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Jowhannes Imastasser

2019-10-31T21:10:11Z

BigDwiki: /* Biography */Minor Clean Up and Fixes, typo(s) fixed: ’s → 's (4)

'''Hovhannes Imastaser''' ({{lang-hy|Հովհաննես Իմաստասեր}}, c. 1047–1129), also known as '''Hovhannes Sarkavag''' ({{lang-hy|Հովհաննես Սարկավագ}}), was a medieval [[Armenian people|Armenian]] multi-disciplinary scholar known for his works on [[philosophy]], [[theology]], [[mathematics]], [[cosmology]], and [[literature]]. Imastaser was also a gifted [[hymnologist]] and [[pedagogue]].<ref>Henri Gabrielian. History of Armenian Philosophy (in Armenian). Vol 1, Yerevan, 1976, p. 155</ref>



== Biography ==
[[File:Zəylik village in Dashkasan Rayon (1980s).jpg|thumb|Town of Pib in [[Gardman]] (Northern [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Artsakh]], historical Armenia), birthplace of Hovhannes Imastaser (c. 1047–1129).]]
Hovhannes Imastaser was born around 1047 in the district of [[Gardman]] (village of Pib) of historical [[Armenia]]’s eastern province of [[Utik]], which today is located in Azerbaijan, north of [[Nagorno Karabakh]].<ref>Henri Gabrielian. History of Armenian Philosophy (in Armenian). Vol 1, Yerevan, 1976, p. 155</ref><ref>Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, Nourhan Ouzounian. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. Wayne State University Press. 2002, pp. 350–362</ref>
The most extensive historical account of Hovhannes Imastaser’s life and work is in the 12-13th century Armenian historian [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]]’s “History of Armenia.” <ref>Kirakos Gandzaketsi. History of Armenia. Moscow. Nauka. 1976</ref> There also exists a 13th-century anonymous biography of Hovhannes Imastaser, which is attributed sometimes to [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]].

Hovhannes received his education in theology and science in [[Haghpat Monastery|Haghbat]] and [[Sanahin Monastery|Sanahin]], two important monastic centers of Armenian medieval scholarship. Upon the completion of his studies, Hovhannes moved to medieval Armenia's capital city of [[Ani]], where he taught [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[music]], [[cosmography]] and [[grammar]]. In [[Ani]], Hovhannes received the ecclesiastical rank of ''sarkavag'' ([[deacon]]), and eventually rose to become a [[vardapet]] (archimandrite, Doctor of Theology) of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. But it was the title ''sarkavag'', however, that became attached to his name.<ref>Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, Nourhan Ouzounian. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. Wayne State University Press. 2002, pp. 350–362</ref>

While Hovhannes Imastaser was recognized as a master of Armenian literature, his works acquired wider publicity only in the 19th century when they were published by Abbot [[Ghevont Alishan]], a member of the [[Mechitarists|Mekhitarist Congregation]] in [[Venice]] that is associated with [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholics]]. Imastaser's innovative approach to literature, for which he is often referred to as a key representative of Armenian literary renaissance, is fully demonstrated in his poem ''Ban Imastutian'' (Discourse on Wisdom). In the poem, written as a dialogue between the author and a blackbird, the bird symbolizes nature, which, per author, is the main inspiration behind art. In Imastaser's time, artistic inspiration was usually attributed to divine reasons.<ref>Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, Nourhan Ouzounian. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. Wayne State University Press. 2002, p. 353</ref>

As a hymnologist, Imastaser wrote several important [[Armenian chant|sharakans]] (hymns): ''Tagh Harutean'' (Ode to the Resurrection), ''Paitsaratsan Aisor'' (Brightened on This Day), ''Anskizbn Bann Astvatz'' (God, The Infinite Word), ''Anchareli Bann Astavatz'' (God, The Inexpressible Word). The latter two are acrostic compositions, each encompassing within their ten stanzas thirty six letters of the [[Armenian Alphabet]]. In them, Imastaser glorifies heroes and martyrs who sacrificed their lives defending Armenian homeland and their Christian faith. Imastaser also introduced another patriotic theme to Armenian literature and music: emigration. In his hymns Imastaser prays to God so that Armenians who left their country could find strength to return home.<ref>Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, Nourhan Ouzounian. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. Wayne State University Press. 2002, pp. 350–362</ref>

Hovhannes Imastaser also contributed to the standardization of the Armenian prayer book and [[Psalter]].

Hovhannes Imastaser's work in mathematics is represented by the volume ''Haghaks Ankiunavor Tvots'' (Concerning Polygonal Numbers). This work indicates a profound knowledge of all important ancient and medieval mathematicians, including [[Pythagoras]], [[Euclid]] and [[Aristotle]]. Hovhannes Imastaser translated into Armenian the works of the following classical scholars: [[Philo of Alexandria]], [[Dionysius the Areopagite]], [[Gregory of Nyssa]], [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], and, as mentioned, [[Aristotle]] and [[Euclid]].<ref>Чалоян В. К. История армянской философии, Ер., 1959.</ref>

In 1084, Hovhannes Imastaser became involved in the project of developing so-called Minor Armenian Calendar, which included all 365 days plus one additional day. Eventually, his work on calendars led to the invention of a perpetual or eternal calendar.<ref>Kirakos Gandzaketsi. History of Armenia. Moscow. Nauka. 1976</ref>

One of the most important citations of Hovhannes Imastaser reflects his understanding of the role of the empirical method in science. 150 years before Roger Bacon, Hovhannes Imastaser famously noted: “''Without experimentation, no opinion can be considered probable and acceptable; only experiment produces confirmation and certainty''.”

== References ==

=== Bibliography ===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Armenian literature}}

[[Category:Armenian musicologists]]
[[Category:Armenian philosophers]]

Elena Arzak

2019-10-28T18:44:53Z

BigDwiki: /* Awards */Minor Clean Up and Fixes, typo(s) fixed: World’s → World's

{{Infobox chef
| name = Elena Arzak
| image = Elena Arzak.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|7|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[San Sebastián]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| style = [[New Basque cuisine]]
| education =
| ratings = {{plainlist|
*[[Michelin star]]s {{Rating|3|3}}
}}
| restaurants = {{plainlist|
*[[Arzak]]
}}
| prevrests =
| television =
| awards = {{plainlist|
*Veuve Clicquot World’s Best Female Chef 2012
*SECOND
}}
| website = 
}}

'''Elena Arzak''' (born 4 July 1969) is a Spanish chef. She is joint head chef of three [[Michelin star]]red restaurant [[Arzak]] alongside her father, [[Juan Mari Arzak]], and was named best Female Chef in the World in 2012.

==Biography==
She first started working at her family's restaurant, [[Arzak]], at the age of 11, becoming the fourth generation of her family to work there.<ref name=hosp2012>{{cite news|last=Eversham|first=Emma|title=Elena Arzak named World's Best Female Chef 2012 by World's 50 Best Restaurants Awards|url=http://www.bighospitality.co.uk/Events-Awards/Elena-Arzak-named-World-s-Best-Female-Chef-2012-by-World-s-50-Best-Restaurants-Awards|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Big Hospitality|date=10 April 2012}}</ref> She would work two hours a day during the summer holidays from school. At the time her grandmother was the head chef.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eversham|first=Emma|title=Pearls of Wisdom: Elena Arzak|url=http://www.bighospitality.co.uk/People/Pearls-of-Wisdom-Elena-Arzak|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Big Hospitality|date=2 December 2011}}</ref> Her father is [[Juan Mari Arzak]], who initially worked under his mother at the restaurant, but went on to become head chef himself.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lucas|first=Ángeles|title=¿Cómo se evalúa al mejor cocinero del mundo?|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2012/04/120420_mejor_cocinero_mundo.shtml|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=BBC Mundo|date=25 April 2012}}</ref>

Her father sent her abroad to train at other restaurants after she attended hotel school in Lucerne in Switzerland.<ref>[http://www.relaischateaux.com/en/search-book/hotel-restaurant/arzak/chef Juan Mari & Elena Arzak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424060453/http://www.relaischateaux.com/en/search-book/hotel-restaurant/arzak/chef |date=2012-04-24 }} Relais & Chateaux, retrieved 21 August 2012</ref> She worked at [[Le Gavroche]] in London for six months in 1989 under [[Albert Roux]], and alongside [[Michel Roux Jr.]] who was also training at the time.<ref name=ft/><ref name=place>{{cite news|last=Pigott|first=Sudi|title=Why a Basque woman's place is in the kitchen|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/why-a-basque-womans-place-is-in-the-kitchen-7682330.html|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=27 April 2012}}</ref> She also trained at [[La Maison Troisgros]], [[Le Louis XV (restaurant)|Le Louis XV]] under [[Alain Ducasse]], Restaurant [[Pierre Gagnaire]] and returned to Spain when she worked at [[elBulli]].<ref name=leadinghotelkeeper>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Joanna|title=Elena Arzak - leading lady|url=http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/11/09/2009/329802/elena-arzak-leading-lady.htm|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Caterer and Hotelkeeper|date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211054417/http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/11/09/2009/329802/elena-arzak-leading-lady.htm|archive-date=11 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She became joint head chef of her family's restaurant alongside her father.<ref name=ft /> In 2011, she appeared at The Restaurant Show in London, England. As well as conducting a cooking demonstration, she officially opened the show alongside Rachel Quigley.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eversham|first=Emma|title=The Restaurant Show 2011 opens with chefs Elena Arzak and Sat Bains appearing centre stage|url=http://www.bighospitality.co.uk/Events-Awards/The-Restaurant-Show-2011-opens-with-chefs-Elena-Arzak-and-Sat-Bains-appearing-centre-stage|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Big Hospitality|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> She has ruled out opening a second restaurant for the time being, but said "I won't say never".<ref name=place />

===Awards===
In 2011, she was nominated for [[Restaurant (magazine)|''Restaurant'']]'s Veuve Clicquot award for World's Best Female Chef, but it was awarded to [[Anne-Sophie Pic]].<ref>{{cite news|title=French chef named World's Best Female Chef|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/french-chef-named-worlds-best-female-chef-2266307.html|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=yahoobest2012>{{cite news|title=Spanish chef Elena Arzak named World's Best Female Chef|url=https://news.yahoo.com/spanish-chef-elena-arzak-named-worlds-best-female-153250580.html|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Yahoo! News|date=10 April 2012}}</ref> However, Arzak went on to win the award in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Female Chef|url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/awards/best-female-chef/|publisher=The World's 50 Best Restaurants|accessdate=17 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827141448/http://www.theworlds50best.com/awards/best-female-chef/|archivedate=27 August 2012|df=}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She has two children, Nora and Mateo.<ref name=ft>{{cite news|last=Whittle|first=Natalie|title=FT Foodies: Elena Arzak|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/1bfe73ac-89b3-11e1-85af-00144feab49a.html#axzz23q33Q8GP|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=Financial Times|date=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=place /> Elena can speak four languages,<ref>{{cite news|last=Jueves|first=Actualizado|title=Elena Arzak: "En la cocina hay que tener, sobre todo, humildad"|url=http://www.abc.es/20080731/vivir-viajar-gourmet-restaurantes/cocina-tener-sobre-todo-20080730.html|accessdate=17 August 2012|newspaper=ABC.es|date=31 July 2008|language=Spanish}}</ref> including German.<ref name=leadinghotelkeeper />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Elena Arzak}}
*{{IMDb name|3047433}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arzak, Elena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:People from San Sebastián]]
[[Category:Spanish chefs]]
[[Category:Women chefs]]
[[Category:Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants]]

Continental O-470

2019-08-16T04:48:25Z

BigDwiki: Minor Clean Up and Fixes

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name=O-470
|image=Continental O-470-13A.jpg
|caption=Preserved Continental O-470-13A
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
|type=[[Piston]] [[aircraft engine|aero-engine]]
|national origin=[[United States]]
|manufacturer=[[Teledyne Continental Motors]]
|first run=1950
|produced=1953 - 1986
|major applications=[[Beechcraft Bonanza]] [[Beechcraft Baron]] [[Cessna O-1 Bird Dog|Cessna Bird Dog]] [[Cessna 180]] [[Cessna 182]] [[Cessna 185]] [[Cessna 188]] [[Cessna 210]] [[Cessna 310]]
}}
|}

The '''Continental O-470''' engine is a family of [[carburetor|carbureted]] and [[fuel-injected]] [[flat six engine|six-cylinder, horizontally opposed]], air-cooled aircraft engines that was developed especially for use in [[light aircraft]] by [[Teledyne Continental Motors|Continental Motors]]. Engines designated "IO" are fuel-injected.<ref name="E273" /><ref name="3E1" />

The family also includes the '''E165''', '''E185''', '''E225''' and the '''E260''' engines, and several specialty variants. It has been in production since 1950.<ref name="E269">{{cite web|url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/TcdsLookup/E-269_15|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. E-269 Revision 15|accessdate = 2008-12-27|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=June 1973}}</ref><ref name="E273">{{cite web|url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/TcdsLookup/E-273_36|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. E-273 Revision 36|accessdate = 2008-12-27|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=September 1995}}</ref><ref name="E281">{{cite web|url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/TcdsLookup/E-281_8|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. E-281 Revision 8|accessdate = 2008-12-27|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=November 1973}}</ref><ref name="3E1">{{cite web|url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/TcdsLookup/3E1_26|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. 3E1 Revision 26|accessdate = 2008-12-27|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=September 1995}}</ref><ref name="shanaberger470">{{cite web|url = http://www.shanaberger.com/engines/O-470.htm|title = Continental O-470|accessdate = 2008-12-28|last = Shanaberger|first = Kenneth W.|authorlink = |year = 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080529012252/http://www.shanaberger.com/engines/O-470.htm|archive-date = 29 May 2008|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref name="E267">{{cite web|url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/TcdsLookup/E-267_10|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. E-267 Revision 10|accessdate = 2008-12-28|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=February 1974}}</ref><ref name="E246">{{cite web|url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/TcdsLookup/E-246_20|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. E-246 Revision 20|accessdate = 2008-12-28|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=March 1974}}</ref>

==Design and development==
The first engine in this series was the E165, a 471 cubic inch (7.7 L) engine producing {{convert|165|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and was the first of the Continental's "E" series engines. Later versions were given the company designation of E185 ({{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} continuous) and E225 ({{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}). When the US military gave them all the designation of O-470 the company adopted the designation and future models were known as Continental O-470s.<ref name="shanaberger470" />

The O-470 family of engines covers a range from {{convert|213|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The engines were first developed in the late 1940s and certification was applied for on 23 October 1950 on the regulatory basis of Part 13 of the US Civil Air Regulations effective 1 August 1949 as amended by 13-1. The first O-470 model was certified on 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" /><ref name="E273" /><ref name="E281" /><ref name="3E1" />

==Variants==
===Carbureted models===
;E165-2
:{{convert|165|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2050 rpm, dry weight {{convert|351|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Marvel-Schebler MA-4-5 carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E165-3
:{{convert|165|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2050 rpm, dry weight {{convert|352|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E165-4
:{{convert|165|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2050 rpm, dry weight {{convert|344|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-1
:{{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm for five minutes, {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm continuous, dry weight {{convert|344|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-2
:{{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm, dry weight {{convert|351|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Marvel-Schebler MA-4-5 carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-3
:{{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm for five minutes, {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm continuous, dry weight {{convert|352|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-5
:{{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm, dry weight {{convert|343|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-8
:{{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm for five minutes, {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm continuous, dry weight {{convert|344|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor, identical to E185-1 but with revised starter drive with dog rather than gear type starter.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-9
:{{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm for five minutes, {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm continuous, dry weight {{convert|352|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor, identical to E185-3 except for revised starter drive to accommodate dog rather than gear type starter.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-10
:{{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm for five minutes, {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm continuous, dry weight {{convert|352|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor.<ref name="E246" />
;E185-11
:{{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm for five minutes, {{convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2300 rpm continuous, dry weight {{convert|344|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor, identical to E185-8 but with revised mounting brackets.<ref name="E246" />
;E225-2
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2650 rpm, dry weight {{convert|359|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}. Certified 19 July 1951.<ref name="E267" />
;E225-4
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2650 rpm, dry weight {{convert|355|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}. Certified 5 July 1952.<ref name="E267" />
;E225-8
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2650 rpm, dry weight {{convert|347|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}. Certified 12 July 1950.<ref name="E267" />
;E225-9
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2650 rpm, dry weight {{convert|363|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}. Certified 30 October 1950.<ref name="E267" />
;GE260-2X
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, flown in the [[Robertson Skylark SRX-1]]
;O-470-2
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|484|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, supercharged model. Certified 2 February 1955.<ref name="E281" />
;O-470-4
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|415|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, previously designated 0-470-13B. It is identical to the Model 0-470-13A except for the Bendix-Stromberg Model PS-5CD carburetor in place of the PS-5C. Certified 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" />
;O-470-7
:Non-certified military engine, identical to E185-3, {{convert|205|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|352|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Bendix-Stromberg PS-5C or PS-5CD carburetor. When equipped with 18 mm. spark plugs, it is designated 0-470-7A.<ref name="E246" />
;O-470-11
:{{convert|213|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|391|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, two sixth order dampers. Certified 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" />
;O-470-11B
:{{convert|213|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|391|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, identical to the 0-470-11 but with 0-470-15 cylinders and pistons. Certified 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" />
;O-470-13
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|415|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, one fifth and one sixth order dampers or two sixth order dampers. Certified 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" />
;O-470-13A
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|415|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, identical to the 0-470-13 but with an additional tachometer drive through the camshaft gear and one fifth and one sixth order crankshaft damper. Certified 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" />
;O-470-15
:{{convert|213|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|405|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, identical to the 0-470-11 except: four sixth order damper crankshaft, propeller control provisions, revised engine mounting brackets and long skirt pistons. Certified 19 January 1951.<ref name="E269" />
;O-470-A
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|378|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-B
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|410|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, similar to O-470-A except increased power, different damper configuration, incorporation of inclined valve cylinders, downdraft pressure carburetor and induction changes. Identical to E185-9. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" /><ref name="E246" />
;O-470-E
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|390|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-A except downdraft pressure carburetor. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-G
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|432|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, similar to O-470-M except crankshaft damper configuration, revised oil sump integral cast intake air passage and mounting brackets. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-H
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|495|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-B with an extension propeller shaft, approved for pusher installations. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-J
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2550 rpm, dry weight {{convert|378|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-A except reduced max rpm and induction system risers, manifold and balance tube. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-K
:{{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|404|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, similar to O-470-J except max rpm, crankshaft damper configuration, incorporation of shell-molded cylinder heads and revised mounting brackets. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-L
:{{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|404|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-K except relocated carburetor, revised intake manifold oil sump. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-M
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|410|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-B except crankshaft damper configuration and incorporation of shell-molded cylinder heads. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-N
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|410|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-M except crankshaft damper configuration. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-P
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|432|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, identical to O-470-G except crankshaft damper configuration. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-R
:{{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|401|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-L except crankshaft damper configuration. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-S
:{{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|401|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, same as O-470-R except piston oil cooling and semi-keystone piston rings. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-T
:{{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2400 rpm, dry weight {{convert|410|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, similar to the O-470-S except crankcase design and max rpm. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;O-470-U
:{{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2400 rpm, dry weight {{convert|412|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, similar to the O-470-S except max rpm rating and crankshaft damper configuration. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />

===Fuel-injected models===
;IO-470-A
:{{convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|432|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5580 fuel injector. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;IO-470-C
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|410|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5620 or 5827 fuel injector. Certified 4 December 1952.<ref name="E273" />
;IO-470-D
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|426|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 14 October 1958.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-E
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|429|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 26 November 1958.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-F
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|426|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 3 December 1958.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-G
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|431|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 30 March 1959.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-H
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|432|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5620-2 fuel injector. Certified 7 August 1959.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-J
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|400|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5612-1 fuel injector. Certified 31 July 1959.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-K
:{{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|400|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5807 fuel injector. Certified 9 June 1960.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-L
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|429|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 9 March 1960.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-LO
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|429|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 26 September 1967.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-M
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|428|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 10 March 1960.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-N
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|432|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5830 fuel injector. Certified 9 June 1960.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-P
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|472|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648 fuel injector. Certified 31 March 1961.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-R
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|431|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 7 October 1960.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-S
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|429|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 10 May 1961.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-T
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|475|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648 fuel injector. Certified 1 July 1963.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-U
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|426|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 28 August 1963.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-V
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|426|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 15 June 1965.<ref name="3E1" />
;IO-470-VO
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2625 rpm, dry weight {{convert|426|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 5648, 5808 or 5832 fuel injector. Certified 26 September 1967.<ref name="3E1" />
;GIO-470-A:
;TSIO-470-B:
;LIO-470-A
:{{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2600 rpm, dry weight {{convert|475|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, equipped with a TCM 6022 fuel injector. The same as an IO-470-T, except that the crankshaft turns in opposite direction for use on twin-engined aircraft. Certified 18 March 1964.<ref name="3E1" />
;FSO-470-A
:{{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3000 rpm, dry weight {{convert|533|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, Supercharged model, specifically approved for helicopters. Certified 2 February 1955.<ref name="E281" />

==Applications==
[[File:Cessna182C-FVSO01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cessna 182|Cessna 182K]] equipped with a Continental O-470R powerplant]]
;E165
*[[Boisavia Mercurey]]
*[[Luscombe 11]]

;E185
*[[Beechcraft Bonanza]]
*[[Macchi M.B.320]]
*[[Muniz Casmuniz 52]]
*[[Ryan Navion]]

;E225
*[[Beechcraft Bonanza]]
*[[T-34 Mentor]]
*[[Fletcher FD-25]]
*[[Fletcher FL-23]]
*[[Ryan Navion]]

;E260
* [[Robertson SRX-1 Skyshark]]

;O-470
*[[Associated Air Liberty 181]]
*[[Beechcraft Bonanza]]
*[[Bellanca 14-13|Bellanca Cruisemaster]]
*[[Cessna 180]]
*[[Cessna 182]]
*[[Cessna 187]]
*[[Cessna 188]]
*[[Cessna 310]]
*[[DINFIA IA 53]]
*[[Falconar SAL Mustang]]
*[[Fanaero-Chile Chincol]]
*[[Fuji KM-2]]
*[[HAL Krishak]]
*[[Maestranza Central de Aviación HF XX-02]]
*[[Meyers 200]]
*[[O-1 Bird dog]]
*[[PZL-104 Wilga]]
*[[SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera]]
*[[St-Just Cyclone]]
*[[Stinson 108]] (modified under [[Supplemental Type Certificate|STC]])
*[[Taylorcraft Ranch Wagon]]
*[[Yeoman Cropmaster]]

;IO-470
*[[Auster AOP.9]]
*[[Beechcraft Baron]]
*[[Beechcraft Bonanza]]
*[[Cessna 185]]
*[[Cessna 210|Cessna 210A]]
*[[Cessna 310]]
*[[Meyers 200]]
*[[Navion G Rangemaster]]
*[[PAC Fletcher]]
*[[Procaer Picchio]]
*[[Ryan Navion]]
*[[Aérotrain 01]] - experimental hover train project


==Specifications (O-470-11)==
{{pistonspecs
|

|ref=''Type Certificate Data Sheet E-269.''<ref name="E269" />
|type=six-cylinder air-cooled [[horizontally opposed]] aircraft piston engine
|bore=5.0 in (127.0 mm)
|stroke=4.0 in (101.6 mm)
|displacement=471 in³ (7.7 L)
|length=
|diameter=
|width=
|height=
|weight=391 lb dry (177 kg)
|valvetrain=One intake and one exhaust valve per cylinder
|supercharger=
|turbocharger=
|fuelsystem=Bendix-Stromberg Model PS-5C [[carburetor]]
|fueltype= 80/87 [[avgas]]
|oilsystem=dry sump
|coolingsystem=Air-cooled
|power=213 hp (159 kW) at 2,575 rpm
|specpower=0.45 hp/in³ (20.4 kW/L)
|compression=7.0:1
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|oilcon=
|power/weight=0.54 hp/lb (0.90 kW/kg)
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|see also=


|related=


|similar aircraft=


|lists=
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

|similar engines=
*[[Lycoming O-480]]


}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Continental aeroengines}}

[[Category:Boxer engines]]
[[Category:1950s aircraft piston engines]]
[[Category:Continental aircraft engines|O-470]]

Tuvalu National Library and Archives

2019-08-16T04:23:09Z

BigDwiki: clean up

{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Tuvalu National Library and Archives
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed =
|preceding1 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Tuvalu]]
|headquarters = [[Funafuti]]
|employees =
|budget =
|chief1_name = Kana Teafiula
|chief1_position = National Librarian and Archivist
|parent_agency = Ministry of Education and Culture
|child1_agency =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
{{coord|8|31|S|179|03|E|display=title}}
The '''Tuvalu National Library and Archives''' (TNLA) is the [[national library]] of [[Tuvalu]]. It is located in [[Funafuti]].<ref>[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/endangeredarchives/2009/03/saving-the-endangered-records-of-tuvalu.html "Tuvalu National Archives major project"], [[British Library]]</ref><ref name="International Council on Archives">[http://www.ica.org/?lid=191&user=3203 International Council on Archives]</ref>

==Role and facilities==
The TNLA holds "vital documentation on the cultural, social and political heritage of Tuvalu", including surviving records from the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands|colonial]] administration, as well as Tuvalu government archives.<ref name="bl.uk">[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/endangeredarchives/2009/03/saving-the-endangered-records-of-tuvalu.html "Tuvalu National Archives major project"], British Library</ref>

The library's archives have been described as "comparatively well housed" but "endangered [...] through frequent and heavy use and [...] through risk of being washed away in a cyclone-prone area. Environmental and handling damage is occurring to key customary records". This has resulted in the Tuvalu National Archives preservation pilot project (EAP005) and Tuvalu National Archives major project of 2005, projects of the [[British Library]] and the [[Pacific Manuscripts Bureau]] of the [[ANU Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]], [[Australian National University]] to [[microfilm]] and digitally copy the archives.<ref name="bl.uk"/><ref>[http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/pambu/pambu/Pambu20%2005Dec.pdf "Report on PMB fieldwork in Tuvalu and Niue, Sep-Oct 2005"], ''Pacific Manuscripts Bureau Newsletter'', series 5, n°20, December 2005</ref>

==National Librarian and Archivist==
Kana Teafiula is the Acting Librarian and Archivist.<ref name="International Council on Archives"/><ref name="bl.uk"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of national libraries]]
* [[List of national archives]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/pambu/ Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, ANU College of Asia & the Pacific]
* [http://www.bl.uk/popups/tuvalunlalge.html Image of the National Library building], on the [[British Library]] website
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/gosha_krzystkiewicz/4519116501/ Image of the National Library building]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National libraries|Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Libraries in Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Research libraries]]
[[Category:Funafuti]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Tuvalu]]

Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary

2013-02-20T02:10:52Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edits by 68.35.59.111 (talk) to last revision by Elekhh (HG)

[[File:CB Upper Falls.png|thumb|180px|[[Waterfall]] in a tributary of South [[Stann Creek]], Cockscomb Basin, [[Belize]]]]

The '''Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[nature reserve]] in south-central [[Belize]] established to protect the [[forest]]s, [[fauna]] and [[Drainage basin|watershed]]s of an approximately 400 square kilometre area of the eastern slopes of the [[Maya Mountains]]. The reserve was founded in 1990 as the first [[wilderness]] sanctuary for the [[jaguar]] and is regarded by one author as the premier site for jaguar preservation in the world.<ref>Katherine M. Emmons et al., ''Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary'', Producciones de la Hamaca, Belize and Orang-utan Press, Gays Mills, Wisconsin, USA (1996)</ref> The site consists of two distinct adjacent watersheds and is accessible via a low intensity [[trail]] system to accommodate visitors and research [[environmental scientist]]s. The Maya Mountains and foothills are among the oldest surface rock formations of [[Central America]]; these [[Paleozoic]] [[sediment]]s were uplifted about 200 million years ago in the later part ([[Pennsylvanian]]) of the Carboniferous period and the early [[Permian]] period. The principal uplifted rock formations in the Sanctuary are [[quartzite]] and [[sandstone]].

The name ''Cockscomb'' derives from the appearance of the [[Cockscomb Mountains]] ridge that resembles a rooster's comb, which ridge is situated at the northern fringe of the reserve and which is easily visible from the coastal plain of the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Habitation by the ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]]s occurred in the Cockscomb Basin as early as 10,000 BC, but the first modern recorded history exploration of the basin did not occur until 1988.<ref>Peter Dunham, ''Memorandum to Osmany Salas'' May 23, 1995</ref> Principal plant communities are [[Belizean pine forests|pine forest]], [[pygmy forest|elfin scrub]], [[Petén-Veracruz moist forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]], shelter valley forest and [[floodplain]] [[thicket]].

==History==

Throughout much of the foothills of the eastern slopes in southern Belize, there is evidence of Mayan habitation since at least 10,000 BCE. The Pearce Ruin was the first Mayan site to have been catalogued in modern history archives in a report to the [[British Museum]] in 1931; however, the ruin was not re-sighted until 1995 with the Dunham surveys. At that late date two other Mayan sites were documented: Hun' Tul Mo' (one [[macaw]]) and Xa'a Yul Ha' (many [[river]]s).

The first modern explorations that led to recorded features of the Cockscomb Basin were conducted by the British in expeditions of 1888 and 1889. These adventures began with river excursions up the South Stann Creek and resulted in attainment of what these explorers thought to be [[Victoria Peak (Belize)|Victoria Peak]], the highest point in Belize; in fact, later reconstructions showed that the mounting of a nearby peak to Victoria had been scaled.

Further exploration of the Cockscomb Basin did not transpire until 1927, when further British expeditions were launched to assess timber reserves; subsequently, logging began to occur until the year 1984, primarily with extraction of cedar (''[[Cedrela odorata]]'') and mahogany (''[[Swietenia macrophylla]]''). At about the same time as exploitation of these resources was virtually complete, a nationwide study of the [[jaguar]] was initiated. This scientific investigation led by [[Alan Rabinowitz]], a recent recipient of the PhD degree from the [[University of Tennessee]], found that the Cockscomb Basin was a particularly important habitat for the jaguar,<ref>A.R. Rabinowitz, ''Jaguar: One Man's Battle to Establish the World's First Jaguar Preserve'', Arbor House, New York, N.Y. (1986)</ref> not only in Belize, but from a [[Central America]] perspective.

In 1986, Rabinowitz and [[Archie Carr III]] convinced the government of Belize to establish a no hunting zone with respect to jaguars in a portion of the Cockscomb Basin. By 1990, after further convincing the Belize government expanded the Sanctuary substantially, and in 1995 another 160 km² were added to connect the holding to the [[Bladen Nature Reserve|Bladen Branch Nature Reserve]]. In 1988, the [[IUCN]] declared the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary "The major achievement in cat conservation for the triennium". In that year, [[Prince Philip]] as president of [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], honoured Ignacio Pop for his work in encouraging creation of the reserve. In 1998, the Victoria Peak National Monument area was established embracing 19.59 km² of protected land<ref>[http://www.biodiversity.bz/find/protected_area/profile.phtml?pa_id=152 Victoria Peak National Monument]</ref>

==Geography==
[[Image:Cockscombstanncreekcmh.jpg|thumb|220px|South [[Stann Creek]] on valley floor of Cockscomb West Basin]]
The Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary is actually comprised by two adjacent geographic basins. The West Basin is drained by the Swasey Branch, which is one of the main tributaries to the [[Monkey River]]. The East Basin consists of the upper watershed of South Stann Creek. The West Basin, being more difficult to access given distance from trailheads and higher forest density, is as of the current time still relatively unexplored from the standpoint of [[species]] mapping, Mayan ruins and other environmental details.<ref>''Ecology of Cockscomb Basin, Belize'', Lumina Technologies Inc. (2006)</ref>

The reserve is generally [[lozenge]] shaped spanning an east west dimension of approximately 36 kilometres and a north south dimension of approximately 14 kilometres. Elevation extremes are 50 metres above sea level in the lower reaches of South Stann Creek to 1160 metres atop [[Victoria Peak (Belize)|Victoria Peak]].

The West Basin is bounded by the ridge of the Maya Mountains on the west, Cockscomb Mountains on the north, a prominent transverse ridge of the Maya Mountains at the south (of about elevation 1000 m) and a low lying north-south ridge at the east, which separates the West from East Basin. The Swasey Branch exits through the south transverse range via a deep 300 metre [[gorge]]. The East Basin is also bounded on the north by the namesake Cockscomb ridge, to the west by the low lying north south ridge separating the two basins, to the east by Cabbage Haul Ridge and to the south by Stann Creek Ridge. South [[Stann Creek]] flows out of the East Basin on the south in a meandering gentle gradient that was easily navigated by the British explorers in the 1880s.

==Ecology==
[[Image:Cockscombcmhforestflr.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Plant on the forest floor of Cockscomb West Basin]]
The principal forest type is [[Petén-Veracruz moist forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]], which covers moderate to steep slopes<ref>[http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/town/parkcockscombhiking.html Hiking in the Cockscomb Basin]</ref> and in some cases sheltered mountain [[valley]]s. While much of this forest is [[secondary forest|secondary]] due to Mayan era [[farming]] as well as modern logging, some of the steeper reaches exhibit [[primary forest]] characteristics. Dominant trees in this forest type are mahogany (''[[Swietenia macrophylla]]'') and cedar (''[[Cedrela odorata]]''), which were prized and hence heavily logged from the early 1900s to late in the 20th century.
Fast flowing clear mountain [[stream]]s flow to the valley floors of the two basins to yield a more [[turbid]] [[water quality]], especially during periods of peak rain. This site is known worldwide as the premier habitat for the [[jaguar]] (''Panthera onca''), which is most often found in the vast almost unexplored West Basin [[wilderness]].

The riparian forest areas generally feature lush broadleaf rainforest intruding into the verges of fast flowing steep mountain streams as well as the languid meandering valley drainages. There are particularly interesting assemblages of [[vegetation]] along the rocky bedded mountain streams which have frequent [[rapids]], [[waterfall]]s and deep pools. Due to the density of vegetation and frequent precipitation events, the forest floor often appears fresh and verdant even after several rainless days.

==See also==
*[[Jaguar]]
*[[Maya civilization]]
*[[Stann Creek]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.belizeaudubon.org/protected_areas/cockscomb-basin-wildlife-sanctuary.html Official site of Belize Audubon Society for the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary]
*[http://savethejaguar.com/jag-index/jag-conservation/92587 Camera trap photographs of jaguars from Cockscomb]
*[http://web.me.com/greenparrot_belize/Green_Parrot/Wildlife_of_Belize.html Wildlife of Belize]

{{Belize reserves}}

{{coord|16.7162|N|88.6608|W|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries]]
[[Category:Conservation in Belize]]
[[Category:Parks in Belize]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1990]]

[[es:Cockscomb]]
[[fr:Sanctuaire faunique du bassin Cockscomb]]

Susie Taylor

2013-02-20T01:51:08Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edits by 98.169.158.219 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{refimprove|date=January 2012}}
[[File:Susie King Taylor.jpg|thumb|Susie King Taylor]]
'''Susie King Taylor''' (August 6, 1848 - October 6, 1912) was an [[African American]] army nurse; she worked with black Union troops during the [[Civil War]]. As the author of ''Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops, Late 1st S.C. Volunteers'', she was the only African American woman to publish a memoir of her wartime experiences. She was also the first African American to teach openly in a [[school]] for former [[Slavery|slave]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].

==Biography==

Susie King Taylor was born enslaved on a plantation in [[Liberty County, Georgia]] on August 6, 1848, as Susan Ann Baker. When she was about seven years old, her owner allowed her to go to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] to live with her grandmother. Despite Georgia's harsh laws against the formal education of African Americans, she attended two secret schools taught by black women. From them she gained the rudiments of [[literacy]], then extended her education with the help of two white youths, both of whom knowingly violated law and custom.

In April 1862, Susie Baker and many other African Americans fled to [[St. Simons Island]], occupied at the time by Union forces. Within days her educational advantages came to the attention of army officers, who offered to obtain books for her if she would organize a school. She thereby became the first black teacher for freed African American students to work in a freely operating freedmen's school in Georgia. She taught forty children in day school and "a number of adults who came to me nights, all of them so eager to learn to read, to read above anything else." She taught there until October 1862, when the island was evacuated.

While at the school on St. Simons Island, Baker married [[Edward King]], a black noncommissioned officer in the [[33rd United States Colored Infantry Regiment]]. For three years she moved with her husband's and brothers' regiment, serving as nurse and laundress, and teaching many of the black soldiers to read and write during their off-duty hours. In 1866 she and Edward returned to Savannah, where she established a school for the freed children. Edward King died in September 1866, a few months before the birth of their first child. In 1867 she returned to her native Liberty County to establish another school. In 1868 she again relocated to Savannah, where she continued teaching [[Freedman|freedmen]] for another year and supported herself through small tuition charges, never receiving aid from the northern freedmen's aid organizations.

In the 1870s King traveled to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] as a domestic servant of a wealthy white family. While there she met Russell L. Taylor, also a native of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. She returned home to [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]] to marry Taylor on April 20, 1879.<ref>"Georgia Marriages, 1808-1967", index, FamilySearch (https:familysearch.org) accessed 7 June 2012, Russell Taylor</ref> She remained in Boston for the rest of her life, returning to the South only occasionally. After a trip to Louisiana in the 1890s to care for a dying son, she wrote her ''Reminiscences'', which were privately published in 1902. She died ten years later. She is buried next to her second husband at [[Mount Hope Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Cemetery]] in [[Roslindale]], Massachusetts.

==Suggested reading==
*Robert C. Morris, Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870 ([[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago]] Press, 1981).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/taylorsu/menu.html Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers.] Boston: The author, 1902.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8255625 Find-A-Grave bio]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1097 New Georgia Encyclopedia] (entry on Susie King Taylor)
* [http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/black-motivational-posters/susie-king-taylor.html 10 Facts About Susie King Taylor, The 1st Black Nurse]

{{Authority control|VIAF=119992932}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Taylor, Susie King
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 6, 1848
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Liberty County, Georgia
| DATE OF DEATH = October 6, 1912
| PLACE OF DEATH = Boston, Massachusetts
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Susie}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Savannah, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Liberty County, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]

Craig Owens

2013-02-12T19:24:31Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edits by 92.28.22.181 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Craig Owens
| image = Craig Owens at Warped Tour 2009.jpg
| caption = Owens at the Vans Warped Tour in Mansfield, MA. 2009
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Craigery Michael Owens
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|8|26}}
| origin = [[Davison, Michigan|Davison]], [[Michigan]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| instrument = [[singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]], [[piano]]
| genre = [[Post-hardcore]], [[indie rock]], [[experimental rock]], [[emo]], [[screamo]], [[pop punk]]
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], [[musician]], [[actor]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| label = [[Decaydance Records|Decaydance]], [[Sire Records|Sire]]
| associated_acts = [[Chiodos]], [[Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows]], [[Cinematic Sunrise]], [[Isles & Glaciers]], [[The Sound of Animals Fighting]]
| website = [http://iamcraigowens.com www.iamcraigowens.com]

}}

'''Craigery Michael "Craig" Owens''' (born August 26, 1984){{citation needed|date=August 2012}} is an American musician best known as the lead vocalist of [[Chiodos]]. He has also had an involvement in various side projects such as [[Cinematic Sunrise]] and the supergroups [[Isles & Glaciers]] and [[Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows]]. A founding member of all four bands, Owens is as of August 2012 active with Chiodos, following a separation from the band from 2009 to early 2012. He has also recorded solo and appeared in the 2012 film ''[[K-11 (film)|K-11]]''.

==Music career==

===Chiodos===
{{Main|Chiodos}}
[[File:Craig Owens July 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Owens performing in July 2009 on the Vans Warped Tour with Chiodos]]
While in high school in [[Davison, Michigan]], Owens joined in 2001 with [[Bradley Bell (musician)|Bradley Bell]], Pat McManaman, Jason Hale, Matt Goddard and Derrick Frost to form a band.<ref name=Mlive/><ref name=AMG/> Originally named "Chiodos Bros." in tribute to special effects trio [[The Chiodo Brothers]], the band recorded its first demo in June 2002.<ref name=AMG>{{cite web | url = http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chiodos-mn0000382630 | title = Chiodos | publisher = Allmusic | first = Corey | last = Apar | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> Following several years of national touring and independent recording, they were signed by [[Equal Vision Records]] in 2004 and, under the name Chiodos, released their first full-length album, ''[[All's Well That Ends Well (Chiodos album)|All's Well That Ends Well]]'' in 2005. They continued thereafter, recording and touring.

While Chiodos and Cinematic Sunrise ([[Craig Owens (entertainer)#Cinematic Sunrise|see below]]) were recording and touring, Owens was struggling with personal issues. On July 24, 2008, four days after an overdose on [[Xanax]] in his Michigan home, he revealed in his [[Myspace]] [[blog]] that he had been suffering from bipolar disorder and anxiety attacks for years.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.myspace.com/craigeryowens/blog/417856083 | title = To My Fans and Friends | first = Craig | last = Owens | date = July 24, 2008 | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> He also announced that he took no lasting harm from the attempted overdose and would not be canceling any of his appearances with Chiodos.

Even after his separation from his first band, Owens continued to have an interest in working with them and, after being asked by his management about what project he most wanted to pursue, he made overtures about a possible return to Chiodos.<ref name=Mlive/> On April 26, 2012, Owens announced his return to Chiodos.<ref name=APreunite/> Subsequently, on April 27, the remaining members of D.R.U.G.S. revealed their intention to disband.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.noisecreep.com/2012/04/27/destroy-rebuild-until-god-shows-break-up/ | title = Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows Break Up After Singer Returns to Chiodos | date = April 27, 2012 | first= Carlos | last = Ramirez | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | publisher = noisecreep.com}}</ref> Chiodos' first live appearance after their reunion took place on August 9, 2012 in a sold-out performance at [[Flint Local 432]] in Michigan.<ref name=Mlive>{{cite web | url = http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/flint/index.ssf/2012/08/chiodos_to_make_first_appearan.html | title= Chiodos to make first appearance since reunion at Flint Local 432 | date = August 8, 2012 | first= Christina | last = Fuoco Karasinski | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | publisher = MLive}}</ref> As of that date, the members had tentative plans for a new album, on which they have been working separately but not yet begun to coordinate.

===Cinematic Sunrise===
{{Main|Cinematic Sunrise}}
During this work with Chiodos, Owens and Bell formed the side project Cinematic Sunrise as a place to perform music that didn't fit Chiodos' style.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.allmusic.com/artist/cinematic-sunrise-mn0001708789 | title = Cinematic Sunrise | first = Katherine | last = Fulton | publisher = Allmusic | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> When the band signed with Equal Vision, in March 2008, its line-up had included Owens, Bell, Bryan Beeler, Marcus Vankirk and Dave Shapiro.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.drivenfaroff.com/2008/03/19/equal-vision-signs-cinematic-sunrise/ | title = Equal Vision signs Cinematic Sunrise | first = Bryce | last = Jacobson | date = March 19, 2008 | publisher = Drivenfaroff.com | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> Cinematic Sunrise released an EP later that Spring, ''[[A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record]]''.

===Isles & Glaciers===
{{Main|Isles & Glaciers}}
In September 2008, Owens revealed to fans on his journal that in addition to several guest vocalist appearances, he was working on another side project with [[Jonny Craig]] of [[Emarosa]]/[[Dance Gavin Dance]], [[Vic Fuentes]] of [[Pierce the Veil]] and Nick Martin of Cinematic Sunrise.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20081015123219/http://www.iamcraigowens.com/category/journal/ | title = 5 records for September. | date = September 4, 2008 | first = Craig | last = Owens | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> When the Isles & Glaciers supergroup was officially announced in December, it also included Owens' bandmate Matt Goddard, Fuentes' brother and bandmate [[Mike Fuentes]] and [[Brain Southalls]] from the band [[TREOS]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eastscene.com/2008/12/15/isles-glaciers-new-craig-owens-side-proejct/ | title = Isles & Glaciers – new Craig Owens side project! | date = December 15, 2008 | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | first = Brennan | last = Schnell | publisher = EastScene}}</ref>

The supergroup premiered their first songs during a radio interview on January 18, 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/archive_5690/ | title = Isles & Glaciers to debut new songs tonight | work = AltPress | date = January 18, 2009 | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> The band's EP, ''[[The Hearts of Lonely People]]'', was released on March 9, 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-hearts-of-lonely-people-mw0001977159 | title = The Hears of Lonely People | first = Gregory | last = Heaney | publisher = Allmusic | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref>

Asked in March 2012 if Isles & Glaciers would consider further collaboration, Owens indicated that the possibility ''had'' been discussed among various members of the group but not established; "we've tossed the idea around to see if we could put it back together, but that was just to see if we could do anything...there's no set plans right now."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/craig_owens_discusses_possibility_of_new_music_from_isles_glaciers/ | title = Craig Owens discusses possibility of new music from Isles & Glaciers | date = March 11, 2012 | first = Tyler | last = Common | work = AltPress | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref>

===Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows===
{{Main|Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows}}
On September 15, 2009, Owens released a solo EP entitled "[[With Love (Craig Owens album)|Με την αγάπη (With Love)]]" through Equal Vision Records.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://equalvision.merchnow.com/products/106651/with-love | title = With Love | publisher = Equal Vision Records | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> Nine days later, on September 24, 2009, Chiodos announced that they had parted ways with Craig Owens, announcing that the decision to "let Craig Owens go as the singer of Chiodos...was a necessary one", but refusing to disclose details "[o]ut of respect for all of the hard work that we have put in together for all of these years".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.alterthepress.com/2009/09/craig-owens-and-chiodos-part-ways.html | title = Craig Owens and Chiodos Part Ways | first = Sean | last = Reid | date = September 24, 2009 | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | publisher = alterthepress.com}}</ref> For the next several months, Owens maintained a low profile, taking personal time and writing songs.<ref name=APopen>{{cite web | url = http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/qa_craig_owens_opens_up_about_life_after_chiodos/ | title = Q&A: Craig Owens opens up about life after Chiodos | first = Mike | last = Shea | date = June 30, 2010 | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | publisher = AltPress}}</ref>

In June 2010, at the time he discussed his upcoming project with [[Alternative Press]], he had written or co-written 30 songs for a not-yet-completed supergroup signed to [[Decaydance]] featuring [[Nick Martin (musician)|Nick Martin]] of Cinematic Sunrise and Aaron Stern of [[Matchbook Romance]].<ref name=APopen/> On 17 August, Owens announced via Twitter that the new band would be named D.R.U.G.S. (Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://twitter.com/#!/craigeryowens/status/21432778674 | title = Untitled | first = Craig | last = Owens | date = August 17, 2010 | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | publisher = Twitter}}</ref> On February 21, 2011, with the completed band lineup including [[Matt Good]] of [[From First to Last]] and Adam Russell of [[Story of the Year]] and production by [[John Feldmann]], D.R.U.G.S. released their [[D.R.U.G.S. (album)|eponymous debut]].<ref name=AMGdrugs>{{cite web | url = http://www.allmusic.com/album/drugs-mw0002095956 | title = Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows, D.R.U.G.S. | first = Gregory | last = Heaney | publisher = AllMusic | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref> The album reached #29 on [[The Billboard 200]] and higher on some of Billboard's specialized lists, including hitting #6 on "Top Rock Albums", #5 on "Top Modern Rock/Alternative Albums" and #1 on "Top Hard Rock Albums."<ref name=AMGdrugs/> D.R.U.G.S. coheadlined the 2011 [[Alternative Press Tour]].<ref name=APreunite>{{cite web | url = http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/breaking_news_chiodos_to_reunite_with_craig_owens/ | title = Breaking news: Chiodos to reunite with Craig Owens | first = Bryne | last = Yancy | date = April 26, 2012 | accessdate = 12 August 2012 | publisher = Alternative Press}}</ref>

In 2011, Owens made an appearance as the character Ian Sheffield in the film ''K-11'', which debuted at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-kristen-stewart-on-the-road-jules-mom-twilight-k-11-327000 | title = Cannes 2012: 'Twilight' Star Kristen Stewart's Mother Makes Directorial Debut | first = Stuart | last = Kemp | date = May 20, 2012 | publisher = Hollywoodreporter.com | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1329177/ | title = K-11 | publisher = IMDb | accessdate = 12 August 2012}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{main|Craig Owens discography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Craig Owens}}
*[http://iamcraigowens.com/ Official Website]
*{{Twitter|craigowens|Craig Owens}}

{{Craig Owens}}
{{Chiodos}}
{{Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows}}
{{The Sound of Animals Fighting}}
{{Isles & Glaciers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Owens, Craigery
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Craig
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =August 26, 1984
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Owens, Craig}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Countertenors]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American Lutherans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Oakland County, Michigan]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:People from Rochester, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Rochester Hills, Michigan]]
[[Category:Equal Vision Records artists]]

[[simple:Craig Owens]]
[[sv:Craig Owens]]

Dark Seed

2012-02-05T04:54:07Z

BigDwiki: clean up, typos fixed: Playstation → PlayStation using AWB

{{Infobox VG
| title = Dark Seed
| image = [[File:Dark Seed Cover.jpg|250px]]
| caption=
| developer = [[Cyberdreams]]
| publisher = [[Cyberdreams]]
| designer =
| artist = [[H. R. Giger]]
| released = 1992
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| genre = [[Adventure game|Adventure]]
| series=
| ratings = {{vgratings|USK=6+}}
| platforms = [[Amiga]], [[Amiga CD32]], [[MS-DOS|DOS]], [[Macintosh]], [[Sega Saturn]], [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]
| media = [[Floppy disk#New 3.0-3.5" formats|3½" floppy disk]], [[CD-ROM]]
| requirements= '''DOS''' 20 [[Hertz|MHz]] [[Intel 80386|386]] 640 [[Kilobyte|KB]] [[Random access memory|RAM]] 500 KB [[Hard disk]] space [[MS-DOS]] 3.x
|input=[[Computer keyboard|Keyboard]], [[mouse (computing)|mouse]], or [[joystick]]
}}

'''''Dark Seed''''' is a [[computer game]] in the [[horror (genre)|horror]] [[adventure game]] [[genre]]. It was developed and published by [[Cyberdreams]] in 1992. It exhibits a normal world and a dark world counterpart, which is based on the artwork by [[H. R. Giger]]. It was one of the first adventure games to use high-resolution (640 x 400 pixels) graphics, to Giger's demand. A sequel, ''[[Dark Seed II]]'', was released in 1995. The original game was released for [[Amiga]], [[Amiga CD32]], [[MS-DOS|DOS]], [[Macintosh]], [[Sega Saturn]] and [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]. The PlayStation and Saturn versions were released only in [[Japan]]; however, the Saturn version is not dubbed in Japanese, only subtitled,<ref name="Segagaga video">[http://www.segagagadomain.com/welcome-news.htm Segagaga], see the Dark Seed video in "Movie Vault".</ref> making the game's story still accessible to English speakers. The Saturn version is compatible with the Sega Saturn Mouse. There was also a version developed for the [[Mega-CD|Sega Mega-CD]] and even promoted for American release, but publisher Vic Tokai never released it. An unlicensed version was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in Chinese. The main character, Mike Dawson, is named after the game's designer and producer. He also lent his appearance to the character's [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]].

==Story==
Mike Dawson is a successful advertising executive and writer who has recently purchased an old mansion on Ventura Drive (named after [[Ventura Boulevard]]) in the small town of [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]]. On his first night at the house, Mike has a nightmare about being imprisoned by a machine that shoots an alien embryo into his brain. He wakes up with a severe headache and, after taking some aspirins and a shower, explores the mansion. He finds clues about the previous owner's death, which reveal the existence of a [[Parallel universe (fiction)|parallel universe]] called the Dark World ruled by sinister aliens called the Ancients.

On the second day, he travels to that universe through the living room mirror and meets the Keeper of the Scrolls, a friendly darkworlder. She tells him that the nightmare at the beginning of the game was real and warns him that if the embryo{{mdash}}the [[eponym]]ous Dark Seed{{mdash}}is born, it will kill him and all of humanity. The only way to stop this, she says, is to destroy the Ancient's Power Source.

On the third and final day, Mike executes an elaborate plan that culminates with the Ancient ship's departure on the Dark World, depriving them of their power source, and the destruction of the living room mirror, sealing the Ancients out of the Normal World. The game ends with the town librarian visiting Mike and telling him she found some pills in her purse. "It's a prescription filled to you, "she says," for relief of severe headaches." The medication will presumably kill the embryo inside his head. A morphing animation reveals that, unbeknown to the librarian, she is the Keeper of the Scrolls' [[Wiktionary:counterpart|counterpart]]. Mike then states that he's just beginning to understand.

==Reception==
The game was reviewed in 1992 in ''[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]]'' #188 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 3 out of 5 stars.<ref name="Dragon188">{{cite journal
|title=The Role of Computers
|author=Lesser, Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk
|journal=Dragon
|issue=188
|date=December 1992
|pages=57–64}}</ref>
Dark Seed was the winner of the SPA's 1993 [[Codie award]] for the Best Fantasy Role-Playing/Adventure Program.

==Legacy==
Unlike most adventure games, which give the player time to explore, almost every action in Dark Seed has to fall within precise time limits, or the game will end up in an unwinnable state. As a result of this as well as the game's frequent crashes,<ref>http://dune41.home.comcast.net/~dune41/pub/darkseed/</ref> one must start over repeatedly to win without resorting to a walkthrough.

An [[urban legend]] spread that the intense pressure of designing ''Dark Seed'' gave lead designer, Mike Dawson, a mental breakdown.<ref>http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/column_index.php?story=8420</ref> However, he actually left the games industry after completing ''Dark Seed'' and moved into television writing (including some episodes of [[Family Matters]]) until the late 1990s, wrote four books on programming (including ''Beginning C++ Game Programming'' and ''Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner'') and is teaching game design and programming classes at [[Stanford University]] and [[UCLA]].<ref>http://programgames.com/</ref><ref>[http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/column_index.php?story=8420 Gamasutra - Playing Catch-Up: Darkseed's Mike Dawson]</ref>

In 2006 Gametrailers.com named it the seventh scariest game of all time.<ref name="test">[http://www.gametrailers.com/video/top-ten-gt-countdown/14536 Gametrailers Top Ten Scariest Games]</ref>
{{-}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{moby game|id=/dark-seed|name=''Dark Seed''}}
* [http://www.adventureclassicgaming.com/index.php/site/reviews/29/ ''Dark Seed''] at [[Adventure Classic Gaming]]
* {{imdb title|id=0144157|title=Dark Seed}}
* [http://lparchive.org/LetsPlay/Darkseed/ ''Dark Seed''] at the Let's Play Archive

{{Cyberdreams Interactive Entertainment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dark Seed (Video Game)}}
[[Category:1992 video games]]
[[Category:Adventure games]]
[[Category:Amiga games]]
[[Category:CD32 games]]
[[Category:Cancelled Sega Mega-CD games]]
[[Category:Cthulhu Mythos games]]
[[Category:Cyberdreams games]]
[[Category:DOS games]]
[[Category:Horror video games]]
[[Category:Interactive fiction]]
[[Category:Mac OS games]]
[[Category:PlayStation games]]
[[Category:Point-and-click adventure games]]
[[Category:Psychological horror games]]
[[Category:Sega Saturn games]]
[[Category:Dark fantasy video games]]

[[ca:Darkseed]]
[[cs:Dark Seed]]
[[es:Dark Seed (videojuego)]]
[[it:Darkseed]]
[[ja:ダークシード]]

Orca Sports Cars

2012-02-04T23:57:38Z

BigDwiki: clean up & minor edits, removed stub tag using AWB

{{Infobox company
| company_name = Orca Engineering Ltd.
| company_logo=
| company_type= [[Corporation|Family Owned Corporation]]
| foundation= 2003
| key_people= [[René Beck]], [[CEO]] & [[Founder]]
[[Ralph Beck]], [[Founder]]
| location_country = [[Liechtenstein]]
| location_city = [[Ebenholz]], [[Vaduz]]
| num_employees= 15
| industry= [[Sports Car]] [[Company]]
| revenue=
}}

'''Orca Engineering''' is a sports car company founded in [[Switzerland]], but now based in neighboring [[Liechtenstein]]. Orca designs and manufactures the [[Orca 113|Orca 113 Platform]], as well as the upcoming [[Beck LM800]].<ref name="topspeed.com">http://www.topspeed.com/cars/orca/index716.html</ref><ref>http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/beck-lm800</ref> Founded in 2003, by René Beck and his son Ralph, the company is most known for the Orca 113 Platform, which came in three variants (of which only seven cars were produced).<ref name="Orca SC7">[http://www.sportscarcup.com/orca-sc7/ Orca SC7]</ref><ref>http://wikicars.org/en/Orca</ref><ref>http://www.supercars.net/cars/3019.html</ref>

When the Orca 113 Platform died out, René Beck deiced to move on to his next [[supercar]] project, the Beck LM800.<ref>http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3073/Beck-LM800.html</ref>

==Orca 113 Platform==
The Orca 113 Platform is a platform of vehicles produced by Swiss start up Orca Engineering.<ref name="de.cars.yahoo.com"/> The platform was planned to be made of 198 in three variants, but only 7 were produced, 3 [[C113]], 2 [[R113]], and 2 [[SC7]].

==C113==
The [[C113]] was a [[coupé]], and the first [[Concept car|concept]]/[[car]] manufactured in the Orca 113 Platform.<ref name="topspeed.com"/> It has a claimed top speed of 360 km/h, though this has not been officially tested.<ref name="topspeed.com"/> However, the C113 is proven to be the fourth fastest car in the world (0–100 km in under 3 seconds).<ref name="de.cars.yahoo.com"/><ref name="carinsurancecomparison.com">http://www.carinsurancecomparison.com/fastest-cars/</ref> Production of the C113 had been limited to 198 units (in all three variants), but never began due to delays and the lack of buyers (7 were produced in all three version).<ref name="de.cars.yahoo.com">[http://de.cars.yahoo.com/050509/348/4jaoz.html Angriff des Killerwals: Der Orca geht mit 850 PS auf die Jagd - Yahoo! Autos]</ref> The C113 sold for around [[USD|$]]280,000, not including attentional pakages.<ref>[http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z7764/Orca%20Engineering_C%20113/default.aspx Orca Engineering C 113, 2003 C 113 | Conceptcarz.com - Pictures, Pricing, Information, Wallpaper, History]</ref>

*Acceleration 0–100 km / h in under 3 seconds
*Acceleration 0–200 km / h: 8.5 seconds
*Acceleration 0–300 km / h: 15 seconds
*Top speed: approx 360 km

==R113==
The [[R113]] is a [[concept]] [[roadster]] version of the C113 (only 2 made).<ref name="de.cars.yahoo.com"/> Before the Orca 133 Platform was cancelled, the R113 was going to be fastest street worthy car in the world (0–100 km in 2.5 seconds).<ref name="de.cars.yahoo.com"/><ref name="carinsurancecomparison.com"/> Almost nothing is known about the R113 concept, except it uses the same [[Audi]] [[twin turbo]] [[V8]] as the Beck LM 800, other performance info is below.<ref name="Orca SC7"/>

*Acceleration 0–100 km / h in under 2.5 seconds
*Acceleration 0–200 km / h: 6.5 seconds
*Acceleration 0–300 km / h: 12.8 seconds
*Acceleration 0–400 km / h: ? seconds
*Top speed: approx 410 km

==SC7==
The [[SC7]] would have been by far the most exclusive vehicle Orca manufactured. Not much is known about the SC7 [[Concept car|concept]], it only weighs 850[[kg]], and is built around an [[Audi]] [[twin turbo]] [[V12 engine|V12]], and has a top speed of over 400 km/h. The production of the SC7 has been limited to 7 [[supercars]] (only 2 made).<ref name="Orca SC7"/>

*Acceleration 0–100 km / h in under 2.7 seconds
*Acceleration 0–200 km / h: ? seconds
*Acceleration 0–300 km / h: ? seconds
*Acceleration 0–400 km / h: ? seconds
*Top speed: approx 400 km

==Beck LM 800==
The [[Beck LM 800]] is currently the only vehicle that is underdevelopment at Orca Engineering.<ref>http://www.diseno-art.com/encyclopedia/vehicles/road/cars/beck_lm_800.html</ref> Almost nothing is known about the Beck LM 800, except it uses the same [[Audi]] [[twin turbo]] [[V8]] as the R113, and weights 900 kg. Other performance info is listed below.<ref>http://beck lm 800-siteforfans</ref>

*Acceleration 0–100 km / h in under 2.8 seconds
*Acceleration 0–200 km / h: ? seconds
*Acceleration 0–300 km / h: ? seconds
*Acceleration 0–400 km / h: ? seconds
*Top speed: approx 420 km

==External links==
* [http://www.madle.org/eorca.htm madle.org]
* [http://www.supercars.net/cars/3019.html supercars.net]
* [http://auto.moldova.org/auto/eng/91/146/ auto moldova]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Liechtenstein]]

[[de:Orca C113]]
[[it:Orca C113]]
[[nl:Orca (automerk)]]
[[fi:Orca 113]]

Orca Engineering

2012-02-04T23:57:38Z

BigDwiki: clean up & minor edits, removed stub tag using AWB

Easter Ross

2012-02-04T23:46:35Z

BigDwiki: clean up, typos fixed: well-known → well known using AWB

{{coord|57.668|-4.395|display=title|region:GB_scale:200000}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
'''Easter Ross''' (''Ros an Ear'' in [[Scots Gaelic]]) is a loosely defined area in the east of [[Ross]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]], [[Scotland]].

The name is used in the constituency name [[Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (disambiguation)|Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross]], which is the name of both a [[British House of Commons]] constituency and a [[Scottish Parliament]] constituency. The two constituencies have however different boundaries.

Places in Easter Ross include:
* [[Alness]]
* [[Dingwall]] (included in some contexts in the term ''Easter Ross'', though in some contexts it refers to the area to the north-east of Dingwall)
* [[Evanton]]
* [[Invergordon]]
* [[Kildary]]
* [[Milton, Easter Ross|Milntown of Tarbat]] (Milton)
* [[Portmahomack]]
* The [[Seaboard Villages|Seaboard villages]]:
** [[Balintore, Easter Ross|Balintore]]
** [[Hilton of Cadboll]]
** [[Shandwick]]
* [[Tain]]

The area has quite a distinctive accent, and is well known for its heavy use of the word "bey" (boy).

==See also==
* [[Black Isle]]
* [[Ross and Cromarty]]
* [[Ross-shire]]
* [[Wester Ross]]

{{Scottish provinces}}

[[Category:Ross and Cromarty]]

{{Highland-geo-stub}}

[[no:Easter Ross]]

Dare Foods

2012-02-04T07:32:48Z

BigDwiki: clean up & minor edits using AWB

==History==

[http://www.darefoods.com/default.aspx?lang=en Dare Foods Ltd. Motto is]
''“Feel good food is at the heart of everything we do at Dare, especially when it comes to baking delicious, quality snacks for your family.”'' They are dedicated to creating high quality snacks for the average person.

'''Dare Foods, Limited''' is a [[Canada]]-based food manufacturing company. They have seven factories in Canada and the [[United States]]. Their products are distributed in [[North America]] and at least 25 other countries.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.darefoods.com/Au/AU_CompanyProfile.aspx?lang=en
| title = Dare Foods | About Us - Company Profile
| accessdate = 2010-01-26
}}</ref>

The founder of Dare Foods, Charles H. Doerr, started off in 1892 by making and selling cookies and candies in a small grocery shop in [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]],Ontario, Canada. By 1919 he created the C.H. Doerr Company that distributed his goods within the Ontario area. In 1941, Charles’ grandson, Carl Doerr, took over the business and legally changed the name to “Dare” because it was easier to pronounce. Dare products became more popular Canada-wide and in the U.S. in 1956.

==Products==

Dare is known for adopting the resealable, “tin tie” [[packaging]], for their cookies, that was originally used for coffee. This bag guaranteed freshness and soon became the standard packaging for cookies across Canada.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.darefoods.com/Au/AU_History.aspx?lang=en
| title = Dare Foods | History - Comapany Profile
| accessdate = 2011-11-09
}}</ref>

Dare continued to grow rapidly by expanding their product lines and starting new trends in the [[food industry]]. Some of their lines include: Breton crackers, RealFruit Gummies, Bremner Biscuits, Culinar “fine bread,” and Grissol chocolate-coated cookies. Due to the recent awareness of nut allergies, Dare declared all of its facilities to be [http://www.darefoods.com/Art/GFY-Peanutfree-Identify.aspx?lang=en “peanut free.”] They were one of the first large food manufacturers in Canada to do this. Since Dare is also focused on providing “good for you foods,” their products have many health benefits. Some include: fat free, certified health check, no trans fat, high source of fibre, etc. A full list of health benefits and which products fall under these categories can be found [http://www.darefoods.com/Health_Benefits.aspx?id=10&lang=en here.]

The following is a list of traditional products they make:

*[[Bear Paws]]
*[[Viva Puffs]]
*[[Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats#Whippets|Whippets]]
*[[Wagon Wheels]]
*Breton Crackers
*Vinta Crackers
*RealFruit Gummies and RealFruit Minis
*Maxi Fruit
*Melba Toast
*Breaktime Chocolate Chip Cookies

Dare tries to provide customers with innovative snacks to meet the needs of families. A few of their new [http://www.darefoods.com/Promotions.aspx?lang=en#new promoted products] are:

*Bear Paws Cereal and Fruit
*Bear Paws Crackers
*Baguettes Bites
*Simple Pleasures Moments

==Contact Information==

Dare Foods Ltd. still has its head office in Kitchener, Ontario, where Charles H. Doerr first started his shop. They have an English service phone number and a French number.<ref>{{ cite web
| url = http://www.hoovers.com/company/Dare_Foods_Limited/rfxssif-1.html
| title = Hoovers | Dare Food Limited
| accessdate = 2011-11-09
}}</ref> Media inquiries are directed to the PR agency in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada.

Dare Foods can also be found on [[Facebook]] and [[Linkedin]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.darefoods.com/ Homepage]

[[Category:Food companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kitchener, Ontario]]

Rebecca MacKinnon

2012-02-04T06:23:13Z

BigDwiki: /* Early life */clean up using AWB

{{Infobox person
| name = Rebecca MacKinnon
| image = Rebeccamackinnon wenxin.jpg
| caption = Rebecca MacKinnon in [[Beijing]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|9|16}}
| birth_place = [[Berkeley, California]], USA
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation =
}}
'''Rebecca MacKinnon''' is a former [[CNN]] [[journalist]] who headed the CNN bureaus in [[Beijing]] and later in Tokyo, before leaving television to become a blogger and co-founder of [[Global Voices Online]]. She is on the Board of Directors of the [[Global Network Initiative]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalnetworkinitiative.org/board/index.php |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Global Network Initiative |date= |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> and the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpj.org/2009/12/rebecca-mackinnon-ahmed-rashid-and-maria-teresa-ro.php |title=Rebecca MacKinnon, Ahmed Rashid, and María Teresa Ronderos join CPJ board - Committee to Protect Journalists |publisher=Cpj.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> and is currently with the [[New America Foundation]] as a [[Bernard L. Schwartz]] fellow <ref>{{cite web|url=http://rconversation.blogs.com/about.html |title=From her own blog}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Rebecca MacKinnon (January 27 2005).jpg|thumb|left|Rebecca MacKinnon blogging]]
Born in [[Berkeley, California]] in 1969. MacKinnon's family moved when she was three years old to [[Tempe, Arizona]] where her father [[Stephen R. MacKinnon]] took a job as Professor of Chinese History at [[Arizona State University]]. Her parents' academic research caused her to spend most of her primary school years in [[Delhi, India]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Beijing, China]] before moving back to Arizona for middle and high school. She graduated from Tempe High in 1987 and graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1991 with a B.A. [[magna cum laude]] in Government.

After graduation, she was a [[Fulbright scholar]] in [[Taiwan]], where she also worked as a ''[[Newsweek]]'' [[Stringer (journalism)|stringer]].

== CNN ==

MacKinnon joined CNN in 1992 as Beijing Bureau Assistant and moved up to Producer/Correspondent by 1997 and Bureau Chief by 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,667269,00.html |title=CNN Appoints Rebecca MacKinnon Beijing Bureau Chief |publisher=Timewarner.com |date=1998-03-30 |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> In 2001 she became Tokyo Bureau Chief. During her time with CNN, she interviewed notable leaders including [[Junichiro Koizumi]], [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], [[Pervez Musharraf]], and [[Mohammad Khatami]].

== Recent life and work ==
[[File:Rebecca MacKinnon 20100508.jpg|thumb|right|MacKinnon in 2010]]
In the Spring of 2004, MacKinnon was a fellow of the [[Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy]] at Harvard's [[Kennedy School of Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/presspol/fellowships/fellows_2004_spring.html |title=Spring 2004 Fellows - Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> That Summer, she joined [[Harvard Law School]]'s [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] as a Research Fellow, where she remained until December 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/137 |title=Rebecca MacKinnon | Berkman Center |publisher=Cyber.law.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> Among her projects at the Berkman Center, MacKinnon founded [[Global Voices|Global Voices Online]] in collaboration with [[Ethan Zuckerman]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Written byRebecca MacKinnon |url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2009/12/22/we-are-global-voices-five-years-on/ |title=Global Voices in English » We are Global Voices. Five years on |publisher=Globalvoicesonline.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> In January 2007 she joined the [[Journalism and Media Studies Center]] at [[the University of Hong Kong]], where she remained until January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jmsc.hku.hk/cms/component/option,com_magazine/func,show_article/id,21/Itemid,33/ |title=Journalism and Media Studies Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Rebecca MacKinnon |publisher=Jmsc.hku.hk |date=2009-04-27 |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> She spent February 2009-January 2010 conducting research and writing as an Open Society Fellow, funded by [[George Soros]]' [[Open Society Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soros.org/initiatives/fellowship/focus_areas/grantees/mackinnon_2009 |title=Rebecca MacKinnon | Open Society Fellowship | Open Society Institute |publisher=Soros.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> Then in February 2010 she joined [[Princeton University]]'s [[Center for Information Technology Policy]] where she is a visiting fellow, working on a book about the future of freedom in the Internet age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citp.princeton.edu/events/lunch/rebecca-mackinnon/ |title=Center for Information Technology Policy » Rebecca MacKinnon - Google, China, and Global Internet Freedom |publisher=Citp.princeton.edu |date=2010-02-11 |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> As of September 2010 she is also fellow at the New America Foundation.

In January 2007, she joined the inaugural [[Wikimedia Foundation]] Advisory Board.

Her first book, ''Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom'' (ISBN 978-0465024421) will be published by [[Basic Books]] in January 2012.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://rconversation.blogs.com/ RConversation (Rebecca MacKinnon's blog)]
*[http://rconversation.blogs.com/MacKinnonJan2007.htm Rebecca MacKinnon curriculum vitae (As of Jan.2007)]
*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/home/people People - Berkman Center for Internet & Society]
*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/globalvoices Global Voices Online]
*[http://jmsc.hku.hk Journalism and Media Studies Center]
*[http://jmsc.hku.hk/blogs/newmedia New Media Workshop]
*[http://www.soros.org/initiatives/fellowship Open Society Fellowship]
*[http://citp.princeton.edu/ Center for Information Technology Policy]
*[http://globalnetworkinitiative Global Network Initiative]
*[http://cpj.org Committee to Protect Journalists]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mackinnon, Rebecca
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1969-09-16
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Berkeley, California]], USA
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackinnon, Rebecca}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Berkman Fellows]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:Citizen journalism]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Internet activists]]
[[Category:People from Tempe, Arizona]]
[[Category:Virtual communities]]
[[Category:Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]

[[he:רבקה מקינון]]
[[ja:レベッカ・マッキノン]]
[[zh:麦康瑞]]

Soul Train

2012-01-29T02:10:23Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edits by Brymason (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{infobox television
| show_name = Soul Train
| image = [[File:Soul Train.png|175px]]
| caption =
| format = [[Music]]al [[Variety show|variety]]
| runtime = 45–48 minutes
| creator = [[Don Cornelius]]
| starring = Don Cornelius (1971–1993) various guest hosts (1993–1997) [[Mystro Clark]] (1997–1999) [[Shemar Moore]] (1999–2003) [[Dorian Gregory]] (2003–2006)
| producer = Don Cornelius
| company = [[Don Cornelius Productions]]
[[Tribune Entertainment]]
| narrated = [[Sid McCoy]]
| country = United States
| network = [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1971|10|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2006|3|25}}
| list_episodes = List of Soul Train episodes
| num_episodes = 1,117
| website = http://www.soultrain.com
}}

'''''Soul Train''''' is an American musical [[variety show]] that aired in [[Broadcast syndication|syndication]] from October 1971 to March 2006. In its 35-year history, the show primarily featured performances by [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]], and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artists, although [[funk]], [[jazz]], [[disco]], and [[gospel music|gospel]] artists have also appeared.

As a nod to ''Soul Train'''s longevity, the show's opening sequence (during later seasons) contained a claim that it was the "longest-running, first-run, nationally syndicated program in television history," with over 1,100 episodes produced from the show's debut through the 2005-06 season.

The series was created by [[Don Cornelius]], who also served as its first host and executive producer, and aired first-run episodes from 1971 to 2006. Production was suspended following the 2005-2006 season, with a rerun package (known as ''The Best of Soul Train'') airing for two years after that.

Despite this, in years on air, ''Soul Train'' will continue to hold the honor of the longest, continuously running first-run syndicated program in television history until at least 2016, if and when its nearest competitor, ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'', completes its 35th season. (If ''ET'' does not complete a 35th season, ''[[Wheel of Fortune (US game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]'' would pass in 2017 if it continues to air.){{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==History==
===Chicago origins===
The origins of ''Soul Train'' can be traced to 1965, when [[WCIU-TV]], an upstart [[ultra high frequency|UHF]] station in [[Chicago]], began airing two youth-oriented dance programs: ''Kiddie-a-Go-Go'' and ''Red Hot and Blues''. These two programs—specifically the latter, which featured a predominantly [[African American]] group of in-studio dancers—would set the stage for what was to come to the station several years later. Don Cornelius, a news reader and backup [[disc jockey]] at Chicago radio station [[WVON]], was hired by WCIU in 1967 as a news and sports reporter. Cornelius also was promoting and emceeing a touring series of concerts featuring local talent (sometimes called "record hops") at Chicago-area high schools, calling his travelling caravan of shows "The Soul Train". WCIU-TV took notice of Cornelius's outside work and in 1970, allowed him the opportunity to bring his road show to television.

After securing a sponsorship deal with the Chicago-based retailer [[Sears|Sears, Roebuck and Co.]], ''Soul Train'' premiered on WCIU-TV on August 17, 1970, as a live show airing weekday afternoons. The first episode of the program featured [[Jerry Butler (singer)|Jerry Butler]], the [[The Chi-Lites|Chi-Lites]], and the [[The Emotions|Emotions]] as guests. Cornelius was assisted by Clinton Ghent, a local professional dancer who appeared on early episodes before moving behind the scenes as a producer and secondary host.<ref name="Chicago Defender">{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagodefender.com/article-3052-soul-train-reunion-to-honor-show-host-ghent.html |title=Soul Train reunion to honor show host, Ghent |accessdate=2010-03-29 |author=Shamontiel L. Vaughn |publisher=chicagodefender.com |date=2009-01-26}}</ref>

===Move to syndication===
Its immediate success attracted the attention of another locally based firm—the [[Johnson Products Company]] (manufacturers of the Afro Sheen line of hair-care products)—and they later agreed to co-sponsor the program's expansion into [[Broadcast syndication|national syndication]]. Cornelius and ''Soul Train''{{'}}s syndicator, Syndicast Services, targeted 24 markets outside of Chicago to carry the show, but stations in only seven other cities—[[Atlanta]], [[Cleveland]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[San Francisco]]—purchased the program, which began airing on a weekly basis on October 2, 1971. By the end of the first season, ''Soul Train'' was on in the other seventeen markets.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/misstrenee/15SecondsApril.html&date=2009-10-26+02:44:26</ref> In Chicago, the syndicated version was picked up by [[CBS]]-[[owned-and-operated station|owned]] [[WBBM-TV]]; the program moved to [[WGN-TV]] later in the decade and remained there for the balance of its run. When the program moved into syndication, its home base was also shifted to Los Angeles, where it remained for the duration of its run. Syndicast Services handled the syndication until [[1985 in television|1985]], when Chicago-based [[Tribune Entertainment]] took over those responsibilities.

Though Don Cornelius moved his operations west, ''Soul Train'' continued in Chicago as a local program. Cornelius hosted the local Chicago and Los Angeles-based national programs simultaneously, but soon focused his attention solely on the national edition. He continued to oversee production in Chicago, where Clinton Ghent hosted episodes on WCIU-TV until 1976, followed by three years of once-weekly reruns.<ref name="Chicago Reader">{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/soultrain/ |title=Soul Train Local: The show that put Aficrican-American music on TVs across America got its start in Chicago—and even after it moved to L.A., Chicago kept its own version running daily for nearly a decade |accessdate=2009-01-18 |author=Jake Austen |publisher=chicagoreader.com |date=2008-10-02}}</ref>

===Later years===
Don Cornelius ended his run as host at the end of the show's 22nd season in 1993, though he remained the show's main creative force from behind the scenes. The following fall, ''Soul Train'' began using various guest hosts weekly until comedian [[Mystro Clark]] began a two-year stint as permanent host in 1997. Clark was replaced by actor [[Shemar Moore]] in 1999. In 2003, Moore was succeeded by actor [[Dorian Gregory]], who hosted through 2006.

Production of first-run episodes was suspended at the conclusion of the 2005-06 season, the show's thirty-fifth, though several episodes were apparently produced for a thirty-sixth season that never aired. Instead, for two seasons starting in 2006-07, the program aired archived episodes (all from between 1974 and 1987) under the title ''The Best of Soul Train''.<ref>http://www.soultrain.com/stweekly/libraryframeset.html Soul Train - Don Cornelius Productions, Inc</ref> This was because in recent years, [[Nielsen ratings]] dropped to below 1.0; however, the classic episodes seemed to revive interest in the series and received a mostly positive response. In the process, some of the stations that used to air ''Soul Train'' on Saturday afternoons started burying it to middle-of-the-night time slots.<ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.tv/browse_thread/thread/12026ed8ffeb9ff2/7c4209331ecb9953?q=The+future+of+%22Soul+Train%22#7c4209331ecb9953 The future of "Soul Train"]</ref> The future of ''Soul Train'' was uncertain with the announced closing of Tribune Entertainment's syndication division on December 18, 2007, which left Don Cornelius Productions to seek a new distributor for the program.<ref>ffd([http://www.tvweek.com/news/2007/12/tribune_entertainment_ends_dis.php])</ref> Cornelius soon secured a deal with [[Trifecta Entertainment & Media]].

In May 2008, the rights to the ''Soul Train'' library were purchased by MadVision Entertainment, whose principal partners come from the entertainment and publishing fields. The price and terms of the deal were not disclosed.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/media/17soul.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=soul+train&st=nyt&oref=slogin&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=After 38 Years, ‘Soul Train' Gets New Owner | first=Brian | last=Stelter | date=2008-06-17 | accessdate=2010-04-09}}</ref> However, by the start of the 2008-09 television season, the Tribune-owned stations (including national carrier [[WGN America]]) that had been the linchpin of the show's syndication efforts dropped the program, and many others followed suit. ''Soul Train{{'}}''s website acknowledged that the program had ceased distribution on September 22, 2008.

===Revival===
When Don Cornelius Productions still owned the program, clips of the show's performances and interviews were kept away from online video sites such as [[YouTube]] due to [[copyright infringement]] claims. Cornelius also frowned upon unauthorized distribution of ''Soul Train'' episodes through the sale of third-party [[VHS]] or [[DVD]] compilations.

Following the purchase of the program's library by MadVision Entertainment, the ''Soul Train'' archives were exposed to new forms of distribution. In April 2009, MadVision launched a ''Soul Train'' channel on YouTube. Three months later, the company entered into a licensing agreement with [[Time–Life]] to distribute ''Soul Train'' DVD sets.<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/music/news/e3i70172e607ddc1be9b409953d18cfe6f9 | deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=January 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>[http://tvshowsondvd.com/n/13264]</ref> MadVision then came to terms with [[Viacom]]-owned [[Black Entertainment Television]] to relaunch the ''Soul Train Music Awards'' for BET's new spin-off channel, [[Centric]], in November 2009, a move that may be one step into reviving the program. Centric, which launched on September 28, 2009, is currently broadcasting archived episodes of the program. Archived episodes of the series can now be seen on [[Bounce TV]], an Atlanta-based television network that launched on September 26, 2011.

===Influence===
During the heyday of ''Soul Train'' in the 1970s and 1980s, the program was widely influential among younger African Americans, many of whom turned to it not only to hear the latest songs by well-known African-American artists, but also for clues about the latest fashions and dance trends. Moreover, for many white Americans in that era who were not living in areas that were racially diverse, ''Soul Train'' provided a unique window into African-American culture. Some commentators have called ''Soul Train'' a "black ''[[American Bandstand]]''", another long-running program with which ''Soul Train'' shares some similarities. Cornelius, however, tended to bristle at the ''Bandstand'' comparison.<ref>In an episode featuring [[Rick James]], featured in the ''Best of Soul Train'' reruns, James begins cavorting with audience members only to have Cornelius stop him and tell him "This ain't ''Bandstand''! The Soul Train line is a dance move from the show ''Soul Train''!"</ref>

[[Dick Clark]], host and producer of ''American Bandstand'', attempted to steal ''Soul Train'''s market share with a similarly themed program called ''Soul Unlimited'', whose brief run on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] in 1973 was controversial for its pronounced racial overtures. Clark ended ''Soul Unlimited'' after a handful of airings and agreed to work with Cornelius on a series of network specials featuring African-American artists.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/don-cornelius Don Cornelius biography from Answers.com]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GYa5olqdl4UC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=dick+clark+soul+unlimited+ABC&source=bl&ots=6eYatvjvF9&sig=NrmX8BNylea37kvaUV1zTTB2x7M&hl=en&ei=tpolTPPGKIKClAeLz6nxAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=dick%20clark%20soul%20unlimited%20ABC&f=false |title=TV-a-go-go: rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol |author= Jake Austen |date= 2005 |work= |publisher= Chicago Review Press, Inc. |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref>

Cornelius was relatively conservative in his musical tastes and was admittedly not a fan of the emerging [[hip hop]] genre. Even though he would feature [[rap]] artists on ''Soul Train'' frequently during the 1980s, he publicly would admit (to the artists' faces such as [[Kurtis Blow]] for example) that the genre was one that he did not understand; as rap continued to move further toward [[hardcore hip hop]], Cornelius would admit to be frightened by the antics of groups such as [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]. [[Rosie Perez]] testified in a 2010 [[VH1]] produced ''Soul Train'' documentary (''Soul Train: The Hippest Trip in America'') that Cornelius also disliked seeing the ''Soul Train'' dancers perform sexually suggestive "East Coast" dance moves. Cornelius admittedly only had rap artists on the show because the genre was becoming popular among his African-American audience, though the decision alienated middle-aged, more affluent African-Americans like himself. This disconnect eventually led to Cornelius stepping down as host in the early 1990s and the show losing its influence.<ref>See the 2010 documentary "Soul Train: The Hippest Trip in America."</ref>

==Program elements==
Within the structure of the program, there were two enduring elements. The first was the "Soul Train Scramble Board", where two dancers are given sixty seconds to unscramble a set of letters which form the name of that show's performer or a notable person in African-American history. In describing the person's renown, the host concluded their description with the phrase "...whose name you should know". There was also the popular "Soul Train Line", in which all the dancers form two lines with a space in the middle for dancers to strut down and dance in consecutive order. Originally, this consisted of a couple - with men on one side and women on the other.

In later years, men and women had their own individual line-ups. Sometimes, new dance styles or moves were featured or introduced by particular dancers. In addition, there was an in-studio group of dancers who danced along to the music as it was being performed. Rosie Perez, [[Carmen Electra]], [[Nick Cannon]], [[MC Hammer]], [[Jermaine Stewart]], [[Fred Berry|Fred "Rerun" Berry]], [[Laurieann Gibson]], [[Perri "Pebbles" Reid|Pebbles]], and [[National Football League|NFL]] legend [[Walter Payton]] were among those who got noticed dancing on the program over the years. Two former dancers, [[Jody Watley]] and [[Jeffrey Daniel]], enjoyed years of success as members of the R&B group [[Shalamar]] after they were chosen by ''Soul Train'' talent booker/record promoter [[Dick Griffey]] and Cornelius to replace the group's original session singers in 1978. <ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-13/magazine/tm-28307_1_jody-watley] Black, Stu (Dec. 13, 1987) "She Took The Soul Train To Stardom</ref><ref>DeCurtis, Anthony (June 18, 1987) "Jody Watley's New Love, Tired of Her Role In Shalamar, A Soul Diva Breaks Away For Solo Success", p. 23</ref> Watley would later enjoy success as a solo artist after leaving Shalamar.

Each guest usually performed twice on each program; after their first number, they were joined by the program host on-stage for a brief interview. The show was also known for two popular [[catchphrase]]s, referring to itself as the "hippest trip in America" at the beginning of the show and closing the program with "...and as always in parting, we wish you love, peace... and SOUL!"

==Spin-offs==
In 1987, ''Soul Train'' launched the ''[[Soul Train Music Awards]]'', which honors the top performances in R&B, hip-hop, and gospel music (and, in its earlier years, jazz music) from the previous year. ''Soul Train'' later created two additional annual specials: The ''[[Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards]]'', first airing in 1995, celebrated top achievements by female performers; and the ''Soul Train Christmas Starfest'', which premiered in 1998, featured holiday music performed by a variety of R&B and gospel artists.

The ''Lady of Soul Awards'' and ''Christmas Starfest'' programs last aired in 2006. In April 2008, Don Cornelius announced that year's ''Soul Train Music Awards'' ceremony had been canceled. Cornelius cited [[2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike|the three-month-long strike by the Writers Guild of America]] as one of the reasons, though a main factor may have been the uncertainty surrounding ''Soul Train'''s future. Cornelius also announced that a motion picture based on the program was in development.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN1542409420080418?sp=true |title="Soul Train" movie rolling into theaters |accessdate=2008-04-20 |author=Dean Goodman |publisher=Reuters.com |date=2008-04-18}}</ref> However, new owner MadVision appears to be following their own agenda for the program, which included reviving the ''Soul Train Music Awards'' in 2009.<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com"/><ref>A statement on the official ''Soul Train'' web site states "We are working diligently on a number of new projects to bring you more of the iconic Soul Train experience in 2009."</ref>

==Theme music==
''Soul Train'' used various original and current music for theme songs during its run, including:
* 1971-1973: "SoulTrain (Hot Potato)" by [[King Curtis]] (Curtis Ousley) and later redone by [[the Rimshots]] as "Soul Train, Parts 1&2". [The original 1962 version Curtis recorded 9 years before the show was named "Hot Potatoes (Piping Hot)"]
* 1973-1975: "[[TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)]]", composed by [[Gamble and Huff]] and recorded by [[Philadelphia soul]] studio group [[MFSB]] with vocals by [[the Three Degrees]]. Released as a single, this song became a pop and R&B radio hit in 1974 and the show's best-known theme.
* 1975-1976: "Soul Train '75" by [[the Soul Train Gang]], which was later released as a single for the newly formed [[Soul Train Records]]
* 1976-1978: "Soul Train '76 (Get on Board)", also by the Soul Train Gang
* 1978-1980: "Soul Train Theme '79", produced by the Hollywood Disco Jazz Band with vocals by the Waters
* 1980-1983: "Up on Soul Train", first by the Waters and later by [[the Whispers]], whose version appears in their 1980 album ''[[Imagination (The Whispers album)|Imagination]]''.
* 1983-1987: "[[You and I (O'Bryan album)|Soul Train's a Comin']]" by R&B artist [[O'Bryan]]<ref>http://lanier2.imeem.com/music/qhqYbbih/soul_trains_a_comin_remix_1983/ O'Bryan Soul Train's A Comin' (Remix) - 1983 - Song - MP3 Stream on IMEEM Music</ref>
* 1987-1989: "TSOP '87", a remake of the original "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)", composed and produced by [[George Duke]]
* 1989-1993: "TSOP '89", a remixed version of "TSOP '87", also by George Duke
* 1993-1999: "Soul Train '93" (Know You Like to Dance)" by the hip-hop group [[Naughty by Nature]] with a [[saxophone]] solo by [[Everette Harp]]
* 1999-2006: "TSOP 2000", with rap vocals by hip hop artist Samson and music by [[Dr. Freeze]], and again featuring an Everette Harp saxophone solo. However, a portion of "Know You Like to Dance" was still used in the show's second-half opening segment during this period.

==References in popular culture==
===Film===
*In the film ''[[I'm Gonna Git You Sucka]]'', the lead character, Jack Spade, and his ex-girlfriend have a flashback about their experience of dancing on ''Soul Train''. They dance down the ''Soul Train'' line (to the song "[[Dancing Machine]]" by [[The Jackson 5]]) but are so terrible they knock out all the other participants.
*In [[Spike Lee]]'s film ''[[Crooklyn]]'' (1994), the kids are watching and dancing to an episode of ''Soul Train'' on TV.
*In the film ''[[Dead Presidents]]'' (1995), [[Chris Tucker]]'s character overdoses on heroin while watching an episode of ''Soul Train'' on TV.
*Don Cornelius made a cameo appearance in the [[1998 in film|1998]] comedy ''[[Mafia!]]''. He appears during the funeral of Vincenzo Cortino, portrayed by [[Lloyd Bridges]].
*A sequence in the movie ''[[Charlie's Angels (film)|Charlie's Angels]]'' featured actress [[Cameron Diaz]] dancing on ''Soul Train''.

===Songs===
*[[Johnnie Taylor]]'s [[Hit record|No. 1 hit]] "[[Disco Lady]]", from 1976, contains the line "Girl, you oughta be on TV... on ''Soul Train''!"
*In 1974, [[Junior Walker]] recorded a song called "Dancin' Like They Do on Soul Train".
*[[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[After the Dance]]" includes the line, "You were looking good on ''Soul Train''."
*[[Archie Bell & the Drells]]' "I Could Dance All Night" includes the line, "See those kids on that ''Soul Train'' show."
*[[Aaliyah]]'s "[[Back & Forth (song)|Back and Forth]] from 1994 contains the line "I got jazz personality, G mentality...beats of ''Soul Train''."
*[[Eric B. & Rakim]]'s "[[I Know You Got Soul (Eric B. & Rakim song)|I Know You Got Soul]]", from 1987, includes the line, "Grab the mic like I'm on ''Soul Train''."
*[[Dennis Coffey]] was the first white lead act to appear on the show, performing "Scorpio" on January 8, 1972. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0845890/]
*[[Elton John]] was the second white lead act to appear on the show, performing "Philadelphia Freedom" and "Bennie and the Jets" on May 17, 1975.
*[[David Bowie]] refers to ''Soul Train'' twice in "[[Young Americans (song)|Young Americans]]":
** "''Sit on your hands on a bus of survivors/Blushing at all the Afro-Sheeners''": A reference in "Young Americans" to one of the primary sponsors of ''Soul Train''.
** "''Black's got respect, and white's got his "Soul Train"'': A self-deprecating remark in "Young Americans" about how a white musician such as him could get on ''Soul Train'' to do [[blue-eyed soul]].
*David Bowie performed "Golden Years" and "Fame" on the show on November 4, 1975.
*[[Zapp & Roger]]'s "In the Mix" includes the line, "Don Cornelius, Hey, ''Soul Train'', I love to see your body talk."
*[[Greg Phillinganes]]'s "Lazy Nina" includes the chorus line "Back in the maze with Lazy Nina, walkin' the dog and watchin' ''Soul Train''."

===Television===
*The sketch comedy show ''[[In Living Color]]'' parodied ''Soul Train'' in 1990 with a sketch called "Old Train," parodying Cornelius's (and the show's) age and increasing disconnect with modern black music. [[Keenen Ivory Wayans]] portrayed Don Cornelius as a very elderly and forgetful host of a show that featured dancing elderly people. Participants in the "dance line" included a nurse pushing an old person in a wheelchair, and a casket being carried by pallbearers. The "Old Train Scramble Board" had the contestants attempt to "unscramble" four letters (D, E, M, R) that had no meaning.
*The improvisational comedy show ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]'' once featured a game in which one of the actors pretended he was the host of ''Soul Train'', repeatedly morphing into a "goofy white guy" and back again.
*In the "Arthur Plays the Blues" episode of the [[PBS Kids]] ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' cartoon series, Arthur's piano teacher, Dr. Fugue, says to Arthur after giving Arthur a second chance at piano lessons, "I have a few minutes before ''Soul Train''."
*''Soul Train'' was referenced in an episode of ''[[The Golden Girls]]''. Blanche asserts that she believes that all men are created equal, but Rose disagrees and suggests that those who do not believe her should "watch a white person dance down the line on ''Soul Train''."
*On the television show ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'', it is revealed that Philip proposed to Vivian on an episode of ''Soul Train'' in the 1970s. They are asked to return on a special anniversary show. Don Cornelius played himself in the episode.
*As Regina was rehearsing a dance routine on an episode of ''[[The Steve Harvey Show]]'', she told Steve that when she was younger, she told herself that she could "be that Asian girl" who danced regularly on ''Soul Train''. (The Asian dancer, Cheryl Song, appeared in several music videos throughout the years and was one of the most popular dancers on the show.)
*On an episode of ''[[Sanford and Son]]'', Aunt Esther tells the family that she will be on television, to which Fred Sanford replies, "''SOUL TRAIN''!"
*On an episode of ''[[The Cosby Show]]'', Claire explains to the family that she will appear on television to which Cliff exclaimed "''Soul Train''!"
*A ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' sketch with [[Eddie Murphy]] playing Mr. Robinson (a spoof of ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'') had a scramble board similar to that on ''Soul Train''. The word "SCUMI" was actually a scramble of the word "MUSIC".
*On the first-season episode of ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'', [[Zack Morris]] pulls a prank on [[List of Saved by the Bell characters#A.C. Slater|A.C. Slater]] by putting ants inside the back of his shirt. Slater gets up and moves around to get them off. The teacher replies, "Hey, this is study hall not ''Soul Train''!
*On the fourth season of ''[[Moesha]]'', Security Guard (Kelvin Brown) asked Niecy, "Is ''Soul Train'' still on?" in the season premiere, "Moesha Meets Brandy", which aired in October 1998.
*An episode in the 36th season of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' parodied ''The Best of Soul Train'' by advertising a collection titled ''The Worst of Soul Train,'' featuring various bizarre or spoof performances.
*In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' fifth-season episode "[[Rosebud (The Simpsons)|Rosebud]]", one of the TV shows that [[Mr. Burns]] interrupts is a parody of ''Soul Train'' entitled ''The Soul Mass Transit System''.
*On the [[thetruth.com|Truth]] commercial, actor [[Wesley Jonathan]] portrayed [[Shemar Moore]] about ammonia on a ''Soul Train'' scramble board that is on a [[Public Service Announcement|PSA]].
*A ''[[Mad (TV series)|MAD]]'' sketch parodied ''Soul Train'' with the 1982 film ''[[Tron]]''.

===Miscellaneous===
*[[International Game Technology|IGT]] acquired the rights to create a slot machine based on the series.
*[[Hibernian F.C.]]'s defender [[Sol Bamba]] is affectionately known by fans as "Sol Train".

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Lists of Soul Train episodes|Lists of Soul Train episodes]]
* [[Guests on Soul Train]]
* [[SOLAR Records]]
* [[Soul Train Music Awards]]
* ''[[Showtime at the Apollo]]''
* ''[[The Midnight Special (TV series)|The Midnight Special]]''
* ''[[Don Kirshner's Rock Concert]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.soultrain.com}}
* [http://www.timelife.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=1001&langId=-1&top_category=90000&productId=144501 ''Soul Train'' DVD from Time-Life]
* {{imdb title|0161194}}
* {{tv.com|7494|Soul Train}}

{{Soul Train}}

[[Category:1971 television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1970s American television series]]
[[Category:1980s American television series]]
[[Category:1990s American television series]]
[[Category:2000s American television series]]
[[Category:American music television series]]
[[Category:American variety television series]]
[[Category:Dance television shows]]
[[Category:English-language television series]]
[[Category:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States]]
[[Category:Metromedia]]
[[Category:Pop music television series]]
[[Category:Soul Train| ]]
[[Category:Television series by Tribune Entertainment]]
[[Category:African-American culture]]
[[Category:History of Chicago, Illinois]]

[[ja:ソウル・トレイン (テレビ番組)]]
[[pt:Soul Train]]

Michael F. Holick

2012-01-28T23:53:35Z

BigDwiki: Requesting speedy deletion (CSD G12).

{{db-copyvio|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/176/4040/1247}}

'''Dr. Michael F. Holick''' is an internationally recognized translational physician-scientist who has made seminal discoveries in the field of vitamin D that have led to novel effective therapies for metabolic bone diseases, hypocalcemic disorders, and psoriasis. As a graduate student he identified the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 which is routinely measured by physicians worldwide to determine a patient's vitamin D status. He also identified the active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 <ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/4326883|journal=[[Biochemistry]]|title=Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine.|date=1971 Jul 6}}.</ref>, as well as other metabolites including 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1, 24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3. As a fellow he participated in the first chemical synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 that was used for the first time to treat renal osteodystrophy, hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D dependent rickets type I. and osteoporosis. He helped develop the first clinical assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. He determined how vitamin D3 is made in the skin from sun exposure and established how season, time of day, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, and latitude influenced this vital cutaneous process. He established that the skin was not only the organ responsible for making vitamin D3 but was also a target tissue for its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. He determined that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was the most potent inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation and promoter of differentiation and translated these seminal observations by demonstrating that the topical application of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and several of its analogs were safe and effective for the treatment of psoriasis. He demonstrated macrophages and prostate cells have the enzymatic machinery to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and established that the extrarenal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may play a crucial role not only in cancer prevention but also in regulating the immune system. He developed a vitamin D absorption test and demonstrated that vitamin D was bioavailable in orange juice leading to the fortification of juice products in the United States. He also used the test to demonstrate the major cause of vitamin D deficiency in obesity is due to sequestration of vitamin D in the fat. He helped perform dose escalation studies with vitamin D establishing how much vitamin D is required to maintain blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the sufficient range for adults; it also demonstrated that up to 10,000 IU of vitamin D a day for 5 months did not cause toxicity. He has leadership roles serving as NASA/ Chair Standing Review Panel-Human Research Program, Chair NIDDK Special Emphasis Panel Review Meeting, Chair Endocrine Practice Guidelines Committee for Vitamin D and Editor-In-Chief-Journal of Clinical Laboratory. Among his numerous awards he received a Merit Award from the National Institute of Health, the first ASBMR Fuller Albright Award, Mead Johnson Award, Osborne and Mendel Award. the McCollum Award and the Robert H. Herman Award from the American Society for Clinical Nutrition, ACN Award from the American College of Nutrition, the NIH’s General Clinical Research Center's Program Award for Excellence in Clinical Research, Psoriasis Research Achievement Award from the American Skin Association, the Linus Pauling Functional Medicine Award, DSM Innovation in Nutrition Award, the Van Slyke Award from AACC, the Linus Pauling Prize In Human Nutrition, Delbert A Fisher Research Scholar Award from the Endocrine Society and the American College of Nutrition’s Communication Media Award.
He currently is employed as Professor of Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics at Boston University Medical Center where he is Director of the Bone Health Care Clinic. <ref>{{citation|url=http://www.bumc.bu.edu/endo/faculty/holick/|Boston University School of Medicine, Michael F. Holick Ph.D., M.D.}}.</ref>

Principal Previous Employment:
1978-81 Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
1979-81 Lecturer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
1981-85 Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
1981-85 Associate Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry MIT, Cambridge MA
1982-85 Associate Director Clinical Research Center, MIT, Cambridge
1985-87 Director, Vitamin D and Bone Metabolism Laboratory, USDA/Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University
1985-87 Prof of Physiology, Physiology Department, Tufts Univ Medical School, Boston MA
1986-87 Professor Medicine, Tufts University Medical School, Boston MA
1986-87 Professor of Nutrition, Tufts University, Medford MA
1987-1992 Chief Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston City Hospital
1987- Program Director, General Clinical Research Center, Boston Univ School of Medicine, Boston MA
1987- Director, Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1987- Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1990-2004 Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1990- Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1992-2000 Chief of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA
1996- Director, Heliotherapy, Light, and Skin Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
2002- Professor of Molecular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA

Residences and Fellowships:
Postdoctoral Training
1971-75 Research Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
Internships and Residencies
1976-77 Intern in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
1977-78 Assistant Resident in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
Research Fellowships
1971-75 Research Associate, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI

Education:
1968 B.S. Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ
1970 M.S. University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
1971 Ph.D. University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
1976 M.D. University of Wisconsin, Madison WI

Principal Honors and Awards:
1971 Honored Student Award, American Oil Chemists Society
1972 Wilson S. Stone Memorial Award, M.D. Anderson Hospital
1974 Charles Inbusch Award, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
1980 Fuller Albright Young Investigator Award
1981 Ten Outstanding Young Leaders Award Boston MA
1983 Mead Johnson Award, American Institute of Nutrition
1985 Pisa Medalion for Excellence in Science, Pisa, Italy
1986 Merit Award, National Institutes of Health
1986 Stanley S. Bergen Award for Excellence in the Medical Field, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ
1988 Fleming Lecture, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
1989 Arnold-Rickle Prize for Research in UV Radiation & Vitamin D Metabolism, Basel, Switzerland
1989 Duhring Lecture in Dermatology University of Pennsylvania
1990 Lillian B Clark Lecturership, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
1990 Visiting Professor in Nutrition, Texas A & M, SW Medical Center
1990 Visiting Professor in Nutrition University of California at Berkeley
1991 Glaxo Lecture, Swedish Society of Dermatology
1991 Osborne and Mendel Award, American Institute of Nutrition
1991 American Dietetic Association, Featured Speaker, Vitamin D: New Findings
1992 Landmarks in Research, Journal of NIH Research, Featured Speaker
1994 McCollum Award, American Society for Clinical Nutrition
1995 2nd Annual Beaudette-Thompson Lecture, Dept of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers Univ.
1996 Constantine S. Anast Lecture, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Keynote Speaker
1996 Plenary Speaker, First World Congress on Calcium and Vitamin D in Human Life, Rome, Italy
2000 Psoriasis Research Achievement Award, American Skin Associations, New York
2000 Doody's Rating Service selected Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology and Clinical Applications (Holick, ed., Humana Press) one of 250 Best Health Sciences Books, 2000.
2001 Top Docs for Women, Boston Magazine, February 2001
2002 American College of Nutrition’s ACN Award
2003 Robert H. Herman Memorial Award in Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Clinical Nutrition
2003 Sigma Xi Visiting Professor, Purdue University
2003 Plenary Speaker, The 11th Annual Providence Symposium on Vitamin D, Providence RI
2004 Plenary Speaker, Tenth National Osteoporosis Society Conference Harrogate, UK
2005 Keynote Speaker, 10th European Lighting Conference, LUX Europa Berlin, Germany
2005 Keynote Speaker, Lighting and the Visual Environment for Senior Living, The Institute for the Future of Aging Services, Washington, DC
2005 Visiting Professor, Harvard Medical School at Salem Hospital, Salem MA
2005 President’s Lecture, Fdn for Osteoporosis Research & Education, San Francisco CA
2005 Keynote Speaker, House of Commons, Health Research Forum, London, UK
2005 Professor MMS Ahuja Memorial Lecture, 35th Annual Conference of Endocrine Society of India, New Delhi
2006 Keynote Speaker, General Session, AACE 15th Annual Mtg & Congress, Dearborn MI
2006 Albert Hogan Memorial Lecturer, Nutrition Emphasis Week, University of Missouri, Columbia MO
2006 Keynote Speaker, 16th Annual Practical Pediatrics for The Primary Care Physician, Children’s Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
2006 Visiting Professor, Louisville Science Week, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
2006 Keynote Speaker, Melanoma Symposium, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA
2006 Keynote Speaker, Osteoporosis KOL Symposium, Hameenlinna, Finland
2006 Featured Speaker, Irish Osteoporosis Society Meeting, Dublin, Ireland
2006 Annual General Clinical Research Centers Program Award for Excellence in Clinical Research. Awarded at the Annual Meeting, Washington DC
2007 Linus Pauling Functional Medicine Award, The Institute for Functional Medicine, Tucson AZ
2007 CSEM Eli Lilly Award Lecture, Vancouver Canada
2007 Featured Speaker, Portuguese Rheumatology Study meeting, Lisbon, Portugal
2007 Lecturer & Visiting Professor, Petersheim Symposium, Seton Hall University, New Jersey
2007 Keynote Speaker, 34th European Symposium on Calcified Tissues, Copenhagen, Denmark
2007 Anchor Speaker, Marabou Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden
2007 Featured Speaker, Third Annual Current Concepts in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Evidence Based Medicine, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
2007 Featured Speaker, ESICON 2007, Tirupati, India
2007 Featured Speaker, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
2008 Featured Speaker, 2nd Annual Endocrine Disorders Conference
King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2008 Featured Speaker, MA Dietetic Association’s Annual Nutrition Conf, Sturbridge MA
2008 Featured Speaker, Women’s Health 2008, 16th Annual Congress, Williamsburg VA
2008 Keynote Speaker, Sport Cardiovascular & Wellness Nutrition Meeting, Cambridge, MA
2008 Plenary Speaker, Andrew Weil’s 5th Annual Nutrition & Health Conference, Phoenix AZ
2008 Featured Speaker, Science and Innovation Science Forum, Dana Point CA
2008 Inaugural Keynote Bangasser Lecture, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Salt Lake City UT
2008 Featured Speaker, Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
2008 Plenary Speaker, Congreso Nacional de Climaterio y Menopausia, Ixtapa, Mexico
2008 Featured Speaker, The Kansas City Allergy and Rheumatology Societies, Kansas City MO
2008 Keynote Lecture, Florida Endocrine Society, Palm Beach FL
2008 Featured Speaker, 18th Annual Saulo Klahr Lecture, St. Louis MO
2008 Keynote Address, Blue Sky Study Vitamin D for Mongols, Health Sciences University of Mongolia
2008 Keynote Speaker, A Comprehensive Review of Vitamin D for Optimal Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
2008 Featured Speaker, 13th Meeting of the Dermatologic Society of Greater New York, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York NY
2008 Featured Speaker, Diagnosis & Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency, University of California, San Diego CA
2008 Keynote Speaker, Colorado Functional Medicine Forum, Broomfield CO
2008 Featured Speaker, Atlanta Bone Club, Atlanta GA
2008 Outstanding Speaker Award Arthritis Foundation (AL Chapter), Featured Speaker, 24th Annual Rheumatology on the Beach, San Destin FL
2009 Linus Pauling Prize and Lecture: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, The Linus Pauling Institute 2009 Diet & Optimum Health Conference
2009 Keynote Speaker, Western PA Osteoporosis Society, Portland OR
2009 Featured Speaker, A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Nutrition Week 2009, New Orleans LA
2009 Featured Speaker, Integrative Healthcare Symposium, New York NY
2009 Featured Speaker, 20th Annual Frank & Sheila Thompson Lectureship in Endocrinology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Killeen TX
2009 Featured Speaker, Integrative Medicine Health Institute Lecture Series Mount Royal, Calgary, Alberta Canada
2009 Keynote Speaker, Massachusetts Academy of Family Physicians, Vitamin D and Bone Health, Danvers MA
2009 Keynote Address: Dx, Prevention and Rx Osteopenia/Osteoporosis, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Story for Health; South Carolina Rheumatism Society 2009, Annual Meeting, Charleston SC
2009 Featured Speaker: 5th Annual Robert Jeresaty Cardiovascular Symposium Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Health, West Hartford CT
2009 Plenary Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health; 6th Annual Nutrition and Health Conference: State of the Science and Clinical Applications. Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine. Chicago IL
2009 Visiting Lecturer Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia: Agony and Ecstasy of Translational Medicine; Philadelphia PA
2009 Keynote Address: A,B,Cs of Vitamin D for Health, The A,B,Cs of Vitamin D Deficiency Conference, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA
2009 Honored Guest & Keynote Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Anti-aging; The 2nd Annual Congress in the Iberia Peninsula on Anti-Aging Medicine and Biomedical Technologies, Algarve, Portugal
2009 Featured Speaker: Bariatric Surgery and Vitamin D: A Weighty Problem. The Endocrine Society’s 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC
2009 Featured Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health. 15th International Congress on Photobiology; Dusseldorf, Germany
2009 Featured Speaker for the 110th Annual Abbott Nutrition Research Conference and participant in discussion sessions. Vitamin D for Muscle Health. Columbus OH.
2009 Keynote Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health. Harvard Medical School, 11th Postgraduate Nutrition Symposium, Boston MA
2009 Keynote Speaker: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Story for Health. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians Annual Conference, Traverse City MI
2009 Keynote Speaker: Vitamin D: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health and IBD Patients. Lahey Clinic Ocean Edge GI Course, Brewster MA
2009 Speaker: IOM Committee on Calcium and Vitamin D, Vitamin D: Sunlight and Supplements
2009 Keynote Speaker: Vitamin D, Skin Pigment and Your Health, XVth Pan American Society for Pigment, Cell Research Conference PASPCR 2009, Memphis TN
2009 Keynote Speaker: Global Health Benefits of D-Lightful Vitamin D, 4th Annual Friedman School Symposium, Tufts University, Boston MA
2009 Featured Speaker: Vitamin D for Child Health: A D-Lightful Story, Pediatric Society of Greater Dallas, Dallas TX
2009 Keynote Speaker: The D-Lightful Mushroom for Health, 51st Penn State Mushroom Industry Conference, Avondale PA
2009 David R. Jacobs Inaugural Memorial Lecture, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York NY
2009 Keynote speaker: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, The WIC Association of New York State Annual Conference, Albany, NY
2009 Kathleen McShane Memorial Keynote Lecture: Vitamin D-Ficiency Pandemic: Health Consequences; Connecticut Academy of Family Physicians, Plantsville CT
2009 Keynote lecture: Vitamin D and Diabetes, West Virginia Diabetes Symposium and Workshop, Charleston WV
2009 Keynote lecture: Vitamin D: Who Needs It and How Much? John Hopkins Ninth Advances in Pediatric Nutrition, Annapolis MD
2009 Featured Speaker, Vitamin D for Health: A D-Lightful Story, American Academy of Dermatology 67th Annual Meeting, San Francisco
2009 Keynote Speaker, 10th Annual Primary Care Days, U Mass Memorial & University of Massachusetts Medical School
2009 NAMS/Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. Vitamin D Research Award, The North American Menopause Society
2009 DSM Innovation in Nutrition Award, Presentation: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, 19th International Congress of Nutrition, Bangkok, Thailand
2009 AACC Outstanding Speaker Award for 2009
2009 Featured Speaker, North Eastern American Assoc for Clinical Chemists, Waltham MA
2009 Keynote Address: Should Vitamin D Levels Be Screened: A D-Lightful Story; Presidential Keynote for Southern Medical Association, Dallas TX
2010 Guest of Honor, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, Seattle WA
2010 Keynote Address: Vitamin D for Health: A D-Lightful Story, NPACE 2010 Connecticut Primary Care Conference, Mohegan Sun, Uncasville CT
2010 Keynote International Symposium on Protective Nutrients, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
2010 Featured Speaker, Controversies in Vitamin D, AAD Annual Meeting, Miami FL
2010 Featured Speaker, Columbia University Department of Dermatology, Super Wednesday Presentation: Vitamin D for Health: A D-Lightful Story, Resident Lecture: Agony and Ecstasy of Translational Medicine, New York NY
2010 Featured Speaker, Women’s Health 2010: The 18th Annual Congress, Shedding Light on Vitamin D, Washington DC
2010 Featured Speaker, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Diabetes and Health, Cincinnati OH
2010 Featured Speaker, Ohio Dietetic Association 2010 Annual Meeting, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Diabetes and Health, Columbus OH
2010 Featured Speaker, North Carolina Rheumatology Assoc Annual Mtg, Latest and Hottest Updates on Osteoporosis, The Vitamin D Solution for Good Health
2010 Featured Speaker, Alabama Pediatric Association, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Good Health
2010 G. Malcolm Trout Visiting Scholar, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution f or Good Health, Michigan State Univ, Lansing MI
2010 Featured Speaker, Tennessee Dietetic Association, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Your Health: The Vitamin D Solution, Knoxville TN
2010 Featured Speaker, American College of Physicians Internal Medicine, Vitamin D Deficiency: Hypothesis or Hype? Toronto Canada
2010 Keynote Speaker, Washington State Dietetic Association, Vitamin D and Calcium: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health, Seattle WA
2010 Featured Speaker, 2010 Experimental Biology Meeting, Non-Calcemic Benefits of D-Lightful Vitamin D, Anaheim CA
2010 Keynote Speaker, Nebraska Dietetic Association, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Health
2010 Keynote Speaker, Ohio State Parenteral Nutrition Symposium, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health
2010 Featured Speaker, The American Society of Hypertension, What the Hypertension Specialist Should Know about Vitamin D; New York NY
2010 Featured Speaker, SUNY Downstate Annual Pediatric Endocrine Symposium, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Good Health
2010 Featured Speaker, 36th Annual Vermont Family Medicine Review Course, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Health, Burlington VT
2010 Featured Speaker, E. William Rosenberg MD 1st Annual Dermatology Lecture, Medicine Grand Rds, The D-termined Dermatologist: A D-Lightful Story for Health, Memphis TN
2010 Featured Speaker, 3rd Annual Rheumatology Nurses Society Conference, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Chicago IL
2010 Keynote Speaker, 14th Annual Health Care Revival, Mattapan MA
2010 Keynote Speaker, 25th Annual Mushroom Festival, Vitamin D & Mushrooms: D-Lightful for Health, Philadelphia PA
2010 Featured Speaker, 16th Annual Diabetes Fall Symposium for Primary Health Care Professionals. North Charleston SC
2010 The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Obstetrics & Gynecology Grand Rounds, Baystate Health, Springfield MA
2010 Invited Seminar Speaker, FDA - CDR, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Silver Spring MD
2010 Featured Speaker, Massachusetts Medical Society, Integrative Medicine 101, Waltham MA
2010 Keynote Speaker, The 4th Annual Nutrition and Supplements in Clinical Practice: Evidence Based Solutions, Morristown Memorial Hospital, Role of Vitamin D in Health, Morristown NJ
2010 The Chester S. Keefer MD Society
2010 W.L. Asher/Peter Lindar Lecture: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health: Vitamin D. American Society of Bariatric Physicians. New Orleans LA.
2010 Keynote Speaker, Indonesian Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vitamin D Testing and Women’s Health, Australia, Singapore, Thailand Indonesia
2010 Featured Speaker, 2010 NECOEM/MaAOHN Annual Conference, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Newton MA
2010 2010 Van Slyke Award & Lecture, Vitamin D: The D-Lightful Solution for Health, AACC New York Metro Section, Tarrytown NY
2010 Plenary Speaker, The 6th Dubai International Conference for Medical Sciences, Emirates Endocrine Congress 2010, Dubai, Vitamin D Deficiency: Bone Health and Beyond
2011 The Lemole Lecture at Temple University, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Philadelphia PA
2011 Keynote address: The Importance of Nutrition and Vitamin D in the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis, The Diagnosis of Osteoporosis, 14th Annual Conf on Osteoporosis, Southern Medical Association, Amelia Island FL
2011 Keynote address: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health, Nutracon Conference 2011, Anaheim CA
2011 Keynote address: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health, Vitamin D Program Maine Rheumatology Society, Freeport ME
2011 Vitamin D and Cancer: Promise or Reality, International Symposium; Madrid Spain
2011 Featured Speaker: D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Agony & Ecstasy of Translational Medicine, 19th Annual Clinical Update in Geriatric Medicine Conference, Pittsburgh PA
2011 Keynote address: A D-Lightful Perspective on the IOM Report, Friedman School Alumni Reunion, Tufts University Medical School, Boston MA
2011 John G. Floyd Lecture: The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI
2011 Featured Speaker: Vitamin D: A Solution for Good Health, USDA, Grand Forks ND
2011 Keynote speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin D, Frank Low Research Day, University of North Dakota
2011 Keynote speaker: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Rhode Island American Dietetic Association Annual Spring Conference Warwick RI
2011 Plenary lecture: Vitamin D: The Cancer & Autoimmune D-Lightful Connection. 8th Annual Nutrition & Health Conf, Arizona Ctr for Integrative Medicine, San Francisco
2011 Featured Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, IFCC-EFCC European Congress of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Berlin Germany
2011 Keynote address, Nephrology: The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, 4th International Symposium on Vitamin D and Analogs in Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Homburg Germany
2011 Medical Grand Rounds: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Sturdy Memorial Hospital, Attleboro MA
2011 Evaluation, Treatment & Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, ENDO 2011, Boston MA
2011 Clark T. Sawin Memorial History of Endocrinology Lecture, The History of the Endocrinology of Vitamin D, ENDO 2011, Boston MA
2011 Special Lecture, Garvan Institute Sydney Australia, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Good Health
2011 Top Docs in Endocrinology, Boston Magazine 2011
2011 Delbert A. Fisher Research Scholar, Clark T. Sawin Memorial Lecture, The Endocrine Society
2011 American College of Nutrition’s Communication Media Award
2011-2012 Best Doctors in America

Current major grants:
1 UL1 RR025771 (Center) 5/19/2008 – 4/30/2013 1.2 calendar
NCRR/NIH $4,591,698 (Total costs)
Boston University Clinical and Translational Science Award Program
Director of General Clinical Research Unit

New England Research Institute
R01-AG 207270 4/01/09-04/01/14 0.6 calendar
NIH (Andre Araujo) $276,237
Co-Investigator Bone Density in Older Men of Diverse Race/Ethnicity

1R43 AG030246-01A2 09/01/10 – 08/31/13 1.0 calendar
NIH, KBD Inc – James Shepherd (PI) $141,582
Co-Investigator Vitamin D Production by Sperti Lamp in Fat Malabsorption Patients

Tufts subcontract 04/01/11 – 11/30/14 1.0 calendar
NIH, Tufts – Jennifer Sachek (PI) $436,205
Co-Investigator Impact of vitamin D dose on vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren living in northern latitudes.

Memberships and Leadership Positions:

1978- American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

1979- American Society for Photobiology

1979- American Federation for Clinical Research

1979- American College of Physicians

1980- Endocrine Society

1980- American Association for the Advancement of Science

1980- American Society of Clinical Investigation

1982- American Society of Nutrition

1982- American Society of Biological Chemists

1982- New York Academy of Sciences

1985- American Chemical Society

1991- American Academy of Dermatology

1992- American Association of Physicians, American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

1993- Society for Clinical Densitometry, American Society for Investigative Dermatology

1995- International Society for Osteoporosis

1997- Fellow, American College of Nutrition

1997-2001 Member of the Educational Committee for the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

1998- Member of the Editorial Board for the Primer for American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

2004- Editorial Advisory Board, Clinical Laboratory Publications, Heidelberg, Germany

2006- Member of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

2006- Member Bone Health Education Initiative

2007- Member American Public Health Association

2007- Member Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Dartmouth Medical School

2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Program Committee

2008 American Public Health Association, Co-author of Vitamin D Policy

2008 Citracal Advisory Board, Philadelphia PA

2008- Editorial Board, Functional Food Reviews

2008- Endocrine Practice Guidelines Committee Chairman

2010- Editorial Board, World Journal of Diabetes

2010- National Kidney Foundation CME Review Board

2010- The Endocrine Society Performance Measures Subcommittee

National Committees and Study Sections:

1981&1983 Member of Study Section for United States Department of Agriculture
1982- Member of the Committee for Life Science, Experiments for a Space Station

1984- NASA - Committee to develop scientific requirements for the space station human research facility
1984-87 NASA - SBRI peer review panel

1984- USRA/NASA - Development of a program for evaluation of space adaptation syndrome

1985-87 Member of VA Study Section

1986-90 Member of NIH General Medicine B Study Section

1986- Universities Space Research Association/NASA Advisory Council

1989-93 NASA- Space Station Freedom Medical Standards Consultants Committee

1989-92 Subcommittee on Guidelines for Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants, National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences

1991-94 Chairman, American Institute of Biological Sciences Peer Review Panel to NASA for Space Physiology and Counter Measures

1992 Member, NIH GMA Ad Hoc Study Section

1992-93 PARE.04 NASA Developmental Biology Working Group

1994-97 NASA/Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications Advisory Committee

1994 NASA/Advisory Committee Executive Group

1996 NASA/Task Force on Musculoskeletal Countermeasures

1996 Chairman, NASA Peer Review Panel for Bone Biology

1997 Ad Hoc Reviewer, General Medicine Study Section B

1996-97 Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences Panel on Calcium and Related Nutrients

1998 National Research Council, Subcommittee - Nonhuman Primate Nutrition

1998 National Space Biomedical Research Institute External Advisory Council

2001 American Institute of Biological Sciences – Reviewer for a Congressional peer mail review

2001 Reviewer for programs for ASBMR

2003 Bayer Consumer Care Nutrition Advisory Board, Bayer Healthcare, Morristown, NJ

2003 Wyeth Global Nutrition Advisory Board, Wyeth Consumer Healthcare, Madison, NJ

2003-04 Chairperson, NASA Johnson Space Center Bioastronautics Facilities Review Committee

2005 Chairperson, Report on Action Spectrum for the Production of Previtamin D3 in Human Skin. CIE – International Commission on Illumination, Austria

2005 NASA/Chair Non-advocate review panel – Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss

2005 NASA/Chair Non-advocate review panel – Bed Rest Standard Measures

2006 Canadian Institutes of Health Research – Member of Review Panel

2006 Member of AMS Review Committee, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda MD

2006 Member of NIH Study Section/AMS Review Committee

2006 Moderator/Co-chair at ASBMR 28th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia PA

2007 Canadian Institutes of Health Research – Member of Review Panel

2007 NIH Ad Hoc Committee Member

2007 NIH Study Section IHD Review Committee

2007 NASA Non-advocate review panel – Flight Analog Project NAR

2007 Grant Review for Center for Border Health Research

2007 Grant Review for Diabetes UK

2007 International Referee Child Health Research Foundation New Zealand

2008 Referee for Health Research Council New Zealand

2008 R&D Office Doctoral Fellowship Awards Evaluation Panel

2008 NIH Study Section Immunity and Host Defense

2009 NIH Study Section CTSA Review Panel

2009 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Special Emphasis Panel

2010 Chaired NASA Crew Health NRA Exercise/Nutrition/EVA Review Panel

2010 Member of NIH CTSA Review Panel

2010 NIH Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Special Emphasis Panel

2010 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Special Emphasis Panel

2010 NASA/Chair Standing review panel – Human Research Program

2010 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Special Emphasis Panel, Ancillary Studies in Clinical Studies

2011 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NHLBI PPG Peer Review

2011 Clinical and Translational Science Award, Special Emphasis Panel, NCRR

2011 Chair, NIDDK Special Emphasis Panel Review Meeting

2011 NIAMS Ancillary Studies review, NIH/NIAMS

2011 Adhoc Reviewer, NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council)
2011 NIH Study Section CTSA Review Panel

Symposia Organizer

1991 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman) Atlanta, Georgia

1992 Program Committee, American Society for Bone Mineral Research Annual Meeting
1993 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman), Basel, Switzerland
1993 Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

5th International Symposium, Detroit, MI.

Chaired session entitled "Vitamin D: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow".

1995 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman), Atlanta, GA

American Society for Photobiology Meeting. Chaired symposium entitled “Sunlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly,” Atlanta, Ga.

1998 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman), Basel, Switzerland

2001 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and chairman), Boston, MA

Selected Bibliography from 396 peer reviewed publications; 215 reviews and books chapters; and 9 edited and 3 authored books:

1. Holick MF, DeLuca HF. A new chromatographic system for vitamin D3 and its metabolites: Resolution of a new vitamin D 3 metabolite. J. Lipid Res. 1971. 12:460-465.

2. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 1971. 68:803-804.

3. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Suda T, Cousins RF. Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry. 1971. 10:2799-2804.

4. Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Avioli LV. Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from human plasma. Arch Intern Med. 1972. 129:56-61.

5. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: Metabolite of vitamin D3 active on bone in anephric rats. Science. 1972. 176:1146-1147.

6. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF. 5,6-Trans-isomers of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in anephric animals. Biochemistry. 1972. 11:2715-2719.

7. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF. 5,6-Trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol: vitamin D analog effective on intestine of anephric rats. Science. 1972. 176:1247-1248.

8. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Gray RW, Boyle IT, Suda T. Isolation and identification of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 made in the kidney. Biochemistry. 1972. 11:4251-4255.

9. Semmler EJ, Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. The synthesis of 1a,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol - A metabolically active form of vitamin D3. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972. 40:4147-4150

10. Fraser D, Kooh SW, Kind JP, Holick MF, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF. Pathogenesis of hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets. An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism involving defective conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. N Engl J Med. 1973. 289:817-822.

11. Glorieux FH, Scriver CR, Holick MF, DeLuca HF. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: Inadequate therapeutic response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Lancet. 1973. 2:287-289.

12. Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Kasten PM, Korycka MB. Isotachysterol3 and 25-hydroxyisotachysterol3: Analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science 1973. 180:964-966.

13. Holick MF, Kleiner-Bossaller A, Schnoes HK, Kasten PM, Boyle IT, DeLuca HF. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3. A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine. J Biol Chem. 1973. 248:6691-6696.

14. Holick MF, Semmler EJ, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. 1a -Hydroxy derivative of vitamin D3: A highly potent analog of 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science. 1973. 180:190-191.

15. Holick MF, Holick SA, Tavela T, Gallagher B, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Synthesis of [6-3H]-1a-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolism in vivo to [6-3H]-1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science. 1975. 190:576-578.

16. Neer RM, Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Potts JT Jr. Effects of 1a-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypoparathyroidism. Metabolism. 1975. 24:1403-1413.

17. Silverberg DS, Bettcher KB, Dossetor JB, Overton TR, Holick MF, DeLuca HF. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. Can Med Assoc J. 1975. 112:190-195.

18. Holick MF, Tavela T, Holick SA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Synthesis of [6-3H]-1a-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolism to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. J Biol Chem. 1976. 251:1020-1024.

19. Holick MF, Frommer JE, McNeill SC, Richtand NM, Henley JW, Potts JT Jr. Photometabolism of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 in skin. Biochem Biophys

20. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Clark MB, Holick SA, Potts JT Jr, Anderson RR, Blank IH, Parrish JA, Elias P. Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences. Science. 1980. 210:203-205.

21. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, and Doppelt SH. Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: Skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science. 1981. 211:590-593.

22. Clemens TL, Horiuchi N, Nguyen M, Holick MF. Binding of [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in nuclear and cytosol fractions of whole mouse skin in vivo and in vitro. FEBS Letters. 1981. 134:203-206.

23. Adams JA, Clemens TL, Parrish JA, and Holick MF. Vitamin-D synthesis and metabolism after ultraviolet irradiation of normal and vitamin-D-deficient subjects. N Engl J Med. 1982. 306:722-725.

24. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, and Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of the skin to synthesize vitamin D. Lancet 1982. 1:74-76.

25. Clemens TL, Adams JS, and Holick MF. Measurement of circulating vitamin D in man. Clin Chim Acta. 1982. 121:301-308.

26. MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF. Spectral character of sunlight modulates the photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin. Science. 1982. 1001-1003.

27. Adams JS, Singer FR, Gacad MA, Sharma OP, Hayes MJ, Vouros P, and Holick MF. Isolation and structural identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by cultured alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Endo Metab. 1985. 60:960-966.

28. Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, and Holick MF. Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985. 42:644-649.

29. MacLaughlin JA, Gange W., Taylor D, Smith E, and Holick MF. Cultured psoriatic fibroblasts from involved and uninvolved sites have a partial but not absolute resistance to the proliferation-inhibition activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1985. 82:5409-5412.

30. Smith E, Walworth NC, and Holick MF. Effect of 1a,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphological and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown under serum-free conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 1986. 86:709-714.

31. Lo W, Paris P, and Holick MF. Indian and Pakistani immigrants have the same capacity as Caucasians to produce vitamin D in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986. 44:683-5.

32. Matsuoka, L.Y., Ide, L., Wortsman, J., MacLaughlin, J.A., and Holick, M.F. Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987. 64:1165-1168.

33. Smith, E.L. Pincus, S.H., Donovan, L., and Holick, M.F. A novel approach for the evaluation and treatment of psoriasis: oral or topical use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be a safe and effective therapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Derm. 1988. 19:516-528.

34. Webb, A.R., Kline, L., and Holick, M.F. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: Exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J. Clin. Endo. Metab. 1988. 67: 373-378.

35. Webb, A.R., deCosta, B.R., and Holick, M.F. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989. 68:882-887.

36. Holick, M.F., Matsuoka, L.Y., and Wortsman, J. Age, Vitamin D, and solar ultraviolet. Lancet. 1989. 1104-1105.

37. Ray, R., Bouillon, R., Van Baelen, H., and Holick, M.F. Photoaffinity labeling of human serum vitamin D-binding protein binding protein, and chemical cleavages of the labeled protein: identification of a 11.5 KDa peptide, containing the putative 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-binding site. Biochem. 1991. 30:7638-7642.

38. Jacobus, C.H., Holick, M.F., Shao, Q., Chen, T.C., Holm I.A., Kolodny, J.M., El-Hajj Fuleihan, G. and Seely, E. Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med. 1992. 326:1173-1177.

39. Holick, M.F., Shao, Q., Liu, W.W., and Chen, T.C. The vitamin D Content of fortified milk and infant formula. N Engl J Med. 1992. 326:1178-181.

40. Vicchio, D., Yergey, A., O’Brien, K., Allen, L., Ray, R., and Holick, M. Quantification and Kinetics of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 by Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Thermo spray Mass Spectrometry. Biological Mass Spectrometry. 1993. 22:53-58.

41. Tian, X.Q., Chen, T.C., Matsuoka, L.Y., Wortsman, J. and Holick, M.F. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the conversion of previtamin D3 in human skin. J Biol Chem. 1993. 268:14888-14892.

42. Ray, R., Ray, S., Rose, S., and Holick, M.F. Photoaffinity labeling of chick intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor. Steroids. 1993. 58:462-465.

43. Holick, M.F., Ray, S., Chen, T., Tian, X., and Persons, K. Novel functions of a parathyroid hormone antagonist: stimulation of epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1994. 91:8014-8016.

44. Tian, X., Chen,T., Lu Z., Shao, Q., and Holick M.F. Characterization of the translocation process of vitamin D3 from the skin into the circulation. Endo. 1994. 135:655-661.

45. Holick, M.F., Ray, S., Chen, T., Tian, X., and Persons, K. Novel functions of a parathyroid hormone antagonist: stimulation of epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1994. 91:8014-8016.

46. Tian, X., Chen,T., Lu Z., Shao, Q., and Holick M.F. Characterization of the translocation process of vitamin D3 from the skin into the circulation. Endo. 1994. 135:655-661.

47. Tian, X.Q., Holick, M.F. Catalyzed thermal isomerization between previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 via b-cyclodextrin complexation. J Biol Chem. 1995. 270:8706-8711.

48. Chen, T.C., Persons, K., Liu W.W., Chen, M.L., and Holick, M.F. The antiproliferative and differentiative activities of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are potentiated by epidermal growth factor and attenuated by insulin in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1995. 104:113-117.

49. Hanafin, N.M., Chen, T.C., Heinrich, G., Segre, G.V., and Holick, M.F. Cultured human fibroblasts and not cultured human keratinocytes express a PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA. J Invest Dermatol. 1995. 105:133-137.

50. Perez, A., Chen, T.C., Turner, A., and Holick, M.F. Pilot study of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for treating psoriasis in children. Arch Derm. 1995. 131:961-962.

51. Tian, X.Q., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: A novel agent for enhancing wound healing. J Cell Biochem. 1995. 59:53-56.

52. Perez, A., Chen, T.C., Turner, A., Raab, R., Bhawan, J., Poche, P., and Holick, M.F. Efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1996. 134:238-246.

53. Chen, M.L., Perez, A., Sanan, D., Heinrich, G., Chen, T., and Holick, M.F. Induction of vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in psoriatic plaques correlates with clinical response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Invest Dermatol. 1996. 106:637-641.

54. Perez, A., Raab, R., Chen T.C., Turner, A., and Holick, M.F. Safety and efficacy of oral calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) for the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1996. 134:1070-1078.

55. Schilli, M.B. Ray, S., Paus, R., Obi-Tabot, E. and Holick, M.F. Control of hair growth with parathyroid hormone (7-34). J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997. 108:928-932.

56. Heaney, R.P., Barger-Lux, J., Dowell, M.S., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Calcium absorptive effects of vitamin D and its major metabolites. J. Clin. Endo Metab. 1997. 82:4111-4116.

57. Reichrath, J., Horf, R., Chen, T.C., Muller, S.M., Sanan, D., and Holick, M.F. Expression of integrin subunits and CD44 isoforms in psoriatic skin and effects of topical calcitriol application. J. Cutan. Pathol. 1997. 24:499-506.

58. Malabanan, A., Veronikis, I.E., and Holick, M.F. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet. 1998. 351:805-806.

59. Schwartz, G.G., Whitlatch, L.W., Chen T.C., Lokeshwar, B.L., and Holick, M.F. Human prostate cells synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 1998. 7:391-395.

60. Barger-Lux, M.J., Heaney, R.P., Dowell, S., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporosis Int. 1998. 8:222-230.

61. Kong, X.F., Zhu, X.H., Pei, Y.L., Jackson, D.M., and Holick, M.F. Molecular cloning, characterization, and promoter analysis of the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1a- hydroxylase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. 96:6988-6993.

62. Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L.Y., Chen, T.C., Lu, Z., and Holick, M.F. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000. 72:690-693.

63. Chen, T., Schwartz, G.G., Burnstein, K.L., Lokeshwar, Bal, L. and Holick, M.F. The in vitro evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 19-nor-1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 as therapeutic agents for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000. 6:901-908.

64. Chen, T.C. and Holick, M.F. Hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has markedly increased potency in inhibiting proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes compared with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Br. J. Dermatol. 2000. 143:72-78.

65. Chen, T.C., Persons, K., Lu, Z., Mathieu, J.S., and Holick, M.F. An evaluation of the biologic activity and vitamin D receptor binding affinity of the photoisomers of vitamin D3 and previtamin D3. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2000. 11:267-272.

66. Durakovic, C., Malabanan, A., and Holick, M.F. Rationale for use and clinical responsiveness of hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Br. J. Dermatol. 2001. 144:500-506.

67. Tangpricha, V., Flanagan, J.N., Whitlatch, L.W., Tseng, C.C., Chen, T.C., Holt, P.R., Lipkin, M.S., and Holick. 25-hydroxyvitamin D-α-hydroxylase in normal and malignant colon tissue. Lancet. 2001. 357:1673-1674.

68. Flanagan, J.N., Whitlatch, L.W., Chen, T.C., Zhu, X.H., Holick, M.T., Kong, X., and Holick, M.F. Enhancing 1a,-hydroxylase activity with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1a-hydroxylase gene in cultured human keratinocytes and mouse skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001. 116:910-914.

69. Peters, Eva, M.J., Foitzik, K., Paus, R., Ray, S., and Holick, M.F. A new strategy for modulating chemotherapy-induced alopecia, using PTH/PTHrP receptor agonist and antagonist. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001. 117:173-178.

70. Koutkia, P., Lu Z., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency due to Crohn's disease with tanning bed ultraviolet B radiation. Gastroenterol. 2001. 121:1485-1488.

71. Whitlatch, L.W., Young, M.V., Schwartz, G., Flanagan, J., Burnstein, K., Lokeshwar, Bal L., Rich, E., Holick, M.F., and Chen, T.C. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1a-hydroxylase activity is diminished in human prostate cancer cells and is enhanced by gene transfer. Steroid Biochem & Molecul Biol. 2002. 81:135-140.

72. Tangpricha, V., Koutkia, P., Rieke, S.M., Chen, T.C., Perez, A., and Holick, M.F. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: A novel approach to enhance vitamin D nutritional health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003. 77:1478-1483.

73. Holick, M.F., Chimeh, F.N., and Ray, S. Topical PTH (1-34) in a novel, safe and effective treatment for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2003. 149:370-376.

74. Heaney, R.P., Davies, K.M., Chen, T.C., Holick, M.F., and Barger-Lux, M.J. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003. 77:204-210.

75. Moore, C., Murphy, M.M., Keast, D.R., and Holick, M.F. Vitamin D intake in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004. 104:980-983.

76. Durakovic, C., Ray, S., and Holick, M.F. Topical paricalcitol (19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2) is a novel, safe and effective treatment for plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Brit J Dermatol. 2004. 151:190-195.

77. Schwartz, G.G., Eads, D. Rao, A., Cramer, S., Willingham, M.C., Chen, T., Jamieson, D. Wang, L., Burnstein, K., Holick, M.F. and Koumenis C. Pancreatic cancer cells express 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase and their proliferation is inhibited by the prohormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Carcinogenesis. 2004. 25(6):1015-1026.

78. Tangpricha, V., Spina, C., Yao, M., Chen, T.C., Wolfe, M.M. and Holick, M. F. Vitamin D Deficiency Enhances the Growth of MC-26 Colon Cancer Xenografts in Balb/c Mice. J Nutr. 2005. 135:2350-2354.

79. Lee, J.M., Smith, J.R., Philipp, B.L., Chen, T.C., Mathieu, J., and Holick, M.F. Vitamin D Deficiency in a Healthy Group of Mothers and Newborn Infants. Clin Pediatr. 2007. 46(1):42-44.

80. Lu, Z., Chen, T.C., Zhang, A., Persons, K.S., Kohn, N., Berkowitz, R., Martinello, S. and Holick, M.F. An evaluation of the vitamin D3 content in fish: Is the vitamin D content adequate to satisfy the dietary requirement for vitamin D? J. of Steroid Biochem and Molec Biol. 2007. 103(3-5):642-4.

81. Hannan, M.T., Litman, H.J., Araujo, A.B., McLennan, C.E., McLean, R.R., McKinlay, J.B., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Serum 25-Hydroxvitamin D and Bone Mineral Density in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Group of Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008. 93:40-46.

82. Holick, M.F., Biancuzzo, R.M., Chen, T.C., Klein, E.K., Young, A., Bibuld, D., Reitz, R., Salameh, W., Ameri, A., and Tannenbaum, A.D. Vitamin D2 Is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D.
J. Clin. Endo. Metab. 2008. 93:677-681.

83. Merewood, A., Mehta, S.D., Chen, T.C., Holick, M.F., Bauchner, H. Association between severe vitamin D deficiency and primary caesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009. 94(3):940-5.

84. Pietras, SM, Obayan, BK, Cai, MH and Holick MF. Research Letter: Vitamin D2 Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency for Up to 6 Years. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169(19):1806-1808.

85. Biancuzzo, RM, Cai, MH, Winter, MR, Klein, EK, Ameri, A, Reitz, R, Salameh, W, Young, A, Bibuld, D, Chen, TC, Holick, MF. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2010. 91:1621-6.

86. Farraye, F., Nimitphong, H., Stucchi, A., Dendrinos, K., Boulanger, A., Vijjeswarapu, A., Tannenbaum, A., Biancuzzo, R., Chen, T. and Holick, MF. The Use of a Novel Vitamin D Bioavailability Test Demonstrates that Vitamin D Absorption is Decreased in Patients with Quiescent Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011. 17:2116-2121.

87. Godar, DE, Pope, SJ, Grant, WB and Holick, MF. Solar UV Doses of Adult Americans and Vitamin D3 Production. Dermato-Endocrinol. 2011. 3(4):1-8.

89. Rich-Edwards, JW, Davaasambuu, G, Kleinman, K, Sumberzul, N, Holick, MF, Lkhagvasuren, T, Dulguun, B, Burke, A and Frazier, AL. Randomized trial of fortified milk and supplements to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in schoolchildren in Mongolia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011. 94:578-584.

90. Holick, MF, Binkley, NC, Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Gordon, CM, Hanley, DA, Heaney, RP, Murad, MH and Weaver, CM. Evaluation, Treatment & Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. 96(7):1911-1930.

91. Holick, MF. The Vitamin D Solution: A 3-Step Strategy to Cure Our Most Common Health Problem. Hudson Street Press: New York. 2010.

92. Kumaravel, R, Arslanian, S, de las Heras, J and Holick, MF. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and in vivo insulin sensitivity and B-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity in black and white youth. 2011. Diabetes Care. (in press)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Holick, Michael F. Ph.D., M.D.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Leading expert in the field of vitamin D research who discovered the circulating form of vitamin D, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol, in 1970 and the active form of vitamin D, 1-,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, in 1971.
He is Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics and Director of the Bone Health Care Clinic and the Heliotherapy, Light, and Skin Research Center at Boston University Medical Center and has been making numerous contributions to the field of the biochemistry, physiology, metabolism, and photobiology of vitamin D for human nutrition.
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 15th 1947
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Linden, New Jersey
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holick, Michael}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:American endocrinologists]]

Michael F. Holick

2012-01-28T23:51:21Z

BigDwiki: Reverted 2 edits by ClueBot NG and Matthias3110 to an older version by Matthias3110 (HG)

'''Dr. Michael F. Holick''' is an internationally recognized translational physician-scientist who has made seminal discoveries in the field of vitamin D that have led to novel effective therapies for metabolic bone diseases, hypocalcemic disorders, and psoriasis. As a graduate student he identified the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 which is routinely measured by physicians worldwide to determine a patient's vitamin D status. He also identified the active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 <ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/4326883|journal=[[Biochemistry]]|title=Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine.|date=1971 Jul 6}}.</ref>, as well as other metabolites including 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1, 24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3. As a fellow he participated in the first chemical synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 that was used for the first time to treat renal osteodystrophy, hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D dependent rickets type I. and osteoporosis. He helped develop the first clinical assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. He determined how vitamin D3 is made in the skin from sun exposure and established how season, time of day, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, and latitude influenced this vital cutaneous process. He established that the skin was not only the organ responsible for making vitamin D3 but was also a target tissue for its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. He determined that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was the most potent inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation and promoter of differentiation and translated these seminal observations by demonstrating that the topical application of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and several of its analogs were safe and effective for the treatment of psoriasis. He demonstrated macrophages and prostate cells have the enzymatic machinery to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and established that the extrarenal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may play a crucial role not only in cancer prevention but also in regulating the immune system. He developed a vitamin D absorption test and demonstrated that vitamin D was bioavailable in orange juice leading to the fortification of juice products in the United States. He also used the test to demonstrate the major cause of vitamin D deficiency in obesity is due to sequestration of vitamin D in the fat. He helped perform dose escalation studies with vitamin D establishing how much vitamin D is required to maintain blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the sufficient range for adults; it also demonstrated that up to 10,000 IU of vitamin D a day for 5 months did not cause toxicity. He has leadership roles serving as NASA/ Chair Standing Review Panel-Human Research Program, Chair NIDDK Special Emphasis Panel Review Meeting, Chair Endocrine Practice Guidelines Committee for Vitamin D and Editor-In-Chief-Journal of Clinical Laboratory. Among his numerous awards he received a Merit Award from the National Institute of Health, the first ASBMR Fuller Albright Award, Mead Johnson Award, Osborne and Mendel Award. the McCollum Award and the Robert H. Herman Award from the American Society for Clinical Nutrition, ACN Award from the American College of Nutrition, the NIH’s General Clinical Research Center's Program Award for Excellence in Clinical Research, Psoriasis Research Achievement Award from the American Skin Association, the Linus Pauling Functional Medicine Award, DSM Innovation in Nutrition Award, the Van Slyke Award from AACC, the Linus Pauling Prize In Human Nutrition, Delbert A Fisher Research Scholar Award from the Endocrine Society and the American College of Nutrition’s Communication Media Award.
He currently is employed as Professor of Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics at Boston University Medical Center where he is Director of the Bone Health Care Clinic. <ref>{{citation|url=http://www.bumc.bu.edu/endo/faculty/holick/|Boston University School of Medicine, Michael F. Holick Ph.D., M.D.}}.</ref>

Principal Previous Employment:
1978-81 Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
1979-81 Lecturer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
1981-85 Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
1981-85 Associate Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry MIT, Cambridge MA
1982-85 Associate Director Clinical Research Center, MIT, Cambridge
1985-87 Director, Vitamin D and Bone Metabolism Laboratory, USDA/Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University
1985-87 Prof of Physiology, Physiology Department, Tufts Univ Medical School, Boston MA
1986-87 Professor Medicine, Tufts University Medical School, Boston MA
1986-87 Professor of Nutrition, Tufts University, Medford MA
1987-1992 Chief Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston City Hospital
1987- Program Director, General Clinical Research Center, Boston Univ School of Medicine, Boston MA
1987- Director, Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1987- Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1990-2004 Professor of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1990- Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
1992-2000 Chief of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA
1996- Director, Heliotherapy, Light, and Skin Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
2002- Professor of Molecular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA

Residences and Fellowships:
Postdoctoral Training
1971-75 Research Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
Internships and Residencies
1976-77 Intern in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
1977-78 Assistant Resident in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
Research Fellowships
1971-75 Research Associate, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI

Education:
1968 B.S. Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ
1970 M.S. University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
1971 Ph.D. University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
1976 M.D. University of Wisconsin, Madison WI

Principal Honors and Awards:
1971 Honored Student Award, American Oil Chemists Society
1972 Wilson S. Stone Memorial Award, M.D. Anderson Hospital
1974 Charles Inbusch Award, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
1980 Fuller Albright Young Investigator Award
1981 Ten Outstanding Young Leaders Award Boston MA
1983 Mead Johnson Award, American Institute of Nutrition
1985 Pisa Medalion for Excellence in Science, Pisa, Italy
1986 Merit Award, National Institutes of Health
1986 Stanley S. Bergen Award for Excellence in the Medical Field, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ
1988 Fleming Lecture, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
1989 Arnold-Rickle Prize for Research in UV Radiation & Vitamin D Metabolism, Basel, Switzerland
1989 Duhring Lecture in Dermatology University of Pennsylvania
1990 Lillian B Clark Lecturership, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
1990 Visiting Professor in Nutrition, Texas A & M, SW Medical Center
1990 Visiting Professor in Nutrition University of California at Berkeley
1991 Glaxo Lecture, Swedish Society of Dermatology
1991 Osborne and Mendel Award, American Institute of Nutrition
1991 American Dietetic Association, Featured Speaker, Vitamin D: New Findings
1992 Landmarks in Research, Journal of NIH Research, Featured Speaker
1994 McCollum Award, American Society for Clinical Nutrition
1995 2nd Annual Beaudette-Thompson Lecture, Dept of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers Univ.
1996 Constantine S. Anast Lecture, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Keynote Speaker
1996 Plenary Speaker, First World Congress on Calcium and Vitamin D in Human Life, Rome, Italy
2000 Psoriasis Research Achievement Award, American Skin Associations, New York
2000 Doody's Rating Service selected Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology and Clinical Applications (Holick, ed., Humana Press) one of 250 Best Health Sciences Books, 2000.
2001 Top Docs for Women, Boston Magazine, February 2001
2002 American College of Nutrition’s ACN Award
2003 Robert H. Herman Memorial Award in Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Clinical Nutrition
2003 Sigma Xi Visiting Professor, Purdue University
2003 Plenary Speaker, The 11th Annual Providence Symposium on Vitamin D, Providence RI
2004 Plenary Speaker, Tenth National Osteoporosis Society Conference Harrogate, UK
2005 Keynote Speaker, 10th European Lighting Conference, LUX Europa Berlin, Germany
2005 Keynote Speaker, Lighting and the Visual Environment for Senior Living, The Institute for the Future of Aging Services, Washington, DC
2005 Visiting Professor, Harvard Medical School at Salem Hospital, Salem MA
2005 President’s Lecture, Fdn for Osteoporosis Research & Education, San Francisco CA
2005 Keynote Speaker, House of Commons, Health Research Forum, London, UK
2005 Professor MMS Ahuja Memorial Lecture, 35th Annual Conference of Endocrine Society of India, New Delhi
2006 Keynote Speaker, General Session, AACE 15th Annual Mtg & Congress, Dearborn MI
2006 Albert Hogan Memorial Lecturer, Nutrition Emphasis Week, University of Missouri, Columbia MO
2006 Keynote Speaker, 16th Annual Practical Pediatrics for The Primary Care Physician, Children’s Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
2006 Visiting Professor, Louisville Science Week, University of Louisville, Louisville KY
2006 Keynote Speaker, Melanoma Symposium, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA
2006 Keynote Speaker, Osteoporosis KOL Symposium, Hameenlinna, Finland
2006 Featured Speaker, Irish Osteoporosis Society Meeting, Dublin, Ireland
2006 Annual General Clinical Research Centers Program Award for Excellence in Clinical Research. Awarded at the Annual Meeting, Washington DC
2007 Linus Pauling Functional Medicine Award, The Institute for Functional Medicine, Tucson AZ
2007 CSEM Eli Lilly Award Lecture, Vancouver Canada
2007 Featured Speaker, Portuguese Rheumatology Study meeting, Lisbon, Portugal
2007 Lecturer & Visiting Professor, Petersheim Symposium, Seton Hall University, New Jersey
2007 Keynote Speaker, 34th European Symposium on Calcified Tissues, Copenhagen, Denmark
2007 Anchor Speaker, Marabou Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden
2007 Featured Speaker, Third Annual Current Concepts in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Evidence Based Medicine, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
2007 Featured Speaker, ESICON 2007, Tirupati, India
2007 Featured Speaker, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
2008 Featured Speaker, 2nd Annual Endocrine Disorders Conference
King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2008 Featured Speaker, MA Dietetic Association’s Annual Nutrition Conf, Sturbridge MA
2008 Featured Speaker, Women’s Health 2008, 16th Annual Congress, Williamsburg VA
2008 Keynote Speaker, Sport Cardiovascular & Wellness Nutrition Meeting, Cambridge, MA
2008 Plenary Speaker, Andrew Weil’s 5th Annual Nutrition & Health Conference, Phoenix AZ
2008 Featured Speaker, Science and Innovation Science Forum, Dana Point CA
2008 Inaugural Keynote Bangasser Lecture, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Salt Lake City UT
2008 Featured Speaker, Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
2008 Plenary Speaker, Congreso Nacional de Climaterio y Menopausia, Ixtapa, Mexico
2008 Featured Speaker, The Kansas City Allergy and Rheumatology Societies, Kansas City MO
2008 Keynote Lecture, Florida Endocrine Society, Palm Beach FL
2008 Featured Speaker, 18th Annual Saulo Klahr Lecture, St. Louis MO
2008 Keynote Address, Blue Sky Study Vitamin D for Mongols, Health Sciences University of Mongolia
2008 Keynote Speaker, A Comprehensive Review of Vitamin D for Optimal Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
2008 Featured Speaker, 13th Meeting of the Dermatologic Society of Greater New York, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York NY
2008 Featured Speaker, Diagnosis & Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency, University of California, San Diego CA
2008 Keynote Speaker, Colorado Functional Medicine Forum, Broomfield CO
2008 Featured Speaker, Atlanta Bone Club, Atlanta GA
2008 Outstanding Speaker Award Arthritis Foundation (AL Chapter), Featured Speaker, 24th Annual Rheumatology on the Beach, San Destin FL
2009 Linus Pauling Prize and Lecture: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, The Linus Pauling Institute 2009 Diet & Optimum Health Conference
2009 Keynote Speaker, Western PA Osteoporosis Society, Portland OR
2009 Featured Speaker, A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Nutrition Week 2009, New Orleans LA
2009 Featured Speaker, Integrative Healthcare Symposium, New York NY
2009 Featured Speaker, 20th Annual Frank & Sheila Thompson Lectureship in Endocrinology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Killeen TX
2009 Featured Speaker, Integrative Medicine Health Institute Lecture Series Mount Royal, Calgary, Alberta Canada
2009 Keynote Speaker, Massachusetts Academy of Family Physicians, Vitamin D and Bone Health, Danvers MA
2009 Keynote Address: Dx, Prevention and Rx Osteopenia/Osteoporosis, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Story for Health; South Carolina Rheumatism Society 2009, Annual Meeting, Charleston SC
2009 Featured Speaker: 5th Annual Robert Jeresaty Cardiovascular Symposium Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Health, West Hartford CT
2009 Plenary Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health; 6th Annual Nutrition and Health Conference: State of the Science and Clinical Applications. Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine. Chicago IL
2009 Visiting Lecturer Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia: Agony and Ecstasy of Translational Medicine; Philadelphia PA
2009 Keynote Address: A,B,Cs of Vitamin D for Health, The A,B,Cs of Vitamin D Deficiency Conference, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA
2009 Honored Guest & Keynote Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Anti-aging; The 2nd Annual Congress in the Iberia Peninsula on Anti-Aging Medicine and Biomedical Technologies, Algarve, Portugal
2009 Featured Speaker: Bariatric Surgery and Vitamin D: A Weighty Problem. The Endocrine Society’s 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC
2009 Featured Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health. 15th International Congress on Photobiology; Dusseldorf, Germany
2009 Featured Speaker for the 110th Annual Abbott Nutrition Research Conference and participant in discussion sessions. Vitamin D for Muscle Health. Columbus OH.
2009 Keynote Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health. Harvard Medical School, 11th Postgraduate Nutrition Symposium, Boston MA
2009 Keynote Speaker: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Story for Health. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians Annual Conference, Traverse City MI
2009 Keynote Speaker: Vitamin D: The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health and IBD Patients. Lahey Clinic Ocean Edge GI Course, Brewster MA
2009 Speaker: IOM Committee on Calcium and Vitamin D, Vitamin D: Sunlight and Supplements
2009 Keynote Speaker: Vitamin D, Skin Pigment and Your Health, XVth Pan American Society for Pigment, Cell Research Conference PASPCR 2009, Memphis TN
2009 Keynote Speaker: Global Health Benefits of D-Lightful Vitamin D, 4th Annual Friedman School Symposium, Tufts University, Boston MA
2009 Featured Speaker: Vitamin D for Child Health: A D-Lightful Story, Pediatric Society of Greater Dallas, Dallas TX
2009 Keynote Speaker: The D-Lightful Mushroom for Health, 51st Penn State Mushroom Industry Conference, Avondale PA
2009 David R. Jacobs Inaugural Memorial Lecture, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York NY
2009 Keynote speaker: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, The WIC Association of New York State Annual Conference, Albany, NY
2009 Kathleen McShane Memorial Keynote Lecture: Vitamin D-Ficiency Pandemic: Health Consequences; Connecticut Academy of Family Physicians, Plantsville CT
2009 Keynote lecture: Vitamin D and Diabetes, West Virginia Diabetes Symposium and Workshop, Charleston WV
2009 Keynote lecture: Vitamin D: Who Needs It and How Much? John Hopkins Ninth Advances in Pediatric Nutrition, Annapolis MD
2009 Featured Speaker, Vitamin D for Health: A D-Lightful Story, American Academy of Dermatology 67th Annual Meeting, San Francisco
2009 Keynote Speaker, 10th Annual Primary Care Days, U Mass Memorial & University of Massachusetts Medical School
2009 NAMS/Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. Vitamin D Research Award, The North American Menopause Society
2009 DSM Innovation in Nutrition Award, Presentation: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, 19th International Congress of Nutrition, Bangkok, Thailand
2009 AACC Outstanding Speaker Award for 2009
2009 Featured Speaker, North Eastern American Assoc for Clinical Chemists, Waltham MA
2009 Keynote Address: Should Vitamin D Levels Be Screened: A D-Lightful Story; Presidential Keynote for Southern Medical Association, Dallas TX
2010 Guest of Honor, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, The D-Lightful Vitamin for Health, Seattle WA
2010 Keynote Address: Vitamin D for Health: A D-Lightful Story, NPACE 2010 Connecticut Primary Care Conference, Mohegan Sun, Uncasville CT
2010 Keynote International Symposium on Protective Nutrients, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
2010 Featured Speaker, Controversies in Vitamin D, AAD Annual Meeting, Miami FL
2010 Featured Speaker, Columbia University Department of Dermatology, Super Wednesday Presentation: Vitamin D for Health: A D-Lightful Story, Resident Lecture: Agony and Ecstasy of Translational Medicine, New York NY
2010 Featured Speaker, Women’s Health 2010: The 18th Annual Congress, Shedding Light on Vitamin D, Washington DC
2010 Featured Speaker, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Diabetes and Health, Cincinnati OH
2010 Featured Speaker, Ohio Dietetic Association 2010 Annual Meeting, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Diabetes and Health, Columbus OH
2010 Featured Speaker, North Carolina Rheumatology Assoc Annual Mtg, Latest and Hottest Updates on Osteoporosis, The Vitamin D Solution for Good Health
2010 Featured Speaker, Alabama Pediatric Association, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Good Health
2010 G. Malcolm Trout Visiting Scholar, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution f or Good Health, Michigan State Univ, Lansing MI
2010 Featured Speaker, Tennessee Dietetic Association, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Your Health: The Vitamin D Solution, Knoxville TN
2010 Featured Speaker, American College of Physicians Internal Medicine, Vitamin D Deficiency: Hypothesis or Hype? Toronto Canada
2010 Keynote Speaker, Washington State Dietetic Association, Vitamin D and Calcium: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health, Seattle WA
2010 Featured Speaker, 2010 Experimental Biology Meeting, Non-Calcemic Benefits of D-Lightful Vitamin D, Anaheim CA
2010 Keynote Speaker, Nebraska Dietetic Association, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Health
2010 Keynote Speaker, Ohio State Parenteral Nutrition Symposium, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health
2010 Featured Speaker, The American Society of Hypertension, What the Hypertension Specialist Should Know about Vitamin D; New York NY
2010 Featured Speaker, SUNY Downstate Annual Pediatric Endocrine Symposium, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Good Health
2010 Featured Speaker, 36th Annual Vermont Family Medicine Review Course, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Health, Burlington VT
2010 Featured Speaker, E. William Rosenberg MD 1st Annual Dermatology Lecture, Medicine Grand Rds, The D-termined Dermatologist: A D-Lightful Story for Health, Memphis TN
2010 Featured Speaker, 3rd Annual Rheumatology Nurses Society Conference, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Chicago IL
2010 Keynote Speaker, 14th Annual Health Care Revival, Mattapan MA
2010 Keynote Speaker, 25th Annual Mushroom Festival, Vitamin D & Mushrooms: D-Lightful for Health, Philadelphia PA
2010 Featured Speaker, 16th Annual Diabetes Fall Symposium for Primary Health Care Professionals. North Charleston SC
2010 The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Obstetrics & Gynecology Grand Rounds, Baystate Health, Springfield MA
2010 Invited Seminar Speaker, FDA - CDR, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Silver Spring MD
2010 Featured Speaker, Massachusetts Medical Society, Integrative Medicine 101, Waltham MA
2010 Keynote Speaker, The 4th Annual Nutrition and Supplements in Clinical Practice: Evidence Based Solutions, Morristown Memorial Hospital, Role of Vitamin D in Health, Morristown NJ
2010 The Chester S. Keefer MD Society
2010 W.L. Asher/Peter Lindar Lecture: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health: Vitamin D. American Society of Bariatric Physicians. New Orleans LA.
2010 Keynote Speaker, Indonesian Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vitamin D Testing and Women’s Health, Australia, Singapore, Thailand Indonesia
2010 Featured Speaker, 2010 NECOEM/MaAOHN Annual Conference, Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Newton MA
2010 2010 Van Slyke Award & Lecture, Vitamin D: The D-Lightful Solution for Health, AACC New York Metro Section, Tarrytown NY
2010 Plenary Speaker, The 6th Dubai International Conference for Medical Sciences, Emirates Endocrine Congress 2010, Dubai, Vitamin D Deficiency: Bone Health and Beyond
2011 The Lemole Lecture at Temple University, The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Philadelphia PA
2011 Keynote address: The Importance of Nutrition and Vitamin D in the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis, The Diagnosis of Osteoporosis, 14th Annual Conf on Osteoporosis, Southern Medical Association, Amelia Island FL
2011 Keynote address: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health, Nutracon Conference 2011, Anaheim CA
2011 Keynote address: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Good Health, Vitamin D Program Maine Rheumatology Society, Freeport ME
2011 Vitamin D and Cancer: Promise or Reality, International Symposium; Madrid Spain
2011 Featured Speaker: D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, Agony & Ecstasy of Translational Medicine, 19th Annual Clinical Update in Geriatric Medicine Conference, Pittsburgh PA
2011 Keynote address: A D-Lightful Perspective on the IOM Report, Friedman School Alumni Reunion, Tufts University Medical School, Boston MA
2011 John G. Floyd Lecture: The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI
2011 Featured Speaker: Vitamin D: A Solution for Good Health, USDA, Grand Forks ND
2011 Keynote speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin D, Frank Low Research Day, University of North Dakota
2011 Keynote speaker: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Rhode Island American Dietetic Association Annual Spring Conference Warwick RI
2011 Plenary lecture: Vitamin D: The Cancer & Autoimmune D-Lightful Connection. 8th Annual Nutrition & Health Conf, Arizona Ctr for Integrative Medicine, San Francisco
2011 Featured Speaker: The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, IFCC-EFCC European Congress of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Berlin Germany
2011 Keynote address, Nephrology: The D-Lightful Vitamin D for Health, 4th International Symposium on Vitamin D and Analogs in Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Homburg Germany
2011 Medical Grand Rounds: Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health, Sturdy Memorial Hospital, Attleboro MA
2011 Evaluation, Treatment & Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, ENDO 2011, Boston MA
2011 Clark T. Sawin Memorial History of Endocrinology Lecture, The History of the Endocrinology of Vitamin D, ENDO 2011, Boston MA
2011 Special Lecture, Garvan Institute Sydney Australia, The D-Lightful Vitamin D: A Solution for Good Health
2011 Top Docs in Endocrinology, Boston Magazine 2011
2011 Delbert A. Fisher Research Scholar, Clark T. Sawin Memorial Lecture, The Endocrine Society
2011 American College of Nutrition’s Communication Media Award
2011-2012 Best Doctors in America

Current major grants:
1 UL1 RR025771 (Center) 5/19/2008 – 4/30/2013 1.2 calendar
NCRR/NIH $4,591,698 (Total costs)
Boston University Clinical and Translational Science Award Program
Director of General Clinical Research Unit

New England Research Institute
R01-AG 207270 4/01/09-04/01/14 0.6 calendar
NIH (Andre Araujo) $276,237
Co-Investigator Bone Density in Older Men of Diverse Race/Ethnicity

1R43 AG030246-01A2 09/01/10 – 08/31/13 1.0 calendar
NIH, KBD Inc – James Shepherd (PI) $141,582
Co-Investigator Vitamin D Production by Sperti Lamp in Fat Malabsorption Patients

Tufts subcontract 04/01/11 – 11/30/14 1.0 calendar
NIH, Tufts – Jennifer Sachek (PI) $436,205
Co-Investigator Impact of vitamin D dose on vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren living in northern latitudes.

Memberships and Leadership Positions:

1978- American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

1979- American Society for Photobiology

1979- American Federation for Clinical Research

1979- American College of Physicians

1980- Endocrine Society

1980- American Association for the Advancement of Science

1980- American Society of Clinical Investigation

1982- American Society of Nutrition

1982- American Society of Biological Chemists

1982- New York Academy of Sciences

1985- American Chemical Society

1991- American Academy of Dermatology

1992- American Association of Physicians, American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

1993- Society for Clinical Densitometry, American Society for Investigative Dermatology

1995- International Society for Osteoporosis

1997- Fellow, American College of Nutrition

1997-2001 Member of the Educational Committee for the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

1998- Member of the Editorial Board for the Primer for American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

2004- Editorial Advisory Board, Clinical Laboratory Publications, Heidelberg, Germany

2006- Member of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

2006- Member Bone Health Education Initiative

2007- Member American Public Health Association

2007- Member Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Dartmouth Medical School

2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Program Committee

2008 American Public Health Association, Co-author of Vitamin D Policy

2008 Citracal Advisory Board, Philadelphia PA

2008- Editorial Board, Functional Food Reviews

2008- Endocrine Practice Guidelines Committee Chairman

2010- Editorial Board, World Journal of Diabetes

2010- National Kidney Foundation CME Review Board

2010- The Endocrine Society Performance Measures Subcommittee

National Committees and Study Sections:

1981&1983 Member of Study Section for United States Department of Agriculture
1982- Member of the Committee for Life Science, Experiments for a Space Station

1984- NASA - Committee to develop scientific requirements for the space station human research facility
1984-87 NASA - SBRI peer review panel

1984- USRA/NASA - Development of a program for evaluation of space adaptation syndrome

1985-87 Member of VA Study Section

1986-90 Member of NIH General Medicine B Study Section

1986- Universities Space Research Association/NASA Advisory Council

1989-93 NASA- Space Station Freedom Medical Standards Consultants Committee

1989-92 Subcommittee on Guidelines for Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants, National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences

1991-94 Chairman, American Institute of Biological Sciences Peer Review Panel to NASA for Space Physiology and Counter Measures

1992 Member, NIH GMA Ad Hoc Study Section

1992-93 PARE.04 NASA Developmental Biology Working Group

1994-97 NASA/Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications Advisory Committee

1994 NASA/Advisory Committee Executive Group

1996 NASA/Task Force on Musculoskeletal Countermeasures

1996 Chairman, NASA Peer Review Panel for Bone Biology

1997 Ad Hoc Reviewer, General Medicine Study Section B

1996-97 Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences Panel on Calcium and Related Nutrients

1998 National Research Council, Subcommittee - Nonhuman Primate Nutrition

1998 National Space Biomedical Research Institute External Advisory Council

2001 American Institute of Biological Sciences – Reviewer for a Congressional peer mail review

2001 Reviewer for programs for ASBMR

2003 Bayer Consumer Care Nutrition Advisory Board, Bayer Healthcare, Morristown, NJ

2003 Wyeth Global Nutrition Advisory Board, Wyeth Consumer Healthcare, Madison, NJ

2003-04 Chairperson, NASA Johnson Space Center Bioastronautics Facilities Review Committee

2005 Chairperson, Report on Action Spectrum for the Production of Previtamin D3 in Human Skin. CIE – International Commission on Illumination, Austria

2005 NASA/Chair Non-advocate review panel – Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss

2005 NASA/Chair Non-advocate review panel – Bed Rest Standard Measures

2006 Canadian Institutes of Health Research – Member of Review Panel

2006 Member of AMS Review Committee, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda MD

2006 Member of NIH Study Section/AMS Review Committee

2006 Moderator/Co-chair at ASBMR 28th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia PA

2007 Canadian Institutes of Health Research – Member of Review Panel

2007 NIH Ad Hoc Committee Member

2007 NIH Study Section IHD Review Committee

2007 NASA Non-advocate review panel – Flight Analog Project NAR

2007 Grant Review for Center for Border Health Research

2007 Grant Review for Diabetes UK

2007 International Referee Child Health Research Foundation New Zealand

2008 Referee for Health Research Council New Zealand

2008 R&D Office Doctoral Fellowship Awards Evaluation Panel

2008 NIH Study Section Immunity and Host Defense

2009 NIH Study Section CTSA Review Panel

2009 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Special Emphasis Panel

2010 Chaired NASA Crew Health NRA Exercise/Nutrition/EVA Review Panel

2010 Member of NIH CTSA Review Panel

2010 NIH Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Special Emphasis Panel

2010 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Special Emphasis Panel

2010 NASA/Chair Standing review panel – Human Research Program

2010 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Special Emphasis Panel, Ancillary Studies in Clinical Studies

2011 NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NHLBI PPG Peer Review

2011 Clinical and Translational Science Award, Special Emphasis Panel, NCRR

2011 Chair, NIDDK Special Emphasis Panel Review Meeting

2011 NIAMS Ancillary Studies review, NIH/NIAMS

2011 Adhoc Reviewer, NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council)
2011 NIH Study Section CTSA Review Panel

Symposia Organizer

1991 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman) Atlanta, Georgia

1992 Program Committee, American Society for Bone Mineral Research Annual Meeting
1993 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman), Basel, Switzerland
1993 Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

5th International Symposium, Detroit, MI.

Chaired session entitled "Vitamin D: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow".

1995 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman), Atlanta, GA

American Society for Photobiology Meeting. Chaired symposium entitled “Sunlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly,” Atlanta, Ga.

1998 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and co-chairman), Basel, Switzerland

2001 Biologic Effects of Light (organizer and chairman), Boston, MA

Selected Bibliography from 396 peer reviewed publications; 215 reviews and books chapters; and 9 edited and 3 authored books:

1. Holick MF, DeLuca HF. A new chromatographic system for vitamin D3 and its metabolites: Resolution of a new vitamin D 3 metabolite. J. Lipid Res. 1971. 12:460-465.

2. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 1971. 68:803-804.

3. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Suda T, Cousins RF. Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry. 1971. 10:2799-2804.

4. Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Avioli LV. Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from human plasma. Arch Intern Med. 1972. 129:56-61.

5. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: Metabolite of vitamin D3 active on bone in anephric rats. Science. 1972. 176:1146-1147.

6. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF. 5,6-Trans-isomers of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in anephric animals. Biochemistry. 1972. 11:2715-2719.

7. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF. 5,6-Trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol: vitamin D analog effective on intestine of anephric rats. Science. 1972. 176:1247-1248.

8. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Gray RW, Boyle IT, Suda T. Isolation and identification of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 made in the kidney. Biochemistry. 1972. 11:4251-4255.

9. Semmler EJ, Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. The synthesis of 1a,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol - A metabolically active form of vitamin D3. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972. 40:4147-4150

10. Fraser D, Kooh SW, Kind JP, Holick MF, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF. Pathogenesis of hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets. An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism involving defective conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. N Engl J Med. 1973. 289:817-822.

11. Glorieux FH, Scriver CR, Holick MF, DeLuca HF. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: Inadequate therapeutic response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Lancet. 1973. 2:287-289.

12. Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Kasten PM, Korycka MB. Isotachysterol3 and 25-hydroxyisotachysterol3: Analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science 1973. 180:964-966.

13. Holick MF, Kleiner-Bossaller A, Schnoes HK, Kasten PM, Boyle IT, DeLuca HF. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3. A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine. J Biol Chem. 1973. 248:6691-6696.

14. Holick MF, Semmler EJ, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. 1a -Hydroxy derivative of vitamin D3: A highly potent analog of 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science. 1973. 180:190-191.

15. Holick MF, Holick SA, Tavela T, Gallagher B, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Synthesis of [6-3H]-1a-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolism in vivo to [6-3H]-1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science. 1975. 190:576-578.

16. Neer RM, Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Potts JT Jr. Effects of 1a-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypoparathyroidism. Metabolism. 1975. 24:1403-1413.

17. Silverberg DS, Bettcher KB, Dossetor JB, Overton TR, Holick MF, DeLuca HF. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. Can Med Assoc J. 1975. 112:190-195.

18. Holick MF, Tavela T, Holick SA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Synthesis of [6-3H]-1a-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolism to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. J Biol Chem. 1976. 251:1020-1024.

19. Holick MF, Frommer JE, McNeill SC, Richtand NM, Henley JW, Potts JT Jr. Photometabolism of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 in skin. Biochem Biophys

20. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Clark MB, Holick SA, Potts JT Jr, Anderson RR, Blank IH, Parrish JA, Elias P. Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences. Science. 1980. 210:203-205.

21. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, and Doppelt SH. Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: Skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science. 1981. 211:590-593.

22. Clemens TL, Horiuchi N, Nguyen M, Holick MF. Binding of [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in nuclear and cytosol fractions of whole mouse skin in vivo and in vitro. FEBS Letters. 1981. 134:203-206.

23. Adams JA, Clemens TL, Parrish JA, and Holick MF. Vitamin-D synthesis and metabolism after ultraviolet irradiation of normal and vitamin-D-deficient subjects. N Engl J Med. 1982. 306:722-725.

24. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, and Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of the skin to synthesize vitamin D. Lancet 1982. 1:74-76.

25. Clemens TL, Adams JS, and Holick MF. Measurement of circulating vitamin D in man. Clin Chim Acta. 1982. 121:301-308.

26. MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF. Spectral character of sunlight modulates the photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin. Science. 1982. 1001-1003.

27. Adams JS, Singer FR, Gacad MA, Sharma OP, Hayes MJ, Vouros P, and Holick MF. Isolation and structural identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by cultured alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Endo Metab. 1985. 60:960-966.

28. Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, and Holick MF. Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985. 42:644-649.

29. MacLaughlin JA, Gange W., Taylor D, Smith E, and Holick MF. Cultured psoriatic fibroblasts from involved and uninvolved sites have a partial but not absolute resistance to the proliferation-inhibition activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1985. 82:5409-5412.

30. Smith E, Walworth NC, and Holick MF. Effect of 1a,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphological and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown under serum-free conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 1986. 86:709-714.

31. Lo W, Paris P, and Holick MF. Indian and Pakistani immigrants have the same capacity as Caucasians to produce vitamin D in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986. 44:683-5.

32. Matsuoka, L.Y., Ide, L., Wortsman, J., MacLaughlin, J.A., and Holick, M.F. Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987. 64:1165-1168.

33. Smith, E.L. Pincus, S.H., Donovan, L., and Holick, M.F. A novel approach for the evaluation and treatment of psoriasis: oral or topical use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be a safe and effective therapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Derm. 1988. 19:516-528.

34. Webb, A.R., Kline, L., and Holick, M.F. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: Exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J. Clin. Endo. Metab. 1988. 67: 373-378.

35. Webb, A.R., deCosta, B.R., and Holick, M.F. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989. 68:882-887.

36. Holick, M.F., Matsuoka, L.Y., and Wortsman, J. Age, Vitamin D, and solar ultraviolet. Lancet. 1989. 1104-1105.

37. Ray, R., Bouillon, R., Van Baelen, H., and Holick, M.F. Photoaffinity labeling of human serum vitamin D-binding protein binding protein, and chemical cleavages of the labeled protein: identification of a 11.5 KDa peptide, containing the putative 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-binding site. Biochem. 1991. 30:7638-7642.

38. Jacobus, C.H., Holick, M.F., Shao, Q., Chen, T.C., Holm I.A., Kolodny, J.M., El-Hajj Fuleihan, G. and Seely, E. Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med. 1992. 326:1173-1177.

39. Holick, M.F., Shao, Q., Liu, W.W., and Chen, T.C. The vitamin D Content of fortified milk and infant formula. N Engl J Med. 1992. 326:1178-181.

40. Vicchio, D., Yergey, A., O’Brien, K., Allen, L., Ray, R., and Holick, M. Quantification and Kinetics of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 by Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Thermo spray Mass Spectrometry. Biological Mass Spectrometry. 1993. 22:53-58.

41. Tian, X.Q., Chen, T.C., Matsuoka, L.Y., Wortsman, J. and Holick, M.F. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the conversion of previtamin D3 in human skin. J Biol Chem. 1993. 268:14888-14892.

42. Ray, R., Ray, S., Rose, S., and Holick, M.F. Photoaffinity labeling of chick intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor. Steroids. 1993. 58:462-465.

43. Holick, M.F., Ray, S., Chen, T., Tian, X., and Persons, K. Novel functions of a parathyroid hormone antagonist: stimulation of epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1994. 91:8014-8016.

44. Tian, X., Chen,T., Lu Z., Shao, Q., and Holick M.F. Characterization of the translocation process of vitamin D3 from the skin into the circulation. Endo. 1994. 135:655-661.

45. Holick, M.F., Ray, S., Chen, T., Tian, X., and Persons, K. Novel functions of a parathyroid hormone antagonist: stimulation of epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1994. 91:8014-8016.

46. Tian, X., Chen,T., Lu Z., Shao, Q., and Holick M.F. Characterization of the translocation process of vitamin D3 from the skin into the circulation. Endo. 1994. 135:655-661.

47. Tian, X.Q., Holick, M.F. Catalyzed thermal isomerization between previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 via b-cyclodextrin complexation. J Biol Chem. 1995. 270:8706-8711.

48. Chen, T.C., Persons, K., Liu W.W., Chen, M.L., and Holick, M.F. The antiproliferative and differentiative activities of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are potentiated by epidermal growth factor and attenuated by insulin in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1995. 104:113-117.

49. Hanafin, N.M., Chen, T.C., Heinrich, G., Segre, G.V., and Holick, M.F. Cultured human fibroblasts and not cultured human keratinocytes express a PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA. J Invest Dermatol. 1995. 105:133-137.

50. Perez, A., Chen, T.C., Turner, A., and Holick, M.F. Pilot study of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for treating psoriasis in children. Arch Derm. 1995. 131:961-962.

51. Tian, X.Q., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: A novel agent for enhancing wound healing. J Cell Biochem. 1995. 59:53-56.

52. Perez, A., Chen, T.C., Turner, A., Raab, R., Bhawan, J., Poche, P., and Holick, M.F. Efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1996. 134:238-246.

53. Chen, M.L., Perez, A., Sanan, D., Heinrich, G., Chen, T., and Holick, M.F. Induction of vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in psoriatic plaques correlates with clinical response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Invest Dermatol. 1996. 106:637-641.

54. Perez, A., Raab, R., Chen T.C., Turner, A., and Holick, M.F. Safety and efficacy of oral calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) for the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1996. 134:1070-1078.

55. Schilli, M.B. Ray, S., Paus, R., Obi-Tabot, E. and Holick, M.F. Control of hair growth with parathyroid hormone (7-34). J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997. 108:928-932.

56. Heaney, R.P., Barger-Lux, J., Dowell, M.S., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Calcium absorptive effects of vitamin D and its major metabolites. J. Clin. Endo Metab. 1997. 82:4111-4116.

57. Reichrath, J., Horf, R., Chen, T.C., Muller, S.M., Sanan, D., and Holick, M.F. Expression of integrin subunits and CD44 isoforms in psoriatic skin and effects of topical calcitriol application. J. Cutan. Pathol. 1997. 24:499-506.

58. Malabanan, A., Veronikis, I.E., and Holick, M.F. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet. 1998. 351:805-806.

59. Schwartz, G.G., Whitlatch, L.W., Chen T.C., Lokeshwar, B.L., and Holick, M.F. Human prostate cells synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 1998. 7:391-395.

60. Barger-Lux, M.J., Heaney, R.P., Dowell, S., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporosis Int. 1998. 8:222-230.

61. Kong, X.F., Zhu, X.H., Pei, Y.L., Jackson, D.M., and Holick, M.F. Molecular cloning, characterization, and promoter analysis of the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1a- hydroxylase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. 96:6988-6993.

62. Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L.Y., Chen, T.C., Lu, Z., and Holick, M.F. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000. 72:690-693.

63. Chen, T., Schwartz, G.G., Burnstein, K.L., Lokeshwar, Bal, L. and Holick, M.F. The in vitro evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 19-nor-1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 as therapeutic agents for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000. 6:901-908.

64. Chen, T.C. and Holick, M.F. Hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has markedly increased potency in inhibiting proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes compared with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Br. J. Dermatol. 2000. 143:72-78.

65. Chen, T.C., Persons, K., Lu, Z., Mathieu, J.S., and Holick, M.F. An evaluation of the biologic activity and vitamin D receptor binding affinity of the photoisomers of vitamin D3 and previtamin D3. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2000. 11:267-272.

66. Durakovic, C., Malabanan, A., and Holick, M.F. Rationale for use and clinical responsiveness of hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Br. J. Dermatol. 2001. 144:500-506.

67. Tangpricha, V., Flanagan, J.N., Whitlatch, L.W., Tseng, C.C., Chen, T.C., Holt, P.R., Lipkin, M.S., and Holick. 25-hydroxyvitamin D-α-hydroxylase in normal and malignant colon tissue. Lancet. 2001. 357:1673-1674.

68. Flanagan, J.N., Whitlatch, L.W., Chen, T.C., Zhu, X.H., Holick, M.T., Kong, X., and Holick, M.F. Enhancing 1a,-hydroxylase activity with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1a-hydroxylase gene in cultured human keratinocytes and mouse skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001. 116:910-914.

69. Peters, Eva, M.J., Foitzik, K., Paus, R., Ray, S., and Holick, M.F. A new strategy for modulating chemotherapy-induced alopecia, using PTH/PTHrP receptor agonist and antagonist. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001. 117:173-178.

70. Koutkia, P., Lu Z., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency due to Crohn's disease with tanning bed ultraviolet B radiation. Gastroenterol. 2001. 121:1485-1488.

71. Whitlatch, L.W., Young, M.V., Schwartz, G., Flanagan, J., Burnstein, K., Lokeshwar, Bal L., Rich, E., Holick, M.F., and Chen, T.C. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1a-hydroxylase activity is diminished in human prostate cancer cells and is enhanced by gene transfer. Steroid Biochem & Molecul Biol. 2002. 81:135-140.

72. Tangpricha, V., Koutkia, P., Rieke, S.M., Chen, T.C., Perez, A., and Holick, M.F. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: A novel approach to enhance vitamin D nutritional health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003. 77:1478-1483.

73. Holick, M.F., Chimeh, F.N., and Ray, S. Topical PTH (1-34) in a novel, safe and effective treatment for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2003. 149:370-376.

74. Heaney, R.P., Davies, K.M., Chen, T.C., Holick, M.F., and Barger-Lux, M.J. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003. 77:204-210.

75. Moore, C., Murphy, M.M., Keast, D.R., and Holick, M.F. Vitamin D intake in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004. 104:980-983.

76. Durakovic, C., Ray, S., and Holick, M.F. Topical paricalcitol (19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2) is a novel, safe and effective treatment for plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Brit J Dermatol. 2004. 151:190-195.

77. Schwartz, G.G., Eads, D. Rao, A., Cramer, S., Willingham, M.C., Chen, T., Jamieson, D. Wang, L., Burnstein, K., Holick, M.F. and Koumenis C. Pancreatic cancer cells express 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase and their proliferation is inhibited by the prohormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Carcinogenesis. 2004. 25(6):1015-1026.

78. Tangpricha, V., Spina, C., Yao, M., Chen, T.C., Wolfe, M.M. and Holick, M. F. Vitamin D Deficiency Enhances the Growth of MC-26 Colon Cancer Xenografts in Balb/c Mice. J Nutr. 2005. 135:2350-2354.

79. Lee, J.M., Smith, J.R., Philipp, B.L., Chen, T.C., Mathieu, J., and Holick, M.F. Vitamin D Deficiency in a Healthy Group of Mothers and Newborn Infants. Clin Pediatr. 2007. 46(1):42-44.

80. Lu, Z., Chen, T.C., Zhang, A., Persons, K.S., Kohn, N., Berkowitz, R., Martinello, S. and Holick, M.F. An evaluation of the vitamin D3 content in fish: Is the vitamin D content adequate to satisfy the dietary requirement for vitamin D? J. of Steroid Biochem and Molec Biol. 2007. 103(3-5):642-4.

81. Hannan, M.T., Litman, H.J., Araujo, A.B., McLennan, C.E., McLean, R.R., McKinlay, J.B., Chen, T.C., and Holick, M.F. Serum 25-Hydroxvitamin D and Bone Mineral Density in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Group of Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008. 93:40-46.

82. Holick, M.F., Biancuzzo, R.M., Chen, T.C., Klein, E.K., Young, A., Bibuld, D., Reitz, R., Salameh, W., Ameri, A., and Tannenbaum, A.D. Vitamin D2 Is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D.
J. Clin. Endo. Metab. 2008. 93:677-681.

83. Merewood, A., Mehta, S.D., Chen, T.C., Holick, M.F., Bauchner, H. Association between severe vitamin D deficiency and primary caesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009. 94(3):940-5.

84. Pietras, SM, Obayan, BK, Cai, MH and Holick MF. Research Letter: Vitamin D2 Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency for Up to 6 Years. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169(19):1806-1808.

85. Biancuzzo, RM, Cai, MH, Winter, MR, Klein, EK, Ameri, A, Reitz, R, Salameh, W, Young, A, Bibuld, D, Chen, TC, Holick, MF. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2010. 91:1621-6.

86. Farraye, F., Nimitphong, H., Stucchi, A., Dendrinos, K., Boulanger, A., Vijjeswarapu, A., Tannenbaum, A., Biancuzzo, R., Chen, T. and Holick, MF. The Use of a Novel Vitamin D Bioavailability Test Demonstrates that Vitamin D Absorption is Decreased in Patients with Quiescent Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011. 17:2116-2121.

87. Godar, DE, Pope, SJ, Grant, WB and Holick, MF. Solar UV Doses of Adult Americans and Vitamin D3 Production. Dermato-Endocrinol. 2011. 3(4):1-8.

89. Rich-Edwards, JW, Davaasambuu, G, Kleinman, K, Sumberzul, N, Holick, MF, Lkhagvasuren, T, Dulguun, B, Burke, A and Frazier, AL. Randomized trial of fortified milk and supplements to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in schoolchildren in Mongolia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011. 94:578-584.

90. Holick, MF, Binkley, NC, Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Gordon, CM, Hanley, DA, Heaney, RP, Murad, MH and Weaver, CM. Evaluation, Treatment & Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. 96(7):1911-1930.

91. Holick, MF. The Vitamin D Solution: A 3-Step Strategy to Cure Our Most Common Health Problem. Hudson Street Press: New York. 2010.

92. Kumaravel, R, Arslanian, S, de las Heras, J and Holick, MF. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and in vivo insulin sensitivity and B-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity in black and white youth. 2011. Diabetes Care. (in press)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Holick, Michael F. Ph.D., M.D.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Leading expert in the field of vitamin D research who discovered the circulating form of vitamin D, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol, in 1970 and the active form of vitamin D, 1-,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, in 1971.
He is Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics and Director of the Bone Health Care Clinic and the Heliotherapy, Light, and Skin Research Center at Boston University Medical Center and has been making numerous contributions to the field of the biochemistry, physiology, metabolism, and photobiology of vitamin D for human nutrition.
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 15th 1947
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Linden, New Jersey
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holick, Michael}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:American endocrinologists]]

The Paranoid Style in American Politics

2012-01-28T04:12:35Z

BigDwiki: Undoing mistake (HG)

'''The Paranoid Style in American Politics''', by [[Richard J. Hofstadter]], is an historical essay tracing the influence of [[conspiracy theory]] and “movements of suspicious discontent” through the course of American history.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (2006) p. 143-44, 149-50 </ref> The essay has long been used by [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]] to attack [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] for responding to personal inner psychological fears rather than genuine national needs.<ref>[[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], "The Paranoid Style In American Politics Revisited," ''Public Interest,'' 1985, Issue 81, pp 107-127</ref><ref> For usage of the essay see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5671014423999136610&as_sdt=5,27&sciodt=0,27&hl=en Google search]</ref>

==Background==
It is an adaptation of the Herbert Spencer Lecture he gave at Oxford University on November 21, 1963, and was first published in the November 1964 issue of ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', then was the titular essay of the book ''The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays'' (1964). It was originally presented when the conservatives, led by Arizona Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] (1909–1998), were on the verge of taking control of the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. Liberals feared this might be the advent of extremism in politics, so Hofstadter tried to put the movement in historical context.<ref name="Paranoid">Richard Hofstadter, ''[http://www.harpers.org/archive/1964/11/0014706 The Paranoid Style in American Politics]'', [[Harper's Magazine]], November 1964, [http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/conspiracy_theory/the_paranoid_mentality/the_paranoid_style.html copy here (full text of the essay)]</ref>

==Historical themes==
===Recurring paranoia in American politics===
In developing the subject, the historian [[Richard J. Hofstadter]] initially establishes that, in coining the term “paranoid style”, he is borrowing the clinical, [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] term “[[Paranoia|paranoid]]” to describe a ''political personality'', and acknowledges that the term is pejorative:
<blockquote>
American politics has often been an arena for angry minds. In recent years, we have seen angry minds at work, mainly among [[Far right|extreme right-wingers]], who have now demonstrated, in the Goldwater movement, how much political leverage can be got out of the animosities and passions of a small minority. But, behind this, I believe, there is a style of mind that is far from new, and that is not necessarily [[right-wing]]. I call it the paranoid style, simply because no other word adequately evokes the sense of heated exaggeration, suspiciousness, and conspiratorial [[fantasy]] that I have in mind.<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

The background U.S. history details political paranoia against [[Illuminism]] ([[Intellectualism|intellectual]] subversion), [[Freemasonry]] (corporate subversion), and the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] (religious subversion), then progresses through U.S. politics to its contemporary (1950s–60s) modern incarnations of [[McCarthyism]] and the [[John Birch Society]].

===The paranoid style===
Given that the world is [[Manicheanism|manichean]], such politics requires a politician who, as:
<blockquote>
The paranoid spokesman, sees the fate of conspiracy in [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] terms — he traffics in the birth and death of whole worlds, whole political orders, whole systems of human values. He is always manning the barricades of civilization . . . he does not see social conflict as something to be mediated and compromised, in the manner of the working politician. Since what is at stake is always a [[Manicheanism|conflict]] between absolute good and absolute evil, what is necessary is not compromise but the will to fight things out to a finish. Since the enemy is thought of as being totally evil and totally unappeasable, he must be totally eliminated — if not from the world, at least from the theatre of operations to which the paranoid directs his attention. This demand for total triumph leads to the formulation of hopelessly unrealistic goals, and since these goals are not even remotely attainable, failure constantly heightens the paranoid’s sense of frustration. Even partial success leaves him with the same feeling of powerlessness with which he began, and this in turn only strengthens his awareness of the vast and terrifying quality of the enemy he opposes.<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

===The Enemy reified===
In the politics of paranoia:
<blockquote>
The enemy is clearly delineated: he is a perfect model of malice, a kind of amoral superman — sinister, ubiquitous, powerful, cruel, [[Hedonism|sensual]], luxury-loving. Unlike the rest of us, the enemy is not caught in the toils of the vast mechanism of history, himself a victim of his past, his desires, his limitations. He wills, indeed, he manufactures, the mechanism of history, or tries to deflect the normal course of history in an evil way. He makes crises, starts runs on banks, causes depressions, manufactures disasters, and then enjoys and profits from the misery he has produced. The paranoid’s interpretation of history is distinctly personal: decisive events are not taken as part of the stream of history, but as the consequences of someone’s will. Very often, the enemy is held to possess some especially effective source of power: he controls the [[Newspaper|press]]; he has unlimited funds; he has a new secret for influencing the mind ([[Mind control|brainwashing]]); he has a special technique for seduction (the Catholic confessional).<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

===Emulating the enemy===
[[Psychological projection]] is essential to the paranoid style of U.S. politics:

<blockquote>
It is hard to resist the conclusion that this enemy is, on many counts, the [[Psychological projection|projection]] of the [[Id, ego and super-ego#Ego|self]]; both the ideal and the unacceptable aspects of the self are attributed to him. The enemy may be the cosmopolitan [[intellectual]], but the paranoid will outdo him in the apparatus of [[Scholasticism|scholarship]], even of pedantry. Secret organizations, set up to combat secret organizations, give the same flattery. The [[Ku Klux Klan]] imitated [[Catholicism]] to the point of donning priestly vestments, developing an elaborate ritual and an equally elaborate hierarchy. The [[John Birch Society]] emulates [[Communism|Communist]] cells and quasi-secret operation through “front” groups, and preaches a ruthless prosecution of the ideological war along lines very similar to those it finds in the Communist enemy. Spokesmen of the various [[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] “[[Crusade|crusades]]” openly express their admiration for the dedication and discipline the Communist cause calls forth.<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

In the personal realm, the paranoid politician usually ascribes “[[Libertine|sexual freedom]]” as a personal vice of his enemy, yet Hofstadter reports that “very often, the fantasies of true believers reveal strong [[Sado-masochism|sadomasochistic]] outlets, vividly expressed, for example, in the delight of anti-Masons with the cruelty of [[Masonic]] punishments”.

==Historical applications==
Two different approaches to the [[Radical Right]] were taken by social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s. Hofstader sought to identify the characteristics of the groups. Hofstadter defined politically paranoid individuals as feeling persecuted, fearing conspiracy, and acting over-aggressive yet socialized. Hofstadter and other scholars in the 1950s argued that the major left-wing movement of the 1890s, the Populists, showed what Hofstadter said was "paranoid delusions of conspiracy by the Money Power."<ref>George B. Tindall, "Populism: A Semantic Identity Crisis," ''[[Virginia Quarterly Review]],'' Oct 1972, Vol. 48#4 pp 501-518</ref> Historians have also applied the paranoid category to other political movements, such as the conservative [[Constitutional Union Party]] of 1860.<ref> John Mering, "The Constitutional Union Campaign of 1860: An Example of the Paranoid Style," ''Mid America,'' 1978, Vol. 60#2 pp 95-106</ref> Hofstadter's approach was later applied to the rise of new right-wing groups, including the Christian Right and the Patriot Movement.<ref>D. J. Mulloy, ''American extremism: history, politics and the militia movement'' (2004) pp. 16-17</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The infantile style in American politics|author=Gary Kamiya|date= December 5, 2011|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/2011/12/05/the_infantile_style_in_american_politics/singleton/}}</ref>

==Legacy==

In a 2007 article in [[Harper's]], Scott Horton wrote that ''The Paranoid Style in American Politics'' was "one of the most important and most influential articles published in the 155 year history of the magazine."<ref>[[Scott Horton (lawyer)|Scott Horton]], ''[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90000908 The Paranoid Style in American Politics]'', Harper's Magazine, 2007-08-16</ref>

Laura Miller writes in [[Salon.com]] that "'The Paranoid Style in American Politics' reads like a playbook for the career of [[Glenn Beck]], right down to the paranoid's 'quality of pedantry' and 'heroic strivings for 'evidence'..." <ref>Laura Miller, "The paranoid style in American punditry", ''[[Salon.com]]'', September 15, 2010 http://www.salon.com/books/laura_miller/2010/09/15/hofstadter Accessed February 1, 2011 </ref></blockquote>

David Greenberg writes in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' that the essay is invoked too often, and "ought to be used carefully and sparingly....sometimes [pundits] appear to be endorsing a psychological diagnosis of conservative activists—a reading of Hofstadter's work that he pointedly disavowed".<ref>David Greenburg, "The Obama Haters:We still don't understand how fringe conservatism went mainstream" ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' September 23, 2009 http://www.slate.com/id/2229352/ Accessed February 1, 2011</ref>

==See also==
*[[Radical Right]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranoid Style in American Politics, The}}
[[Category:Political science books]]
[[Category:Political history of the United States]]
[[Category:Books about the far right]]
[[Category:Books about politics of the United States]]
[[Category:Harper's Magazine articles]]

The Paranoid Style in American Politics

2012-01-28T04:12:29Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edits by 99.190.87.151 (talk) to last revision by Wowaconia (HG)

'''The Paranoid Style in American Politics''', by [[Richard J. Hofstadter]], is an historical essay tracing the influence of [[conspiracy theory]] and “movements of suspicious discontent” through the course of American history.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (2006) p. 143-44, 149-50 </ref> The essay has long been used by [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]] to attack [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] for responding to personal inner psychological fears rather than genuine national needs.<ref>[[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], "The Paranoid Style In American Politics Revisited," ''Public Interest,'' 1985, Issue 81, pp 107-127</ref><ref> For usage of the essay see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5671014423999136610&as_sdt=5,27&sciodt=0,27&hl=en Google search]</ref>

==Background==
It is an adaptation of the Herbert Spencer Lecture he gave at Oxford University on November 21, 1963, and was first published in the November 1964 issue of ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', then was the titular essay of the book ''The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays'' (1964). It was originally presented when the conservatives, led by Arizona Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] (1909–1998), were on the verge of taking control of the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. Liberals feared this might be the advent of extremism in politics, so Hofstadter tried to put the movement in historical context.<ref name="Paranoid">Richard Hofstadter, ''[http://www.harpers.org/archive/1964/11/0014706 The Paranoid Style in American Politics]'', [[Harper's Magazine]], November 1964, [http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/conspiracy_theory/the_paranoid_mentality/the_paranoid_style.html copy here (full text of the essay)]</ref>

==Historical themes==
===Recurring paranoia in American politics===
In developing the subject, the historian [[Richard J. Hofstadter]] initially establishes that, in coining the term “paranoid style”, he is borrowing the clinical, [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] term “[[Paranoia|paranoid]]” to describe a ''political personality'', and acknowledges that the term is pejorative:
<blockquote>
American politics has often been an arena for angry minds. In recent years, we have seen angry minds at work, mainly among [[Far right|extreme right-wingers]], who have now demonstrated, in the Goldwater movement, how much political leverage can be got out of the animosities and passions of a small minority. But, behind this, I believe, there is a style of mind that is far from new, and that is not necessarily [[right-wing]]. I call it the paranoid style, simply because no other word adequately evokes the sense of heated exaggeration, suspiciousness, and conspiratorial [[fantasy]] that I have in mind.<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

The background U.S. history details political paranoia against [[Illuminism]] ([[Intellectualism|intellectual]] subversion), [[Freemasonry]] (corporate subversion), and the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] (religious subversion), then progresses through U.S. politics to its contemporary (1950s–60s) modern incarnations of [[McCarthyism]] and the [[John Birch Society]].

===The paranoid style===
Given that the world is [[Manicheanism|manichean]], such politics requires a politician who, as:
<blockquote>
The paranoid spokesman, sees the fate of conspiracy in [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] terms — he traffics in the birth and death of whole worlds, whole political orders, whole systems of human values. He is always manning the barricades of civilization . . . he does not see social conflict as something to be mediated and compromised, in the manner of the working politician. Since what is at stake is always a [[Manicheanism|conflict]] between absolute good and absolute evil, what is necessary is not compromise but the will to fight things out to a finish. Since the enemy is thought of as being totally evil and totally unappeasable, he must be totally eliminated — if not from the world, at least from the theatre of operations to which the paranoid directs his attention. This demand for total triumph leads to the formulation of hopelessly unrealistic goals, and since these goals are not even remotely attainable, failure constantly heightens the paranoid’s sense of frustration. Even partial success leaves him with the same feeling of powerlessness with which he began, and this in turn only strengthens his awareness of the vast and terrifying quality of the enemy he opposes.<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

===The Enemy reified===
In the politics of paranoia:
<blockquote>
The enemy is clearly delineated: he is a perfect model of malice, a kind of amoral superman — sinister, ubiquitous, powerful, cruel, [[Hedonism|sensual]], luxury-loving. Unlike the rest of us, the enemy is not caught in the toils of the vast mechanism of history, himself a victim of his past, his desires, his limitations. He wills, indeed, he manufactures, the mechanism of history, or tries to deflect the normal course of history in an evil way. He makes crises, starts runs on banks, causes depressions, manufactures disasters, and then enjoys and profits from the misery he has produced. The paranoid’s interpretation of history is distinctly personal: decisive events are not taken as part of the stream of history, but as the consequences of someone’s will. Very often, the enemy is held to possess some especially effective source of power: he controls the [[Newspaper|press]]; he has unlimited funds; he has a new secret for influencing the mind ([[Mind control|brainwashing]]); he has a special technique for seduction (the Catholic confessional).<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

===Emulating the enemy===
[[Psychological projection]] is essential to the paranoid style of U.S. politics:

<blockquote>
It is hard to resist the conclusion that this enemy is, on many counts, the [[Psychological projection|projection]] of the [[Id, ego and super-ego#Ego|self]]; both the ideal and the unacceptable aspects of the self are attributed to him. The enemy may be the cosmopolitan [[intellectual]], but the paranoid will outdo him in the apparatus of [[Scholasticism|scholarship]], even of pedantry. Secret organizations, set up to combat secret organizations, give the same flattery. The [[Ku Klux Klan]] imitated [[Catholicism]] to the point of donning priestly vestments, developing an elaborate ritual and an equally elaborate hierarchy. The [[John Birch Society]] emulates [[Communism|Communist]] cells and quasi-secret operation through “front” groups, and preaches a ruthless prosecution of the ideological war along lines very similar to those it finds in the Communist enemy. Spokesmen of the various [[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] “[[Crusade|crusades]]” openly express their admiration for the dedication and discipline the Communist cause calls forth.<ref name="Paranoid"/>
</blockquote>

In the personal realm, the paranoid politician usually ascribes “[[Libertine|sexual freedom]]” as a personal vice of his enemy, yet Hofstadter reports that “very often, the fantasies of true believers reveal strong [[Sado-masochism|sadomasochistic]] outlets, vividly expressed, for example, in the delight of anti-Masons with the cruelty of [[Masonic]] punishments”.

==Historical applications==
Two different approaches to the [[Radical Right]] were taken by social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s. Hofstader sought to identify the characteristics of the groups. Hofstadter defined politically paranoid individuals as feeling persecuted, fearing conspiracy, and acting over-aggressive yet socialized. Hofstadter and other scholars in the 1950s argued that the major left-wing movement of the 1890s, the Populists, showed what Hofstadter said was "paranoid delusions of conspiracy by the Money Power."<ref>George B. Tindall, "Populism: A Semantic Identity Crisis," ''[[Virginia Quarterly Review]],'' Oct 1972, Vol. 48#4 pp 501-518</ref> Historians have also applied the paranoid category to other political movements, such as the conservative [[Constitutional Union Party]] of 1860.<ref> John Mering, "The Constitutional Union Campaign of 1860: An Example of the Paranoid Style," ''Mid America,'' 1978, Vol. 60#2 pp 95-106</ref> Hofstadter's approach was later applied to the rise of new right-wing groups, including the Christian Right and the Patriot Movement.<ref>D. J. Mulloy, ''American extremism: history, politics and the militia movement'' (2004) pp. 16-17</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The infantile style in American politics|author=Gary Kamiya|date= December 5, 2011|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/2011/12/05/the_infantile_style_in_american_politics/singleton/}}</ref>

==Legacy==

In a 2007 article in [[Harper's]], Scott Horton wrote that ''The Paranoid Style in American Politics'' was "one of the most important and most influential articles published in the 155 year history of the magazine."<ref>[[Scott Horton (lawyer)|Scott Horton]], ''[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90000908 The Paranoid Style in American Politics]'', Harper's Magazine, 2007-08-16</ref>

Laura Miller writes in [[Salon.com]] that "'The Paranoid Style in American Politics' reads like a playbook for the career of [[Glenn Beck]], right down to the paranoid's 'quality of pedantry' and 'heroic strivings for 'evidence'..." <ref>Laura Miller, "The paranoid style in American punditry", ''[[Salon.com]]'', September 15, 2010 http://www.salon.com/books/laura_miller/2010/09/15/hofstadter Accessed February 1, 2011 </ref></blockquote>

David Greenberg writes in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' that the essay is invoked too often, and "ought to be used carefully and sparingly....sometimes [pundits] appear to be endorsing a psychological diagnosis of conservative activists—a reading of Hofstadter's work that he pointedly disavowed".<ref>David Greenburg, "The Obama Haters:We still don't understand how fringe conservatism went mainstream" ''Slate'' September 23, 2009 http://www.slate.com/id/2229352/ Accessed February 1, 2011</ref>

==See also==
*[[Radical Right]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranoid Style in American Politics, The}}
[[Category:Political science books]]
[[Category:Political history of the United States]]
[[Category:Books about the far right]]
[[Category:Books about politics of the United States]]
[[Category:Harper's Magazine articles]]

Chelsea (Massachusetts)

2011-07-20T19:39:40Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edit(s) by 63.118.228.2 identified as test/vandalism

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Chelsea, Massachusetts
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline = Soldiers' Monument, Chelsea, MA.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Soldiers' Monument
|image_seal = sealofchelseama.jpg
|image_flag =
|image_map = Chelsea_ma_highlight.png
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in Suffolk County in Massachusetts
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|coordinates_region = US-MA
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Massachusetts]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]]
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1624
|established_title2 = Incorporated
|established_date2 = 1739
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|government_type = Council-manager government|Council- City Manager
|leader_title = City Manager
|leader_name = Jay Ash
|leader_title1 = Deputy City Manager
|leader_name1 = Ned Keefe
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 5.5
|area_total_sq_mi = 2.1
|area_land_km2 = 4.7
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.8
|area_water_km2 = 0.8
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.3
|population_as_of = 2010
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|population_total = 35,177
|population_density_km2 = 6,702.3
|population_density_sq_mi = 17,365.0
|elevation_m = 3
|elevation_ft = 10
|timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates_display = display=inline,title
|latd = 42 |latm = 23 |lats = 30 |latNS = N
|longd = 71 |longm = 02 |longs = 00 |longEW = W
|website = http://www.chelseama.gov/
|postal_code_type = ZIP code
|postal_code = 02150
|area_code = [[Area code 617|617]] / [[Area code 857|857]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 25-13205
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0612723
|footnotes =
}}
'''Chelsea''' is a city in [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]] directly across the [[Mystic River]] from the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. It is the smallest city in Massachusetts in land area, and the [[List of United States cities by population density|26th most densely populated incorporated place in the country]].

==History==
The area was first called Winnisimmet, meaning "good spring nearby," by the [[Massachusett]] tribe which once lived here. It was settled in 1624 by [[Samuel Maverick (colonist)|Samuel Maverick]], whose [[palisade]]d [[trading post]] is considered the first permanent settlement at [[Boston Harbor]]. In 1635, Maverick sold all of Winnisimmet, except for his house and farm, to [[Richard Bellingham]]. The community remained part of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] until it was set off and incorporated in 1739, when it was named after [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], a neighborhood in [[London, England|London]].

In 1775, the [[Battle of Chelsea Creek]] was fought here, the second battle of the [[American Revolution|Revolution]], at which American forces made one of their first captures of a [[British people|British]] ship. Part of [[George Washington|Washington's]] army was stationed here during the [[Siege of Boston]].

Chelsea originally included North Chelsea—all of [[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]], [[Winthrop, Massachusetts|Winthrop]] and parts of [[Saugus, Massachusetts|Saugus]]. In 1846, North Chelsea was set off as a separate town. Reincorporated as a city in 1857, Chelsea developed as an industrial center, producing [[rubber]] and elastic goods, [[boot]]s and [[shoemaking|shoes]], [[stove]]s and [[adhesive]]s. It became home to a naval hospital (designed by [[Alexander Parris]]) and soldiers' home. But on April 12, 1908, nearly half the city was destroyed in the First Great Chelsea Fire. In 1973, the Second Great Chelsea Fire burned 18 city blocks.

[[Image:Square After Great Fire of 1908, Chelsea, MA.jpg|thumb|left|Chelsea Square looking north up Broadway after Great Fire of 1908]]
In September 1991, Massachusetts enacted special legislation to place Chelsea into receivership. This was the first time since the [[Great Depression]] that a United States municipality had such an action taken against it. Events preceding the action included failed financial intervention by the state, a political stalemate over the city's budget, deepening economic decline and a spiraling fiscal crisis. Fortunately, Chelsea had no publicly held long-term debt—thus, a solution to its problems could be explored in isolation of creditors.

A charter change in 1995 designed an efficient council-manager form of government, which has focused on improving the quality of service the city provides to its residents and businesses, while establishing financial policies that have significantly improved the city's financial condition. Increased emphasis on economic development and capital improvement has led to an influx of new business and homebuyers. In 1998, Chelsea was named winner of the [[All-America City Award]]. The community is home to a [[Carnegie library]] built in 1910.

===National Register listings in Chelsea===
The follows places in Chelsea are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]:

*[[Bellingham Square Historic District]]
*[[Bellingham-Cary House]]
*[[Chelsea Garden Cemetery]]
*[[Congregation Agudath Shalom]]
*[[Downtown Chelsea Residential Historic District]]
*[[C. Henry Kimball House]]
*[[Naval Hospital Boston Historic District]]
*[[Revere Beach Parkway--Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston]]

==Geography==
{{Expand section|date=July 2008}}
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Chelsea has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km²), of which, 1.8 square miles (4.7 km²) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km²) of it (14%) is water. Located on a [[peninsula]] in [[Boston Harbor]], Chelsea is drained by [[Chelsea Creek]] and sits on the Mystic River just North of downtown Boston.

Major features include:
* Bellingham Square, at the intersection of Broadway, Washington Avenue, Hawthorne Street, 5th Street, and Bellingham Street. It is surrounded by the [[Bellingham Square Historic District]].
* Bellingham Carey Mansion. It was headquarters for George Washington's men during the Battle of Chelsea Creek. It now resides as a monument and it and everything in it are restored and available for touring.

==Demographics==
[[Image:Old Pratt House, Chelsea, MA.jpg|thumb|left|Old Pratt House in 1908]]
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 35,080 people, 11,888 households, and 7,608 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 16,036.8 people per square mile (6,184.7/km²), placing it among the highest in population density among U.S. cities.<ref>[[Demographics of the United States]]</ref> There were 12,337 housing units at an average density of 5,639.9 per square mile (2,175.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 57.95% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 7.25% Black or [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.48% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.69% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 22.94% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 6.58% from two or more races.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000
| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau
| url = http://censtats.census.gov/data/MA/1602513205.pdf
| accessdate = 2007-09-13}}</ref>
[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 48.42% of the population.

There were 11,888 households out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 20.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.50.

[[Image:The Fitz Public Library, Chelsea, MA.jpg|thumb|right|Fitz Public Library in c. 1905]]
In the city the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,161, and the median income for a family was $32,130. Males had a median income of $27,280 versus $26,010 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,628. About 20.6% of families and 23.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 20.9% of those age 65 or over.

==Transportation==
* [[MBTA Commuter Rail]] provides service from [[Boston Massachusetts|Boston's]] [[North Station]] with the [[Chelsea (MBTA station)|Chelsea]] station on its [[Newburyport/Rockport Line]].
* [[MBTA buses in East Boston, Chelsea, and Revere|MBTA buses]] provide local service to Boston, Everett, Revere, and more.

==Education==
{{Expand section|date=July 2008}}
Schools in Chelsea include:
* [[Bunker Hill Community College]] (Chelsea Campus)<ref>[http://www.bhcc.mass.edu/inside/472 Bunker Hill Community College -- Chelsea Campus]</ref>
* Chelsea High School<ref>[http://chs.chelseaschools.com Chelsea High School]</ref>
* The [[Everest Institute]], Chelsea Campus<ref>[http://www.everest.edu/campus/chelsea Everest Institute, Chelsea Campus]</ref>
* Phoenix Charter Academy<ref>[http://www.phoenixcharteracademy.org Phoenix Charter Academy]</ref>
* Williams Middle School
* Clark Middle School
* Mary C. Burke Complex
* John Silber Early Learning Center
Chelsea has four elementary schools, including one that is bilingual and two that require uniforms, three middle schools, and one high school. The Chelsea school system has historically been towards the bottom of the state's test score rankings. It's plagued by high mobility among students, meaning that a very high percentage of students move in or out over the course of the year, and the dropout rate is high. In 1988, the school board made the unprecedented move of delegating its authority for control of the school district to [[Boston University]]. In June 2008, the partnership with Boston University ended, and the schools returned to full local control. Chelsea also has only one private school, St. Rose of Lima, left as the others closed. It is located on Broadway near city hall and as of 2009, has an enrollment of about 350.

==Sites of interest==
* Apollinaire Theatre Company<ref>[http://www.apollinairetheatrecompany.com Apollinaire Theatre Company]</ref>
* Bellingham-Cary House<ref>[http://www.olgp.net/caryhouse/index.htm Bellingham-Cary House]</ref>
* Chelsea Public Library<ref>[http://www.necarnegies.com/machelsea.htm Chelsea Public Library -- a Carnegie library]</ref>
* [[Walnut Street Synagogue]]
* Chelsea Jewish Nursing Home Foundation <ref>[http://cjnh.org/home.html Chelsea Jewish Nursing Home]</ref>

==Notable residents==
* [[Horatio Alger]], author
* [[Amy Beach]], composer and pianist
* [[Richard Bellingham]], governor
* [[Thomas F. Birmingham]], politician
* [[Ian Bremmer]], political scientist
* [[Alfred Winsor Brown]], naval officer and governor of Guam
* [[Shawn Cameron]], athletic trainer
* [[Chick Corea]], jazz musician
* [[Norman Cota]], general
* [[Albert DeSalvo]], the [[Boston Strangler]]
* [[Nathan Haskell Dole]], editor and author
* [[Sandy Ferguson]], boxer
* [[Joseph Gainard]], naval officer
* [[Howard R. Healy]], naval officer
* [[Brian Kelly (coach)|Brian Kelly]], Notre Dame head football coach
* [[Lewis Howard Latimer]], scientist and inventor
* [[Howie Long]], NFL Hall of Famer and FOX football analyst
* [[Mike Pelosi]], porn star wannabe
* [[Samuel Maverick]], pioneer and trader
* [[Charles E. Mitchell]], banker
* Philip A. Hansen, inventor
* [[Joseph C. O'Mahoney]], senator
* [[Daniel Pratt (eccentric)|Daniel Pratt]], author, poet and eccentric
* [[John Ruiz]], the first Latino Heavyweight Boxing Champion, and former two-time WBA World Heavyweight boxing champion
* [[Arnold Stang]], actor
* Byron and Catherine McGee Stevens, actress [[Barbara Stanwyck]]'s parents
* [[Michelle Tea]], author
* [[Marvin Terban]], children's author

==References==
* [http://www.olgp.net/chs/index.htm Chelsea Historical Society]
* [http://www.chelseama.gov/public_documents/ChelseaMA_Library/Dates Important Dates in Chelsea History]
* [http://www3.gendisasters.com/massachusetts/4452/chelsea,-ma-fire,-apr-1908 Great Chelsea Fire of 1908]
<references/>

==Further reading==
* A [http://www.chelseama.gov/public_documents/ChelseaMA_Library/Ready listing] is available of printed reports in the city archives.
* M. Chamberlain. A documentary history of Chelsea: including the Boston precincts of Winnisimmet, Rumney Marsh, and Pullen Point, 1624-1824. Boston: Printed for the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1908. [http://books.google.com/books?id=sCQlAAAAMAAJ Google books]

==External links==
{{Portal|Boston}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.chelseama.gov/Home/ City of Chelsea, Massachusetts]
*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2513205.html U.S. Census Bureau, Quick Facts]
* [http://www.olgp.net/chs/index.htm Chelsea Historical Society]
* [http://www.chelseama.gov/public_documents/ChelseaMA_Library/index Chelsea Public Library]
* [http://www.chelseachamber.org/ Chelsea Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.chelseand.org/about.chelsea.php Chelsea Neighborhood Developers]
* [http://www.chelsearecord.com/ The Chelsea Record Newspaper]
* [http://www.centrolatino.org/ Centro Latino de Chelsea]
* [http://www.jflyellowpages.com/ Chelsea Yellow Pages]
* [http://www.celebrateboston.com/disasters/great-chelsea-fire-1908.htm 1908 fire]
* [http://www.celebrateboston.com/disasters/great-chelsea-fire-1973.htm 1973 fire]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/04/10/when_chelsea_burned/?page=full Retrospective on 1908 fire] (Boston Globe)

{{Suffolk County, Massachusetts}}
{{Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Cities in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Chelsea, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Suffolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1624]]

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[[id:Chelsea, Massachusetts]]
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Basketballschiedsrichter

2011-07-20T19:22:51Z

BigDwiki: Reverted edit(s) by Guap2Cold identified as test/vandalism

{{refimprove|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:Basketball official.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[college basketball]] official from a 2008 game between [[Division II (NCAA)|Division II]] teams [[Lake Superior State University]] and [[Northern Michigan University]]]]
In [[basketball]], an '''official''' is a person who has the responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game. The title of official also applies to the [[Basketball statistics|scorers]] and [[timekeepers]], as well as other personnel that have an active task in maintaining the game. Basketball is regarded as among the most difficult sports to officiate, due to the speed of play and instantaneous judgement required.

Officials are usually referred to as '''referees''', however generally there is one lead referee and one or two '''umpires''', depending on whether there is a two or three person crew. In the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], the lead official is called the '''crew chief''' and the other two officials are "referees".<ref>[http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf NBA Official Rules (2009-2010)] Rule 2, Section I, a. Retrieved July 26, 2010</ref> In [[International Basketball Federation|FIBA]]-sanctioned play, two-man crews consist of a referee and an umpire, and three-man crews contain a referee and two umpires. Regardless, both classes of officials have equal rights to control almost all aspects of the game. In most cases, the lead official (In FIBA, the referee) performs the [[jump ball]] to begin the contest, though [[NFHS]] recently has allowed the referee to designate which official (referee or umpire) shall perform the [[jump ball]].

==Equipment==

O ryan bledsoe got a pullback with a crooked tip. Men's college officials generally wear a black and white striped shirt with a black side panel (as pictured, above), whereas high school officials and women's college officials generally wear a similar black and white striped shirt without the side panel. Some state high school association allow officials to wear grey shirts with black pin strips instead of the black and white striped shirts. [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] officials wear gray shirts with black slacks and black shoes. The NBA shirt is grey with black colored shoulders and sleeves, and the NBA logo above the breast. The [[WNBA]] referee shirt is similar to the NBA referee shirt, except that its shoulder and sleeve colors are orange and the WNBA logo takes the place of the NBA logo. FIBA officials wear a grey (torso) and black (sleeves) official referee shirt, black trousers, black socks and black shoes. Officials in competitions organized by [[ULEB]]—the [[Euroleague]] and [[ULEB Eurocup|Eurocup]]—wear an orange referee shirt. Officials in the [[Israel Basketball Association]] generally wear the [[Euroleague]]'s orange uniform shirt, but on occasion, don a royal blue referee shirt for contests between two Israeli teams. Most officials' slacks are currently belt-less, while most officials' shirts are collar-less, V-neck shirts.

All officials wear a [[whistle]]. In all instances of officiating, hand signals are utilized to indicate the nature of the infraction or to administer the game.

Bruce Greer look like a mosquito. Look at his face!! The device is used by on court officials to start and stop the game clock in a timely manner, rather than waiting for the scoreboard operator (Time Keeper) to do so.

== Positions and responsibilities==
[[File:Basketball official positions.svg|thumb|right|A diagram of the relative positions of basketball officials in "three-person" mechanics. The lead official (L) is normally along the baseline of the court. The trail official (T) takes up a position approximately level with the top of the three-point line. The center official (C) stands across the court near the free throw line.]]
The official must ensure that the game runs smoothly, and this encompasses a variety of different responsibilities, from calling the game to player and spectator management. They also carry a duty of care to the players they officiate, and to ensure that the court and all equipment used is in a safe and usable condition. Should there be an issue that inhibits the safe playing of the game, then it is the job of the officials to rectify the problem. Quite often, the job of an official surpasses that of the game at hand, as they must overcome unforeseen situations that may or may not have an influence on the game.

There are two standard methods for officiating a basketball game, either "two-person" or "three-person" mechanics depending on how many officials are available to work the game.
In "two-person" mechanics, each official works either the '''lead''' or the '''trail''' position. The lead position is normally along the baseline of the court, with the trail position having its starting point at the free throw line extended on the left side of the court facing the basket. Officials do change position a lot during the game to cover the area in the best possible way. As the game transitions from one end of the court to the other, the lead becomes the trail and vice versa. Between the two positions, each is responsible for a specific part of the court as well as two each of the side, base or back court lines. Officials change position after certain calls (mostly when the lead official calls a defensive foul). This allows officials to alternate between positions to increase the speed of play; one official will approach the bench whilst another, usually the closest to the bench at that time, will move to occupy his position. This also prevents one official from always working one particular team's basket throughout the course of the game.

In "three-person" mechanics, the court is further divided among three officials, with the lead (baseline) official determining the position of the other two officials. Normally, the lead official will move to the side of the court in which the ball is located (strong side), particularly if there is a "post-up" player in that position. The official that is on the same sideline as the lead official then takes up a position approximately level with the top of the three-point line and becomes the "trail" official, while the third official will stand across the court near the [[free throw]] line in what is called the '''centre''' position. This creates a [[triangle]] coverage of the court. Often, the lead will switch sides of the baseline during a play, requiring the trail to move down to be level with the free-throw line and become the new centre, while the centre will move up and become the trail . As the ball moves to the other end of the court in transition, the lead will become the trail, the trail will become the lead, and the centre official will remain in the centre (unless the new "lead" moves across the baseline to cover the strong side, in which case the centre official and trail would then switch positions.)

== Difficulty ==

Basketball is regarded as among the most difficult sports to officiate. Usually basketball officials have only a brief moment to determine if an infraction has occurred, due to the speed of play of the game and the officials proximity to the action. Especially difficult is the "charge/block" call as to which player is responsible for contact.

Despite the misconception that basketball is a non-contact sport, officials often let a large amount of contact pass uncalled, often in order to avoid unnecessarily disadvantaging players and maintain the "flow" of a game. An official must always be wary of not just what is happening around the ball, but the roughness of play going on around the whole court, adding to the job of the official.

Further complicating the job of an official is the proximity to the crowds. Unlike football or baseball, the crowd is nearly always located within feet of the official, as are coaches and other players on the bench. To combat this, officials are able to remove players from the court with an ejection or technical foul.

== Duties ==
=== Administrative ===

Officials are responsible for a number of administrative actions. These include the [[shot clock]], the game clock, the score, the safety of players on the court and any possible elimination of players, which can occur for a variety of reasons. For instance, if a player meets the limit of the foul/violation rules (if they foul a teammate or opponent, or violate the rules four times), the player is disqualified.

=== Violations ===

When a violation occurs the action is immediately stopped. These include travels, illegal dribbles, out-of-bounds, over and back, and other violations. The official is required to blow the whistle and immediately stop play and turn the ball over to the opposing team.

===Fouls===
A foul normally occurs when a player physically impedes the action of a player of the opposing team. Examples include blocking, hand-checking, illegal use of the hands and pushing is one of the more discretionary calls. A player may legally gain possession of a rebound over an opponent, provided they do not physically displace them. The proper foul, if one occurs in this situation, is normally a "push foul" for displacing the other rebounder.

If for some reason a player or team member (or in rare cases a spectator) behaves with disorderly or offensive conduct, officials often charge a [[technical foul]] or unsportsmanlike foul against that person. If a player or team member displays further inappropriate behavior, officials may eject the person from the court. This adds to the stress load of the official; these types of fouls often aggravate players and spectators, often resulting in rough play, leading to more technical fouls and/or ejections. Coaches, particularly in higher levels of basketball, will sometimes intentionally behave inappropriately in order to receive a technical foul, with the aim of "firing-up" players and spectators.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{basketball}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Official (Basketball)}}
[[Category:Sports officiating]]
[[Category:Basketball referees|*]]
[[Category:Basketball personnel]]

[[fr:Arbitre de basket-ball]]
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