pdf|accessdate=14 May 2020}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Jongerden| first1 =Joost|last2 =Verheij| first2 =Jelle |date=2012|title=Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915|publisher=Brill}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Palmer|first1 =Andrew|date=1990|title=Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Sinclair| first1 =T.A.|date=1989|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey|volume=3|publisher=Pindar Press}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izbirak, Midyat}}
[[Category:Villages in Mardin Province]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Tur Abdin]]
[[Category:Places of the Assyrian genocide]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Upper Mesopotamia]]

İzbırak

2020-08-08T13:13:08Z

BrownHairedGirl: -Category:Populated places in Mardin Province; ±Category:Villages in Turkey→Category:Villages in Mardin Province using HotCat

{{Infobox settlement
|name = İzbırak
|other_name =
|native_name =
|settlement_type =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Turkey
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Turkey
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Mardin Province]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Turkey|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Midyat]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|population_as_of =2019
|population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nufusune.com/158123-mardin-midyat-izbirak-mahallesi-nufusu|title=İZBIRAK MAHALLESİ NÜFUSU MİDYAT MARDİN|author= |access-date=14 May 2020|website=Türkiye Nüfusu|language=tr}}</ref>
|population_total =31
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone=
|utc_offset=
|timezone_DST=
|utc_offset_DST=
|coordinates = {{Coord|37|30|47.9|N|41|32|10.0|E}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''İzbırak''' ({{lang-ar|زاز|Zaz}}, {{lang-syr|ܙܰܐܙ|Zāz}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syriaca.org/place/538.html|date=9 December 2016|title=Zāz|last1=Carlson|first1=Thomas A.|access-date=14 May 2020|website=The Syriac Gazetteer}}</ref> is a village in [[Mardin Province]] in southeastern [[Turkey]]. It is located in the district of [[Midyat]] and the historical region of [[Tur Abdin]].

In the village, there are churches of [[Mar|Mor]] Dimet and Mort [[Woman with seven sons|Shmuni]].{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=319}} There is also the ruins of the church of Mor [[Gabriel of Beth Qustan|Gabriel]].{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=319}}

==History==
Zaz is identified as the settlement of Zazabukha, where the [[Assyria|Assyrian]] king [[Ashurnasirpal II]] made camp whilst on campaign against [[Nairi]] and received tribute from [[Anıtlı, Midyat|Khabkhi]] in 879 BC.{{sfnp|Palmer|1990|pp=1, 29}} Arches on the north side of the church of Mor Dimet suggest pre-Christian buildings originally stood on the site.{{sfnp|Palmer|1990|pp=29-30}} The church of Mor Dimet was constructed by 932, from which year a funerary inscription survives.{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=431}} A copy of the Syriac [[diptych#Ecclesiastical|diptychs]] ({{lang-syr|Sphar Ḥaye}}, "Book of Life") written in the village in the early 16th century was found in 1909, but was lost in the Assyrian genocide.{{sfnp|Barsoum|2003|pp=97-98}}

By 1915, Zaz was exclusively inhabited by 2000 Assyrians, with 200 families, all of whom were adherents of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].{{sfnp|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=323}}{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} Amidst the [[Assyrian genocide]] in the [[First World War]], the village was attacked by Kurds in August 1915, and the villagers took refuge in the church of Mor Dimet and two large houses.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} After receiving assurances the villagers wouldn't be harmed, 365/366 Assyrians left the buildings, but were taken by the Kurds to a hill named Perbume between Zaz and [[Ortaca, Midyat|Heştrek]] and slaughtered.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} A survivor of the massacre at Perbume returned to Zaz and warned the villagers, who subsequently held out for a month.{{sfnp|Biner|2019|p=109}} Some survivors fled to [[Gülgöze, Mardin|Ayn Wardo]].{{sfnp|Çetinoğlu|2018|p=186}}

An [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] official arrived at the village and assured the villagers of their safety, only to separate the young, who were given to Kurds from neighbouring villages,{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} and split the remaining Assyrians in two groups.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} One group was sent to [[Dargeçit|Kerboran]], and the other was sent to Midyat, where they were forced to collect and bury the corpses of Assyrians who had been killed in the streets of those places, as well as pick up animal faeces.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} Those who did not die of hunger or thirst were killed once the corpses were buried.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}} Some villagers who had survived the genocide were helped to return to Zaz in 1920 by Çelebi, ''[[agha (title)|agha]]'' (chief) of the Heverkan clan.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=13-14}}{{sfnp|Gaunt|2017|p=66}} A portico was added to the church of Mor Dimet in 1924.{{sfnp|Sinclair|1989|p=319}}

In the early 1990s, there were skirmishes between [[Village guard system|paramilitaries]], the Turkish military, and [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) militants near the village as part of the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Kurdish–Turkish conflict]].{{sfnp|Biner|2019|p=115}} Paramilitaries and their relatives extorted 20 million Turkish lira from the villagers on 18 February 1992 on threat of killing the ''[[mukhtar]]'' Gevriye Akyol (village headman).{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} The Assyrian villagers were forced to flee to Midyat in April 1993 upon receiving death threats from paramilitaries, and they remained there in the hope the situation would improve, but again received death threats on returning to Zaz in the summer.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}} The four Kurdish families were allowed to remain,{{sfnp|Biner|2019|p=109}} whereas the Assyrians emigrated to Europe, particularly [[German Assyrians|Germany]] and [[Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden|Sweden]].{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|p=15}}

The church of Mor Dimet was restored in the late 1990s by [[Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|Assyrians in the diaspora]], and a monk and nun took up residence in the church in 2001.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=7-8}}{{sfnp|Güç-Işık|2014|p=752}} It was reported that Kurds from neighbouring villages had seized the Assyrians' houses and land, damaged the church by pouring sewage into it, and verbally and physically abused the monk and nun.{{sfnp|Günaysu|2019|pp=7-8}}

==Notable people==
*[[Masʿūd II of Ṭur ʿAbdin]] (1431-1512), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Tur Abdin{{sfnp|Barsoum|2003|pp=509-510}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | last1 =Barsoum| first=Ephrem |date=2003|title=The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences|edition=2nd|publisher=Gorgias Press|translator=Matti Moosa|authorlink=Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum
}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Biner| first1 =Zerrin Ozlem |date=2019|title=States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Çetinoğlu| first1 =Sait|date=2018|chapter= Genocide/ Seyfo – and how resistance became a way of life|title=The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies|editor1=Hannibal Travis|publisher=Routledge|translator=Abdulmesih BarAbraham|pages=178-191|authorlink=Sait Çetinoğlu}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Gaunt| first1 =David|date=2017|chapter=Sayfo Genocide: The Culmination of an Anatolian Culture of Violence|title=Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide against the Assyrian, Syriac and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire|editor1=David Gaunt|editor2=Naures Atto|editor3=Soner O. Barthoma|pages=54-70}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Güç-Işık| first1 =Ayşe|date=2014|chapter=Süryani Cemaatinde Toplumsal Dönüşüm ve Siyasete Dâhil Olma|title=İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi|url=https://www.academia.edu/39441667/S%C3%BCryani_Cemaatinde_Toplumsal_D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm_ve_Siyasete_D%C3%A2hil_Olma|language=tr|pages=739-760}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Günaysu| first= Ayşe |date=2019|title=Safety Of The Life Of Nun Verde Gökmen In The Village Zaz (Izbirak) — Midyat, Tur Abdin – And The General Social Situation Of The Assyrian Villages In The Region|publisher=Human Rights Association Commission Against Racism and Discrimination|translator=Abdulmesih BarAbraham|url=http://www.aina.org/reports/nunverde.pdf|accessdate=14 May 2020}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Jongerden| first1 =Joost|last2 =Verheij| first2 =Jelle |date=2012|title=Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915|publisher=Brill}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Palmer|first1 =Andrew|date=1990|title=Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Sinclair| first1 =T.A.|date=1989|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey|volume=3|publisher=Pindar Press}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Izbirak, Midyat}}

[[Category:Villages in Mardin Province]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Tur Abdin]]
[[Category:Places of the Assyrian genocide]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Upper Mesopotamia]]
{{SEAnatolia-geo-stub}}

Benutzer:Optimum/William & Mary Law School

2020-05-26T19:06:19Z

BrownHairedGirl: Category:Educational institutions established in 1779

{{Infobox law school
| name = Marshall–Wythe School of Law
| image = William and Mary Law School seal.png
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the school
| motto =
| parent = [[College of William & Mary]]
| established = 1779
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment = $150 million
| parent endowment =$1.023 billion
| dean = [[Davison M. Douglas]]
| city = [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]]
| state = [[Virginia]]
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{Coord|37|15|55|N|76|42|18|W|display=inline,title}}
| students = 625
| faculty =
| ranking = 31st (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=William & Mary Law School |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/college-of-william-and-mary-03160 |website=U.S. News & World Report – Best Law Schools |accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref>
| bar pass rate =
| website = {{url|https://law.wm.edu|Law.WM.edu}}
| aba profile = [https://officialguide.lsac.org/Release/SchoolsABAData/SchoolPage/SchoolPage.aspx?sid=172 ABA Profile]
| logo = William_and_Mary_Law_School_Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
}}

The '''Marshall–Wythe School of Law at the College of William & Mary''', commonly referred to as '''William & Mary Law School''', is the oldest [[law school]] in the United States. Located in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], Virginia, it is a part of [[College of William & Mary|William & Mary]], the second oldest college and first university in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wm.edu/about/index.php |title=William & Mary - About |publisher=Wm.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> The Law School has an enrollment of 645 full-time students (in 2018–19) seeking a [[Juris Doctor]] (J.D.) or an LL.M. in the American Legal System, a two or three semester program for lawyers trained outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.wm.edu/about/factoids/index.php |title=At a Glance |publisher=law.wm.edu |date= |accessdate=2019-09-15}}</ref>

==History==
William & Mary Law School was founded in 1779 at the impetus of [[Governor of Virginia|Virginia Governor]] [[Thomas Jefferson]], an alumnus of the university, during the reorganization of the originally royal institution, transforming the college of William and Mary into the first university in the United States. At Jefferson's urging, the governing board of visitors of William & Mary established a chair of law and appointed [[George Wythe]], a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], delegate to the [[Philadelphia Convention]], and Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Virginia]], its first holder. (In the English-speaking world, older law professorships include the chair at [[Oxford University]], first held by [[William Blackstone]], the chair at [[Edinburgh University]]'s School of Law (1709), and the [[Regius Professor of Law (Glasgow)|Regius Chair of Law]] at [[Glasgow University]]). [[File:WilliamandMaryLawSchoolStatue.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Statue of Marshall and Wythe at the entrance of the Law School]]

Before filling the chair of law at William & Mary, Wythe tutored numerous students in the subject, [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Monroe]] among them. [[John Marshall]], who became [[Chief Justice of the United States]] in 1801, received his only formal legal education when he attended Wythe's lectures at William & Mary in 1780. [[St. George Tucker]], who succeeded Wythe as Professor of Law and edited the seminal early American edition of [[Blackstone's Commentaries]], also was one of Wythe's students.

The growth of the Law School was halted abruptly by the beginning of the [[American Civil War]]. The start of military campaigns on the Virginia Peninsula compelled William & Mary to close its doors. It would be another sixty years before the historical priority in law could be revived in a modern program that is now nearly ninety years old.

After William & Mary Law School was reopened early in the twentieth century, it was moved around the main campus of the university to several different buildings in succession. In 1980, the School was moved to its current location on the outskirts of [[Colonial Williamsburg]], a short distance from the main campus. The building has been renovated several times since 1980, with the addition of a new wing of classrooms and renovation of older classrooms in 2000, the opening of the [[Henry C. Wolf Law Library]], the construction of a new admission suite, and the addition of the James A. and Robin L. Hixon Center for Experiential Learning and Leadership (dedicated in 2017).

[[W. Taylor Reveley III]], formerly managing partner of the law firm of [[Hunton & Williams]], is a former dean of the Law School. He served as the 27th president of William & Mary from September 5, 2008 to June 30, 2018, after serving as interim president since February 2008. Davison M. Douglas (J.D., Ph.D., M.Phil., M.A., M.A.R.), a nationally renowned legal historian, is the current dean.<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitson |first=Brian |url=http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2009/davison-m.-douglas-named-dean-of-william--mary-law-school%20001.php |title=William & Mary - Davison M. Douglas named Dean of William & Mary Law School |publisher=Wm.edu |date=2009-03-20 |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref>

The former chancellor of William & Mary, [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], delivered commencement remarks to the graduating class of the Law School in 2006, 2008 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peebles |first=Katie |url=http://law.wm.edu/news/stories/2010/oconnor-commencement-speaker.php |title=William & Mary Law - O'Connor to Deliver Commencement Address; Will Also Receive Marshall-Wythe Medallion |publisher=Law.wm.edu |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref>

==Cost of attendance==
Tuition at William & Mary for the 2019-20 academic year was $35,000 for Virginia residents and $44,000 for non-residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.wm.edu/admissions/jdprograms/cost/index.php |title=Cost of Law School}}</ref> Approximately 88% of students received financial aid (2017). [[Law School Transparency]] estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years, based on data from the 2018-2019 academic year, is $197,520 for residents; the estimated cost for non-residents is $229,557.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lstscorereports.com/schools/wm/costs/2013/ |title=William and Mary Profile}}</ref>

==Employment==
According to William & Mary's official 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 80% of the Class of 2018 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required, non-school funded employment nine months after graduation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.wm.edu/careerservices/documents/wm_classof18_aba_employment_summary.pdf |title=Employment Summary for 2018 Graduates}}</ref>

William & Mary's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 10%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2018 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation, with 0% of the class in school-funded jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lstreports.com/schools/wm/jobs/ |title=William and Mary Profile}}</ref>

== Ranking ==
W&M Law was ranked 24th on the [[Above the Law (website)|Above the Law]] ranking in 2019.
[[U.S. News]] ranked W&M Law as tied for the 31st place in their latest 2021 rankings of the nation's law schools.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/college-of-william-and-mary-03160 |title=Best Law School Rankings | Law Program Rankings | US News |publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> For the Class of 2022 (enrolled as of August 19, 2019), the median undergraduate GPA was 3.76 and the median LSAT score was 163.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.wm.edu/admissions/jdprograms/facts-figures/classprofile/index.php |title=Class of 2020, William & Mary Law School}}</ref>

==Programs==
* William & Mary Law School offers institutes and programs such as the Center for Comparative Legal Studies and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, the Center for Legal and Court Technology, the Center for the Study of Law and Markets, the Dunn Civil Liberties Project, the Election Law Program, the Human Security Law Center, the Institute of Bill of Rights Law, and the Property Rights Project.
* The annual Supreme Court Preview of the Institute of Bill of Rights Law brings journalists and academics together each fall for an analysis of key cases on the Court's docket for the new term.
* The Lewis B. Puller, Jr. Veteran's Benefits Clinic provides students (under the supervision of staff attorneys) with the opportunity to ensure that veterans receive the benefits which they are entitled to as a matter of law and service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jdjournal.com/2013/05/14/va-disability-claims-back-log-could-be-alleviated-with-law-school-pro-bono-clinics/|title=June, Daniel, "VA Disability Claims Back Log Could be Alleviated with Law School Pro Bono Clinics "|author=Daniel June|date=14 May 2013|work=JD Journal|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Other clinics include Appellate and Supreme Court Clinic, Business Law Clinic, Domestic Violence Clinic, Elder Law Clinic, Federal Tax Clinic, Innocence Project Clinic, Special Education Advocacy Clinic, Virginia Coastal Policy Clinic, and Immigration Clinic.
* Journals include the ''William & Mary Law Review,'' the ''Bill of Rights Journal'', ''William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review'', ''William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice,'' and ''Business Law Review''.
* The school's McGlothlin Courtroom is home to the Center for Legal and Court Technology, a joint program of the School and the National Center for State Courts. The mission of the project is to use technology to improve the administration of justice and the legal systems of the world.
* Created in 2005 as a joint venture of the National Center for State Courts and the Law School, the Election Law Program was intended to provide practical assistance to state court judges in the United States who are called upon to resolve difficult election law disputes. It has since been expanded to include a student Election Law Society.
* The George Wythe Society of Citizen Lawyers is a civic leadership program, formed in the fall of 2005, to recognize and encourage community service and civic participation by members of the student body.
* The Human Rights and National Security Law Program focuses on the interplay between national defense and the protection of civil rights. The Program's Distinguished Lecture Series and co-sponsored symposia bring experts to campus each semester to foster discussion and debate about on-going and emerging issues.
* The Center for the Study of Law and Markets seeks to advance the understanding of the role of legal institutions in promoting well-functioning markets in a free society.
* The Center for Comparative Legal Studies and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding bridges the gap between resources available at academic institutions and the need for them in the field by rule of law actors engaged in post-conflict reconstruction efforts. The Center serves as a focal point for the law school’s international and comparative legal and policy research and programming and sponsors summer international internships in developing and post-conflict countries around the world.
* The Institute of Bill of Rights Law engages in study of the Bill of Rights and sponsors a variety of lectures, conferences, and publications to examine Constitutional issues.
* The William & Mary Property Rights Project encourages scholarly study of the role that property rights play in society. The Project's annual [[Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference]] explores recent developments in areas such as takings litigation and takings law.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Dennis L. Beck]] (William & Mary 1969, Law 1972), magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (1990–2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caed.uscourts.gov/caed/staticOther/page_633.htm|title = Magistrate Judge Dennis L. Beck (DLB)| publisher=United States District Court |accessdate= January 9, 2013}}</ref>
* [[John L. Brownlee]] (Law 1994), former U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hklaw.com/John-Brownlee/|title =John L. Brownlee Partner| publisher=Holland & Knight |accessdate= January 9, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Ronald L. Buckwalter]] (Law 1962), judge of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] (1990–2003)
* [[William H. Cabell]] (Law 1793), received first baccalaureate in law granted in America, governor of Virginia (1805–1808), justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia (1811–1851)<ref>{{cite web|title=William H. Cabell|url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_virginia/col2-content/main-content-list/title_cabell_william.html|publisher=National Governors Association|accessdate=5 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Eric Cantor]] (Law 1988), U.S. House of Representatives, Virginia (2001–2014); [[House Majority Leader]] of [[112th Congress]], 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Eric Cantor|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001046|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=5 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Glen E. Conrad]] (Law 1974), judge of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia]] (2003-2017), chief judge (2010-2017)
* [[Clifton L. Corker]] (Law 1993), Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee]]
* [[Theodore Roosevelt Dalton|Ted Dalton]] (Law 1926), judge of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia]] (1959–1976), chief judge (1960-1971)
* [[Powhatan Ellis]] (Law 1814), [[United States Senator]] from Mississippi; Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Mississippi]]
* [[Matt Gaetz]] (Law 2007), U.S. House of Representatives, Florida (2017–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography - Congressman Matt Gaetz|url=https://gaetz.house.gov/issues/biography|accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Gurbir Grewal]] (Law 1999), [[Attorney General of New Jersey]]
* [[D. Arthur Kelsey]] (Law 1985), justice, Supreme Court of Virginia
* [[Jerry W. Kilgore]] (Law 1986), Attorney General of Virginia (2001–2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=4452|title =Kilgore, Jerry W.| publisher=Our Campaigns |accessdate= January 9, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Larry W. Lockwood, Jr. (attorney)|Larry W. Lockwood, Jr.]] (Law 1995), Youngest person admitted to Million/Multi-Million Dollar Advocates Forum, obtained largest FELA verdict for a single FELA plaintiff in the 100 years since the enactment of the Federal Employer's Liability Act ($12 million) nine months after graduation<ref>Virginia Lawyers Weekly, "FELA record of $12M Set In Portsmouth", March 17, 1997.</ref> followed by a record Maryland Verdict,<ref>The Daily Record, Injured Railroad Wins $750,000, case in Railroad-Friendly Western Md. May Set Record, October 27, 1997</ref> and several other verdicts in cutting edge injury cases.<ref>Richmond Times Dispatch, from trials to trial lawyer, tenacity helped him persevere, July 24, 2001</ref>
* [[James Murray Mason]] (Law 1820), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1837–1839); United States Senator from Virginia (1847–1861)<ref>{{cite web|title=James Murray Mason|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000216|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=5 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[John Marshall]], 4th [[Chief Justice of the United States]]
* [[Haldane Robert Mayer]] (Law 1971), judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (1987–present; chief judge of the Federal Circuit, 1997–2004)<ref>{{cite web|title=Haldane Robert Mayer|url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1510&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na|publisher=Federal Judicial Center|accessdate=5 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Tommy Miller (judge)|Tommy Miller]] (Law 1973), magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1987; announced his retirement in 2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.troutmansanders.com/tom_miller/|title =John Thomas Miller Jr.
| publisher=Troutman Sanders |accessdate= January 9, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Douglas E. Miller (judge)|Doug Miller]] (Law 1995), magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2009–present ) {{Citation needed|date= January 2013}}
* [[LeRoy F. Millette, Jr.|LeRoy Francis Millette, Jr.]] (William & Mary 1971, Law 1974), justice Supreme Court of Virginia (2009–present )
* [[Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr.]] (William & Mary 1967, Law 1974), Vietnam veteran (Lt., [[USMC]] ([[Silver Star]], two [[Purple Heart]]s, the [[Navy Commendation Medal]] and the [[Vietnam Cross of Gallantry]]) and [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning author. The William & Mary Law School's Veteran's Benefit Clinic is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.wm.edu/academics/programs/jd/electives/clinics/veterans/ |title=William & Mary Law - Lewis B. Puller, Jr. Veterans Benefits Clinic |publisher=Law.wm.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Steve Salbu]] (JD), dean emeritus of the [[Scheller College of Business]] at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] (2006-2014).<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Salbu Cecil B. Day Chair in Business Ethics, Professor|url=https://www.scheller.gatech.edu/directory/faculty/salbu/index.html|website=Scheller College of Business|publisher=Georgia Institute of Technology|accessdate=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Robert E. Scott]] (Law 1968), law professor at [[Columbia Law School]], dean of [[University of Virginia]] Law School (1991–2001), and fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert E. Scott|url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2004_fall/scott_tj.htm|publisher=the University of Virginia|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Rebecca Beach Smith]], (William & Mary 1971, Law 1979), Chief District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2011-2018)
* [[Henry St. George Tucker (University of Virginia professor)|Henry St. George Tucker]] (William & Mary 1798, Law 1801), professor of law at William & Mary (1801–1804), justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia (1824–1831), remembered for editing the American edition of Blackstone's ''Commentaries''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henry St. George Tucker|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000398|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jennifer Wexton]], (Law 1995), U.S. House of Representatives, Virginia (2019–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=About - Representative Jennifer Wexton|url=https://wexton.house.gov/about|accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
*[[Susan Davis Wigenton]], (Law 1987), District Judge, [[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey]], (2006–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njd.uscourts.gov/content/susan-d-wigenton|title=Susan D. Wigenton|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[Henry C. Wolf]] (William & Mary 1964, Law 1966), former chief financial officer and vice chairman of [[Norfolk Southern Corporation]], former William & Mary rector, benefactor of the [[Henry C. Wolf Law Library]] at the Law School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/archive/2009/henry-c.-wolf-64,-j.d.-66-elected-rector-of-william--mary-123.php |title =Henry C. Wolf '64, J.D. '66 elected Rector of W&M| publisher=The College of William & MaryWilliamsburg, VA |accessdate= January 9, 2013}}</ref>

==Notable faculty members==
* [[William Van Alstyne]]
* [[Mitchell Reiss]]
* [[W. Taylor Reveley, III]]
* [[Lan Cao]]
* [[George Wythe]]
* [[William B. Spong, Jr.]]
*Peter Alces

==Law journals==
* ''William & Mary [[Law Review]]'', twenty-fourth-ranked general law journal in the United States, based on citations.
* ''William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal'', third-ranked [[constitutional law]] journal in the United States, based on citations.
* ''William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review'', thirteenth-ranked law journal in the United States in [[United States energy law|energy law]] based on citations.
* ''William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice'', fifth-ranked law journal in the United States among gender, women, and sexuality law journals.
* ''William & Mary Business Law Review'', sixth-ranked law journal in the United States among [[United States corporate law|corporate law]] journals.

==See also==
* ''[[I Am the College of William and Mary]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://law.wm.edu/ William and Mary Law School]
{{The College of William & Mary}}
{{Law Schools of the Mid-Atlantic States}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:William and Mary}}
[[Category:Law schools in Virginia]]
[[Category:College of William & Mary schools and programs|Law]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1779]]
[[Category:1779 establishments in Virginia]]

Karl-Heinz Narjes

2020-05-02T23:19:32Z

BrownHairedGirl: en:Karl-Heinz Narjes

[[Datei:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F041436-0007, Hamburg, CDU-Bundesparteitag, Narjes.jpg|mini|hochkant=1.5|Karl-Heinz Narjes auf dem CDU-Bundesparteitag 1973]]
'''Karl-Heinz Narjes''' (* [[30. Januar]] [[1924]] in [[Soltau]]; † [[26. Januar]] [[2015]]<ref>[http://trauer.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/MEDIASERVER/content/LH83/obi/1e034aaa22ee491b93edbaf28b03cbe6.jpg Traueranzeige] im [[General-Anzeiger (Bonn)|General-Anzeiger Bonn]] vom 28. Januar 2015 (abgerufen am 28. Januar 2015).</ref> in [[Bonn]]) war ein [[Deutschland|deutscher]] [[Politiker]] ([[Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands|CDU]]). Er war von 1969 bis 1973 Minister für Wirtschaft und Verkehr des Landes [[Schleswig-Holstein]] und von 1981 bis 1988 [[Europäische Kommission|EG-Kommissar]].

== Leben und Beruf ==
Nach dem [[Notabitur|Reifevermerk]] 1941 auf dem Gymnasium Carolinum in [[Neustrelitz]] trat Narjes in die [[Kriegsmarine]] ein und nahm als [[Soldat]], letzter Dienstgrad [[Leutnant zur See]], auf [[U 91 (Kriegsmarine)|U 91]] am [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieg]] teil. Das Boot wurde am 26. Februar 1944 im mittleren Nordatlantik durch [[Wasserbombe (Kampfmittel)|Wasserbombe]]n der [[Vereinigtes Königreich|britischen]] [[Fregatte]]n ''[[HMS Affleck]]'', ''[[HMS Gore]]'' und ''[[HMS Gould]]'' zum Auftauchen gezwungen und auf der Position {{Coordinate|text=DM|NS=49/45//N|EW=26/20//W|type=landmark|region=XA|name=26.02.1944 Untergangsstelle}} im Marine-Planquadrat BD 3641 von der Besatzung selbst versenkt. Es gab 36 Tote und 16 Überlebende. Daraufhin geriet er in britische [[Kriegsgefangenschaft]].

Nach der Entlassung aus der Gefangenschaft absolvierte Narjes ein Studium der [[Rechtswissenschaft]] an der [[Universität Hamburg]], welches er 1949 mit dem ersten [[Staatsexamen#Jura|juristischen Staatsexamen]] beendete. 1952 erfolgte hier auch seine [[Promotion (Doktor)|Promotion]] zum [[Doktortitel|Dr. jur.]] mit der Arbeit ''Zoll- und Wirtschaftsunionen als Rechtsformen der auswärtigen Wirtschaftspolitik''. 1953 bestand er nach der Ableistung des [[Referendariat]]s das zweite juristische Staatsexamen. Anschließend war er als [[Assessor]] bei der [[Oberfinanzdirektion]] [[Bremen]] tätig. 1955 trat er als [[Attaché]] in den Dienst des [[Auswärtiges Amt|Auswärtigen Amtes]] ein, 1956 war er stellvertretender Konsul am Generalkonsulat in Basel. 1958 wurde er als [[Legationsrat]] zur Kommission der [[Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft|Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft]] (EWG) abgeordnet. Hier wurde er 1963 Kabinettschef des Präsidenten der EWG-Kommission, [[Walter Hallstein]], und 1968 Generaldirektor für Presse und Information der Kommission der [[Europäische Gemeinschaft|Europäischen Gemeinschaft]] (EG).

Karl-Heinz Narjes war verheiratet und wurde Vater zweier Kinder.

== Partei ==
Seit 1967 war Narjes Mitglied der CDU.

== Abgeordneter ==
Von 1971 bis zu seiner Mandatsniederlegung am 29. Januar 1973 gehörte Narjes dem [[Landtag Schleswig-Holstein|Landtag von Schleswig-Holstein]] an. Er zog als direkt gewählter Abgeordneter des [[Wahlkreis]]es [[Kiel]]-Mitte in den Landtag ein.

Von 1972 bis zur Niederlegung des Mandates am 9. Januar 1981 war Narjes [[Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages]]. Hier war er von 1972 bis 1976 Vorsitzender des [[Wirtschaftsausschuss]]es.

Karl-Heinz Narjes ist stets über die [[Landesliste]] Schleswig-Holstein in den [[Deutscher Bundestag|Bundestag]] eingezogen.

== Öffentliche Ämter ==
Am 10. November 1969 wurde er als Minister für Wirtschaft und Verkehr in die von [[Ministerpräsident]] [[Helmut Lemke (Politiker)|Helmut Lemke]] geführte Landesregierung von Schleswig-Holstein berufen. In dieser Funktion gehörte er auch dem ab 1971 von [[Gerhard Stoltenberg]] geleiteten Kabinett an. Wegen seiner Wahl in den Deutschen Bundestag bei der [[Bundestagswahl 1972]] schied er am 29. Januar 1973 aus dem Amt.

Von 1981 bis 1984 war Narjes EG-Kommissar für [[Binnenmarkt]], [[Zollunion]], industrielle Innovation, Umwelt, Verbraucherfragen und nukleare Sicherheit und von 1984 bis 1988 Vizepräsident der EG-Kommission für Industriepolitik, Forschung und Innovation. In dieser Funktion warb er unter anderem für die Einführung einer gemeinschaftsweiten [[Pauschalabgabe|Leerkassettenabgabe]].<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Annabelle Littoz-Monnet |Titel=The European Union and culture. Between economic regulation and European cultural policy |Hrsg= |Sammelwerk= |Band= |Nummer= |Auflage= |Verlag=Manchester University Press |Ort=Manchester und New York |Datum=2007 |ISBN=978-0-7190-7435-6 |Seiten=137}}</ref>

== Ehrungen ==
Narjes wurde mit dem [[Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland|Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse]] und mit dem Großen Verdienstkreuz (1977) mit Stern und Schulterband (1989) sowie 1993 mit der [[Medaille für besondere Verdienste um Bayern in einem Vereinten Europa|Bayerischen Europa-Medaille]] ausgezeichnet.

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Kabinett Lemke II]] – [[Kabinett Stoltenberg I (Schleswig-Holstein)|Kabinett Stoltenberg I]]
* [[Kommissar für Digitale Agenda]]

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Karl-Heinz Narjes}}
* {{SH Landtag|254}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118737996}}
* [http://ec.europa.eu/deutschland/pdf/information/publication/rezzo_schlauch_ehrung_dr._narjes_02-2004_de.pdf Ehrung zum 80. Geburtstag von Karl-Heinz Narjes (Rede von Rezzo Schlauch, Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär beim Ministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit)] (PDF-Datei; 97 kB)
* [http://www.denkmalprojekt.org/u-boote/uboote_wk2/wk2_u91.htm Ausführliche Informationen mit Besatzungsliste und Überlebenden von U-91]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{NaviBlock
|Navigationsleiste Wirtschaftsminister Schleswig-Holstein
|Navigationsleiste Kommission Thorn
|Navigationsleiste Kommission Delors I
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Unternehmen und Industrie
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Binnenmarkt und Dienstleistungen
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Digitale Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Erweiterung
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Steuern und Zollunion
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Forschung, Wissenschaft und Innovation
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Informationsgesellschaften und Medien
|Navigationsleiste Kommissare für Verbraucherschutz}}

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{{SORTIERUNG:Narjes, KarlHeinz}}
[[Kategorie:Jurist in der Finanzverwaltung]]
[[Kategorie:Jurist im auswärtigen Dienst]]
[[Kategorie:Bundestagsabgeordneter (Schleswig-Holstein)]]
[[Kategorie:Wirtschaftsminister (Schleswig-Holstein)]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Europäischen Kommission]]
[[Kategorie:Landtagsabgeordneter (Schleswig-Holstein)]]
[[Kategorie:Diplomat der Europäischen Union]]
[[Kategorie:Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes mit Stern und Schulterband]]
[[Kategorie:CDU-Mitglied]]
[[Kategorie:Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1924]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2015]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Narjes, Karl-Heinz
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Politiker (CDU), MdL, MdB
|GEBURTSDATUM=30. Januar 1924
|GEBURTSORT=[[Soltau]]
|STERBEDATUM=26. Januar 2015
|STERBEORT=[[Bonn]]
}}

[[en:Karl-Heinz Narjes]]

Zoologischer Garten Yadanabon

2020-03-21T15:55:53Z

BrownHairedGirl: Moving from Category:1989 establishments in Burma to Category:1989 establishments in Myanmar using Cat-a-lot

{{coord|22.006|96.100|display=title}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name= Yadanabon Zoo {{my|ရတနာပုံ တိရိစ္ဆာန် ဥယျာဉ်}}
|logo=
|logo_width=
|logo_caption=
|image=Yadanabon Zoological Gardens.jpg
|image_width= 200px
|image_caption=
|date_opened= 1989<ref name=mt>{{cite news | url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no173/Myanmartimes9-173/019.htm | title=Upgrade for Mandalay zoo | author=Zin Min | date=2003-07-07 | newspaper=The Myanmar Times}}</ref>
|date_closed=
|location= [[Mandalay]] [[Mandalay Division]], [[Myanmar]]
|area= {{convert|55|acre|km2}}<ref name=bw>{{cite news | url=http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7782:2011-03-27-17-09-10&catid=44:2009-11-10-07-31-38&Itemid=113 | title=Yadanabon Zoo to be privatized | date=2011-03-27 | work=Bi-Weekly Eleven | publisher=Weekly Eleven News | language=Burmese}}</ref>
|coordinates={{coord|22.006|96.100}}
|num_animals= 300 (2003)<ref name=mt/>
|num_species=
|members=
|exhibits= [[Burmese Roofed Turtle]], [[Burmese Star Tortoise]]
|website=
}}

The '''Yadanabon Zoological Gardens''' ({{lang-my|ရတနာပုံ တိရိစ္ဆာန် ဥယျာဉ်}} {{IPA-my|jədənàbòʊɰ̃ təɹeɪʔsʰàɰ̃ ʔṵjɪ̀ɰ̃|}}) is a [[zoo]] in [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]]. The zoo has nearly 300 animals, including tigers, leopards and elephants,<ref name=mt/><ref name=mt-2>{{cite news | url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no222/MyanmarTimes12-222/008.htm | title=Baby elephant finds new home at zoo | author=Phyo Wai Kyaw | date=2004-06-28 | newspaper=The Myanmar Times}}</ref> and plays a major part in the conservation program for the highly threatened [[Burmese roofed turtle]] (''Batagur trivittata'').

According to a March 2011 report by a Yangon-based news magazine, the zoo reportedly is under consideration for privatization.<ref name=bw/>

==History==
The zoo is located at the foot of [[Mandalay Hill]] and opened on 8 April 1989. In 2003, its facilities were upgraded for K500 million (approximately US$500K).<ref name=mt/> Part of the upgrade program included a dedicated enclosure for the ''K. trivittata'' turtle with a larger ground pond, built with emergency funds donated by '''BTG Studios''' of Sydney and '''Allwetterzoo Münster''' of Germany.<ref name=pa>{{cite paper | url=http://www.asianturtlenetwork.org/library/reports_papers/reports/assurance_colony_yadanabon_zoo.pdf | title=Assurance colony for Kachuga trivittata, update March 2004 | author=Gerald Kuchling | date=March 2004 | publisher=Asia Turtle Network}}</ref>

==Burmese roofed turtle==
Yadanabon Zoo is notable for playing a significant part in the successful conservation program with the [[Turtle Survival Alliance]] for the [[Burmese roofed turtle]] (''Batagur trivittata''). Feared extinct until 2002, and still very rare in the wild, several hundred individuals are now kept at the zoo and a turtle conservation center in Lawkananda Park, [[Bagan]].<ref name=TSA2011>Turtle Survival Alliance (8 April 2011). [http://www.turtlesurvival.org/blog/1/132 TSA Board Members Inspect the New Facilities in Myanmar.] Accessed 27 March 2012.</ref> Yadanabon Zoo also participate in the breeding program of the highly threatened [[Burmese star tortoise]] (''G. platynota'').<ref name=tsa>{{cite web|url=http://www.turtlesurvival.org/calleburma |title=Trip Report, Myanmar and Cambodia, 20-31 Aug 2006 |date=2006-08-20 |accessdate=2009-01-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828025048/http://www.turtlesurvival.org/calleburma |archivedate=August 28, 2008 }}</ref>

==Photos==
<gallery>
File:Yatanabon Zoo Sign.jpg|Yadanabon Zoo
File:Yadanabon Zoo Entrance.jpg|Zoo Entrance
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandalay]]
[[Category:Zoos in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mandalay Region]]
[[Category:Environment of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Myanmar]]

Leo Docherty

2020-01-09T04:37:14Z

BrownHairedGirl: Use Member of Parliament (MP) in lead per MOS:ACROFIRSTUSE

{{short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Leo Docherty
|honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
|image = Official portrait of Leo Docherty crop 2.jpg
|caption =
|office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]
|term_start1 = 8 June 2017
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]
|successor1 =
|majority1 = 16,698 (34.9%)
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|4|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.parliament.uk/membersdataplatform/services/mnis/members/query/id=4600/BasicDetails/ |title=Members' Names Data Platform query |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|spouse = Lucy
|children = 2
|alma_mater = [[SOAS, University of London]] [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<ref>https://uk.linkedin.com/in/leo-docherty-02a23066</ref>
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears = 2002-2006
|rank = [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
|servicenumber = 555125
|unit = [[Scots Guards]]
|battles = [[Iraq War]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]
}}
}}
'''Leo Docherty''' (born 4 October 1976) is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician. He has been the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]] since June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aldershot Conservatives |url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/news/leo-docherty-selected-parliamentary-candidate-aldershot |title=Leo Docherty selected as Parliamentary Candidate for Aldershot | Aldershot |publisher=Aldershotconservatives.com |date=29 April 2017 |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> Prior to being elected as an MP he served in the [[Scots Guards]], before working in publishing and for the Conservative Party. He is the author of ''Desert of Death'' (2007).

==Early life and Career==
Docherty was born in Scotland and grew up in Gloucestershire. He went on to study Swahili and Hindi at the University of London between 1996–2000, before attending the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/tutors/leo-docherty/|title=About Leo|publisher=Faber |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> From 2001 to 2007 he served in the [[Scots Guards]].<ref name="aldershotconservatives">{{cite web|url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/people/leo-docherty-mp|title=Leo Docherty MP|website=Aldershot Conservatives|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref> After being posted to London on ceremonial duties and a period spent in Germany, he served operationally in Iraq and Afghanistan as a British Army officer.

After leaving the army, he wrote the book 'Desert of Death', which was published by Faber in 2007. The book consisted of a critical first-hand account of the current war in Afghanistan. Living in Didcot in Oxfordshire, he created and worked as editor and publisher of Steppe magazine - a now defunct publication that covered the arts, culture, history, landscape and people of Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/mgDeclarationSubmissionPrintView.aspx?nobdr=1&UID=141&HID=42&FID=0&HPID=0|title=Register of interests|publisher=South Oxfordshire Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He was appointed Director of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] in 2010, a role in which he served until being elected as an MP.

Docherty stood successfully as the Conservative candidate in the Hagbourne ward of [[South Oxfordshire District Council]] in May 2011, standing down at the end of his four-year term when the wards were revised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/South-Oxfordshire-1973-2011.pdf|title=South Oxfordshire Council Election Results 1973-2011|publisher= Plymouth University|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative candidate in the Wallingford division of [[Oxfordshire County Council]] in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mycouncil.oxfordshire.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=189|title=Election results for Wallingford|publisher=Oxfordshire County Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
Docherty unsuccessfully applied to be the Conservative Party candidate for the Labour Party held [[Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford East]] constituency in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Bicester mayor chosen as Conservative candidate for Oxford East|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11650520.Tories_select_candidate_to_fight_Oxford_East_constituency_in_general_election/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Oxford Mail|date=6 December 2014}}</ref> He was instead chosen to contest the safe Labour Party held seat of [[Caerphilly (UK Parliament constituency)|Caerphilly]] in the 2015 general election, where he came third.

In 2017, he was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]], after the incumbent Conservative MP [[Gerald Howarth]] announced he was standing down at the next general election. The ''Financial Times'' called his selection "the highest-profile tussle over a candidate choice, [in which] the party leadership rejected a request from activists in Aldershot to be allowed to consider [[Daniel Hannan]], the prominent Eurosceptic MEP, for the safe Tory seat".<ref name="ft">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8aeaf736-2c06-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c?mhq5j=e3|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2017/04/exclusive-the-third-candidate-shortlisted-in-aldershot-is-chris-brannigan.html |title=Exclusive: The third candidate shortlisted in Aldershot is Chris Brannigan |publisher=Conservative Home |date= |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> He was duly elected at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]].

In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] he sits on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls (formerly Quadripartite Committee).<ref name=parliamentbiodocherty>{{cite web|title=HLeo Docherty|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/leo-docherty/4600|website=Parliament UK|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

He backed [[Boris Johnson]] in the [[2019 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/LeoDochertyUK/status/1146445147820961792|work=Twitter|date=3 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> On 29 July 2019, Johnson appointed Docherty as an Assistant Government Whip.

In 2019, Leo's brother Paddy Docherty wrote a letter to the Guardian urging him to resign, writing "Now I am simply appalled that this government, of which you are sadly a part, has become the principal threat to the lives and liberties of the people. Please do the decent thing, and resign."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Docherty |first1=Paddy |title=An open letter to my brother the Tory MP: resign from this rogue government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/03/open-letter-brother-resign-government-no-deal-brexit |newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

===Gulf States===
In the six months after being elected as an MP, Docherty registered four trips to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, costing over £15,000 and paid for by the Governments of the host countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/25628/leo_docherty/aldershot|title=Leo Docherty|publisher=They work for you|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> Prior to this, his election campaign had benefited from donations totalling over £10,000 from donors with links to the Gulf States. As Chair of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] and since serving as an MP, Docherty has frequently praised the work of the governments in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain and has been subject to some criticism from opposition MPs and journalists, such as Peter Oborne for his links and his failure to always declare his register of interests when speaking on the subject in Parliament. However, he has denied any conflict of interest and, as Director of the Conservative Middle East Council, responded to criticism of donations received there as not having influenced decision-making within the group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Britain invokes spy clause to cover up payments to Bahrain |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-invokes-spy-clause-to-cover-up-payments-to-bahrain-dlv00c66f|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=The Times|date=22 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why is the Conservative Party ignoring Palestine?|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/why-uk-conservative-party-ignoring-palestine-cmec-focus-on-gulf-bahrain-uae-saudi-libya-israel-1824625298|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Eye|date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Gulf business tycoons backing the Conservative Middle East Council|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160127-revealed-the-gulf-business-tycoons-backing-the-conservative-middle-east-council/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Monitor|date=27 January 2016}}</ref> Docherty's trips were worth £26,893 in total and were the highest valued of any MP's trips during the year following the 2017 general election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45883411 MPs sign up for £2m of free overseas trips] ''[[BBC]] 18 October 2018.</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Lucy Docherty and they have two children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leodocherty.org.uk/about-leo-docherty|title=About Leo|publisher=Personal website|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Honours==

<center>
[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|100px]]
</center>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|40px]] || [[Iraq Medal (United Kingdom)|Iraq Medal]] ||
*
|-
|[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|40px]] || [[Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan]] ||
* With clasp "AFGHANISTAN"
|-
|}

==Publications==
*''Desert of Death'' (2007)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UK MP links |parliament=leo-docherty/4600 |publicwhip=Leo_Docherty |theywork=leo_docherty}}

==Offices held==
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]|years=[[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Docherty, Leo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Scots Guards officers]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]

Nick Smith (Politiker, 1960)

2020-01-08T07:37:50Z

BrownHairedGirl: disambiguate Member of Parliament → Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)

{{other people|Nick Smith}}
{{short description|Welsh politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Nick Smith
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image = File:Official portrait of Nick Smith crop 2.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]
| majority = 8,647 (28.6%)
| term_start = 6 May 2010
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Camden London Borough Council|Camden Borough Councillor]] for Kings Cross ward
| term_start1 = 7 May 1998
| term_end1 = 4 May 2006
| predecessor1=
| successor1 = Geethika Jayatilaka
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|01|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cardiff]], [[Glamorgan]], Wales
| residence = Camden, London
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| portfolio =
| alma_mater = [[Birkbeck, University of London]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jenny Chapman]]|July 2014}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nicholas Desmond John Smith''' (born 14 January 1960)<ref name="bbcdemocracy">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/72304.stm |title=Democracy Live: Your representatives: Nick Smith |accessdate=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/72304.stm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[British people|British]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[politician]] who has been the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]] since the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|May 2010 election]]. From 1998 to 2005 he was a [[councillor]] in the [[London Borough of Camden]].

==Early life==
Born in 1960 into a family of miners and steel workers, Smith grew up in [[Tredegar]] and was educated at its [[comprehensive school]] and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]], [[University of London]], where he graduated with an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in Economic Change.<ref name=about>[http://www.nick-smith.net/aboutme.html About me] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221200/http://www.nick-smith.net/aboutme.html |date=23 July 2011}} at nick-smith.net</ref><ref>[http://www2.labour.org.uk/ppc/nick_smith/414/ Nick Smith] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430012233/http://www2.labour.org.uk/ppc/nick_smith/414/ |date=30 April 2010}} at labour.org.uk</ref>

==Career==
Smith became a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] organiser in Wales, and later worked around the world as an International Democracy Adviser, for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States, and for the [[Westminster Foundation for Democracy]].<ref name=telegraph/> His first significant job for the Labour Party was as agent for [[Frank Dobson]] in [[Holborn and St Pancras (UK Parliament constituency)|Holborn and St Pancras]], and he later acted as agent for [[Emily Thornberry]] in her narrow victory in [[Islington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South]] at the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]].<ref name=janssen>Kim Janssen, ''[http://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/060905/n060905_04.htm Smith goes to Brussels Education boss ‘Two Jobs Nick’ set to step down in the autumn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612225452/http://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/060905/n060905_04.htm |date=12 June 2011 }}'' dated 10 June 2005 at camdennewjournal.co.uk</ref> He was an officer at the Labour Party's national headquarters from 1993 to 1998, where he was responsible for Labour’s membership drive.

Smith was first elected to [[Camden London Borough Council]] in 1998, and was re-elected as a [[councillor]] in 2002. In 2003, he was appointed as the Council's Cabinet member for Education,<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nick-smith/72304 Nick Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521045746/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nick-smith/72304 |date=21 May 2010 }} at parliament.uk/biographies</ref> a post which he continued to hold for some months during 2005 while serving as Secretary General of the [[European Parliament|European Parliamentary Labour Party]], in [[Brussels]]. From there, he became Campaigns Manager for the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]],<ref name=telegraph>[http://ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk/Blaenau+Gwent/Nick+Smith Nick Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616041435/http://ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk/Blaenau+Gwent/Nick+Smith |date=16 June 2010 }} at telegraph.co.uk</ref> and his last full-time job before his arrival in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] was as Director of Policy and Partnerships at the [[Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists]].<ref>[http://waleshome.org/author/nicksmith/ Nick Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105506/http://waleshome.org/author/nicksmith/ |date=23 July 2011 }} at waleshome.org</ref>

Smith was selected as Labour's [[prospective parliamentary candidate]] for Blaenau Gwent in 2007 and was elected as its Member of Parliament on 6 May 2010, defeating the incumbent [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/w32.stm Election result 2010 for Blaenau Gwent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823062933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/w32.stm |date=23 August 2017 }} (BBC)</ref> Davies attacked Smith's record in Camden, calling him a product of "[[Tony Blair|Blairite]] [[New Labour]]", while Smith had responded by calling this "personal mud-slinging" and "playing the man and not the ball".<ref>Ian Caleb, ''[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/south-wales-news/blaenau-gwent/2010/04/29/let-s-stop-the-mud-slinging-says-labour-candidate-91466-26328175/ Let’s stop the mud-slinging, says Labour candidate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010152410/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/south-wales-news/blaenau-gwent/2010/04/29/let-s-stop-the-mud-slinging-says-labour-candidate-91466-26328175/ |date=10 October 2012 }}'', dated 29 April 2010 at nline.co.uk</ref>

In one of the strongest showings for Labour in Wales, Nick Smith won by more than 10,000 votes on a 61.94 percent turnout.<ref>[http://waleshome.org/2010/05/think-national-vote-local/ Think National Vote Local] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511220519/http://waleshome.org/2010/05/think-national-vote-local/ |date=11 May 2010 }} at waleshome.org</ref> Voter turnout was up by 19.6 percent from the previous election in 2006.<ref>[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8154220.ELECTION__Gwent_turnout_up_by_4_2_percent/ ELECTION] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511080455/http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8154220.ELECTION__Gwent_turnout_up_by_4_2_percent/ |date=11 May 2010 }} at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

The 20.1 percentage point increase in the Labour share of the vote was higher than in any other seat in Britain. The swing from Independent to Labour was 29.2 per cent, the largest in the UK.

On his election success, Smith commented "The local population and the Blaenau Gwent Labour Party have shared values, and that's come through in this result tonight."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/wales/8666601.stm Labour delight over Blaenau Gwent] dated 7 May 2010 at news.bbc.co.uk</ref> He also said he had promised [[Michael Foot]] he would return Blaenau Gwent to Labour.<ref>Alison Sanders, ''[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8152689.ELECTION__Blaenau_Gwent_returns_to_Labour_fold/ ELECTION: Blaenau Gwent returns to Labour fold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511080440/http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8152689.ELECTION__Blaenau_Gwent_returns_to_Labour_fold/ |date=11 May 2010 }}'' dated 7 May 2010 at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

In the 2015 general election Smith increased his majority to 58% of the share of the vote, gaining 18,380 votes (+5.6%). Blaenau Gwent now has the highest Labour share of the vote in Wales. The July [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|2017 general election]] produced almost a replica of the result two years earlier, with Smith taking 58% of the vote and winning 18,787 votes. Speaking after the announcement, Smith said: "Today the voters of Blaenau Gwent shared my belief that our best hope to get our country moving again is a Labour government. Blaenau Gwent needs more jobs, improved transport, proper funding for our frontline services and only a Labour government in Westminster can do that. I will continue to stand up for my home borough, to be a strong voice in parliament and to represent the people of these valleys."[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/15337988.GENERAL_ELECTION_2017__Labour_see_off_Plaid_Cymru_challenge_to_hold_Blaenau_Gwent/]

In the December 2019 general election Smith won the seat once more, with 14,862 votes (49.18% of those cast), ahead of Richard Taylor (of the Brexit Party) who took 6,215 votes, Laura Jones (Conservative) on 5,749 and Peredur Owen Griffiths (Plaid Cymru) on 1,722.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/W07000072 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217202621/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/W07000072 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Smith said he was delighted to be elected for his third term but acknowledged that it had been a difficult night for the Labour party as a whole. He said: "I'm extremely grateful to be voted in by the people of Blaenau Gwent, but I'm sad that we're going to have to put up with a Tory rampant administration for the next five years. "I'm going to work very hard here now to make sure to keep up my good community links and make sure we build the party to come back stronger."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/blaenau-gwent-general-election-winner-17371484 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217185535/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/blaenau-gwent-general-election-winner-17371484 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
Blaenau Gwent is a seat with a strong Labour heritage. [[Aneurin Bevan]], the post-war [[Secretary of State for Health|Health Minister]] responsible for creating the [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]], and [[Michael Foot]], a former leader of the Labour Party, both held the seat in the second half of the twentieth century. Smith’s campaign formed the subject of a Progress pamphlet entitled "Organising to Win" which highlighted the successful tactics he had used to win back the seat for Labour.<ref>[http://www.progressonline.org.uk/pamphlets/ Organising to Win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230150/http://www.progressonline.org.uk/pamphlets/ |date=29 September 2011 }} at progressonline.org.uk</ref>

Smith made his maiden speech in Parliament on 8 June 2010. He praised the cultural and political heritage of the constituency, and promised to campaign strongly on improving public health, the prospects for young people, and economic growth.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100608/debtext/100608-0010.htm#10060846000059 Nick Smith maiden speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029092738/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100608/debtext/100608-0010.htm#10060846000059 |date=29 October 2016 }} at publications.parliament.uk</ref> As a backbench member, he has led the call for the Government to respond to the collapse of care home provider Southern Cross, bringing the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Minister of Health]] responsible for care services, [[Paul Burstow]], to answer questions before the House, and raising the issue with [[David Cameron]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions]].<ref>Nick Smith, [http://waleshome.org/2011/09/21033/ End profit before people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930214642/http://waleshome.org/2011/09/21033/ |date=30 September 2011 }} dated 21 September 2011 at waleshome.org</ref>

In 2013, he continued his care home campaigning after the collapse of Operation Jasmine, an £11m seven-year investigation into neglect and abuse in care homes in South Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/10273723.caerphilly-mp-wayne-david-calls-for-inquiry-after-11m-care-gwent-homes-probe-collapses/|title=MP calls for inquiry into care standards for elderly after collapse of £11m care Gwent homes probe|website=South Wales Argus|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420093721/https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/10273723.caerphilly-mp-wayne-david-calls-for-inquiry-after-11m-care-gwent-homes-probe-collapses/|archive-date=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He backed the "Justice for Jasmine" campaign and calls for both a review into the case. He also called for the Care Bill going through parliament to include an amendment that would allow care home owners to be prosecuted for instances of neglect under their care.<ref>Operation Jasmine: MP urges care home abuse law change, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-22502428] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214233531/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-22502428 |date=14 February 2019 }} at BBC.co.uk</ref> The Welsh Government announced an Independent Review into the case in December 2013.<ref>Operation Jasmine: Review due,[http://www.itv.com/news/wales/story/2013-12-04/operation-jasmine-review/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111194635/http://www.itv.com/news/wales/story/2013-12-04/operation-jasmine-review/ |date=11 January 2015 }} at itv.com/news</ref> The Criminal Justice and Courts Bill in 2014 was amended to include laws so staff, managers and directors could face jail sentences for abuse and wilful neglect in their care – with the companies being fined and publicly named for their role in any abuse.<ref>Group celebrates progress in care home probe,[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/gwentnews/11292974.print/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111203913/http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/gwentnews/11292974.print/ |date=11 January 2015 }} at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

On entering Parliament, Smith was elected to the influential [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], responsible for monitoring value for money in public spending. He has highlighted a number of instances of the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] wasting tax payer’s money, including changes to the requirements of the two [[Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier]]s that added billions of pounds to the cost of the contracts.<ref>Nick Smith, [http://206.252.133.22/AlertWebInterface/Article.aspx?reference=WESMAI0020110804e7840000g Defence decisions are leaving us at risk in an uncertain world]</ref> Since his election, he has highlighted the "pathetic" tax contributions of the likes of Amazon, who paid £2.4m in UK tax in 2012 despite £4.3bn in sales.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22549434 |title=Amazon UK paid £2.4m tax last year, despite £4bn sales |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023023404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22549434 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He gained early promotion when [[Douglas Alexander]], Shadow [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], appointed him as his [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] and a junior member of Labour’s Foreign Affairs team. In September 2015, Smith was promoted to the Shadow DEFRA team as the Minister for Food, Farming and Rural Affairs. He resigned on 29 June 2016, saying that [[Jeremy Corbyn]] did not have the leadership skills needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/BlaenauGwentMP/status/748097693596155904 |title=Nick Smith on Twitter: "Things have gone too far. We need a new leadership ballot. This is the resignation letter I have just sent to... " |last=Smith |first=Nick |date=29 June 2016 |work=[[Twitter]] |accessdate=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703062441/https://twitter.com/BlaenauGwentMP/status/748097693596155904 |archive-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He supported [[Owen Smith]] in the [[2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mps-nominating-owen-smith-labour-8451186|title=Which MPs are nominating Owen Smith in the Labour leadership contest?|last1=Smith|first1=Mikey|date=20 July 2016|work=Mirror|access-date=10 November 2018|last2=Bloom|first2=Dan|location=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110200048/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mps-nominating-owen-smith-labour-8451186|archive-date=10 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> After the election Nick was appointed as an Opposition Whip.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/nick-smith/3928|title=Nick Smith MP|website=UK Parliament|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175710/https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/nick-smith/3928|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Smith's recent campaigns have included attacking the interest rates poor families are charged by the rent-to-own sector for buying household appliances. He accused companies of charging "staggering" interest rates for goods such as fridges and washing machines. [https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/families-pay-three-times-value-11142337] The [[Financial Conduct Authority]] announced in May 2018 that it was considering a cap on the sector, a move Mr Smith called "a big step forward".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/16262447.mp-applauds-planned-interest-rate-cap/|title=MP applauds planned interest rate cap|website=South Wales Argus|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420093721/https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/16262447.mp-applauds-planned-interest-rate-cap/|archive-date=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

He served on the Progress Strategy Board from 2012 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.progressonline.org.uk/campaigns/progress-strategy-board/2012-2014/|title=2012–2014|last=Progress|website=Progress – Centre-left Labour politics|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175237/http://www.progressonline.org.uk/campaigns/progress-strategy-board/2012-2014/|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He is a current member of the Tribune Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.labourtribunemps.org/gridmps|title=Members|website=Labour Tribune MPs|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175727/https://www.labourtribunemps.org/gridmps|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nick ran his first London Marathon in 2018 for Hospice of the Valleys, a Blaenau Gwent charity who provide palliative care. He has since campaigned on more support for initiatives such as Parkrun and efforts to tackle childhood obesity such as a ban on junk food advertising before 9pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-44160048|title=MPs mark NHS anniversary|first=David|last=Cornock|date=17 May 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420093722/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-44160048|archive-date=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Smith has two daughters and lives in [[Nantyglo]]. He married fellow Labour MP [[Jenny Chapman]] in July 2014.<ref name=about/> He previously lived in [[Camden Town]].<ref>[http://www.checksure.biz/Director/NICHOLAS+DESMOND+JOHN+SMITH-13317630.htm NICHOLAS DESMOND JOHN SMITH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706144838/http://www.checksure.biz/Director/NICHOLAS+DESMOND+JOHN+SMITH-13317630.htm |date=6 July 2011 }} at checksure.biz, accessed 21 May 2010</ref> He is a keen hiker, and is the President of his borough’s Red Ramblers organisation. He is also President of Ebbw Valley Brass. His hobbies include hiking, watching rugby and cinema.

==See also==
*[[2006 Blaenau Gwent by-elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nick-smith.net/ Nick Smith MP] ''official constituency website''
*{{UK MP links | parliament = nick-smith/3928 | hansard = | hansardcurr =  | guardian = 11358/nick-smith | publicwhip = Nick_Smith | theywork = nick_smith | record = Nick-Smith/Blaenau-Gwent/13443 | bbc = 72304.stm | journalisted = }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl
|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]
|years=[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]–present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Wales Labour Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Nick}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tredegar]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Welsh Labour Party MPs]]
[[Category:Councillors in the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) councillors]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children people]]

Sara Britcliffe

2020-01-08T05:42:08Z

BrownHairedGirl: /* Parliamentary career */ Partially restore the t-shirt incident which was removed in good faith by User:This is Paul. I agree that the whole para was WP:UNDUE, but it seems to be the only newsworthy coverage of her since the election, so I think a brief mention is merited.

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sara Britcliffe
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]
| parliament =
| majority = 2,951 (7.0%)
| predecessor = [[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]
| successor =
| term_start = 12 December 2019
| term_end =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| children =
| residence =
}}
'''Sara Alice Britcliffe'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|publisher=Hansard|title=Members Sworn|date=18 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219003923/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician who has served as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]] since the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]]. At the age of 24, she was the youngest Conservative MP elected in the election, and the first to represent the constituency since 1992.

==Early life==
Britcliffe attended [[St Christopher's Church of England High School, Accrington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.st-christophers.org/sixth-form/sixth-form-news?n=40|title=General Election Hustings|publisher=St Christopher's Church of England|date=3 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Her father, Peter, is the councillor for Oswaldtwistle ward on the [[Lancashire County Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18104996.new-hyndburn-mp-sara-24-promises-youthful-view/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=New Hyndburn MP Sara, 24, promises 'youthful' view|last=Jacobs|5=|first=Bill|date=17 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221524/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18104996.new-hyndburn-mp-sara-24-promises-youthful-view/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She has two older brothers. Her mother died in 2004 when she was nine years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lancs.live/news/local-news/moving-farewell-to-leaders-ex-partner-1266754|title='Moving' farewell to leader's ex-partner|website=Lancs Live|date=9 December 2004|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230114031/https://www.lancs.live/news/local-news/moving-farewell-to-leaders-ex-partner-1266754|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She studied modern languages at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name=Candidate/> Britcliffe served in the ceremonial role of mayoress between 2017 and 2018 alongside her father who was the mayor on the [[Hyndburn Borough Council]]. He stood down from the council in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acornnews.co.uk/Sarab.html|publisher=Acorn News|accessdate=29 December 2019|title=Hyndburn's Youngest Mayoress Reflects on First Six Months|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221524/http://www.acornnews.co.uk/Sarab.html|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16172761.hyndburn-faces-less-colourful-election-three-major-political-figures-missing-campaign-trail/|title=Hyndburn faces a less colourful election with three of its major political figures missing from the campaign trail|last=Jacobs|first=Bill|work=Lancashire Telegraph|date=20 April 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230115033/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16172761.hyndburn-faces-less-colourful-election-three-major-political-figures-missing-campaign-trail/|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as a councillor for the ward of St. Andrews (previously represented by her father) in the [[2018 Hyndburn Borough Council election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16206136.hyndburn-elections-2018-full-round-up-results/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=Hyndburn elections 2018: Full round-up and results|date=4 May 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|last=Marko|first=Nic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221521/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16206136.hyndburn-elections-2018-full-round-up-results/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to her political career, she managed a sandwich shop in [[Oswaldtwistle]].<ref name=Candidate/>

==Parliamentary career==
Britcliffe was selected as the Conservative candidate for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]] constituency on 6 November 2019.<ref name=Candidate>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18017203.conservatives-choose-sara-britcliffe-fight-hyndburn-election/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=Conservatives choose Sara Britcliffe to fight Hyndburn election|date=6 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|last=Jacobs|first=Bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229160534/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18017203.conservatives-choose-sara-britcliffe-fight-hyndburn-election/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father had previously contested the seat in the 1997 and 2001 general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps|title=Class of 2019: Meet the new MPs|accessdate=29 December 2019|date=16 December 2019|last=Bond|first=Daniel|publisher=Politics Home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217174745/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as MP for the constituency in the 2019 general election with a majority of 2,951 (7.0%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|website=BBC News|title=Hyndburn|accessdate=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230162110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The seat had been represented by a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] MP since the 1992 general election. At the age of 24, she was the youngest Conservative MP elected in the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-tory-faces-make-their-way-to-westminster-8rvrvjmnq|work=The Times|title=Fresh Tory faces make their way to Westminster|date=16 December 2019|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221521/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-tory-faces-make-their-way-to-westminster-8rvrvjmnq|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

Britcliffe recieved criticism in the weeks following her victory after she was photographed wearing a shirt with a picture of her predecessor, [[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]], printed on it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baron |first1=Olivia |title=Former Hyndburn MP slams 'disgusting and untrustworthy' behaviour from Sara Britcliffe |url=https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/former-hyndburn-mp-slams-disgusting-17464136 |accessdate=5 January 2020 |work=Lancs Live |date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]|years=[[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{North West Conservative Party MPs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britcliffe, Sara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:21st-century British women politicians]]

{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-stub}}
{{UK-MP-2019-stub}}
{{Conservative-UK-MP-1990s-stub}}

Sara Britcliffe

2020-01-08T05:34:48Z

BrownHairedGirl: Use Member of Parliament (MP) in lead per MOS:ACROFIRSTUSE

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sara Britcliffe
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]
| parliament =
| majority = 2,951 (7.0%)
| predecessor = [[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]
| successor =
| term_start = 12 December 2019
| term_end =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| children =
| residence =
}}
'''Sara Alice Britcliffe'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|publisher=Hansard|title=Members Sworn|date=18 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219003923/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician who has served as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]] since the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]]. At the age of 24, she was the youngest Conservative MP elected in the election, and the first to represent the constituency since 1992.

==Early life==
Britcliffe attended [[St Christopher's Church of England High School, Accrington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.st-christophers.org/sixth-form/sixth-form-news?n=40|title=General Election Hustings|publisher=St Christopher's Church of England|date=3 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> Her father, Peter, is the councillor for Oswaldtwistle ward on the [[Lancashire County Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18104996.new-hyndburn-mp-sara-24-promises-youthful-view/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=New Hyndburn MP Sara, 24, promises 'youthful' view|last=Jacobs|5=|first=Bill|date=17 December 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221524/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18104996.new-hyndburn-mp-sara-24-promises-youthful-view/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She has two older brothers. Her mother died in 2004 when she was nine years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lancs.live/news/local-news/moving-farewell-to-leaders-ex-partner-1266754|title='Moving' farewell to leader's ex-partner|website=Lancs Live|date=9 December 2004|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230114031/https://www.lancs.live/news/local-news/moving-farewell-to-leaders-ex-partner-1266754|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She studied modern languages at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name=Candidate/> Britcliffe served in the ceremonial role of mayoress between 2017 and 2018 alongside her father who was the mayor on the [[Hyndburn Borough Council]]. He stood down from the council in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acornnews.co.uk/Sarab.html|publisher=Acorn News|accessdate=29 December 2019|title=Hyndburn's Youngest Mayoress Reflects on First Six Months|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221524/http://www.acornnews.co.uk/Sarab.html|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16172761.hyndburn-faces-less-colourful-election-three-major-political-figures-missing-campaign-trail/|title=Hyndburn faces a less colourful election with three of its major political figures missing from the campaign trail|last=Jacobs|first=Bill|work=Lancashire Telegraph|date=20 April 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230115033/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16172761.hyndburn-faces-less-colourful-election-three-major-political-figures-missing-campaign-trail/|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as a councillor for the ward of St. Andrews (previously represented by her father) in the [[2018 Hyndburn Borough Council election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16206136.hyndburn-elections-2018-full-round-up-results/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=Hyndburn elections 2018: Full round-up and results|date=4 May 2018|accessdate=29 December 2019|last=Marko|first=Nic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221521/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/16206136.hyndburn-elections-2018-full-round-up-results/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to her political career, she managed a sandwich shop in [[Oswaldtwistle]].<ref name=Candidate/>

==Parliamentary career==
Britcliffe was selected as the Conservative candidate for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]] constituency on 6 November 2019.<ref name=Candidate>{{cite news|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18017203.conservatives-choose-sara-britcliffe-fight-hyndburn-election/|work=Lancashire Telegraph|title=Conservatives choose Sara Britcliffe to fight Hyndburn election|date=6 November 2019|accessdate=29 December 2019|last=Jacobs|first=Bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229160534/https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18017203.conservatives-choose-sara-britcliffe-fight-hyndburn-election/|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father had previously contested the seat in the 1997 and 2001 general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps|title=Class of 2019: Meet the new MPs|accessdate=29 December 2019|date=16 December 2019|last=Bond|first=Daniel|publisher=Politics Home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217174745/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as MP for the constituency in the 2019 general election with a majority of 2,951 (7.0%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|website=BBC News|title=Hyndburn|accessdate=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230162110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The seat had been represented by a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] MP since the 1992 general election. At the age of 24, she was the youngest Conservative MP elected in the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-tory-faces-make-their-way-to-westminster-8rvrvjmnq|work=The Times|title=Fresh Tory faces make their way to Westminster|date=16 December 2019|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221521/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fresh-tory-faces-make-their-way-to-westminster-8rvrvjmnq|archive-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]|years=[[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{North West Conservative Party MPs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britcliffe, Sara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:21st-century British women politicians]]

{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-stub}}
{{UK-MP-2019-stub}}
{{Conservative-UK-MP-1990s-stub}}

Leo Docherty

2020-01-08T04:50:01Z

BrownHairedGirl: disambiguate Member of Parliament → Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)

{{short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Leo Docherty
|honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
|image = Official portrait of Leo Docherty crop 2.jpg
|caption =
|office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]
|term_start1 = 8 June 2017
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]
|successor1 =
|majority1 = 16,698 (34.9%)
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|4|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.parliament.uk/membersdataplatform/services/mnis/members/query/id=4600/BasicDetails/ |title=Members' Names Data Platform query |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|spouse = Lucy
|children = 2
|alma_mater = [[SOAS, University of London]] [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<ref>https://uk.linkedin.com/in/leo-docherty-02a23066</ref>
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears = 2002-2006
|rank = [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
|servicenumber = 555125
|unit = [[Scots Guards]]
|battles = [[Iraq War]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]
}}
}}
'''Leo Docherty''' (born 4 October 1976) is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]] since June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aldershot Conservatives |url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/news/leo-docherty-selected-parliamentary-candidate-aldershot |title=Leo Docherty selected as Parliamentary Candidate for Aldershot | Aldershot |publisher=Aldershotconservatives.com |date=29 April 2017 |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> Prior to being elected as an MP he served in the [[Scots Guards]], before working in publishing and for the Conservative Party. He is the author of ''Desert of Death'' (2007).

==Early life and Career==
Docherty was born in Scotland and grew up in Gloucestershire. He went on to study Swahili and Hindi at the University of London between 1996–2000, before attending the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/tutors/leo-docherty/|title=About Leo|publisher=Faber |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> From 2001 to 2007 he served in the [[Scots Guards]].<ref name="aldershotconservatives">{{cite web|url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/people/leo-docherty-mp|title=Leo Docherty MP|website=Aldershot Conservatives|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref> After being posted to London on ceremonial duties and a period spent in Germany, he served operationally in Iraq and Afghanistan as a British Army officer.

After leaving the army, he wrote the book 'Desert of Death', which was published by Faber in 2007. The book consisted of a critical first-hand account of the current war in Afghanistan. Living in Didcot in Oxfordshire, he created and worked as editor and publisher of Steppe magazine - a now defunct publication that covered the arts, culture, history, landscape and people of Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/mgDeclarationSubmissionPrintView.aspx?nobdr=1&UID=141&HID=42&FID=0&HPID=0|title=Register of interests|publisher=South Oxfordshire Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He was appointed Director of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] in 2010, a role in which he served until being elected as an MP.

Docherty stood successfully as the Conservative candidate in the Hagbourne ward of [[South Oxfordshire District Council]] in May 2011, standing down at the end of his four-year term when the wards were revised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/South-Oxfordshire-1973-2011.pdf|title=South Oxfordshire Council Election Results 1973-2011|publisher= Plymouth University|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative candidate in the Wallingford division of [[Oxfordshire County Council]] in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mycouncil.oxfordshire.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=189|title=Election results for Wallingford|publisher=Oxfordshire County Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
Docherty unsuccessfully applied to be the Conservative Party candidate for the Labour Party held [[Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford East]] constituency in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Bicester mayor chosen as Conservative candidate for Oxford East|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11650520.Tories_select_candidate_to_fight_Oxford_East_constituency_in_general_election/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Oxford Mail|date=6 December 2014}}</ref> He was instead chosen to contest the safe Labour Party held seat of [[Caerphilly (UK Parliament constituency)|Caerphilly]] in the 2015 general election, where he came third.

In 2017, he was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]], after the incumbent Conservative MP [[Gerald Howarth]] announced he was standing down at the next general election. The ''Financial Times'' called his selection "the highest-profile tussle over a candidate choice, [in which] the party leadership rejected a request from activists in Aldershot to be allowed to consider [[Daniel Hannan]], the prominent Eurosceptic MEP, for the safe Tory seat".<ref name="ft">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8aeaf736-2c06-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c?mhq5j=e3|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2017/04/exclusive-the-third-candidate-shortlisted-in-aldershot-is-chris-brannigan.html |title=Exclusive: The third candidate shortlisted in Aldershot is Chris Brannigan |publisher=Conservative Home |date= |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> He was duly elected at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]].

In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] he sits on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls (formerly Quadripartite Committee).<ref name=parliamentbiodocherty>{{cite web|title=HLeo Docherty|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/leo-docherty/4600|website=Parliament UK|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

He backed [[Boris Johnson]] in the [[2019 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/LeoDochertyUK/status/1146445147820961792|work=Twitter|date=3 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> On 29 July 2019, Johnson appointed Docherty as an Assistant Government Whip.

In 2019, Leo's brother Paddy Docherty wrote a letter to the Guardian urging him to resign, writing "Now I am simply appalled that this government, of which you are sadly a part, has become the principal threat to the lives and liberties of the people. Please do the decent thing, and resign."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Docherty |first1=Paddy |title=An open letter to my brother the Tory MP: resign from this rogue government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/03/open-letter-brother-resign-government-no-deal-brexit |newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

===Gulf States===
In the six months after being elected as an MP, Docherty registered four trips to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, costing over £15,000 and paid for by the Governments of the host countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/25628/leo_docherty/aldershot|title=Leo Docherty|publisher=They work for you|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> Prior to this, his election campaign had benefited from donations totalling over £10,000 from donors with links to the Gulf States. As Chair of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] and since serving as an MP, Docherty has frequently praised the work of the governments in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain and has been subject to some criticism from opposition MPs and journalists, such as Peter Oborne for his links and his failure to always declare his register of interests when speaking on the subject in Parliament. However, he has denied any conflict of interest and, as Director of the Conservative Middle East Council, responded to criticism of donations received there as not having influenced decision-making within the group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Britain invokes spy clause to cover up payments to Bahrain |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-invokes-spy-clause-to-cover-up-payments-to-bahrain-dlv00c66f|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=The Times|date=22 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why is the Conservative Party ignoring Palestine?|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/why-uk-conservative-party-ignoring-palestine-cmec-focus-on-gulf-bahrain-uae-saudi-libya-israel-1824625298|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Eye|date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Gulf business tycoons backing the Conservative Middle East Council|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160127-revealed-the-gulf-business-tycoons-backing-the-conservative-middle-east-council/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Monitor|date=27 January 2016}}</ref> Docherty's trips were worth £26,893 in total and were the highest valued of any MP's trips during the year following the 2017 general election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45883411 MPs sign up for £2m of free overseas trips] ''[[BBC]] 18 October 2018.</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Lucy Docherty and they have two children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leodocherty.org.uk/about-leo-docherty|title=About Leo|publisher=Personal website|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Honours==

<center>
[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|100px]]
</center>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|40px]] || [[Iraq Medal (United Kingdom)|Iraq Medal]] ||
*
|-
|[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|40px]] || [[Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan]] ||
* With clasp "AFGHANISTAN"
|-
|}

==Publications==
*''Desert of Death'' (2007)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UK MP links |parliament=leo-docherty/4600 |publicwhip=Leo_Docherty |theywork=leo_docherty}}

==Offices held==
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]|years=[[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Docherty, Leo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Scots Guards officers]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]

Stephen Kinnock

2020-01-06T11:28:01Z

BrownHairedGirl: /* External links */ update succession box

{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Short description|British Labour politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Stephen Kinnock
|honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|image = File:Official portrait of Stephen Kinnock crop 2.jpg
|office1= [[Prime Minister of Denmark|Spouse of the Prime Minister of Denmark]]
|primeminister1 = [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]]
|monarch1 = [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe II]]
|term_start1 = 3 October 2011
|term_end1 = 28 June 2015
|predecessor1 = [[Sólrun Løkke Rasmussen]]
|successor1 = [[Sólrun Løkke Rasmussen]]
|office = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberavon]]
|term_start = 7 May 2015
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Hywel Francis]]
|successor =
|majority = 10,490 (33.2%)
|birth_name = Stephen Nathan Kinnock
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|1|1}}
|birth_place = [[Tredegar]], [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]], Wales
|party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]]|1996}}
|children = 2
|parents = {{hlist|[[Neil Kinnock]]|[[Glenys Kinnock, Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead|Glenys Parry]]}}
|alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Queens' College, Cambridge]]|[[College of Europe]]}}
|website = [http://www.stephenkinnock.co.uk stephenkinnock.co.uk]
}}
'''Stephen Nathan Kinnock''' (born 1 January 1970) is a [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] politician who has been the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberavon]] since the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]]. His wife is the former Danish Prime Minister [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]]. His father, [[Neil Kinnock]], is a former Leader of the British Labour Party and was a [[European Commissioner]] and Vice President of the European Commission. His mother is a former Labour Party MEP.

==Early life and education==
Kinnock was born in [[Tredegar]], [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]], the son of British politicians [[Glenys Kinnock|Glenys Elizabeth Parry]] and [[Neil Kinnock|Neil Gordon Kinnock]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Kinnock og spørgsmålet om beskatning i Danmark|url=http://journalistforbundet.dk/Filer/DJ/Dokumenter/Cavlingprisen/Stephen_Kinnock_spoergsmaal_om_beskatning_i_dk.pdf|publisher=The Danish Union of Journalists|language=Danish|date=28 August 2010|access-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215125133/http://journalistforbundet.dk/Filer/DJ/Dokumenter/Cavlingprisen/Stephen_Kinnock_spoergsmaal_om_beskatning_i_dk.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="sptimes imparts value of internationalism">{{cite news |url=http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=19585 |title=British Council Chief Imparts Value of Internationalism |work=[[The St. Petersburg Times]] |date=28 November 2006 |accessdate=14 September 2011 |author=Andreyeva, Yelena |location=St. Petersburg |quote=Born in 1970 in a small town named Tredegar in South Wales [...] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217105454/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=19585 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was educated at [[Drayton Manor High School]], a [[comprehensive school]] in [[Hanwell]], London. He studied Modern Languages at [[Queens' College, Cambridge]], graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. He studied for a Master of Arts (MA) degree at the [[College of Europe]] in [[Bruges]], graduating in 1993.

Stephen Kinnock describes himself as from a "Labour and Trade Union family".<ref>[http://www.stephenkinnock.co.uk/ "Labour MP for Aberavon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214709/http://www.stephenkinnock.co.uk/ |date=1 November 2014 }}, no date.</ref>

==Career==
Kinnock worked as a research assistant at the [[Espace Léopold|Brussels European Parliament]] before becoming a [[British Council]] Development and Training Services executive based in Brussels in 1997. He held various positions with the British Council including director of its [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg office]]. Following the Russian authorities' closure of this office,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7191411.stm Russia warned over 'intimidation'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119174517/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7191411.stm |date=19 January 2008 }}", [[BBC News]] 16 January 2008</ref><ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jan/17/world.politics 'Now we really have a crisis' – Russia's man in London leaving the Foreign Office yesterday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916171655/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jan/17/world.politics |date=16 September 2016 }}", [[The Guardian]] 17 January 2008</ref><ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011701481.html British Unit Is Alleging 'Intimidation' By Moscow: Culture Offices Shut In Growing Dispute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132119/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011701481.html |date=1 December 2017 }}", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 18 January 2008.</ref> Kinnock was posted to the British Council in [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080320/debtext/80320-0011.htm Daily Hansard] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023503/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080320/debtext/80320-0011.htm |date=5 June 2011 }} (end of column 1128), [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons Publications and Reports]] 20 March 2008</ref>

In January 2009, he joined the [[World Economic Forum]] as director, head of Europe and Central Asia, based in [[Geneva]], Switzerland.<ref name="weforum.org">"[http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest%20Press%20Releases/KinnockPR Stephen Kinnock to head World Economic Forum's Europe and Central Asia team] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140634/http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest%20Press%20Releases/KinnockPR |date=12 February 2009 }}", [[World Economic Forum|WEF]] press release 2 December 2008</ref> In August 2012, he took up a position at [[Xyntéo]] in London, Kinnock was managing director of the "Global Leadership and Technology Exchange" in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725210824/http://www.xynteo.com/events/russia-new-growth-partnership-roundtable|title=Xyntéo – GLTE Russia New Growth Partnership roundtable|date=25 July 2014|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

===Political career===
[[File:Stephen Kinnock, 2016 Labour Party Conference 1.jpg|thumb|Kinnock speaking at the 2016 Labour Party Conference]]
In March 2014, Kinnock was selected as the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] candidate for the seat of [[Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberavon]] in Wales for the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 General Election]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Neil Kinnock's son Stephen selected to fight Aberavon seat | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-26700333 | work=[[BBC News]] | date=22 March 2014 | accessdate=22 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323032548/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-26700333 | archive-date=23 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 May 2015, he was elected the Member of Parliament for Aberavon with a majority of 10,445. He was re-elected in 2017 with an increased majority of 16,761, and 68.1% of the vote share.

He supported [[Owen Smith]] in the failed attempt to replace [[Jeremy Corbyn]] in the [[2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labourlist.org/2016/07/which-mps-and-meps-have-nominated-owen-smith/|title=Full list of MPs and MEPs backing challenger Owen Smith|date=21 July 2016|website=[[LabourList]]|language=en-GB|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715214543/https://labourlist.org/2016/07/which-mps-and-meps-have-nominated-owen-smith/|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election campaign]], Kinnock was one of four MPs critical of [[Jeremy Corbyn]]'s leadership of the Labour Party who were followed for six weeks for the BBC documentary ''Labour: The Summer that Changed Everything''. The documentary showed Kinnock predicting the poll would "not be a good night" for Labour, and his response to Labour gains in the election.<ref name=telegraph-20171121>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/21/stephen-kinnock-given-dressing-former-danish-pm-wife-post-exit/ |title=Stephen Kinnock given a dressing down by former Danish PM wife for post exit poll TV appearance |last=Horton |first=Helena |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=21 November 2017 |accessdate=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203152812/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/21/stephen-kinnock-given-dressing-former-danish-pm-wife-post-exit/ |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=independent-20171121>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/stephen-kinnock-helle-thorning-schmidt-wife-danish-prime-minister-labour-bbc-documentary-summer-that-a8067201.html |title=Helle Thorning Schmidt: Former Danish PM hailed for magnificent admonishment of Labour MP husband Stephen Kinnock in BBC documentary |work=[[The Independent]] |date=21 November 2017 |accessdate=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203082725/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/stephen-kinnock-helle-thorning-schmidt-wife-danish-prime-minister-labour-bbc-documentary-summer-that-a8067201.html |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=walesonline-20171121>{{cite news |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/everything-learned-stephen-kinnock-politics-13931165 |title=Everything we learned about Stephen Kinnock and politics from the BBC documentary on Labour's summer |last=Hayward |first=Will |newspaper=Wales Online |date=21 November 2017 |accessdate=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203082813/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/everything-learned-stephen-kinnock-politics-13931165 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kinnock held his seat at the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/W07000049|title=Aberavon parliamentary constituency - Election 2019|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413073833/https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/W07000049|archive-date=13 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He endorsed [[Lisa Nandy]] in the [[2020 Labour Party leadership election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SKinnock/status/1213446131637731330|title=I’m proud to be backing @lisanandy because she understands how our Party must change if it is to re-build trust. She has a clear, radical & realistic plan around which our entire movement can unite, and she will lead with purpose, drive, courage and dynamism. #LabourLeadership|last=Kinnock|first=Stephen|date=2020-01-04|website=@SKinnock|language=en|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1996, Kinnock married [[Helle Thorning-Schmidt]], who later became [[Prime Minister of Denmark]]. They met when both attended the [[College of Europe]]. The couple have two daughters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14944749 |title=Profile: Danish PM-elect Helle Thorning-Schmidt |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 September 2011 |accessdate=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511000850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14944749 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2010, the Danish tabloid ''[[B.T. (tabloid)|BT]]'' accused Kinnock of [[tax evasion]].<ref>[http://www.bt.dk/danmark/scorer-kassen-i-skattely B.T. afslører Helle Thorning og manden : Scorer kassen i skattely] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626104958/http://www.bt.dk/danmark/scorer-kassen-i-skattely |date=26 June 2010 }}, [[B.T. (tabloid)|BT]], 23 June 2010 (in Danish)</ref> At that time he was paying tax in Switzerland where his workplace was situated, and therefore had his main residence there, although his wife's political website states that "The family lives in [[Østerbro]] in Copenhagen".<ref>[http://www.bt.dk/politik/helle-afsloeret-af-bommert-paa-egen-hjemmeside Helle afsløret af bommert på egen hjemmeside] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627215918/http://www.bt.dk/politik/helle-afsloeret-af-bommert-paa-egen-hjemmeside |date=27 June 2010 }}, [[B.T. (tabloid)|BT]], 24 June 2010 (in Danish)</ref> The couple had previously stated to the media that Kinnock would spend his weekends in Denmark, sometimes including Thursday, and that he regarded his home and base as being exclusively with his family in Copenhagen. According to the tabloid, he would possibly exceed 183 days a year in Denmark, meaning he would be fully taxable there.

His wife, Helle Thorning-Schmidt, rebutted the accusations but said the couple would ask the [[SKAT (tax agency)|Danish tax authority]] for an audit.<ref>[http://www.cphpost.dk/component/content/49320.html?task=view Opposition leader requests audit of husband]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[The Copenhagen Post]], 24 June 2010</ref><ref name="Swaine">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7945386/Kinnocks-son-faces-fresh-tax-allegations.html |title=Kinnock's son faces fresh tax allegations |author1=Swaine, Jon |author2=Beckford, Martin |date=14 August 2010 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118123453/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7945386/Kinnocks-son-faces-fresh-tax-allegations.html |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The audit by the Danish Tax & Customs Administration (SKAT) was concluded on 17 September 2010, and in its Official Report SKAT stated that "Mr Kinnock does not have tax liability for 2007, 08, or 09, as he does not reside in this country within the meaning of the Danish Tax at Sources Act".<ref>[http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1061639/thorning-schmidt-eyes-victory/ "Thorning-Schmidt eyes victory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714101707/http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1061639/thorning-schmidt-eyes-victory/ |date=14 July 2015 }}, ''[[Politiken]]'', 17 September 2010.</ref><ref name="Spongenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://euobserver.com/news/3084 |title=Nordic Social Democrat parties are losing their historic power |last=Spongenberg |first=Helena |date=20 September 2010 |work=[[EU Observer]] |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904062650/https://euobserver.com/news/3084 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.infomedia.dk/MS3/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl%3D%2FMs3%2FShowArticle.aspx%3FoutputFormat%3DFull%26Duid%3De230eb42%26outputFormat%3DFull%26Duid%3De230eb42%26AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport%3D1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155139/http://apps.infomedia.dk/MS3/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2fMs3%2fShowArticle.aspx%3foutputFormat%3dFull%26Duid%3de230eb42&outputFormat=Full&Duid=e230eb42&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Kinnock is an honorary associate of the [[National Secular Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html|title=Honorary Associates|website=www.secularism.org.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802160042/https://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html/|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

When his father was created a life peer in 2005 as Baron Kinnock of Holyhead, Kinnock was granted the prefix ''[[The Honourable]]'' as the son of a baron. As it is a [[life peerage]] rather than a [[hereditary peerage]], Kinnock will not inherit his father's title upon his death.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stephenkinnock.co.uk Official website]
* {{UK MP links |parliament=stephen-kinnock/4359 |publicwhip=Stephen_Kinnock |theywork=stephen_kinnock}}
* {{C-SPAN}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hywel Francis]]}}
{{s-ttl
|title=Member of Parliament for [[Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberavon]]
|years=[[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]]–present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Neil Kinnock}}
{{Wales Labour Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnock, Stephen}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:College of Europe alumni]]
[[Category:British diplomats]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Belgium]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Denmark]]
[[Category:Eldest sons of barons]]
[[Category:Kinnock family|Stephen]]
[[Category:People educated at Drayton Manor High School]]
[[Category:People from Tredegar]]
[[Category:Spouses of Prime Ministers of Denmark]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Welsh Labour Party MPs]]
[[Category:Welsh people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Welsh socialists]]

Nick Smith (Politiker, 1960)

2019-12-22T11:45:55Z

BrownHairedGirl: /* External links */ sort cats

{{short description|Welsh politician}}
{{other people|Nick Smith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Nick Smith
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| image = File:Official portrait of Nick Smith crop 2.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]
| majority = 8,647 (28.6%)
| term_start = 6 May 2010
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Camden London Borough Council|Camden Borough Councillor]] for Kings Cross ward
| term_start1 = 7 May 1998
| term_end1 = 4 May 2006
| predecessor1=
| successor1 = Geethika Jayatilaka
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|01|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cardiff]], [[Glamorgan]], Wales
| residence = Camden, London
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| portfolio =
| alma_mater = [[Birkbeck, University of London]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jenny Chapman]]|July 2014}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nicholas Desmond John Smith''' (born 14 January 1960)<ref name="bbcdemocracy">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/72304.stm |title=Democracy Live: Your representatives: Nick Smith |accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> is a [[British people|British]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[politician]] who has been the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]] since the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|May 2010 election]]. From 1998 to 2005 he was a [[councillor]] in the [[London Borough of Camden]].

==Early life==
Born in 1960 into a family of miners and steel workers, Smith grew up in [[Tredegar]] and was educated at its [[comprehensive school]] and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]], [[University of London]], where he graduated with an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in Economic Change.<ref name=about>[http://www.nick-smith.net/aboutme.html About me] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221200/http://www.nick-smith.net/aboutme.html |date=23 July 2011}} at nick-smith.net</ref><ref>[http://www2.labour.org.uk/ppc/nick_smith/414/ Nick Smith] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430012233/http://www2.labour.org.uk/ppc/nick_smith/414/ |date=30 April 2010}} at labour.org.uk</ref>

==Career==
Smith became a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] organiser in Wales, and later worked around the world as an International Democracy Adviser, for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States, and for the [[Westminster Foundation for Democracy]].<ref name=telegraph/> His first significant job for the Labour Party was as agent for [[Frank Dobson]] in [[Holborn and St Pancras (UK Parliament constituency)|Holborn and St Pancras]], and he later acted as agent for [[Emily Thornberry]] in her narrow victory in [[Islington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South]] at the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]].<ref name=janssen>Kim Janssen, ''[http://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/060905/n060905_04.htm Smith goes to Brussels Education boss ‘Two Jobs Nick’ set to step down in the autumn]'' dated 10 June 2005 at camdennewjournal.co.uk</ref> He was an officer at the Labour Party's national headquarters from 1993 to 1998, where he was responsible for Labour’s membership drive.

Smith was first elected to [[Camden London Borough Council]] in 1998, and was re-elected as a [[councillor]] in 2002. In 2003, he was appointed as the Council's Cabinet member for Education,<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nick-smith/72304 Nick Smith] at parliament.uk/biographies</ref> a post which he continued to hold for some months during 2005 while serving as Secretary General of the [[European Parliament|European Parliamentary Labour Party]], in [[Brussels]]. From there, he became Campaigns Manager for the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]],<ref name=telegraph>[http://ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk/Blaenau+Gwent/Nick+Smith Nick Smith] at telegraph.co.uk</ref> and his last full-time job before his arrival in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] was as Director of Policy and Partnerships at the [[Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists]].<ref>[http://waleshome.org/author/nicksmith/ Nick Smith] at waleshome.org</ref>

Smith was selected as Labour's [[prospective parliamentary candidate]] for Blaenau Gwent in 2007 and was elected as its Member of Parliament on 6 May 2010, defeating the incumbent [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/w32.stm Election result 2010 for Blaenau Gwent] (BBC)</ref> Davies attacked Smith's record in Camden, calling him a product of "[[Tony Blair|Blairite]] [[New Labour]]", while Smith had responded by calling this "personal mud-slinging" and "playing the man and not the ball".<ref>Ian Caleb, ''[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/south-wales-news/blaenau-gwent/2010/04/29/let-s-stop-the-mud-slinging-says-labour-candidate-91466-26328175/ Let’s stop the mud-slinging, says Labour candidate]'', dated 29 April 2010 at nline.co.uk</ref>

In one of the strongest showings for Labour in Wales, Nick Smith won by more than 10,000 votes on a 61.94 percent turnout.<ref>[http://waleshome.org/2010/05/think-national-vote-local/ Think National Vote Local] at waleshome.org</ref> Voter turnout was up by 19.6 percent from the previous election in 2006.<ref>[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8154220.ELECTION__Gwent_turnout_up_by_4_2_percent/ ELECTION] at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

The 20.1 percentage point increase in the Labour share of the vote was higher than in any other seat in Britain. The swing from Independent to Labour was 29.2 per cent, the largest in the UK.

On his election success, Smith commented "The local population and the Blaenau Gwent Labour Party have shared values, and that's come through in this result tonight."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/wales/8666601.stm Labour delight over Blaenau Gwent] dated 7 May 2010 at news.bbc.co.uk</ref> He also said he had promised [[Michael Foot]] he would return Blaenau Gwent to Labour.<ref>Alison Sanders, ''[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8152689.ELECTION__Blaenau_Gwent_returns_to_Labour_fold/ ELECTION: Blaenau Gwent returns to Labour fold]'' dated 7 May 2010 at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

In the 2015 general election Smith increased his majority to 58% of the share of the vote, gaining 18,380 votes (+5.6%). Blaenau Gwent now has the highest Labour share of the vote in Wales. The July [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|2017 general election]] produced almost a replica of the result two years earlier, with Smith taking 58% of the vote and winning 18,787 votes. Speaking after the announcement, Smith said: "Today the voters of Blaenau Gwent shared my belief that our best hope to get our country moving again is a Labour government. Blaenau Gwent needs more jobs, improved transport, proper funding for our frontline services and only a Labour government in Westminster can do that. I will continue to stand up for my home borough, to be a strong voice in parliament and to represent the people of these valleys."[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/15337988.GENERAL_ELECTION_2017__Labour_see_off_Plaid_Cymru_challenge_to_hold_Blaenau_Gwent/]

In the December 2019 general election Smith won the seat once more, with 14,862 votes (49.18% of those cast), ahead of Richard Taylor (of the Brexit Party) who took 6,215 votes, Laura Jones (Conservative) on 5,749 and Peredur Owen Griffiths (Plaid Cymru) on 1,722. <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/W07000072</ref>. Smith said he was delighted to be elected for his third term but acknowledged that it had been a difficult night for the Labour party as a whole. He said: "I'm extremely grateful to be voted in by the people of Blaenau Gwent, but I'm sad that we're going to have to put up with a Tory rampant administration for the next five years. "I'm going to work very hard here now to make sure to keep up my good community links and make sure we build the party to come back stronger."<ref>https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/blaenau-gwent-general-election-winner-17371484</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
Blaenau Gwent is a seat with a strong Labour heritage. [[Aneurin Bevan]], the post-war [[Secretary of State for Health|Health Minister]] responsible for creating the [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]], and [[Michael Foot]], a former leader of the Labour Party, both held the seat in the second half of the twentieth century. Smith’s campaign formed the subject of a Progress pamphlet entitled "Organising to Win" which highlighted the successful tactics he had used to win back the seat for Labour.<ref>[http://www.progressonline.org.uk/pamphlets/ Organising to Win] at progressonline.org.uk</ref>

Smith made his maiden speech in Parliament on 8 June 2010. He praised the cultural and political heritage of the constituency, and promised to campaign strongly on improving public health, the prospects for young people, and economic growth.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100608/debtext/100608-0010.htm#10060846000059 Nick Smith maiden speech] at publications.parliament.uk</ref> As a backbench member, he has led the call for the Government to respond to the collapse of care home provider Southern Cross, bringing the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Minister of Health]] responsible for care services, [[Paul Burstow]], to answer questions before the House, and raising the issue with [[David Cameron]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions]].<ref>Nick Smith, [http://waleshome.org/2011/09/21033/ End profit before people] dated 21 September 2011 at waleshome.org</ref>

In 2013, he continued his care home campaigning after the collapse of Operation Jasmine, an £11m seven-year investigation into neglect and abuse in care homes in South Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/10273723.caerphilly-mp-wayne-david-calls-for-inquiry-after-11m-care-gwent-homes-probe-collapses/|title=MP calls for inquiry into care standards for elderly after collapse of £11m care Gwent homes probe|website=South Wales Argus}}</ref> He backed the "Justice for Jasmine" campaign and calls for both a review into the case. He also called for the Care Bill going through parliament to include an amendment that would allow care home owners to be prosecuted for instances of neglect under their care.<ref>Operation Jasmine: MP urges care home abuse law change, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-22502428] at BBC.co.uk</ref> The Welsh Government announced an Independent Review into the case in December 2013.<ref>Operation Jasmine: Review due,[http://www.itv.com/news/wales/story/2013-12-04/operation-jasmine-review/] at itv.com/news</ref> The Criminal Justice and Courts Bill in 2014 was amended to include laws so staff, managers and directors could face jail sentences for abuse and wilful neglect in their care – with the companies being fined and publicly named for their role in any abuse.<ref>Group celebrates progress in care home probe,[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/gwentnews/11292974.print/] at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

On entering Parliament, Smith was elected to the influential [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], responsible for monitoring value for money in public spending. He has highlighted a number of instances of the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] wasting tax payer’s money, including changes to the requirements of the two [[Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier]]s that added billions of pounds to the cost of the contracts.<ref>Nick Smith, [http://206.252.133.22/AlertWebInterface/Article.aspx?reference=WESMAI0020110804e7840000g Defence decisions are leaving us at risk in an uncertain world]</ref> Since his election, he has highlighted the "pathetic" tax contributions of the likes of Amazon, who paid £2.4m in UK tax in 2012 despite £4.3bn in sales.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22549434 Amazon UK paid £2.4m tax last year, despite £4bn sales]</ref>

He gained early promotion when [[Douglas Alexander]], Shadow [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], appointed him as his [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] and a junior member of Labour’s Foreign Affairs team. In September 2015, Smith was promoted to the Shadow DEFRA team as the Minister for Food, Farming and Rural Affairs. He resigned on 29 June 2016, saying that [[Jeremy Corbyn]] did not have the leadership skills needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/BlaenauGwentMP/status/748097693596155904 |title=Nick Smith on Twitter: "Things have gone too far. We need a new leadership ballot. This is the resignation letter I have just sent to... " |last=Smith |first=Nick |date=29 June 2016 |work=[[Twitter]] |accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> He supported [[Owen Smith]] in the [[2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mps-nominating-owen-smith-labour-8451186|title=Which MPs are nominating Owen Smith in the Labour leadership contest?|last1=Smith|first1=Mikey|date=20 July 2016|work=Mirror|access-date=10 November 2018|last2=Bloom|first2=Dan|location=}}</ref> After the election Nick was appointed as an Opposition Whip.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/nick-smith/3928|title=Nick Smith MP|website=UK Parliament}}</ref>

Smith's recent campaigns have included attacking the interest rates poor families are charged by the rent-to-own sector for buying household appliances. He accused companies of charging "staggering" interest rates for goods such as fridges and washing machines. [https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/families-pay-three-times-value-11142337] The [[Financial Conduct Authority]] announced in May 2018 that it was considering a cap on the sector, a move Mr Smith called "a big step forward".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/16262447.mp-applauds-planned-interest-rate-cap/|title=MP applauds planned interest rate cap|website=South Wales Argus}}</ref>

He served on the Progress Strategy Board from 2012 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.progressonline.org.uk/campaigns/progress-strategy-board/2012-2014/|title=2012–2014|last=Progress|website=Progress – Centre-left Labour politics}}</ref> He is a current member of the Tribune Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.labourtribunemps.org/gridmps|title=Members|website=Labour Tribune MPs}}</ref>

Nick ran his first London Marathon in 2018 for Hospice of the Valleys, a Blaenau Gwent charity who provide palliative care. He has since campaigned on more support for initiatives such as Parkrun and efforts to tackle childhood obesity such as a ban on junk food advertising before 9pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-44160048|title=MPs mark NHS anniversary|first=David|last=Cornock|date=17 May 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Smith has two daughters and lives in [[Nantyglo]]. He married fellow Labour MP [[Jenny Chapman]] in July 2014.<ref name=about/> He previously lived in [[Camden Town]].<ref>[http://www.checksure.biz/Director/NICHOLAS+DESMOND+JOHN+SMITH-13317630.htm NICHOLAS DESMOND JOHN SMITH] at checksure.biz, accessed 21 May 2010</ref> He is a keen hiker, and is the President of his borough’s Red Ramblers organisation. He is also President of Ebbw Valley Brass. His hobbies include hiking, watching rugby and cinema.

==See also==
*[[2006 Blaenau Gwent by-elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nick-smith.net/ Nick Smith MP] ''official constituency website''
*{{UK MP links | parliament = nick-smith/3928 | hansard = | hansardcurr =  | guardian = 11358/nick-smith | publicwhip = Nick_Smith | theywork = nick_smith | record = Nick-Smith/Blaenau-Gwent/13443 | bbc = 72304.stm | journalisted = }}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl
|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]
|years=[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]–present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Wales Labour Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Nick}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tredegar]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Welsh Labour Party MPs]]
[[Category:Councillors in the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) councillors]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children people]]

Nick Smith (Politiker, 1960)

2019-12-22T11:43:24Z

BrownHairedGirl: update succession box

{{short description|Welsh politician}}
{{other people|Nick Smith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Nick Smith
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| image = File:Official portrait of Nick Smith crop 2.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]
| majority = 8,647 (28.6%)
| term_start = 6 May 2010
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Camden London Borough Council|Camden Borough Councillor]] for Kings Cross ward
| term_start1 = 7 May 1998
| term_end1 = 4 May 2006
| predecessor1=
| successor1 = Geethika Jayatilaka
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|01|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cardiff]], [[Glamorgan]], Wales
| residence = Camden, London
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| portfolio =
| alma_mater = [[Birkbeck, University of London]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jenny Chapman]]|July 2014}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nicholas Desmond John Smith''' (born 14 January 1960)<ref name="bbcdemocracy">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/72304.stm |title=Democracy Live: Your representatives: Nick Smith |accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> is a [[British people|British]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[politician]] who has been the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]] since the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|May 2010 election]]. From 1998 to 2005 he was a [[councillor]] in the [[London Borough of Camden]].

==Early life==
Born in 1960 into a family of miners and steel workers, Smith grew up in [[Tredegar]] and was educated at its [[comprehensive school]] and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]], [[University of London]], where he graduated with an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in Economic Change.<ref name=about>[http://www.nick-smith.net/aboutme.html About me] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221200/http://www.nick-smith.net/aboutme.html |date=23 July 2011}} at nick-smith.net</ref><ref>[http://www2.labour.org.uk/ppc/nick_smith/414/ Nick Smith] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430012233/http://www2.labour.org.uk/ppc/nick_smith/414/ |date=30 April 2010}} at labour.org.uk</ref>

==Career==
Smith became a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] organiser in Wales, and later worked around the world as an International Democracy Adviser, for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States, and for the [[Westminster Foundation for Democracy]].<ref name=telegraph/> His first significant job for the Labour Party was as agent for [[Frank Dobson]] in [[Holborn and St Pancras (UK Parliament constituency)|Holborn and St Pancras]], and he later acted as agent for [[Emily Thornberry]] in her narrow victory in [[Islington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South]] at the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]].<ref name=janssen>Kim Janssen, ''[http://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/060905/n060905_04.htm Smith goes to Brussels Education boss ‘Two Jobs Nick’ set to step down in the autumn]'' dated 10 June 2005 at camdennewjournal.co.uk</ref> He was an officer at the Labour Party's national headquarters from 1993 to 1998, where he was responsible for Labour’s membership drive.

Smith was first elected to [[Camden London Borough Council]] in 1998, and was re-elected as a [[councillor]] in 2002. In 2003, he was appointed as the Council's Cabinet member for Education,<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/nick-smith/72304 Nick Smith] at parliament.uk/biographies</ref> a post which he continued to hold for some months during 2005 while serving as Secretary General of the [[European Parliament|European Parliamentary Labour Party]], in [[Brussels]]. From there, he became Campaigns Manager for the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]],<ref name=telegraph>[http://ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk/Blaenau+Gwent/Nick+Smith Nick Smith] at telegraph.co.uk</ref> and his last full-time job before his arrival in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] was as Director of Policy and Partnerships at the [[Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists]].<ref>[http://waleshome.org/author/nicksmith/ Nick Smith] at waleshome.org</ref>

Smith was selected as Labour's [[prospective parliamentary candidate]] for Blaenau Gwent in 2007 and was elected as its Member of Parliament on 6 May 2010, defeating the incumbent [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] [[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/w32.stm Election result 2010 for Blaenau Gwent] (BBC)</ref> Davies attacked Smith's record in Camden, calling him a product of "[[Tony Blair|Blairite]] [[New Labour]]", while Smith had responded by calling this "personal mud-slinging" and "playing the man and not the ball".<ref>Ian Caleb, ''[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/south-wales-news/blaenau-gwent/2010/04/29/let-s-stop-the-mud-slinging-says-labour-candidate-91466-26328175/ Let’s stop the mud-slinging, says Labour candidate]'', dated 29 April 2010 at nline.co.uk</ref>

In one of the strongest showings for Labour in Wales, Nick Smith won by more than 10,000 votes on a 61.94 percent turnout.<ref>[http://waleshome.org/2010/05/think-national-vote-local/ Think National Vote Local] at waleshome.org</ref> Voter turnout was up by 19.6 percent from the previous election in 2006.<ref>[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8154220.ELECTION__Gwent_turnout_up_by_4_2_percent/ ELECTION] at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

The 20.1 percentage point increase in the Labour share of the vote was higher than in any other seat in Britain. The swing from Independent to Labour was 29.2 per cent, the largest in the UK.

On his election success, Smith commented "The local population and the Blaenau Gwent Labour Party have shared values, and that's come through in this result tonight."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/wales/8666601.stm Labour delight over Blaenau Gwent] dated 7 May 2010 at news.bbc.co.uk</ref> He also said he had promised [[Michael Foot]] he would return Blaenau Gwent to Labour.<ref>Alison Sanders, ''[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/elections/general_election_2010/gwent_election_news/8152689.ELECTION__Blaenau_Gwent_returns_to_Labour_fold/ ELECTION: Blaenau Gwent returns to Labour fold]'' dated 7 May 2010 at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

In the 2015 general election Smith increased his majority to 58% of the share of the vote, gaining 18,380 votes (+5.6%). Blaenau Gwent now has the highest Labour share of the vote in Wales. The July [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|2017 general election]] produced almost a replica of the result two years earlier, with Smith taking 58% of the vote and winning 18,787 votes. Speaking after the announcement, Smith said: "Today the voters of Blaenau Gwent shared my belief that our best hope to get our country moving again is a Labour government. Blaenau Gwent needs more jobs, improved transport, proper funding for our frontline services and only a Labour government in Westminster can do that. I will continue to stand up for my home borough, to be a strong voice in parliament and to represent the people of these valleys."[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/15337988.GENERAL_ELECTION_2017__Labour_see_off_Plaid_Cymru_challenge_to_hold_Blaenau_Gwent/]

In the December 2019 general election Smith won the seat once more, with 14,862 votes (49.18% of those cast), ahead of Richard Taylor (of the Brexit Party) who took 6,215 votes, Laura Jones (Conservative) on 5,749 and Peredur Owen Griffiths (Plaid Cymru) on 1,722. <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/W07000072</ref>. Smith said he was delighted to be elected for his third term but acknowledged that it had been a difficult night for the Labour party as a whole. He said: "I'm extremely grateful to be voted in by the people of Blaenau Gwent, but I'm sad that we're going to have to put up with a Tory rampant administration for the next five years. "I'm going to work very hard here now to make sure to keep up my good community links and make sure we build the party to come back stronger."<ref>https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/blaenau-gwent-general-election-winner-17371484</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
Blaenau Gwent is a seat with a strong Labour heritage. [[Aneurin Bevan]], the post-war [[Secretary of State for Health|Health Minister]] responsible for creating the [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]], and [[Michael Foot]], a former leader of the Labour Party, both held the seat in the second half of the twentieth century. Smith’s campaign formed the subject of a Progress pamphlet entitled "Organising to Win" which highlighted the successful tactics he had used to win back the seat for Labour.<ref>[http://www.progressonline.org.uk/pamphlets/ Organising to Win] at progressonline.org.uk</ref>

Smith made his maiden speech in Parliament on 8 June 2010. He praised the cultural and political heritage of the constituency, and promised to campaign strongly on improving public health, the prospects for young people, and economic growth.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100608/debtext/100608-0010.htm#10060846000059 Nick Smith maiden speech] at publications.parliament.uk</ref> As a backbench member, he has led the call for the Government to respond to the collapse of care home provider Southern Cross, bringing the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Minister of Health]] responsible for care services, [[Paul Burstow]], to answer questions before the House, and raising the issue with [[David Cameron]] at [[Prime Minister's Questions]].<ref>Nick Smith, [http://waleshome.org/2011/09/21033/ End profit before people] dated 21 September 2011 at waleshome.org</ref>

In 2013, he continued his care home campaigning after the collapse of Operation Jasmine, an £11m seven-year investigation into neglect and abuse in care homes in South Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/10273723.caerphilly-mp-wayne-david-calls-for-inquiry-after-11m-care-gwent-homes-probe-collapses/|title=MP calls for inquiry into care standards for elderly after collapse of £11m care Gwent homes probe|website=South Wales Argus}}</ref> He backed the "Justice for Jasmine" campaign and calls for both a review into the case. He also called for the Care Bill going through parliament to include an amendment that would allow care home owners to be prosecuted for instances of neglect under their care.<ref>Operation Jasmine: MP urges care home abuse law change, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-22502428] at BBC.co.uk</ref> The Welsh Government announced an Independent Review into the case in December 2013.<ref>Operation Jasmine: Review due,[http://www.itv.com/news/wales/story/2013-12-04/operation-jasmine-review/] at itv.com/news</ref> The Criminal Justice and Courts Bill in 2014 was amended to include laws so staff, managers and directors could face jail sentences for abuse and wilful neglect in their care – with the companies being fined and publicly named for their role in any abuse.<ref>Group celebrates progress in care home probe,[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/gwentnews/11292974.print/] at southwalesargus.co.uk</ref>

On entering Parliament, Smith was elected to the influential [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], responsible for monitoring value for money in public spending. He has highlighted a number of instances of the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] wasting tax payer’s money, including changes to the requirements of the two [[Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier]]s that added billions of pounds to the cost of the contracts.<ref>Nick Smith, [http://206.252.133.22/AlertWebInterface/Article.aspx?reference=WESMAI0020110804e7840000g Defence decisions are leaving us at risk in an uncertain world]</ref> Since his election, he has highlighted the "pathetic" tax contributions of the likes of Amazon, who paid £2.4m in UK tax in 2012 despite £4.3bn in sales.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22549434 Amazon UK paid £2.4m tax last year, despite £4bn sales]</ref>

He gained early promotion when [[Douglas Alexander]], Shadow [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], appointed him as his [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] and a junior member of Labour’s Foreign Affairs team. In September 2015, Smith was promoted to the Shadow DEFRA team as the Minister for Food, Farming and Rural Affairs. He resigned on 29 June 2016, saying that [[Jeremy Corbyn]] did not have the leadership skills needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/BlaenauGwentMP/status/748097693596155904 |title=Nick Smith on Twitter: "Things have gone too far. We need a new leadership ballot. This is the resignation letter I have just sent to... " |last=Smith |first=Nick |date=29 June 2016 |work=[[Twitter]] |accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> He supported [[Owen Smith]] in the [[2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mps-nominating-owen-smith-labour-8451186|title=Which MPs are nominating Owen Smith in the Labour leadership contest?|last1=Smith|first1=Mikey|date=20 July 2016|work=Mirror|access-date=10 November 2018|last2=Bloom|first2=Dan|location=}}</ref> After the election Nick was appointed as an Opposition Whip.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/nick-smith/3928|title=Nick Smith MP|website=UK Parliament}}</ref>

Smith's recent campaigns have included attacking the interest rates poor families are charged by the rent-to-own sector for buying household appliances. He accused companies of charging "staggering" interest rates for goods such as fridges and washing machines. [https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/families-pay-three-times-value-11142337] The [[Financial Conduct Authority]] announced in May 2018 that it was considering a cap on the sector, a move Mr Smith called "a big step forward".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/16262447.mp-applauds-planned-interest-rate-cap/|title=MP applauds planned interest rate cap|website=South Wales Argus}}</ref>

He served on the Progress Strategy Board from 2012 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.progressonline.org.uk/campaigns/progress-strategy-board/2012-2014/|title=2012–2014|last=Progress|website=Progress – Centre-left Labour politics}}</ref> He is a current member of the Tribune Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.labourtribunemps.org/gridmps|title=Members|website=Labour Tribune MPs}}</ref>

Nick ran his first London Marathon in 2018 for Hospice of the Valleys, a Blaenau Gwent charity who provide palliative care. He has since campaigned on more support for initiatives such as Parkrun and efforts to tackle childhood obesity such as a ban on junk food advertising before 9pm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-44160048|title=MPs mark NHS anniversary|first=David|last=Cornock|date=17 May 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Smith has two daughters and lives in [[Nantyglo]]. He married fellow Labour MP [[Jenny Chapman]] in July 2014.<ref name=about/> He previously lived in [[Camden Town]].<ref>[http://www.checksure.biz/Director/NICHOLAS+DESMOND+JOHN+SMITH-13317630.htm NICHOLAS DESMOND JOHN SMITH] at checksure.biz, accessed 21 May 2010</ref> He is a keen hiker, and is the President of his borough’s Red Ramblers organisation. He is also President of Ebbw Valley Brass. His hobbies include hiking, watching rugby and cinema.

==See also==
*[[2006 Blaenau Gwent by-elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nick-smith.net/ Nick Smith MP] ''official constituency website''
*{{UK MP links | parliament = nick-smith/3928 | hansard = | hansardcurr =  | guardian = 11358/nick-smith | publicwhip = Nick_Smith | theywork = nick_smith | record = Nick-Smith/Blaenau-Gwent/13443 | bbc = 72304.stm | journalisted = }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dai Davies (politician)|Dai Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl
|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)|Blaenau Gwent]]
|years=[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]–present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Wales Labour Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Nick}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tredegar]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Councillors in the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:Welsh Labour Party MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) councillors]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children people]]

Sara Britcliffe

2019-12-17T19:57:26Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{Conservative-UK-MP-1990s-stub}}

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sara Britcliffe
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]
| parliament =
| majority = 2,951 (7%)
| predecessor = [[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]
| successor =
| term_start = 13 December 2019
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Blackburn]], Lancashire, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| partner =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| relations =
| children = None
| residence = [[Oswaldtwistle]], Lancashire
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sara Alice Britcliffe''' (born 21 February 1995) is a [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]] politician and Member of Parliament for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]] in [[Lancashire]], first elected in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 General Election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000758|title=Hyndburn parliamentary constituency - Election 2019|work=www.bbc.com|accessdate=13 December 2019}}</ref>

She is a graduate of [[Manchester University]], whose father twice failed to win the Hyndburn seat for the Conservatives in 1997 and 2001.<ref>''[[Daily Express]]'', 14.12.19.</ref> She is one of the youngest MPs in the House of Commons.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Graham Jones (politician)|Graham Jones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hyndburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Hyndburn]]|years=[[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{North West Conservative Party MPs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britcliffe, Sara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:21st-century British women politicians]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-stub}}
{{UK-MP-2019-stub}}
{{Conservative-UK-MP-1990s-stub}}

Sara Britcliffe

2019-12-16T15:06:00Z

BrownHairedGirl: add {{UK-MP-2019-stub}}

Leo Docherty

2019-12-16T05:46:56Z

BrownHairedGirl: {{s-inc}}

{{short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Leo Docherty
|honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|image = Official portrait of Leo Docherty crop 2.jpg
|caption =
|office1 = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]
|term_start1 = 8 June 2017
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]
|successor1 =
|majority1 = 16,698 (34.9%)
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|4|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.parliament.uk/membersdataplatform/services/mnis/members/query/id=4600/BasicDetails/ |title=Members' Names Data Platform query |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|spouse = Lucy
|children = 2
|alma_mater = [[SOAS, University of London]] [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<ref>https://uk.linkedin.com/in/leo-docherty-02a23066</ref>
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears = 2002-2006
|rank = [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
|servicenumber = 555125
|unit = [[Scots Guards]]
|battles = [[Iraq War]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]
}}
}}
'''Leo Docherty''' (born 4 October 1976) is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]] since June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aldershot Conservatives |url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/news/leo-docherty-selected-parliamentary-candidate-aldershot |title=Leo Docherty selected as Parliamentary Candidate for Aldershot | Aldershot |publisher=Aldershotconservatives.com |date=29 April 2017 |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> Prior to being elected as an MP he served in the [[Scots Guards]], before working in publishing and for the Conservative Party. He is the author of ''Desert of Death'' (2007).

==Early life and Career==
Docherty was born in Scotland and grew up in Gloucestershire. He went on to study Swahili and Hindi at the University of London between 1996–2000, before attending the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/tutors/leo-docherty/|title=About Leo|publisher=Faber |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> From 2001 to 2007 he served in the [[Scots Guards]].<ref name="aldershotconservatives">{{cite web|url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/people/leo-docherty-mp|title=Leo Docherty MP|website=Aldershot Conservatives|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref> After being posted to London on ceremonial duties and a period spent in Germany, he served operationally in Iraq and Afghanistan as a British Army officer.

After leaving the army, he wrote the book 'Desert of Death', which was published by Faber in 2007. The book consisted of a critical first-hand account of the current war in Afghanistan. Living in Didcot in Oxfordshire, he created and worked as editor and publisher of Steppe magazine - a now defunct publication that covered the arts, culture, history, landscape and people of Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/mgDeclarationSubmissionPrintView.aspx?nobdr=1&UID=141&HID=42&FID=0&HPID=0|title=Register of interests|publisher=South Oxfordshire Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He was appointed Director of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] in 2010, a role in which he served until being elected as an MP.

Docherty stood successfully as the Conservative candidate in the Hagbourne ward of [[South Oxfordshire District Council]] in May 2011, standing down at the end of his four-year term when the wards were revised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/South-Oxfordshire-1973-2011.pdf|title=South Oxfordshire Council Election Results 1973-2011|publisher= Plymouth University|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative candidate in the Wallingford division of [[Oxfordshire County Council]] in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mycouncil.oxfordshire.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=189|title=Election results for Wallingford|publisher=Oxfordshire County Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
Docherty unsuccessfully applied to be the Conservative Party candidate for the Labour Party held [[Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford East]] constituency in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Bicester mayor chosen as Conservative candidate for Oxford East|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11650520.Tories_select_candidate_to_fight_Oxford_East_constituency_in_general_election/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Oxford Mail|date=6 December 2014}}</ref> He was instead chosen to contest the safe Labour Party held seat of [[Caerphilly (UK Parliament constituency)|Caerphilly]] in the 2015 general election, where he came third.

In 2017, he was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]], after the incumbent Conservative MP [[Gerald Howarth]] announced he was standing down at the next general election. The ''Financial Times'' called his selection "the highest-profile tussle over a candidate choice, [in which] the party leadership rejected a request from activists in Aldershot to be allowed to consider [[Daniel Hannan]], the prominent Eurosceptic MEP, for the safe Tory seat".<ref name="ft">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8aeaf736-2c06-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c?mhq5j=e3|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2017/04/exclusive-the-third-candidate-shortlisted-in-aldershot-is-chris-brannigan.html |title=Exclusive: The third candidate shortlisted in Aldershot is Chris Brannigan |publisher=Conservative Home |date= |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> He was duly elected at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]].

In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] he sits on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls (formerly Quadripartite Committee).<ref name=parliamentbiodocherty>{{cite web|title=HLeo Docherty|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/leo-docherty/4600|website=Parliament UK|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

He backed [[Boris Johnson]] in the [[2019 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/LeoDochertyUK/status/1146445147820961792|work=Twitter|date=3 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> On 29 July 2019, Johnson appointed Docherty as an Assistant Government Whip.

In 2019, Leo's brother Paddy Docherty wrote a letter to the Guardian urging him to resign, writing "Now I am simply appalled that this government, of which you are sadly a part, has become the principal threat to the lives and liberties of the people. Please do the decent thing, and resign."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Docherty |first1=Paddy |title=An open letter to my brother the Tory MP: resign from this rogue government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/03/open-letter-brother-resign-government-no-deal-brexit |newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

===Gulf States===
In the six months after being elected as an MP, Docherty registered four trips to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, costing over £15,000 and paid for by the Governments of the host countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/25628/leo_docherty/aldershot|title=Leo Docherty|publisher=They work for you|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> Prior to this, his election campaign had benefited from donations totalling over £10,000 from donors with links to the Gulf States. As Chair of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] and since serving as an MP, Docherty has frequently praised the work of the governments in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain and has been subject to some criticism from opposition MPs and journalists, such as Peter Oborne for his links and his failure to always declare his register of interests when speaking on the subject in Parliament. However, he has denied any conflict of interest and, as Director of the Conservative Middle East Council, responded to criticism of donations received there as not having influenced decision-making within the group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Britain invokes spy clause to cover up payments to Bahrain |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-invokes-spy-clause-to-cover-up-payments-to-bahrain-dlv00c66f|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=The Times|date=22 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why is the Conservative Party ignoring Palestine?|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/why-uk-conservative-party-ignoring-palestine-cmec-focus-on-gulf-bahrain-uae-saudi-libya-israel-1824625298|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Eye|date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Gulf business tycoons backing the Conservative Middle East Council|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160127-revealed-the-gulf-business-tycoons-backing-the-conservative-middle-east-council/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Monitor|date=27 January 2016}}</ref> Docherty's trips were worth £26,893 in total and were the highest valued of any MP's trips during the year following the 2017 general election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45883411 MPs sign up for £2m of free overseas trips] ''[[BBC]] 18 October 2018.</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Lucy Docherty and they have two children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leodocherty.org.uk/about-leo-docherty|title=About Leo|publisher=Personal website|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Honours==

<center>
[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|100px]]
</center>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|40px]] || [[Iraq Medal (United Kingdom)|Iraq Medal]] ||
*
|-
|[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|40px]] || [[Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan]] ||
* With clasp "AFGHANISTAN"
|-
|}

==Publications==
*''Desert of Death'' (2007)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UK MP links |parliament=leo-docherty/4600 |publicwhip=Leo_Docherty |theywork=leo_docherty}}

==Offices held==
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]|years=[[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Docherty, Leo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS, University of London]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Scots Guards officers]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]

Leo Docherty

2019-12-16T05:46:21Z

BrownHairedGirl: added Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies using HotCat

{{short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Leo Docherty
|honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|image = Official portrait of Leo Docherty crop 2.jpg
|caption =
|office1 = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]
|term_start1 = 8 June 2017
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]
|successor1 =
|majority1 = 16,698 (34.9%)
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|4|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.parliament.uk/membersdataplatform/services/mnis/members/query/id=4600/BasicDetails/ |title=Members' Names Data Platform query |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|spouse = Lucy
|children = 2
|alma_mater = [[SOAS, University of London]] [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<ref>https://uk.linkedin.com/in/leo-docherty-02a23066</ref>
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears = 2002-2006
|rank = [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
|servicenumber = 555125
|unit = [[Scots Guards]]
|battles = [[Iraq War]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]
}}
}}
'''Leo Docherty''' (born 4 October 1976) is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]] since June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aldershot Conservatives |url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/news/leo-docherty-selected-parliamentary-candidate-aldershot |title=Leo Docherty selected as Parliamentary Candidate for Aldershot | Aldershot |publisher=Aldershotconservatives.com |date=29 April 2017 |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> Prior to being elected as an MP he served in the [[Scots Guards]], before working in publishing and for the Conservative Party. He is the author of ''Desert of Death'' (2007).

==Early life and Career==
Docherty was born in Scotland and grew up in Gloucestershire. He went on to study Swahili and Hindi at the University of London between 1996–2000, before attending the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/tutors/leo-docherty/|title=About Leo|publisher=Faber |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> From 2001 to 2007 he served in the [[Scots Guards]].<ref name="aldershotconservatives">{{cite web|url=https://www.aldershotconservatives.com/people/leo-docherty-mp|title=Leo Docherty MP|website=Aldershot Conservatives|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref> After being posted to London on ceremonial duties and a period spent in Germany, he served operationally in Iraq and Afghanistan as a British Army officer.

After leaving the army, he wrote the book 'Desert of Death', which was published by Faber in 2007. The book consisted of a critical first-hand account of the current war in Afghanistan. Living in Didcot in Oxfordshire, he created and worked as editor and publisher of Steppe magazine - a now defunct publication that covered the arts, culture, history, landscape and people of Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/mgDeclarationSubmissionPrintView.aspx?nobdr=1&UID=141&HID=42&FID=0&HPID=0|title=Register of interests|publisher=South Oxfordshire Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He was appointed Director of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] in 2010, a role in which he served until being elected as an MP.

Docherty stood successfully as the Conservative candidate in the Hagbourne ward of [[South Oxfordshire District Council]] in May 2011, standing down at the end of his four-year term when the wards were revised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/South-Oxfordshire-1973-2011.pdf|title=South Oxfordshire Council Election Results 1973-2011|publisher= Plymouth University|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> He stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative candidate in the Wallingford division of [[Oxfordshire County Council]] in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mycouncil.oxfordshire.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=189|title=Election results for Wallingford|publisher=Oxfordshire County Council|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
Docherty unsuccessfully applied to be the Conservative Party candidate for the Labour Party held [[Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford East]] constituency in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Bicester mayor chosen as Conservative candidate for Oxford East|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11650520.Tories_select_candidate_to_fight_Oxford_East_constituency_in_general_election/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Oxford Mail|date=6 December 2014}}</ref> He was instead chosen to contest the safe Labour Party held seat of [[Caerphilly (UK Parliament constituency)|Caerphilly]] in the 2015 general election, where he came third.

In 2017, he was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]], after the incumbent Conservative MP [[Gerald Howarth]] announced he was standing down at the next general election. The ''Financial Times'' called his selection "the highest-profile tussle over a candidate choice, [in which] the party leadership rejected a request from activists in Aldershot to be allowed to consider [[Daniel Hannan]], the prominent Eurosceptic MEP, for the safe Tory seat".<ref name="ft">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8aeaf736-2c06-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c?mhq5j=e3|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2017/04/exclusive-the-third-candidate-shortlisted-in-aldershot-is-chris-brannigan.html |title=Exclusive: The third candidate shortlisted in Aldershot is Chris Brannigan |publisher=Conservative Home |date= |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> He was duly elected at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]].

In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] he sits on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls (formerly Quadripartite Committee).<ref name=parliamentbiodocherty>{{cite web|title=HLeo Docherty|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/leo-docherty/4600|website=Parliament UK|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

He backed [[Boris Johnson]] in the [[2019 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/LeoDochertyUK/status/1146445147820961792|work=Twitter|date=3 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> On 29 July 2019, Johnson appointed Docherty as an Assistant Government Whip.

In 2019, Leo's brother Paddy Docherty wrote a letter to the Guardian urging him to resign, writing "Now I am simply appalled that this government, of which you are sadly a part, has become the principal threat to the lives and liberties of the people. Please do the decent thing, and resign."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Docherty |first1=Paddy |title=An open letter to my brother the Tory MP: resign from this rogue government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/03/open-letter-brother-resign-government-no-deal-brexit |newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

===Gulf States===
In the six months after being elected as an MP, Docherty registered four trips to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, costing over £15,000 and paid for by the Governments of the host countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/25628/leo_docherty/aldershot|title=Leo Docherty|publisher=They work for you|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> Prior to this, his election campaign had benefited from donations totalling over £10,000 from donors with links to the Gulf States. As Chair of the [[Conservative Middle East Council]] and since serving as an MP, Docherty has frequently praised the work of the governments in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain and has been subject to some criticism from opposition MPs and journalists, such as Peter Oborne for his links and his failure to always declare his register of interests when speaking on the subject in Parliament. However, he has denied any conflict of interest and, as Director of the Conservative Middle East Council, responded to criticism of donations received there as not having influenced decision-making within the group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Britain invokes spy clause to cover up payments to Bahrain |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-invokes-spy-clause-to-cover-up-payments-to-bahrain-dlv00c66f|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=The Times|date=22 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why is the Conservative Party ignoring Palestine?|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/why-uk-conservative-party-ignoring-palestine-cmec-focus-on-gulf-bahrain-uae-saudi-libya-israel-1824625298|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Eye|date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Gulf business tycoons backing the Conservative Middle East Council|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160127-revealed-the-gulf-business-tycoons-backing-the-conservative-middle-east-council/|accessdate=3 October 2018|work=Middle East Monitor|date=27 January 2016}}</ref> Docherty's trips were worth £26,893 in total and were the highest valued of any MP's trips during the year following the 2017 general election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45883411 MPs sign up for £2m of free overseas trips] ''[[BBC]] 18 October 2018.</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Lucy Docherty and they have two children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leodocherty.org.uk/about-leo-docherty|title=About Leo|publisher=Personal website|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==Honours==

<center>
[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|100px]]
</center>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Iraq Medal BAR.svg|40px]] || [[Iraq Medal (United Kingdom)|Iraq Medal]] ||
*
|-
|[[File:OSM for Afghanistan w bar.svg|40px]] || [[Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan]] ||
* With clasp "AFGHANISTAN"
|-
|}

==Publications==
*''Desert of Death'' (2007)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{UK MP links |parliament=leo-docherty/4600 |publicwhip=Leo_Docherty |theywork=leo_docherty}}

==Offices held==
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerald Howarth|Sir Gerald Howarth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency)|Aldershot]]|years=[[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]–current}}
{{s-aft|after=''incumbent''}}
{{s-end}}

{{South East Conservative Party MPs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Docherty, Leo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS, University of London]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Scots Guards officers]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]

Benutzer:GWRo0106/Red Summer

2019-10-19T10:38:48Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Crime (aka Portal:Criminal justice) → Portal:Law

{{For|the Red Velvet EP|The Red Summer (EP)}}
{{short description|Anti-black attacks by whites in 1919}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox historical event
|Event_Name = Red Summer
| partof = the [[First Red Scare]] and [[Nadir of American race relations]]
|Image_Name = Red Summer Picture Collage.png
|Imagesize = 300px
|Image_Alt = Series of B&W photos
|Image_Caption = (Clockwise from the top) {{flatlist|
* A white gang hunting African Americans during the [[Chicago race riot of 1919|Chicago race riot]]
* An inflammatory newspaper headline in [[Elaine race riot]]
* Body of Will Brown after being burned by a white mob during the [[Omaha race riot of 1919|Omaha race riot]]
* Motorcycle involved in the [[Washington race riot of 1919|Washington DC race riot]]
* Article about the [[Putnam County, Georgia, arson attack|Putnam County arson attack]]
* Soldiers with a Black Resident during the [[Chicago race riot of 1919|Chicago race riot]]
}}
|target = [[African Americans|America's Black Community]]
|inquest =
* Haynes report
* [[Lusk Committee]]
|Participants = Mostly white mobs attacking African-Americans
|Location = [[United States]]
|Date = 1919
|Deaths = ~1000
|outcome = [[White supremacist]] terrorist attacks against black Americans by white Americans across the United States
}}
{{Red Summer}}
{{Campaignbox First Red Scare}}
{{Campaignbox Nadir of American race relations}}
'''Red Summer''' was the late winter, spring, summer, and early autumn of 1919, which were marked by hundreds of deaths and a number of casualties across the United States, as the result of [[Racism in the United States#African Americans|anti-black]] [[white supremacist]] terrorist attacks that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. In most instances, [[White people|whites]] attacked [[African Americans]]. In some cases many black people fought back, notably in [[Chicago Race Riot of 1919|Chicago]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] The highest number of fatalities occurred in the rural area around [[Elaine Race Riot|Elaine, Arkansas]], where an estimated 100–240 black people, and five white people, were killed; Chicago and Washington had 38 and 15 deaths, respectively, and many more injured, with extensive property damage in Chicago.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}

The racial riots against blacks resulted from a variety of postwar social tensions related to the demobilization of veterans of [[World War I]], both black and white, an economic slump, and competition for jobs and housing among ethnic [[European Americans]] and [[African Americans]].{{sfn|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|2018|p=Part 3}} In addition, it was a time of labor unrest in which some industrialists used black people as [[strikebreaker]]s, increasing resentment. The riots were extensively documented in the press, which, along with the federal government, feared [[socialist]] and [[communist]] influence on the black [[civil rights movement]] following the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in Russia. They also feared foreign anarchists, who had bombed homes and businesses of prominent business and government leaders.

Civil rights activist and author [[James Weldon Johnson]] coined the term "Red Summer"; he had been employed as a field secretary since 1916 by the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP). In 1919, he organized [[nonviolent protest|peaceful protests]] against the racial violence of that summer.<ref name=erickson>Alana J. Erickson, "Red Summer", in ''Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History'' (NY: Macmillan, 1960), 2293–4</ref><ref name=cunningham>George P. Cunningham, "James Weldon Johnson", in ''Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History'' (NY: Macmillan, 1960), 1459–1461</ref>

==Context==
With the manpower mobilization of World War I and immigration from Europe cut off, the industrial cities of the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] experienced severe labor shortages. Northern manufacturers recruited throughout the South and an exodus of workers ensued.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=279, 281–282}} By 1919, an estimated 500,000 African Americans had emigrated from the [[Southern United States]] to the industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest in the first wave of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], which continued until 1940.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} African-American workers filled new positions in expanding industries, such as the railroads, as well as many jobs formerly held by whites. In some cities, they were hired as [[strikebreakers]], especially during the strikes of 1917.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=279, 281–282}} This increased resentment against blacks among many working-class whites, immigrants or first-generation Americans. In the summer of 1917, violent racial riots against blacks, due to labor tensions, broke out in [[East St. Louis, Illinois]] and [[Houston, Texas]].{{sfn|Barnes|2008|p=4}} Following the war, rapid [[demobilization]] of the military without a plan for absorbing veterans into the job market, and the removal of [[price controls]], led to unemployment and inflation that increased competition for jobs.

During the [[First Red Scare]] of 1919–20, following the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]], anti-[[Bolshevik]] sentiment in the United States quickly followed on the anti-German sentiment arising in the war years. Many politicians and government officials, together with much of the press and the public, feared an imminent attempt to overthrow the U.S. government to create a new regime modeled on that of the Soviets. Authorities viewed with alarm African-Americans' advocacy of [[racial equality]], [[labor rights]], and the rights of victims of mobs to defend themselves.{{sfn|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|2018|p=Part 3}} In a private conversation in March 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] said that "the American Negro returning from abroad would be our greatest medium in conveying Bolshevism to America."<ref name= "McWhirter p. 56">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|p=56}}</ref> Other whites expressed a wide range of opinions, some anticipating unsettled times and others seeing no signs of tension.<ref name= "McWhirter p. 19,22-24">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|pp=19, 22–24}}</ref>

Early in 1919, Dr. [[George Edmund Haynes]], an educator employed as director of Negro Economics for the U.S. [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]], wrote: "The return of the Negro soldier to civil life is one of the most delicate and difficult questions confronting the Nation, north and south."<ref name= "McWhirter p. 13">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|p=13}}</ref> One black veteran wrote a letter to the editor of the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'' saying the returning black veterans "are now new men and world men, if you please; and their possibilities for direction, guidance, honest use, and power are limitless, only they must be instructed and led. They have awakened, but they have not yet the complete conception of what they have awakened to."<ref name= "McWhirter p. 15">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|p=15}}</ref> [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], an official of the [[NAACP]] and editor of its monthly magazine, saw an opportunity: "By the God of Heaven, we are cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land."<ref name= "McWhirter p. 14">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|p=14}}</ref>

In May 1919, following the first serious racial incidents, he published his essay "Returning Soldiers":<ref name= "McWhirter pp. 31–32, emphasis in original">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|pp=31–32, emphasis in original}}</ref>

{{quote|We return from the slavery of uniform which the world's madness demanded us to don to the freedom of civil garb. We stand again to look America squarely in the face and call a spade a spade. We sing: This country of ours, despite all its better souls have done and dreamed, is yet a shameful land ...

We ''return''.

We ''return from fighting''.

We return ''fighting''.

(emphasis in original)}}

[[File:ChicagoRaceRiot 1919 wagon.png|thumb|left|alt=B&W photo of people loading things on a street|Family leaving damaged home after 1919 Chicago race riot]]

==Events==
Following the violence-filled summer, in the autumn of 1919, Haynes reported on the events as a prelude to an investigation by the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]. He identified 38 separate racial riots against blacks in widely scattered cities, in which whites attacked black people.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} Unlike earlier racial riots against blacks in U.S. history, the 1919 events were among the first in which black people in number resisted white attacks and fought back. {{sfn|Maxouris|2019|p=}} [[A. Philip Randolph]], a civil rights [[activist]] and leader of the [[Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters]], publicly defended the right of black people to [[self-defense]].<ref name=erickson />

In addition, Haynes reported that between January 1 and September 14, 1919, white mobs [[lynched]] at least forty-three African Americans, with sixteen hanged and others shot; while another eight men were burned at the stake. The states appeared powerless or unwilling to interfere or prosecute such mob murders.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}

==Riots==
{{Quote box
| quote = The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People respectfully enquires how long the Federal Government under your administration intends to tolerate anarchy in the United States?
| source = — ''NAACP telegram to President Woodrow Wilson'' August 29, 1919
| width = 300px
| align = right
| bgcolor = #EDEDED
}}

* On April 13, in rural [[Jenkins County, Georgia]], the [[Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919]] led to 6 deaths and destruction by arson of the [[Carswell Grove Baptist Church and Cemetery|Carswell Grove Baptist Church]], three black Masonic lodges in [[Millen, Georgia]], and other property.
* After the [[Charleston riot of 1919|racial riot against blacks of May 10 in Charleston, South Carolina]], the city imposed [[martial law]].{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} U.S. Navy sailors led the race riot; Isaac Doctor, William Brown, and James Talbot, all black men, were killed. Five white men and eighteen black men were injured. A Naval investigation found that four U.S. sailors and one civilian—all white men—initiated the riot. {{sfn|Rucker|Upton|2007|pp=92-93}}
* In early July, a white [[Longview Race Riot|race riot in Longview, Texas]] led to the deaths of at least four men and destroyed the African-American housing district in the town.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}
* On July 3, local police in [[Bisbee, Arizona]] [[Bisbee Riot|attacked]] the [[10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|10th U.S. Cavalry]], an African-American unit founded in 1866 and known as "[[Buffalo Soldiers]]".{{sfn|Rucker|Upton|2007|p=554}}
* On July 14 the [[Garfield Park riot of 1919]] was a race riot broke out in Indianapolis's [[Garfield Park (Indianapolis)|Garfield Park]]. Multiple people, including a seven-year-old girl, were wounded when gunfire broke out.
* In Washington, D.C. starting July 19, white men, many in the military and in uniforms of all three services, responded to the rumored arrest of a black man for rape of a white woman with [[Washington race riot of 1919|four days of mob violence]] against black individuals and businesses. They rioted, randomly beat black people on the street, and pulled others off streetcars for attacks. When police refused to intervene, the black population fought back. The city closed saloons and theaters to discourage assemblies. Meanwhile, the four white-owned local papers, including the ''[[Washington Post]]'', fanned the violence with incendiary headlines and calling in at least one instance for a mobilization of a "clean-up" operation.<ref name= "Perl p. A1">{{harvnb|Perl|1999|p=A1}}</ref> After four days of police inaction, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] mobilized the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] to restore order. {{sfn|Mills|2016|p=}} But a violent summer rainstorm had more of a dampening effect. When the violence ended, a total of 15 people had died: 10 white people, including two police officers; and five black people. Fifty people were seriously wounded and another 100 less severely wounded. It was one of the few times in 20th-century riots of whites against blacks that white fatalities outnumbered those of black people.{{sfn|Ackerman|2008|pp=60–62}} {{paragraph break}} The NAACP sent a telegram of protest to President [[Woodrow Wilson]]:

{{quote|...the shame put upon the country by the mobs, including United States soldiers, sailors, and marines, which have assaulted innocent and unoffending negroes in the national capital. Men in uniform have attacked negroes on the streets and pulled them from streetcars to beat them. Crowds are reported ...to have directed attacks against any passing negro....The effect of such riots in the national capital upon race antagonism will be to increase bitterness and danger of outbreaks elsewhere. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People calls upon you as President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the nation to make statement condemning mob violence and to enforce such military law as situation demands...{{sfn|The New York Times|1919h|p=}}}}
[[File:News coverage of the Garfield Park riot of 1919.jpg|left|thumb|alt=B&W news paper clipping| News coverage of the Garfield Park riot of 1919]]
* In [[Norfolk, Virginia]], a white mob [[1919 Norfolk race riot|attacked a homecoming celebration]] for African-American veterans of World War I. At least six people were shot, and the local police called in [[United States Marines|Marines]] and Navy personnel to restore order.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}
* Starting July 27, the summer's greatest violence occurred during [[Chicago Race Riot|rioting in Chicago]]. The city's beaches along Lake Michigan were segregated by custom. Eugene Williams, a black youth, swam into an area on the South Side customarily used by whites, where he was stoned, and drowned. When the [[Chicago police]] refused to take action against the attackers, young black men responded violently. Violence between mobs and gangs of both races lasted thirteen days. White mobs were led by ethnic Irish. The resulting 38 fatalities included 23 black people and 15 whites. The injured totaled 537, and 1,000 black families were left homeless. {{sfn|The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica|2019|p=}} Other accounts reported 50 people were killed, with unofficial numbers and rumors reporting more. White mobs destroyed hundreds of mostly black homes and businesses on the South Side of Chicago; Illinois called in a militia force of seven regiments: several thousand men, to restore order.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}
*At the end of July, the [[Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs]], at an annual convention, denounced the rioting and burning of negroes' homes and asked President Wilson "to use every means within your power to stop the rioting in Chicago and the propaganda used to incite such".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919j|p=}} At the end of August, the NAACP protested again to the White House, noting the attack on the organization's secretary in [[Austin, Texas]] the previous week. Their telegram said: "The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People respectfully enquires how long the Federal Government under your administration intends to tolerate anarchy in the United States?" {{sfn|The New York Times|1919i|p=}}
* August 30–31, the [[Knoxville Riot of 1919|Knoxville Riot]] in Tennessee broke out when a white mob gathered after a black suspect was arrested on suspicion of murdering a white woman. A [[Lynching|lynch mob]] stormed the county jail searching for the prisoner. They liberated 16 white prisoners, including suspected murderers.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} They attacked the African-American business district, where they fought against the district's black business owners, leaving at least seven dead and wounding more than 20 people. {{sfn|Wheeler|2017|p=}}{{sfn|Whitaker|2009|p=53}} {{sfn|Lakin|2000|pp=1–29}}
[[File:Omaha courthouse lynching.jpg|thumb|200px|Will Brown, victim of Omaha, Nebraska lynching {{sfn|Lewis|2009|p=383}}]]
* At the end of September, the [[Omaha Race Riot of 1919|race riot in Omaha, Nebraska]] erupted when a mob of more than 10,000 [[ethnic]] whites from South Omaha attacked and burned the county courthouse to force the police to release a black prisoner accused of raping a white woman. They destroyed property valued at more than a million dollars. The mob lynched the suspect, [[Omaha Race Riot of 1919|Will Brown]], hanging him and burning his body. They spread out, attacking black neighborhoods and stores on the north side. After the mayor and governor appealed for help, the government sent Federal troops from a nearby fort. They were commanded by Major General [[Leonard Wood]], a friend of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for President in 1920. {{sfn|Pietrusza|2009|pp=167–172}}
* On September 30, a race riot against blacks broke out in rural [[Elaine Race Riot|Elaine, Arkansas]], in Phillips County.{{sfn|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|2018|p=Part 3}} Distinctive because it occurred in the rural South rather than a city, it erupted from white minority resistance to labor organizing by black sharecroppers and fear of socialism. Black [[sharecroppers]] were meeting in the local chapter of the [[Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America]]. Planters opposed their efforts to organize and tried to disrupt meetings. In a confrontation, a white man was fatally shot and another wounded. The planters formed a militia to arrest the African-American farmers, and hundreds of whites came from the region. They acted as a mob, attacking black people at random over two days. In the riot they killed an estimated 100 to 237 black people, and five whites also died in the violence. Arkansas Governor [[Charles Hillman Brough]] appointed a Committee of Seven to investigate. The group was composed of prominent local white businessmen. They concluded that the [[Sharecroppers' Union]] was a Socialist enterprise and "established for the purpose of banding negroes together for the killing of white people". {{sfn|Freedman|2001|p=68}}{{paragraph break}}That report generated headlines such as the following in the ''[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Morning News]]'': "Negroes Seized in Arkansas Riots Confess to Widespread Plot; Planned Massacre of Whites Today". Several agents of the Justice Department's [[Bureau of Investigation]] spent a week interviewing participants, but they spoke to no sharecroppers. They also reviewed documents. They filed a total of nine reports stating there was no evidence of a conspiracy of the sharecroppers to murder anyone. {{paragraph break}} The local government tried 79 black people, who were all convicted by [[all-white jury|all-white juries]], and 12 were sentenced to death for murder. (As Arkansas and other southern states had [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] most black people at the turn of the 20th century, they could not vote, run for political office, or serve on juries.) The remainder of the defendants accepted prison terms of up to 21 years. Appeals of the convictions of six of the defendants went to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], which reversed the verdicts because of failure of the court to provide due process. This was a precedent for heightened Federal oversight of defendants' rights in the conduct of state criminal cases.{{sfn|Whitaker|2009|pp=131–142}}
* The [[Wilmington, Delaware race riot of 1919]] was a violent racial riot between white and black residents of [[Wilmington, Delaware]] on November 13, 1919.

==Chronology==
This list is primarily but not exclusively based on Haynes' report, as summarized in the ''New York Times'' (1919).{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}
{{refbegin|2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|-
! Date
! Place
|-
| '''January 22'''
| Bedford County, Tennessee {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''February 8'''
| Blakeley, Georgia {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}} {{#tag:ref|New York Times show that 4 peopele were killed. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
|'''March 12'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Pace, Florida]]
|-
|'''March 14'''
| Memphis, Tennessee {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}} {{#tag:ref|New York Times show that 1 person was killed in Memphis, Tennessee{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
|'''April 10'''
|[[Morgan County, West Virginia riot of 1919|Morgan County, West Virginia]]
|-
|'''April 13'''
|[[Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919|Jenkins County, Georgia]]
|-
|'''April 14'''
|[[Daniel Mack|Sylvester, Georgia]]
|-
|'''April 15'''
|[[Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919|Mullen, Georgia]]{{#tag:ref|Mispelling of [[Millen, Georgia]]. Riot was part of the [[Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919]]|group="A"}}
|-
|'''May 5'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Pickens, Mississippi]]
|-
| '''May 10 '''
|[[Charleston riot of 1919|Charleston, South Carolina]]
|-
| '''May 10'''
| Sylvester, Georgia {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}} {{#tag:ref|New York Times show that 1 person was killed. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
|'''May 21'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|El Dorado, Arkansas]]
|-
| '''May 26'''
|[[Berry Washington|Milan, Georgia]]
|-
| '''May 29'''
|[[New London riots of 1919|New London, Connecticut]]
|-
| '''May 27–29'''
|[[Putnam County, Georgia, arson attack|Putnam County, Georgia]]
|-
| '''May 31'''
| Monticello, Mississippi {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''June 13'''
| Memphis, Tennessee {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''June 13'''
|[[New London riots of 1919|New London, Connecticut]] {{#tag:ref|Records show that during [[New London, Connecticut]] riot several people were injured <ref name= "United States House Committee on the Judiciary p. 9"/><ref name= "United States House Committee on the Judiciary p. 19"/>|group="A"}}
|-
| '''June 27'''
|[[Annapolis riot of 1919|Annapolis, Maryland]]
|-
| '''June 27'''
|[[Macon, Mississippi, race riot|Macon, Mississippi]]
|-
| '''July 3'''
|[[Bisbee Riot|Bisbee, Arizona]]
|-
| '''July 5'''
| Scranton, Pennsylvania {{#tag:ref|"'Negroes Accused of Inciting Riot,' Philadelphia Inquirer, July 10, 1919. The NAACP later reported to Conggress and the New York Times that a race riot erupted on July 5 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. However, no evidence of such an incident exists."{{sfn|McWhirter|2011|p=291}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''July 6'''
|[[Dublin, Georgia riot|Dublin, Georgia]]
|-
| '''July 7'''
|[[Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
|-
| '''July 8'''
|[[1919 Coatesville call to arms|Coatesville, Pennsylvania]]
|-
| '''July 9'''
| Tuscaloosa, Alabama {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}} {{#tag:ref|Records show that during Tuscaloosa riot 1 peron was injured <ref name= "United States House Committee on the Judiciary p. 9">{{harvnb|United States House Committee on the Judiciary|1920|p=9}}</ref><ref name= "United States House Committee on the Judiciary p. 19">{{harvnb|United States House Committee on the Judiciary|1920a|p=19}}</ref>|group="A"}}
|-
| '''July 10–12'''
|[[Longview race riot|Longview, Texas]]{{sfn|Whitaker|2009|p=51}}
|-
| '''July 11'''
| [[Baltimore riots of 1919|Baltimore, Maryland]]
|-
|'''July 15'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Louise, Mississippi]]
|-
| '''July 15'''
|[[Port Arthur riot 1919|Port Arthur, Texas]]
|-
| '''July 19–24'''
|[[Washington race riot of 1919|Washington, D.C.]]
|-
| '''July 20'''
| [[New York race riots of 1919|New York City, New York]]
|-
| '''July 21'''
|[[1919 Norfolk race riot|Norfolk, Virginia]]
|-
| '''July 23'''
| New Orleans, Louisiana {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''July 23'''
|[[Darby 1919 lynching attempt|Darby, Pennsylvania]]
|-
| '''July 26'''
|[[Newman O'Neal|Hobson City, Alabama]] {{#tag:ref|Records show that during Hobson City riot one person was injured <ref name= "United States House Committee on the Judiciary p. 9"/><ref name= "United States House Committee on the Judiciary p. 19"/>|group="A"}}
|-
| '''July 27 – August 3'''
|[[Chicago race riot of 1919|Chicago, Illinois]]
|-
| '''July 28'''
|[[Newberry 1919 lynching attempt|Newberry, South Carolina]]{{#tag:ref|The [[Newberry 1919 lynching attempt]] happened on July 24|group="A"}}
|-
| '''July 31'''
| Bloomington, Illinois {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''July 31'''
|[[Syracuse riot of 1919|Syracuse, New York]]
|-
| '''July 31'''
|[[Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
|-
| '''August 1'''
| [[Whatley, Alabama race riot of 1919|Whatley, Alabama]]
|-
|'''August 3'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Lincoln, Arkansas]]
|-
| '''August 4'''
| Hattiesburg, Mississippi {{#tag:ref|One of the only records of this riot is a ''New York Times'' article. {{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}|group="A"}}
|-
| '''August 6'''
| Texarkana, Texas {{sfn|Marcelle|2016|p=}}
|-
| '''August 21'''
| [[New York race riots of 1919|New York City, New York]]
|-
|'''August 22'''
|[[Attack on John Shillady|Austin, Texas]]
|-
| '''August 27–29'''
|[[Laurens County, Georgia race riot of 1919|Ocmulgee, Georgia]]
|-
| '''August 30'''
|[[Knoxville riot of 1919|Knoxville, Tennessee]]
|-
|'''August 31'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Bogalusa, Louisiana]]
|-
|'''September 10'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Clarksdale, Mississippi]]
|-
| '''September 28–29'''
|[[Omaha race riot of 1919|Omaha, Nebraska]]
|-
| '''September 29'''
|[[1919 Lynching in Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery, Alabama]]
|-
| '''October 1–2'''
|[[Elaine race riot|Elaine, Arkansas]]
|-
|'''October 1–2'''
|[[Baltimore riots of 1919|Baltimore, Maryland]]
|-
|'''November 13'''
|[[Wilmington, Delaware race riot of 1919|Wilmington, Delaware]]
|-
|'''December 27,'''
|[[African American veterans lynched after WWI|West Virginia]]
|}{{clear left}}
{{colend}}

==Responses==
{{Quote box
| quote = We appeal to you to have your country undertake for its racial minority that which you forced Poland and Austria to undertake for their racial minorities.
| source = — ''National Equal Rights League to President Woodrow Wilson'' November 25, 1919
| width = 300px
| align = right
| bgcolor = #EDEDED
}}

In September 1919, in response to the Red Summer, the [[African Blood Brotherhood]] formed in northern cities to serve as an "armed resistance" movement.

Protests and appeals to the federal government continued for weeks. A letter in late November from the [[National Equal Rights League]] appealed to Wilson's international advocacy for human rights: "We appeal to you to have your country undertake for its racial minority that which you forced Poland and Austria to undertake for their racial minorities."{{sfn|The New York Times|1919e|p=}}

===Haynes report===
The report by Dr. George Edmund Haynes of October 1919{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} was a call for national action. It was published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other major newspapers. Haynes noted that [[lynchings]] were a national problem. As President Wilson had noted in a 1918 speech: from 1889–1918, more than 3,000 people had been lynched; 2,472 were black men, and 50 were black women. Haynes said that states had shown themselves "unable or unwilling" to put a stop to [[lynching]]s, and seldom prosecuted the murderers. The fact that white men had been lynched in the North as well, he argued, demonstrated the national nature of the overall problem: "It is idle to suppose that murder can be confined to one section of the country or to one race."{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} He connected the lynchings to the widespread racial riots against blacks in 1919:

{{quote|Persistence of unpunished lynchings of negroes fosters lawlessness among white men imbued with the mob spirit and creates a spirit of bitterness among negroes. In such a state of public mind, a trivial incident can precipitate a riot.

Disregard of law and legal process will inevitably lead to more and more frequent clashes and bloody encounters between white men and negroes and a condition of potential race war in many cities of the United States.

Unchecked mob violence creates hatred and intolerance, making impossible free and dispassionate discussion not only of race problems, but questions on which races and sections differ.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}}}
[[File:Chicago Race Riot 1919 stoning.png|left|thumb|alt=man throwing a rock|African American being stoned by whites during 1919 Chicago race riot]]

===Lusk Committee===
The [[Lusk Committee|Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities]], popularly known as the '''Lusk Committee''', was formed in 1919 by the New York State Legislature to investigate individuals and organizations in [[New York State]] suspected of [[sedition]]. The committee was chaired by freshman State Senator [[Clayton R. Lusk]] of Cortland County. who had a background in business and conservative political values, referring to radicals as "alien enemies".{{sfn|Jaffe|1972|pp=121–122}} Only ten percent of the four volume work constituted a report, while the rest reprinted materials seized in raids or supplied by witnesses, much of it detailing European activities, or surveyed efforts to counteract radicalism in every state, including citizenship programs and other patriotic educational activities. Other raids targeted the left-wing of the Socialist Party and the IWW. When they analyzed the materials it hauled away, it made much of attempts to organize "American Negroes" and calls for revolutions in foreign-language magazines.{{sfn|New-York Tribune|1919|p=1}} {{sfn|Brown|Smith|Johnson|1922|p=313}}

===Press coverage===

In mid-summer, in the middle of the Chicago racial violence against blacks, a federal official told ''The New York Times'' that the violence resulted from "an agitation, which involves the [[Industrial Workers of the World|I.W.W.]], [[Bolshevism]] and the worst features of other extreme radical movements".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919c|p=}} He supported that claim with copies of negro publications that called for alliances with leftist groups, praised the Soviet regime, and contrasted the courage of jailed Socialist [[Eugene V. Debs]] with the "school boy rhetoric" of traditional black leaders. The ''Times'' characterized the publications as "vicious and apparently well financed", mentioned "certain factions of the radical Socialist elements", and reported it all under the headline: "Reds Try to Stir Negroes to Revolt".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919c|p=}} In late 1919 Oklahoma's [[The Ardmoreite|The Daily Ardmoreite]] published a piece with a headline describing ''Evidence Found Of Negro Society That Brought On Rioting.''{{sfn|The Daily Ardmoreite|1919|p=1}}

In response, some black leaders such as Bishop [[Charles Henry Phillips]] of the [[Christian Methodist Episcopal Church|Colored Methodist Episcopal Church]] asked black people to shun violence in favor of "patience" and "moral suasion". Phillips opposed propaganda favoring violence, and he noted the grounds of injustice to the black people:{{sfn|The New York Times|1919d|p=}} Phillips was based in Nashville, Tennessee.

{{quote|I cannot believe that the negro was influenced by Bolshevist agents in the part he took in the rioting. It is not like him to be a traitor or a revolutionist who would destroy the Government. But then the reign of mob law to which he has so long lived in terror and the injustices to which he has had to submit have made him sensitive and impatient.}}

The connection between black people and Bolshevism was widely repeated. In August 1919, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote: "Race riots seem to have for their genesis a Bolshevist, a Negro, and a gun." The [[National Security League]] repeated that reading of events.<ref name= "McWhirter p. 160">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|p=160}}</ref> In presenting the Haynes report in early October, ''The New York Times'' provided a context which his report did not mention. Haynes documented violence and inaction on the state level.
[[File:Map of the rioting during the Washington DC race riot of 1919.jpg|thumb|alt=Map| Map of the rioting during the Washington D.C. race riot of 1919]]
The ''Times'' saw "bloodshed on a scale amounting to local insurrection" as evidence of "a new negro problem" because of "influences that are now working to drive a wedge of bitterness and hatred between the two races".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} Until recently, the ''Times'' said, black leaders showed "a sense of appreciation" for what whites had suffered on their behalf in fighting a civil war that "bestowed on the black man opportunities far in advance of those he had in any other part of the white man's world".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}} Now militants were supplanting [[Booker T. Washington]], who had "steadily argued conciliatory methods". The ''Times'' continued:{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}

{{Quote|Every week the militant leaders gain more headway. They may be divided into general classes. One consists of radicals and revolutionaries. They are spreading Bolshevist propaganda. It is reported that they are winning many recruits among the colored race. When the ignorance that exists among negroes in many sections of the country is taken into consideration the danger of inflaming them by revolutionary doctrine may [be] apprehended.... The other class of militant leaders confine their agitation to a fight against all forms of color discrimination. They are for a program on uncompromising protest, "to fight and continue to fight for citizenship rights and full democratic privileges."}}

As evidence of militancy and Bolshevism, the ''Times'' named [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] and quoted his editorial in ''[[The Crisis]]'', which he edited:

<blockquote>Today we raise the terrible weapon of self-defense ... When the armed lynchers gather, we too must gather armed." When the ''Times'' endorsed Haynes' call for a bi-racial conference to establish "some plan to guarantee greater protection, justice, and opportunity to negroes that will gain the support of law-abiding citizens of both races", it endorsed discussion with "those negro leaders who are opposed to militant methods.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919|p=}}</blockquote>

In mid-October government sources provided the ''Times'' with evidence of Bolshevist propaganda appealing to America's black communities. This account set Red propaganda in the black community into a broader context, since it was "paralleling the agitation that is being carried on in industrial centres of the North and West, where there are many alien laborers".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919a|p=}} The Times described newspapers, magazines, and "so-called 'negro betterment' organizations" as the way propaganda about the "doctrines of Lenin and Trotzky" was distributed to black people.{{sfn|The New York Times|1919a|p=}} It cited quotes from such publications, which contrasted the recent violence in Chicago and Washington, D.C. with:"{{sfn|The New York Times|1919a|p=}}
[[File:Chicago race riot, five policemen and one soldier.jpg|thumb|left|alt=people standing on the street, one is armed with a rifle| Five policemen and one soldier during the Chicago Race Riot]]
{{Quote|...Soviet Russia, a country in which dozens of racial and lingual types have settled their many differences and found a common meeting ground, a country which no longer oppresses colonies, a country from which the lynch rope is banished and in which racial tolerance and peace now exist.}}

The ''Times'' noted a call for unionization: "Negroes must form cotton workers' unions. Southern white capitalists know that the negroes can bring the white bourbon South to its knees. So go to it."{{sfn|The New York Times|1919a|p=}} Coverage of the root causes of the riot against black people in Elaine, Arkansas evolved as the violence stretched over several days. A dispatch from [[Helena, Arkansas]], to the ''New York Times'' datelined October 1 said: "Returning members of the [white] posse brought numerous stories and rumors, through all of which ran the belief that the rioting was due to propaganda distributed among the negroes by white men."{{sfn|The New York Times|1919b|p=}} The next day's report added detail: "Additional evidence has been obtained of the activities of propagandists among the negroes, and it is thought that a plot existed for a general uprising against the whites." A white man had been arrested and was "alleged to have been preaching social equality among the negroes". Part of the headline was: "Trouble Traced to Socialist Agitators".{{sfn|The New York Times|1919f|p=}} A few days later a Western Newspaper Union dispatch captioned a photo using the words "Captive Negro [[Insurrection]]ists". {{sfn|The New York Times|1919g|p=}}

===Government activity===
[[File:Mob Law Cartoon Washington DC 1919.jpg|thumb|alt=Editorial Cartoon| Mob Law in Washington D.C., [[New-York Tribune]] July 27, 1919, Editorial Cartoon]]
During the Chicago racial violence against blacks, the press learned from [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] officials that the IWW and Bolsheviks were "spreading propaganda to breed race hatred".<ref name= "McWhirter p. 159">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|p=159}}</ref> FBI agents filed reports that leftist views were winning converts in the black community. One cited the work of the NAACP "urging the colored people to insist upon equality with white people and to resort to force, if necessary.<ref name="McWhirter p. 160"/> [[J. Edgar Hoover]], at the start of his career in government, analyzed the riots for the Attorney General. He blamed the July Washington, D.C., riots on "numerous assaults committed by Negroes upon white women".{{sfn|Ackerman|2008|pp=60–62}} For the October events in Arkansas, he blamed "certain local agitation in a Negro lodge".{{sfn|Ackerman|2008|pp=60–62}} A more general cause he cited was "propaganda of a radical nature".{{sfn|Ackerman|2008|pp=60–62}} He charged that socialists were feeding propaganda to black-owned magazines such as ''[[The Messenger Magazine|The Messenger]]'', which in turn aroused their black readers. He did not note the white perpetrators of violence, whose activities local authorities documented. As chief of the Radical Division within the U.S. Department of Justice, Hoover began an investigation of "negro activities" and targeted [[Marcus Garvey]] because he thought his newspaper ''[[Negro World]]'' preached Bolshevism.{{sfn|Ackerman|2008|pp=60–62}} He authorized the hiring of black undercover agents to spy on black organizations and publications in Harlem.<ref name= "McWhirter p. 159"/>

On November 17, Attorney General [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] reported to Congress on the threat that anarchists and Bolsheviks posed to the government. More than half the report documented radicalism in the black community and the "open defiance" black leaders advocated in response to racial violence and the summer's rioting. It faulted the leadership of the black community for an "ill-governed reaction toward race rioting ... In all discussions of the recent racial riots against blacks there is reflected the note of pride that the Negro has found himself. that he has 'fought back,' that never again will he tamely submit to violence and intimidation."<ref name= "McWhirter p. 239-241">{{harvnb|McWhirter|2011|pp=239–241}}</ref> It described "the dangerous spirit of defiance and vengeance at work among the Negro leaders".<ref name= "McWhirter p. 239-241"/>

===Arts===
[[Claude McKay]]'s sonnet, "[[If We Must Die]]",<ref name=ifwemustdie>[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173960 "If We Must Die"] poetryfoundation.org, accessed May 5, 2015</ref> was prompted by the events of Red Summer. {{sfn|McKay|2007|p=}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|United States|Law}}
{{Commons category|Red Summer of 1919}}
*[[African Blood Brotherhood]]
*[[First Red Scare]]
*[[King assassination riots]]
*[[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States]]
*[[Mass racial violence in the United States]]
*[[Racial Equality Proposal#Reaction|Racial Equality Proposal]]

==Annotations==
{{Reflist|group="A"}}

==Bibliography==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|20em}}
'''References'''
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Ackerman|first=Kenneth D. | title = Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties|year=2008| publisher = [[Carroll & Graf Publishers]]| isbn= 9780306816277}} - Total pages: 472
*{{cite news |ref=harv|date= October 5, 1919|title= Evidence Found Of Negro Society That Brought On Rioting|last=The Daily Ardmoreite|authorlink=The Ardmoreite|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042303/1919-10-05/ed-1/seq-1/#|newspaper=The Daily Ardmoreite|publisher=John F. Easley|location=Ardmore, Carter, Oklahoma |issn=1065-7894|oclc=12101538|pages=1–20|accessdate= October 6, 2019 }}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Barnes|first=Harper|title=Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot That Sparked the Civil Rights Movement|year=2008|location=New York|publisher=Walker & Co.|isbn=9780802715753|url=https://archive.org/details/neverbeentime19100barn}} - Total pages: 304 
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last3=Johnson|first3=Willis F. |display-authors=etal|last2=Smith|first2=Ray B. |last=Brown|first=Roscoe C. E. | title = History of the State of New York: Political and Government: Vol. 4: 1896–1920|year=1922| publisher = Syracuse Press }}
* Dray, Philip, ''At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America'' (NY: Random House, 2002)
*{{cite web |ref=harv|last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica|authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2019|url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Chicago-Race-Riot-of-1919 |title =Chicago Race Riot of 1919 |publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| accessdate = July 25, 2019 |quote=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Freedman|first=Eric M.|title=Habeas Corpus: Rethinking the Great Writ of Liberty|year=2001|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=9780814727171|url=https://archive.org/details/habeascorpusreth00free}} - Total pages: 243
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Jaffe|first=Julian F. | title = Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare, 1914-1924|year=1972| publisher = Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press| isbn= 9780804690263}} - Total pages: 265 
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Kennedy|first=David M. | authorlink =David M. Kennedy (historian)| title = Over Here: The First World War and American Society|year=2004| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| isbn= 9780195174007}} - Total pages: 428 
*[[Gary Krist (writer)|Krist, Gary]]. ''City of Scoundrels: The Twelve Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago''. New York, NY: Crown Publisher, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-307-45429-4}}.
*{{cite journal |ref=harv|last=Lakin|first= Matthew |date= 2000 |title='A Dark Night': The Knoxville Race Riot of 1919|journal= Journal of East Tennessee History|volume= 72|issue= |oclc=23044540|publisher=[[East Tennessee Historical Society]]|issn=1058-2126}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=David Levering | authorlink = David Levering Lewis | title = W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography|year=2009| publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]]| isbn=9781466843073}} - Total pages: 912
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Marcelle|first=Dale | title = Pitchforks and Negro Babies: America's Shocking History of Hate|year=2016| publisher = [[AuthorHouse]]| isbn= 9781524625764}} - Total pages: 328 
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=McKay|first=Claude|authorlink=Claude McKay|title=A Long Way from Home|year=2007|orig-year=New York Arno:1937|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=9780813539683|url=https://archive.org/details/longwayfromhome00mcka_0}} - Total pages: 270
* {{cite book |ref=harv|last=McWhirter|first=Cameron | title = Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America|year=2011| publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]]| isbn= 9780805089066 }} - Total pages: 368 
*{{cite web |ref=harv|last=Mills|first=Darhian|date=April 2, 2016|url = https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/washington-d-c-race-riot-1919/ |title =Washington, DC Race Riot (1919) |publisher = BlackPast| accessdate = July 25, 2019 |quote=}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|last=Maxouris|first=Christina |date=July 27, 2019|url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/27/us/red-summer-1919-racial-violence/index.html|title =100 years ago, white mobs across the country attacked black people. And they fought back|publisher = [[CNN]]| accessdate = July 29, 2019 |quote=}}

*{{cite news |ref=harv|date=July 17, 1919|title=Reds Work in the South|last=New-York Tribune|authorlink=New-York Tribune|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-07-17/ed-1/seq-1/#|newspaper=[[New-York Tribune]] |location=[[New York City|New York]]|issn=1941-0646|oclc=9405688|pages=1–20|accessdate= July 20, 2019 }}

*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Protest Sent to Wilson| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/07/22/archives/protest-sent-to-wilson-association-for-advancement-of-colored.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=July 22, 1919h|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Reds Try to Stir Negroes to Revolt| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/07/28/archives/reds-try-to-stir-negroes-to-revolt-widespread-propaganda-on-foot.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=July 28, 1919c|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Negroes Appeal to Wilson| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/01/98290465.pdf|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=August 1, 1919j|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Denies Negroes are 'Reds'| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/07/28/archives/reds-try-to-stir-negroes-to-revolt-widespread-propaganda-on-foot.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=August 3, 1919d|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Negro Protest to Wilson| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EEDF103DE533A25753C3A96E9C946896D6CF|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=August 30, 1919i|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title= For Action on Race Riot Peril| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/05/archives/for-action-on-race-riot-peril-radical-propaganda-among-negroes.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=October 5, 1919|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=None Killed in Fight with Arkansas Posse| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/02/archives/nine-killed-in-fight-with-arkansas-posse.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=October 2, 1919b|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Six More are Killed in Arkansas Riots| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/03/archives/six-more-are-killed-in-arkansas-riots-governor-brough-and-boston.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=October 3, 1919f|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Article 34 -- No Title| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/12/archives/article-34-no-title.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=October 12, 1919g|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Reds are Working among Negroes| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/19/archives/reds-are-working-among-negroes-widespread-propaganda-by-radical.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=October 19, 1919a|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}
*{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Ask Wilson to Aid Negroes| last=The New York Times|authorlink=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/11/26/archives/ask-wilson-to-aid-negroes-equal-rights-league-wants-action-on-mob.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Adolph Ochs]]|location=New York, NY|issn=1553-8095|oclc=1645522|date=November 26, 1919e|accessdate= July 23, 2019}}

*{{cite article
|title=Red Summer
|first=Rebecca
|last=Onion
|date=March 4, 2015
|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]
|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/03/civil-rights-movement-history-the-long-tradition-of-black-americans-taking-up-arms-to-defend-themselves-against-racial-violence.html}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|last=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|authorlink=PBS|date=July 3, 2018|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/great-war/#transcript |title ==The Great War: A Nation Comes of Age – Part 3, Transcript |publisher = [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)]]| accessdate = July 25, 2019 |quote=}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|last=Perl|first=Peter |date=March 1, 1999|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/raceriot0301.htm|title =Race Riot of 1919 Gave Glimpse of Future Struggles|publisher = [[The Washington Post]]| accessdate = July 9, 2019 |quote=}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Pietrusza|first=David | authorlink = David Pietrusza | title = 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents|year=2009| publisher = [[Basic Books]]| isbn= 9780786732135}} - Total pages: 240
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Rucker|first=Walter C. |last2=Upton|first2=James N. | title = Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, Volume 2|year=2007| publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| isbn=9780313333026}} - Total pages: 930 
* Tuttle, William M., Jr., ''Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), originally published 1970
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=United States House Committee on the Judiciary| authorlink = United States House Committee on the Judiciary| title = Segregation and Antilynching: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Sixty-six Congress, 2d Session on H.J. Res. 75; H.R. 259, 4123, and 11873. Serial No. 14|year=1920| publisher = [[Federal government of the United States]] }} - Total pages: 65 
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=United States House Committee on the Judiciary| authorlink = United States House Committee on the Judiciary| title = Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Sixty-sixth Congress, First[-third] Session: Segregation. Anti-lynching|year=1920a| publisher = [[United States Government Publishing Office]] }}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|last=Wheeler|first=W Bruce |date=October 8, 2017|url = https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/knoxville-riot-of-1919/ |title =Knoxville Riot of 1919 |publisher = [[Tennessee Historical Society]]| accessdate = July 25, 2019 |quote=}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Whitaker|first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Whitaker (author) | title = On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation|year=2009| publisher = [[Three Rivers Press]]| isbn=9780307339836}} - Total pages: 386
{{refend}}

{{Racial Incidents during the 1919 Red Summer}}
{{Lynching in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Summer Of 1919}}
[[Category:Red Summer| ]]
[[Category:Race riots in the United States]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1918–45)]]
[[Category:African-American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the United States]]
[[Category:White American riots in the United States]]
[[Category:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson]]
[[Category:1919 riots]]
[[Category:1919 in the United States]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths]]
[[Category:History of racism in the United States]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1919]]

MW 18014

2019-10-17T08:54:38Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Fascism → Portal:Politics

{{short description|German V-2 rocket test launch}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = MW 18014
| mission_type = Test launch
| operator = [[Wehrmacht]]
| suborbital_apogee = 176 km<ref name="psv">{{cite journal |last1=M.P. Milazzo, L. Kestay, C. Dundas; U.S. Geological Survey |title=The Challenge for 2050: Cohesive Analysis of More Than One Hundred Years of Planetary Data |journal=Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop |volume=1989 |pages=8070 |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/V2050/pdf/8070.pdf |publisher=Planetary Science Division, NASA |accessdate=2019-06-07|bibcode=2017LPICo1989.8070M |year=2017 }}</ref><ref name="earthfromspace">{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=Michael |last2=Sarosh |first2=Chloe |title=Earth from Space |date=2019 |publisher=Ebury Publishing |location=Introduction |isbn=9781473531604 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AUF9DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT22&dq=mw18014&pg=PT22#v=onepage&q=mw18014&f=false |accessdate=2019-06-07 |language=en}}</ref>
| spacecraft = MW 18014
| spacecraft_type = [[V-2 rocket|A-4/V-2]]{{refn|group=nb|name=etymology|V-2 rockets were still known as A-4s until September 1944}}
| manufacturer = [[Mittelwerk]] GmbH
| launch_mass = 12,500 kg
| launch_date = 20 June 1944
| launch_site = [[Peenemünde Army Research Center]]
| disposal_type = Impact
| destroyed = 20 June 1944
}}

'''MW 18014''' was a German [[V-2 rocket|A-4/V-2 rocket]]{{refn|group=nb|name="etymology"}} test launch that took place on 20 June 1944,<ref name="psv" /><ref name="earthfromspace" /><ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende">{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|title=Peenemuende|last=Wade|first=Mark|website=[[Astronautix.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425131553/http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|archivedate=2005-04-25|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-06-07}}</ref> at the [[Peenemünde Army Research Center]] in [[Peenemünde]]. It was the first man-made object to reach [[outer space]], attaining an [[apogee]] of 176 kilometers, which is above the [[Kármán line]].<ref name="Karman line">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/25410/how-far-is-space/ | title=How high is space? | website=[[Universe Today]] | last=Williams | first=Matt | date=2016-09-16 | accessdate=2017-05-14 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602105939/https://www.universetoday.com/25410/how-far-is-space/ | archivedate=2017-06-02 }}</ref> It was a vertical test launch. Although the rocket reached space, it did not reach [[orbital speed|orbital velocity]], and therefore returned to Earth in an impact, becoming the first [[sub-orbital spaceflight]].

== Background ==
{{Main|V-2 rocket}}

Early A-4 rockets, despite being able to reach altitudes of 90 km, had suffered from multiple reliability issues.<ref name="q11944chrono">{{Cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100408082721/http://www.astronautix.com/chrono/19441.htm|title=Chronology - Quarter 1 1944|date=2010-04-08|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref> For example, a design fault in the forward part of the outer hull caused it to regularly fail mid-flight, resulting in the failure of up to 70% of test launches.<ref name="q11944chrono"/> On one occasion, an A-4 rocket suffering from [[pogo oscillation]]s during ascent veered 90 degrees off course then spiralled back down to its launch pit, killing the four launch troops inside.<ref name="q11944chrono"/>

The Peenemunde rocket team made a number of improvements to rectify the reliability issues during 1943 and the first half of 1944. Hindering the program were [[Wernher von Braun#Arrest and release by the Nazi regime|constant interference]] from the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], Allied raids as part of [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]], attempts to privatise the program in June 1944,<ref name="q11944chrono"/> and a two-week detention of technical director [[Wernher von Braun]] on 15 March 1944.<ref name="grdev">{{cite web |title=Highlights in German Rocket Development from 1927–1945 |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/highlights.html |website=MSFC History Office |publisher=NASA Marshall Space Flight Center}}</ref>

[[Invasion of Normandy|Allied advances in Northern France]] and improvements to the [[Mittelwerk]] underground facility, where the A-4 rockets were produced, and improvements to the liquid propellant formula placed renewed emphasis on Von Braun to address the A-4's reliability issues.<ref name="q11944chrono"/>

== Records broken ==
MW 18014 was part of a [[List of V-2 test launches|series of vertical test launches]] made in June 1944 designed to gauge the rocket's behaviour in vacuum.<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" /> MW 18014 broke the altitude record set by one of its predecessors (launched on 3 October 1942<ref name=Dornberger>{{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V-2|year=1952|publisher=Viking|location=New York}} English translation 1954.</ref>) to attain an apogee of 176 km.<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" />

MW 18014 is the first man-made object to cross into outer space, as defined by the 100 km [[Kármán Line]]. This particular altitude was not considered significant at the time; the Peenemünde rocket scientists rather celebrated the V-4 [[Rheinbote]] launch, first to reach the [[thermosphere]].<ref name=Dornberger /> After the war the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|World Air Sports Federation]] (FAI) defined the boundary between [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]] and [[outer space]] to be the Kármán line.

A subsequent V-2 launched as part of the same series of tests would break MW 18014's record, with an apoge of 189 km. The date of that launch is unknown because rocket scientists did not record precise dates during this phase.<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Spaceflight|Germany|Politics}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 in Germany]]
[[Category:V-weapons]]
[[Category:Wernher von Braun]]
[[Category:Space programme of Germany]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]

David Hale (Diplomat)

2019-10-15T01:01:03Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:International relations → Portal:Politics

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = David Hale
|image = David Hale official photo.jpg
|office = [[United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]]
|president = [[Donald Trump]]
|term_start = August 30, 2018
|term_end =
|succeeding =
|predecessor = [[Stephen Mull]]
|successor =
|office1 = [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan]]
|president1 = [[Barack Obama]] [[Donald Trump]]
|deputy1 = John F. Hoover
|term_start1 = November 17, 2015
|term_end1 = August 29, 2018
|predecessor1 = [[Richard G. Olson|Richard Olson]]
|successor1 =
|office2 = [[United States Ambassador to Lebanon]]
|president2 = [[Barack Obama]]
|deputy2 = Danny Hall
|term_start2 = September 6, 2013
|term_end2 = October 31, 2015
|predecessor2 = [[Maura Connelly]]
|successor2 = [[Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat)|Richard Jones]] {{small|(Charge d'affaires)}}
|office3 = United States Special Envoy for [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians (2010–11)|Middle East Peace]]
|president3 = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start3 = May 18, 2011
|term_end3 = June 24, 2013
|predecessor3 = [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]]
|successor3 = [[Martin Indyk]] {{small|([[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks|Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations]])}}
|office4 = [[United States Ambassador to Jordan]]
|president4 = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start4 = July 12, 2004
|term_end4 = July 9, 2008 {{small|Acting: July 12, 2004 – November 7, 2005}}
|predecessor4 = [[David M. Satterfield|David Satterfield]]
|successor4 = [[Robert S. Beecroft|Robert Beecroft]]
|birth_name=David Maclain Hale
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1962}}
|birth_place = New Jersey, U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University]]
}}
'''David Maclain Hale''' (born 1961) is a United States diplomat and career foreign service officer, currently serving as the [[United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]].

==Early life==
David Hale was born in 1961 in New Jersey.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=David Hale new US envoy to Pakistan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1168838|accessdate=23 December 2015|work=www.dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|date=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="About David Hale">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/216227.htm|title=About Ambassador David Hale|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> He graduated from [[Georgetown University]]'s [[School of Foreign Service]] in 1983.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

==Career==
Hale joined the Foreign Service in 1985.<ref name="dawn" /> He served at the United States missions to [[Tunisia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|title=David Hale nominated as next US ambassador to Pakistan - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/851344/david-hale-nominated-as-next-pakistan-ambassador/|accessdate=23 December 2015|work=The Express Tribune|publisher=Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> In Washington, Hale was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for [[Israel]], [[Egypt]] and the Levant and Director for Israel-Palestinian Affairs. He held several staff posts, including Executive Assistant to Secretary of State Albright.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

Hale was [[United States Ambassador to Jordan|United States Ambassador to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]] between 2005 and 2008. He was Deputy Envoy from 2009 to 2012, and Special Envoy for Middle East Peace between 2011 and 2013. He served as the [[United States Ambassador to Lebanon]] from 2013 to 2015.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

Hale was the United States Ambassador to Pakistan from August 5, 2015 to August 30, 2018.<ref name="About David Hale"/> In May 2017, he dedicated a new Counter-Terrorism Department building in Karachi.<ref name="dawnuscontributes">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Imtiaz|title=US contributes Rs24m for new CTD building in Karachi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1332447/us-contributes-rs24m-for-new-ctd-building-in-karachi|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2017}}</ref> The building, which had been bombed in 2010, was rebuilt with Rs24 million from the United States Department of State's [[Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs]].<ref name="dawnuscontributes"/>

Hale is the recipient of several Department Superior and Meritorious Honor awards, including the [[Secretary's Distinguished Service Award]] in 2013.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

In July 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] announced his intention to nominate Hale as the next [[Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-appoint-personnel-key-administration-posts-7/|title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Appoint Personnel to Key Administration Posts|date=July 10, 2018|website=The White House|accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref> During the [[Legislative day]] of August 28, 2018, he was confirmed by a voice vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/floor_activity/08_28_2018_Senate_Floor.htm|title=Senate Floor Activity - Tuesday, August 28, 2018|website=U.S. Senate|publisher=[[U.S. Government Publishing Office]]|access-date=August 30, 2018}}</ref>

On September 13, 2018, Hale was promoted to the rank of [[Career Ambassador]] – the highest rank in the foreign service.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/hale-david-m | title=David Hale - People - Department History - Office of the Historian}}</ref> He is, presently, the highest-ranked serving United States [[Foreign Service Officer]].

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
*[[Ambassadors of the United States#current|List of ambassadors of the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Aljazeeratopic|person/david-hale|David Hale}}
*
*{{C-SPAN|David Hale 04}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David M. Satterfield|David Satterfield]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Jordan]]|years=2004–2008 {{small|Acting: 2004–2005}}}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert S. Beecroft|Robert Beecroft]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=United States Special Envoy for [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians (2010–11)|Middle East Peace]]|years=2011–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Martin Indyk]] {{nowrap|''{{small|as United States Special Envoy for [[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks|Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations]]}}''}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Maura Connelly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Lebanon]]|years=2013–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Elizabeth Holzhall Richard|Elizabeth Richard]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard G. Olson|Richard Olson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Pakistan]]|years=2015–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=John F. Hoover {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{US Ambassadors to Pakistan|state=collapsed}}
{{Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hale, David}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Jordan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Lebanon]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]]
[[Category:People from New Jersey]]
[[Category:United States Foreign Service personnel]]
[[Category:United States Career Ambassadors]]

Katie Mack

2019-10-09T20:03:06Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:North Carolina → Portal:United States

{{Short description|American astrophysicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = File:Katie Mack-IMG 8876.jpeg
| caption = Katie Mack giving her talk on the End of the Universe at [[CERN]] on 25 February 2019
| name = Katie Mack
| birth_name = Katherine J. Mack
| other_names =
| residence = [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]], U.S.
| thesis_title = Tests of early universe physics from observational astronomy
| thesis_url = https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3374784.html
| thesis_year = 2009
| alma_mater = [[Princeton University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) [[California Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Paul Steinhardt]]<ref name=kphd/>
| field = [[Cosmology]] [[Theoretical astrophysics]]<ref name=gs/>
| work_institutions = [[North Carolina State University]] [[University of Cambridge]]
| website = {{official URL|https://www.astrokatie.com/}}
}}

'''Katherine J. Mack''' is a [[Theoretical cosmology|theoretical cosmologist]] and Assistant Professor at [[North Carolina State University]]. Her research investigates [[dark matter]], [[vacuum decay]] and the [[epoch of reionisation]].<ref>Katie Mack's {{ORCID}}</ref><ref name=gs>{{Google scholar id}}</ref><ref name="Focus on Dark Matter">{{Cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/AstroKatie |title=A Tour of the Universe (and selected cosmic mysteries). |last=Mack |first=Katie |website=slideshare.net |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> Mack is a popular [[Science communication|science communicator]], participating in [[social media]] and regularly writing for ''[[Scientific American]]'', ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Cosmos (Australian magazine)|Cosmos]]''.<ref>{{official}}</ref><ref name=twitter>{{Twitter}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
{{external media | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX14qTJ5S3M A Tour of the Universe: Women in Physics Lecture]|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cfg11qQwPzQ Shells of Cosmic Time]}}
Mack became interested in science as a child and built solar-powered cars out of [[Lego]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.createcultivate.com/blog/2019/1/16/create-amp-cultivate-100-stem-katie-mack|title=Create & Cultivate 100: STEM & Finance: Katie Mack|website=Create + Cultivate|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Her mother is a fan of science fiction, and encouraged Mack to watch [[Star Trek]] and [[Star Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/space-the-nation-katie-mack-the-mansplainer-slayer-on-getting-science-right|title=Space the Nation: Katie Mack, the mansplainer slayer, on getting science right|last=Cox|first=Ana Marie|date=2018-10-23|website=SYFY WIRE|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Her grandfather was a student at [[CalTECH]] and worked on the [[Apollo 11]] mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wunc.org/post/scientist-who-found-her-faith-physics-meet-katie-mack-aka-astrokatie|title=A Scientist Who Found Her Faith In Physics: Meet Katie Mack, AKA AstroKatie|last=Stasio|first=Dana Terry, Frank|website=www.wunc.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> She became more interested in spacetime and the big bang after attending talks by scientists such as [[Stephen Hawking]].<ref name=":1" /> She received her undergraduate degree in [[physics]] from the [[California Institute of Technology]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techer.caltech.edu/on-astrophysics-and-stardust|title=On Astrophysics, Stardust, and Our (Teeny Tiny) Place in the Universe|website=Techer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Mack obtained her PhD in astrophysics from [[Princeton University]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/katie-mack-09-taming-troll|title=Katie Mack *09: Taming of the Troll|date=2016-09-26|website=Princeton Alumni Weekly|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Her thesis on the early universe was supervised by [[Paul Steinhardt]].<ref name=kphd>{{cite thesis|first=Katherine J.|last=Mack|year=2009|title=Tests of early universe physics from observational astronomy|url= https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3374784.html|website=proquest.com|oclc=437814758|degree=PhD|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/connect/our-experts/profiles/katherine-mack.html|title=Katherine Mack|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

== Research and career ==
After earning her doctorate, Mack joined the [[University of Cambridge]] as a [[Science and Technology Facilities Council]] (STFC) [[postdoctoral research]] fellow at the [[Kavli Institute for Cosmology|Kalvi Institute for Cosmology]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://physics.sciences.ncsu.edu/people/kmack/|title=Katherine (Katie) Mack {{!}} Department of Physics {{!}} NC State University|date=2018-05-24|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> Later in 2012, Mack was a Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA) Fellow at the [[University of Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~kmack/|title=Katie Mack's Webpage|website=www.ph.unimelb.edu.au|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> Mack was involved with the construction of the dark matter detector SABRE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mgdx9b/astrokatie-mack-space-twitter|title=I Went to the 'Contact' Radio Telescope with the Astrophysicist Behind Twitter's All-Time Sickest Burn|last=Scoles|first=Sarah|date=2017-04-10|website=Motherboard|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

In January 2018, Mack became an Assistant Professor and a member of university's Leadership in Public Science Cluster in the Department of Physics at [[North Carolina State University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://facultyclusters.ncsu.edu/people/kmack/|title=Katie Mack {{!}} Chancellor's Faculty Excellence Program {{!}} NC State University|date=2018-01-08|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2018 North Carolina State University Physics Department Employment">{{Cite web|url=https://www.physics.ncsu.edu/people/faculty_mack.php|title=Katherine Mack: Assistant Professor|website=NCSU Physics|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>

Mack works at the intersection between fundamental physics and astrophysics. Her research considers [[dark matter]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/02/what-is-dark-matter-searching-with-gravity-lensing-wimps-and-antiparticles.html|title=I’m Looking for Evidence That Dark Matter Messed With Stars and Galaxies|last=Mack|first=Katie|date=2014-02-25|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> [[vacuum decay]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/vacuum-decay-ultimate-catastrophe|title=Vacuum decay: the ultimate catastrophe|website=Cosmos Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> the formation of galaxies, observable tracers of [[Cosmic Evolution Survey|cosmic evolution]] and the [[Epoch of Reionisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astrokatie.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-long-dark-tea-time-of-cosmos.html|title=The Universe, in Theory: The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Cosmos|last=Astrokatie|date=2012-08-31|website=The Universe, in Theory|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Mack has described [[dark matter]] as one of science's "most pressing enigmas".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/events/katie-mack/|title=U of T Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics {{!}} Dark Matter, First Light|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28415-bright-light-may-not-be-dark-matters-smoking-gun-after-all/|title=Bright light may not be dark matter's smoking gun after all|last=Slezak|first=Michael|website=New Scientist|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> She has worked on [[dark matter]] self-annihilation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mack|first=Katherine J.|date=2014-02-20|title=Known unknowns of dark matter annihilation over cosmic time|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu129|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=439|issue=3|pages=2728–2735|doi=10.1093/mnras/stu129|issn=1365-2966|arxiv=1309.7783}}</ref> Mack has investigated whether the accretion of dark matter could result in the growth of [[primordial black hole]]s (PBHs).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mack|first=Katherine J.|last2=Ostriker|first2=Jeremiah P.|last3=Ricotti|first3=Massimo|date=2007-08-20|title=Growth of Structure Seeded by Primordial Black Holes|url=https://doi.org/10.1086/518998|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=665|issue=2|pages=1277–1287|doi=10.1086/518998|issn=0004-637X|arxiv=astro-ph/0608642}}</ref> She has worked on the impact of [[Primordial black hole|PBHs]] on the [[cosmic microwave background]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ricotti|first=Massimo|last2=Ostriker|first2=Jeremiah P.|last3=Mack|first3=Katherine J.|date=2008|title=Effect of Primordial Black Holes on the Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmological Parameter Estimates|arxiv=0709.0524|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=680|issue=2|pages=829–845|doi=10.1086/587831|issn=0004-637X}}</ref> She has become increasingly interested in the end of the universe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cos.gatech.edu/events/death-universe-0|title=Death of a Universe {{!}} College of Sciences {{!}} Georgia Institute of Technology {{!}} Atlanta, GA|website=cos.gatech.edu|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

=== Public engagement and advocacy ===
Mack maintains a strong [[science outreach]] presence on both social and traditional media. Mack's Twitter account<ref name=twitter/> is one of the most-followed accounts of professional scientists worldwide.<ref name="Electric Lady Influencer of the Week: Katie Mack">{{Cite web|url=https://www.electriclady.world/world/2017/5/28/electric-lady-influencer-of-the-week-katie-mack|title=Electric Lady Influencer of the Week: Katie Mack|date=2017-04-28|website=Electric Lady}}{{dead link|date=May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Black Holes, Cosmic Collisions and the Rippling of Spacetime">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/black-holes-cosmic-collisions-and-the-rippling-of-spacetime/|title=Black Holes, Cosmic Collisions and the Rippling of Spacetime|last=Mack|first=Katie|date=2017-06-12|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> She was described by [[Motherboard (website)|Motherboard]] and ''Creative Cultivate'' as a "social media celebrity".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Mack is a popular science writer, and has contributed to ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Scientific American]]'', ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'', ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'', ''[[Gizmodo]]'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Cosmos (Australian magazine)|Cosmos]]'', as well as providing expert information to the [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indico.cern.ch/event/794501/page/16125-biographie-biography|title=Death of a Universe {{!}} La mort d'un Univers (25 February 2019) · Indico|website=Indico|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/katie-mack/|title=Stories by Katie Mack|website=Scientific American|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/katie-mack|title=Katie Mack {{!}} The Guardian|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributors/katie-mack|title=Katie Mack|website=Cosmos Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/from-black-holes-to-dark-matter-an-astrophysicist-explains-26019|title=From black holes to dark matter, an astrophysicist explains|last=Mack|first=Katherine J.|website=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43543195|title=Ghost galaxy prompts cosmic mystery|last=Halton|first=Mary|date=2018-03-28|access-date=2019-03-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mack's [[twitter]] account has over 300,000 followers. Her "smackdown" of a [[climate change]] denier on [[Twitter]] achieved mainstream coverage,<ref name="Climate Change Denier Smackdown">{{Cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/16/astrophysicist-katie-mack-lays-the-smackdown-on-mansplainer-with-droll-twitter-burn/|title=Astrophysicist Katie Mack lays the smackdown on mansplainer with droll Twitter burn|date=2016-08-16|website=NYT|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2016/08/16/astrophysicist-climate-change-skeptic-twitter-burn/|title=Astrophysicist had the perfect response to climate change denier|last=Mezzofiore|first=Gianluca|website=Mashable|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> as did her "Chirp for LIGO" upon the [[First observation of gravitational waves|first detection of gravitational waves]].<ref name="Nature_11Feb16">{{cite journal|last=Castelvecchi|first=Davide|last2=Witze|first2=Alexandra|date=11 February 2016|title=Einstein's gravitational waves found at last|url=http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-gravitational-waves-found-at-last-1.19361|journal=Nature News|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19361|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160211-mr">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/scientists-chirp-excitedly-for-ligo-gravitational-waves-and-einstein.html|title=Scientists Chirp Excitedly for LIGO, Gravitational Waves and Einstein|last=Roston|first=Michael|date=11 February 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 February 2016|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

She was the 2017 [[Australian Institute of Physics]] Women in Physics lecturer, in which capacity she spent three weeks delivering talks at schools and universities across Australia.<ref name="AIP News">{{Cite web|url=http://aip.org.au/physicsapril2017/|title=Katie Mack is the 2017 Women in Physics Lecturer|date=2017-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Knox Grammar School|title='A Tour of the Universe' - Dr Katie Mack, 'Women in Physics' lecture|date=2017-08-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX14qTJ5S3M|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

In 2018, Mack was chosen to be one of the judges for [[Nature (journal)|Nature magazine]]'s newly founded Nature Research Awards for Inspiring Science and Innovating Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/jcpghfmqlz/judgesambassadors|title=Judges and Ambassadors|website=Nature.com}}</ref> In February 2019 Mack appeared in an episode of [[The Jodcast]], talking about her work and [[science communication]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jodcast.net/archive/201902/|title=February 2019: Try turning it off and on again!|date=11 February 2019|website=The Jodcast|archive-url=http://www.jodcast.net/archive/201902/|archive-date=25 March 2019|url-status=}}</ref> Mack was a member of the jury for the [[Alfred P. Sloan Prize]] in the [[2019 Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2019-festival-jury-awards-night-host|title=Sundance Film Festival: Juries, Awards Night Host Announced - Thursday, January 17th, 2019|date=2019-01-17|website=Sundance Film Festival|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> In 2019, she was referenced on the [[Hozier (musician)|Hozier]] track 'No Plan' from his album [[Wasteland, Baby!]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/hozier-if-i-wanted-to-make-a-f-king-pop-song-i-would-1.3794161|title=Hozier: ‘If I wanted to make a f**king pop song, I would’|last=Bruton|first=Louise|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> <blockquote>"As Mack explained, there will be darkness again."</blockquote>She is a member of the [[Alfred P. Sloan|Sloan]] Science & Film community, where she works on [[science fiction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scienceandfilm.org/people/676/katherine-mack|title=People - Sloan Science & Film|website=scienceandfilm.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/3205/katie-mack-on-the-expanses-accurate-physics|title=Sloan Science & Film|website=scienceandfilm.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Her first book, ''The End of Everything'', is being published by [[Simon & Schuster]] in 2020.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/75925-book-deals-week-of-january-29-2018.html|title=Book Deals: Week of January 29, 2018|website=www.publishersweekly.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astrokatie.com/book|title=Book|website=Katie Mack, Astrophysicist|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> It considers the different ways the universe could end.<ref name=":4" /> [[Simon & Schuster]] won the rights to Mack's first book after an eight-way bidding battle.<ref name=":4" />

==Personal life==
Mack is interested in the intersection of art, poetry and science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aeon.co/videos/i-want-you-to-live-forward-but-see-backward-a-theoretical-astrophysicists-manifesto|title=‘I want you to live forward, but see backward’: a theoretical astrophysicist’s manifesto {{!}} Aeon Videos|website=Aeon|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> She is [[Bisexuality|bisexual]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.500queerscientists.com/fullscreen-page/comp-jgwk54xq/2eaba2d5-6009-4fc1-a3ae-f610cee00816/750/%3Fi%3D750%26p%3Dt0wwl%26s%3Dstyle-jidtaiw8|title=Dr. Katie Mack, 500 Queer Scientists|website=500 Queer Scientists|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official|https://www.astrokatie.com/}}
* {{twitter|AstroKatie}} 
* [https://physics.sciences.ncsu.edu/people/kmack/ Katie Mack] at NC State University

{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Australia|United States|Feminism|LGBT|left=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mack, Katie}}
[[Category:American astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Science communicators]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:North Carolina State University faculty]]
[[Category:American science writers]]
[[Category:LGBT scientists from the United States]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women science writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century women scientists]]
[[Category:Bisexual women]]

Philosophie der Chemie

2019-10-08T11:18:49Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Music of Australia/Portal:Australian music → Portal:Music + Portal:Australia

The '''philosophy of chemistry''' considers the [[methodology]] and underlying assumptions of the [[science]] of [[chemistry]]. It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams. For much of its history, [[philosophy of science]] has been dominated by the [[philosophy of physics]], but the [[philosophy|philosophical]] questions that arise from chemistry have received increasing attention since the latter part of the 20th century.<ref name="Weisberg">Weisberg, M. (2001). [http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/why-not-a-philosophy-of-chemistry Why not a philosophy of chemistry?] ''American Scientist.'' Retrieved April 10, 2009.</ref><ref name="Scerri">Scerri, E.R., & McIntyre, L. (1997). [http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/pdf/Case_for_poc.pdf The case for the philosophy of chemistry.] ''Synthese'', 111: 213–232. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000254/</ref>

==Foundations of chemistry==
Major philosophical questions arise as soon as one attempts to define chemistry and what it studies. [[Atom]]s and [[molecule]]s are often assumed to be the fundamental units of chemical theory,<ref name="Schummer">Schummer, Joachim. (2006). Philosophy of science. In ''Encyclopedia of philosophy, second edition.'' New York, NY: Macmillan.</ref> but traditional descriptions of molecular structure and [[chemical bond]]ing fail to account for the properties of many substances, including [[metallic bond|metals]] and [[Coordination complex#Electronic properties of metal complexes|metal complexes]]<ref name="Gammon">Ebbing, D., & Gammon, S. (2005). ''General chemistry.'' Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> and [[aromaticity]].<ref name="PLK">Pavia, D., Lampman, G., & Kriz, G. (2004). ''Organic chemistry, volume 1.'' Mason, OH: Cenage Learning.</ref>

Additionally, chemists frequently use non-existent chemical entities like [[resonance (chemistry)|resonance structures]]<ref name="Gammon" /><ref name="PLK" /> to explain the structure and reactions of different substances; these explanatory tools use the language and graphical representations of molecules to describe the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions that in reality do not behave as straightforward molecules.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}

Some chemists and philosophers of chemistry prefer to think of substances, rather than microstructures, as the fundamental units of study in chemistry. There is not always a one-to-one correspondence between the two methods of classifying substances.<ref name="Schummer" /> For example, many rocks exist as mineral complexes composed of multiple ions that do not occur in fixed proportions or spatial relationships to one another.<ref name="Gammon" />

A related philosophical problem is whether chemistry is the study of substances or reactions.<ref name="Schummer" /> Atoms, even in a solid, are in perpetual motion and under the right conditions many chemicals react spontaneously to form new products. A variety of environmental variables contribute to a substance's properties, including temperature and pressure, proximity to other molecules and the presence of a magnetic field.<ref name="Schummer" /><ref name="Gammon" /><ref name="PLK" /> As Schummer puts it, "Substance philosophers define a chemical reaction by the change of certain substances, whereas process philosophers define a substance by its characteristic chemical reactions."<ref name="Schummer" />

Philosophers of chemistry discuss issues of [[symmetry]] and [[Chirality (chemistry)|chirality]] in nature. [[organic chemistry|Organic]] (i.e., [[carbon]]-based) [[molecule]]s are those most often chiral. [[Amino acid]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s and [[sugar]]s, all of which are found exclusively as a single [[enantiomer]] in organisms, are the basic chemical units of [[life]]. [[Chemists]], [[biochemistry|biochemists]], and [[biologists]] alike debate the origins of this [[homochirality]]. Philosophers debate facts regarding the origin of this phenomenon, namely whether it emerged contingently, amid a lifeless [[racemic]] environment or if other processes were at play. Some speculate that answers can only be found in comparison to [[extraterrestrial life]], if it is ever found. Other philosophers question whether there exists a bias toward assumptions of nature as symmetrical, thereby causing resistance to any evidence to the contrary.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}

One of the most topical issues is determining to what extent physics, specifically, quantum mechanics, explains chemical phenomena. Can chemistry, in fact, be reduced to physics as has been assumed by many, or are there inexplicable gaps? Some authors, for example, [[Roald Hoffmann]],<ref>The Same and Not the Same (Columbia, 1995, pp. 19-20)</ref> have recently suggested that a number of difficulties exist in the reductionist program with concepts like aromaticity, pH, reactivity, nucleophilicity, for example. The noted philosopher of science, [[Karl Popper]], among others, predicted as much.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==Philosophers of chemistry==
[[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] was among the first philosophers to use the term "philosophy of chemistry".<ref>[[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]], ''Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft'' (1797): Second Book, ch. 7: "Philosophie der Chemie überhaupt".</ref>

Several [[philosophers]] and [[scientists]] have focused on the philosophy of chemistry in recent years, notably, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] philosopher [[Jaap van Brakel]], who wrote ''The Philosophy of Chemistry'' in 2000, and the [[Malta|Maltese]]-born philosopher-chemist [[Eric Scerri]], editor of the journal "Foundations of Chemistry" and author of ''Normative and Descriptive Philosophy of Science and the Role of Chemistry in Philosophy of Chemistry'', 2004, among other articles. Scerri is especially interested in the philosophical foundations of the [[periodic table]], and how physics and chemistry intersect in relation to it, which he contends is not merely a matter for science, but for philosophy.<ref>{{cite book | last = Scerri
| first = Eric R. | authorlink = | coauthors =
| title = Collected Papers on Philosophy of Chemistry | publisher = Imperial College Press
| year = 2008 | location = London
| pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-84816-137-5}}</ref>

Although in other fields of science students of the method are generally not practitioners in the field, in chemistry (particularly in synthetic organic chemistry) intellectual method and philosophical foundations are often explored by investigators with active research programmes. [[Elias James Corey]] developed the concept of "[[retrosynthesis]]" published a seminal work "The logic of chemical synthesis" which deconstructs these thought processes and speculates on computer-assisted synthesis. Other chemists such as [[K. C. Nicolaou]] (co-author of ''Classics in Total Synthesis'') have followed in his lead.

==See also==
{{Portal|Philosophy|Science|Chemistry}}
* [[History of chemistry]]
* [[The central science]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

===Review articles===
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chemistry/ Philosophy of Chemistry] article on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

===Journals===
*[http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-0-70-35545882-0,00.html?referer=www.wkap.nl Foundations of Chemistry], an international peer-reviewed journal for History and Philosophy of Chemistry as well as Chemical Education published by Springer.
*[http://www.hyle.org/journal/concept.htm Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry], an English-language peer-reviewed journal associated with the [[University of Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]].

===Books===

*''[http://upers.kuleuven.be/nl/book/9789058670632 Philosophy of Chemistry]'', J. van Brakel, Leuven University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|90-5867-063-5}}
*''Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline'', Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, Lee McIntyre (eds.), Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. {{ISBN|1-4020-3256-0}}
*''The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance'', E.R. Scerri, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006. {{ISBN|0-19-530573-6}}
*''Collected Papers on Philosophy of Chemistry'', E.R. Scerri, Imperial College Press, London, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1848161375}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061857/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/14418;jsessionid=aaaeI64wZUcz2T ''Of Minds and Molecules: New Philosophical Perspectives on Chemistry''], Nalini Bhushan and Stuart Rosenfeld (eds.), [[Oxford University Press]], 2000, Reviewed by Michael Weisberg
*''Philosophy of Chemistry : Growth of a New Discipline'', Eric Scerri, Lee McIntyre (eds.), Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. {{ISBN|978-94-017-9363-6}}

==External links==
* {{cite SEP |url-id=chemistry |title=Philosophy of Chemistry |last=Weisberg |first=Michael |last2=Needham |first2=Paul |last3=Hendry |first3=Robin}}
* [http://ispc.sas.upenn.edu/ International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/intsocphilchem2011/ International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry Summer symposium 2011]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/ispc2016 International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry Summer symposium 2016]
* [http://www.ericscerri.com Website for Eric Scerri, author and founder-editor of Foundations of Chemistry]

{{philosophy of science}}
{{philosophy topics}}
{{BranchesofChemistry}}
{{Metaphysics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philosophy Of Chemistry}}
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

Jamie Chadwick

2019-10-08T04:46:44Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Motorsport → Portal:Sports

{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Jamie Chadwick
| image = Jamie Chadwick 2019.jpg
| caption = Chadwick at [[Brands Hatch]] in 2019
| nationality = {{flagicon|UK}} British
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|05|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England
| current team =
| former teams =
| prev series =
| prev series years =
| titles = [[British GT Championship]] GT4 [[MRF Challenge]] [[W Series (championship)|W Series]]
| title years = [[2015 British GT Championship|2015]] [[2018–19 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|2018–19]] [[2019 W Series|2019]]
| awards =
| award years =
}}

'''Jamie Laura Chadwick''' (born 20 May 1998) is a British [[List of female racing drivers|female racing driver]], best known as the first ever [[W Series (championship)|W Series]] champion and as a development driver for [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/jamie-chadwick-w-series-title-formula-one-a9052296.html|title=Britain’s Jamie Chadwick wins first-ever W Series title|date=2019-08-11|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jamie Chadwick was born in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], before growing up in the [[Isle of Man]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wseries.com/drivers/jamie-chadwick/|title=Jamie Chadwick {{!}} Driver|website=W Series|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Chadwick was eventually educated at [[Cheltenham College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheltenhamcollege.org/Jamie-to-race-with-Paul-Hollywood|title=Jamie to race with Paul Hollywood|work=[[Cheltenham College]], Gloucestershire|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> a co-educational boarding and day [[independent school]] in the [[spa town]] of [[Cheltenham]] in [[Gloucestershire]]. She currently resides in Kilcott, Gloucestershire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jamiechadwickracing.com/about/|title=About - Jamie Chadwick Racing {{!}} Official Website|website=Jamie Chadwick Racing|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

==Career==

=== 2010-16: Early career ===
Jamie Chadwick started her motorsports career in [[kart racing]] at the age of 11, following her brother Oliver into the sport. She broke into car racing in 2013 when she turned down a trial with the England under-18 hockey team to compete at the Ginetta Junior scholarship weekend, where she triumphed to win a scholarship for the [[2013 Ginetta Junior Championship]] season. Chadwick raced alongside her brother for the JHR Developments team, finishing tenth in the championship. She remained in the series for [[2014 Ginetta Junior Championship|2014]], taking five podium finishes during the year to finish eighth overall in the championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2014/11/2014-ginetta-junior-championship-season-review/|title=2014 Ginetta Junior Championship Season Review|last=Paice|first=Simon|date=2014-11-22|website=The Checkered Flag|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

In March 2015, Chadwick was announced as one of the drivers for [[Beechdean Motorsport]] in the [[2015 British GT Championship]], competing in the GT4 class.<ref name="Ind">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/w-series-2019-grid-women-drivers-five-british-jamie-chadwick-alice-powell-sarah-moore-esmee-hawkey-a8843201.html|title=W Series 2019: Five British drivers including Jamie Chadwick and Alice Powell named in 18-driver line-up|last=de Menezes|first=Jack|date=28 March 2019|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> Chadwick and her co-driver, Ross Gunn, took two wins and five podiums during the season in their [[Aston Martin V8 Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage]], including a win in the [[Silverstone Britcar 24-Hour|Silverstone 24-Hour]] race. This made Chadwick the first female and youngest ever champion of the [[British GT Championship]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishgt.com/news/25/chadwick-joins-generation-amr-superracing-for-brands-and-rockingham|title=Chadwick joins Generation AMR SuperRacing for Brands and Rockingham|website=British GT|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

Going into 2016, Chadwick stayed in [[British GT Championship]], driving in the GT4 pro class with Generation AMR SuperRacing for the first, second and sixth rounds., before returning to [[Beechdean Motorsport]] to race in the pro-am class with [[Paul Hollywood]] for the final three races of the season.<ref name=":1" /> Chadwick ultimately finished fifteenth in the championship.

Chadwick also competed in race 9 of the 2016 [[Veranstaltergemeinschaft Langstreckenpokal Nürburgring|VLN]] season, driving the Nexcel AMR [[Aston Martin GT8]] and finishing third in the SP8 class.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jamiechadwickracing.com/class-podium-for-jamie-chadwick-in-vln-race-9/|title=CLASS PODIUM FOR JAMIE CHADWICK IN VLN RACE 9|date=2016-10-10|website=Jamie Chadwick Racing|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

=== 2017-19: Transition to single-seater racing ===
Chadwick moved into [[Single-seater cars|single-seater]] racing in 2017, joining [[Double R Racing]] to compete in the [[2017 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]]. She achieved her first and only podium of the season with a third place finish at [[Rockingham Motor Speedway|Rockingham]] in the fifth round of the championship, ultimately finishing ninth overall for the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishf3.com/standings/2017-championship-standings/|title=British F3 - 2017 Championship Standings|date=2017-09-24|website=BRDC British F3 Championship|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> For the 2018 season, Chadwick remained in the [[2018 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship|BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]], moving to Douglas Motorsport. In August, she became the first ever woman to win a [[BRDC British Formula 3 Championship|British F3]] race by claiming victory in the second race at [[Brands Hatch]], and finished the season in eighth place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishf3.com/standings/2018-championship-standings/|title=British F3 - 2018 Championship Standings|date=2019-03-13|website=BRDC British F3 Championship|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

Chadwick also entered the [[2018 24 Hours of Nürburgring]], driving the [[Aston Martin]] Vantage V8 GT4 in the SP8 class alongside [[Jonathan Adam]], [[Alex Lynn]] and Pete Cate. The team finished fifth in class and sixty-third overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/endurance/results/2018/24-hours-of-nurburgring-184523/?st=RACE|title=Endurance 2018 24 Hours of Nürburgring|publisher=Motorsport.com|accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref>

Chadwick proceeded to sign on for the [[2018–19 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|2018-19 MRF Challenge season]] in November 2018, and topped both initial practice sessions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.formulascout.com/jamie-chadwick-leads-mrf-challenge-entry-list-for-dubai/46343|title=Jamie Chadwick leads MRF Challenge entry list for Dubai|last=Suttill|first=Josh|date=2018-11-15|website=Formula Scout|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Chadwick had success in the early rounds of the championship, finishing second in three of the five races in the opening weekend in [[Dubai Autodrome|Dubai]]. She followed this up with wins in six of the remaining ten races at [[Bahrain International Circuit|Bahrain]] and [[Madras Motor Race Track|Chennai]] to take the title, becoming the first ever woman to win the [[MRF Challenge]].<ref name="OD">{{cite news| url= http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/features/first-lady-jamie-chadwick-on-her-mrf-challenge-2019-championship-title/| title= FIRST LADY: JAMIE CHADWICK ON HER MRF CHALLENGE 2019 CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE| work=[[Overdrive (magazine)|Overdrive]]| date=9 March 2019| accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> Chadwick also participated in two test drives with the [[NIO 333 FE Team|NIO]] [[Formula E]] team in [[2018 Ad Diriyah ePrix|Riyadh]] and [[2019 Marrakesh ePrix|Marrakesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/news/id/21121|title=Formula E: NIO Formula E hands Jamie Chadwick second test outing in Marrakesh|last=Soulsby|first=Chris|website=Motorsport Week|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

=== 2019-present: W Series and Williams F1 ===
[[File:Jamie Chadwick - W Series.jpg|thumb|Jamie Chadwick at the [[W Series (championship)|W Series]] final at [[Brands Hatch]]]]

In March 2019, Chadwick was announced as one of the entrants for the inaugural season of the [[W Series (championship)|W Series]], and followed this by participating in the opening three races of the [[2019 F3 Asian Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wseries.com/w-hub/w-series-announces-its-driver-line-up/|title=W Series announces its driver line-up|date=2019-03-28|website=W Series|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.f3asia.com/races/results/2019/|title=RACES / RESULTS / 2019 - F3 Asian Championship Certified by FIA|website=www.f3asia.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Chadwick was also announced as an official junior driver for [[Aston Martin Racing]], extending an existing unofficial relationship that dated back to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/gt/news/chadwick-aston-martin-young-driver/4372101/|title=Chadwick signed as Aston Martin junior driver|website=www.motorsport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> At the first W Series race at [[2019 Hockenheim W Series round|Hockenheim]], Chadwick put in a dominant performance, leading both practice sessions and qualifying on pole. Despite briefly giving up the race lead to [[Alice Powell]], Chadwick came from behind to take the first win in W Series history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/w-series/news/hockenheim-chadwick-wins-opening-race/4381455/?nrt=6030|title=Hockenheim W Series: Chadwick fends off Powell in opener|website=www.motorsport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Two weeks later at [[2019 Zolder W Series round|Zolder]], Chadwick again started on pole, however lost the lead to [[Beitske Visser]] from the start, and had to fight off Powell after locking up and running wide later in the race, ultimately holding onto second place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/w-series/news/zolder-beitske-visser-beats-chadwick/4391106/|title=Zolder W Series: Visser takes commanding win over Chadwick|website=www.motorsport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

Two days after the race in Zolder, Chadwick became the second driver to join the [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] Driver Academy, signing on as a development driver for the team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.williamsf1.com/racing/news/2019/05/jamie-chadwick-joins-williams-racing-driver-academy|title=Jamie Chadwick joins Williams Racing Driver Academy|website=www.williamsf1.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> In the next W Series race at [[2019 Misano W Series round|Misano]] the following month, Chadwick qualified second behind [[Fabienne Wohlwend]], but passed her on the start and held off pressure from Visser to take her second W Series win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/w/news/143959/chadwick-resists-visser-to-extend-points-lead|title=Misano W Series: Chadwick resists Visser to extend points lead|last=Morson|first=Lucy|website=Autosport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Chadwick then finished in third place behind [[Marta García Lopez|Marta García]] and Visser at [[2019 Nuremberg W Series round|Norisring]], after a long battle with the latter that saw her lose second place on the start and make a late lunge in an attempt to regain the place towards the end of the race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/w-series/news/norisring-garcia-scores-maiden-victory/4489803/|title=Norisring W Series: Garcia scores maiden victory|website=www.motorsport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

At [[2019 Assen W Series round|Assen]], Chadwick started and finished in third after again holding off late pressure from Visser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/w-series/news/kimilainen-powell-assen-penultimate-race/4498231/|title=Assen W Series: Kimilainen passes Powell to score first win|website=www.motorsport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> In the non-championship reverse grid race the following day, Chadwick fought through the field to finish eighth after starting from the back of the grid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wseries.com/w-hub/assen-non-championship-race-report/|title=Assen Non-Championship Race Report|date=2019-07-21|website=W Series|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Chadwick then entered the [[2019 24 Hours of Nürburgring]] with Aston Martin, racing alongside [[Alex Brundle]] and Peter Cate in the [[Aston Martin Vantage (2018)|Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT4]], finishing first in the SP8 class and twenty-seventh overall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.racecar.com/News/90959/Motorsport/Aston-Martin-Vantage-GT4-takes-debut-Nrburgring-24hour-class-win|title=Aston Martin Vantage GT4 takes debut Nürburgring 24-hour class win - News - Racecar|website=www.racecar.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Chadwick entered the W Series championship decider at [[2019 Brands Hatch W Series round|Brands Hatch]] with a 13 point lead on second placed Visser, and proceeded to start on pole for the third time. Despite defending the lead initially, she lacked race pace and lost positions to Powell, [[Emma Kimiläinen]] and finally Visser, however her eventual fourth placed finish was enough to hold off Visser and win the inaugural W Series title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/w-series/news/brands-hatch-chadwick-champion-powell/4512127/|title=Brands Hatch W Series: Powell wins finale, Chadwick champion|website=www.motorsport.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

In September, Chadwick joined [[Double R Racing]] to test drive their [[Euroformula Open Championship|Euroformula Open]] car in [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]], with a view to a competitive drive in the series in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.formulascout.com/jamie-chadwick-targeting-euroformula-open-race-appearance-after-fantastic-test/54058|title=Chadwick targeting EF Open race appearance after "fantastic" test|last=Wood|first=Elliot|date=2019-09-06|website=Formula Scout|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> The following week, Chadwick was announced as one of the competing drivers in the inaugural series of [[Extreme E]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/motorsport/49664147|title=Extreme E: Jamie Chadwick to race in climate change series|date=2019-09-12|access-date=2019-09-24|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Racing record ==
=== Career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
|-
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Poles
! FLaps
! Podiums
! Points
! Position
|-
! 2013
|align=left| [[2013 Ginetta Junior Championship|Ginetta Junior Championship]]
|align=left| JHR Developments
| 20
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 7
| 221
| 10th
|-
! 2014
|align=left| [[2014 Ginetta Junior Championship|Ginetta Junior Championship]]
|align=left| JHR Developments
| 20
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 287
| 8th
|-
! 2015
|align=left| [[2015 British GT Championship|British GT Championship]]
|align=left| [[Beechdean Motorsport|Beechdean]]-[[Aston Martin|AMR]]
| 7
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 164.5
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1st'''
|-
! 2016
|align=left| [[2016 British GT Championship|British GT Championship]]
|align=left| [[Aston Martin|Generation AMR]] [[Superdry|SuperRacing]]
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 29
| 15th
|-
! 2017
|align=left| [[2017 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship|BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]]
|align=left| [[Double R Racing]]
| 24
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 264
| 9th
|-
! 2018
|align=left| [[2018 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship|BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]]
|align=left| Douglas Motorsport
| 24
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 260
| 8th
|-
! 2018–19
|align=left| [[2018–19 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|MRF Challenge]]
| {{N/A}}
| 15
| 6
| 0
| 5
| 9
| 280
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1st'''
|-2019 F3 Asian Championship
!rowspan=3| 2019
|align=left| [[2019 W Series|W Series]]
| {{N/A}}
| 6
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 5
| 110
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1st'''
|-
|align=left| [[2019 F3 Asian Championship|F3 Asian Championship]]
|align=left| Seven GP
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 18*
| 13th*
|}

===Complete W Series results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! DC
! Points
|-
! [[2019 W Series|2019]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2019 Hockenheim W Series round|HOC]] '''{{small|1}}'''
| style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2019 Zolder W Series round|ZOL]] '''{{small|2}}'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2019 Misano W Series round|MIS]] {{small|1}}
| style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2019 Nuremberg W Series round|NRM]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2019 Assen W Series round|ASS]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2019 Brands Hatch W Series round|BRH]] '''{{small|4}}'''
! style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1st
! style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 110
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
|1= |collapsible=yes |display=Jamie Chadwick |position=right |style=
|commons=Category:Jamie Chadwick
|q=no
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}}
*{{Official website|http://jamiechadwickracing.com/}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sport}}
{{succession box|title=[[British GT Championship]] GT4 Champion|before=[[Ross Wylie]] Jake Giddings|after=Graham Johnson Mike Robinson|with=Ross Gunn|years=[[2015 British GT Championship|2015]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[MRF Challenge|MRF Challenge Formula 2000]] Champion|before=[[Felipe Drugovich]]|after=Incumbent|years=[[2018–19 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|2018–19]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[W Series (championship)|W Series]] Champion|before=Inaugural|after=Incumbent|years=[[2019 W Series|2019]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{W Series Drivers}}
{{Williams}}
{{Portal bar|Sports|United Kingdom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadwick, Jamie}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bath, Somerset]]
[[Category:British racing drivers]]
[[Category:British GT Championship drivers]]
[[Category:English female racing drivers]]
[[Category:W Series drivers]]
[[Category:Britcar 24-hour drivers]]
[[Category:McLaren Autosport BRDC Award nominees]]

Ronald O’Ferrall

2019-09-30T18:40:47Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Anglicanism → Portal:Christianity

{{Portal|Christianity}}

'''Ronald Stanhope More O’Ferrall''' was the fourth [[Anglican]] [[Bishop of Madagascar]] from 1926 until 1940.<ref>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp78398 NPG details]</ref><ref>"Bishop Of Madagascar. The Rev. R. S. M. O'Ferrall Appointed", [[The Times]], 1 March 1926; pg. 14; Issue 44208; col F</ref><ref>''[[Crockford's Clerical Directory]] 1975-76'' London: Oxford University Press, 1976 {{ISBN|0-19-200008-X}}</ref>

O'Ferrall was born in 1890 and educated at [[Charterhouse School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. He was ordained in 1915<ref>[[Crockford's Clerical Directory]]1940-41 Oxford, [[OUP]],1941</ref> and was a [[curate]] at [[Church of St Mary and All Saints, Chesterfield|Chesterfield Parish Church]] after which he was an [[Curate|assistant priest]] at [[St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem]] and a [[housemaster]] at its adjacent school. He was a [[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]] [[missionary]] in [[Northern Rhodesia]] before his ordination to the [[episcopate]]. On his return to [[England]] he became an [[assistant bishop]] in the [[Diocese of Derby]]<ref>[http://archives.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk:8080/Archives/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=Code=='DS/UK/5016'&dsqCmd=Show.tcl National Church Institutions Database of Manuscripts and Archives]</ref> and was the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[Walton-on-Trent]] and then the [[vicar]] of [[Repton]] as well as a [[teacher]] at the nearby [[Repton School]]. In 1947 he became [[Provost (religion)|Provost]] of [[Derby Cathedral|Derby]],<ref>”The Pilgrim’s Guide to Derby Cathedral” O’Ferrall, R.S.M: Gloucester, British Publishing Company, 1955</ref> a position he held until 1953. He then held two further [[Vicar|incumbencies]] at [[Cranham, Gloucestershire]] and [[Hyde, Hampshire]] before retiring in 1958.

He died on 10 October 1973.<ref>''Obituary Rt Rev R.S.M. O'Ferrall'', [[The Times]], 13 October 1973; pg. 16; Issue 58912; col F</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [[:fr:Cathédrale Saint Laurent Ambohimanoro|Cathédrale Saint Laurent Ambohimanoro]]{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[George Kestell-Cornish]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Madagascar]]|years=1926 – 1940}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Gerald Richard Vernon]]}}
{{End}}

{{Provosts and Deans of Derby}}
{{Bishops of Madagascar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oferrall, Ronald Stanhope More}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops]]
[[Category:Bishops of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Holders of a Lambeth degree]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Provosts and Deans of Derby]]

{{Anglican-bishop-stub}}
{{Madagascar-stub}}

Tom Parfitt

2019-09-30T18:31:22Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Anglicanism → Portal:Christianity

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}

'''Thomas Richards Parfitt''' was the sixth [[Anglican]] [[Bishop of Madagascar]] from 1952 to 1961.<ref>''New Bishop In Madagascar'', [[The Times]], 19 November 1951; pg. 6; Issue 52162; col D</ref><ref>[[Crockford's Clerical Directory]] 1975-76 Lambeth, Church House 1975 ISBN (invalid) 0108153674 alternate version: {{ISBN|0-19-200008-X}} {{OCLC|25885092}} {{OCLC|59162245}}</ref>

Parfitt was born on 24 May 1911, educated at [[St John's College, Oxford]] and ordained in 1935.<ref>[[Crockford's Clerical Directory]]1940-41 Oxford, [[OUP]], 1941</ref> He began his ordained ministry with [[Curate|curacies]] in [[New Mills]] and [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]]. During [[World War II]] he was a [[chaplain]] in the [[RNVR]]. In 1946 he became [[vicar]] of St Andrew's [[Derby]] and in 1950 (his last post before his ordination to the [[episcopate]]) the [[Rural Dean]] of [[Derby]]. Returning to [[England]] he was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]] until his retirement in 1980.<ref>[http://www.andrewspages.dial.pipex.com/matlock/rectors.htm Rectors of St. Giles Church, Matlock] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20070514160729/http://www.andrewspages.dial.pipex.com/matlock/rectors.htm |date=14 May 2007 }}</ref> He died on 10 December 1984.<ref>''Deaths'' [[The Times]] Friday, Dec 14, 1984; pg. 32; Issue 62012; col A</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [[:fr:Cathédrale Saint Laurent Ambohimanoro|Cathédrale Saint Laurent Ambohimanoro]]{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ronald Stanhope More O'Ferrall]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Madagascar]]|years=1952 – 1961}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Jean Marcel]]}}
{{End}}

{{Bishops of Madagascar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parfitt, Thomas Richards}}
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Bishops of Madagascar]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:World War II chaplains]]
[[Category:Royal Navy chaplains]]

{{Anglican-bishop-stub}}
{{Madagascar-stub}}

Charles Chapman Grafton

2019-09-30T10:15:03Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace links to deleted portals: Portal:Anglicanism → Portal:Christianity

{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = The Right Reverend
| name = Charles Chapman Grafton
| honorific-suffix = SSJE
| bishop_of = II Bishop of Fond du Lac
| image = Charles Chapman Grafton.jpg
| caption =
| province = [[ECUSA|The Episcopal Church]]
| diocese = [[Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac|Fond du Lac]]
| birth_name =
| enthroned = 1888
| ended = 1912
| predecessor = [[John Henry Hobart Brown]]
| successor = [[Reginald Heber Weller]]
| ordination =
| consecration = April 25, 1888
| other_post =
| birth_date = April 12, 1830
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| death_date = August 30, 1912 (age 82)
| death_place = [[Fond du Lac, Wisconsin]]
| buried = [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Fond du Lac|St. Paul's Cathedral]]
}}
'''Charles Chapman Grafton''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[SSJE]]}} (April 12, 1830 – August 30, 1912) was the second [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] [[Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac|Bishop of Fond du Lac]], Wisconsin.

==Early life and education==
Born on April 12, 1830, in [[Boston, Massachusetts]],<ref name="Bishop">{{cite news|title=Bishop Grafton Dies. Long at Death's Door|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6599386/charles_chapman_grafton_18301912/|newspaper=Oshkosh Daily Northwestern|date=August 30, 1912|page=1|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|accessdate = September 12, 2016 }} {{Open access}}</ref> he became an ardent supporter of the [[Oxford Movement]], an affiliation of [[High Church]] [[Anglicans]] that led to [[Anglo-Catholicism]] in [[ECUSA|The Episcopal Church]].

A graduate of [[Phillips Academy]], Andover in 1846, in 1853 Grafton graduated from [[Harvard University]] with a degree in law,<ref name="Bishop"/> but he found himself drawn toward the ordained ministry. Grafton studied theology under [[William Whittingham (bishop)|William Whittingham]], [[Episcopal Diocese of Maryland|Bishop of Maryland]], and was ordained deacon on Dec. 23, 1855.

==Priesthood==
Grafton began his ordained ministry as assistant at [[Reisterstown, Maryland]].<ref name="Bishop"/> On May 30, 1858, he was ordained priest.<ref name="Bishop"/> He then served as curate at [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|St. Paul's Episcopal Church]] in Baltimore and chaplain of the deaconesses of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Maryland]].

At the close of the Civil War, Grafton went to Britain. With [[Richard Meux Benson]] and [[Simeon Wilberforce O'Neill]] he co-founded the [[Society of St. John the Evangelist]] (SSJE), also known as the Cowley Fathers.

Grafton returned to the United States and, in 1872, became fourth rector of the [[Church of the Advent (Boston)|Church of the Advent]] in Boston. A jurisdictional dispute concerning Grafton's overseas religious superior led to his withdrawal from the SSJE. Grafton also helped establish the American Congregation of Saint Benedict; and in 1888 he was a founder of the [[Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity]], along with Mother Ruth Margaret.

==Episcopate==
Grafton was [[consecrated]] bishop on December 15, 1888 at [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Fond du Lac|the Cathedral Church of St. Paul the Apostle, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin]] by William E. McLaren, [[Episcopal Diocese of Chicago|Bishop of Chicago]]; Alexander Burgess, [[Episcopal Diocese of Quincy|Bishop of Quincy]]; and George F. Seymour, [[Episcopal Diocese of Springfield|Bishop of Springfield]]. During his tenure as bishop, Grafton spearheaded a great expansion the [[Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac]], much of it driven by contributing much of his own personal wealth and soliciting contributions from many of his wealthy friends back east. He also left behind a legacy of printed works, sermons and essays.

In 1900 Grafton was chief consecrator of [[Reginald Heber Weller]] as [[bishop coadjutor]] of Fond Du Lac. The liturgy of the consecration was controversial. The Russian Orthodox bishop of Alaska, [[Saint Tikhon]] was present as well as {{Interlanguage link multi|Antoni Kozlowski|pl|3=Antoni Kozłowski}} of the [[Polish National Catholic Church]]. Grafton was photographed with these other bishops wearing copes and miters (which was not widely accepted in the Episcopal Church at that time). The photo became known as the "[[Fond du Lac Circus]]".

==Veneration==
[[File:GraveBishopGrafton.jpg|thumb|Grafton's grave in the Cathedral of Saint Paul the Apostle in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin]]
Grafton is honored with a [[feast day]] on the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America)|liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA)]] on August 30.

==Bibliography==
* C. C. Grafton, ''The Works of the Rt Rev Charles C. Grafton'', ed. B. T. Rogers (8 vols., 1914)

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Saints}}
* [[Succession of Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States|List of Succession of Bishops for the Episcopal Church, USA]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''A Sketch-book of the American Episcopate'', by Hermon Griswold Batterson (Philadelphia: J.P. Lippencott Company, 1891)
* ''The Episcopate in America'', by William Stevens Perry (New York: The Christian Literature Company, 1895)
* ''The Catholic Movement in the American Episcopal Church'' (2nd Ed) by George DeMille (Philadelphia: Church Historical Society, 1950)
* '' A History of the Episcopal Church'' by Robert Prichard (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Pub., 1999)
* E. C. Miller, 'Bishop Grafton of Fond du Lac and the Orthodox Church', in ''Sobornost''; 4:1 (1982), p. 38-48

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Chapman Grafton}}
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/grafton/index.html Documents by and about Grafton] from [[Project Canterbury]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090803033610/http://www.episcopalfonddulac.org/event.asp?page=FCCG0830 Fond Du Lac Circus] from the [[Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080111/http://www.episcopalfonddulac.org/grafton/ Bishop Grafton Institute]
* [http://www.livingchurch.org/news/news-updates/2010/8/6/essay-charles-chapman-grafton-second-bishop-of-fond-du-lac Charles Chapman Grafton, Second Bishop of Fond du Lac] from [[The Living Church]], by Richard Mammana
{{S-start}}
{{s-rel|ep}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Henry Hobart Brown]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac#Bishops|2nd Bishop of Fond du Lac]]|years=1888–1912}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Reginald Heber Weller]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grafton, Charles Chapman}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America]]
[[Category:Clergy from Boston]]
[[Category:People from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:American Episcopal priests]]
[[Category:Anglo-Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Wisconsin]]
[[Category:American religious leaders]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican bishops]]
[[Category:19th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:20th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:American Anglo-Catholics]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]]

David Hale (Diplomat)

2019-09-20T22:27:20Z

BrownHairedGirl: add Portal:International relations

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = David Hale
|image = David Hale official photo.jpg
|office = [[United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]]
|president = [[Donald Trump]]
|term_start = August 30, 2018
|term_end =
|succeeding =
|predecessor = [[Stephen Mull]]
|successor =
|office1 = [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan]]
|president1 = [[Barack Obama]] [[Donald Trump]]
|deputy1 = John F. Hoover
|term_start1 = November 17, 2015
|term_end1 = August 29, 2018
|predecessor1 = [[Richard G. Olson|Richard Olson]]
|successor1 =
|office2 = [[United States Ambassador to Lebanon]]
|president2 = [[Barack Obama]]
|deputy2 = Danny Hall
|term_start2 = September 6, 2013
|term_end2 = October 31, 2015
|predecessor2 = [[Maura Connelly]]
|successor2 = [[Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat)|Richard Jones]] {{small|(Charge d'affaires)}}
|office3 = United States Special Envoy for [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians (2010–11)|Middle East Peace]]
|president3 = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start3 = May 18, 2011
|term_end3 = June 24, 2013
|predecessor3 = [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]]
|successor3 = [[Martin Indyk]] {{small|([[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks|Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations]])}}
|office4 = [[United States Ambassador to Jordan]]
|president4 = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start4 = July 12, 2004
|term_end4 = July 9, 2008 {{small|Acting: July 12, 2004 – November 7, 2005}}
|predecessor4 = [[David M. Satterfield|David Satterfield]]
|successor4 = [[Robert S. Beecroft|Robert Beecroft]]
|birth_name=David Maclain Hale
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1962}}
|birth_place = New Jersey, U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University]]
}}
'''David Maclain Hale''' (born 1961) is a United States diplomat and career foreign service officer, currently serving as the [[United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]].

==Early life==
David Hale was born in 1961 in New Jersey.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=David Hale new US envoy to Pakistan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1168838|accessdate=23 December 2015|work=www.dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|date=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="About David Hale">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/216227.htm|title=About Ambassador David Hale|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> He graduated from [[Georgetown University]]'s [[School of Foreign Service]] in 1983.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

==Career==
Hale joined the Foreign Service in 1985.<ref name="dawn" /> He served at the United States missions to [[Tunisia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|title=David Hale nominated as next US ambassador to Pakistan - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/851344/david-hale-nominated-as-next-pakistan-ambassador/|accessdate=23 December 2015|work=The Express Tribune|publisher=Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> In Washington, Hale was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for [[Israel]], [[Egypt]] and the Levant and Director for Israel-Palestinian Affairs. He held several staff posts, including Executive Assistant to Secretary of State Albright.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

Hale was [[United States Ambassador to Jordan|United States Ambassador to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]] between 2005 and 2008. He was Deputy Envoy from 2009 to 2012, and Special Envoy for Middle East Peace between 2011 and 2013. He served as the [[United States Ambassador to Lebanon]] from 2013 to 2015.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

Hale was the United States Ambassador to Pakistan August 5, 2015 – August 30, 2018.<ref name="About David Hale"/> In May 2017, he dedicated a new Counter-Terrorism Department building in Karachi.<ref name="dawnuscontributes">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Imtiaz|title=US contributes Rs24m for new CTD building in Karachi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1332447/us-contributes-rs24m-for-new-ctd-building-in-karachi|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2017}}</ref> The building, which had been bombed in 2010, was rebuilt with Rs24 million from the United States Department of State's [[Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs]].<ref name="dawnuscontributes"/>

Hale is the recipient of several Department Superior and Meritorious Honor awards, including the [[Secretary's Distinguished Service Award]] in 2013.<ref name="About David Hale"/>

In July 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] announced his intention to nominate Hale as the next [[Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-appoint-personnel-key-administration-posts-7/|title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Appoint Personnel to Key Administration Posts|date=July 10, 2018|website=The White House|accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref> During the [[Legislative day]] of August 28, 2018, he was confirmed by a voice vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/floor_activity/08_28_2018_Senate_Floor.htm|title=Senate Floor Activity - Tuesday, August 28, 2018|website=U.S. Senate|publisher=[[U.S. Government Publishing Office]]|access-date=August 30, 2018}}</ref>

On September 13, 2018, Hale was promoted to the rank of [[Career Ambassador]] - the highest rank in the foreign service.<ref>https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/hale-david-m</ref> He is, presently, the highest-ranked serving United States [[Foreign Service Officer]].

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|International relations}}
*[[Ambassadors of the United States#current|List of ambassadors of the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Aljazeeratopic|person/david-hale|David Hale}}
*
*{{C-SPAN|David Hale 04}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David M. Satterfield|David Satterfield]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Jordan]]|years=2004–2008 {{small|Acting: 2004–2005}}}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert S. Beecroft|Robert Beecroft]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=United States Special Envoy for [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians (2010–11)|Middle East Peace]]|years=2011–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Martin Indyk]] {{nowrap|''{{small|as United States Special Envoy for [[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks|Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations]]}}''}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Maura Connelly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Lebanon]]|years=2013–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Elizabeth Holzhall Richard|Elizabeth Richard]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard G. Olson|Richard Olson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Pakistan]]|years=2015–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=John F. Hoover {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{US Ambassadors to Pakistan|state=collapsed}}
{{Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hale, David}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Jordan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Lebanon]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]]
[[Category:People from New Jersey]]
[[Category:United States Foreign Service personnel]]
[[Category:United States Career Ambassadors]]

War Plan Red

2019-09-14T15:49:46Z

BrownHairedGirl: Bypass redirects in templated links to Portal:War, and remove any resuting duplication

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:War Plan Red.png|250px|thumb|

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Color
|-
| [[Canada]] || Crimson
|-
| [[United Kingdom|Britain]] || Red
|-
| [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] || Red
|-
| [[British Raj|India]] || Ruby
|-
| [[Australia]] || Scarlet
|-
| [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]] || Garnet
|-
| [[Irish Free State|Ireland]] || Emerald
|-
| [[United States Of America]] || Blue
|-
| The rest of the British Empire (not part of plan) || Pink
|}
]]
'''Joint Army and Navy Basic War Plan Red''' was one of the [[United States color-coded war plans|color-coded war plans]] created by the [[United States War Department]] in the late 1920s and the early 1930s to estimate the requirements for a hypothetical war with Great Britain (the "Red" forces).<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Center of Military History, Department of the Army| last = Roberts| first = Ken| title = Command Decisions| accessdate = July 19, 2011 | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm
}}</ref> War Plan Red discussed the potential for fighting a war with the [[British Empire]] and outlined those steps necessary to defend the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic coast]] against any attempted [[mainland invasion of the United States|invasion of the United States]]. It further discussed fighting a two-front war with both [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and Britain simultaneously (as envisioned in War Plan Red-[[War Plan Orange|Orange]]).

War Plan Red was developed by the War Department after the 1927 [[Geneva Naval Conference]] and approved in May 1930 by [[Secretary of War]] [[Patrick J. Hurley]] and [[Secretary of Navy]] [[Charles Francis Adams III]] and updated in 1934–35. It was not presented for presidential or congressional approval. Only the US Congress has the [[War Powers Clause|power to declare war]].<ref name="John Major 1998 pp 12-15">John Major, "War Plan Red: The American Plan for War with Britain," ''Historian'' (1998) 58#1 pp 12–15.</ref>

In 1939, on the outbreak of [[World War II]], a decision was taken that no further planning was required but for the plan to be retained.<ref>June 15, 1939: Declassified Letter "Joint board to Secretary of Navy"</ref> War Plan Red was not declassified until 1974.

The war plan outlined actions that would be necessary if, for any reason, the US and Britain went to war with each other. The plan assumed that the British would initially have the upper hand by virtue of the strength of the [[Royal Navy]]. The plan further assumed that Britain would probably use its base in Canada as a springboard from which to initiate an invasion of the US. The assumption was taken that at first, Britain would fight a defensive battle against invading American forces, but the US would eventually defeat the British by blockading Britain and cutting off its food supplies.<ref>{{Cite conference
| publisher = Joint Board, 325. Serial 274.
| title = Joint Estimate of the Situation – Red and Tentative Plan – Red
| series = Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 – 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 – 3/1942
| accessdate = December 3, 2011
| url = http://strategytheory.org/military/us/joint_board/Estimate%20of%20the%20Situation%20-%20Red%20and%20Tentative%20Joint%20Basic%20Plan%20-%20Red.pdf
}}</ref> That was the strategy employed by Britain against the US in the [[War of 1812]].

== History ==
War Plan Red was one of a number of [[United States color-coded war plans|color-coded war plans]] developed by the U.S. after [[World War I]].

When War Plan Red was declassified in 1974, it caused a stir in [[Canada–American relations]] because Canada, codenamed "Crimson" in the plan, was to have been the principal target of American forces.<ref name="John Major 1998 pp 12-15" />

==Outline==
[[Image:Canada Maritime provinces map.png|thumb|The [[Maritimes]], in eastern Canada, were the primary areas of strategic importance for the plan.]]
War Plan Red first set out a description of Canada's geography, military resources, and transportation and went on to evaluate a series of possible pre-emptive American campaigns to invade Canada in several areas and occupy key ports and railways before British troops could provide reinforcement to the Canadians—the assumption being that Britain would use Canada as a staging point. The idea was that US attacks on Canada would prevent Britain from using Canadian resources, ports, or airbases.<ref name="John Major 1998 pp 12-15"/>

A key move was a joint U.S. Army-Navy attack to capture the port city of [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], cutting off the Canadians from their British allies. Their next objective was to "seize Canadian Power Plants near [[Niagara Falls]]."<ref name=carlson/> This was to be followed by a full-scale invasion on three fronts: from [[Vermont]] to take [[Montreal]] and [[Quebec City|Quebec]], from [[North Dakota]] to take over the railhead at [[Winnipeg]], and from the Midwest to capture the strategic nickel mines of [[Ontario]]. In parallel, the US Navy was to seize the [[Great Lakes]] and blockade Canada's Atlantic and Pacific ports.<ref name="John Major 1998 pp 12-15"/>

===Zones of operation===
The main zones of operation discussed in the plan are:
* [[Nova Scotia]] and [[New Brunswick]]:
** Occupying [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], following a [[chemical weapon|poison gas]] first strike, would deny the British a major naval base and cut links between Britain and Canada.
** The plan considers several land and sea options for the attack and concludes that a landing at [[St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia|St. Margarets Bay]], then an undeveloped bay near Halifax, would be superior to a direct assault via the longer overland route.
** Failing to take Halifax, the US could occupy New Brunswick by land to cut Nova Scotia off from the rest of Canada at the key railway junction in [[Moncton]].
* [[Quebec]] and the valley of the [[Saint Lawrence River]]:
** Occupying [[Montreal]] and [[Quebec City]] would cut the remainder of Canada off from the Eastern seaboard, preventing the movement of troops and resources in both directions.
** The routes from northern [[New York (state)|New York]] to Montreal and from [[Vermont]] to Quebec are both found satisfactory for an offensive, with Quebec being the more critical target.
* [[Ontario]] and the [[Great Lakes]] area:
** Occupying this region gains control of [[Toronto]] and most of Canada's industry and prevent Britain and [[Canada]] from using it for air or land attacks against the US industrial heartland in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].
** The plan proposes simultaneous offensives from [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] across the [[Niagara River]], from [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] into [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], and from [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]] into [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]. Controlling the Great Lakes for US transport is considered logistically necessary for a continued invasion.
* [[Winnipeg]]
** Winnipeg is a central nexus of the Canadian rail system for connecting the country.
** The plan saw no major obstacles to an offensive from [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]], to Winnipeg.
* [[Vancouver]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]:
** Although Vancouver's distance from [[Europe]] reduces its importance, occupying it would deny Britain a naval base and cut Canada off from the [[Pacific Ocean]].
** Vancouver could be easily attacked overland from [[Bellingham, Washington]], and [[Vancouver Island]] could be attacked by sea from [[Port Angeles, Washington]].
** The [[British Columbia]] port [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]] has a rail connection to the rest of Canada, but a naval blockade is viewed as easy if Vancouver was taken.

===No attacks outside Western Hemisphere===
Unlike the [[Rainbow Five]] plan, War Plan Red did not envision striking outside the [[Western Hemisphere]]. Its authors saw conquering Canada as the best way to attack the British Empire and believed that doing so would cause Britain to negotiate for peace. A problem with the plan was that it did not discuss how to attack the Empire if Canada declared its neutrality, which the authors believed was likely (the plan advised against accepting such a declaration without permission to occupy Canadian ports and some land until the war ended).{{r|bell199711}}

Based on extensive war games conducted at the [[Naval War College]], the plan rejected attacking British shipping or attempting to destroy the British fleet. The main American fleet would instead stay in the western North Atlantic to block British–Canadian traffic. The navy would wait for a good opportunity to engage the British fleet, and if successful would then attack British trade and colonies in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="bell199711">{{cite journal | jstor=40108144 | title=Thinking the Unthinkable: British and American Naval Strategies for an Anglo-American War, 1918-1931 | author=Bell, Christopher M. | journal=The International History Review |date=November 1997 | volume=19 | issue=4 | pages=789–808 | doi=10.1080/07075332.1997.9640804}}</ref>

In 1935, War Plan Red was updated and specified which roads to use in the invasion. "The best practicable route to [[Vancouver]] is via [[U.S. Route 99|Route 99]]".<ref name=carlson/>

The American planners had no thoughts of returning captured British territory: "The policy will be to prepare the provinces and territories of CRIMSON and RED to become [[U.S. state|states]] and [[Territories of the United States|territories]] of the BLUE union upon the declaration of peace."<ref name=carlson>{{cite news | accessdate = March 1, 2017 | title = Raiding the Icebox | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/29/AR2005122901412.html | first = Peter | last = Carlson | date = December 30, 2005 | work = Washington Post}}</ref>

==British strategy for war against the United States==
The Royal Navy never prepared a formal plan for war with the United States during the first half of the 20th century. The government of [[David Lloyd George]] in 1919 restricted the navy from doing so to prevent it from using American naval growth to justify building more ships. Like their American counterparts, most Royal Navy officers viewed cooperation with the other nation as the best way to maintain world peace due to the shared culture, language, and goals, although the British feared that attempts to regulate trade during a war with another nation might force a war with the United States.{{r|bell199711}}

Royal Navy officers generally believed that if war did occur, they could transport an [[Field army|army]] to Canada if asked, but nonetheless saw it as impossible to defend Canada against the much larger United States, so did not plan to do so, as Canada's loss would not be fatal to Britain. A full invasion of the United States was unrealistic and a naval blockade would be too slow. The navy could not use a defensive strategy of waiting for the American fleet to cross the Atlantic because Imperial trade would be left too vulnerable. The Royal Navy officers believed that Britain was vulnerable to a supply blockade and that if a larger American fleet appeared near the British Isles, the Isles may quickly surrender. The officers planned to, instead, attack the American fleet from a Western Hemisphere base, likely [[Bermuda]], while other ships based in Canada and the [[British West Indies|West Indies]] would attack American shipping and protect Imperial trade. The navy would also bombard coastal bases and make small amphibious assaults. India and Australia would help capture [[Manila]] to prevent American attacks on British trade in Asia and perhaps a conquest of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. The officers hoped that such acts would result in a stalemate making continued war unpopular in the United States, followed by a negotiated peace.{{r|bell199711}}

==Canadian counterpart==

{{Main|Defence Scheme No. 1}}
Canadian military officer Lieutenant Colonel [[James Sutherland Brown|James "Buster" Sutherland Brown]] developed an earlier counterpart to War Plan Red, Defense Scheme No. 1, on April 12, 1921. Maintaining that [[the best defense is a good offense|the best defense was a good offense]], "Buster" Brown planned for rapid deployment of [[flying columns]] to occupy [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]], [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], and [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. With little hope of holding the objectives, the actual idea was to divert American troops to the flanks and away from Canada, hopefully long enough for British and Commonwealth allies to arrive with reinforcements. Defense Scheme No. 1 was terminated by [[Commander of the Canadian Army|Chief of the General Staff]] [[Andrew McNaughton]] in 1928, two years before the approval of War Plan Red.

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Canada|United Kingdom|War}}

* [[Trent Affair]] (1861)
* [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Aroostook War]] (1838–1839)
* [[War of 1812]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Bell, Christopher M., “Thinking the Unthinkable: British and American Naval Strategies for an Anglo-American War, 1918-1931”, ''International History Review'', (November 1997) 19#4, 789–808.
*Holt, Thaddeus, "Joint Plan Red", in ''MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History'', Vol. 1 no. 1.
*Major, John. "War Plan Red: The American Plan for War with Britain," ''Historian'' (1998) 58#1 pp 12–15.
*Preston, Richard A. ''The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North America 1867–1939''. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1977.
*Rudmin, Floyd W. ''Bordering on Aggression: Evidence of U.S. Military Preparations Against Canada''. (1993). Voyageur Publishing. {{ISBN|0-921842-09-0}}

==External links==
{{wikisource}}
*Rudmin, F. [http://www.glasnost.de/hist/usa/1935invasion.html A 1935 US Plan for Invasion of Canada] February 1995
*A Western Front Films Production in association with Brightside Films for Channel 5 [http://www.channel5.com/shows/revealed/episodes/americas-planned-war-on-britain-revealed America's Planned War On Britain: Revealed]
*[[The Straight Dope]] [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2070/did-the-u-s-plan-an-invasion-of-canada-in-the-1920s Did the U.S. plan an invasion of Canada in the 1920s?] February 2003

[[Category:Canada–United States relations]]
[[Category:United States–Caribbean relations]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]
[[Category:United States color-coded war plans]]

Conseil de Paris

2019-09-14T08:28:49Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Paris with Portal:France ... per WP:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Paris

{{EngvarB|date = April 2019}}
{{Short description|body governing the capital of France}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #232D54
| text_color = white
| name = Council of Paris
| native_name = Conseil de Paris
| native_name_lang = fr
| coa_pic = Conseil de Paris.JPG
| coa_res = 200px
| house_type = local sole house of [[Paris]]
| leader1_type = [[List of mayors of Paris|Mayor of Paris]]
| leader1 = [[Anne Hidalgo]]
| party1 = [[Socialist party|PS]]
| election1 = {{date|5|avril|2014}}<ref>[http://www.paris.fr/politiques/conseil-de-paris-debats-deliberations/revivez-l-election-d-anne-hidalgo/rub_6769_actu_142398_port_24625 www.paris.fr] « Revivez l'élection d'Anne Hidalgo ».</ref>
| members = [[List of Paris councillors|163 Paris Councillors]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api-site.paris.fr/images/72246 |title=Plan de séance du Conseil de Paris (actualisé au 15 février 2016) |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306124646/https://api-site.paris.fr/images/72246 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| structure1 =Conseil de Paris (2017).svg
| structure1_res = 260px
| political_groups1 =
*{{Color box|#DD0000|border=darkgray}} [[French Communist Party|PCF]] (13)
*{{Color box|#FF8080|border=darkgray}} [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]] (55)
*{{Color box|#BAD799|border=darkgray}} Ecological group of Paris (16)
*{{Color box|#FFEB00|border=darkgray}} Centre-Left and Independents group of Paris (6)
*{{Color box|#aab1b7|border=darkgray}} Unregistered Councillors (3)
*{{Color box|#00FFFF|border=darkgray}} Centre Union group (15)
*{{Color box|#0066CC|border=darkgray}} [[The Republicans (France)|LR]] (55)
}}
The '''Council of Paris''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Conseil de Paris'') is the deliberative body responsible for the governing of [[Paris]], the capital of [[France]]. It possesses simultaneously the powers of a Paris Municipal Council (''Conseil municipal'') and those of a General Council (Departmental Council) for the ''[[Département de Paris]]'', as defined by the so-called PLM Law (''[[:fr:Loi PLM|Loi PLM]]'') of 1982 that redefined the governance of '''P'''aris, '''L'''yon, and '''M'''arseilles. Paris is, in effect, the only territorial collectivity in France to be, at one time, a ''commune'' (commune or municipality) and a ''département'' (county or shire), and this arrangement has been a fact even longer, since the passage of the law of 10 July 1964 which totally reorganized the Paris region. {{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

The [[mayor of Paris]] presides over the Council of Paris and therefore holds in her hands the powers of mayor and of president of the departmental council. There are presently [[List of Paris councillors|163 councillors]] for Paris.

==Electoral system & composition==
The Council of Paris is elected by the voters of the commune using [[party-list proportional representation]].<ref name="Paris">{{cite web|title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I|url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/|website=World Elections|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref> The commune is divided into 20 [[municipal arrondissements of France|municipal arrondissements]] (''arrondissements municipaux'') in which voters elect a district council (''conseil d'arrondissement''). No district elects fewer than 10 district members or more than 40 district members; there are 354 district council members in total.<ref name=Paris/><ref name="Paris2"/>

A selection of members on each district council — roughly half the number of seats of their respective district councils, and the name(s) at the top of the party-lists in those districts — are elected and serve simultaneously as city council members, and form the 163-member [[city council (France)|municipal council]] (''conseil municipal'') called the Council of Paris, the body which elects the [[mayor of Paris]].<ref name=Paris/> All city council members are simultaneously elected as district council members, but not all district council members are simultaneously elected as city council members.<ref name="Paris2">{{cite web|title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I|url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/|website=World Elections|accessdate=17 April 2018}}</ref>

==The 'hybrid' government==
Although the history of Paris is long, that of its municipal government, in its present form, is less than half a century old. Paris and its environs were always governed directly by the highest French [[polity]] of the time: the Crown before the [[French Revolution]], and a state-appointed ''préfet'' (governing the [[Seine (département)|Seine]] [[département in France|département]]) afterwards. The office of mayor of Paris existed for brief periods during the 18th and 19th centuries, but it was not an institution of government before 1977. {{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

Although Paris has a double role as a ''commune'' and as a ''département'', it has a unique method for governing both; the Council of Paris, with the Mayor of Paris as its president, meets either as a municipal council (''conseil municipal'') or as a departmental council (''conseil général''/''conseil départemental'') depending on the issue to be debated.

The modern administrative organization of Paris still retains some traces of its previous incarnation as the government of the [[Seine (département)|Seine]] ''département''. The ''Préfecture de Police'' (which also has authority over the fire brigades of Paris), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to the ''petite couronne'' (small corona or halo) of Paris, the three bordering ''départements'' ([[Seine-Saint-Denis]], [[Hauts de Seine]], and [[Val de Marne]]) for some operations such as fire protection and rescue operations, and the ''Préfecture de Police'' is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens. {{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

==Councillors elected for the 2008–2014 term==
{{Main|List of Paris' councillors}}

This table summarises the 163 councillors elected in [[2014 Paris municipal election]].<ref>[http://www.paris.fr/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6731&elected_official_directory_id=-1&document_id=&portal_component=20&document_type_id=6&seq=0&actorlastname=&actorgender=&actormandate=&actorpoliticalgroupid=&actordistrictnumber=&detailed_search=Afficher+les+r%E9sultats List of Paris' councillors]</ref>

See [[List of Paris' councillors#Councillors elected for the 2008–2014 term|List of Paris' councillors]] for the full list.

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Councillors by parties and arrondissements
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Arrondissements of Paris|Arrondissement]]
!rowspan=2| Seats
!colspan=10| Majority
!colspan=8| Opposition
!colspan=2| Unregistered
|-
|bgcolor="#ff8080"|
![[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|bgcolor="#00c000"|
![[Europe Ecology – The Greens|EELV]]
|bgcolor="#dd0000"|
![[French Communist Party|PCF]]
|bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|
![[Miscellaneous left|DVG]]
|bgcolor="#ffd1dc"|
![[Radical Party of the Left|PRG]]
|bgcolor="#0066cc"|
![[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
|bgcolor="#00FFFF"|
![[Union of Democrats and Independents|UDI]]
|bgcolor="#ff9900"|
![[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
|bgcolor="#adc1fd"|
![[Miscellaneous right|DVD]]
|bgcolor="#dd0000"|
![[Left Party (France)|PG]]
|-
|align="center"| [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''1'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[2nd arrondissement of Paris|2nd]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''2'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[3rd arrondissement of Paris|3rd]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''3'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[4th arrondissement of Paris|4th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''2'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[5th arrondissement of Paris|5th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''4'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''3'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''4'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  3
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''3'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  3
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[9th arrondissement of Paris|9th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''4'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  3
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[10th arrondissement of Paris|10th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''7'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  4
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[11th arrondissement of Paris|11th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''11'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  5
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[12th arrondissement of Paris|12th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''10'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  4
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[13th arrondissement of Paris|13th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''13'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  6
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[14th arrondissement of Paris|14th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''10'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  5
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[15th arrondissement of Paris|15th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''18'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  12
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''13'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  8
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[17th arrondissement of Paris|17th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''12'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  7
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[18th arrondissement of Paris|18th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''15'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  6
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  3
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[19th arrondissement of Paris|19th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''14'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  7
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  3
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|-
|align="center"| [[20th arrondissement of Paris|20th]]
|style="text-align: center"|  '''14'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  7
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  2
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  -
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  1
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2| '''TOTAL'''
|style="text-align: center" rowspan=2|  '''163'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''55'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''16'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''13'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''5'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''2'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''51'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''10'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''6'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''4'''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2|  '''1'''
|-
|style="text-align: center" colspan=10| '''''Majority (91 seats)'''''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=8| '''''Opposition (71 seats)'''''
|style="text-align: center" colspan=2| '''''Unregistered (1 seat)'''''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|France}}
{{Commons category|Conseil de Paris}}
*[[List of Paris' councillors (2014-2020)]]
*[[Municipal arrondissements of France]]
*[[Paris Fire Brigade]]
*[[Prefecture of Police]]
*[[Seine (department)]]
*[[Seine-et-Oise]]
*[[Administration of Paris]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Council Of Paris}}
[[Category:Government of Paris]]
[[Category:Departmental councils (France)]]

UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods

2019-09-10T03:27:07Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:United Nations/Portal:UN with Portal:International relations

{{short description|Recommendations for good practice in the transport of dangerous goods by all modes of transport except by bulk tanker}}
The '''''UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods''''' are contained in the [http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev13/13nature_e.html UN Model Regulations] prepared by the Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC). They cover the transport of [[dangerous goods]] by all modes of transport except by [[Tanker (ship)|bulk tanker]]. They are not obligatory or legally binding on individual countries, but have gained a wide degree of international acceptance: they form the basis of several international agreements and many national laws.

"Dangerous goods" (also known as "hazardous materials" or "HAZMAT" in the United States) may be pure [[chemical substance]] (for example, [[trinitrotoluene]] (TNT), [[nitroglycerin]]), mixtures (for example, [[dynamite]], [[gunpowder]]) or manufactured articles (for example, [[ammunition]], [[firework]]s). The transport hazards that they pose are grouped into nine classes, which may be subdivided into divisions and/or packing groups. The most common dangerous goods are assigned a [[UN number]], a four digit code which identifies it internationally: less common substances are transported under generic codes such as "UN1993: flammable liquid, not otherwise specified".

The ''UN Recommendations'' do not cover the manufacture, use or disposal of dangerous goods.

== History and principles ==
[[File:Corrugated box - haz mat.jpg|thumb|Doublewall [[corrugated fiberboard]] box with dividers for shipping four bottles of corrosive liquid, UN 4G, certified performance for Packing Group III ]]
The first version of the ''Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods'' was produced by the ECOSOC in 1956.<ref>ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170</ref> From 1996, the ''Recommendations'' were effectively split into two parts: the ''Model Regulations'', which form a suggested drafting for laws and regulations on the transport of dangerous goods; and the ''Manual of Tests and Criteria'', which contains technical information about methods of testing products to ascertain their hazards. The 18th edition of the ''Recommendations'' was published in 2013.

The container requirements include some material and construction requirements but also performance testing<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Umstead
| first = S L
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| journal = Army Sustainment
| title = Performance-Oriented Packaging
| date = May 2003
| url = http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/MayJun03/MS878.htm
| accessdate = July 22, 2010
| postscript = }}
</ref> is required. The [[package testing]] is based on the packing group (hazard level) of the contents, the quantity of material, and the type of container.

The UN recommendations are implemented by regulatory bodies in each country: [[Transport Canada]], [[United States Department of Transportation]],<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = How to Comply with Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations
| work =
| publisher = US DoT
| date =
| url = http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety-security/hazmat/complyhmregs.htm#hm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = }}
</ref> etc. Some carriers have additional requirements.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Australian Dangerous Goods Code}}
* {{annotated link|UNO Hazard Class and Division}}
* {{annotated link|European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road|abbreviation=ADR}}
* {{annotated link|Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail}} ("RID", part of the [[Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail]])
* {{annotated link|European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways|abbreviation=ADN}}<ref>[http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adn/adn_e.html UNECE: ADN]</ref>
* {{annotated link|International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code|abbreviation=IMDG Code}}, (part of the [[International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea]])
* Annex 18 of the {{annotated link|Convention on International Civil Aviation}} ("Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air")
* {{annotated link|International Air Transport Association}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{UNTestManual}}
*{{UNModRegs}}
*ASTM D4919- Standard Specification for Testing of Hazardous Materials Packaging
*ASTM D7387- Standard Test Method for Vibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods)
*ISO 16104 - 2003 Packaging - Transport packaging for dangerous goods - Test methods
* Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, {{ISBN|1-930268-25-4}}
* Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-470-08704-6}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm Dangerous Goods] at the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]
* [http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/tdg/publications-tp14396-215.htm Performance tests of selected plastic drums, National Research Council Canada, February 2005. TP 14396E, Transport Canada]
* [http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/tdg/publications-tp14093e-287.htm Drop tests of selected steel drums, InNOVAcorp, 2003. TP 14093E, Transport Canada]
* [https://inter-bulk.quora.com/Bulk-Bags-and-The-UN-Code Bulk Bags (FIBC - Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers) and The UN Code]

{{Portal bar|International relations}}

[[Category:Chemical safety]]
[[Category:Safety codes]]
[[Category:Hazardous materials]]
[[Category:Packaging]]
[[Category:United Nations documents]]

MW 18014

2019-09-10T00:57:20Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Nazi Germany (aka Portal:Nazism) with Portal:Germany + Portal:Fascism

{{short description|German V-2 rocket test launch}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = MW 18014
| mission_type = Test launch
| operator = [[Wehrmacht]]
| suborbital_apogee = 176 km<ref name="psv">{{cite journal |last1=M.P. Milazzo, L. Kestay, C. Dundas; U.S. Geological Survey |title=The Challenge for 2050: Cohesive Analysis of More Than One Hundred Years of Planetary Data |journal=Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop |volume=1989 |pages=8070 |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/V2050/pdf/8070.pdf |publisher=Planetary Science Division, NASA |accessdate=2019-06-07|bibcode=2017LPICo1989.8070M |year=2017 }}</ref><ref name="earthfromspace">{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=Michael |last2=Sarosh |first2=Chloe |title=Earth from Space |date=2019 |publisher=Ebury Publishing |location=Introduction |isbn=9781473531604 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AUF9DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT22&dq=mw18014&pg=PT22#v=onepage&q=mw18014&f=false |accessdate=2019-06-07 |language=en}}</ref>
| spacecraft = MW 18014
| spacecraft_type = [[V-2 rocket|A-4/V-2]]{{refn|group=nb|name=etymology|V-2 rockets were still known as A-4s until September 1944}}
| manufacturer = [[Mittelwerk]] GmbH
| launch_mass = 12,500 kg
| launch_date = 20 June 1944
| launch_site = [[Peenemünde Army Research Center]]
| disposal_type = Impact
| destroyed = 20 June 1944
}}
'''MW 18014''' was a German [[V-2 rocket|A-4/V-2 rocket]]{{refn|group=nb|name="etymology"}} test launch that took place on 20 June 1944,<ref name="psv" /><ref name="earthfromspace" /><ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende">{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|title=Peenemuende|last=Wade|first=Mark|date=|website=[[Astronautix.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425131553/http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|archivedate=2005-04-25|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2019-06-07|df=}}</ref> at the [[Peenemünde Army Research Center]] in [[Peenemünde]]. It was the first man-made object to reach [[outer space]], attaining an [[apoapsis]] of 176 kilometers, which is above the [[Kármán line]].<ref name="Karman line">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/25410/how-far-is-space/ | title=How high is space? | website=[[Universe Today]] | last=Williams | first=Matt | date=2016-09-16 | accessdate=2017-05-14 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602105939/https://www.universetoday.com/25410/how-far-is-space/ | archivedate=2017-06-02 | df= }}</ref> It was a vertical test launch. Although it reached space, it was a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] and therefore returned to Earth in an impact.

== Background ==
{{Main|V-2 rocket}}

Early A-4 rockets, despite being able to reach altitudes of 90 km, had suffered from multiple reliability issues.<ref name="q11944chrono">{{Cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100408082721/http://www.astronautix.com/chrono/19441.htm|title=Chronology - Quarter 1 1944|date=2010-04-08|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref> For example, a design fault in the forward part of the outer hull caused it to regularly fail mid-flight, resulting in the failure of up to 70% of test launches.<ref name="q11944chrono"/> On one occasion, an A-4 rocket suffering from [[pogo oscillation]]s during ascent veered 90 degrees off course then spiralled back down to its launch pit, killing the four launch troops inside.<ref name="q11944chrono"/>

The Peenemunde rocket team made a number of improvements to rectify the reliability issues during 1943 and the first half of 1944. Hindering the program were [[Wernher von Braun#Arrest and release by the Nazi regime|constant interference]] from the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], Allied raids as part of [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]], attempts to privatise the program in June 1944,<ref name="q11944chrono"/> and a two-week detention of technical director [[Wernher von Braun]] on 15 March 1944.<ref name="grdev">{{cite web |title=Highlights in German Rocket Development from 1927–1945 |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/highlights.html |website=MSFC History Office |publisher=NASA Marshall Space Flight Center}}</ref>

[[Invasion of Normandy|Allied advances in Northern France]] and improvements to the [[Mittelwerk]] underground facility, where the A-4 rockets were produced, and improvements to the liquid propellant formula placed renewed emphasis on Von Braun to address the A-4's reliability issues.<ref name="q11944chrono"/>

== Records broken ==
MW 18014 was part of a [[List of V-2 test launches|series of vertical test launches]] made in June 1944 designed to gauge the rocket's behaviour in vacuum.<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" /> MW 18014 broke the altitude record set by one of its predecessors (launched on 3 October 1942<ref name=Dornberger>{{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V-2|year=1952|publisher=Viking|location=New York}} English translation 1954.</ref>) to attain an apoapsis of 176 km.<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" />

MW 18014 is the first man-made object to cross the 100 km [[Kármán Line]], which {{as of|lc=y|2019|7}}, is the currently accepted{{refn|group=nb|The FAI have proposed a [[Kármán line#Alternatives to the definition|meeting]] to revert the definition of outer space back to 80 km, which would mean the V-4 test missile would once again be the first man-made object in space}} boundary between [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]] and [[outer space]]. However, as the Kármán Line is an anachronistic definition, the Peenemunde rocket scientists did not celebrate the milestone at the time; unlike the V-4 [Rheinbote] launch, which was the first to reach the [[thermosphere]].<ref name=Dornberger />

A subsequent V-2 launched as part of the same set of vertical test launches would break MW 18014's record with an apoapsis of 189 km.<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" />{{refn|group=nb|The date of this launch is unknown because precise dates were not recorded by the rocket scientists during this phase<ref name="v-2 launches at peeuende" />}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Spaceflight|Germany|Fascism}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 in Germany]]
[[Category:V-weapons]]
[[Category:Wernher von Braun]]
[[Category:Space programme of Germany]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]

Kathedralbasilika St. Marien (Galveston)

2019-09-09T16:39:11Z

BrownHairedGirl: Bypass redirects from Portal:NRHP to Portal:National Register of Historic Places, and remove any resuting duplication

{{About|the Cathedral Basilica of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|other uses of St. Mary Basilica|Basilica of St. Mary (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary Cathedral Basilica
| fullname =
| image = St_Mary's_Cathedral_Basilica,_Galveston.jpg
| imagesize = frameless
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption = St. Mary Cathedral Basilica in 2006
| pushpin map = Texas#USA
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|29|18|15|N|94|47|25|W|display=inline,title}}
| location = 2011 Church St. [[Galveston, Texas]]
| country = United States

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = {{Official website|url=https://www.archgh.org/about/our-cathedrals/st-mary-cathedral-basilica/|name=St. Mary Cathedral Basilica}}

| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]
| consecrated date = November 26, 1848
| status = [[Cathedral]] - [[Minor Basilica]]
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect=[[Theodore Eugene Giraud]], with later addition by [[Nicholas J. Clayton]]
| architectural type = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]
| style =
| groundbreaking = 1843
| completed date = 1847
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity = 400+<ref name="majorrepair">{{Cite news|last=Vara|first=Richard|title=The state's first cathedral in need of major repair|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|date=March 30, 2008|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4541739|accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}
| width = {{convert|23|m|ft|sp=us}}
| height max =
| other dimensions = {{convert|1|acre}} (grounds area)
| spire quantity = Three
| spire height = {{convert|24.3|m|ft|sp=us}}
| materials = Imported Belgian brick and mortar

| parish = Holy Family
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Galveston-Houston]]
| archbishop = Cardinal [[Daniel N. DiNardo]]
| rector =
| embedded = {{Infobox NRHP
|embed = yes
| name = St. Mary's Cathedral
| nrhp_type =
| added = June 4, 1973
| refnum = 73001964<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2013a}}</ref>
| designated_other1=RTHL
| designated_other1_date=1967
| designated_other1_number=[https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5167007172 7172]
| designated_other1_num_position=bottom
}}}}

'''St. Mary Cathedral Basilica''', also known as ''St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica'' is a Roman Catholic place of worship situated in [[Galveston, Texas]]. It is the primary [[cathedral]] of the [[Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]] and the [[mother church]] of the Catholic Church in Texas, as well as a [[minor basilica]].<ref>[http://www.archgh.org/cocathedral/cathedral-history.htm Archdiocese Cathedral History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125042116/http://www.archgh.org/cocathedral/cathedral-history.htm |date=January 25, 2007 }}</ref> Along with the [[Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Houston]], St. Mary's serves more than 1.5 million Catholics living in the Archdiocese.<ref name="abtdio">{{cite web| title=About Our Diocese| publisher=Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston| year=2007| url=http://www.archgh.org/about.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216172245/http://www.archgh.org/about.htm| dead-url=yes| archive-date=February 16, 2005| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref><ref name="shining">{{cite news| last=Dooley| first=Tara| title=A shining achievement| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=March 30, 2008| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4540450| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

==History==

In 1840, the Rev. John Timon, the newly appointed Apostolic Prefect of Texas, named fellow Vincentian priest Rev. [[Jean-Marie Odin|John Odin]], [[Congregation of the Mission|C.M.]], to be the resident Vice-Prefect of [[Texas]]. Fr. Odin embarked from [[New Orleans]] on a schooner bound for the Texas coast, arriving in Galveston early in 1841. There he found a community of Catholics eager to build a church for their small congregation.

In the months that followed, Father Odin procured enough money to begin construction of a wooden-frame church.<ref name="woodframe">{{cite news| last=Dooley| first=Tara| title=The Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston began in a wood-frame church during the Republic of Texas| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=March 30, 2008| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4541743| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> He was assisted in this venture by Colonel Michael B. Menard and Dr. Nicholas Labadie, prominent Galvestonians. Colonel Menard is to be remembered as one of the founders of the City of Galveston.

On February 6, 1842, one month before his consecration as a bishop, Odin dedicated the completed structure to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]. The small, rectangular building measured {{convert|22|ft|m}}. Odin, now the Apostolic Vicar of Texas, purchased a five-room cottage as the episcopal residence. He made an addition to the church structure of a small [[sacristy]], and bought thirty benches for the convenience of his parishioners.
[[File:St. Mary Cathedral, Galveston, exterior, by A. V. Latourette.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stereoscopic]] view of the Cathedral, circa 1865.]]
[[Image:Interior 1847 St Mary Cathedral Basilica, Galveston.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sanctuary of St. Mary Cathedral Basilica]]
[[File:St Mary's Cathedral, Galveston.jpg|thumb|St Mary's Cathedral, Galveston]]

In 1845, Bishop Odin purchased 500,000 bricks from [[Belgium]], which were shipped to Galveston as ballast. He would use the bricks in the construction of his dream: a larger, permanent church.<ref>{{cite news| last=Long| first=Steve| title=Floods and storms, and now pestilence| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=January 2, 1989| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_593982| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> The little frame church was moved out into the street, and work on the new St. Mary's began in 1847. The ceremony of laying the cornerstone took place on Sunday, March 14. Father Timon came to Galveston for the event and preached the sermon before a large crowd. On May 4, 1847 [[Pope Pius IX]] approved the establishment of the Diocese of Galveston and named Odin as its first bishop.<ref name="woodframe"/><ref name="diocese">{{cite web| title=History| url=http://www.archgh.org/About/History/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415135013/http://www.archgh.org/About/History/| dead-url=yes| archive-date=2012-04-15| publisher=Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston| accessdate=2011-12-29}}</ref><ref name="storms">{{cite news| last=Dooley| first=Tara| title=At 155, Galveston's St. Mary's still battles the storms| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=January 4, 2003| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2003_3615026| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

On November 26, 1848, the Cathedral was ready for dedication.<ref name="woodframe"/> Once more Father John Timon was chosen as the principal speaker because of his close association with, and his pioneer work in the diocese.

The Cathedral Basilica is notable as being one of the few buildings in Galveston that survived the devastating [[1900 Galveston Hurricane]] with only minimal damage.<ref name="storms"/>

Due to the tremendous growth in the City of [[Houston]], in 1959 the Most Reverend [[Wendelin J. Nold]], fifth bishop of the diocese, asked that the Diocese be re-designated the Diocese of Galveston-Houston. This created a co-capital or "see" city in Houston, and Sacred Heart Church in Houston was named the "Co-Cathedral" of the Diocese. This did not change the status of Galveston as a see city nor St. Mary Cathedral's place in the Diocese.<ref>{{cite news| last=Duin| first=Julia| title=Bishops celebrate 200th birthday| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=November 4, 1989| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_661494| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> Since St. Mary Cathedral was the first Catholic cathedral in the State of Texas, and the original Diocese of Galveston encompassed the entire state, it has the distinction of being the mother church of all the Catholic dioceses in Texas.<ref name="majorrepair"/>
[[File:St. Mary's Cathedral, Galveston, Texas.jpg|thumb|left|St. Mary's Cathedral, Galveston, Texas (postcard, circa 1890-1924)]]
St. Mary Cathedral was named a Texas state historic landmark in 1968 and a national historic landmark in 1973. In 1979, in recognition of the Cathedral's importance to the community and the State of Texas, as well as the historical impact it had on Catholicism in the state of Texas, [[Pope John Paul II]] elevated St. Mary Cathedral to the status of a minor basilica.<ref>{{cite web| title=Histories of the Cathedral| url=http://www.marycath.org/index.htm| archivedate=20 March 2008| accessdate=2016-03-23| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320073844/http://www.marycath.org/index.htm| publisher=St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica| deadurl=yes| df=}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==The basilica today==

The Cathedral Basilica sustained significant water damage during Hurricane Ike in 2008 and was closed for repairs until Easter 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.galvestondailynews.com/story/142412/| work=[[The Daily News (Texas)|Galveston Daily News]]| title=Parish consolidates Galveston, Bolivar Catholics| last=Cousins| first=Rick| accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>

In 2009, the Archdiocese appointed a director of special projects to oversee the Cathedral Basilica's restoration. As of July 2012, the roof has been replaced, the pews have been rebuilt and refinished, steel armature reinforcements have been added to the two front [[spire]]s, the confessionals and [[Stations of the Cross]] have been refinished, and exterior masonry repairs, coating and chemical remediation have all been completed. A new concrete substructure is being built to support the floor, which is currently supported by the original wooden beams that were installed when the Cathedral Basilica was constructed in 1847.<ref name=ResHist>{{cite news| url=http://www.archgh.org/default.asp?id=500&hid=1040| work=Texas Catholic Herald News| title=Resurrecting history: Repairs continue at St. Mary Basilica| last=Torrellas| first=Rebecca| date=2012-07-17| accessdate=2012-08-02}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|National Register of Historic Places|Catholicism|Texas}}
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Galveston County, Texas]]
*[[List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks (Eastland-Gray)#Galveston County|Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Galveston County]]
*[[List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States]]
*[[List of cathedrals in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica, Galveston|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Galveston|The Diocese of Galveston}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060905130456/http://www.marycath.org/ Official Cathedral Site]
*[http://www.archgh.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston Official Site]

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston}}
{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{Galveston, Texas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary Cathedral Basilica, Galveston, Texas}}
[[Category:Basilica churches in Texas|Mary's Cathedral, Galveston]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Texas|Mary Galveston]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston|Cathedral St. Mary's]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Galveston County, Texas]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in Texas]]
[[Category:Churches in Galveston, Texas]]
[[Category:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks]]

World of Illusion

2019-09-07T03:42:37Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Sega with Portal:Video games

{{More citations needed|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = World of Illusion Starring {{nowrap|Mickey Mouse}} and {{nowrap|Donald Duck}}
| state = expanded
| image = World Of Illusion box art.jpg
| caption = European Mega Drive box art<ref>http://gmlabels.blogspot.com/2013/10/world-of-illusion-starring-disneys.html - On the back of the first image "Only for use with PAL and French SECAM [...]"</ref>
| developer = [[Sega AM7]]
| publisher = Sega
| series = ''[[Illusion (series)|Illusion]]''
| platforms = [[Sega Genesis]]
| released = {{Video game release|NA|December 17, 1992|JP|December 18, 1992|EU|December 19, 1992}}
| genre = [[Platform game|Platformer]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
| director = Emiko Yamamoto
| producer = Patrick Gilmore
| designer = Emiko Yamamoto Yagami
| composer = Haruyo Oguro Tomoko Sasaki
| artist = Takashi Yuda Mikarin Nishida
}}

'''''World of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck'''''{{efn|Released in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''I Love Mickey & Donald: Fushigi na Magic Box'''''|アイラブミッキー＆ドナルドふしぎなマジックボックス}}}} is a [[platform game]] developed and published by [[Sega]] for the [[Sega Genesis]]. The game released in December 1992, and is part of Sega's ''[[Illusion (series)|Illusion]]'' series of [[Mickey Mouse]] games. The game was included on the [[Sega Genesis Mini]].

== Plot ==
Whilst preparing for a magical act, [[Mickey Mouse]] and [[Donald Duck]] discover a magical box. However, this turns out to belong to an evil magician [[Pete (Disney)|(Pete)]] who sends Mickey and Donald to a magical world. Mickey and Donald must now work together in order to find a way back home.<ref>SEGA, ''World of Illusion'' instruction manual, pp. 6-10</ref>

== Gameplay ==
[[File:World Of Illusion-forest.jpg|thumb|left|Mickey and Donald in the first level. The cards represent the characters' health, and are turned face-down when they take damage.]]

Players can either play solo as either [[Mickey Mouse]] or [[Donald Duck]], or co-operatively with two players controlling Mickey and Donald while sharing from the same pool of lives. Mickey and Donald can run, jump, or attack by flourishing their capes. Enemies defeated in this way turn into [[dove]]s, cards, or other harmless objects depending on the enemy. After defeating the [[boss (video games)|boss]] of each level, a new magic spell is learned, allowing the pair to traverse the next level; i.e. flying on a magic carpet or going underwater in an air bubble. The gameplay changes significantly depending on the characters chosen. For example, Mickey can squeeze through certain gaps, while Donald must find a different route, leading him to entirely different realms. When playing in two player mode, the players can stand on each other's shoulders and use ropes to help each other out, and Mickey can pull Donald through gaps his (evidently very stiff) tail feathers prevent him from fitting through.

''World of Illusion'' comprises five principal stages named the 'Enchanted Forest', 'Among the Clouds', 'Underwater Adventure', 'The Library', and 'The Magic Box'.<ref>SEGA, ''World of Illusion'' instruction manual, pp. 38-46</ref> There also exist, within these five stages, three sets of sub-stages (some of which are optional) which are accessible only while playing either as Mickey or as Donald in one-player mode, or in two-player mode.

==Design==
The game's music, artwork and animation shows influences from Disney animated films, including ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'', ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'', ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'', ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'', and ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]''; much like the ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]'' series. Some of the influences are directly literal, such as the appearance of the playing-card soldiers from Disney's 1951 film adaptation of ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', in the castle-garden section of the 'Magic Box' stage.

== Reception ==
''[[MegaTech]]'' gave the game 90% and a Hyper Game Award, saying that it had "the best graphics of any Disney game yet", but noted that it was very easy to finish.<ref>MegaTech rating, [[EMAP]], issue 12</ref> ''[[Mega (magazine)|Mega]]'' gave the game 82%, saying it was "very easy to complete, and dull in one-player, but fantastic for a couple of youngsters".<ref>''Mega'' review, [[Future Publishing]], issue 3, page 48, December 1992</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Disney video games]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{MobyGames|id=/world-of-illusion-starring-mickey-mouse-and-donald-duck}}

{{Illusion series}}
{{Portal bar|Disney|Video games|1990s}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse And Donald Duck}}
[[Category:1992 video games]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:Disney video games]]
[[Category:Donald Duck video games]]
[[Category:Mickey Mouse video games]]
[[Category:Platform games]]
[[Category:Sega video games]]
[[Category:Sega Genesis games]]
[[Category:Sega Genesis-only games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]]

Sega Mega Drive Mini

2019-09-07T03:24:51Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Sega with Portal:Video games

{{Use American English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = Sega Genesis Mini
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| aka = Mega Drive Mini
| developer = [[Sega]], [[M2 (game developer)|M2]]
| manufacturer = Sega
| type = [[Dedicated console|Dedicated]] [[home video game console]]
| releasedate = {{vgrelease|WW|September 19, 2019|[[Europe|EU]], [[Middle East|ME]]|October 4, 2019<ref name=destructoid>https://www.destructoid.com/the-genesis-mega-drive-mini-has-been-delayed-in-europe-562258.phtml</ref>}}
| lifespan = 2019–current
| price = {{unbulleted list|{{Currency|79.99|USD}}{{r|IGN reveal}}|{{Currency|9,980|JPY}}{{r|Kotaku release date}}|{{Currency|139.95|AUD}}{{r|IGN reveal}}|{{Currency|69.99|GBP}}|{{Currency|79.99|EUR}}}}
| discontinued = 
| unitssold =
| media =
| os =
| power =
| soc = ZUIKI Z7213 ([[Allwinner Technology|Allwinner]]-based)
| cpu =
| memory = 256 [[Megabyte|MB]] of RAM
| storage = 512 MB [[flash memory]]
| graphics =
| controllers =
| dimensions =
| predecessor =
| successor =
}}

The '''Sega Genesis Mini''', known as the '''Mega Drive Mini''' in regions outside of North America, is a [[Dedicated console|dedicated]] [[home video game console]] modeled on [[Sega]]'s [[Sega Genesis|Genesis]] in miniature. The Mini will emulate the original console's [[16-bit]] hardware and include 42 pre-installed games, including two that were never released for the original console, which were ported by [[M2 (game developer)|M2]]. It is set for release worldwide on September 19, 2019,<ref>https://www.gamespot.com/articles/final-sega-genesis-mega-drive-mini-games-revealed-/1100-6467343/</ref> except in Europe and the Middle East, where it is expected to launch on October 4, 2019.<ref name=destructoid/>

== Hardware ==
The Mini is half the size of the original 1988 [[Sega Genesis/Mega Drive]] video game console.{{r|IGN reveal}} It includes either one or two (dependent on region's bundle options) full-size replica controllers (that connect through [[USB]], thus original controllers will be incompatible),{{r|Polygon reveal}} a USB-to-Micro-B power cable, an [[HDMI]] video cable and (in some regions) a USB [[AC adapter]].{{r|IGN reveal}} There will be separate Mini console releases for North America, Europe, Asia and Japan, as the Mini will reproduce the original console's regional decal and color variations.{{r|IGN reveal}}{{r|Siliconera article}} The North American and European units include three-button controllers, while the Japanese controllers will have six buttons.{{r|Polygon reveal}} Officially licensed six-button controllers made specifically for the Mini will be sold as a separate purchase in North America and Europe through the company Retro-Bit.{{r|Six Button Sold Separately for US/PAL}} Officially licensed, non-functioning (purely aesthetic), add-on shells of a miniature [[Sega CD|Mega CD]], a miniature [[Sega 32X]], a miniature ''[[Sonic & Knuckles]]'' lock-on Mega Drive cartridge and a miniature ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' standard Mega Drive cartridge are being made specifically for the Mini and will be sold as a separate purchase in Japan.{{r|Mini Add-ons}}

== Games ==
The Mini will include 42 games (40 from the original console's era), though the selection will vary by region.{{r|IGN reveal}} Some games are offered in any regional variation; for example, the Japanese Mini includes all three regional versions of ''[[Castlevania: Bloodlines]]'', while the American Mini lets players play ''[[Puyo Puyo (video game)|Puyo Puyo]]'' by changing the region to either Chinese<ref>https://twitter.com/Retro_DPad/status/1139214747180490753</ref> or Japanese.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbr5eP6KO_o&t=6m33s hands-on with the Sega Genesis Mini (youtube video)]</ref>{{r|Kotaku release date}} The games will have a [[Saved game|saved state]] feature to pause and resume progress and can be played in either the original 4:3 ratio or cropped 16:9 widescreen, with [[Head-up display (video gaming)|HUD]] elements modified to fit onto the screen.{{r|Polygon reveal}}<ref>https://www.destructoid.com/the-genesis-mini-will-be-a-real-treat-for-retro-enthusiasts-557184.phtml</ref> Two bonus games, ''[[Darius (video game)|Darius]]'' and ''[[Tetris]]'',{{efn|Based on Sega's arcade release, not the rare Genesis version.}} were never released on the original Sega Genesis/Mega Drive and are being newly ported from their arcade releases.<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-x-button/2019-06-06/this-week-in-games-a-wooloo-for-you/.147546</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Games
! NA/PAL{{r|segawestlist}}
! Japan{{r|segajapanlist}}
! Korea/China{{r|segaasialist}}
|-
|''[[Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Alien Soldier]]''||{{Na}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Alisia Dragoon]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Altered Beast]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Assault Suit Leynos]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Beyond Oasis]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Castlevania: Bloodlines]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Columns (video game)|Columns]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Comix Zone]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Contra: Hard Corps|Contra: Hard Corps/Probotector]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Darius (video game)|Darius]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine]]''/''[[Puyo Puyo (video game)|Puyo Puyo]]'' ||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''Dyna Brothers 2''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Dynamite Headdy]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Earthworm Jim (video game)|Earthworm Jim]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Ecco the Dolphin]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Eternal Champions]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''Game no Kanzume Otokuyou''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Ghouls 'n Ghosts]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Golden Axe (video game)|Golden Axe]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Gunstar Heroes]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Kid Chameleon]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Landstalker]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Langrisser II]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Light Crusader]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Lord Monarch]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Madō Monogatari I]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Mega Man: The Wily Wars]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Monster World IV]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[MUSHA]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[OutRun 2019]]''||{{Na}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Party Quiz Mega Q]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Powerball (video game)|Powerball]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Puyo Puyo 2]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Puzzle & Action: Tant-R]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Rent a Hero]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Road Rash II]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Shining Force]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Shining Force II]]''||{{Na}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Shinobi III: Return of the Ninja Master]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Slap Fight|Slap Fight MD]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Snow Bros]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Sonic Spinball]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Sonic the Hedgehog 2]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Space Harrier II]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Street Fighter II: Champion Edition|Street Fighter II: Special Champion Edition]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Streets of Rage 2]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Strider (arcade game)|Strider]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Super Fantasy Zone]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Sword of Vermilion]]''||{{Na}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Tetris]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[The Hybrid Front]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[The Revenge of Shinobi]]''||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Thunder Force III]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[ToeJam & Earl]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Vectorman]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Na}}
|-
|''[[Wonder Boy in Monster World]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[World of Illusion]]''||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}||{{Ya}}
|-
|''[[Yu Yu Hakusho Makyō Tōitsusen]]'' ||{{Na}}||{{Ya}}||{{Na}}
|-
|}

== Production and release ==
The Mini was first announced at the Tokyo Sega Fes show in April 2018.{{r|IGN reveal}} The announcement was part of a trend of releasing smaller versions of 1980s and 1990s [[retrogaming|retro]] video game consoles.{{r|Polygon reveal}} It was delayed in September, missing the console's 30th-anniversary window,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McWhertor |first1=Michael |title=Sega delays its Mega Drive Mini to 2019 for an overhaul |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=2018-09-19 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/19/17878298/sega-mega-drive-mini-genesis-release-date-delay |accessdate=2019-03-31 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> when Sega dropped its partnership with [[AtGames]],{{r|IGN reveal}} whose 2017 Sega Genesis Flashback was critically panned for its low production quality.{{r|Kotaku release date|Polygon reveal}} Instead of using AtGames's Flashback software on a Japan-exclusive Mini, Sega would produce the software in Japan and release the Mini globally.{{r|Kotaku release date}} The Mini is set for release on September 19, 2019,{{r|IGN reveal}} except in Europe and the Middle East, where it is expected to launch on October 4, 2019.<ref name=destructoid/>

[[M2 (game developer)|M2]], a collaborator of Sega's on the ''[[Sega Ages]]'' and ''[[Sega 3D Classics Collection]]'', is producing the Mini's [[Porting|ports]].{{r|IGN reveal}} Sega emphasized first-party production quality in its marketing for the Mini,{{r|Polygon reveal}} as the company returns to the hardware business after last producing the Sega [[Dreamcast]] in 2001.<ref name=Sega-AtGames>{{Cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Christopher |title=Sega Genesis Mini (aka Mega Drive Mini) announced |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=2018-04-13 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/4/13/17237000/sega-mega-drive-mini-classic-edition |accessdate=2019-03-31 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The menu music was composed by [[Yuzo Koshiro]], the original composer of some of the games in the collection, including ''[[The Revenge of Shinobi]]'', ''[[Streets of Rage 2]]'', and ''[[Beyond Oasis]]''.{{r|Kotaku release date}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="IGN reveal">{{Cite web |last1=Robson |first1=Daniel |title=SEGA Genesis Mini Release Date, Price and Initial Games Lineup Revealed |work=[[IGN]] |date=2019-03-30 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/03/30/sega-genesis-mini-release-date-price-and-initial-games-lineup-revealed |accessdate=2019-03-31 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku release date">{{Cite web |last1=Kohler |first1=Chris |title=Sega Will Release The Genesis Mini On September 19 |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2019-03-29 |url=https://kotaku.com/sega-will-release-the-genesis-mini-on-september-19-1833681956 |language=en-US |accessdate=2019-03-31 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon reveal">{{Cite web |last1=Good |first1=Owen S. |title=Sega Genesis Mini releases in September with 40 games, including Sonic the Hedgehog (update) |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=2019-03-30 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/3/30/18288181/sega-genesis-mini-release-date-price-north-america-japan |accessdate=2019-03-31 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Siliconera article">{{Cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Alistair |title=Sega Mega Drive Mini To Have Asia-Specific Version With Sword of Vermilion And More |work=[[Siliconera]] |date=2019-04-02 |url=https://www.siliconera.com/2019/04/02/sega-mega-drive-mini-to-have-asia-specific-version-with-sword-of-vermilion-and-more/ |accessdate=2019-04-03 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="segaasialist">{{cite web |title=メガドライブミニ（Mega Drive Mini） |url=http://asia.sega.com/mdmini/cht/titlelist.html |website=Sega |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref>

<ref name="segajapanlist">{{cite web |title=メガドライブミニ |url=https://sega.jp/mdmini/titlelist.html |website=Sega |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="segawestlist">{{cite web |title=Genesis Mini |url=http://genesismini.sega.com/ |website=Sega}}</ref>

<ref name="Six Button Sold Separately for US/PAL">{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Steve |title=Sega Genesis Mini Announces 10 More Games, Optional 6-Button Controller |work=[[Gamespot]] | date=2019-05-21 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-genesis-mini-announces-10-more-games-optional/1100-6466953/ |accessdate=2019-05-31 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Mini Add-ons">{{Cite web |last1=McWertor |first1=Michael |title=The Sega Genesis Mini is getting its own ridiculous mini tower |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=2019-06-04 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/4/18652108/sega-genesis-mini-mega-drive-tower-price |accessdate=2019-06-04 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{Portal bar|Video games}}
{{Sega retro compilations}}
{{Dedicated consoles}}

[[Category:Dedicated consoles]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Sega consoles]]
[[Category:Sega Genesis]]

Liste der 32X-Spiele

2019-09-07T03:11:47Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Sega with Portal:Video games

{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}
{{featured list}}
[[File:Sega-Genesis-Model2-32X.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Sega 32X attached to a Sega Genesis]]

The [[32X]] is an add-on for the [[Sega Genesis]] [[video game console]]. Codenamed "Project Mars",<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> the 32X was designed to expand the power of the Genesis and serve as a holdover until the release of the [[Sega Saturn]].<ref name="32XIGN">{{cite web|author=Buchanan, Levi|title=32X Follies|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=2008-10-24|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/24/32x-follies|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417080118/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/24/32x-follies|archivedate=2016-04-17|df=}}</ref> Independent of the Genesis, the 32X used its own [[ROM cartridge]]s and had its own library of games. A total of '''40 titles''' were produced worldwide ['''36 NA games''' (''10 Exclusives''), '''27 PAL''' (''2 Exclusives''), '''18 JP''' (''1 exclusive''), and '''1 game''' ''exclusive'' to '''BR'''], including six that required both the 32X and [[Sega CD]] add-ons.<ref name="AllgameCD32X" />

Unveiled at June 1994's [[Consumer Electronics Show]], [[Sega]] presented the 32X as the "poor man's entry into 'next generation' games."<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> The product was originally conceived as an entirely new console by Sega of Japan and positioned as an inexpensive alternative for gamers into [[History of video game consoles (fifth generation)|the 32-bit era]], but at the suggestion of Sega of America [[research and development]] head Joe Miller, the console was converted into an add-on to the existing Genesis and made more powerful, with two 32-bit [[central processing unit]] chips and a 3D graphics processor.<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> Despite these changes, the console failed to attract either developers or consumers as the Sega Saturn had already been announced for release the next year.<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> In part because of this, and also to rush the 32X to market before the [[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]] in 1994, the 32X suffered from a poor library of titles, including Genesis [[Porting|ports]] with improvements to the number of colors that appeared on screen.<ref name="32XIGN" /> Originally released at [[US$]]159, Sega dropped the price to $99 in only a few months and ultimately cleared the remaining inventory at $19.95.<ref name="Kent_493_496">{{cite book |last=Kent |first=Steven L. |authorlink=Steven L. Kent |title=The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World |year=2001 |publisher=Prima Publishing |location=Roseville, California |isbn=0-7615-3643-4 |pages=493–496}}</ref> 800,000 units were sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stuart |first=Keith |title=Sega Mega Drive Collected Works |year=2014 |quote=Finally with regards the launch of the 32X Shinobu Toyoda of Sega of America recalls, "We had an inventory problem. Behind the scenes, Nakayama wanted us to sell a million units in the US in the first year. Kalinske and I said we could only sell 600,000. We shook hands on a compromise - 800,000. At the end of the year we had managed to shift 600,000 as estimated, so ended up with 200,000 units in our warehouse, which we had to sell to retailers at a steep discount to get rid of the inventory." |publisher=Read-Only Memory |isbn=9780957576810}}</ref>

The following list contains all of the games released for the 32X, as well as the games that required both the 32X and the CD. Among the titles for the 32X were ports of [[Arcade game|arcade]] games ''[[Space Harrier]]'' and ''[[Star Wars Arcade]]'', a [[Side-scrolling video game|sidescroller]] with a [[hummingbird]] as a main character in ''[[Kolibri (video game)|Kolibri]]'', a 32X-exclusive game in the [[Sonic the Hedgehog (series)|''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series]] in ''[[Knuckles' Chaotix]]'', and a version of ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'' that was noted for its movement and game length issues when compared to other versions of the game. In a retrospective review of the console, ''Star Wars Arcade'' was considered the best game for the 32X by [[IGN]] for its co-operative play, soundtrack, and faithful reproduction of the experiences of ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.<ref name="32XIGN" /><ref name="IGNSW" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Region code guide
|-
!scope="col"|Regions released
!scope="col"|Region description
|-
!scope="row"|JP ([[Japan]])
|Japanese ([[NTSC-J]]) formatted release
|-
!scope="row"|NA ([[North America]])
|North America and other [[NTSC]] territories, besides Japan
|-
!scope="row"|PAL
|[[PAL]]/[[SECAM]] territories: much of [[Europe]], [[Australia]], parts of [[Asia]]
|-
!scope="row"|BR ([[Brazil]])
|NTSC-U release in Brazil (some systems may output PAL-M, but all games are NTSC-U)
|}

==Games==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"
! scope="col"|Title(s) <ref name="AllgameCD32X">{{cite web|title=Games for the Sega Genesis 32X CD|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=43&tab=games|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114111117/http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=43&tab=games|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref><ref name="Allgame">{{cite web|title=Games for the Sega Genesis 32X|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=35&tab=games|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114111414/http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=35&tab=games|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Year released <ref name="AllgameCD32X" /><ref name="Allgame" />
! scope="col"|Requires Sega CD? <ref name="AllgameCD32X" />
! scope="col"|Developer 
! scope="col"|Publisher 
!JP
!NA
!PAL
!BR
! scope="col"|Ref(s) 
|-
!scope="row"|''[[After Burner]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sega]]
|Sega
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="Sonic2se">{{cite web|title=Sonic 2 Special Edition – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1379|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114113641/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1379|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref><ref name="IGNAB">{{cite web|title=Sonic 2 – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/after-burner/32x-5668|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018185248/http://www.ign.com/games/after-burner/32x-5668|archivedate=2012-10-18|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[BC Racers]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Core Design]]
|[[U.S. Gold]]
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNBC">{{cite web|title=BC Racers – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/bc-racers/32x-7708|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414003338/http://www.ign.com/games/bc-racers/32x-7708|archivedate=2013-04-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Blackthorne]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Interplay Entertainment|Interplay]]
|Interplay [[Tectoy]] (Brazil)
|
|Yes
|
|Yes
|<ref name="IGNBlack">{{cite web|title=Blackthorne – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/blackthorne/32x-5669|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110062916/http://www.ign.com/games/blackthorne/32x-5669|archivedate=2013-11-10|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Blackthorne|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|website=ConsoleCity|accessdate=2018-02-26|url=http://www.consolecity.com/games/action-game_info/game_id-44632.html}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Brutal: Paws of Fury#Series synopsis|Brutal: Above the Claw]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[GameTek]]
|GameTek
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNBRUTAL">{{cite web|title=Brutal: Above the Claw Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/19/brutal-above-the-claw-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144742/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/19/brutal-above-the-claw-review|archivedate=2016-06-25|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Corpse Killer]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|Yes
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|Digital Pictures
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNCK">{{cite web|title=Corpse Killer – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/corpse-killer/32x-7711|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819075245/http://www.ign.com/games/corpse-killer/32x-7711|archivedate=2012-08-19|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Cosmic Carnage]]'' (JP: ''Cyber Brawl'')
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|No
|[[Givro]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNCC">{{cite web|title=Cosmic Carnage Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/21/cosmic-carnage-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202063606/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/21/cosmic-carnage-review|archivedate=2015-12-02|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Darxide]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Frontier Developments]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNDarX">{{cite web|title=Darxide – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/darxide/32x-498234|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815205040/http://www.ign.com/games/darxide/32x-498234|archivedate=2014-08-15|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|No
|[[id Software]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNDOOM">{{cite web|title=Doom 32X Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/06/doom-32x-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223050727/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/06/doom-32x-review|archivedate=2014-02-23|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Fahrenheit (1995 video game)|Fahrenheit]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|Yes
|[[Sega Studios]]
|Sega Tectoy (Brazil)
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNF">{{cite web|title=Fahrenheit – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/fahrenheit/32x-7712|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914232307/http://www.ign.com/games/fahrenheit/32x-7712|archivedate=2015-09-14|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fahrenheit|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|website=ConsoleCity|accessdate=2018-02-26|url=http://www.consolecity.com/games/action-game_info/game_id-44339.html}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[FIFA Soccer 96]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|Extended Play Productions
|[[EA Sports]]
|
|
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNFIFA">{{cite web|title=FIFA Soccer 96 – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/fifa-soccer-96/32x-498231|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415230730/http://www.ign.com/games/fifa-soccer-96/32x-498231|archivedate=2013-04-15|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Golf Magazine: 36 Great Holes Starring Fred Couples]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|No
|Flashpoint Productions
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNGOLF">{{cite web|title=GOLF Magazine Presents 36 Great Holes Starring Fred Couples – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/golf-magazine-presents-36-great-holes-starring-fred-couples-142020/32x-6791|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312031417/http://www.ign.com/games/golf-magazine-presents-36-great-holes-starring-fred-couples-142020/32x-6791|archivedate=2014-03-12|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Knuckles' Chaotix]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sonic Team]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNKnux">{{cite web|title=Knuckles Chaotix Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/26/knuckles-chaotix-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111005254/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/26/knuckles-chaotix-review|archivedate=2013-11-11|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Kolibri (video game)|Kolibri]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Appaloosa Interactive|Novotrade]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="AllgameKol">{{cite web|title=Kolibri – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=8041|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114131614/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=8041|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref><ref name="IGNKol">{{cite web|title=Kolibri - Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/kolibri/32x-7714|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206180223/http://www.ign.com/games/kolibri/32x-7714|archivedate=2013-02-06|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Metal Head]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sega]]
|Sega
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNMH">{{cite web|title=Metal Head – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/metal-head/32x-7715|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702021526/http://www.ign.com/games/metal-head/32x-7715|archivedate=2015-07-02|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Mortal Kombat II]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Probe Entertainment|Probe]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNMK2">{{cite web|title=Mortal Kombat II 32X Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/09/mortal-kombat-ii-32x-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207143050/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/09/mortal-kombat-ii-32x-review|archivedate=2013-12-07|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Motocross Championship]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Artech Studios]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNMC">{{cite web|title=Motocross Championship Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/21/motocross-championship-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224125041/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/21/motocross-championship-review|archivedate=2014-12-24|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[NBA Jam Tournament Edition]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Iguana Entertainment]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNNBA">{{cite web|title=NBA Jam: Tournament Edition – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/nba-jam-tournament-edition/32x-5674|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403055946/http://www.ign.com/games/nba-jam-tournament-edition/32x-5674|archivedate=2013-04-03|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[NFL Quarterback Club]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|IGS Games
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNNFL">{{cite web|title=NFL Quarterback Club – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club/32x-5684|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224001804/http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club/32x-5684|archivedate=2012-12-24|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Night Trap]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|Yes
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNNight">{{cite web|title=Night Trap – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/night-trap/32x-7717|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231957/http://www.ign.com/games/night-trap/32x-7717|archivedate=2012-11-11|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Pitfall: The Mayan Adventure]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Activision]]
|Activision
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNPITFALL">{{cite web|title=Pitfall: The Mayan Adventure Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/01/pitfall-the-mayan-adventure-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324112437/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/01/pitfall-the-mayan-adventure-review|archivedate=2016-03-24|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Primal Rage]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Probe Entertainment|Probe]]
|[[Time Warner Interactive]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNPR">{{cite web|title=Primal Rage Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/26/primal-rage-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324232506/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/26/primal-rage-review|archivedate=2016-03-24|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[R.B.I. Baseball '95]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Tengen (company)|Tengen]]
|Tengen
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNTENG">{{cite web|title=R.B.I. Baseball '95 – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/games/rbi-baseball-95/32x-7718|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414013205/http://www.ign.com/games/rbi-baseball-95/32x-7718|archivedate=2013-04-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV: Wall of Fire|Sangokushi IV]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Koei]]
|Koei
|Yes
|
|
|
|<ref name="Famitsu">{{cite journal |author= |year=1995 |title=New Games Cross Review: 三國志IV |journal=Weekly Famicom Tsūshin |volume= |issue=346 |pages=33 |publisher=[[Famitsu]] |accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Shadow Squadron]]'' (JP and PAL: Stellar Assault)
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sega]]
|Sega
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNShadow">{{cite web|title=Shadow Squadron Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/13/shadow-squadron-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127184258/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/13/shadow-squadron-review|archivedate=2014-11-27|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Slam City with Scottie Pippen]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|Yes
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNScottie">{{cite web|title=Slam City with Scottie Pippen – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/games/slam-city-with-scottie-pippen/32x-6790|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315210714/http://www.ign.com/games/slam-city-with-scottie-pippen/32x-6790|archivedate=2014-03-15|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Space Harrier]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|No
|[[Sega-AM2]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNSPACE">{{cite web|title=Space Harrier Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/17/space-harrier-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144759/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/17/space-harrier-review|archivedate=2016-06-25|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Spider-Man: Web of Fire]]''
|[[1996 in video gaming|1996]]
|No
|[[BlueSky Software]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNSpidey">{{cite web|title=Spider-Man: Web of Fire – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/games/spider-man-web-of-fire/32x-5677|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710084327/http://www.ign.com/games/spider-man-web-of-fire/32x-5677|archivedate=2013-07-10|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Star Trek: Starfleet Academy Starship Bridge Simulator]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Interplay Entertainment|Interplay]]
|Interplay
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNSFleet">{{cite web|title=Star Trek: Starfleet Academy – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/games/star-trek-starfleet-academy/32x-6852|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829181056/http://www.ign.com/games/star-trek-starfleet-academy/32x-6852|archivedate=2015-08-29|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Star Wars Arcade]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|No
|Sega Interactive
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNSW">{{cite web|title=Star Wars Arcade Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/24/star-wars-arcade-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223223304/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/24/star-wars-arcade-review|archivedate=2014-02-23|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Supreme Warrior]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|Yes
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNSupW">{{cite web|title=Supreme Warrior – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/games/supreme-warrior/32x-7720|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220213921/http://www.ign.com/games/supreme-warrior/32x-7720|archivedate=2013-12-20|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Surgical Strike (video game)|Surgical Strike]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|Yes
|The Code Monkeys
|[[Tec Toy]]
|
|
|
|Yes
|<ref name="SurgicalStrike">{{cite web|title=Surgical Strike|website=ConsoleCity|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|accessdate=2013-06-18|url=http://www.consolecity.com/games/action-game_info/game_id-42515.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225800/http://www.consolecity.com/games/action-game_info/game_id-42515.html|archivedate=2013-12-02|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[T-MEK]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Bits Studios]]
|[[Time Warner Interactive]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNTMEK">{{cite web|title=T-Mek 32X Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/05/t-mek-32x-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144807/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/05/t-mek-32x-review|archivedate=2016-06-25|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Tempo (video game)|Tempo]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sega]] [[Red Company]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNTEMPO">{{cite web|title=Tempo Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/18/tempo-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144811/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/18/tempo-review|archivedate=2016-06-25|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Toughman Contest (video game)|Toughman Contest]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Visual Concepts]]
|[[Electronic Arts]]
|
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNTOUGH">{{cite web|title=Toughman Contest Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/14/toughman-contest-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309054240/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/14/toughman-contest-review|archivedate=2014-03-09|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Virtua Fighter (video game)|Virtua Fighter]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sega-AM2]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNVF">{{cite web|title=Virtua Fighter Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/24/virtua-fighter-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302225958/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/24/virtua-fighter-review|archivedate=2014-03-02|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Virtua Racing Deluxe]]''
|[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]
|No
|[[Sega-AM2]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNVR">{{cite web|title=Virtua Racing Deluxe Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/12/virtua-racing-deluxe-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144817/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/12/virtua-racing-deluxe-review|archivedate=2016-06-25|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[World Series Baseball Starring Deion Sanders]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Blue Sky Software]]
|[[Sega]]
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNDS">{{cite web|title=World Series Baseball '95 – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.ign.com/games/world-series-baseball-95/32x-7721|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082605/http://www.ign.com/games/world-series-baseball-95/32x-7721|archivedate=2012-11-02|df=}}</ref><ref name="AllgameDS">{{cite web|title=World Series Baseball Starring Deion Sanders – Overview|publisher=Allgame|accessdate=2013-05-25|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=12226|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114131006/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=12226|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[WWF Raw (1994 video game)|WWF Raw]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sculptured Software]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNWWFRAW">{{cite web|title=WWF Raw – Sega 32X|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-31|url=http://www.ign.com/games/wwf-raw/32x-5683|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130081132/http://www.ign.com/games/wwf-raw/32x-5683|archivedate=2013-01-30|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game]]''
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[Sculptured Software]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|
|Yes
|
|
|<ref name="IGNWM">{{cite web|title=WWF Wrestlemania: The Arcade Game Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/02/wwf-wrestlemania-the-arcade-game-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117071922/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/02/wwf-wrestlemania-the-arcade-game-review|archivedate=2015-01-17|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Zaxxon's Motherbase 2000]]'' (EU: ''Motherbase''/ JP: ''Parasquad'')
|[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
|No
|[[CSK Research Institute Corp.]]
|[[Sega]]
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|
|<ref name="IGNZAX">{{cite web|title=Zaxxon Motherbase 2000 Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2013-05-24|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/04/zaxxon-motherbase-2000-review|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144824/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/04/zaxxon-motherbase-2000-review|archivedate=2016-06-25|df=}}</ref>
|}

==Cancelled games==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"|Reference
|-
!scope="row"|''32 Xtreme''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=32 Xtreme – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20591|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114120709/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20591|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''NBA Action''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA Action – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20594|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114203824/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20594|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Primetime NFL Football''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Primetime NFL Football – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20595|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114203824/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20595|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Ratchet and Bolt''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ratchet and Bolt – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20596|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114120155/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20596|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Saban's VR Troopers''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Saban's VR Troopers – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20597|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114203826/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20597|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[SegaSonic the Hedgehog]]''
|<ref>{{cite journal|title=Work in Progress|journal=Computer and Video Games|date=October 1994|issue=155|url=http://retrocdn.net/images/1/14/CVG_UK_155.pdf|accessdate=10 October 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013022027/http://retrocdn.net/images/1/14/CVG_UK_155.pdf|archivedate=13 October 2017|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Multimedia|journal=Mean Machines Sega|date=October 1994|issue=24|page=20|url=http://retrocdn.net/images/c/c1/MeanMachinesSega24UK.pdf|accessdate=10 October 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013022027/http://retrocdn.net/images/c/c1/MeanMachinesSega24UK.pdf|archivedate=13 October 2017|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Virtua Hamster''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Virtua Hamster – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20598|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114203822/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20598|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''X-Men: Mind Games''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=X-Men – Overview|publisher=[[Allgame]]|accessdate=2013-10-16|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20593|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114203827/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20593|archivedate=2014-11-14|df=}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Video games}}
*[[List of Sega Genesis games]]
*[[List of Sega CD games]]
*[[List of cancelled games for Sega consoles]]
*[[Lists of video games]]

==References==

{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Video game lists by platform}}

[[Category:Sega 32X games| ]]
[[Category:Video game lists by platform|Sega 32X]]

Halo Infinite

2019-09-07T00:39:11Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Halo with Portal:Video games

{{Update|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Halo Infinite
| image = File:Halo Infinite box art.jpg
| caption = Box art featuring Master Chief
| developer = [[343 Industries]]
| publisher = [[Xbox Game Studios]]
| producer =
| programmer =
| designer =
| artist = Nicolas Bouvier<ref name="OurJourneyBegins">{{cite web |url=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/our-journey-begins |title=Our Journey Begins |author=343 Industries |author-link=343 Industries |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Halo - Official Site |publisher= |access-date=June 23, 2018 |quote=}}</ref>
| composer = Curtis Schweitzer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/discover-hope |title=Discover Hope |author=343 Industries |author-link=343 Industries |date=June 9, 2018 |website=Halo - Official Site |publisher= |access-date=June 9, 2018 |quote=}}</ref>
| engine = 
| series = ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]''
| released = Q4 2020
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Project Scarlett]], [[Xbox One]]
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Halo Infinite''''', also known as '''''Halo 6''''',<ref name="Halo 6"/> is an upcoming [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] developed by [[343 Industries]] and published by [[Xbox Game Studios]] for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox One]] and the upcoming [[Project Scarlett]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17446944/halo-infinite-pc-windows-master-chief |title=Halo Infinite brings the series back to PC |last=Gilliam |first=Ryan |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=June 20, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconera.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-xbox-one-developed-343-industries/ |title=Halo Infinite Announced For Xbox One, Developed By 343 Industries |author=Sato |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Siliconera |publisher=[[Curse LLC|Curse]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/9/18659025/halo-infinite-e3-2019-microsoft-xbox-project-scarlett-reboot |title=Halo Infinite is a ‘spiritual reboot’ |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=June 9, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=June 10, 2019 |quote=}}</ref> The game is scheduled to be released in 2020 and is the sixth main entry of the [[Halo (franchise)|''Halo'' series]].<ref name="Halo 6">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2018/08/16/microsoft-confirms-that-yes-halo-infinite-is-actually-just-halo-6/ |title=Microsoft Confirms That Yes, 'Halo: Infinite' Is Actually Just 'Halo 6' |last=Tassi |first=Paul |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Forbes]] |publisher=Forbes Media |access-date=June 10, 2019 |quote=‘It is Halo 6,’ said 343’s Jeff Easterling during a Mixer stream ... ‘You should just consider it Halo 6. Don't think of it as a weird prequel kind of thing. It's the next story. It's the next chapter in what is going on.’}}</ref> It continues the story of the [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] as the third chapter of the Halo sequel series, known as the "Reclaimer Saga", following ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]'' and will also be the sixth game in the franchise with Master Chief as the protagonist.<ref name="Prell">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/xbox-announces-halo-infinite-which-is-um-a-new-halo-game-question-mark/ |title=Xbox announces Halo Infinite, which is... um... a new Halo game, question mark? |last=Prell |first=Sam |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-puts-master-chief-with-dinosaurs/ |title='Halo Infinite' puts Master Chief back in the fight |last=Lumb |first=David |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Verizon Media]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-returning-to-pc/ |title=Halo Infinite announced, returning to PC |last=O'Connor |first=Alice |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |publisher=Rock, Paper, Shotgun Ltd |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote=}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''Halo Infinite'' will focus on the Master Chief by "doubling down" on him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wccftech.com/343i-halo-5-mistake-master-chief/ |title=343i Acknowledges Halo 5 Storytelling Mistake, Will Double Down on Master Chief Focus |last=Palumbo |first=Alessio |date=April 25, 2017 |website=Wccftech |publisher= |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote=}}</ref> It will also be telling a "much more human" story than its predecessor, ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://time.com/4090404/halo-5-frank-oconnor/ |title=''Halo''{{'}}s Frank O'Connor Reacts to Criticism of ''Halo 5'' |last=Peckham |first=Matt |date=October 29, 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time USA |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote=}}</ref> The E3 2018 trailer indicated that the story will be set on a Halo ring with Chief getting his new armor heavily resembling his older MJOLNIR Mark VI variant from ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Halo 3]]'' but to a lesser extent with his MJOLNIR Mark IV variant from ''[[Halo Legends]]'' and ''[[Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn]]''.

== Development ==
''Halo Infinite'' is being developed by 343 Industries using the new Slipspace Engine. According to Microsoft, Master Chief returns in ''Halo Infinite'' with "his greatest adventure yet to save humanity".<ref name="Prell"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-06-10-microsoft-reveals-halo-infinite |title=Microsoft reveals Halo Infinite |last=Wales |first=Matt |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-starts-microsofts-e3-show/ |title=Halo: Infinite starts Microsoft’s E3 show |last=Minotti |first=Mike |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |publisher= |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote=}}</ref> The story had entered planning stages in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/343-has-started-halo-6-and-knows-whats-going-happen-ten-years-now/ |title=343 has started on Halo 6 and knows "whats going to happen 10 years from now" |last=Hurley |first=Leon |date=September 25, 2015 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]] |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote=}}</ref> The trailer was released on June 10, 2018.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Halo |author-link=Halo (franchise) |user=Halo |number=1005903988561141760 |date=June 10, 2018 |title=The Master Chief returns in #HaloInfinite. Get your first look at the legendary hero in a thrilling new Slipspace Engine demo that provides a glimpse into the future of the franchise. #XboxE3 |access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref> The developer said that all of the scenes in the Halo Infinite trailer were running in the engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/06/microsoft-announces-halo-infinite-with-tiny-teaser/ |title=Microsoft Announces Halo Infinite With Tiny Teaser |last=Kohler |first=Chris |date=June 11, 2018 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Univision Communications]] |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-will-take-franchise-new-directions/ |title=Halo Infinite will take the franchise in new directions |last=Lemon |first=Marshall |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=videogaming247 |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gematsu.com/2018/06/halo-infinite-announced-for-xbox-one-windows-10 |title=Halo Infinite announced for Xbox One, Windows 10 |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Gematsu |publisher= |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote=}}</ref>

''Halo Infinite'' will feature split screen again, in response to the backlash of its removal in the previous game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2019-halo-infinite-has-split-screen-microsoft-r/1100-6467671/ |title=E3 2019: Halo Infinite Has Split-Screen, Microsoft Reaffirms |last=Wakeling |first=Richard |date=June 11, 2019 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=June 12, 2019 |quote=}}</ref> It will also have a beta prior to its release, described as an insider flight program.<ref name="OurJourneyBegins"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/games/halo-infinite}}

{{Portal bar|Video games|Speculative fiction}}
{{Halo series}}
{{343 Industries}}
{{Professional Halo competition}}

[[Category:343 Industries games]]
[[Category:First-person video games]]
[[Category:Halo games|Halo Infinite]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games with user-generated gameplay content]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Project Scarlett games]]

Phyllis Smith (Schauspielerin)

2019-09-04T15:43:02Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Television in the United States with Portal:Television + Portal:United States

{{Other people}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Phyllis Smith
| image = Phyllis Smith FOX 2 St. Louis.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Smith in 2014 at [[KTVI]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|8|15}}
| birth_place = [[The Hill, St. Louis|The Hill]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], U.S.
| alma_mater=[[University of Missouri–St. Louis]]
| occupation = Actress, casting associate
| years_active = 1992–present
}}

'''Phyllis Smith''' (born August 15, 1949) is an American actress and casting associate. She is best known for playing [[Phyllis Vance]] in the television series ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' and her critically acclaimed voice role as Sadness in the film ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]''. She has a regular role on the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The OA]]''.

==Early life==
Smith was born on [[The Hill, St. Louis|The Hill]], a neighborhood of [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. She is the second eldest of 9 siblings.

== Education ==
Smith graduated from the [[University of Missouri–St. Louis]] in 1972 with a degree in elementary education.<ref name="UMSL Magazine">{{cite journal|last=Tracy|first=Linda|date=Fall 2008|title=It's never just another day at the office for UM-St. Louis alumna Phyllis Smith|journal=UM St. Louis|publisher=University of Missouri-St. Louis|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=14–15|oclc=19214058|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/creative/pubs/magazine/index.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116150909/http://www.umsl.edu/services/creative/pubs/magazine/index.htm|archivedate=2011-11-16|df=}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, she worked as a dancer, a cheerleader for the old [[History of the St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)|St. Louis Cardinals]] football team, and a [[burlesque]] performer. She said that there was "no stripping, but I did wear feathers."<ref name="Slate Magazine">{{cite journal|last=Grose|first=Jessica|authorlink=Jessica Grose|date=June 23, 2011|title=Questions for Phyllis Smith|journal=Slate|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/interrogation/2011/06/questions_for_phyllis_smith.html}}</ref> She was forced to quit dancing after suffering a knee injury. Following this, Smith worked briefly as a telemarketer, lasting only 3 hours before resigning. She later worked in [[Hollywood, California]], as an actress and in casting. Smith’s first paid acting role was as an extra in the film ''[[Caddyshack]]''.

==Career==
Smith was working as a casting associate on ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' when she was offered the role of [[Phyllis Vance]], a character created specifically for her: a soft-spoken saleswoman who tends to disagree with the pompous office manager [[Michael Scott (The Office)|Michael Scott]]. She received [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] in [[13th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2006]] and [[14th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2007]] for her performance in ''The Office'' in the category "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series." In June 2008, Smith appeared with the cast of ''The Office'' on ''[[Celebrity Family Feud]]''. In 2011, she played a supporting role in the film ''[[Bad Teacher]]''. In 2015, she voiced the character Sadness in the [[Pixar]] film ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'', receiving high critical praise for her performance. Since 2016, she has appeared as a regular in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The OA]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/brit-marling-netflix-the-oa-mystery-trailer-video/|title=Brit Marling’s Netflix Series ‘The OA’ Promises Mystery in First Trailer (Video)|publisher=The Wrap|date=December 12, 2016|accessdate=December 12, 2016|first=Linda|last=Ge}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Once Upon a Forest]]'' || Abigail's Mother || Uncredited/deleted scenes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The Princess and the Goblin (film)|The Princess and the Goblin]]'' || Narrator || Uncredited
|-
| 1995 || ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]'' || Maiden from Mombassa || Uncredited
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]'' || Mrs. Stitzer || Uncredited
|-
| 2006 || ''[[I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With]]'' || Marsha ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Bad Teacher]]'' || Lynn ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Butter (2011 film)|Butter]]'' || Nancy ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked]]'' || Flight Attendant ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' || Sadness (voice) || [[Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production]]
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' || Carla || Episode: "[[The Immaculate Election]]"
|-
| 2005{{ndash}}2013 || ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' || [[Phyllis Vance]] || Starring: 187 episodes [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] (2007{{ndash}}2008) Nominated {{ndash}} [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] (2009{{ndash}}2013)
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Office: The Accountants]]'' || Phyllis Vance || Episode: "Phyllis"
|-
| 2008 || ''The Office: The Outburst'' || Phyllis Vance || Episode: "The Explanation"
|-
| 2013 || [[Trophy Wife (TV series)|''Trophy Wife'']] || Mrs. Patty Steinberg || 3 episodes
|-
| 2014 || [[The Middle (TV series)|''The Middle'']] || Mrs. Huff || Episode: "The Sinkhole"
|-
| 2016{{ndash}}2019 || ''[[The OA]]'' || Betty Broderick-Allen || Starring (season 1-2): 12 episodes
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Disney Infinity 3.0]]'' || Sadness || Voice<ref>{{Cite video game | title = [[Disney Infinity 3.0]] | year = 2015 | scene=Closing credits, 5:39 in, Featuring the Voice Talents of| developer=[[Avalanche Software]]}}</ref>
|}

===Production work===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Position !! Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''A Taste for Killing'' || rowspan="5" | Casting associate || TV Movie
|-
| 1994–1997 || ''[[Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman]]'' || 88 episodes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' || 1 episode
|-
| 2000–2002 || ''[[Spin City]]'' || 45 episodes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'' || 10 episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0809613|Phyllis Smith}}
* [http://deadspin.com/sports/whimsy/the-most-famous-buzzsaw-cheerleader-192490.php Deadspin profile]
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Phyllis Smith
|list =
{{Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAwards EnsembleTVComedy 2000–2009}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Film|Television|United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Phyllis}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Missouri]]
[[Category:Actresses from St. Louis]]
[[Category:American female dancers]]
[[Category:American dancers]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American female erotic dancers]]
[[Category:American erotic dancers]]
[[Category:Annie Award winners]]
[[Category:American Burlesque performers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Football League cheerleaders]]
[[Category:People from St. Louis County, Missouri]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:University of Missouri–St. Louis alumni]]
[[Category:American cheerleaders]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]

Kathedralbasilika St. Marien (Galveston)

2019-09-04T01:51:48Z

BrownHairedGirl: replace link to deleted Portal:Houston with Portal:Texas

{{About|the Cathedral Basilica of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|other uses of St. Mary Basilica|Basilica of St. Mary (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary Cathedral Basilica
| fullname =
| image = St_Mary's_Cathedral_Basilica,_Galveston.jpg
| imagesize = frameless
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption = St. Mary Cathedral Basilica in 2006
| pushpin map = Texas#USA
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|29|18|15|N|94|47|25|W|display=inline,title}}
| location = 2011 Church St. [[Galveston, Texas]]
| country = United States

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = {{Official website|url=https://www.archgh.org/about/our-cathedrals/st-mary-cathedral-basilica/|name=St. Mary Cathedral Basilica}}

| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]
| consecrated date = November 26, 1848
| status = [[Cathedral]] - [[Minor Basilica]]
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect=[[Theodore Eugene Giraud]], with later addition by [[Nicholas J. Clayton]]
| architectural type = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]
| style =
| groundbreaking = 1843
| completed date = 1847
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity = 400+<ref name="majorrepair">{{Cite news|last=Vara|first=Richard|title=The state's first cathedral in need of major repair|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|date=March 30, 2008|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4541739|accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}
| width = {{convert|23|m|ft|sp=us}}
| height max =
| other dimensions = {{convert|1|acre}} (grounds area)
| spire quantity = Three
| spire height = {{convert|24.3|m|ft|sp=us}}
| materials = Imported Belgian brick and mortar

| parish = Holy Family
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Galveston-Houston]]
| archbishop = Cardinal [[Daniel N. DiNardo]]
| rector =
| embedded = {{Infobox NRHP
|embed = yes
| name = St. Mary's Cathedral
| nrhp_type =
| added = June 4, 1973
| refnum = 73001964<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2013a}}</ref>
| designated_other1=RTHL
| designated_other1_date=1967
| designated_other1_number=[https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5167007172 7172]
| designated_other1_num_position=bottom
}}}}

'''St. Mary Cathedral Basilica''', also known as ''St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica'' is a Roman Catholic place of worship situated in [[Galveston, Texas]]. It is the primary [[cathedral]] of the [[Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]] and the [[mother church]] of the Catholic Church in Texas, as well as a [[minor basilica]].<ref>[http://www.archgh.org/cocathedral/cathedral-history.htm Archdiocese Cathedral History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125042116/http://www.archgh.org/cocathedral/cathedral-history.htm |date=January 25, 2007 }}</ref> Along with the [[Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Houston]], St. Mary's serves more than 1.5 million Catholics living in the Archdiocese.<ref name="abtdio">{{cite web| title=About Our Diocese| publisher=Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston| year=2007| url=http://www.archgh.org/about.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216172245/http://www.archgh.org/about.htm| dead-url=yes| archive-date=February 16, 2005| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref><ref name="shining">{{cite news| last=Dooley| first=Tara| title=A shining achievement| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=March 30, 2008| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4540450| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

==History==

In 1840, the Rev. John Timon, the newly appointed Apostolic Prefect of Texas, named fellow Vincentian priest Rev. [[Jean-Marie Odin|John Odin]], [[Congregation of the Mission|C.M.]], to be the resident Vice-Prefect of [[Texas]]. Fr. Odin embarked from [[New Orleans]] on a schooner bound for the Texas coast, arriving in Galveston early in 1841. There he found a community of Catholics eager to build a church for their small congregation.

In the months that followed, Father Odin procured enough money to begin construction of a wooden-frame church.<ref name="woodframe">{{cite news| last=Dooley| first=Tara| title=The Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston began in a wood-frame church during the Republic of Texas| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=March 30, 2008| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4541743| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> He was assisted in this venture by Colonel Michael B. Menard and Dr. Nicholas Labadie, prominent Galvestonians. Colonel Menard is to be remembered as one of the founders of the City of Galveston.

On February 6, 1842, one month before his consecration as a bishop, Odin dedicated the completed structure to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]. The small, rectangular building measured {{convert|22|ft|m}}. Odin, now the Apostolic Vicar of Texas, purchased a five-room cottage as the episcopal residence. He made an addition to the church structure of a small [[sacristy]], and bought thirty benches for the convenience of his parishioners.
[[File:St. Mary Cathedral, Galveston, exterior, by A. V. Latourette.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stereoscopic]] view of the Cathedral, circa 1865.]]
[[Image:Interior 1847 St Mary Cathedral Basilica, Galveston.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sanctuary of St. Mary Cathedral Basilica]]
[[File:St Mary's Cathedral, Galveston.jpg|thumb|St Mary's Cathedral, Galveston]]

In 1845, Bishop Odin purchased 500,000 bricks from [[Belgium]], which were shipped to Galveston as ballast. He would use the bricks in the construction of his dream: a larger, permanent church.<ref>{{cite news| last=Long| first=Steve| title=Floods and storms, and now pestilence| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=January 2, 1989| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_593982| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> The little frame church was moved out into the street, and work on the new St. Mary's began in 1847. The ceremony of laying the cornerstone took place on Sunday, March 14. Father Timon came to Galveston for the event and preached the sermon before a large crowd. On May 4, 1847 [[Pope Pius IX]] approved the establishment of the Diocese of Galveston and named Odin as its first bishop.<ref name="woodframe"/><ref name="diocese">{{cite web| title=History| url=http://www.archgh.org/About/History/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415135013/http://www.archgh.org/About/History/| dead-url=yes| archive-date=2012-04-15| publisher=Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston| accessdate=2011-12-29}}</ref><ref name="storms">{{cite news| last=Dooley| first=Tara| title=At 155, Galveston's St. Mary's still battles the storms| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=January 4, 2003| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2003_3615026| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref>

On November 26, 1848, the Cathedral was ready for dedication.<ref name="woodframe"/> Once more Father John Timon was chosen as the principal speaker because of his close association with, and his pioneer work in the diocese.

The Cathedral Basilica is notable as being one of the few buildings in Galveston that survived the devastating [[1900 Galveston Hurricane]] with only minimal damage.<ref name="storms"/>

Due to the tremendous growth in the City of [[Houston]], in 1959 the Most Reverend [[Wendelin J. Nold]], fifth bishop of the diocese, asked that the Diocese be re-designated the Diocese of Galveston-Houston. This created a co-capital or "see" city in Houston, and Sacred Heart Church in Houston was named the "Co-Cathedral" of the Diocese. This did not change the status of Galveston as a see city nor St. Mary Cathedral's place in the Diocese.<ref>{{cite news| last=Duin| first=Julia| title=Bishops celebrate 200th birthday| newspaper=Houston Chronicle| date=November 4, 1989| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_661494| accessdate=June 4, 2010}}</ref> Since St. Mary Cathedral was the first Catholic cathedral in the State of Texas, and the original Diocese of Galveston encompassed the entire state, it has the distinction of being the mother church of all the Catholic dioceses in Texas.<ref name="majorrepair"/>
[[File:St. Mary's Cathedral, Galveston, Texas.jpg|thumb|left|St. Mary's Cathedral, Galveston, Texas (postcard, circa 1890-1924)]]
St. Mary Cathedral was named a Texas state historic landmark in 1968 and a national historic landmark in 1973. In 1979, in recognition of the Cathedral's importance to the community and the State of Texas, as well as the historical impact it had on Catholicism in the state of Texas, [[Pope John Paul II]] elevated St. Mary Cathedral to the status of a minor basilica.<ref>{{cite web| title=Histories of the Cathedral| url=http://www.marycath.org/index.htm| archivedate=20 March 2008| accessdate=2016-03-23| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320073844/http://www.marycath.org/index.htm| publisher=St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica| deadurl=yes| df=}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==The basilica today==

The Cathedral Basilica sustained significant water damage during Hurricane Ike in 2008 and was closed for repairs until Easter 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.galvestondailynews.com/story/142412/| work=[[The Daily News (Texas)|Galveston Daily News]]| title=Parish consolidates Galveston, Bolivar Catholics| last=Cousins| first=Rick| accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>

In 2009, the Archdiocese appointed a director of special projects to oversee the Cathedral Basilica's restoration. As of July 2012, the roof has been replaced, the pews have been rebuilt and refinished, steel armature reinforcements have been added to the two front [[spire]]s, the confessionals and [[Stations of the Cross]] have been refinished, and exterior masonry repairs, coating and chemical remediation have all been completed. A new concrete substructure is being built to support the floor, which is currently supported by the original wooden beams that were installed when the Cathedral Basilica was constructed in 1847.<ref name=ResHist>{{cite news| url=http://www.archgh.org/default.asp?id=500&hid=1040| work=Texas Catholic Herald News| title=Resurrecting history: Repairs continue at St. Mary Basilica| last=Torrellas| first=Rebecca| date=2012-07-17| accessdate=2012-08-02}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|NRHP|Catholicism|Texas}}
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Galveston County, Texas]]
*[[List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks (Eastland-Gray)#Galveston County|Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Galveston County]]
*[[List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States]]
*[[List of cathedrals in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica, Galveston|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Galveston|The Diocese of Galveston}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060905130456/http://www.marycath.org/ Official Cathedral Site]
*[http://www.archgh.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston Official Site]

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston}}
{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{Galveston, Texas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary Cathedral Basilica, Galveston, Texas}}
[[Category:Basilica churches in Texas|Mary's Cathedral, Galveston]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Texas|Mary Galveston]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston|Cathedral St. Mary's]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Galveston County, Texas]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in Texas]]
[[Category:Churches in Galveston, Texas]]
[[Category:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks]]