Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

YG Marley

2024-02-16T14:39:37Z

BattyBot: /* Early life and career */Removed/fixed incorrect author parameters (Condé Nast is a a global mass media company), performed general fixes

{{Short description|American reggae musician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| name = YG Marley
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joshua Marley
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|12|05}}
| birth_place = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.
| origin = [[South Orange, New Jersey]], U.S.
| genre = [[Reggae music|Reggae]]
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]]
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2013–present
| label =
| website =
}}

'''Joshua Omaru Marley''' (born December 5, 2001), known professionally as '''YG Marley''' is a Jamaican-American singer and songwriter. He is the son of rapper [[Lauryn Hill]] and football player [[Rohan Marley]], and the grandson of reggae pioneer [[Bob Marley]]. He received breakthrough success with his debut single "[[Praise Jah in the Moonlight]]", which entered the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], and reached the top ten in the United Kingdom.

== Early life and career ==
Joshua Omaru Marley was born on December 5, 2001, in [[Beverly Hills, California]]. He is the son of American singer/rapper [[Lauryn Hill]] and Jamaican footballer [[Rohan Marley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangethi |first=Isaac |date=2023-12-11 |title=Who are Lauryn Hill's children? Meet all of her six kids |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1566989-who-lauryn-hills-children-meet-kids/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title=They Grow Up So Fast! Here's What Lauryn Hill's Children Are Up To Now |url=https://www.essence.com/celebrity/what-we-know-lauryn-hill-kids-now/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> His parents never legally married but had a long-term partnership for 15 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-21 |title=Lauryn Hill's ex Rohan Marley responds to daughter Selah's "trauma" confession |url=https://www.capitalxtra.com/news/lauryn-hill-rohan-marley-selah-trauma-video/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Capital Xtra |language=en}}</ref> He is also the grandson of reggae musician [[Bob Marley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=Robin |date=2023-11-29 |title=Lauyrn Hill's son YG Marley sounds like Bob Marley |url=https://hip-hopvibe.com/news/lauryn-hill-son-yg-marley-sounds-like-bob-marley/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Hip Hop Vibe |language=en-US}}</ref> Marley has numerous siblings and half-siblings between his parents, including sister model [[Selah Marley]] and half-brother former [[National Football League|NFL]] player [[Nico Marley]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Bob Marley’s Kids: Everything To Know About The Rock Legend's 12 Kids & 20 Plus Grandkids |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/bob-marley-kids-4629935/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Hollywood Life}}</ref>

He was raised in [[South Orange, New Jersey]].<ref>Weinstock, Tish. [https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/qvbp5p/meet-selah-marley-and-her-beautiful-family "meet selah marley and her beautiful family"], ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'', February 3, 2017. Accessed March 11, 2023. "As a kid, Selah's family moved around a lot. Born in Miami, it wasn't until she moved to South Orange, New Jersey, that she was finally able to put down roots."</ref> During his childhood, Marley often joined his mother on stage at her concerts. At the age of nine, he declared "I wanna rap" to an audience at Hill's concert.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leon |first=Melissa |date=2012-10-14 |title=Barbra Streisand & Jason Gould, Plus More Famous Family Duets (Video) |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/14/barbra-streisand-jason-gould-plus-more-famous-family-duets-video |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, he began performing written material during the shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-10 |title=Lauryn Hill's NYC Comeback Show Photos |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/photo-gallery/9279-lauryn-hills-nyc-comeback-show/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Pitchfork |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, he landed a modeling campaign for [[Urban Outfitters]], and was featured alongside his sister Selah Marley in ''[[Teen Vogue]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=Selah and Josh Marley Wore the Most '90s Outfits EVER |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/selah-josh-marley-urban-outfitters-starter-campaign |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2018, he joined his mother during her performance at [[Woolrich]]'s [[New York Fashion Week]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Jocelyn |title=Lauryn Hill Played a Perfect Set at NYFW Last Night |url=https://www.papermag.com/lauryn-hill-selah-party#rebelltitem1 |website=Paper}}</ref> The following month, Marley previewed a then unreleased snippet of "[[Nice for What]]" by [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] on his Snapchat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-16 |title=Drake Shows Love For Lauryn Hill On New Song Snippet |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/drake-lauryn-hill-collaboration-song-snippet-573720/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=VIBE.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-14 |title=A Drake and Lauryn Hill Snippet Surfaces Online |url=https://hypebeast.com/2018/3/drake-showin-off-lauryn-hill-single-teaser |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Hypebeast}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How producer Murda Beatz made Drake's 'Nice for What' |url=https://ew.com/music/2018/08/07/murda-beatz-nice-for-what-drake-interview/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Marley attended a pre-[[Grammys]] brunch hosted by [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]], and told ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' that he is "working on new music", and further stated that Hill would be featured on the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-25 |title=Bob Marley's Kids Celebrate Late Reggae Icon's 75th Birthday |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bob-marley-kids-celebrate-late-reggae-icons-75th-birthday-8549035/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' reported that he was featured on a track called "Slick" by Selah Marley.<ref name="VibeSelah"/>

In late 2023, he began performing an original song during Hill's concert tour commemorating the 25th anniversary of ''[[The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=Robin |date=2023-11-29 |title=Lauryn Hill's son YG Marley sounds like Bob Marley |url=https://hip-hopvibe.com/news/lauryn-hill-son-yg-marley-sounds-like-bob-marley/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Hip Hop Vibe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lauryn Hill and the Fugees Were on Fire (Even If They Weren't on Time) in Toronto {{!}} Exclaim! |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/lauryn_hill_fugees_concert_review_toronto_october_26-scotiabank_arena_october_26 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Lauryn Hill and the Fugees Were on Fire (Even If They Weren't on Time) in Toronto {{!}} Exclaim! |language=en}}</ref> Video clips from his performances went viral on social media, most notably on [[TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=International News: Fans abuzz with Bob Marley's grandson YG Marley's debut song; performs at concert of his legendary mom Lauryn Hill |url=https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2024/01/31/international-news-fans-abuzz-with-bob-marleys-grandson-yg-marleys-debut-song-performs-at-concert-of-his-legendary-mom-lauryn-hill/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Belize News and Opinion on www.breakingbelizenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On December 25, 2023, Marley released his first single "[[Praise Jah in the Moonlight]]", after fans prompted him to officially release the track.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner-Williams |first=Jaelani |title=YG Marley, Son of Lauryn Hill and Grandson of Bob Marley, Earns First Billboard Hot 100 Entry |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/jaelaniturnerwilliams/yg-marley-billboard-hot-100 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Complex |language=en-us}}</ref> The single quickly became a streaming hit, reaching number one on the U.S. and Global [[Spotify Viral 50]] charts.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Kristin |last2=Denis |first2=Kyle |last3=Unterberger |first3=Andrew |date=2024-01-18 |title=YG Marley Is Latest Marley Family Member to Score a Breakout Hit — With Help From His Legendary Mom |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/yg-marley-lauryn-hill-praise-jah-in-the-moonlight-trending-up-1235584607/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2024, it was announced that he would be a featured performer at the 2024 [[Coachella (festival)|Coachella]] music festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=Coachella 2024 Full Lineup Announced |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/coachella-2024-full-lineup-announced/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> The following month, "Praise Jah in the Moonlight" peaked at number one in New Zealand;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallick |first=Dani |date=2024-02-06 |title=YG Marley Brings Reggae Back To The Billboard Hot 100 Chart After 7 Years |url=https://www.dancehallmag.com/2024/02/06/news/yg-marley-brings-reggae-back-to-the-billboard-hot-100-chart-after-7-years.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=DancehallMag |language=en-US}}</ref> and entered the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], with Marley becoming the sixth member of the Marley family to enter the chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Hot 100 First-Timers: YG Marley Shines With Debut Single ‘Praise Jah in the Moonlight’ |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/yg-marley-praise-jah-in-the-moonlight-hot-100-first-timers-1235600959/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Billboard}}</ref> It also reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benson Boone and YG Marley secure debut UK Top 10 hits |url=https://www.music-news.com/news/UK/169323/Benson-Boone-and-YG-Marley-secure-debut-UK-Top-10-hits |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Music-News.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles, with selected chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="8"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Billboard Hot 100™: Week of February 17, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2024-02-17/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2024-02-12|title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=February 12, 2024|access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100: Week of February 17, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2024-02-17/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Official Irish Singles Chart on 9/2/2024 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20240209/ie7501/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=5753 |date=2024-02-11 |access-date=2024-02-11 |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Singel 2024 uke 06 |url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2024-w06/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=topplista.no}}</ref> 
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Official Singles Chart Top 100 on 9/2/2024 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20240209/7501/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[Billboard Global 200|WW]] <ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Billboard Global 200: Week of February 17, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2024-02-17/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Praise Jah in the Moonlight]]"
| 2023
| 60 || 22 || 21 || 15 || 1 || 8 || 9 || 20
| {{Non-album single}}
|}

=== Other appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |"Slick"
| 2021
| [[Selah Marley]]
| ''Star Power'' (EP)
| <ref name="VibeSelah">{{Cite magazine |date=2021-09-02 |title=Selah Marley Reclaims Her Personal Identity With Debut EP, ''Star Power'' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/selah-marley-debut-ep-star-power-1234627511/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:American reggae musicians]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from California]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Musa Juwara

2023-01-20T03:40:40Z

BattyBot: Fixed CS1 maint: unrecognized language and general fixes

{{short description|Gambian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Musa Juwara
| fullname =
| image = Musa Juwara.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|12|26}}
| birth_place = Tujereng, The Gambia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j20739.html|title=Juwara, Musa Juwara - Footballer|website=www.bdfutbol.com}}</ref>
| height = 1.70m
| currentclub = [[Odense Boldklub|OB]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = 2016–2017 | youthclubs1 = Virtus Avigliano
| youthyears2 = 2017–2019 | youthclubs2 = [[A.C. ChievoVerona|Chievo]]
| youthyears3 = 2019 | youthclubs3 = → [[Torino F.C.|Torino]] (loan)
| years1 = 2019 | clubs1 = [[A.C. ChievoVerona|Chievo]] | caps1 = 1 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2019– | clubs2 = [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]] | caps2 = 12 | goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2020–2021 | clubs3 = → [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista]] (loan) | caps3 = 3 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2021–2022 | clubs4 = → [[F.C. Crotone|Crotone]] (loan) | caps4 = 3 | goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2023– | clubs5 = → [[Odense Boldklub|OB]] (loan) | caps5 = 0 | goals5 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2020–
| nationalteam1 = [[Gambia national football team|Gambia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 08:23, 3 December 2021 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 9 October 2020
}}

'''Musa Juwara''' (born 26 December 2001) is a Gambian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Striker (association football)|striker]] for Danish club [[Odense Boldklub|OB]] on loan from the [[Serie A]] club [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]] and the [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]].

==Club career==
===Early career===
Juwara was born in the Gambia and embarked as a migrant to Italy in 2016. There, he started playing football with Virtus Avigliano and after a successful season was scouted by [[A.C. ChievoVerona|Chievo]]. He was banned from transferring to Chievo by the [[FIGC]], but he challenged the hearing and eventually joined them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/anche-il-chievo-ha-il-suo-musa-juwara-talento-immigrato-che-ha-s-92072|title=Anche il Chievo ha il suo Musa: Juwara, talento immigrato che ha sfidato la Figc|website=Calciomercato.com - Tutte le news sul calcio in tempo reale}}</ref>

Juwara briefly joined [[Torino F.C.]] on loan for the [[2019 Torneo di Viareggio]], where he scored 3 goals in 3 matches, before returning to Verona for the end of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11giovani.it/index.php/component/k2/viareggio-cup-juwara-del-chievo-in-prestito-al-torino|title=Viareggio Cup - Juwara del Chievo in prestito al Torino|first=Diego|last=d’Avanzo|website=11giovani}}</ref>

He made his professional debut for Chievo in a 0–0 [[Serie A]] tie with [[Frosinone Calcio]] on 25 May 2019, coming on as a 79th-minute substitute for [[Manuel Pucciarelli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/05/25/italy/serie-a/frosinone-calcio/ac-chievo-verona/2864127/|title=Frosinone vs. Chievo - 25 May 2019 - Soccerway|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===Bologna===
On 8 July 2019, Juwara signed a deal with [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/ufficiale-bologna-preso-juwara-dal-chievo-a-titolo-definitivo-1266560|access-date=9 July 2019|title=UFFICIALE: Bologna, preso Juwara dal Chievo a titolo definitivo}}</ref> Although he was assigned to their Under-19 squad for the 2019–20 season, he quickly began falling into [[Siniša Mihajlović]]'s first-team plans, making his debut on December 4 by playing the full 90 minutes in a 4-0 [[Coppa Italia]] defeat at the hands of [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/udinese/2019/12/04/news/coppa_italia_udinese_bologna_4-0-242610068/|access-date=6 July 2020|title=Coppa Italia: poker Udinese, 4-0 al Bologna. Per i friulani c'è la Juve}}</ref>

His [[Serie A]] debut for the club came on February 4, coming on as an 86th-minute substitute for fellow-countryman [[Musa Barrow]] in a 3–2 victory at [[A.S. Roma|Roma]]. This would be followed by appearances off the bench against [[Genoa C.F.C.|Genoa]] and [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]], before the competition was halted on March 9 as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/51808683|access-date=6 July 2020|title=Coronavirus: All sport in Italy suspended because of outbreak}}</ref>

After the competition resumed he would be given a lot more first-team opportunities as a result of the heavy playing schedule and new 5-substitute rule, impressing in the first game back in a 2–0 loss at [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] on June 22, where he replaced [[Riccardo Orsolini]] in the 82nd minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/2020/06/22/news/bologna-juventus_0-2_ronaldo_e_dybala_guidano_la_riscossa_dei_bianconeri-259925327/|access-date=6 July 2020|title=Bologna-Juventus 0-2, Ronaldo e Dybala guidano la riscossa dei bianconeri}}</ref>

His first [[Serie A]] goal came on July 5, in a convincing performance at [[San Siro]], where he would score the equaliser and secure the sending-off of [[Alessandro Bastoni]] in a 2–1 win over [[Inter Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/bologna/2020/07/05/news/bologna_la_favola_di_musa_juwara_dallo_sbarco_col_barcone_4_anni_fa_al_gol_che_ha_affondato_l_inter-261077749/|access-date=6 July 2020|title=Bologna, la favola di Musa Juwara: dall'arrivo col barcone 4 anni fa al gol a San Siro}}</ref>

====Loan to Boavista====
On 6 October 2020, he joined Portuguese club [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista]] on loan with an option to purchase.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]]|url=https://www.bolognafc.it/en/juwara-to-boavista/|title=Juwara to Boavista|date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

====Loan to Crotone====
On 13 July 2021, he moved on loan to [[F.C. Crotone|Crotone]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[F.C. Crotone|Crotone]]|url=https://www.fccrotone.it/in-evidenza/una-freccia-per-lattacco-benvenuto-musa-juwara/|title=Una freccia per l’attacco, benvenuto Musa Juwara!|date=13 July 2021|language=it}}</ref> On 31 January 2022, the loan was terminated early.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[F.C. Crotone|Crotone]]|url=https://www.fccrotone.it/in-evidenza/operazioni-di-mercato-3/|title=Operazioni di mercato|date=31 January 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|language=it}}</ref>

====Loan to OB====
On 19 January 2023, Juwara joined [[Odense Boldklub|OB]] in Denmark on loan until 31 December 2023, with an option to buy.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=OB|url=https://www.ob.dk/nyhedsarkiv/ob-lejer-musa-juwara-i-bologna-fc/|title=OB lejer Musa Juwara i Bologna F.C.|date=19 January 2023|access-date=19 January 2023|language=da}}</ref>

==International career==
Juwara debuted with Gambia in a friendly 1–0 win over [[Congo national football team|Congo]] on 9 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gambiaff.org/gambia-1-0-congo-in-friendly-international/|title=Gambia 1-0 Congo In Friendly International|date=October 9, 2020|website=THE GFF | Official Website}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|musa-juwara/563350}}
* [http://www.legaseriea.it/en/players/musa-juwara/JUWARA Lega Serie A Profile]

{{Odense Boldklub squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juwara, Musa}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:The Gambia international footballers]]
[[Category:A.C. ChievoVerona players]]
[[Category:Bologna F.C. 1909 players]]
[[Category:Boavista F.C. players]]
[[Category:F.C. Crotone players]]
[[Category:Odense Boldklub players]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:Serie B players]]
[[Category:Primeira Liga players]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Denmark]]

Aireon

2022-02-17T16:39:46Z

BattyBot: Removed/fixed incorrect author parameter(s), performed general fixes

{{Short description|American company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Aireon LLC
| logo = Aireon logo.svg
| type = [[Private company]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = 2011
| location_city = [[McLean, Virginia|McLean]], [[Virginia]]
| location_country = USA
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = Air Traffic Control Data, GlobalBeacon, and Aireon Alert
| services = Space-Based ADS-B
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [http://aireon.com/ aireon.com]
}}
'''Aireon''' is an American company based in [[McLean, VA]]. Founded in 2011, it manufactures, deploys, and operates a global aircraft tracking and [[Surveillance|surveillance system]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39637974|title=Malaysia Airlines to track planes with satellites|date=2017-04-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> utilizing satellite-based receivers to monitor the existing [[ADS-B]] transmissions of aircraft, for global air traffic surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/aviation-week-space-technology/aireon-surveillance-payloads-see-first-ads-b-traffic|title=Aireon Surveillance Payloads See First ADS-B Traffic|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsaireon-lvnl-collaborate-to-assess-space-based-adsb-in-dutch-airspace-5884797|title=Aireon and LVNL to assess space-based ADS–B|website=Airport Technology|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/06/26/aireon-launches-deploys-10-iridium-next-satellites-ads-b-payloads/|title=Aireon Launches, Deploys 10 More Iridium Next Satellites with ADS-B Payloads|date=2017-06-26|website=Avionics|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>

==History==
Aireon was launched in 2011 as a joint venture between [[satellite communications]] company [[Iridium Communications|Iridium Communications Inc]], [[Nav Canada]], [[NATS Holdings|NATS]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.executivebiz.com/2018/05/nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push/|title=nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push|date=17 May 2018}}</ref> [[ENAV]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airtrafficmanagement.keypublishing.com/2016/12/italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire/|title=italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire}}</ref> [[Naviair]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2014/06/30/aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada/|title=aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> and the [[Irish Aviation Authority]] to work on a surveillance system to track aircraft around the globe, beyond the range of ground-based radar and [[ADS-B]] receivers, in real time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-aireon-to-offer-satellite-tracking-free-to-help-search-for-missing-planes-2014-9?IR=T|title=Free Satellite Tracking Will Improve Ability To Locate Lost Planes|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/25/aircraft-traffic-control-tech-aireon/|title=This Technology Will Make Missing Planes a Thing of the Past|last=Dillow|first=Clay|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/aireon-launch-begins-new-era-for-satellite-based-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Launch Begins New Era for Satellite-Based Aircraft Surveillance|work=Flying Magazine|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref> Nav Canada invested $150 million to acquire a 51% stake in the project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/caas-and-aireon-pair-up-to-improve-aircraft-tracking|title=CAAS and Aireon pair up to improve aircraft tracking|last=Ramchandani|first=Nisha|work=The Business Times|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/spacex-deploy-airplane-trackers-delicate-choreography/3675739.html|title=SpaceX Deploys Airplane Trackers in 'Delicate Choreography'|last=Presutti|first=Carolyn|work=VOA|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2017/03/06/aireon-successfully-launches-first-ads-b-hosted-payload-begins-testing-validating-data/|title=Aireon Launches First ADS-B Hosted Payload and Begins Testing and Validating Data - Via Satellite -|last=Spillane|first=Hayley|date=2017-03-06|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2016, Aireon launched a partnership with [[FlightAware]] to provide space-based ADS-B to airlines and other aircraft operators with Qatar Airways as the launch customer.

In January 2017, Aireon launched and deployed its first [[ADS-B]] payloads on Iridium Next satellites. Seven launches followed the first launch.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aireon.com/2016/09/21/aireon-flightaware-globalbeacon/|title=Aireon and FlightAware Partner to Launch GlobalBeacon Airline Solution for ICAO Airline Flight Tracking Compliance|work=Aireon|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2016/09/27/qatar-airways-launch-customer-flight-aware-aireon-flight-tracking/|title=Qatar Airways to be Launch Customer for Flight Aware, Aireon Flight Tracking|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The eighth and final launch in January 2019 completed the satellite 'constellation' and put the total in-orbit Aireon payloads at 75 (66 operational payloads and 9 spares). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-sets-sept-30-for-third-iridium-next-launch/|title=SpaceX sets Sept. 30 for third Iridium Next launch - SpaceNews.com|date=2017-07-28|work=SpaceNews.com|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/35911-la-dsna-monte-a-bord-de-l-ads-b-satellitaire-d-aireon|title=La DSNA monte à bord de l'ADS-B satellitaire d'Aireon|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/195034/20170130/space-radio-developed-for-nasa-could-change-flight-tracking-worldwide.htm|title=Space Radio Developed For NASA Could Change Flight Tracking Worldwide|date=2017-01-30|work=Tech Times|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/successful-fifth-launch-brings-aireon-sm-global-air-traffic-surveillance-system-closer-to-full-deployment-1019988116|title = Successful Fifth Launch Brings Aireon(SM) Global Air Traffic Surveillance System Closer to Full Deployment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investor.iridium.com/2019-01-11-Iridium-Completes-Historic-Satellite-Launch-Campaign|title = Iridium Completes Historic Satellite Launch Campaign}}</ref>

National ANSPs including Nav Canada, UK NATS, ENAV, IAA, AAI, Naviair, Isavia, CAAS of Singapore, ATNS of South Africa, DC-ANSP, ASECNA, Seychelles (SCAA), COCESNA Honduras and PNG of Papua New Guinea have signed a Data Services Agreement with Aireon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aireon-iridium-commun-idUSKBN0TU2NB20151211|title=Aireon aims at Asia, LatAm as Iridium deploys satellites|date=11 December 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article158167114.html|title=Space X rocket with 10 Iridium satellites launches from Vandenberg|work=sanluisobispo|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gpsworld.com/spacex-launches-first-batch-of-iridium-next-satellites/|title=SpaceX launches first batch of Iridium NEXT satellites|date=2017-01-17|work=GPS World|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa/|title=asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa}}</ref>

==Technology==
[[ADS-B]]-equipped aircraft transmit short data packets containing identification, position and other information. The system was intended to be used with ground-based receivers. Through its receivers in space, Aireon monitors these transmissions, providing coverage where there is no ground infrastructure, relaying signals from all ADS-B equipped aircraft to controllers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2012-07-04/aireon-will-add-ads-b-receivers-iridium-satellites-worldwide-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Will Add ADS-B Receivers to Iridium Satellites for Worldwide Aircraft Surveillance|work=Aviation International News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airtrafficmanagement.net/2017/07/sabs-aireon-launch-spacebased-adsb-conops/|title=Saudi Arabia's SANS, Aireon launch space-based ADS-B surveillance operational concept {{!}} Air Traffic Management {{!}} Air Traffic Management - ATM and CMS Industry online, the latest air traffic control industry, CAA, ANSP, SESAR and NEXTGEN news, events, supplier directory and magazine|website=www.airtrafficmanagement.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>

Iridium Communications hosts the Aireon payloads on its constellation of Iridium NEXT low-orbiting communication satellites.

Aireon's receiver data is also processed by [[FlightAware]] which has partnered with Aireon to provide data to airlines, other aircraft operators, and the public.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/aireon-space-based-global-tracking-1.5080893|title=New real-time tracking system locates planes anywhere in the world|last=Hanomansing|first=Ian|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=2 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019}}

[[Category:Companies based in McLean, Virginia]]

Mary Bailey

2021-11-13T09:30:00Z

BattyBot: General fixes, replaced: | nationality = United Kingdom | → | nationality = British |

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Dame]]
| name = Mary Bailey
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|DBE|size=100%}}
| image = Mary (née Westenra), Lady Bailey (Bassano, 1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mary, Lady Bailey, 1911
| birth_name = The Hon Mary Westenra
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|12|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rossmore Castle]], [[County Monaghan]], [[Ireland]]
| death_date = {{death date|1960|8|29|df=y}} (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Kenilworth, Cape Town]], South Africa
| nationality = British
| occupation = Aviator
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Abe Bailey]]|1911|1940|end=d.}}
| children = 5, including [[Sir Derrick Thomas Louis Bailey, 3rd Bt|Derrick]] and [[James Richard Abe Bailey|James]]
}}

'''Dame Mary Bailey, Lady Bailey''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE|sep=,|size=100%}} (née '''Westenra'''; 1 December 1890 – 29 July 1960) was an Irish woman, known as one of the finest aviatrices of her time, who ''"personally guided a plane from England to the nether tip of South Africa and back"'' (''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 28 January 1930).

== Early life ==

The daughter of [[Derrick Warner William Westenra, 5th Baron Rossmore]], of [[Rossmore Castle]], [[County Monaghan]] and his wife, Mittie (née Naylor),<ref name=peerage>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p2734.htm#i27339 thePeerage.com]</ref>

Lady Bailey spent most of her childhood in Ireland where she was home schooled until she ran away in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|title = Lady Mary Bailey|accessdate = 15 October 2015|website = TrowelBlazers.com}}</ref> Adventurous from a young age, she apparently bought a motorbike in her youth and was gaining a reputation for speeding in cars by 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|title = Lady Mary Bailey|accessdate = 15 October 2015|website = Trowelblazers.com}}</ref>

== Aviation ==

During the [[First World War]], Mary volunteered as an aviation mechanic and served in [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[France]], associated with the [[Royal Flying Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|title = Lady Mary Bailey|accessdate = 15 October 2015|website = Trowelblazers}}</ref>

She was awarded a pilot's licence in early 1927<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200096.html ''The Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom - official notices to members''] in Flight, 17 February 1927, pg. 84</ref> and quickly started a sporting career. She became the first woman to fly across the [[Irish Sea]].<ref name="lady">[http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/bailey.html Lady Mary Bailey (1890-1960)]</ref> On 5 July 1927 she set a world's height record of {{cvt|17283|ft|0}} in a light aircraft category, flying a [[de Havilland DH.60 Cirrus II Moth]].<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200708.html?search=%20bailey ''British Light 'Plane Record Confirmed''], ''Flight'', 15 September 1927, pg. 654</ref>

Between 9 March and 30 April 1928, Bailey made an {{cvt|8000|mi|nmi km}} solo flight from [[Croydon]] to [[Cape Town]], flying a [[de Havilland DH.60 Cirrus Moth]] with an extra fuel tank. She then made the {{cvt|8000|mi|nmi km}} journey back between September 1928 and 16 January 1929.<ref name=lady/> The return journey involved flying across the Congo, then along the southern edge of the Sahara and up the west coast of Africa, then across Spain and France back home again.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lady Mary Bailey (1890-1960), Pioneer Aviatrix|url = http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/bailey.html|website = www.ctie.monash.edu.au|accessdate = 27 October 2015}}</ref> It was the longest solo flight and longest flight accomplished by a woman that far.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200050.html? ''Editorial Comment''] , ''Flight'', 10 January 1929</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Champion Air Woman Wins 8000 Mile Race|author=Wilkins, Harold T.|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=Sep 1928|pages=457–459|volume=50|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA457}}</ref> This feat won her the 1929 [[Britannia Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Members Activities|url=http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_3a.html|journal=The Woman Engineer|volume=3|pages=20}}</ref>

In 1927 and 1928 she twice won the [[Harmon Trophy]] as the world's outstanding aviatrix. She also participated in the [[Challenge International de Tourisme 1929]], which she completed off the contest, and [[Challenge International de Tourisme 1930]], in which she took 31st place for 60 participants, being one of only two women.<ref name=krzyzan>{{in lang|pl}} Krzyżan, Marian. Międzynarodowe turnieje lotnicze 1929-1934, Warsaw 1988, {{ISBN|83-206-0637-3}}</ref>

In 1930 she held a seat on the [[Women's Engineering Society]] Council.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September–October 1930|title=Presidential Address|journal=The Woman Engineer|volume=3|pages=52}}</ref> In 1931, she became a member of a group of female pioneers for science, the members of which shared her adventurous and determined spirit.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lady Mary Bailey {{!}} TrowelBlazers|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|website = trowelblazers.com|accessdate = 1 November 2015}}</ref> That same year Bailey became the first woman in the United Kingdom to obtain a Certificate for Blind Flying.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 1932|title=News of Members|url=http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_3a.html|journal=The Woman Engineer|volume=3|pages=145}}</ref>

Bailey also attained the rank of [[Flying officer|Section Officer]] in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]], during [[World War II]].<ref name=peerage/>

== Contributions to Archaeology ==
Lady Bailey was also able to use her talents for aviation to take aerial photographs of important archaeological sites. She was very likely the first woman to accomplish this during her work in February 1931 on the [[Kharga Oasis]] project in [[Egypt]].<ref name="trowelblazers.com">{{Cite web|title = Lady Mary Bailey {{!}} TrowelBlazers|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|website = trowelblazers.com|accessdate = 2 November 2015}}</ref> Working closely with [[Gertrude Caton-Thompson]] and [[Elinor Wight Gardner]], Bailey was able to take aerial photographs which presented an expansive overview of the archaeological site within just two weeks.<ref name="trowelblazers.com"/> These photographs accomplished what would have taken far longer to do on foot. In addition, there also revealed future excavation sites. Indeed, Lady Bailey's valuable contribution to the Kharga Oasis expedition was both innovative and impressive.<ref name="trowelblazers.com"/>

== Honours ==

In January 1930 she was appointed [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE).<ref name=peerage/>

==Family==
She married [[Sir Abraham Bailey]] ("Abe") on 5 September 1911, being his second wife, and they had five children:
# Mittie Mary Starr Bailey (born 1 August 1913 – died 10 April 1961)<ref name=peerage/>
# [[Sir Derrick Thomas Louis Bailey, 3rd Bt]] (born 15 August 1918 – died 19 June 2009)<ref name=peerage/>
# Ann Hester Zia Bailey (born 15 August 1918 – died 3 October 1979)
# [[James Richard Abe Bailey]] (born 23 October 1919 – died 29 February 2000)<ref name=peerage/>
# Noreen Helen Rosemary Bailey (born 27 July 1921)<ref name=peerage/>

==Sources==
*{{cite news|title=Royal Honors|date=13 January 1930|work=[[Time Magazine]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789077-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523232112/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789077-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2011|accessdate=10 August 2008}}
*[http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/bailey.html Lady Mary Bailey profile]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Mary}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Daughters of barons]]
[[Category:British aviators]]
[[Category:Harmon Trophy winners]]
[[Category:Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers]]
[[Category:People from County Monaghan]]
[[Category:Britannia Trophy winners]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:British female aviators]]
[[Category:British aviation record holders]]
[[Category:Irish aviators]]
[[Category:Wives of baronets]]
[[Category:British female aviation record holders]]
[[Category:Women's Engineering Society]]

MTV Entertainment Studios

2021-11-03T17:32:42Z

BattyBot: /* History */Removed/fixed incorrect author parameter(s), performed general fixes

{{short description|Film and television production arm of MTV Entertainment Group}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MTV Entertainment Studios
| logo = MTV Entertainment Studios logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo as of March 2021.
| former_names = MTV Productions (1991–1995) MTV Films (1996–2020) MTV Original Series (2001-2004; 2015-2021) MTV Production Development (2003–2018) MTV Music and Series Development (2004-2005) MTV Series Entertainment (2005-2015) MTV Studios (2018–2021)
| type = Subsidiary
| parent = MTV Entertainment Group ([[ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks]])
| divisions = [[MTV Animation]] MTV Documentary Films
| owner = [[ViacomCBS]]
| foundation = 1991 as MTV Productions 1996 as MTV Films
| key_people = Chris McCarthy Albert Berger David Gale Ron Yerxa
| location_city = Hollywood, California
| location_country = U.S.
| industry = [[Motion picture]] [[Television production]]
}}
'''MTV Entertainment Studios''' is the [[film]] and [[television]] production arm of [[List of assets owned by ViacomCBS#MTV Entertainment Group|MTV Entertainment Group]]. Founded in 1991 as MTV Productions and in 1996 as MTV Films, it has produced original television shows like ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'', ''[[Æon Flux]]'', ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'', ''[[My Super Sweet 16]]'', ''[[Daria]]'', ''[[Clone High]]'' and ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]'' and films such as ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]'' and ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]''. Its films are released by fellow [[ViacomCBS]] division [[Paramount Pictures]]. The MTV Films unit was once part of [[Paramount Players]], before merging into MTV Studios in 2020.

== History ==
MTV Productions originally started in 1991, and went into expansion two years later, with [[Doug Herzog]] serving as president of the unit. Its expansion was to produce shows for theatrical release, broadcast TV and cable, syndication and the international marketplace.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-05-10|title=MTV launches production unit|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-10-OCR-Page-0025.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> MTV then signed a two-picture deal with [[The Geffen Film Company|Geffen Pictures]] to start making motion pictures afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marx|first=Andy|date=1993-07-07|title=Geffen and MTV pair on ‘Apartment’|url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/geffen-and-mtv-pair-on-apartment-108474/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

Only one movie came out of the deal due to the 1994 acquisition of [[Paramount Pictures]] by MTV's parent company [[Viacom (1952–2006)|Viacom]], ''[[Joe's Apartment]]'', based on a short aired on MTV, came out on July 26, 1996, which grossed $4.6 million on a $13 million budget, making it a box office bomb.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=1996-07-29|title=Joe’s Apartment|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/joe-s-apartment-1200446100/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, MTV Productions tried for an entertainment strip ''Real Time'', to be distributed by [[Viacom Productions|Viacom Enterprises]], which was owned by MTV's parent [[Viacom (1952–2006)|Viacom]], and scheduled on air for the 1994–95 season, but it was never materialized.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-08-16|title=Viacom's 'Real Time' tackles access|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-08-16-Page-0025.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref>

Shortly after Viacom bought out [[Paramount Pictures]], Paramount began to distribute material from MTV and Nickelodeon, with their respective movie divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Reuters|date=1994-03-14|title=Viacom takes over Paramount|url=https://variety.com/1994/biz/news/viacom-takes-over-paramount-119173/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'' was cancelled, Paramount began distributing and producing MTV's ''[[The Jon Stewart Show]]'' for the syndication market.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-04-25|title=Paramount folds Arsenio Hall Show|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-04-25-Page-0028.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref>

In 1994, the [[Paramount Television]] Group and MTV Productions signed a deal to develop projects commissioned by MTV, and gave Paramount the right of first refusal on projects developed by MTV.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-11-14|title=In Brief|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-11-14-Page-0092.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> By 1995, David Gale was named head of MTV Films.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gardner|first1=Chris|last2=McNary|first2=Dave|date=2006-06-27|title=MTV rewires its exec deck|url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/mtv-rewires-its-exec-deck-1200337104/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

MTV developed its first feature film in collaboration with [[Paramount Pictures]], ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'', based on the MTV cartoon ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'', which grossed $63.1 million on a $12 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=1996-12-22|title=Beavis and Butt-Head Do America|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/beavis-and-butt-head-do-america-1117436736/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

For the 1997-98 television season, MTV Productions has briefly dabbled into network television production, in conjunction with [[Paramount Television|Paramount Network Television]], sister sibling of Viacom, to produce the [[NBC]] comedy ''[[Jenny (TV series)|Jenny]]'', the [[UPN]] (then-sister of [[MTV]]) comedy ''[[Hitz]]'', and the [[The WB|WB]] drama ''[[Three (TV series)|Three]]'', but none of them got success beyond its first season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Richmond|first=Ray|date=1997-06-06|title=Webs want their MTVP: Unit scores 1st time out|url=https://variety.com/1997/tv/news/webs-want-their-mtvp-unit-scores-1st-time-out-1116679487/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 21, 1998, MTV Films has released another film, ''[[Dead Man on Campus]]'', which starred [[Tom Everett Scott]] and [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], which met negative reviews from critics, and it was a box office bomb, grossing $15.1 million on a $14 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=1998-08-21|title=Dead Man on Campus|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/reviews/dead-man-on-campus-1200454644/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

MTV Films made its next feature film project, ''[[200 Cigarettes]]'', released on February 26, 1999 which was a box office bomb, costing $6.8 million on a $6 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Torres|first=Vanessa|date=1999-02-15|title=‘Cigarettes’ preem has crowd smokin’|url=https://variety.com/1999/scene/vpage/cigarettes-preem-has-crowd-smokin-1117491326/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2001, MTV produced ''[[Zoolander]]'' under the VH1 Films branding, which costed $60.7 million on a $28 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fleming|first=Ann Donahue,Michael|last2=Donahue|first2=Ann|last3=Fleming|first3=Michael|date=2000-05-25|title=Stiller dealing to direct, star in Zoolander|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/stiller-dealing-to-direct-star-in-zoolander-1117822088/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 21, 2006, [[Nickelodeon Movies]], [[Comedy Central Films]], and MTV Films became full labels of the Paramount Motion Pictures Group. By 2017, [[Paramount Players]] was created as a joint venture with MTV Films, [[Nickelodeon Movies]], and [[BET|BET Films]]. In 2019, MTV Studios launched MTV Documentary Films, a label producing and acquiring documentary features. In 2020, MTV Films was folded into MTV Studios. The following year, MTV Studios became MTV Entertainment Studios, encompassing content for and based on all of MTV Entertainment Group's brands.

== Films ==
=== Theatrically released ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Budget
! Gross
|-
| ''[[Joe's Apartment]]'' || July 26, 1996 || [[The Geffen Film Company|Geffen Pictures]] (under [[Warner Bros.]]) / [[Blue Sky Studios]] (animation) || $13 million || $4,619,014
|-
| ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'' || December 20, 1996 || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] / [[MTV Animation]] / Geffen Pictures / [[Mike Judge|Judgemental Films]] || $12 million || $63,118,386
|-
| ''[[Dead Man on Campus]]'' || August 21, 1998 || Paramount / [[Gale Anne Hurd|Pacific Western Productions]] || $14 million || $15,064,946
|-
| ''[[Varsity Blues (film)|Varsity Blues]]'' || January 15, 1999 || Paramount || $16 million || $54,294,169
|-
| ''[[200 Cigarettes]]'' || February 26, 1999 || Paramount / [[Lakeshore Entertainment]] || $6 million || $6,852,450
|-
| ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]'' || May 7, 1999 || Paramount / Bona Fide Productions || $25 million || $14,902,041
|-
| ''[[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]]'' || June 30, 1999 || Paramount / Warner Bros. / [[Scott Rudin|Scott Rudin Productions]] / Braniff Productions || $21 million || $83,137,603
|-
| ''[[The Wood]]'' || July 16, 1999 || Paramount || $6 million || $25,059,640
|-
| ''[[The Original Kings of Comedy]]'' || August 18, 2000 || Paramount / Latham Entertainment / [[40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks]] || $3 million || $38,182,790
|-
| ''[[Save the Last Dance]]'' || January 12, 2001 || Paramount / Cort/Madden Productions || $13 million || $131,706,809
|-
| ''[[Pootie Tang]]'' || June 29, 2001 || Paramount / [[Chris Rock|Chris Rock Productions]] / [[HBO Downtown Productions]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / Alphaville Films || $7 million || $3,313,583
|-
| ''[[Zoolander]]'' || September 28, 2001 || Paramount / [[Village Roadshow Pictures]] / NPV Entertainment / VH1 Films / [[Red Hour Productions]] / Scott Rudin Productions || $28 million || $60,780,981
|-
| ''[[Orange County (film)|Orange County]]'' || January 11, 2002 || Paramount / Scott Rudin Productions || $18 million || $41,032,915
|-
| ''[[Crossroads (2002 film)|Crossroads]]'' || February 15, 2002 || Paramount / [[Zomba Group of Companies|Zomba Films]] || $12 million || $61,141,030
|-
| ''[[Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat]]'' || August 2, 2002 || Paramount / [[Martin Lawrence|Runteldat Entertainment]] || $3 million || $19,184,820
|-
| ''[[Jackass: The Movie]]'' || October 25, 2002 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions / Lynch Siderow Productions || $5 million || $79,493,831
|-
| ''[[Better Luck Tomorrow]]'' || April 11, 2003 || Paramount || $250,000 || $3,809,226
|-
| ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' || September 19, 2003 || Paramount / Handprint Films || $30 million || $32,750,821
|-
| ''[[Tupac: Resurrection]]'' || November 14, 2003 || Paramount / [[Amaru Entertainment]] || $300,000 || $7,808,524
|-
| ''[[The Perfect Score]]'' || January 30, 2004 || Paramount / [[Spyglass Entertainment]] / [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]] || || $10,876,805
|-
| ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]'' || August 27, 2004 || [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] / Paramount / [[Jared and Jerusha Hess|HH Films]] || $400,000 || $46,118,097
|-
| ''[[Coach Carter]]'' || January 14, 2005 || Paramount / Tollin/Robbins Productions || $30 million || $76,669,806
|-
| ''[[The Longest Yard (2005 film)|The Longest Yard]]'' ||May 27, 2005 || Paramount / [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] / [[Happy Madison]] || $82 million || $190,320,568
|-
| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'' || July 22, 2005 || [[Paramount Classics]] / New Deal Entertainment || $2.8 million || $23,563,727
|-
| ''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]'' || July 22, 2005 || [[THINKFilm]] / Paramount / [[Participant Media]] / [[A&E IndieFilms]] / Eat Film || $350,000 || $1,750,211
|-
| ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' || November 9, 2005 || Paramount / [[G-Unit Films]] / [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]/[[Shady Records|Shady]]/[[Aftermath Entertainment|Aftermath]] Films || $40 million || $46,442,528
|-
| ''[[Æon Flux (film)|Æon Flux]]'' || December 2, 2005 || Paramount / [[Lakeshore Entertainment]] / [[Valhalla Motion Pictures]] || $62 million || $52,304,001
|-
| ''[[Strangers with Candy (film)|Strangers with Candy]]'' || June 28, 2006 || THINKFilm / [[Worldwide Pants]] / Robert/Davis Films || $2.3 million ||
|-
| ''[[Broken Bridges]]'' || September 6, 2006 || Paramount Classics || $11 million || $252,539
|-
| ''[[Jackass Number Two]]'' || September 22, 2006 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions / Lynch Siderow Productions || $11.5 million || $84,618,532
|-
| ''[[Freedom Writers]]'' || January 5, 2007 || Paramount / [[Jersey Group|Jersey Films]] / 2S Films (uncredited) / [[Double Feature Films]] || $21 million || $43,090,741
|-
| ''[[Reno 911!: Miami]]'' || February 23, 2007 || [[20th Century Fox]] / Paramount / Jersey Films / Double Feature Films / High Sierra Carpeting / Principato-Young Entertainment || $10 million || $22,021,262
|-
| ''[[Blades of Glory]]'' || March 30, 2007 || [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] / [[Red Hour Films]] / Smart Entertainment || $53 million || $145,708,642
|-
| ''[[How She Move]]'' || January 25, 2008 || Paramount Vantage / [[Celluloid Dreams]] / Sienna Films || $17 million || $8,533,187
|-
| ''[[Stop-Loss (film)|Stop-Loss]]'' || March 28, 2008 || Paramount || $25 million || $11,207,130
|-
| ''[[The Foot Fist Way]]'' || May 30, 2008 || Paramount Vantage / [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] / You Know I Can't Kiss You, Inc. || $79,000 || $245,292
|-
| ''[[Dance Flick]]'' || May 22, 2009 || Paramount / Wayans Bros. Entertainment || $25 million || $31,439,140
|-
| ''[[Jackass 3D]]'' || October 15, 2010 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions || $20 million || $170,256,125
|-
| ''[[Justin Bieber: Never Say Never]]'' || February 11, 2011 || Paramount / [[Insurge Pictures]] / [[AEG Live]] / [[Island Records]] / [[Scooter Braun|Scooter Braun Films]] / [[Antonio "L.A." Reid|L.A. Reid Media]] || $13 million || $98,441,954
|-
| ''[[Footloose (2011 film)|Footloose]]'' || October 14, 2011 || Paramount / Spyglass Entertainment / Unique Features / Dylan Sellers / Weston Pictures / Zadan/Meron / Southern Cross the Dog / Storyline Entertainment || $24 million || $62,701,289
|-
| ''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' || July 3, 2012 || Paramount / Insurge Pictures / [[Imagine Entertainment]] / [[AEG Live]] / [[Capitol Records]] / Magical Elves Productions / Splinter Films / Pulse Films / [[EMI Music]] || $12 million || $31,911,815
|-
| ''[[Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters]]'' || January 25, 2013 || Paramount / [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] / Gary Sanchez Productions / [[Studio Babelsberg]] / [[Flynn Picture Company]] || $50 million || $225,703,475
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]'' || October 25, 2013 || Paramount / [[Dickhouse Productions]] || $15 million || $151,826,547
|-
| ''[[Project Almanac]]'' || January 30, 2015 || Paramount / Insurge Pictures / [[Platinum Dunes]] || $12 million || $32,200,000
|-
| ''[[76 Days]]'' || December 4, 2020|| distributed by MTV Documentary Films; 76 Days / [[Ford Foundation]] / XTR Film Society<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/wuhan-china-documentary-mtv-documentary-films-toronto-festival-docu-76-days-1234596437/|title=MTV Documentary Films Acquires Toronto Docu '76 Days' On COVID Outbreak In Wuhan, China|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|date=October 13, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Finding Yingying]]'' || December 11, 2020 || distributed by MTV Documentary Films; [[Kartemquin Films]] / Mitten Media / Nika Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/sxsw-winners-beautiful-something-left-behind-finding-yingying-mtv-documentary-films/|title=SXSW Winners 'Beautiful Something Left Behind' and 'Finding Yingying' Nabbed by MTV Documentary Films (Exclusive)|website=[[TheWrap]]|first=Brian|last=Welk|date=October 8, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[17 Blocks]]'' || February 19, 2021 || distributed by MTV Documentary Films; [[Big Beach (company)|Beachside Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/17-blocks-st-louis-superman-mtv-documentary-nevins-1203279048/|title=MTV Documentary Films Launches With '17 Blocks,' 'St. Louis Superman'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Cynthia|last=Littleton|date=July 25, 2019|access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Pink Skies Ahead]]'' || May 8, 2021 || distribution only; Stampede Ventures / Divide/Conquer / Foton Pictures / Glanzrock Productions<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2020/10/mtv-films-pink-skies-ahead-1234599095/|title= MTV Films Acquires Coming-Of-Age Film 'Pink Skies Ahead' Prior To Its World Premiere At The AFI Film Festival|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=October 16, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Ascension (film)|Ascension]]'' || October 8, 2021 || distributed by MTV Documentary Films; [[XTR (company)|XTR]] / [[Firelight Media]] / Field of Vision / [[Cinereach]] / [[Chicken & Egg Pictures]] / [[The Sundance Institute]] / [[San Francisco Film Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/mtv-documentary-films-ascension-awards-1235040602/|title=MTV Documentary Films Buys ‘Ascension,’ Plans Awards Push (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Brent|last=Lang|date=August 12, 2021|access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref> || || $12,616
|}

===Upcoming films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Release date
! Title
! Co-production with
|-
| align="right" | February 4, 2022 || ''[[Jackass Forever]]'' || Paramount / [[Jackass (franchise)|Dickhouse Productions]]
|-
| align="right" | TBA || Untitled [[Amy York Rubin]]/[[Bo Burnham]] film || Paramount / Paramount Players
|}

==Direct-to-video, Television movies and specials==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Network
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Budget
|-
| ''[[CMT Music Awards]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 1967–present || Switched On Entertainment || rowspan="6" | TBA
|-
| ''[[MTV New Year's]]'' || rowspan="4" | [[MTV]] || 1981–2015 || [[MTV News]]
|-
| ''[[MTV Music Video Awards]]'' || September 14, 1984–present || Den of Theives / [[MTV]]
|-
| ''[[Camp MTV]]'' || July 30, 1989 || [[MTV]]
|-
| ''[[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]'' || June 10, 1992–present || Den of Thieves / [[MTV]]
|-
| ''[[Windy City Heat]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Comedy Central]] || October 12, 2003 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Jackhole Productions]] / [[Dakota Pictures|Dakota North Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[The Hebrew Hammer]]'' || December 3, 2003 (TV), December 19, 2003 (Theatrical) || ContentFilm / Intrinsic Value Films || $1.3 million
|-
| ''[[All You've Got]]'' || [[MTV]] || May 23, 2006 || rowspan="2" | [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] || TBA
|-
| ''[[Save the Last Dance 2]]'' || [[Direct-to-video]] || October 6, 2006 || $5 million
|-
| ''[[Totally Awesome]]'' || [[VH1]] || November 7, 2006 || Paramount Home Entertainment / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[The Weinstein Company]] || rowspan="6" | TBA
|-
| ''[[Super Sweet 16: The Movie]]'' || [[MTV]] || July 8, 2007 (TV), July 10 (Home media) || Paramount Home Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Beneath (2007 film)|Beneath]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Direct-to-video]] || August 7, 2007 || Paramount Classics
|-
| ''[[Jackass Number Two#Jackass 2.5|Jackass 2.5]]'' || December 26, 2007 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Mat Hoffman's Tribute to Evel Knievel]]'' || May 27, 2008 || Paramount Home Entertainment / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''[[A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || November 23, 2008 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Spartina Productions]]
|-
| ''[[My Super Psycho Sweet 16]]'' || [[MTV]] || October 23, 2009 || Paramount Home Entertainment / Pop Films || $1.5 million
|-
| ''[[The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie!]]'' || [[Direct-to-video]] || April 20, 2010 || Paramount / Double Hemm / [[6 Point Harness]] || $350,000
|-
| ''[[My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 2]]'' || [[MTV]] || October 22, 2010 || Paramount Home Entertainment / Pop Films || rowspan="4" | TBA
|-
| ''Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts'' || [[Comedy Central]] || March 6, 2011 || [[Irwin Entertainment]] / Black Heart Productions
|-
| ''[[Jackass 3D#Jackass 3.5|Jackass 3.5]]'' || [[MTV]] || June 9, 2011 (TV), June 14, 2011 (Home media) || [[Paramount Digital Entertainment]] / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''Norm Macdonald: Me Doing Standup'' || [[Comedy Central]] || June 14, 2011 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Irwin Entertainment]] / Norm Macdonald Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Kevin Hart: Laugh at My Pain]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || September 9, 2011 || [[Codeblack Entertainment]] / [[Hartbeat Productions]] / Usual Suspects Productions || $750,000
|-
| ''[[6 Days to Air]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || October 9, 2011 || [[Comedy Partners]] || rowspan="13" | TBA
|-
| ''[[My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 3]]'' || [[MTV]] || March 12, 2012 || Paramount Home Entertainment / Pop Films
|-
| ''D.L. Hughley: The Endangered List'' || [[Comedy Central]] || October 27, 2012 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Five Timz Productions / Kahn Miller Greenberg / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''Al Madrigal: Why Is The Rabbit Crying?'' || [[Comedy Central]] || April 26, 2013 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Pupcake Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''[[CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story]]'' || [[VH1]] || October 21, 2013 || VH1 Productions / Diggit Entertainment Group / In Cahoots Media Inc. / The Popfilms Movie Company
|-
| ''Neal Brennan: Woman and Black Dudes'' || [[Comedy Central]] || January 14, 2014 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Neal Brennan, Inc. / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]] / [[Irwin Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa#Home media|Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa.5]]'' || [[MTV]] || June 15, 2014 (TV), July 8, 2014 (Home media) || Paramount Digital Entertainment / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''Bridget Everett: Gynecological Wonder'' || [[Comedy Central]] || July 15, 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Red Hour Films]] / Beavertail Productions
|-
| ''Steve Rannazzisi: Breaking Dad'' || [[Comedy Central]] || September 15, 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Thank You, Brain! Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''Nikki Glaser: Perfect'' || [[Comedy Central]] || April 6, 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Irwin Entertainment]] / Perfect / Convy Entertainment / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''Big Jay Oakerson: Live at Wembley Hall'' || [[Comedy Central]] || June 16, 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Angry Buddha Films / ScooBADoo Productions / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''Roy Wood Jr.: Father Figure'' || [[Comedy Central]] || February 19, 2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Art & Industry
|-
| ''In Session Live with Dr. Jess'' || [[VH1]] || November 12, 2018 || [[Big Fish Entertainment]] / CThaGodWorld Productions
|-
| ''[[Eli (2019 film)|Eli]]'' || [[Netflix]] || October 18, 2019 || Paramount / [[Paramount Players]] / [[Intrepid Pictures]] || $11 million
|-
| ''[[Dashing in December]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || December 13, 2020 || The Ninth House || rowspan="3" | TBA
|-
| ''[[Dragging the Classics: The Brady Bunch]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || June 30, 2021 || [[World of Wonder (production company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[Madame X (2021 film)|Madame X]]'' || [[Paramount+]] [[MTV]] || September 23, 2021 || [[Paramount+]]
|-
| ''Roy Wood Jr.: Imperfect Messenger'' || [[Comedy Central]] || October 29, 2021 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Bob Bain Productions / Mainstay Entertainment
|-
| [[Beavis and Butt-Head#Sequel|Untitled ''Beavis and Butt-Head'' film]] || TBA ||[[Paramount+]] / Paramount / [[Comedy Central]] || TBA
|-
| [[South Park#Films|Untitled ''South Park'' films]] || 2021-2027 || [[Paramount+]] / Park County || TBA
|-
| [[Teen Wolf|Untitled ''Teen Wolf'' revival]] || TBA || [[Paramount+]] || TBA
|-
| [[Workaholics#Film|Untitled ''Workaholics'' film]] || TBA || [[Paramount+]] || TBA
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Network
! Original run
! Production company(s)
|-
| ''[[120 Minutes]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[MTV2]] || 1986–2013 ||
|-
| ''[[Stevie and Zoya]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1987–1989 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1988–1995 ||
|-
| ''[[House of Style]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1989–2012 ||
|-
| ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[MTV Live (TV network)|MTV Live]] || 1989–present ||
|-
| ''[[Liquid Television]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1991–2014 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Colossal Pictures]] (seasons 1–3) / [[Titmouse, Inc.]] (season 4)
|-
| ''[[Æon Flux]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1991–1995 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Colossal Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Facebook Watch]]/[[Paramount+]] || 1992–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Comedy Central]] || 1993–present || [[MTV Animation]] (seasons 1–8) / [[Comedy Partners]] (seasons 9–10) / [[Judgemental Films]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[The Jon Stewart Show]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]] || 1993-1995 || [[Busboy Productions]] / [[Paramount Domestic Television]] (season 2)
|-
| ''[[The Brothers Grunt]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1994–1995 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[a.k.a. Cartoon]]
|-
| ''[[The Head (1994 TV series)|The Head]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1994–1996 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[The Maxx#Television series|The Maxx]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1995 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1995–2000 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[HBO Downtown Productions]] / Popular Arts Entertainment / [[Tom Snyder Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Singled Out]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Quibi]] || 1995–2020 || Start Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Road Rules]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Paramount+]] || 1995–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Daily Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1996–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Mad Cow Productions (1996–2002) / [[Busboy Productions]] (1999–2015) / Ark Angel (2015–present)
|-
| ''[[Daria]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1997–2002 || [[MTV Animation]] / Heyday Media
|-
| ''[[South Park]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1997–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Braniff Productions (1997–2006) / Parker-Stone Productions (2006–2007) / South Park Studios (2007–present)
|-
| ''[[Cartoon Sushi]]'' || [[MTV]] [[Teletoon]] || 1997–1998 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[a.k.a Cartoon]] / [[DNA Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Hitz]]'' || [[UPN]] || 1997–1998 || Vaczy-Gamble Productions / [[Paramount Television]]
|-
| ''[[Jenny (TV series)|Jenny]]'' || [[NBC]] || 1997–1998 || Mark & Howard Productions / [[Paramount Television]]
|-
| ''[[Behind the Music]]'' || [[VH1]]/[[Paramount+]] || 1997–present || Creature Films
|-
| ''[[Three (TV series)|Three]]'' || [[The WB]] || 1998 || [[Paramount Television]]
|-
| ''[[True Life]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1998–2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Celebrity Deathmatch]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[MTV2]] || 1998–2007 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Cuppa Coffee Studio]]
|-
| ''[[The Challenge (TV series)|The Challenge]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1998–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Presents]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1998–2011 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Rick Mill Productions
|-
| ''[[Strangers with Candy]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1999–2000 ||
|-
| ''[[Making the Band]]'' || [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[MTV]] || 2000–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[MTV Cribs]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]] || 2000–present ||
|-
| ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2000–2002 || Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''[[Undergrads]]'' || [[MTV]] [[Teletoon]] || 2001 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Decode Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[CMT Crossroads]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2002–present ||
|-
| ''[[Crank Yankers]]'' || [[Comedy Central]]/[[MTV2]] || 2002–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Kimmelot / [[ITV America]]
|-
| ''[[Sorority Life]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2002–2003 ||
|-
| ''[[Clone High]]'' || [[MTV]] [[Teletoon]] || 2002–2003 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Touchstone Television]] / [[Doozer (company)|Doozer]] / [[Lord Miller Productions]] / [[Nelvana]]
|-
| ''[[3-South]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2002–2003 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Warner Bros. Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Chappelle's Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003–2006 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Pilot Boy Productions / Marobru Productions
|-
| ''[[Punk'd]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[BET]]/[[The Roku Channel]] || 2003–present || [[Katalyst Media]] (seasons 1–9) / [[STX Entertainment]] (season 10–present)
|-
| ''[[Stripperella]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2003–2004 || The Firm / Network Enterprises
|-
| ''[[Reno 911!]]'' || [[Comedy Central]]/[[The Roku Channel]] || 2003–present || High Sierra Carpeting / Jersey Television (2003–2009)
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003–present ||
|-
| ''[[Kid Notorious]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Alan & Alan Productions / [[6 Point Harness]]
|-
| ''[[ALF's Hit Talk Show]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2004 || Burt Dubrow Productions
|-
| ''[[Video Mods]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2004–2005 || Big Bear Entertainment / IBC Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County]] || [[MTV]] || 2004–2006 || Go Go Luckey Productions
|-
| ''[[Drawn Together]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2004–2007 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Double Hemm
|-
| ''[[My Super Sweet 16]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2005–2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Wonder Showzen]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2005–2006 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[PFFR#PFFR Productions|PFFR Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Chasing Farrah]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Andy Milonakis Show]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[MTV2]] || 2005–2007 || [[Jackhole Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Wild 'n Out]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[MTV2]]/[[VH1]] || 2005–present || Mr. Renassiance Entertainment (Seasons 1–4) / The Collective (Seasons 1–4) / NCredible Entertainment (Season 5–present)
|-
| ''[[Run's House]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2005–2009 || [[Good Clean Fun (production company)|Good Clean Fun]] / Simmons/Lathan Media Group / Bad Boy Films
|-
| ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2005–2014 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Spartina Productions]] / [[Busboy Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Yo Momma]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2006–2007 || [[Evolution Media]] / MV Productions Inc
|-
| ''[[The Hills (TV series)|The Hills]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2006–2010 || Done and Done Productions
|-
| ''[[Where My Dogs At?]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2006 || [[MTV Animation]] / Enough With The Bread / Already Productions / [[6 Point Harness]]
|-
| ''[[Dog Bites Man]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2006 || [[Comedy Central]] / [[DreamWorks Television]]
|-
| ''[[Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2006–present || [[Triage Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Rob & Big]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2006–2008 || [[Dickhouse Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Sarah Silverman Program]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2007–2010 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Eleven Eleven O' Clock Productions]] / Oil Factory, Inc.
|-
| ''[[Friday: The Animated Series]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2007 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[New Line Television]] / [[Cube Vision]]
|-
| ''[[Kaya (TV series)|Kaya]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007 || [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] / [[Flame Ventures]] / Kedzie Productions / [[Protocol Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]] || [[MTV]] || 2007–2008 || Go Go Luckey Productions
|-
| ''[[America's Best Dance Crew]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2008–2015 || Tenth Planet Productions / Hip Hop International / Bayonne Entertainment / Dream Merchant Entertainment / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[50 Cent: The Money and the Power]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2008–2009 || Ish Entertainment / [[Shady Records]] / [[Aftermath Entertainment]] / [[Interscope Records]] / Cheetah Vision Films
|-
| ''[[The City (2008 TV series)|The City]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2008–2010 || Done and Done Productions
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' || [[Logo TV]]/[[VH1]] || 2009–present || [[World of Wonder Productions]]
|-
| ''[[How's Your News?]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || AM/FM Pictures
|-
| ''[[T.I.'s Road to Redemption]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || Category 5 Entertainment / Grand Hustle Productions / Ish Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Important Things with Demetri Martin]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Busboy Productions]] / PersonGlobal
|-
| ''[[Tough Love (TV series)|Tough Love]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2009–2013 || [[High Noon Entertainment]] / [[Flower Films]]
|-
| ''[[Tosh.0]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009–2020 ||
|-
| ''[[16 and Pregnant]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009–present || 11th Street Productions
|-
| ''[[DJ & the Fro]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || [[MTV Animation]] / Double Hemm
|-
| ''[[Michael & Michael Have Issues]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Popzilla]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Animax Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Jersey Shore (TV series)|Jersey Shore]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009–2012 || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009–present || 11th Street Productions
|-
| ''[[John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2010–2013 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Ugly Americans (TV series)|Ugly Americans]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2010–2012 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Irony Point / [[Augenblick Studios]] / Big Jump Entertainment (season 2) / Solis/Markle Animation Productions / Tookie Wilson Productions / F**k Factor Productions / [[Cuppa Coffee Studios]] (season 1) / [[Turner Studios]]
|-
| ''[[Hot in Cleveland]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2010–2015 || [[Hazy Mills Productions]] / SamJen Productions
|-
| ''[[Auction Hunters]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2010–2012 || Spike Cable Networks / Gurney Productions
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom 2]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–present || 11th Street Productions
|-
| ''[[Skins (American TV series)|Skins]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011 || [[Company Pictures]] / Storm Dog Films / [[Entertainment One]]
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: New York]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2011–2020 || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (Seasons 1–9) / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (Season 10)
|-
| ''[[Coal (TV series)|Coal]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011 || Spike Cable Networks / [[Original Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Workaholics]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2011–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Avalon Television]] / Mail Order Comedy / 4th Year Productions (2011–2014) / Gigapix Studios (2011–2013)
|-
| ''[[Repo Games]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011–2012 || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' || [[VH1]]/[[BET Her]] || 2011–2014 || [[Flavor Unit Entertainment]] / Popfilms Movie Company / The Littlejohn Experience / In Cahoots Media Inc.
|-
| ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–2017 || Adelstein Productions / DiGa Vision / First Cause, Inc. / Lost Marbles Television / Siesta Productions / [[MGM Television]]
|-
| ''[[Bar Rescue]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011–present || Spike Cable Networks / [[3 Ball Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Ridiculousness (TV series)|Ridiculousness]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–present || Dickhouse Productions (2011–2014) / Superjacket Productions (2013–2021) / Thrill One Media (2021–present) / Gorilla Flicks (2014–present)
|-
| ''[[Death Valley (TV series)|Death Valley]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011 || Liquid Therapy / Guitar & Pen Productions
|-
| ''[[Flip Men]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011–2012 || Spike Cable Networks / 25/7 Productions
|-
| ''[[Good Vibes (American TV series)|Good Vibes]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011 || [[MTV Animation]] / Werner Entertainment / Rough House / Not the QB Pro. / [[Six Point Harness]] / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[Guy Code]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2011–2015 ||
|-
| ''[[The Exes]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2011–2015 || Mark Reisman Productions / Acme Productions
|-
| ''[[Key & Peele]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2012–2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Cindylou / [[Monkeypaw Productions]] / Martel & Roberts Productions / Principato-Young Entertainment
|-
| ''[[American Digger (TV series)|American Digger]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2012–2013 || Spike Cable Networks / Gurney Productions
|-
| ''[[The Pauly D Project]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012 || [[495 Productions]] / ReignDeer Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Stand-Up Presents]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2012–2019 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Triage Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[World's Worst Tenants]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2012–2013 || [[Zoo Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2012–present || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (Seasons 1–8), [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (Season 9) / New Group Productions (Season 10)
|-
| ''[[The Soul Man]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2012–2016 || Bird and a Bear Entertainment / [[Hazy Mills Productions]] / SamJen Productions
|-
| ''[[Snooki & Jwoww]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012–2015 || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Inbetweeners (American TV series)|The Inbetweeners]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012 || Bwark Productions / [[Kapital Entertainment]] / Brad Copeland Productions
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars]]'' || [[Logo TV]]/[[VH1]]/[[Paramount+]] || 2012–present || [[World of Wonder Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Catfish: The TV Show]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012–present || [[Critical Content]] / Catfish Picture Company
|-
| ''[[CMT Hot Twenty]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2013–present ||
|-
| ''[[Black Ink Crew]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2013–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (Seasons 1–8)
|-
| ''[[Forever Young (American TV series)|Forever Young]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2013 || 3 Ball Productions / [[Katalyst Films]]
|-
| ''[[Girl Code]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2013–2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]' || [[Comedy Central]]/[[Paramount+]] || 2013–present || It's So Easy Productions / Irony Point / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[The Show with Vinny]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2013 || [[495 Productions]] / Generate Management
|-
| ''[[Hit the Floor (TV series)|Hit the Floor]]'' || [[VH1]]/[[BET]] || 2013–2018 || The Film Syndicate / In Cahoots Media
|-
| ''[[@midnight]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2013–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Funny or Die]] / Garant Lennon Productions / [[Nerdist Industries]] / Serious Business / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Are You the One?]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2014–2019 || Lighthearted Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Broad City]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Paper Kite Productions]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''Copycat'' || [[MTV]] || 2014 || Next Entertainment / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[Finding Carter]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2014–2015 || The Popfilms Movie Company / Stockton Drive Inc. / Go Dog Go / One Two Punch Productions / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[Dating Naked]]'' || [[VH1]]/[[Paramount+]] || 2014–present || Lighthearted Entertainment
|-
| ''[[The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Red Hour Productions]] / Literally Figurative / Johnny Videogames
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood]] || [[VH1]] || 2014–2016 || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (seasons 1–5) / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (season 6)
|-
| ''[[Slednecks]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2014 || [[Zoo Productions]] / [[All3Media|All3Media America]] / Parallel Entertainment Pictures
|-
| ''MTV's Got Your 6'' || [[MTV]] || 2014 || Karga Seven Pictures
|-
| ''[[Eye Candy (TV series)|Eye Candy]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || [[Blumhouse Television]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Schitt's Creek]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] [[CBC Television|CBC]] || 2015–2020 || Pop Media Group / Not A Real Company / [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] / [[ITV Studios Global Entertainment]]
|-
| ''One Bad Choice'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || [[Optomen]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Younger (TV series)|Younger]]'' || [[TV Land]]/[[Paramount+]] || 2015–2021 || Darren Star Productions / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2015–present || [[Matador Content]] / [[Sunday Night Productions]] / Eight Million Plus Productions / Four Eyes Entertainment / Carey Patterson Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Impastor]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2015–2016 || [[CBS Studios]] / The Tannenbaum Company / All in Vane
|-
| ''[[Kingin' with Tyga]]'' || [[MTV2]]/[[MTV]] || 2015–2016 || [[3 Ball Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Moonbeam City]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Olive Bridge Entertainment / Alphapanel Industries / Snook Animation / [[Titmouse, Inc.]]
|-
| ''[[Black Ink Crew: Chicago]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2015–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (seasons 1–6)
|-
| ''[[The Shannara Chronicles]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Paramount Network]] || 2016–2017 || [[Sonar Entertainment]] / Farah Films / [[Millar Gough Ink]] / Raygun One
|-
| ''[[Teachers (2016 TV series)|Teachers]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2016–2019 || Martel & Roberts Productions
|-
| ''[[Greatest Party Story Ever]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || [[MTV Animation]] / Four Peaks Media Group / Den of Theives / [[ShadowMachine]]
|-
| ''[[Not Safe with Nikki Glaser]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Perfect / Convy Entertainment / Guinea Pig Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''MTV's Suspect'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || [[Critical Content]] / Right Mind Films
|-
| ''[[Lopez (TV series)|Lopez]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2016–2017 || [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[Dakota Pictures]] / Travieso Productions / Altschuler Krinsky Works
|-
| ''[[Time Traveling Bong]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Ladylike (series)|Ladylike]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || Bird Brain
|-
| ''[[Loosely Exactly Nicole]]'' || [[MTV]]/[[Facebook Watch]] || 2016–2018 || [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Legends of Chamberlain Heights]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2016–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Bento Box Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Sweet/Vicious]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016–2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Jeff & Some Aliens]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[ShadowMachine]]
|-
| ''[[Nobodies (TV series)|Nobodies]]'' || [[TV Land]]/[[Paramount Network]] || 2017–2018 || [[On the Day Productions]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Return of the Mac (TV series)|Return of the Mac]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2017 || Pop Media Group / [[CBS Studios]] / D&J Productions / T Group Productions
|-
| ''[[Siesta Key (TV series)|Siesta Key]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017–present || [[Entertainment One]]
|-
| ''[[The Opposition with Jordan Klepper]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2017–2018 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Ark Angel
|-
| ''[[90's House]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017 || Super Delicious Productions
|-
| ''[[Floribama Shore]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017–present || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Hot Date]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2017–present || Pop Media Group / Artists First / Electric Avenue / [[Propagate Content]] / Big Breakfast
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: Miami]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2018–present || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (seasons 1–2) / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (season 3) / New Group Productions (season 4)
|-
| ''[[Corporate (TV series)|Corporate]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2018–2020 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Incredible Success!
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–present ||
|-
| ''[[Jersey Shore: Family Vacation]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–present || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Ex on the Beach (American TV series)|Ex on the Beach]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–present || [[Entertainment One]] / Whizz Kid Entertainment / Purveyors of Pop
|-
| ''[[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2018–present || Linson Entertainment / Bosque Ranch Productions / Treehouse Films / 101 Studios
|-
| ''[[Heathers (TV series)|Heathers]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2018 || Gyre & Gimble Productions / Underground Films / [[Lakeshore Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom: Young Moms Club]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–2019 ||
|-
| ''[[T.I. & Tiny: Friends & Family Hustle]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2018–present || VH1 Productions / Grand Hustle Productions / Tiny Hustle / Crossover Entertainment / [[51 Minds Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Cartel Crew]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2019–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Lindsay Lohan's Beach Club]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Other Two (TV series)|The Other Two]]'' || [[Comedy Central]]/[[HBO Max]] || 2019–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Broadway Video]] / [[Jax Media]] / Kelly/Schneider
|-
| ''[[Double Shot at Love (2019 TV series)|Double Shot at Love]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019–present || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[El Mundo Real]]'' || [[Facebook Watch]] || 2019 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Alternatino with Arturo Castro]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2019–present || [[Avalon Television]]
|-
| ''[[The Hills: New Beginnings]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019–present || [[Evolution Media]]
|-
| ''[[Girls Cruise]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2019 || [[Big Fish Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[South Side (TV series)|South Side]]'' || [[Comedy Central]]/[[HBO Max]] || 2019–present ||
|-
| ''[[Black Ink Crew: Compton]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2019–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Ghosted: Love Gone Missing]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019–present || [[Sharp Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[True Life Crime]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2020–present || Good Caper Content / Karga Seven Pictures / [[Left/Right Productions]]
|-
| ''[[68 Whiskey]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2020 || [[CBS Studios]] / [[Imagine Television|Imagine Television Studios]] / yes Studios / Little City Ironworks
|-
| ''[[Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2020–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Awkwafina|In Fina We Trust]] / Artists First
|-
| ''[[Families of the Mafia]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2020–present ||
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2020–present || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[Revenge Prank]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2020–present || Gobstopper Television
|-
| ''True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories'' || [[MTV]] || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race: Vegas Revue]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2020 || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[Emily in Paris]]'' || [[Netflix]] || 2020–present || Darren Star Productions / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[The Real World Homecoming: New York]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Challenge: All Stars]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''From Cradle to Stage'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021–present || [[Live Nation Entertainment]] / [[Roswell Records|Roswell Films]] / Therapy Studios
|-
| ''[[Adorableness (TV series)|Adorableness]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2021–present || Superjacket Productions / Gorilla Flicks
|-
| ''My True Crime Story'' || [[VH1]] || 2021 || Hotsnakes Media
|-
| ''[[Messyness]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2021–present || Thrill One Media / Gorilla Flicks
|-
| ''Tha God's Honest Truth with Lenard 'Charlamange' McKelvey'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2021–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / CThaGodWorld Productions / [[Spartina Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Mayor of Kingstown]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || Coming November 14 || Bosque Ranch Productions / 101 Studios / [[Yari Film Group]] / [[Yucaipa Companies]]
|-
| ''[[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|Queen of the Universe]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || Coming December 2 || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[Jodie (TV series)|Jodie]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || TBA || [[Comedy Partners]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
=== Academy Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Winner/nominee(s) !! Result
|-
| [[72nd Academy Awards|2000]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=John Irving Wins Adapted Screenplay: 2000 Oscars – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJOYSgdPiH0|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Alexander Payne]] [[Jim Taylor (writer)|Jim Taylor]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[77th Academy Awards|2004]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| ''[[Tupac: Resurrection]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Born into Brothels Wins Documentary Feature: 2005 Oscars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFjf0BDnlSU|work=Youtube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref>
| [[Lauren Lazin]] [[Karolyn Ali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[78th Academy Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary Winners: 2006 Oscars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzEONlV8pqw|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=June 23, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Henry Alex Rubin]] [[Dana Adam Shapiro]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]''<ref>{{cite web|title="Lose Yourself" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klUAGK9Z-dg|work=YouTube|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Jordan Houston]] [[Cedric Coleman]] [[Paul Beauregard]] ("[[It's Hard out Here for a Pimp]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Terrence Howard]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[86th Academy Awards|2014]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup and Hairstyling]]
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title="Dallas Buyers Club" winning the Oscar® for Makeup and Hairstyling|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zmNb9ix_JE|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Stephen Prouty]]
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb company|0034438}}

{{MTV Films}}
{{Paramount Animation}}
{{ViacomCBS}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mtv Films}}
[[Category:Film production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Television production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:ViacomCBS subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Companies based in California]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures]]

Weruche Opia

2021-08-27T04:39:15Z

BattyBot: Expanded Template:Notability and general fixes

{{notability|Bio|date=November 2020}}{{Infobox person
| name = Weruche Opia
| image = Weruche Opia.jpg
| caption = Opia in 2017
| birth_name = Reanne Weruche Opia
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|4|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nigeria]]
| alma_mater = [[University of the West of England, Bristol]]
| occupation = Actress and entrepeneur
}}
'''Reanne Weruche Opia''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ə|ˈ|r|uː|tʃ|eɪ|_|ˈ|oʊ|p|i|ə}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnb5GMNYMfw|title=Weruche Opia On 'I May Destroy You', Sexual Consent And Her Dream Role|work=Elle UK|date=13 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> (born 11 April 1987) is a [[Nigerian]] film and stage actress and entrepreneur. She currently serves as CEO of her clothing line, Jesus Junkie Clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yhponline.com/2009/10/05/yhp-interviews-young-entrepreneur-and-ceo-of-jesus-junkie-reanne-weruche-opia/|title=YHP Interviews Young Entrepreneur and CEO of Jesus Junkie, Reanne Weruche Opia.|publisher=Your Hidden Potential|date=5 October 2009|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born in Nigeria, Opia migrated to Britain at the age of 13. Her father is an author and professor of [[social science]]s and her mother is a veteran Nigerian broadcaster and television host, Ruth Benamaisia Opia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Akbar|first=Arifa|date=2020-12-06|title=Weruche Opia: 'I told my team I didn't want the sassy rude girl roles any more'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/06/weruche-opia-i-may-destroy-you-faces-of-2020|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2020|title=Weruche Opia is the next Nigerian actress you should be stanning|work=YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/weruche-opia-is-the-next-nigerian-actress-you-should-be-stanning/|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> Opia holds a degree in drama and [[sociology]] from the [[University of the West of England, Bristol]].<ref name=":0" />

Best known for starring as Cleopatra Ofoedo in the TV series ''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/bad_education/interview/bad_education_girls/|title=Bad Education's girls interview|date=15 September 2014|publisher=British Comedy Guide|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> Weruche was nominated in 2015 in the "Nollywood Actress of the Year" category at the [[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]. In 2018, Opia starred alongside [[Steve Pemberton]] and [[Reece Shearsmith]] in the sixth and final episode of series 4 of ''[[Inside No. 9]]'' titled "Tempting Fate". Opia starred as Terry Pratchard in BBC series ''[[I May Destroy You]]'', which first aired in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.afrinolly.com/celebs/d/851|title=Weruche Opia|work=Afrinolly|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Expand list|date=May 2016}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Film
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! style="width:40px;"| Year
! style="width:250px;"| Film
! style="width:150px;"| Role
! style="width:300px;"| Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Bill]]''
| as Selina Moris
| TV series
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Top Boy]]''
| as Nafisa
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]''
| as Cleopatra
| starred in Series 3
|-
|''[[When Love Happens]]''
| as Mo
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|''[[Banana (TV series)]]''
| as Lilia
| featured in 1 episode
|-
|''[[The Bad Education Movie]]''
| as Cleopatra Ofoedo
|
|-
|''Hot Pepper''
| as Toya
| featured in 1 episode
|-
|''Suspects''
| as Mae Roberts
| featured in 2 episodes
|-
|''Prey'' (IV)
| as Ebele
| short film
|-
| 2016
| ''[[When Love Happens Again]]''
| as Mo
| film sequel
|-
|
| ''[[Thereafter]]''
| as June
|short film
|-
| 2017
| [[Just a couple|Just a Couple]]
| as Melissa
| TV series
|-
| 2018
|''[[Inside No. 9]]''
| as Maz
| featured in 1 episode "Tempting Fate"
|-
| 2019
|''[[Sliced (TV series)|Sliced]]''
| as Naomi
| TV series featured in all 3 episodes
|-
|2020
|''[[I May Destroy You]]''
| as Terry
| TV Series
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Prize
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|[[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Actress of The Year (Nollywood)
|rowspan="2"|''[[...When Love Happens]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/news/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-2015/|title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees|publisher=OkayAfrica|last=Oneill|first=Danielle|date=15 July 2015|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards|3rd Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Comedy
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html|title=AMVCA 2015 Nominees Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|date=11 December 2014|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021
|[[36th Independent Spirit Awards]]
|Best Ensemble Cast in a New Scripted Series (shared with cast)
| rowspan=2 | ''[[I May Destroy You]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warren |first1=Matt |title=2021 Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations Announced! |url=https://www.filmindependent.org/blog/2021-film-independent-spirit-award-nominations-announced/ |website=Film Independent |access-date=6 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 British Academy Television Awards|British Academy Television Awards]]
| [[British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2020/television?|title=Television - 2020|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA)|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm4030255|Weruche Opia}}

{{Black Reel Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress, TV Movie or Limited Series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Opia, Weruche}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century British actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]]
[[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]]
[[Category:British businesspeople]]
[[Category:Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Selah Marley

2021-08-20T04:02:14Z

BattyBot: /* Early life and career */Removed/fixed incorrect author parameter(s), performed general fixes

{{short description|American fashion model and singer (born 1998)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Selah Marley
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Selah Louise Marley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|11|12|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Miami]], [[Florida]]. U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| parents = [[Lauryn Hill]] [[Rohan Marley]] [[Barbara Fialho]] ({{small|step-mother}})
| relatives = [[Bob Marley]] ({{small|grandfather}}) [[Nico Marley]] ({{small|half-brother}}) [[Ziggy Marley]] ({{small|uncle}}) [[Stephen Marley (musician)|Stephen Marley]] ({{small|uncle}}) [[Skip Marley]] ({{small|cousin}}) [[Olivier Vernon]] ({{small|brother-in-law}})
| other_names =
| occupation = Model Singer
| alma_mater = [[New York University]]
| height = {{height|m=1.6}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for =
| agent = [[Next Management]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.models.com/people/selah-marley|title=Selah Marley - Entertainer|publisher=}}</ref>
}}
'''Selah Louise Marley''' (born November 12, 1998) is an American fashion model and singer. She is the daughter of singer-songwriter/rapper [[Lauryn Hill]] and football player [[Rohan Marley]], and the granddaughter of reggae musician [[Bob Marley]]. Marley has starred in campaigns for [[Chanel]], [[Ivy Park]], [[Telfar Clemens|Telfar]] and [[Michael Kors]]; and has been featured on the covers of [[Wonderland (magazine)|''Wonderland'']], ''[[Flaunt]]'', ''[[UK Sunday Times]]'', and ''[[L'Uomo Vogue]]''. In 2017, she was placed on the [[Maxim Hot 100|''Maxim'' Hot 100]] list.

== Early life and career ==
Marley was born to American singer [[Lauryn Hill]] and Jamaican entrepreneur [[Rohan Marley]], who never married but had a long-term partnership for 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/archive/lauryn-hill-musician-vol-51-no-17/|title=Lauryn Hill: Musician|work=People}}</ref> She is the granddaughter of reggae icon [[Bob Marley]]. The name [[Selah]] is Hebrew, meaning "meditational pause".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/10/selah-marley-it-girl|title=Selah Marley Is the Next Marley to Watch|work=Vanity Fair}}</ref> Marley has numerous siblings and half-siblings between her parents.<ref name=Essence>{{cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/celebrity/what-we-know-lauryn-hill-kids-now/|title=They Grow Up So Fast! Here's What Lauryn Hill's Children Are Up To Now|work=Essence Magazine}}</ref> The most recent addition is through her father's marriage to Brazilian model [[Barbara Fialho]]. Marley contends that her childhood was complex and traumatic at times<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9432626/selah-marley-talks-childhood-trauma-clarifies-dont-go-bashing-parents|title=Lauryn Hill & Rohan Marley's Daughter Selah Marley Openly Spoke About Her Childhood Trauma, Clarifies 'Don't Go Bashing' Parents|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Billboard Media, LLC.}}</ref> Marley is a student of [[New York University]]'s [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]], concentrating on science, comparative religion, and philosophy.<ref name=W>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/selah-marley-model-college-student/|title=Selah Marley Models for Chanel and Yeezy In Between College Classes|magazine=W Magazine|publisher=Bustle Digital Group|last=Lawrence|first=Vanessa|date=April 19, 2017}}</ref>

Marley started modeling in 2011, when she was featured in ''[[Teen Vogue]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selah Marley Models for Chanel and Yeezy In Between College Classes|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/selah-marley-model-college-student|access-date=2021-04-13|website=W Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Amanda|title=Selah Marley on her Budding Singing Career and Style|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/selah-marley-fashion-in-the-family|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Teen Vogue|language=en-us}}</ref> additionally she has appeared in ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'',<ref name=Essence/> ''CR Fashion Book'', ''[[Dazed]]'', ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'', ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[L'Officiel]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.lofficielusa.com/music/selah-marley-spends-a-day-in-paris-with-l-officiel|title=Selah Marley Spends a Day in Paris with L'Officiel|magazine=L'Officiel Magazine}}</ref> ''[[Love (magazine)|Love]]'', ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''[[V (American magazine)|V]]'', and ''[[Vogue Arabia]]'' among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.vogue.me/fashion/meet-a-new-generation-of-rising-stars/|title=Meet a New Generation of Rising Stars|work=Vogue Arabia}}</ref> Marley has walked the runway for [[Chanel]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-10|title=Lauryn Hill's daughter fronts Chanel Chance|url=https://mojeh.com/beauty-health/lauren-hills-daughter-fronts-chanel-chance/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=MOJEH|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Calvin Klein (company)|Calvin Klein]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branch|first=Kate|title=Selah Marley's Dior Beauty Diary Is a Knockout Nod to Mom Lauryn Hill|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/selah-marley-beauty-diary-lauryn-hill-dior-front-row-paris-fashion-week|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Vogue|language=en-us}}</ref> [[Telfar Clemens|Telfar]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tingba|first=Karkay Adrienne|date=2018-09-12|title=Fashion: Retro Rhapsody and Telfar Clemens SS19 NYFW Show|url=http://thekoloquadialogues.com/fashion-retro-rhapsody-and-telfar-clemens-ss19-nyfw-show/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=koloquadialogues|language=en}}</ref> [[Pyer Moss]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyer Moss S/S 19 Show (Pyer Moss)|url=https://models.com/work/pyer-moss-pyer-moss-ss-19-show|access-date=2021-04-13|website=MODELS.com}}</ref> and [[Kanye West]]'s [[Adidas Yeezy]] line. In 2016, ''[[The New York Times]]'' named her one of 'Fashion's New 'it' Kids'.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Safronova|first=Valeriya|date=2016-10-19|title=Fashion’s New ‘It’ Kids|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/20/fashion/fashions-new-it-kids.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/20/fashion/fashions-new-it-kids.html|access-date=2021-04-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2017, she was featured a campaign alongside [[Rowan Blanchard]], for [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse]];<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dazed|date=2017-11-14|title=Selah Marley & Rowan Blanchard front new Converse campaign|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/38062/1/selah-marley-rowan-blanchard-front-new-converse-campaign|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> and was also featured in a campaign for [[Michael Kors]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=See Ella Richards, Selah Marley and Yang Mi take the Michael Kors Sadie bag to the streets|url=https://www.buro247.sg/fashion/news/ella-richards-yang-mi-michael-kors-sadie-bag.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=BURO.|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Marley fronted the Chanel campaign for their ''Chance'' fragrance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=See Lauryn Hill's Daughter Selah Repping Black Power In Her New Chanel Campaign|url=https://www.bet.com/style/beauty/2018/01/11/selah-marley-for-chanel.html?cid=facebook|access-date=2021-04-13|website=BET.com}}</ref> That same year she was featured in a campaign for Telfar,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-08|title=Telfar Reveals Bag Campaign Ft. Vashtie, Selah Marley, Fat Femme And More|url=https://snobette.com/2018/08/telfar-bag-campaign-vashtie-selah-marley-fat-femme/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=SNOBETTE|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Beyoncé]]'s [[Ivy Park]] line.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-30|title=Up Close And Personal With Selah Marley|url=https://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/models/2017/03/30/up-close-and-personal-with-selah-marley-yeezy-kanye-west-lauryn-hill/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Vogue.it|language=en}}</ref> Marley also acted as a muse for [[Dior|Dior Beauty]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cole|first=Nichelle|date=2018-09-05|title=Dior Beauty Model Selah Marley Helps Reboot A Healthy Skincare Line.|url=https://thefashionplatemag.com/2018/09/05/dior-beauty-model-selah-marley-helps-reboot-a-healthy-skincare-line/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Fashion Plate Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

Marley has been featured on the covers of [[Wonderland (magazine)|''Wonderland'']],<ref>{{Cite web|last=superselected|title=Selah Marley, Teyana Taylor, and Jourdan Dunn Cover Wonderland Magazine. – SUPERSELECTED – Black Fashion Magazine Black Models Black Contemporary Artists Art Black Musicians|url=http://www.superselected.com/selah-marley-teyana-taylor-and-jourdan-dunn-cover-wonderland-magazine/|access-date=2021-04-13|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Flaunt]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selah Marley's Got Star Power in Her Blood and a Bright Future|url=https://flaunt.com/content/fashion/selah-marley-eternal-feature|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Flaunt Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[UK Sunday Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lauryn Hill's Daughter, Selah Marley, Is Working On A "Visually Enticing" New Project|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7752640/selah-marley-uk-style-magazine-cover-lauryn-hill-daughter|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Billboard|language=en}}</ref> and ''[[L'Uomo Vogue]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-11|title=SELAH MARLEY LANDS L'UOMO VOGUE COVER|url=https://bckonline.com/2016/11/11/selah-marley-lands-luomo-vogue-cover/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=BCK Online|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2016, Marley was Placed on [[Dazed]]'s 'Dazed 100' list.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dazed|date=2016-02-08|title=Selah Marley|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/29340/1/selah-marley|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, she was placed on the [[Maxim Hot 100|''Maxim'' Hot 100]] list.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maxim Staff|title=Meet the Women of the 2017 Maxim Hot 100|url=https://www.maxim.com/women/hot-100-2017-5|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Maxim|language=en-us}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selah Marley|url=https://www.imdb.com/filmosearch?role=nm9788703&job_type=self|access-date=2021-04-13|website=IMDb|language=en}}</ref>
|Pyer Moss: Spring/Summer 2019 at NYFW
| rowspan="3" |Herself
|Video Short Film
|-
|[[Eckhaus Latta]]: Spring/Summer 2019 at NYFW
|Video Short Film
|-
|Chanel: Chance
|Video Short Film
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Bob Marley family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marley, Selah}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:American people of Cuban descent]]
[[Category:American female models]]
[[Category:People from Miami]]
[[Category:People from South Orange, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Models from Florida]]
[[Category:Singers from Florida]]
[[Category:New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study alumni]]

MTV Entertainment Studios

2021-06-24T18:28:15Z

BattyBot: Fixed first/last parameters so name is displayed per MOS:JUNIOR, performed general fixes

{{short description|Film production group}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MTV Films
| logo = MTV Films 2013 logo.svg
| logo_size =
| type = Subsidiary
| parent = [[MTV]] [[Paramount Pictures]]
| owner = [[ViacomCBS]]
| foundation = 1996
| key_people = [[Van Toffler]] (1996–2015) [[Doug Herzog]] (2015–17) [[Robert Bakish|Bob Bakish]] (2016–19) Chris McCarthy (2019–present) Albert Berger David Gale Ron Yerxa
| location_city = Hollywood, California
| location_country = U.S.
| industry = [[Motion picture]]
| homepage = [https://web.archive.org/web/20000613011327/http://www.mtvfilms.com/ mtvfilms.com] (archived)
}}
'''MTV Films''' is the [[motion picture]] production arm of the American cable television channel [[MTV]]. Founded in 1996, it has produced films based on MTV programs such as ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'' and ''[[Jackass: The Movie]]'', as well as other adaptations and original projects such as ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]''. Its films are released by fellow [[ViacomCBS]] division [[Paramount Pictures]]. On August 21, 2006, [[Nickelodeon Movies]], [[Comedy Central Films]], and MTV Films became full labels of the Paramount Motion Pictures Group. By 2017, [[Paramount Players]] was created as a joint venture with MTV Films, [[Nickelodeon Movies]], [[BET|BET Films]], [[VH1|VH1 Films]], and [[Comedy Central Films]]. It currently has 40 films with four [[direct-to-video]] titles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

== Films ==
=== Theatrically released ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Budget
! Gross
|-
| ''[[Joe's Apartment]]'' || July 26, 1996 || [[The Geffen Film Company|Geffen Pictures]] (under [[Warner Bros.]]) / [[Blue Sky Studios]] (animation) || $13 million || $4,619,014
|-
| ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'' || December 20, 1996 || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] / [[MTV Animation]] / Geffen Pictures / [[Mike Judge|Judgemental Films]] || $12 million || $63,118,386
|-
| ''[[Dead Man on Campus]]'' || August 21, 1998 || Paramount / [[Gale Anne Hurd|Pacific Western Productions]] || $14 million || $15,064,946
|-
| ''[[Varsity Blues (film)|Varsity Blues]]'' || January 15, 1999 || Paramount || $16 million || $54,294,169
|-
| ''[[200 Cigarettes]]'' || February 26, 1999 || Paramount / [[Lakeshore Entertainment]] || $6 million || $6,852,450
|-
| ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]'' || May 7, 1999 || Paramount || $25 million || $14,902,041
|-
| ''[[The Wood]]'' || July 16, 1999 || Paramount || $6 million || $25,059,640
|-
| ''[[The Original Kings of Comedy]]'' || August 18, 2000 || Paramount / Latham Entertainment / [[40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks]] || $3 million || $38,182,790
|-
| ''[[Save the Last Dance]]'' || January 12, 2001 || Paramount || $13 million || $131,706,809
|-
| ''[[Pootie Tang]]'' || June 29, 2001 || Paramount / [[Chris Rock|Chris Rock Productions]] || $7 million || $3,313,583
|-
| ''[[Orange County (film)|Orange County]]'' || January 11, 2002 || Paramount || $18 million || $41,032,915
|-
| ''[[Crossroads (2002 film)|Crossroads]]'' || February 15, 2002 || Paramount / [[Zomba Group of Companies|Zomba Films]] || $12 million || $61,141,030
|-
| ''[[Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat]]'' || August 2, 2002 || Paramount / [[Martin Lawrence|Runteldat Entertainment]] || $3 million || $19,184,820
|-
| ''[[Jackass: The Movie]]'' || October 25, 2002 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions || $5 million || $79,493,831
|-
| ''[[Better Luck Tomorrow]]'' || April 11, 2003 || Paramount || $250,000 || $3,809,226
|-
| ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' || September 19, 2003 || Paramount || $30 million || $32,750,821
|-
| ''[[Tupac: Resurrection]]'' || November 14, 2003 || Paramount / [[Amaru Entertainment]] || $300,000 || $7,808,524
|-
| ''[[The Perfect Score]]'' || January 30, 2004 || Paramount || || $10,876,805
|-
| ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]'' || August 27, 2004 || [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] / Paramount / [[Jared and Jerusha Hess|HH Films]] || $400,000 || $46,118,097
|-
| ''[[Coach Carter]]'' || January 14, 2005 || Paramount / [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]] || $30 million || $76,669,806
|-
| ''[[The Longest Yard (2005 film)|The Longest Yard]]'' ||May 27, 2005 || Paramount / [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] / [[Happy Madison]] || $82 million || $190,320,568
|-
| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'' || July 22, 2005 || [[Paramount Classics]] / New Deal Entertainment || $2.8 million || $23,563,727
|-
| ''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]'' || July 22, 2005 || [[THINKFilm]] / [[Participant Media]] / 1More Film || || $1,750,211
|-
| ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' || November 9, 2005 || Paramount / [[G-Unit Films]] / [[Aftermath Entertainment]] || $40 million || $46,442,528
|-
| ''[[Æon Flux (film)|Æon Flux]]'' || December 2, 2005 || Paramount / [[Lakeshore Entertainment]] / [[Gale Anne Hurd|Valhalla Motion Pictures]] || $62 million || $52,304,001
|-
| ''[[Jackass Number Two]]'' || September 22, 2006 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions || $11.5 million || $84,618,532
|-
| ''[[Freedom Writers]]'' || January 5, 2007 || Paramount / [[Jersey Group|Jersey Films]] / 2S Films (uncredited) / [[Double Feature Films]] || $21 million || $43,090,741
|-
| ''[[Blades of Glory]]'' || March 30, 2007 || [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] / [[Red Hour Films]] / Smart Entertainment || $53 million || $145,708,642
|-
| ''[[How She Move]]'' || January 25, 2008 || Paramount Vantage / [[Celluloid Dreams]] / Sienna Films || $17 million || $8,533,187
|-
| ''[[Stop-Loss (film)|Stop-Loss]]'' || March 28, 2008 || Paramount || $25 million || $11,207,130
|-
| ''[[The Foot Fist Way]]'' || May 30, 2008 || Paramount Vantage / [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] || $79,000 || $245,292
|-
| ''[[Dance Flick]]'' || May 22, 2009 || Paramount / Wayans Bros. Entertainment || $25 million || $31,439,140
|-
| ''[[Jackass 3D]]'' || October 15, 2010 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions || $20 million || $170,256,125
|-
| ''[[Justin Bieber: Never Say Never]]'' || February 11, 2011 || Paramount / [[Insurge Pictures]] / [[AEG Live]] / [[The Island Def Jam Music Group]] || $13 million || $98,441,954
|-
| ''[[Footloose (2011 film)|Footloose]]'' || October 14, 2011 || Paramount / [[Spyglass Entertainment]] || $24 million || $62,701,289
|-
| ''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' || July 3, 2012 || Paramount / Insurge Pictures / [[Imagine Entertainment]] / [[AEG Live]] / [[Capitol Records]] || $12 million || $31,911,815
|-
| ''[[Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters]]'' || January 25, 2013 || Paramount / [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] / [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] || $50 million || $225,703,475
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]'' || October 25, 2013 || Paramount / [[Dickhouse Productions]] || $15 million || $151,826,547
|-
| ''[[Project Almanac]]'' || January 30, 2015 || Paramount / Insurge Pictures / [[Platinum Dunes]] || $12 million || $32,200,000
|-
| ''[[76 Days]]'' || December 4, 2020|| distributed by MTV Documentary Films; 76 Days / [[Ford Foundation]] / XTR Film Society<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/wuhan-china-documentary-mtv-documentary-films-toronto-festival-docu-76-days-1234596437/|title=MTV Documentary Films Acquires Toronto Docu '76 Days' On COVID Outbreak In Wuhan, China|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|date=October 13, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Finding Yingying]]'' || December 11, 2020 || distributed by MTV Documentary Films; [[Kartemquin Films]] / Mitten Media / Nika Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/sxsw-winners-beautiful-something-left-behind-finding-yingying-mtv-documentary-films/|title=SXSW Winners 'Beautiful Something Left Behind' and 'Finding Yingying' Nabbed by MTV Documentary Films (Exclusive)|website=[[TheWrap]]|first=Brian|last=Welk|date=October 8, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[17 Blocks]]'' || February 19, 2021 || distributed by MTV Documentary Films; [[Big Beach (company)|Beachside Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/17-blocks-st-louis-superman-mtv-documentary-nevins-1203279048/|title=MTV Documentary Films Launches With '17 Blocks,' 'St. Louis Superman'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Cynthia|last=Littleton|date=July 25, 2019|access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Pink Skies Ahead]]'' || May 8, 2021 || distribution only; Stampede Ventures / Divide/Conquer / Foton Pictures / Glanzrock Productions<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2020/10/mtv-films-pink-skies-ahead-1234599095/|title= MTV Films Acquires Coming-Of-Age Film 'Pink Skies Ahead' Prior To Its World Premiere At The AFI Film Festival|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=October 16, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|}

=== Upcoming films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Release date
! Title
! Co-production with
|-
| align="right" | October 22, 2021 || ''[[Jackass 4]]'' || Paramount / Paramount Players / [[Jackass (franchise)|Dickhouse Productions]] / Gorilla Flicks
|-
| align="right" | TBA || Untitled [[Amy York Rubin]]/[[Bo Burnham]] film || Paramount / Paramount Players
|}

=== Direct-to-video ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Budget
|-
| ''[[Beneath (2007 film)|Beneath]]''
|| August 7, 2007 || Paramount Classics || rowspan="4" | TBA
|-
| ''[[Jackass Number Two#Jackass 2.5|Jackass 2.5]]'' || December 26, 2007 || Paramount / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''[[Jackass 3D#Jackass 3.5|Jackass 3.5]]'' || June 14, 2011 || Paramount Digital Entertainment / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa#Home media|Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa.5]]'' || June 15, 2014 (TV), July 8, 2014 (Home media) || Paramount Digital Entertainment / Dickhouse Productions
|-
| ''[[Eli (2019 film)|Eli]]'' || October 18, 2019 || [[Netflix]] / Paramount / [[Paramount Players]] / [[Intrepid Pictures]] || $11 million
|-
| [[Beavis and Butt-Head#Sequel|Untitled ''Beavis and Butt-Head'' film]] || TBA ||[[Paramount+]] / Paramount / [[Comedy Central]] || TBA
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
=== Academy Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Winner/nominee(s) !! Result
|-
| [[72nd Academy Awards|2000]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=John Irving Wins Adapted Screenplay: 2000 Oscars – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJOYSgdPiH0|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Alexander Payne]] [[Jim Taylor (writer)|Jim Taylor]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[77th Academy Awards|2004]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| ''[[Tupac: Resurrection]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Born into Brothels Wins Documentary Feature: 2005 Oscars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFjf0BDnlSU|work=Youtube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref>
| [[Lauren Lazin]] [[Karolyn Ali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[78th Academy Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary Winners: 2006 Oscars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzEONlV8pqw|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=June 23, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Henry Alex Rubin]] [[Dana Adam Shapiro]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]''<ref>{{cite web|title="Lose Yourself" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klUAGK9Z-dg|work=YouTube|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Jordan Houston]] [[Cedric Coleman]] [[Paul Beauregard]] ("[[It's Hard out Here for a Pimp]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Terrence Howard]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[86th Academy Awards|2014]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup and Hairstyling]]
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title="Dallas Buyers Club" winning the Oscar® for Makeup and Hairstyling|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zmNb9ix_JE|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>
| [[Stephen Prouty]]
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Imdb company|0034438}}

{{MTV Films}}
{{Paramount Animation}}
{{ViacomCBS}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mtv Films}}
[[Category:Film production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:MTV]]
[[Category:Companies based in California]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures]]

Omah Lay

2021-04-19T00:53:48Z

BattyBot: /* Career */Fixed citation wikilink(s) and general fixes, replaced: |website=Billboard → |website=Billboard

{{Short description|Nigerian musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = Musician
| name = Omah Lay
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Stanley Omah Didia
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Port Harcourt, Nigeria]]
| genre = [[Afro-Fusion|Afrobeats]]
| label = KeyQaad
| associated_acts = *[[Wizkid]],
*[[Adekunle Gold]],
*[[Olamide]],
*[[Tems (Nigerian singer)|Tems]]
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}} present
| occupation = [[Singer]] [[Songwriter]] [[Producer]]
| alias = Omah Lay
}}

'''Stanley Omah Didiah''' better known as '''Omah Lay''' is a Nigerian singer, songwriter and record producer. He released his self-produced debut single ''<nowiki>''Do Not Disturb''</nowiki>'' in April 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Falola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2020-06-15|title=Meet Omah Lay: The Brazen Bad Boy of New School Afrobeat|url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-omah-lay-the-brazen-bad-boy-of-new-school-afrobeats/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[NotJustOk]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|next rated]] award at the [[The Headies 2020|2020 Headies Awards]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Oluwatoye|first=Dara|date=2021-02-22|title=Fireboy, Omah Lay, More Make Impressive Win Debut At The 14th Headies|url=https://thenet.ng/fireboy-omah-lay-dj-neptune-and-more-make-impressive-win-debut-at-the-14th-headies/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Omah Lay hails from [[Ikwerre, Rivers|Ikwerre]] in [[Rivers State]].<ref name=":0" /> He attended Comprehensive High School in Rivers State before proceeding to the [[University of Port Harcourt]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Interesting facts about Nigerian musician Omah Lay|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref>

== Career ==
Omah Lay started out as a rapper under the stage name, 'Lil King' as part of a rap group. He later moved on to songwriting and music producing which went largely uncredited. As a result of being uncredited, he released ''<nowiki>''Do Not Disturb''</nowiki>'' in April 2019. He released ''‘'Hello Brother’'<nowiki/>'' a month after and proceeded on a 7-month music break.<ref name=":0" /> Following the break, he released ''‘'Bad Influence’''' which became the most streamed Nigerian song one Apple Music at the end of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alake|first=Motolani|date=2020-12-27|title=Here are the 10 hottest Nigerian artists of the year [Pulse Picks 2020]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/here-are-the-top-10-nigerian-artists-of-2020/6b5nyfs|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> He got signed to a record label named KeyQaad in June 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Olonilua|first=Ademola|date=2020-12-14|title=New kids on the block: Omah Lay, Laycon, Bella Shmurda and other artistes who made waves in 2020|url=https://punchng.com/new-kids-on-the-block-omah-lay-laycon-bella-shmurda-and-other-artists-who-made-waves-in-2020/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[The Punch|Punch Newspapers]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 14, 2020, he released ''<nowiki>''You''</nowiki>,'' his first official single. He then released his 5-tracked debut EP, ''Get Layd'' on May 22, 2020. The EP peaked at number one on Nigerian [[Apple Music|Apple Music Charts]]<ref name=":0" />

On July 3, 2020, he was the first artist highlighted for Apple’s Africa Rising Campaign to spotlight African talent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=2020-07-02|title=Apple Music Launches Africa Rising Artist Showcase with Debut Cover Star Omah Lay|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/9413058/apple-music-africa-rising-artist-showcase-omah-lay|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en}}</ref>

He is currently signed to Dvpper Music record label.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

He was nominated in 4 categories at the 2020 Headies Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ihekire|first=Chinonso|date=2021-01-16|title=The Voices Redefining Naija Music|url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-voices-redefining-naija-music/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Album
!Ref
|-
|2020
|''<nowiki>''You''</nowiki>''
|''Get Layd''
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''<nowiki>''Hello Brother''</nowiki>''
|rowspan="4" {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
|''<nowiki>''Do Not Disturb''</nowiki>''
|}

=== EPs ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Details
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''What Have We Done''
|
* Released: November 19, 2020 {{small|(NG)}}
* Label: KeyQaad
* Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], streaming
* Tracklist
** '''<nowiki>'My Bebe''</nowiki>''
**''<nowiki>''Godly''</nowiki>''
**''<nowiki>''Damn (Remix)''</nowiki>'' featuring [[6lack]]
**''<nowiki>''Can't Relate''</nowiki>''
**''<nowiki>''Confession''</nowiki>''
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|date=2020-11-20|title=Omah Lay’s ‘What Have We Done’ Builds On The Momentum of His Stellar Year|url=https://culturecustodian.com/omah-lay-what-have-we-done/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Culture Custodian|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Get Layd''
|
* Released: May 22, 2020 {{small|(NG)}}
* Label: KeyQaad
* Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], streaming
* Tracklist
** ''"Bad influence"''
** ''"Lo Lo"''
** ''"You"''
** ''"Damn"''
** ''"Ye ye ye"''
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2021
|[[Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|Ghana Music Awards]]
|Best African Artiste of the Year
| rowspan="3" |Omah Lay
|{{TBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Full List: Here are the nominees for the 2021 Ghana Music Awards|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/full-list-here-are-the-nominees-for-the-2021-ghana-music-awards/7whwp48|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
| rowspan="4" |[[The Headies 2020|The Headies]]
|[[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=See full list of Headies 2020 award nomination|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55040703|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Best R&B Single|Best R&B Single]]
|''"Bad influence"''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Songwriter of the year
|Stanley Omah Didia - ''"Bad influence"'''
|{{nom}}
|}

== Arrest ==
In December 2020, Omah Lay alongside [[Tems (Nigerian singer)|Tems]] was arrested after performing in a show in [[Uganda]]. The Ugandan Police authority identified violation of Covid 19 lockdown protocols as the reason for their arrests. The Artistes on the other hand felt they were set up.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Uganda Police do U-turn for Omah Lay release, tie am 'handcuffs'|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55265376|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-14|title=Nigerian star Omah Lay arrested after Uganda gig|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerian-star-omah-lay-arrested-after-uganda-gig/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay, Omah}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian singers]]

Misan Harriman

2021-04-01T00:07:27Z

BattyBot: Removed Category:Year of birth missing (living people) and General fixes

{{Short description|British photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Misan Harriman 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Nigeria
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British, Nigerian
| other_names =
| occupation = Photographer, entrepreneur
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = Photography
| notable_works =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Misan Harriman''' (born 1977) is a Nigerian-born British photographer, entrepreneur and social activist. As well as being one of the most widely-shared photographers of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, Harriman is the first black man to shoot a cover of [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] in the magazine's 104-year history.

==Early life==
Harriman was born in [[Calabar]], Nigeria, in 1977.<ref>Fleming, Amy (27 January 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jan/27/tom-cruise-fist-bumps-a-rising-star-misan-harrimans-best-photograph-oscar-nominated Tom Cruise fist-bumps a rising star: Misan Harriman's best photograph]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref>Nath, Sayantani (14 February 2021). [https://meaww.com/misan-harriman-photographer-meghan-markle-prince-harry-second-baby-black-lives-matter Who is Misan Harriman? Meet Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's photographer pal who took their pregnancy pic on iPad]. ''MEAWW''.</ref> He is the son of Chief Hope Harriman (a businessman and politician from [[Warri]] in Nigeria's [[Delta State]]).<ref>Amaize, Emma (8 November 2012). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/hope-harriman-dies-at-79/ "Hope Harriman dies at 79"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''</ref> He attended [[Stubbington House School]] and [[Bradfield College]] in England. After school Harriman worked in [[recruitment]] in the [[City of London]].<ref name="Standard13Aug">Butter, Susannah (13 August 2020). [https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/living/misan-harriman-is-spreading-his-optimistic-outlook-around-the-world-one-picture-at-a-time-a4524166.html "Misan Harriman: 'I find myself standing in a moment of history'"]. ''[[The Evening Standard]]''.</ref>

==Photographic career==
Harriman was interested in photography from an early age, this including giving a presentation at school on [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s use of light in ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' (1975) aged nine. In 2016 Harriman set up an Internet media agency, What We Seee. He began photographing in 2017 and is self-taught.<ref name="BJPJune20">Warner, Marigold (23 June 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/06/misan-harriman-black-lives-matter-london/ "Misan Harriman on photographing London's BLM protests"]. ''[[The British Journal of Photography]]''.</ref><ref name="VogueAug20">Peters, Ellie (3 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/misan-harriman-vogue-cover "Meet Misan Harriman, The BLM Protest Photographer Who Captured Vogue's September Cover"]. [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].</ref>

Harriman's photographic career has included photographing a diverse list of celebrities, including [[Meghan Markle]], [[Rihanna]], [[Stormzy]],<ref name="BJPJune20" /> [[Olivia Colman]], [[Princess Beatrice]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], and [[Tom Cruise]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} as well as documenting the [[Extinction Rebellion]], [[climate strike]] and anti-Trump protests in 2019.<ref name="BJPJune20" /> In the spring of 2020 he took a series of pictures of people living through the [[Coronavirus lockdown]] in his home town of [[Woking]] in a project called ''Lost in Isolation''.<ref>Stanciu, Elena. [https://www.petrieinventory.com/lost-in-isolation-found-in-solitude "Lost in Isolation - Found in Solitude: A Photo Series by Misan Harriman"]. PetrieInventory.com</ref><ref>(28 May 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-52820978/the-photographer-bringing-his-community-together "The photographer bringing his community together"]. [[BBC News Online]]</ref> His pictures of the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests taken in the summer of 2020 appeared on the BBC and in ''Vogue'' and ''The Guardian'', and in July were shown on the [[Piccadilly Circus#Illuminated signs|Piccadilly Lights]] at Piccadilly Circus in Central London.<ref>(7 July 2020). [https://oceanoutdoor.com/ocean-news/news/piccadilly-lights-encourages-empathy-in-the-fight-to-end-systemic-racism/ "Piccadilly Lights encourages empathy in the fight to end systemic racism"], ''Ocean News''.</ref> Harriman's triple gatefold cover for the September issue of ''Vogue''—traditionally the most important issue of the year<ref>(4 August 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53648032 "Edward Enninful: Focusing Vogue on activism a 'no-brainer'"]. [[BBC News]].</ref><ref>Sandhu, Serena (4 August 2020). [https://inews.co.uk/opinion/columnists/vogues-september-issue-with-marcus-rashford-and-adwoa-aboah-inspired-a-hope-ive-never-felt-before-as-a-reader-of-12-years-570917 "Vogue's September issue with Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah inspired a hope I've never felt before as a reader of 12 years"]. [[I newspaper|The ''i'' Newspaper]].</ref><ref>Cambell, Niamh (3 August 2018). [https://evoke.ie/2018/08/03/style/fashion-fix/september-issue-of-vogue-big-deal "Why the September issue of Vogue is always a big deal in the fashion world"]. ''Evoke'' magazine.</ref><ref>Alexander, Ella (1 August 2016). [https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/why-the-september-issue-is-important-in-fashion "Why is the September issue so important to fashion?"]. [[Glamour (magazine)|''Glamour'' Magazine]].</ref>—included portraits of [[Adwoa Aboah]], [[Marcus Rashford]] and 18 other activists associated with the Black Lives Matter movement from around the globe.<ref name="VogueAug20" /> He was assisted by two photographers, Cornelius Walker and Ron Timehin.<ref name="Standard13Aug" /><ref>Warner, Marigold (4 August 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/08/misan-harriman-british-vogue/ “A symphony of activism”: Misan Harriman on his historic Vogue cover]. [[British Journal of Photography]].</ref> In early 2021 Harriman remotely took the photograph used to announce the pregnancy of [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]].<ref>Kelly, Guy (15 February 2021). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/15/misan-harriman-confidante-remotely-photographed-sussexes-baby/ Who is Misan Harriman, the confidante who ‘remotely’ photographed the Sussexes’ baby announcement?]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref>

==Personal life==
Harriman is married and has two children.<ref name="Standard13Aug" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.misanharriman.com}}
*[https://www.whatweseee.com What We Seee]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harriman, Misan}}
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]
[[Category:Fashion photographers]]
[[Category:British portrait photographers]]
[[Category:Nigerian photographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Stubbington House School]]
[[Category:People from Woking]]
[[Category:People from Calabar]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Weruche Opia

2021-03-31T00:51:07Z

BattyBot: /* External links */Removed Category:Year of birth missing (living people) and General fixes

{{notability|date=November 2020}}
'''Reanne Weruche Opia''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ə|ˈ|r|uː|tʃ|eɪ|_|ˈ|oʊ|p|i|ə}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnb5GMNYMfw|title=Weruche Opia On 'I May Destroy You', Sexual Consent And Her Dream Role|work=Elle UK|date=13 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> (born 11 April 1987 in [[Nigeria]]) is a [[British Nigerian|British-Nigerian]] film and stage actress and entrepreneur. She currently serves as CEO of her clothing line, Jesus Junkie Clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yhponline.com/2009/10/05/yhp-interviews-young-entrepreneur-and-ceo-of-jesus-junkie-reanne-weruche-opia/|title=YHP Interviews Young Entrepreneur and CEO of Jesus Junkie, Reanne Weruche Opia.|publisher=Your Hidden Potential|date=5 October 2009|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==Life==
Best known for starring as Cleopatra Ofoedo in the TV series ''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/bad_education/interview/bad_education_girls/|title=Bad Education's girls interview|publisher=British Comedy Guide|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> Weruche was in 2015 nominated in the "Nollywood Actress of the Year" category at the [[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]. In 2018, Opia starred alongside [[Steve Pemberton]] and [[Reece Shearsmith]] in the sixth and final episode of series 4 of ''[[Inside No. 9]]'' titled "Tempting Fate". Opia starred as Terry Pratchard in BBC series ''[[I May Destroy You]]'', which first aired in June 2020.
Opia holds a degree in Drama and Sociology.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.afrinolly.com/celebs/d/851|title=Weruche Opia|work=Afrinolly|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> She is the daughter of veteran Nigerian broadcaster and television host Ruth Benamaisia Opia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ynaija.com/weruche-opia-is-the-next-nigerian-actress-you-should-be-stanning/|title=Weruche Opia is the next Nigerian actress you should be stanning|work=YNaija|date=29 June 2020|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Expand list|date=May 2016}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Film
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! style="width:40px;"| Year
! style="width:250px;"| Film
! style="width:150px;"| Role
! style="width:300px;"| Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Bill]]''
| as Selina Moris
| TV series
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Top Boy]]''
| as Nafisa
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]''
| as Cleopatra
| starred in Series 3
|-
|''[[When Love Happens]]''
| as Mo
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|''[[Banana (TV series)]]''
| as Lilia
| featured in 1 episode
|-
|''[[The Bad Education Movie]]''
| as Cleopatra Ofoedo
|
|-
|''Hot Pepper''
| as Toya
| featured in 1 episode
|-
|''Suspects''
| as Mae Roberts
| featured in 2 episodes
|-
|''Prey'' (IV)
| as Ebele
| short film
|-
| 2016
| ''[[When Love Happens Again]]''
| as Mo
| film sequel
|-
|
| ''[[Thereafter]]''
| as June
|short film
|-
| 2017
| [[Just a couple|Just a Couple]]
| as Melissa
| TV series
|-
| 2018
|''[[Inside No. 9]]''
| as Maz
| featured in 1 episode "Tempting Fate"
|-
| 2019
|''[[Sliced (TV series)|Sliced]]''
| as Naomi
| TV series featured in all 3 episodes
|-
|2020
|''[[I May Destroy You]]''
| as Terry
| TV Series
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Prize
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|[[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]]
|Actress of The Year (Nollywood)
|rowspan="2"|''[[...When Love Happens]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/news/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-2015/|title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees|publisher=OkayAfrica|last=Oneill|first=Danielle|date=15 July 2015|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards|3rd Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Comedy
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html|title=AMVCA 2015 Nominees Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|date=11 December 2014|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[36th Independent Spirit Awards]]
|Best Ensemble Cast in a New Scripted Series (shared with cast)
|''[[I May Destroy You]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warren |first1=Matt |title=2021 Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations Announced! |url=https://www.filmindependent.org/blog/2021-film-independent-spirit-award-nominations-announced/ |website=Film Independent |access-date=6 February 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm4030255|Weruche Opia}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Opia, Weruche}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century British actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]]
[[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]]
[[Category:British businesspeople]]
[[Category:Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Front Cover

2021-01-06T18:31:30Z

BattyBot: /* Release */Removed/fixed incorrect author parameter(s), performed general fixes

{{Infobox film
| name = Front Cover
| image = Front Cover poster.jpg
| director = Ray Yeung
| producer = Kaer Vanice, Chowee Leow, Stan Guingon
| screenplay = Ray Yeung
| starring = Jake Choi, James Chen, Elizabeth Sung, Jennifer Neals Page, Sonia Villani, Li Jun Li, Ming Lee, Benjamin Thys, Tom Ligon
| music = Paul Turner, Darren Morze
| cinematography = Eun-ah Lee
| editing = Joseph Gutowski
| distributor = Strand Releasing
| released = {{Film date|2015|05|28|Seattle International Film Festival}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = United States
}}
'''''Front Cover''''' is a 2015 Chinese drama romance film written and directed by [[Ray Yeung]]. The story follows Ryan Fu, a gay Chinese American fashion stylist ([[Jake Choi]]), who rejects his ethnic heritage, who is assigned to style Ning ([[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]]), an ostensibly heterosexual patriotic actor from Beijing. ''Front Cover'' received mostly positive critical reception and received awards from festivals such as San Diego Outfest, Boston Asian American Film Festival, and Outflix Film Festival.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=FRONT COVER WILL COMPETE AT THE CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL|url=https://www.frontcoverthemovie.com/2015/09/25/front-cover-will-compete-at-the-chicago-international-film-festival/|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Front Cover'' tells the story of Ryan Fu, a gay Chinese American who rejects his Asian heritage and has learnt to suppress it to climb up the social ladder. Through talent and hard work he has attained his dream job as an assistant to Francesca, a celebrity fashion stylist. One day Francesca assigns Ryan to style Ning, an actor who has just arrived from Beijing, for a top magazine photo shoot. Ning dismisses Ryan's initial Western styling and demands Ryan creates an image for him which represents the power of the new China. Their opinions clash resulting in a strained working relationship.

Over the following days, they socialize whilst working together and discover not only do they share a lot in common, a mutual attraction begins to develop. As they get closer Ryan reveals that he detests his Chinese heritage because he is ashamed of his impoverished upbringing. Ning also opens up and confesses that he is closeted. As they fall in love, a Chinese tabloid magazine exposes Ning as gay. Terrified of the impact it will have on his career, Ning begs Ryan to lie for him at a press conference. Ryan must now decide whether to help Ning or stay true to himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/front-cover-2016|title=Front Cover movie review & film summary (2016) |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |website=RogerEbert.com |language=en |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jake Choi]] as Ryan Fu
*[[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]] as Qi Xiao Ning
* [[Elizabeth Sung]] as Yen Fu
*Jennifer Neala Page as Janet
* Sonia Villani as Francesca
*[[Li Jun Li]] as Miao
*Ming Lee as Ba
*Benjamin Thys as James
*[[Tom Ligon]] as Gus LaMar

== Release ==
''Front Cover'' premiered in 2015 at the [[Seattle International Film Festival]].

[[Strand Releasing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tiff-2015-ray-yeungs-front-822582|title=TIFF: Ray Yeung's 'Front Cover' Goes to Strand Releasing|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> and Edko Films Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/busan-edko-films-snags-cover-rights-1201609019/|title=Busan: Edko Films Snags ‘Cover’ Rights|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=2015-10-03|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> acquired USA and Hong Kong distribution rights. It was released in the US in August 2016 and in Hong Kong in October 2016.

== Reception ==
''Front Cover'' holds an 82% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Front Cover (2016)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/front_cover_2016|language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Godfrey Cheshire of [[RogerEbert.com]] described it as, "A skillfully written and acted gay love story about two young men of Chinese ancestry...The transition from distrust to wary friendship to something more passionate in a movie like this depends a lot on the writing, and Yeung’s is subtle and assured, tracing an emotional arc that’s believably nuanced."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/front-cover-2016|title=Front Cover movie review & film summary (2016) {{!}} Roger Ebert|last=Cheshire|first=Godfrey|website=rogerebert.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> Robyn Bahr of the [[The Village Voice|''Village Voice'']] described it as a "sexy, ambitious queer rom-com(ish) drama."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/08/02/queer-rom-comish-drama-front-cover-is-an-ambitious-breakthrough/|title=Queer Rom-Com(ish) Drama ‘Front Cover’ Is an Ambitious Breakthrough |website=The Village Voice |access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Jeannette Catsoulis reviewed the movie for the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' and called the film a "sensitive, decorous and buffed by Eun-ah Lee’s warm photography."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/movies/front-cover-review.html|title=Review: In ‘Front Cover,’ Struggling for Self-Acceptance|last=Catsoulis|first=Jeannette|date=2016-08-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

=== Awards ===

*Best Screenplay, FilmOut San Diego Film Festival, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmoutsandiego.com/2016-festival-awards.htm|title=FilmOut San Diego Sponsors|website=filmoutsandiego.com|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Jury Award Best Domestic Feature, Outflix Film Festival Memphis, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outmemphis.org/outflix-2016-award-winners/|title=Outflix 2016 Award Winners!|last=OUTMemphis|date=2016-09-16|website=OUTMemphis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Audience Award for Best Narrative Film, [[Boston Asian American Film Festival]], 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004211/2016/1/|title=Boston Asian American Film Festival (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Best Full Feature, Serile Filmului Gay International Film Festival Romania, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002866/2016/1/|title=Serile Filmului Gay International Film Festival, Romania (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Best Actor ([[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]]), Australia Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival, 2017<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/event/golden-koala-chinese-film-festival-2017|title=Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival 2017|work=Concrete Playground|access-date=2018-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nominations ===

* New American Cinema Award, [[Seattle International Film Festival]], 2015<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=SEATTLE INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCES AUDIENCE & COMPETITION AWARDS|url=https://www.siff.net/media/press/press-releases/awards-2015|access-date=2019-11-09|website=siff.net|language=en}}</ref>
* Q Hugo Award, [[Chicago International Film Festival]], 2015<ref name=":3" />
* Best Director, Australia Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival, 2017<ref name=":0" />
* Best Film,Australia Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival, 2017<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3185602}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|front_cover_2016}}
* {{Official website|https://www.frontcoverthemovie.com}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Chinese-American films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]

Wutraum

2020-04-26T00:15:49Z

BattyBot: Removed/fixed incorrect author parameter(s), performed general fixes

{{redirect|Anger room|the company in Texas|Anger Room}}
A '''rage room''', also known as a '''smash room''' or '''anger room''', is a business where people can vent their [[Rage (emotion)|rage]] by destroying objects within a room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/rage-rooms-where-americans-go-to-take-out-their-frustrations-713958979607?v=railb&|title='Rage Rooms': Where Americans Go to Take Out Their Frustrations|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/11/11/rage-rooms-what-might-surprise-you-growing-trend/1754653002/|title=Rage rooms: Why recreational smashing could be good for your mental health|publisher=}}</ref>

Rage rooms may consist of fake living rooms and kitchens with replicas of furnishings and objects such as televisions and desks. The company may allow clients to bring their own possessions to destroy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/anger-room-texas-stressed-customers-smash-tvs-junk/story?id=16315732|title=Stressed Out? Enter the 'Anger Room'|date=10 May 2012|website=ABC News}}</ref>

The first rage rooms to open were likely in Japan in 2008 or earlier.<ref name="vice">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/4xyqbm/a-look-inside-rage-rooms-where-you-de-stress-by-smashing-things-en-id|title=A Look Inside 'Rage Rooms,' Where You De-Stress by Smashing Things|website=VICE|accessdate=2018-11-12}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3909595/Stressed-Japanese-workers-smash-plates-to-ease-recession-blues.html|title=Stressed Japanese workers smash plates to ease recession blues|website=Telegraph|accessdate=2018-11-12}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliewu/2016/10/30/all-the-rage-scream-and-anger-rooms-are-boiling-up-around-the-world/#1b8ea1731ef1|website=forbes.com|title=All The Rage: Scream and Anger Rooms Are Boiling Up Around The World|accessdate=2018-11-12}}</ref> The concept spread to other countries, such as Serbia, England, and Argentina. Today, there are hundreds of rage rooms in cities in the United States such as [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], Ogden and [[American Fork, Utah|American Fork]].<ref name="usatoday.com"/>

==Effectiveness==
In January 2017, a study led by [[Michael Stevens (educator)|Michael Stevens]] on rage rooms showed that they are not effective in controlling anger, and in some cases, may actually make participants more angry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zD68reVP0Ek|date=January 25, 2017|title=Destruction - Mind Field (Ep. 3)|website=YouTube}}</ref>

In an article published in July 2019, [[Dr. John Huber a (clinical forensic psychologist)]] on rage rooms stated "Therapy is very beneficial all the way around. I think this is a stopgap. I think if you use it in conjunction with therapy this would be great" <ref>{{cite web|url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/tx/austin/news/2019/07/04/new-kyle-business-offers-rage-relief--|date=July 4, 2019|title=New Kyle Business offers Rage Relief}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
Viral tweet brings smashing success to new Fort Worth [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cIUXatp1gw rage room biz].

[[Category:Recreation]]
[[Category:Leisure activities]]
[[Category:Rage]]

Rashid Buttar

2020-04-06T22:12:39Z

BattyBot: Fixed URL error(s), General fixes

{{short description|American physician}}
'''Rashid Buttar''' is an American [[Osteopathy|osteopathic]] physician from [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. His work is being critiqued by many scholars in the world. He is known for his controversial use of [[chelation therapy]] for numerous conditions, including [[autism]] and [[cancer]].<ref name=abc>{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/desiree-jennings-fake-muscle-disorder/story?id=11228285&singlePage=true | title=Medical Mystery or Hoax: Did Cheerleader Fake a Muscle Disorder? | work=ABC News | date=23 July 2010 | accessdate=31 March 2015 | author=Avila, Jim}}</ref> He has been reprimanded by the [[North Carolina Board of Medical Examiners]] for unethical treatment of patients.<ref name=skepdic/> His website, Centers for Advanced Medicine, offers treatment for issues such as "general detoxification" and "age management," among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centers for Advanced Medicine (Services) |url=http://centersforadvancedmedicine.com/ |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, he released a multipart video, "COVID-19 Virus Conspiracy?" suggesting that coronavirus was being used to distract from toxic emissions by industries and companies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Buttar |first1=Rashid |title=COVID 19 Virus Conspiracy? |url=http://www.youtube.com/user/drbuttar/videos |website=YouTube.com |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref>

According to his bio, Buttar was born in London in 1966 and immigrated with his parents to the U.S. at the age of 9. He attended [[Washington University]], graduating with a degree in biology and theology, and then earned his degree in osteopathy at [[Des Moines University]]. He worked as a surgeon with the U.S. Army for several years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Is Dr. Buttar to Make Such Promises? |url=http://www.buildasuccessfullife.com/presenterinfo.htm |website=Build a Successful Life |publisher=Rashid A. Buttar |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref> He came to public attention in 2009 when he used chelation therapy on a woman named [[Desiree Jennings]], who claimed to have lost her ability to walk or talk normally after receiving a [[flu shot]].<ref name=abc/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/10/there-is-no-alternative-medicine/379342/ | title=There Is No "Alternative Medicine" | work=The Atlantic | date=17 September 2014 | accessdate=31 March 2015 | author=Hamblin, James}}</ref> He has been criticized for his use of chelation,<ref name=abc/> and for his use of intravenous [[hydrogen peroxide]] to treat cancer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/18/book-raises-alarms-about-alternative-medicine/2429385/ | title=Book raises alarms about alternative medicine | work=USA Today | date=18 June 2013 | accessdate=31 March 2015 | author=Szabo, Liz}}</ref>

In 2007, Buttar was charged by the North Carolina Board of Medical Examiners with unethical treatment of four cancer patients, resulting in their deaths, after promising them a "100% success rate."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQJ9AgAAQBAJ | title=Defeating Autism: A Damaging Delusion | publisher=Routledge | author=Fitzpatrick, Michael | year=2008 | pages=63–64}}</ref> The Board banned him from treating children and cancer patients.<ref name=skepdic>{{cite web|title=Rashid Buttar - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com|url=http://skepdic.com/buttar.html|website=skepdic.com}}</ref> He has been sued for fraud.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rashid Buttar Sued for Fraud|url=https://www.casewatch.net/civil/buttar/complaint.shtml|website=www.casewatch.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rashid Buttar Charged with Unprofessional Conduct|url=https://www.casewatch.net/board/med/buttar/complaint.shtml|website=www.casewatch.net|date=}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-north-carolina-board-of-medical-examiners-dr-rashid-buttar-and-protecting-the-public-from-practitioners-of-non-science-based-medicine/ The North Carolina Board of Medical Examiners, Dr. Rashid Buttar, and protecting the public from practitioners of non-science-based medicine]. [[Science-Based Medicine]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buttar, Rashid}}
[[Category:Alternative cancer treatment advocates]]
[[Category:American osteopathic physicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Physicians from North Carolina]]
[[Category:Pseudoscientific diet advocates]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{US-med-bio-stub}}

High Capacity Metro Train

2020-02-16T14:44:00Z

BattyBot: /* Design */Fixed CS1 errors: dates and general fixes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox train
|background =
|name = High Capacity Metro Trains
|image = High Capacity Metro Trains scale model.jpg
|imagealt =
|imagesize = 300px
|caption = Scale model at [[Birrarung Marr]]
|service =
|manufacturer = [[Downer Rail]] [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]]
|factory = [[Changchun]], China [[Newport Workshops]] (final assembly)
|family =
|yearconstruction = 2018–present
|yearservice = mid-2020 (projected)
|refurbishment =
|yearscrapped =
|numberconstruction= 65
|numberbuilt = 4
|numberservice =
|numberpreserved =
|numberscrapped =
|formation = 7 cars (driving trailer, 2 motors, trailer, 2 motors, driving trailer)
|fleetnumbers =
|capacity = 502 (seated) 1,800 (crush)
|operator = [[Metro Trains Melbourne]]
|depots = [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham East]] Calder Park
|lines = [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham]] [[Cranbourne railway line|Cranbourne]] (on introduction) [[Sunbury railway line|Sunbury]] (after Metro Tunnel opening)
|carbody =
|trainlength = {{convert|160|m|ft}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transport.vic.gov.au/our-projects/high-capacity-metro-trains/|title=High Capacity Metro Trains {{!}} Transport for Victoria|website=transport.vic.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
|carlength =
|width =
|height =
|floorheight ={{cvt|1170|mm|in}}
|platformheight =
|entrylevelorstep =Level
|doors =3 per carriage per side
|art-sections =
|maxspeed =130 km/h (81 mph)
|weight =316.9 tonnes
|acceleration =
|deceleration =
|traction =
|engine =
|poweroutput =
|transmission =
|aux =
|powersupply =
|hvac =
|electricsystem = 1,500 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|catenary]]
|collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
|uicclass =
|aarwheels =
|bogies =
|brakes =
|safety =
|coupling =[[Scharfenberg coupler]]
|multipleworking =
|gauge = {{RailGauge|1600mm}}
|replaced=[[Comeng (train)|Comeng]] (projected)}}

The '''High Capacity Metro Trains''' are a fleet of [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) trains on order for use by [[Metro Trains Melbourne]] on the [[Melbourne rail network]]. They are due to enter service in mid-2020 and will eventually become the primary rollingstock used in the [[Melbourne Metro Rail Project|Metro Rail Tunnel]] when it opens in 2025. The HCMTs will carry around 1400 passengers in 7 carriages, running on Melbourne's 1500 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[overhead catenary]] system, and will be the most advanced trains in the Metro Trains fleet when they are introduced. A consortium of investors and rail companies is constructing the trains in China and Australia via a contract with the [[Victorian Government]], in addition to upgrade works necessary for the operation of the trains.

==History==
===Background===
The previous major procurement of rollingstock for the [[Railways in Melbourne|Melbourne rail network]] occurred in 2003, when franchisees [[M-Train|M>Train]] and [[Connex Melbourne|Connex]] ordered 62 [[Siemens Nexas]] [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs) and 58 [[X'Trapolis 100]] EMUs respectively, as part of their franchise agreements to replace older [[Hitachi (Australian train)|Hitachi trains]].<ref name="Siemens PR">{{cite web|title=Siemens Transportation Systems wins major contract in Australia|url=http://www.siemens.com/page/1,3771,226112-1-18_0_0-0,00.html|website=Siemens Transportation Systems|publisher=Siemens AG|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122043434/http://www.siemens.com/page/1,3771,226112-1-18_0_0-0,00.html|archivedate=22 November 2005|location=Munich|date=1 April 2000}}</ref><ref name="DPC PR 2002">{{cite web|title=X'Trapolis Welcomed To Melbourne's Railways|url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/11f92c2160b6c533ca256c93007bbcaf?OpenDocument|website=Media Release from the Minister for Public Transport|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717164206/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/11f92c2160b6c533ca256c93007bbcaf?OpenDocument|archivedate=17 July 2005|date=18 December 2002}}</ref> However, the Siemens units suffered major braking issues over the following decade, causing their repeated withdrawal from service;<ref name="Age Jan 2010">{{cite news|last1=Sexton|first1=Reid|title=Siemens trains the biggest cause of rail delays|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/siemens-trains-the-biggest-cause-of-rail-delays-20100130-n5jo.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=31 January 2010}}</ref> when the [[Government of Victoria|State Government]] tendered for 18 further 6-carriage trains in 2007, it restricted bids to the previous two models ordered and awarded the contract to Alstom.<ref name="DPC PR 2007">{{cite web|title=18 More Trains Ordered For Metropolitan Rail System|url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/7180e6f43c8354ecca2573ba0080658e!OpenDocument|website=Media Release from the Minister for Public Transport|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019174552/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/7180e6f43c8354ecca2573ba0080658e!OpenDocument|archivedate=19 October 2009|date=21 December 2007}}</ref> Several further orders were placed for X'Trapolis trains over the next 10 years.

The Public Transport Development Authority (later branded as [[Public Transport Victoria]] or PTV) was created in 2011 by the state government under Premier [[Ted Baillieu]] with the intent of, among other things, running major studies into the operation of the metropolitan rail network.<ref name="Age PTV creation">{{cite news|last1=Lucas|first1=Clay|title=Comeback for Kennett-era transport chief|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/comeback-for-kennettera-transport-chief-20110823-1j8hu.html|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=The Age|date=24 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Network Development Plan Metropolitan Rail]], released publicly in early 2013 in the partial fulfilment of this objective, was designed as a series of concrete proposals for the expansion and consolidation of the rail network over the following 20 years.<ref name="Age NDPMR">{{cite news|last1=Gough|first1=Deborah|title=Major rail projects expected in 20 years|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/major-rail-projects-expected-in-20-years-20130326-2gt8r.html|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=The Age|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> The NDPMR's first stage, intended to be completed before 2016, acknowledged the need for an interim solution of several more X'Trapolis trains to overcome major constraints,{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=7}} as well as recommending the internal reconfiguration of Siemens and [[Comeng (train)|Comeng]] trains to increase capacity,{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=72}} but identified the provision of new rollingstock as critical to the cost-effective use of existing railway infrastructure.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=34}}

Among the deficiencies of existing rollingstock noted by the NDPMR were "multi-purpose" designs intended to strike a balance between [[commuter rail]] and [[rapid transit|metro]] operations, and the failure of existing trains to use the entire length of metropolitan [[railway platform|platforms]].{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=34}} The NDPMR rejected [[Bilevel rail car|double-deck trains]] on the basis that they would increase [[Dwell time (transportation)|dwell time]] at crowded stations, and argued that 220-metre trains, formed by operating the existing 3-car sets as 9-car trains, would require extensive and prohibitively expensive infrastructure works, particularly in the [[City Loop]]. Instead, it recommended the procurement of single-level trains with a fixed number of cars, increased standing room and a length of {{convert|153|m|ft}}, with the capacity for expansion to {{cvt|220|m|ft}} upon the opening of the [[Melbourne Metro Rail Project|Melbourne Metro tunnel]]. The NDPMR envisaged these trains with a maximum capacity of 1100 and 1600 passengers respectively.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=35}}

The NDPMR envisaged that these high-capacity trains would completely replace the Comeng fleet by 2032, and be used primarily on the [[Sunshine railway station, Melbourne|Sunshine]]–[[Dandenong railway station|Dandenong]] line created by the Melbourne Metro. Furthermore, it identified the need for the new trains to include [[cab signalling]] to reduce the [[headway]] required between trains, and for the construction of new maintenance facilities at several points on the network.{{sfn|NDPMR|2012|p=137}}

Prior to the [[2014 Victorian election]], then premier [[Denis Napthine]] promised an order of 25 HCMTs if his incumbent [[Liberal-National Coalition]] government was returned for a second term.<ref name="Age Mar 2014">{{cite news|last1=Dowling|first1=Jason|title=Transport boost with 25 new trains for Cranbourne, Pakenham lines|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/transport-boost-with-25-new-trains-for-cranbourne-pakenham-lines-20140306-3492j.html|accessdate=7 December 2017|work=The Age|date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

===Order and design phase===
In June 2015, the new [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] [[Government of Victoria|Victorian Government]] under Premier [[Daniel Andrews]] announced that expressions of interest would be requested for 37 new trains to be delivered and maintained for the Melbourne rail network.<ref name="Age June 2015">{{cite news|last1=Preiss|first1=Benjamin|title=Andrews government to spend $1.3b on high-capacity trains|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/andrews-government-to-spend-13b-on-highcapacity-trains-20150629-gi0ek0.html|accessdate=7 December 2017|work=The Age|date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

In November 2015, three consortia were shortlisted to build and maintain 37 trains:<ref name="RG Nov 2015">{{cite news|title=Three shortlisted for Melbourne’s High Capacity Metro Trains contract|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/three-shortlisted-for-melbournes-high-metro-capacity-trains-contract.html|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette|date=13 November 2015|language=en}}</ref>
*Bombardier: [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Macquarie Bank]], [[Itochu]] & Infrared Capital Partners
*Eureka Rail: [[Alstom]], [[Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ]] & [[John Laing Group|John Laing]]
*Evolution Rail: [[Downer Rail]], [[Changchun Railway Vehicles]] & [[Plenary Group]]

In March 2016 the order was increased to 65.<ref name="RG Mar 2016">{{cite news|title=Melbourne high capacity train order increased|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/melbourne-high-capacity-train-order-increased.html|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette|date=15 March 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2016 the contract was awarded to the Evolution Rail consortium. New depots to maintain the trains will be built in [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham East]] and [[Calder Park, Victoria|Calder Park]].<ref name="VicPrem Sep 2016">{{cite web|title=1,100 Jobs With 65 New Trains Built In Victoria, For Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/1100-jobs-with-65-new-trains-built-in-victoria-for-victoria/|website=Premier of Victoria|accessdate=29 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129115013/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/1100-jobs-with-65-new-trains-built-in-victoria-for-victoria/|archivedate=29 November 2017|date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="RG Sep 2016">{{cite news|title=Evolution Rail to supply Melbourne high capacity EMUs|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/evolution-rail-to-supply-melbourne-high-capacity-emus.html|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette|date=12 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> By September of the following year, a full-scale mock-up of two carriages had been constructed and was presented to Minister for Public Transport [[Jacinta Allan]].<ref name="RG Sep 2017">{{cite news|title=CRRC presents Melbourne EMU mock-up|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/crrc-presents-melbourne-emu-mock-up-1.html|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette|date=7 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> The mock-up was made available to [[train driver|drivers]], technicians, representatives of the [[Public Transport Users Association]] and passenger groups including the visually impaired and those with physical disabilities. The Evolution Rail consortium noted that this last stage in the design process marked the fulfilment of the project's first major contractual obligation.<ref name="RG Nov 2017">{{cite news|title=High Capacity Metro Train mock-up supports design process|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/high-capacity-metro-train-mock-up-supports-design-process.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=Railway Gazette|date=25 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In late 2017, the Locomotive Division of the [[Australian Rail Tram and Bus Union (Victorian branch)|Victorian Rail Tram and Bus Union]] lodged proceedings in the [[Federal Court of Australia]] against Metro Trains, claiming that the consortium, government and Metro planned to introduce a lower standard of training for operators of the HCMT. It furthermore refused to support the implementation of the new rollingstock unless all electric train drivers were trained in the operation of the HCMT.<ref name="LL Sep 17">{{cite news|last1=Marotta|first1=Marc|title=Secretary's Report|url=http://www.rtbuvicloco.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/LocoLines-Edition-69-SEP-2017.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=LocoLines|issue=69|publisher=RTBU Victorian Locomotive Division|date=September 2017|pages=3–7}}</ref> Among the union's objections to the project are the necessary changes in work practice and the increased automation of certain processes.<ref name="Age Nov 2017" /> This followed criticism by the [[Australian Workers' Union]] of the decision to award the contract to Evolution Rail instead of Bombardier, the latter of which had an established manufacturing operation in [[Dandenong]].<ref name="HS Aug 2016" /> The government announced the awarding of several subcontracts for the project in December.<ref name="PR Dec 2017">{{cite web|title=Melbourne’s Bigger Trains Creating Jobs Boom|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbournes-bigger-trains-creating-jobs-boom/|website=Premier of Victoria|accessdate=13 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083407/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbournes-bigger-trains-creating-jobs-boom/|archivedate=13 December 2017|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>

The mockup carriages used for the consultation phase were placed on public display at [[Birrarung Marr]] from 9–17 February 2018. The display concluded during Melbourne's [[White Night festivals|White Night]] event with a light show.<ref name="PR Feb 2018">{{cite web|title=Melbourne, Meet Your New Train|url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-meet-your-new-train/|website=Premier of Victoria|accessdate=11 March 2018|date=7 February 2018}}</ref>

By June that year, manufacturing had commenced, with the first body shells arriving at Newport Workshops from CRRC's facility in China.<ref name="RE Jun 2018">{{cite news |last1=Loneragan |first1=David |title=New high capacity trains being assembled in Melbourne – Rail Express |url=https://www.railexpress.com.au/new-high-capacity-trains-being-assembled-in-melbourne/ |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=Rail Express |date=14 June 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The HCMTs were expected to begin testing in November 2018 and enter passenger service on the [[Cranbourne railway line|Cranbourne]] and [[Pakenham railway line|Pakenham]] lines in 2019.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} But as of August 2019, the trains have yet to enter the testing phase with a mid-2020 date now expected for the beginning of revenue service.<ref name="9NewsMelb Aug 2019">{{cite news|title=Twelve month delay for Melbourne's new $2.3 billion high-capacity trains|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/news-melbourne-twelve-month-delay-for-melbourne-s-new-23-billion-high-capacity-trains/56c115c7-c7a8-4b37-8d4d-18c289045a73|work=9News Melbourne|date=9 August 2019|language=en}}</ref>

==Contract and construction==
The trains are being delivered as a [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) between the State of Victoria and Evolution Rail Pty Ltd, under the Partnerships Victoria agency. The initial contract specified that the consortium would be responsible for the design, construction and delivery of 65 trains, as well as the construction of a heavy maintenance facility and depot in Pakenham East, the construction of a light maintenance facility in Calder Park, and the provision of two [[train simulator|simulators]] for driver training. It also stated that the consortium would be responsible for the maintenance of the HCMTs throughout their lifetime, as well as the operation and maintenance of the depots and simulators over the same time frame.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=5}}

{{anchor|Evolution Rail}}
Evolution Rail is a [[consortium]] composed of [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles]], [[Downer Rail]] and [[Plenary Group]].<ref name="HS Aug 2016">{{cite news|last1=Galloway|first1=Anthony|title=Problems with trains of Chinese company bidding for Victorian contract|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/problems-with-trains-of-chinese-company-bidding-for-victorian-contract/news-story/57bc1a1bec6a3eb960a764a61138103c|accessdate=7 December 2017|work=Herald Sun|date=24 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>

[[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles|Changchun Railway Vehicles]] (CRRC) is leading the development and design for the HCMTs, and is manufacturing the train bodies as a [[joint venture]] with Downer Rail. 60% of construction is "local content" from a Victorian manufacturing [[supply chain]]. Downer leads the delivery and maintenance of the sets, as well as the construction of the new rail yard facilities.<ref name="Plenary fact sheet">{{cite web|title=High Capacity Metro Trains|url=https://plenarygroup.com/assets/downloads/factsheets/plenary-HCMT-factsheet-.pdf|publisher=Plenary Group|accessdate=7 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> Frames for [[bogie]]s will be manufactured by Hoffman Engineering in [[Bendigo]].<ref name="BA Nov 2017">{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Adam|title=Hofmann Engineering sheds 15 staff in Bendigo|url=http://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/5064181/hofmann-engineering-sheds-15-staff-in-bendigo/|accessdate=20 November 2017|work=Bendigo Advertiser|date=17 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> The Australian arm of [[Times Electric]] is manufacturing the [[traction motor]]s and other electrical systems in [[Morwell, Victoria|Morwell]], and SIGMA Air Conditioning is building the [[heating]] and [[cooling]] systems in [[Derrimut, Victoria|Derrimut]].<ref name="PR Dec 2017" /> Assembly of [[wheelset (rail transport)|wheel sets]] and [[bogie]]s is being performed by Downer at [[Newport Workshops]]. Plenary Group is responsible for the financial management of the project, and the debt is financed by a group of [[Investment banking|investment banks]] led by [[Westpac]].{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=19}}

The contract did not prescribe specific design elements of the HCMTs, but required that the design fulfil a number of objectives, centred on the provision of a "safe and comfortable journey for passengers".{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=6}}

The total value of the PPP is around $2.3 billion.<ref name="Age Nov 2017">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|title=Union signals rough ride for rollout of government's high-capacity trains|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/union-signals-rough-ride-for-rollout-of-governments-highcapacity-trains-20170609-gwo9jm.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=12 June 2017}}</ref>

==Design==
The HCMT will be based on the Type A design used by Changchun Railway Vehicles.<ref name="RG Nov 2017" /> The trains will have seven carriages initially, with a total passenger capacity of 1,380.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}} However, provision will be made for the trains to be extended to 10 carriages for a capacity of more than 1,970.<ref name="Age May 2017">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|title=2000 people per train: Metro's standing room-only future revealed|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/2000-people-per-train-metros-standing-roomonly-future-revealed-20170528-gwettp.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=The Age|date=29 May 2017}}</ref> An [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] nose cone and retractable cover for the [[Coupler (railroad)|couplers]] at each end of the trains has been designed to reduce the incidence of [[train surfing]] when the HCMTs are in operation.<ref name="9News Aug 2017">{{cite news|last1=Lund|first1=Andrew|title=New high-capacity trains to curb dangerous train surfing in Melbourne|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/2017/08/28/20/53/victoria-introduces-new-metro-trains|accessdate=7 December 2017|work=9 News|date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

Approximately 30–40% of passengers will be seated when the train is at full capacity. The standing areas of the train will offer multiple types of straps and handles for the safety of standing passengers, and wide doors for rapid ingress and egress from these areas. As well as 70 [[Passenger information display system|passenger information displays]] (PIDs) in each train, [[wifi]] connection will be available throughout the passenger areas.<ref name="Broadsheet May 2017">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Steffanie|title=65 New High-Capacity Trains Will be Added to the Melbourne Network|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/melbourne/city-file/standing-only-future-metro-trains|accessdate=19 April 2018|work=Broadsheet|date=29 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> The PIDs will show the next station, current time, and the train's location on an adapted rail map. Displays on the front and sides of the train will indicate its destination.<ref name="PTUA mockup">{{cite web|title=Inside Melbourne’s new trains|url=https://www.ptua.org.au/2017/10/06/inside-melb-new-trains/|publisher=Public Transport Users Association|accessdate=30 November 2017|language=en-AU}}</ref> Twenty-eight wheelchair spaces and wide aisles between seats will enable easy access for passengers with disabilities.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=9}}<ref name="Age May 2017" />

A number of semi-automated features will be implemented in the HCMT design, including the capacity for low-speed [[Shunting (rail)|shunting]] by remote control and for trains to be started without a driver present. The trains will also automatically estimate the passenger load, and the reading can be accessed remotely.<ref name="Age May 2017" /> Furthermore, the HCMTs will include "stopping aids" to improve the accuracy of train arrivals at platforms. Drivers will also have the capacity to open individual doors on the trains.{{sfn|DEDJTR|2017|p=13}}

 
{| class="wikitable"
|+HCMT Rollingstock Configuration<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documentportal.metrotrains.com.au/engineeringdocs/Engineering%20Documents/[NC%206]%20L1-CHE-MAN-016.pdf|title=WTT NETWORK CONFIGURATION: METRO ROLLING STOCK|last=|first=|date=|website=Metro Trains Document Portal|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>
!Class and Configuration Description of Vehicle
!Max Speed (km/h)
!Mass Rating (Tonnes)
!Passenger Seating
!Length of Vehicle (metres)
!Number of Vehicles/Vehicle Numbers
|-
|'''Tc -''' Trailer Car with Cab
|130
|46.634
|62
|24.648
|'''130 vehicles''' Vehicle Numbers 9001-9065 9901-9965
|-
|'''DMp -''' Motor car with pantograph, Inter car door, 1 Sanded axles
|130
|45.068
|70
|22.180
|'''130 vehicles''' Vehicle Numbers 9101-9165 9801-9865
|-
|'''Mp1 -''' Motor car with pantograph, No inter car door, 2 Sanded axles
|130
|46.111
|80
|22.180
|'''65 vehicles''' Vehicle Numbers 9201-9265
|-
|'''DT -''' Trailer Car with inter-car door
|130
|41.332
|78
|22.180
|'''65 vehicles''' Vehicle Numbers 9301-9365
|-
|'''Mp2 -''' Motor car with pantograph, No inter car door, 2 Sanded axles
|130
|46.111
|80
|22.180
|'''65 vehicles''' Vehicle Numbers 9701-9765
|}
This configuration makes up a 7 Car HCMT Consist of Tc-DMp-Mp1-DT-Mp2-DMp-Tc

==See also==
*[[Sydney Trains A & B sets]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=Network Development Plan – Metropolitan Rail|date=December 2012|publisher=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|url=https://static.ptv.vic.gov.au/siteassets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Metro-rail-network-development-plan/PTV_Network-Development-Plan_Metropolitan-Rail_2016update.pdf|accessdate=29 November 2017|ref={{sfnref|NDPMR|2012}}}}
*{{cite book|title=High Capacity Metro Trains Project: Project Summary|date=February 2017|publisher=[[Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources]]|url=http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1433876/HCMT_Project-Summary.pdf|accessdate=29 November 2017|ref={{sfnref|DEDJTR|2017}}|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520012442/http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1433876/HCMT_Project-Summary.pdf|archivedate=20 May 2017|df=}}


{{VRLocos|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Changchun Railway Vehicles]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Melbourne rail rollingstock]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in Australia]]

König von Toraigh

2019-05-09T02:57:32Z

BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, removed orphan tag

{{Infobox official post
|post = King
|body = Tory
|native_name = {{native name|ga|Rí Thoraigh}}
|image =
|imagesize =
|incumbent = Vacant
|incumbentsince = 19 October 2018
|residence = [[Tory Island]]
}}
[[File:Kingoftory.jpg|thumb|Patsaí Dan Mac Ruaidhrí, King until his death on 19 October 2018]]
The '''King of Tory''' ([[Irish language|Irish]]: ''[[Rí]] Thoraí'') is a customary title used by inhabitants of the island of [[Tory Island|Tory]] off the coast of [[County Donegal]], Ireland. The title was last claimed by Dublin-born [[Patsy Dan Rodgers]] (Irish: ''Patsaí Dan Mac Ruaidhrí''), who died in Dublin after a battle with cancer in October 2018.<ref name="irishtimes">{{cite web|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/king-of-tory-island-patsy-dan-rodgers-dies-aged-74-1.3670529 | publisher = Irish Times | date = 20 October 2018 | title = ‘King of Tory Island’ Patsy Dan Rodgers dies aged 74 | accessdate = 22 October 2018 }}</ref>

==History==
The history of the kings goes back at least as far as the 6th century,<ref name="independent1">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/irelands-monarch-of-the-isle-612371.html | title=Ireland's monarch of the isle | work=The Independent on Sunday | date=29 December 2002 | accessdate=31 August 2012 | author=Nurden, Robert}}</ref> if not as long as 5,000 years ago.<ref name="mirror1">{{cite news | title=NO drugs in my land warns King of Tory | work=Sunday Mirror | date=30 March 2003 | author=Carton, Donna}}</ref> It has been suggested that some of the pre-historical kings included [[Conand (mythology)|Conand]] and [[Balor]]. During the 1800s the Heggerty/Heraghty/Herrity family supplied the kings; however, the role of king is no longer hereditary. The role usually entails being a representative for the island to outsiders. In 1995 it was reported that the current king personally greeted every incoming ferry from the mainland.<ref name="milwaukee1">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8YxQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5397,4623689|title=Tory Island - Ireland Slightly Removed|last=Haubert|first=Peg|date=16 March 1995|work=Milwaukee Sentinel|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="fox1">{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin|authorlink=Robin Fox|title=Participant Observer: Memoir of a Transatlantic Life|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=2004|page=266|isbn=0765802384|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flwHSf5qD-4C&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="fox2">{{cite book | title=The Tory Islanders: A people of the Celtic fringe | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Fox, Robin | authorlink=Robin Fox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymk5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false | year=1978 | page=55 | isbn=0521292980}}</ref><ref name="irishamerica">{{cite web | url=http://irishamerica.com/2011/02/tory-island-rugged-beauty-pirate-past/ | title=Tory Island: Rugged Beauty, Pirate Past | work=Irish America | date=February–March 2011 | accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref>

It is the only extant kingship in Ireland.<ref name="tourismireland">{{cite press_release | url=http://www.tourismirelandinfo.com/newsroom/display.php?id=384 | title=DISCOVER THE RUGGED BEAUTY OF TORY ISLAND THIS SUMMER | publisher=Tourism Ireland | date=15 March 2012 | accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref>

==Current king==
No king has been nominated since Patsy Dan Rodgers's death in October 2018.

==Previous kings==
Patsy Dan Rodgers became King of Tory in 1993,<ref name="abc1">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-30/irish-island-saved-by-art/457726|title=Irish island saved by art|date=30 July 2008|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> and held the title and role until his passing in October 2018.<ref name="irishtimes"/> Rodgers was an artist and musician and in his role as king welcomed visitors to the island, entertained them with music and tales of island life.

Rodgers was born in Dublin in 1944 and only adopted into Tory when he was four, but the Rodgers family claims a connection to the island of over 3,400 years, and the holder of the title prior to Patsy Dan Rodgers was Padraig Óg Rodgers.<ref name="irishtimes"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Irish kings]]
[[Category:Tory Island]]

Rilès

2019-04-16T03:20:20Z

BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, removed orphan tag

'''Rilès Kacimi''' ({{IPA-fr|ʁilɛs kasimi}}) born January 4, 1996, better known by his [[stage name]] '''Rilès''', is a French-Algerian [[Rapping|rapper]], [[songwriter]], [[composer]] and [[record producer]] from [[Rouen]]. Although he is Algerian/French his songs are written and sing in [[English language|English]]. This was a choice he made when he first began his career, as his parents did not want him to pursue a music career and writing in English rather than French or Arabic was a way for him to express his craft in language they had difficulty understanding. His song "Brothers", is one of his most popular songs followed by "I Do It".

== Biography ==
Although Rilès has been seen to be making music since 2014, he started to focus on music as a career after obtaining a bachelor's degree. Rilès then studied [[English literature]] at the [[University of Rouen]] and began to study music. Saving up enough money Rilès was able to build his own home studio in his bedroom and began to compose and write music independently. Rilès is also talented in the arts as he does much of his artwork for his songs as well as seen painting and selling many pieces of art as a way to make extra money for his music career. Rilès started his own music career by writing, producing, engineering and mastering his own songs, as well as recording and directing (as well as involved in the editing process) his music videos. This is reflected through his song lyrics where he references recording and producing his music independently.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/video-riles-ce-rappeur-inconnu-aux-100-millions-de-vues-youtube-apres-un-defi_1953206.html|title=VIDÉO. Rilès, ce rappeur inconnu aux 100 millions de vues YouTube après un défi|date=2017-10-21|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=2017-12-14|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.bfmtv.com/musique/qui-est-riles-le-rappeur-qui-cartonne-sur-le-web-et-remplit-le-bataclan-1302085.html|title=Qui est Rilès, le rappeur qui cartonne sur le web et remplit le Bataclan?|last=BFMTV|website=BFMTV|language=fr-FR|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

He released his first album, ''Vanity Plus Mind'' (2015) and released a variety of singles such as “Brothers” which became a staple and one of his biggest hits in 2016. That same year he released a song a week, every Sunday, for a year to compile into his second “album” (more a collection of songs than an album) called “RILÈSUNDAYZ” which is made up of 52 songs. This includes songs like “I Do it”, “Pesetas” and “Should I”, as some of the most popular songs. He organised in a [[concert tour]] in France in 2017 during which he performed at the [[Bataclan (theatre)|Bataclan]] in [[Paris]],<ref name=":0" /> twice, then at the Zenith of Rouen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/normandie/seine-maritime/rouen/images-riles-met-feu-au-zenith-rouen-1377059.html|title=EN IMAGES - Rilès met le feu au Zénith de Rouen|last=|first=|date=|work=France 3|access-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
*2014: ''Vanity Plus Mind''

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:10px;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:150px;"|Title
! style="text-align:center; width:20px;"|Peak positions
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:70px;"|Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[SNEP|FR]] <ref name="swe">{{cite web|url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Ril%E8s |title=Rilès discography |publisher=Hung Medien |work=''swedishcharts.com'' |accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=7|2017
| "Brothers"
| style="text-align:center;"|31
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "I Do It"
| style="text-align:center;"|48
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Thank God"
| style="text-align:center;"|54
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "In the Jungle"
| style="text-align:center;"|121
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Should I"
| style="text-align:center;"|147
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Away"
| style="text-align:center;"|171
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Another Complaint, But.."
| style="text-align:center;"|185
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2018
| "Pesetas"
| style="text-align:center;"|179
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "!I'll Be Back!"
| style="text-align:center;"|103
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2019
| "Marijuana"
| style="text-align:center;"|?
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riles}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rouen]]
[[Category:French male singers]]
[[Category:French rappers]]
[[Category:French songwriters]]
[[Category:French people of Algerian descent]]

Korruption in Russland

2019-03-10T07:03:30Z

BattyBot: Fixed CS1 errors: dates and general fixes

{{Political corruption sidebar|image=[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|150 px]]}}

'''Corruption in Russia''' is perceived to be a significant problem,<ref name="CPI2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017#table|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International|accessdate=2018-03-28}}</ref> impacting all aspects of administration,<ref name="Suhara"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia lost 4 billion dollars on unfavorable state procurement contracts in the last year|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/12/07/russia-lost-4-billion-dollars-on-unfavorable-state-procurement-contracts-in-the-last-year|website=Meduza|accessdate=2015-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Russia|law enforcement]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15731344 |title=Cops for hire |journal=The Economist |date=2010 |accessdate=2015-12-04}}</ref> [[Healthcare in Russia|healthcare]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf |title=Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery |date=2010 |accessdate=2015-12-04 |author1=Klara Sabirianova Peter |author2=Tetyana Zelenska }}</ref> and [[Education in Russia|education]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine |title=Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine |publisher=Harvard University |date=2014 |accessdate=2015-12-04 |author1=Elena Denisova-Schmidt |author2=Elvira Leontyeva |author3=Yaroslav Prytula }}</ref> The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of [[rule of law]] in Russia.<ref name="Suhara">{{cite web |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective |accessdate=2015-12-04 |author=Suhara, Manabu |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192618/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }}</ref>
According to the Corruption Perceptions Index reported by [[Transparency International]], from 1996 to 2018 Russia's transparency ranking averaged 111.35—or 111th least corrupt country out of 175 countries worldwide. Its most corrupt ranking was 154 in 2010 and its least was 47 in 1996.<ref name="RCR">{{cite web |title=Russia Corruption Rank |url=blacklisted, search on google |website=Trading Economics |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref>
In 2017 it ranked in 135th place.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>

==Spread of corruption==
According to Richard Palmer, CIA station chief in the United States embassy in Moscow in the early 1990s, the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the rise of Russia coincided with the illegal dispersal of the equivalent of billions of dollars from the Soviet state treasury into private accounts across Europe and the U.S. This was done by elites from "every corner" of the Soviet system using knowledge of the Western banking developed by the KGB during the [[Cold War]]. Palmer described it as if in the United States, "the majority of the members at Congress as well as by the Departments of Justice and Treasury, and agents of the [[FBI]], CIA, DIA, [[IRS]], [[United States Marshals Service|Marshal Service]], [[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]]; state and local police officers; the [[Federal Reserve Bank]]; Supreme Court justices” were engaging in "massive corruption".<ref name="FOER-russian">{{cite journal |last1=FOER |first1=FRANKLIN |title=Russian-Style Kleptocracy Is Infiltrating America |journal=The Atlantic |issue=March 2019 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/03/how-kleptocracy-came-to-america/580471/ |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="statement">{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Richard |title=STATEMENT OF RICHARD L. PALMER, PRESIDENT OF CACHET INTERNATIONAL, INC. ON THE INFILTRATION OF THE WESTERN FINANCIAL SYSTEM BY ELEMENTS OF RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES ON SEPTEMBER 21, 1999 |url=https://archives-financialservices.house.gov/banking/92199pal.shtml |website=financialservices.house.gov |accessdate=11 February 2019 |date=21 September 1999}}</ref><ref name="IMR">{{cite web |last1=Kalinina |first1=Alexandra |title=Corruption in Russia as a Business |url=https://imrussia.org/en/nation/376-corruption-in-russia-as-a-business |website=IMR INSTITUTE OF MODERN RUSSIA |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2004, at the beginning of [[Vladimir Putin]]'s second term as president, Russia dropped from 90th place to 126th in the Corruption Perceptions Index—a drop of 36 places in only one year. Another measure of corruption—an estimate of the average size of bribes—also worsened from 2008 to 2011. According to the Russian Interior Ministry's Department for Combating Economic Crimes, the average bribe amounted to 9,000 Rubles in 2008; 23,000 Rubles in 2009; 61,000 rubles in 2010; and 236,000 rubles in 2011—making the average bribe in 2011 26 times greater than the average bribe in 2008, many times the inflation rate for the same period.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.imrussia.org/ru/society/1376-corruption-in-russia-as-a-business|title=Коррупция в России как бизнес|last=Kalinina|first=Alexandra|date=2013-01-29|work=Институт современной России|access-date=2018-01-09|language=ru-RU}}</ref>

According to [[Sergei Ivanov]], the Kremlin chief of staff, the most corrupt spheres in Russia (in terms of household corruption) are healthcare, education,<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). "Loyalty as Rent: Corruption and Politicization of Russian Universities." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(3/4), pp. 153-167.]</ref> housing and communal services.<ref>May 2008 – December 2011, Deputy prime minister of Russia, since December 2011, the head of Russian Presidential Administration</ref> In comparison, independent experts from ''RBC magazine'' name law-enforcement agencies (including the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate) as the most corrupt sphere in Russia, which is followed by healthcare, education, housing and communal services, and social security services.<ref>{{cite web|author=Автор статьи: Максим Легуенко, Екатерина Трофимова |url=http://magazine.rbc.ru/2012/01/25/trends/562949982589258.shtml |title=Взятки в России: кто, где, сколько и можно ли с этим бороться? :: Деловой журнал :: РБК daily |publisher=Magazine.rbc.ru |date=2014-06-17 |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> At the government level, however, the five top areas for corruption are as follows: Government contracts and purchases; Issuance of permits and certificates; Law-enforcement agencies; Land distribution and land relations; Construction.

Estimates of the cost of corruption in Russia vary.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). "Education Corruption, Reform, and Growth: Case of Post-Soviet Russia." ''Journal of Eurasian Studies'', 3(1), pp. 20–29.]</ref> According to official government statistics from Rosstat, the "shadow economy" occupied only 15% of Russia's GDP in 2011, and this included unreported salaries (to avoid taxes and social payments) and other types of tax evasion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://interfax.ru/txt.asp?id=242603&sec=1476&sw=%F0%E0%E7%EC%E5%F0+%F2%E5%ED%E5%E2%EE%E9+%FD%EA%E |title=Доля теневой экономики в РФ снизилась почти до 15%, таблицы "затраты-выпуск"... - Пресс-центр - Интерфакс |publisher=Interfax.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-07-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616223602/http://www.interfax.ru/txt.asp?id=242603 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |df= }}</ref> According to Rosstat's estimates, corruption in 2011 amounted to only 3.5 to 7% of GDP. In comparison, some independent experts maintain that corruption consumes as much of 25% of Russia's GDP.<ref>Source: Milov, Nemtsov, Ryzhkov, Shorina (2011). "Putin. Corruption. Independent expert report", p. 6.</ref> A World Bank report puts this figure at 48%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/580475/ |title=Коррупция в России как система "распилки" ВВП - новость из рубрики Общество, актуальная информация, обсуждение новости, дискуссии на Newsland |publisher=Newsland.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> There is also an interesting shift in the main focus of bribery: whereas previously officials took bribes to shut their eyes to legal infractions, they now take them simply to perform their duties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/economy/20110201/329132334.html |title=Средний размер взятки в России в 2010 году вырос с 27 до 47 тысяч руб |publisher=РИА Новости (RIA Novosti) |date= February 2011|accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> Many experts admit that in recent years corruption in Russia has become a business. In the 1990s, businessmen had to pay different criminal groups to provide a "''krysha''" (literally, a "roof", i.e., protection). Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by officials. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the economy,<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2010). "Corrupt Organizational Hierarchies in the Former Soviet Bloc." ''Transition Studies Review'', 17(4), pp. 822–836.]</ref> including education.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2009). "Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Bloc." ''International Journal of Educational Development'', 29(3), pp. 321–330.]</ref>

In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). "Who is Guilty and What to Do? Popular Opinion and Public Discourse of Corruption in Russian Higher Education." ''Canadian and International Education Journal'', 41(1), pp. 81–95.]</ref> For example, some experts believe that the rapid increases in tariffs for housing, water, gas and electricity, which significantly outpace the rate of inflation, are a direct result of high volumes of corruption at the highest levels.<ref>Milov et al., Op,cit., 2011, p. 6.</ref> In the recent years the reaction to corruption has changed: starting from Putin's second term, very few corruption cases have been the subject of outrage. Putin's system is remarkable for its ubiquitous and open merging of the civil service and business, as well as its use of relatives, friends, and acquaintances to benefit from budgetary expenditures and take over state property. Corporate, property, and land raiding is commonplace.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/ Osipian, Ararat. (2012). "Predatory Raiding in Russia: Institutions and Property Rights after the Crisis." ''Journal of Economic Issues'', 46(2), pp. 469–479.]</ref>

==Anti-corruption efforts==
{{Further|Russian anti-corruption campaign|Combating Corruption}}

An anticorruption campaign in modern Russia began on April 4, 1992, when President [[Boris Yeltsin]] issued a decree entitled "The fight against corruption in the public service". This document prohibited officials from engaging in business activities. Moreover, state employees were required to provide information about their income, personal property and real estate holdings, bank deposits and securities, as well as financial liabilities. The implementation of the decree, which formed the basis of the laws on combating corruption and on civil service, was vested in the presidential control directorate. Russia passed the first package of anti-corruption laws in 2008 in response to its ratification of the UN's [[United Nations Convention against Corruption|Convention against Corruption]] and the [[Council of Europe]]'s "[[Criminal Law Convention on Corruption]]". The decree "On Anti-Corruption Measures" was signed by former President and current Prime Minister [[Medvedev]] in May of that year. Since then, numerous changes have been implemented to the Russia’s anti-corruption legislation with the purpose of combating bribery and improving its business climate. The [[Russian anti-corruption campaign]] is an ongoing effort by the Russian government to curb corruption, which has been recognized as one of Russia's most serious problems. Central documents in the campaign include the [[National Anti-Corruption Plan]], introduced by Medvedev in 2009, and the [[National Anti-Corruption Strategy]], introduced in 2010. The central organ in the campaign is the Anti-Corruption Council, established in 2008. Medvedev has made fighting corruption one of the top agendas of his presidency. In the first meeting of the Council on 30 September 2008, Medvedev said: "I will repeat one simple, but very painful thing. Corruption in our country has become rampant. It has become commonplace and characterises the life of the Russian society."<ref>Sakwa 2011, p. 329</ref>

In 2012, the government adopted a new law requiring public servants and employees of state organisations to disclose their source of funds and both their and their families’ acquisitions of property, including real estate, securities, stock and vehicles. The legislation has also, for the first time, defined conflict of interest in connection to public officials and extended anti-corruption legislation to the military. The last modification to the Federal Anti-Corruption Law No. 273 was made in December 2012 and it was implemented on January 1, 2013. By upgrading the Anti-Corruption Law with Article 13.3, Russia has made a significant step towards strengthening the framework of its anti-corruption legislation, aligning it with the best practices recognized on the international level, such as the [[UK Bribery Act]] and the U.S. [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]]. This articles 13.3 of the Anti-corruption Law requires organizations to develop and implement anti-corruption measures such as (i) appointing a specific department or an official to be responsible for preventing corruption and related offences; (ii) cooperating with enforcement authorities; (iii) developing and implementing standards and procedures for ethical business practices; (iv) establishing an ethical code of conduct for personnel; (v) preventing and resolving conflicts of interest; and (vi) preventing the filing of false or off-the-record reports and the use of forged documents. Russia also joined the [[OECD Anti-Bribery Convention]] in 2012 and has the G20 Presidency in 2013, where fighting corruption is one of three main issues on the agenda. Companies should therefore actively ensure that they stay compliant with the new amendment to the Anti-Corruption Law.

===The anti-money-laundering initiative===
Corruption has an obvious connection with [[money laundering]] as the stolen assets of a corrupt public official are useless unless they are placed, layered and integrated into the global financial network in a manner that does not raise suspicion. The proceeds of corruption may be laundered in jurisdictions which have not enacted strict anti-money laundering measures and in countries which uphold very strict bank-secretary laws or regulations. This is the reason why the "de-offshorization" policy endorsed by President Putin in 2012 and 2013 (after the Cyprus Affaire) is often considered to be a new anti-corruption measure. The government's recent initiatives for gradually strengthening control over financial operations of organisations and citizens have been the subject of The [[Russian Federal Financial Monitoring Service]] ("Rosfinmonitoring"). A law has been drafted, which introduced amendments to a number of legal acts and aimed at increasing the transparency of currency transactions and at strengthening anti-money laundering measures in Russia. This respective law, with corresponding amendments, was passed on 30 June 2013. The law introduces changes to a variety of legislative acts and ensures the overall enhancement of control over businesses and citizens with respect to financial operations.

The most important amendments for businesses are those that modify the regulation of banking activity. The amendments considerably affect credit organizations which would most likely be required to amend their internal anti money laundering policies and procedures for identification of customers. On one hand, they allow the bankers to demand disclosure of the transaction purpose from the client. On the other hand, this might raise substantial risks in terms of optimizing business, including potential delay in completing payments.

===National Plan to Counter Corruption===
Russian President Vladimir Putin approved a new national anti-corruption plan for the period from 2014 to 2015. The president ordered executive and legislative authorities by July 1, 2014 to make relevant amendments to their anti-corruption plans and to ensure control over their execution. A relevant order was included in the National Plan to Counter Corruption for 2014–2015.

The governor of the Komi republic was arrested for stealing money from state funds.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/leonid-bershidsky-oil-crash-results-in-moscow-warning-to-russias-comfortably-corrupt|first=Leonid |last=Bershidsky |title=Oil crash results in Moscow warning to Russia's comfortably corrupt | publisher=Bloomberg News via National Post| date=September 22, 2015}}</ref>

===Anti-Corruption Foundation===
[[Anti-Corruption Foundation]] is a nonprofit organization based in Moscow established in 2011 by activist and politician Alexey Navalny. Its main goal is to investigate and to expose corruption cases among high-ranking Russian government officials, which they have been successfully doing for the last few years.

==Research==
Transparency International Russia's report from 2012 shows a variety of activities that give citizens a chance to monitor corruption. It collaborated with the Youth Human Rights movement on a large-scale campaign in 20 cities to check police officers' identification tags. This is a proactive exercise to stop petty corruption. If an officer can be identified, he or she is less likely to ask for a bribe. Transparency International Russia also monitors the income statements of Russian public officials with the help of students and publishes the results and monitored the use of 600 million rubles (US$19 million) of public funds to socially oriented NGOs, and found several cases of conflict of interests. It provided analysis and recommendations on making this process more transparent and accountable. the NGO works cooperatively with all individuals and groups, with for-profit and not-for-profit corporations and organisations, and with bodies committed to the fight against corruption. It undertakes professional analysis and papers on corruption-related issues trying to explain the reasons of the spread of corruption, its political and social implications and trying to analyse the possible scenarios for the future.

On 9 December 2014 Novosti agency reported that the head of the National Anti-Corruption Committee Kirill Kabanov admitted on air that a third of Russian officials were corrupt.<ref>[http://rusnovosti.ru/news/356354/ "Каждый третий чиновник в России берёт взятки, заявили в НАК"], ''life.ru'', 9 декабря 2014.</ref> As of 2015, Russian officials are periodically accused of spending on luxury cars, mansions or clothes worth significantly more than their declared income.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Investigation Exposes Glam Life Of Vladimir Putin's Bling Ring|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/maxseddon/new-investigation-exposes-glam-life-of-vladimir-putins-bling#.ctYJBMn8p|accessdate=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Corruption Fatigue {{!}} Opinion|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/corruption-fatigue/436298.html|accessdate=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia's Prisoner Dilemma {{!}} Russia! Magazine|url=http://readrussia.com/2015/11/25/russias-prisoner-dilemma/|accessdate=2015-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Corruption in Russia as a Business |url=http://imrussia.org/en/society/376-corruption-in-russia-as-a-business|website=Institute of Modern Russia|accessdate=2015-12-04|language=en-US|date=2013-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's mafia state {{!}} Alexey Navalny's group publishes startling revelations linking the Attorney General's son to the mob |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2015/12/01/russia-s-mafia-state|website=Meduza|accessdate=2015-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

A 2018 study of state corruption in Russia during the 1750s–1830s found that "as far as we could tell on the basis of our sample of records, the volume of resources extracted from the population through ‘routine’ corruption appears to have been surprisingly low."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Korchmina|first=Elena|last2=Fedyukin|first2=Igor|title=Extralegal payments to state officials in Russia, 1750s–1830s: assessing the burden of corruption|journal=The Economic History Review|volume=72|language=en|pages=156–181|doi=10.1111/ehr.12666|issn=1468-0289|year=2019}}</ref> The authors write, "every little interaction with state officials involved paying a fee to the clerks, and such fees, although technically illegal, were so common and commonly accepted as to be entered in the account books alongside other operational expenses. On the other hand, these ‘routine’ payments were really quite small, especially if apportioned on a per capita basis among the entire commune ... Such fees appear to have been largely customary in nature, a part of the traditional economy of gift-giving, demonstrating respect, and maintaining informal relationships (‘good disposition’). Yet, even such a low level of per capita extraction would have allowed key district officials to amass significant amounts, at a very minimum tripling their salaries."<ref name=":0" />

The Russian Prosecutor General Office reported that of the persons convicted for corruption in 2017, the number of law enforcement functionaries and parliamentaries (nearly 2,200 persons) constituted over 11%.<ref>[https://www.newsru.com/russia/23apr2018/genproc.html Генпрокуратура отчиталась о числе осужденных за коррупцию силовиков и депутатов], ''[[news.ru]]'', April 23, 2018</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Russia}}
* [[List of people convicted of bribery in Russia]]
* [[2017 Russian protests]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* Transparency International Russia (English Version) http://transparency.org.ru/en/
* "Corruption and institutions in Russia" Mark Levin, Georgy Satarov, Foundation for Information on Democracy http://www.indem.ru/satarov/satarov_levin/corruption.htm#1

{{Asia in topic|Corruption in}}
{{Europe in topic|Corruption in}}
{{Russia topics}}
{{Economy of Russia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corruption In Russia}}
[[Category:Corruption in Russia| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Russia]]
[[Category:Economy of Russia]]
[[Category:Corruption in Europe|Russia]]
[[Category:Corruption by country|Russia]]

Egidio Perfetti

2018-11-01T23:21:31Z

BattyBot: Removed Template:Multiple issues and General fixes

{{more footnotes|date=October 2018}}
{{short description|Norwegian racing driver}}
{{Infobox racing driver
|name = Egidio Perfetti
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|nationality = [[Norway|Norwegian]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|06|05|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Sorengo, Switzerland|Sorengo]], ([[Switzerland]])
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'''Egidio Perfetti''' (born 5 June 1975 in [[Sorengo, Switzerland|Sorengo]]) is a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] [[racing driver]]. He is also a director in the family business [[Perfetti Van Melle]], which is an Italian global manufacturer of confectionery and gum, dating back to the 1940's. Today it is the third largest group in the world in its sector after [[Mondelez International]] and [[Mars Inc]]. [[Mentos]] is one of the Perfetti Van Melle brands which is often promoted on Perfetti's racing cars.<ref name="Perfetti">{{cite web|url=http://autosport.nl/klasse/nieuws/30784/kennismaking-met-noorse-nederlander-egidio-perfetti|title=WEC: Kennismaking met 'Noorse Nederlander' Egidio Perfetti - Autosport.nl|website=Autosport.nl: Hét autosport magazine van het internet}}</ref>

A cosmopolitan, Perfetti was born in Switzerland to an Italian father and Norwegian mother. After a long spell in Asia, Perfetti now resides in Amsterdam, Netherlands, where the family business head office is located.
His nationality is Norwegian and carries a Norwegian passport.<ref name="Norwegian">{{cite web|url=https://parcferme.no/racing/denne-mannen-skal-forsvare-norges-farger-pa-le-mans/|title=Denne mannen skal forsvare Norges farger på Le Mans|first=Simen Næss|last=Hagen|date=15 June 2018|website=parcferme.no}}</ref>

==Racing career==

Perfetti started his career in 2010 driving in the Porsche Sports Cup Suisse. During 2012-2015 he was driving in [[Porsche Carrera Cup Asia]]. He also appeared in [[Porsche Carrera Cup France]] and [[Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup]] during 2015. For 2016 he was racing a Porsche in the [[Michelin GT3 Le Mans Cup]] and also appearing in the [[Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup]]. He was continuing in the [[Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup]] in 2017, while also seen in [[Porsche Carrera Cup Germany]] and [[Porsche Carrera Cup France]].

For the 2018-19 FIA WEC 'super season' Perfetti is driving a Porsche 911 RSR in the GTE Am Drivers FIA Endurance Trophy class. In 2018 he has also driven in the Porsche GT3 Challenge USA and Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* {{DriverDB driver|eqidio-perfetti}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perfetti, Egidio}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Norwegian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Naxçıvantəpə

2018-09-03T20:40:48Z

BattyBot: Removed Template:Multiple issues and General fixes

{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Nakhchivan Tepe
| native_name = {{lang|az|Naxçıvan Təpə}} ([[Azerbaijan]])
| native_name_lang =
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| image = Nakchivan 1.jpg
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| caption = Nakhchivan Tepe settlement
| map =
| map_type = Azerbaijan
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| coordinates = {{coord|39|10|53.7|N|45|25|54.1|E|display=inline}}
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| location = [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]], [[Azerbaijan]]
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| epochs = Eneolithic Period
| cultures = Ancient Turks
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| excavations = 2017
| archaeologists = Vali Bakshaliyev
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| ownership = Agriculture and livestock
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'''Nakhchivan Tepe''', also known as '''Ovçelar Tepesi''' or '''Ovchular Tepesi''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=29814|title=Ovchular Tepe - Ancient Village or Settlement in Azerbaijan|last=|first=|date=1 September 2001|website=The Megalithic Portal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> is an ancient town located within [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan city]], [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Naxçıvançay Autonomous Republic]], [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>Vəli Baxşəliyev, Zeynəb Quliyeva, Turan Həşimova, Kamran Mehbaliyev, Elmar Baxşəliyev. Naxçivan təpə yaşayiş yerində arxeoloji tədqiqatlar. Naxçıvan, Əcəmi, 2018, 266 s.</ref> First settled in the [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower Palaeolithic]],{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} it is associated with some of the oldest salt mines known in the world and is renowned for its archaeological features. The city is located at the top of a natural hill in the [[Arpaçay River]] valley. The settlement dates at least as far back as 5000 BC and is composed of Late [[Chalcolithic]] and [[Bronze Age|Early Bronze Age]] occupations layers. Since 2006, excavations have been carried out by a joint French-Azeri project.

==Research==
Archaeological research in Nakhchivan Tepe under the direction of Veli Bakhshaliyev of the [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] branch of the [[Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences]] began in 2017.

The existence of connections between the cultures of the [[South Caucasus]] and the [[Middle East]] (including [[Mesopotamia]]) has drawn the attention of researchers for many years. Researchers such as R.M. Munchayev,<ref>Мунчаев Р.М., Амиров Ш.Н. Взаимосвязи Кавказа и Месопотамии в VI-IV тыс. до н.э. Международная научная конференция, 11-12 сентября 2008, Баку: Чашыоглы, 2009, с.41-52.</ref> O.A. Abibullayev,<ref>Абибуллаев О.А. Энеолит и бронза на территории Нахичеванской АССР. Баку: Элм, 1982, c. 72.</ref> I.G. Narimanov,<ref>Нариманов И.Г. Обеидские племена Месопотамии в Азербайджане. Тезисы Всесоюзной археологической конференции. Баку, 1985, c. 271-277.</ref> T.I. Akhundov<ref>Achundov T. Sites des migrants venus du Proche-Orient en Transcaucasie, in Les cultures du Caucase (VIe - IIIe millénaires avant notre ère). Leurs relations avec le Proche Orient, B. Lyonnet ed., Éditions Re-cherche sur les Civilisations, CNRS Éditions: Paris, 2007, p. 95-122.</ref> and others spoke about the spread and distribution of cultures of from the Middle East in the South Caucasus. Although separate finds validated the existence of these connections, they have been confirmed by a complex of archeological materials, including from Nakhchivan Tepe, which is characterized by [[Teppe Hasanlu#Dalma Tepe|Dalma Tepe]] ceramics, a cultural assemblage that was first found in the South Caucasus at the site.

The first settlers of Nakhchivan Tepe used rooms that were partly dug into the ground, and partly constructed from mud bricks. Rooms of this kind have also been uncovered in excavation of the [[Ovçular Tepesi]] and [[Yeni Yol]] settlements. Charcoal remains are rare, despite abundant accumulations of ash. This demonstrates that wood was very rarely used as a fuel. The majority of archaeological materials from the site are pottery and chips of obsidian, but there are also a few tools. Rarer items include a grinding stone, a [[flint]] product and a bone tool. The majority of tools are obsidian, including a few blades for sickles, which give some information on the character of the economy.

Animal bones show that the residents generally engaged in small cattle breeding.<ref>The Faunal remains are investigated by Remy Berthon.</ref> Hunting took an insignificant place in the economy. Bones of horses and dogs are represented by single examples. No botanical remains have been found. In the settlement layers, charcoal remains are insignificant, and washing the ashy remains from various hearths has not yielded results. Archeologists hope that this type of research in the future will reveal information on the economy of Nakhchivan Tepe.

===Pottery===
The pottery is generally characteristic of the first half of the [[5th millennium BC]]. Coal from the lower horizon has been dated to 4945 BC.<ref>This work was supported by the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Grant № EİF-KETPL-2-2015-1(25)-56/47/5.</ref> It is generally characterized by Dalma Tepe painted and [[Cardium pottery|impressed]] ceramics. Excluding single finds, no other entire complex of such ceramics had not been revealed in the South Caucasus. Therefore, the pottery of the settlement of Nakhchivan Tepe has important value for studying the Chalcolithic Age culture of the region.

The ceramics can be divided into two periods based on the stratigraphy of the settlement. However, the two groups coincide to a certain degree in terms of the technology of production and ornamentation. The ceramics were produced mainly by the coil method, with the application of two layers of potter clay to each other. A thin layer of clay covered the surfaces of some vessels. This was done in some cases to change the color, and, in others, for ornamental purposes. Some products were ornamented with finger impressions, which are sometimes executed inaccurately and mixed together. The finger impressions remained after being stuck in the thin upper clay layer. This coating method also was used in the restoration and repair of ceramics. The pottery is generally made with chaff inclusions, and fired to different shades of red. Pottery with sand inclusion is represented by a single copy. Gray [[Earthenware|wares]] are also represented by a single piece.

The pottery from the top horizon belongs to the first period. As has already been described, this horizon is characterized by rectangular architecture. The ceramic products of this horizon can be divided into six groups: plain pottery, painted ceramics, pottery painted in red without an ornament, ceramics with impressed ornaments including fingertip impressions, pottery decorated with a stamp from the edge of a tool, and pottery decorated with an edge ornament in the form of horizontal strips.

In 2010–2016, new Chalcolithic Age monuments were reported from the Nakhchivançay and Sirabçay valleys.<ref>Бахшалиев В.Б новые энеолитические памятники на территории нахчывана// Российская археология, 2014, № 2, c. 88-95; Бахшалиев В.Б. Новые материалы эпохи неолита и энеолита на территории Нахчывана // Российская археология, 2015, № 2, с. 136-145</ref> Together with Nakhchivan Tepe, these can be used to specify a period of Chalcolithic Age monuments of the South Caucasus. The ceramic complex of Nakhchivan Tepe is very similar to that of Dalma Tepe. The type of painted ceramics of the Dalma Tepe are known from the settlements of Uzun Oba and Uçan Ağıl. Impressed ceramics have been attested at Uçan Ağıl by a single copy, but have not been found in other settlements. Similar ceramics have also been found in isolated copies in monuments in [[Karabakh]]. Monuments in the [[Lake Urmia]] basin generally use Syunik obsidian.<ref>Khademi N., F., Abedi A., Glascock M. D., Eskandari N. and Khazaee M. Provenance of prehistoric obsidian artifacts from Kul Tepe, Northwestern Iran using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis // Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013, 40. p. 1956-1965.</ref> The settlements of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] generally used Gekche obsidian from the lake basin in present-day [[Lake Sevan|Sevan]]. Even though Syunik is closer to Nakhchivan than to Gekce, in Nakhchivan, Syunik obsidian is not common. Apparently, the tribe occupying the Lake Urmia basin had connections to the obsidian deposits of the [[Zangezur Mountains]] by means of the tribes of Nakhchivan. The recent recovery of a stone hammer in the Nakhchivançay valley with remains of copper on it demonstrates that the connections between these tribes and the Zangezur Mountains were not only for deposits of obsidian, but also for copper deposits.

Dalma Tepe ceramics were explored for the first time at the settlement of the same name by [[Charles A. Burney|Charles Burney]]'s excavation in 1959, and then also in 1961 to Cuyler Young.<ref>Hamlin C. Dalma Tepe, Iran, 13, 1975, pp. 111–127.</ref> Similar ceramics were uncovered from the settlements of Hasanlu, Haji-Firuz,<ref>Voigt M.M. Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: The Neolithic Settlement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983, p. 20.</ref> and Tepe Seavan.<ref>Solecki R. L. and Solecki R. S. Tepe Sevan: A Dalma period site in the Margavar valley, Azerbaijan, Iran, Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University, 3, 1973, pp. 98–117.</ref> Dalma Tepe ceramics have been found in [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] together with typical ''[[Halaf]]'' and ''Obeid'' ceramics. Similar ceramics have been discovered at Zagros Mountains monuments, such as at settlements of the Kangavar Valley like Seh Gabi B. and Godin Tepe. Numerous Dalma Tepe ceramics also were found in the Mahidasht Valley among the surface materials of 16 settlements. Among these monuments is the Tepa Siahbid settlement, Choga Maran, and Tepe Kuh.<ref name=":0" /> Dalma Tepe ceramics were prevalent among the superficial material at Tepe Kuh. Similar ceramics also were found in Iraq at the settlement of Jebel, Kirkuk, Tell Abad, Kheit Qasim, and Yorgan Tepe. Such ceramics also prevailed in the Kangavar valley, but in the Mahidasht valley, the percent of Dalma Tepe ceramics decreased very sharply. Whereas in the Kangavar valley these ceramics comprised 68%, in Mahidasht the number was 24%.<ref name=":0">Henrickson. E. F. and Vitali. V. The Dalma Tradition: Prehistoric Inter-Regional Cultural Integration Highland Western Iran, Paleorient, Vol. 13, № 2, 1987, pp. 37-45.</ref> This shows that this type of ceramics lessened to the south. Although it was assumed earlier that similar ceramics were widespread to the south and west of the Lake Urmia basin, it is now known that similar ceramics were also present to the north of Lake Urmia and in Nakhchivan. In the territory of Iranian Azerbaijan, this culture also is revealed from settlements at Culfa Kültepe, Ahranjan Tepe, Lavin Tepe, Ghosha Tepe, Idir Tepe and Baruj Tepe. Now, similar ceramics have been discovered in Southern Azerbaijan at more than 100 monuments. Some of these settlements belonged to settled populations, while others belonged to nomadic tribes.<ref>Abedi A. Iranian Azerbaijan Pathway From The Zagros To The Caucasus, Anatolia And Northern Mesopotamia: Dava Göz, A New Neolithic And Chalcolithic Site In NW Iran. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 17, № 1 (2017) pp. 69-87.</ref> According to researchers, this culture blossomed in northwestern Iran and extended from there to the south and the west of the Lake Urmia basin. Chemical analysis of Dalma Tepe ceramics has shown that they were made locally.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Archaeology of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Ceramics]]

Digital Health

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{{for|the "health" of computers|malware}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}

'''Digital health''' is the convergence of digital technologies with [[health]], [[healthcare]], living, and society to enhance the efficiency of [[healthcare delivery]] and make medicines more personalized and precise.<ref name="ehj">{{cite journal|pmid=26873093|url=https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/18/1428/2466287/Mobile-technology-and-the-digitization-of|date=7 May 2016 |last1=Bhavnani|first1=Sanjeev P. |title=Mobile technology and the digitization of healthcare|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=37|issue=18|pages=1428–38 |last2=Narula|first2=Jagat |last3=Sengupta|first3=Partho P. |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv770 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The discipline involves the use of information and communication technologies to help address the health problems and challenges faced by patients.<ref name=ehj/> These technologies include both hardware and software solutions and services, including [[telemedicine]], web-based analysis, email, [[mobile phone]]s and applications, [[text message]]s, [[wearable devices]], and clinic or remote monitoring sensors.<ref name="widmer">{{cite journal|pmc=4551455|date=April 2015 |last1=Widmer|first1=R. Jay |title=Digital Health Interventions for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=90|issue=4|pages=469–80 |last2=Collins|first2=Nerissa M. |last3=Collins|first3=C. Scott |last4=West|first4=Colin P. |last5=Lerman|first5=Lilach O. |last6=Lerman|first6=Amir |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.026 |pmid=25841251 }}</ref><ref name=fda/> Generally, digital health is concerned about the development of interconnected health systems to improve the use of computational technologies, [[smart device]]s, computational analysis techniques and communication media to aid healthcare professionals and patients manage illnesses and health risks, as well as promote health and wellbeing.<ref name=ehj/><ref name="fda">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/digitalhealth/ |title=Digital health |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services |website=Food and Drug Administration |publication-date=30 August 2016 |dead-url=no |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112093852/http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/digitalhealth/ |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Digital health is a multi-disciplinary domain which involves many stakeholders, including clinicians, researchers and scientists with a wide range of expertise in healthcare, engineering, social sciences, public health, health economics and management.<ref name=widmer/>

==Elements==
As an outgrowth of the [[Digital Revolution]] characterized by "the mass production and widespread use of digital logic circuits, and its derived technologies, including the computer, digital cellular phone, and the Internet,"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=RrVSDwAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Research on Intrapreneurship and Organizational Sustainability in SMEs|last=Rafael|first=Perez-Uribe|last2=Carlos|first2=Salcedo-Perez|last3=David|first3=Ocampo-Guzman|date=2018-04-13|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=9781522535447|language=en}}</ref> key elements of digital health include [[wireless devices]], hardware [[sensors]] and software sensing technologies, [[microprocessors]] and integrated circuits, the [[Internet]], [[social networking]], mobile/[[cellular networks]] and body area networks, health information technology, [[genomics]], and personal [[Genetics|genetic]] information.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=fda/><ref name="topol">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Creative_Destruction_of_Medicine.html?id=5Q-O9vnNqPkC |via=Google Books |title=The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care |last=Topol |first=Eric J. |author-link=Eric Topol |publisher=Basic Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-465-02550-3 |oclc=868260493 }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Digital Health Infographic.jpg|thumb|right|Elements of digital health.]]

==Domains==
Various domains span digital health.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=widmer/> These include [[Health technology|Healthcare technology]] assessment and monitoring to prevent, diagnose or treat diseases, monitoring of patients, or for rehabilitation or long-term care. Such technologies include [[Assistive technology|Assistive technologies]] and [[rehabilitation robotics]] for people with disabilities so as to aid in their independence to perform daily tasks, unobtrusive monitoring sensors and wearable devices. [[Clinical decision support system|Clinical decision support]] aids clinicians at the point of care, including diagnosis, analysis and interpretation of patient-related data.[[Computer simulation|Computational simulations]], modeling and [[machine learning]] approaches can model health-related outcomes. [[ehealth|E-health]] delivers health information and services to enable data transmition, storage and retrievial for clinical, educational and administrative purposes. Mobile health (or [[mhealth]]) is the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices.
[[Health systems engineering]] applications in health care systems, includes knowledge discovery, decision making, optimization, [[human factors and ergonomics|human factors engineering]], quality engineering, and information technology and communication.
Human-computer-environment interactions [[Human-computer interaction]] principles tend to be based around user-centered, experience-centered or activity-centered designs. [[Virtual reality]], [[video gaming rehabilitation]], and [[serious game]]s to provide a social and interactive experience for healthcare student and patient education. Speech and hearing systems for [[natural language processing]], [[speech recognition]] techniques, and medical devices can aid in speech and hearing (e.g. [[cochlear implant]]s).[[Telehealth]], [[telemedicine]], [[telecare]], telecoaching and [[telerehabilitation]] provide various forms of patient care remotely at a distance.

==Implementation==
National digital programs exist to support healthcare, such as those of [[Canada Health Infoway]] built on core systems of patient and provider registries, clinical and diagnostic imaging systems, clinical reports and [[immunization]]s.<ref name="canada">{{Cite web |url=https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/what-we-do/progress-in-canada |title=Progress in Canada |website=Canada Health Infoway |publication-date=2016 |accessdate=11 November 2016 |dead-url=no |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112155958/https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/what-we-do/progress-in-canada |df=dmy-all }}</ref> By 2014, 75% of Canadian physicians were using electronic medical records.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=25487665|pmc=4284187 |date=6 January 2015 |last1=Collier|first1=Roger |title=National Physician Survey: EMR use at 75%|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=187|issue=1|pages=E17-8|doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-4957 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In [[Uganda]] and [[Mozambique]], partnerships between patients with cell phones, local and regional governments, technologists, [[non-governmental organization]]s, academia, and industry have enabled mHealth solutions.<ref name="jmir">{{cite journal|pmid=23353680|pmc=3636306|date=25 January 2013|last1=Källander|first1=Karin |title=Mobile health (mHealth) approaches and lessons for increased performance and retention of community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: A review|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=15|issue=1|page=e17 |last2=Tibenderana|first2=James K. |last3=Akpogheneta|first3=Onome J. |last4=Strachan|first4=Daniel L. |last5=Hill|first5=Zelee |last6=ten Asbroek |first6=Augustinus H.A. |last7=Conteh|first7=Lesong |last8=Kirkwood|first8=Betty R. |last9=Meek|first9=Sylvia R. |doi=10.2196/jmir.2130 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref>

===Innovation cycle===
The innovation process for digital health is an iterative cycle for technological solutions classified into five main activity processes beginning from the identification of the healthcare problem, research, digital solution, evaluating the solution to implementation in working clinical practices.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=widmer/>

==References==
[[File:Impact Factors of scholarly journals publishing digital health (ehealth, mhealth) work.png|thumb|Impact Factors of scholarly journals publishing digital health (ehealth, mhealth) work]]
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Institute of Digital Healthcare |publisher=University of Warwick |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/idh/ }}

[[Category:Health informatics]]
[[Category:Telehealth]]

Kampong Ayer

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{{EngvarB|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kampong Ayer
| native_name_lang = ms
| other_name = Kampung Ayer
| image_skyline = BN-bsb-kampong-ayer.jpg
| nickname = [[Venice of the East]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|4|52|57|N|114|56|33|E|region:BN_type:city(13000)}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Brunei]]
| pushpin_map = Brunei
| pushpin_label_position = none
| parts_type = ''[[Mukims of Brunei|Mukim]]'' (subdistricts)
| p1 = [[Burong Pingai Ayer, Brunei-Muara|Burong Pingai Ayer]]
| population_est = 13000
| pop_est_as_of = 2011
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name=":2" />
| p2 = [[Peramu, Brunei-Muara|Peramu]]
| p3 = [[Saba, Brunei-Muara|Saba]]
| p4 = [[Sungai Kebun, Brunei-Muara|Sungai Kebun]]
| p5 = [[Tamoi, Brunei-Muara|Tamoi]]
}}
[[Image:Kampong Ayer BSB1.JPG|thumb|300px|Kampong Ayer]]
[[Image:Kampong Ayer, Brunei from OpenStreetMap.png|thumb|300px|Map of Kampong Ayer from OpenStreetMap]]

'''Kampong Ayer''' is a [[History of Brunei|historical]] [[Populated places in Brunei|settlement area]] in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], the capital of [[Brunei]]. Literally means 'Water Village' ({{Lang-ms|Kampung Air}}), Kampong Ayer consists of a cluster of traditional stilt villages built on the [[Brunei River]], mainly in the vicinity of the present-day ''{{Lang|ms|Pusat Bandar}}'' or the [[City Centre, Brunei|City Centre]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.flyroyalbrunei.com/en/malaysia/plan/destinations/borneo/beautiful-brunei/kampong-ayer-water-village/|title=Kampong Ayer (Water Village)|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Road Map and Street Index of Brunei Darussalam|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=9991790101|location=|pages=34}}</ref> Hence, it has often been dubbed as '[[Venice of the East]]' since the past.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48517132|title=Welcome to Brunei Darussalam : the complete traveller's guide.|last=|first=|date=2000|publisher=Brunei Press|year=|isbn=9991732055|edition=[1st ed.]|location=[Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam]|pages=23|oclc=48517132}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Kampong Ayer has been historically the principal settlement of Brunei; it was the de facto capital, in particular social and economic centre, of the [[Bruneian Empire]] for a few centuries, but also extending into the early period during [[British imperialism]] in Brunei.

== Name ==
The present name 'Kampong Ayer' is the old [[Romanization|romanised]] spelling of the [[Malay language|Malay]] term '{{Lang|ms|Kampung Air}}', which is literally translated as 'Water Village'. However, the old spelling version is retained and still used as the primary name of the place.

==History==
Kampong Ayer is believed to have been inhabited for several centuries. There are several historical records, particularly foreign sources, which reported the existence of 'water settlements' on the Brunei River. The most well known is arguably the account by Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian explorer, on his visit to Brunei as part of the Magellan fleet in 1521,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930264554|title=European sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the sixteenth century|last=Nicholl|first=Robert (ed.)|publisher=Brunei Museums Department|year=2007|isbn=9991730311|edition=Third|location=[Bandar Seri Begawan]|pages=8|oclc=930264554}}</ref> in which he described the settlement as
{{Quote|text=entirely built in salt water... It contains twenty-five thousand hearths (families). The houses are all constructed of wood and built up from the ground on tall pillars.|sign=[[Antonio Pigafetta]]|source=''European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century'', p. 11}}
There is a possibility that the stilt settlement might not have always been where it is today, that Kampong Ayer might have undergone relocation throughout history. [[Olivier van Noort]], a Dutch, on his stay in Brunei from December 1600 to January 1601, described the houses (of the nobles) as
{{Quote|text=made of wood, and built on such light piles that when there is a storm or some other untoward event these houses can be removed from one side of the river to the other.|sign=[[Olivier van Noort]]|source=''European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century'', p. 96}}
The stilt settlement of what we know today as Kampong Ayer had always been the primary settlement area of the de facto capital of the Bruneian Empire for centuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2009/01/18/retracing_history_of_streets_of_bandar#sthash.86VJDpya.dpbs|title=Retracing history of streets of Bandar|last=Yunos|first=Rozan|date=2009-01-18|newspaper=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> However, the role also extended into the time from the arrival, and subsquent [[British Empire|imperial presence]] of the British even until the early 20th century. It was only during the Residential period that a programme which encouraged the Kampong Ayer residents to resettle on land began to be introduced, although it was initially unsuccessful but eventually took off, resulting in significant reduction to its population. Nevertheless, substantial number of residents still remain to live on water. Kampong Ayer also survived bombardments during [[World War II]].<ref name="Chi1994">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cHsAAAAMAAJ|title=The changing socio-economic profile of Kampong Ayer, Negara Brunei Darussalam|author=S. C. Chi|date=1994|publisher=Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam|page=65}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Kampong Ayer consists of several stilt [[village]]s and small residential neighbourhoods. These settlements are officially [[Villages of Brunei|village subdivisions]], the third- and lowest-level [[administrative divisions of Brunei]], where each has its own village head ({{Lang-ms|ketua kampung}}). The villages also constitute a few ''{{Lang|ms|mukim}}'' divisions or [[Mukims of Brunei|subdistricts]], with ''{{Lang|ms|penghulu}}'' as the ''{{Lang|ms|mukim}}'' head''.'' The subdistricts and villages administration in Kampong Ayer are managed under the [[Brunei-Muara District Office|district office]] which administers [[Brunei-Muara District|Brunei-Muara]].

=== Subdistricts and villages ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Subdistricts and constituent villages in Kampong Ayer
!Subdistrict<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.information.gov.bn/PublishingImages/SitePages/Publication%20Lists/Brunei%20District.pdf|title=Brunei-Muara District|last=|first=|date=|website=|page=8|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
!Villages<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://survey.gov.bn/web/survey_department/map|title=Geoportal - Survey Department|website=survey.gov.bn|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Burong Pingai Ayer, Brunei-Muara|Burong Pingai Ayer]]
|Burong Pingai Ayer, Lurong Dalam, Pandai Besi 'A', Pandai Besi 'B', Pekan Lama, Pengiran Setia Negara, Sungai Pandan 'A', Sungai Pandan 'B'
|-
|[[Peramu, Brunei-Muara|Peramu]]
|Bakut Berumput, Bakut Pengiran Siraja Muda 'A', Bakut Pengiran Siraja Muda 'B', Lurong Sikuna, Pekilong Muara, Peramu, Setia Pahlawan Lama
|-
|[[Saba, Brunei-Muara|Saba]]
|Saba Darat 'A', Saba Darat 'B', Saba Laut, Saba Tengah, Saba Ujong
|-
|[[Sungai Kebun, Brunei-Muara|Sungai Kebun]]
|Bolkiah 'A', Bolkiah 'B', Setia 'A', Setia 'B', Sungai Kebun, Sungai Siamas, Ujong Kelinik
|-
|[[Tamoi, Brunei-Muara|Tamoi]]
|Pengiran Bendahara Lama, Pengiran Kerma Indera Lama, Pengiran Tajuddin Hitam, Tamoi Tengah, Tamoi Ujong
|}
There used to be another ''{{Lang|ms|mukim}}'' division in Kampong Ayer, that is [[Sungai Kedayan, Brunei-Muara|Sungai Kedayan]]. However, the mukim and its constituent villages have ceased to exist, due to the redevelopment project on parts of the Kedayan River which coincides with the settlements. The residents have been relocated elsewhere in other parts of Kampong Ayer or on land. The area has been redeveloped as a [[Golden Jubilee Crown Park|riverfront park]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://3g.modasys.net/index.php/news-events/around-brunei/local-news/23072-sungai-kedayan-regeneration-project-slated-for-completion-in-may-2018.html|title=LOCAL NEWS|last=Jimi-Ha|website=3g.modasys.net|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> which has been inaugurated to the public in October 2017 as part of the Golden Jubilee celebration of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's ascension to the throne.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://borneobulletin.com.bn/his-majesty-launches-taman-mahkota-jubli-emas/|title=His Majesty launches Taman Mahkota Jubli Emas – Borneo Bulletin Online|date=2017-10-23|work=Borneo Bulletin Online|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Bandar Seri Begawan Boote 0002.jpg|thumb|'Water taxis' of Kampong Ayer]]
The houses, thus villages, of Kampong Ayer are interconnected with bridges and walkways,<ref name=":1" /> wooden and concrete, creating contiguous areas. Thus, accessibility among many villages are possible by foot. Among non-contiguous areas and where the villages are not located along the riverbanks, these areas are accessible by water transport, whereby the most common transport mode is the 'water taxis' ({{Lang-ms|perahu tambang}}).<ref name=":1" /> They are wooden motorboats which transport anyone, at fares, among jetties in the villages and along the riverbanks in its vicinity.

Similar to public housing developments on land, Kampong Ayer has also a few public housing areas, in the form of stilt houses. The most recent development is the pilot project in upgrading Kampong Ayer, which saw the construction of single- and double-storey houses in the Saba and Peramu areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.bn/survey/nama%20nama%20jalan/MENAIKKAN%20TARAF%20KG%20AYER_gatewing.pdf|title=Projek Perintik Menaik Taraf Kampung Ayer|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>

Common utilities are available in Kampong Ayer, which include may electricity, pipe water, telephone lines, internet access and television services.<ref name=":0" />[[Image:smas2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Awang Semaun Secondary School]]]]Educational institutions are available in Kampong Ayer which provide public education comprising primary, primary religious and secondary. There are at least a primary school in each {{Lang|ms|mukim}}. Similarly, religious schools can also be found, which provide primary religious education to the resident Muslim pupils. The secondary school in Kampong Ayer, Awang Semaun Secondary School, is the only school of its kind where its buildings are built on water. Nevertheless, Sayyidina Umar Al-Khattab Secondary School, which is built on land, also has catchment area in some villages of Kampong Ayer.

There are mosques which serve the need of the Muslim residents for Islamic congregational activities, in particular the [[Jumu'ah]] or Friday prayers.

For security and emergency services, there are police stations and fire departments. The latter plays a very significant role, as fire cases are common in Kampong Ayer, in which the main causes include faulty wiring and susceptibility of houses and infrastructures to fire due to many are built with wood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://borneobulletin.com.bn/war-kampong-ayer-fire/|title=War on Kampong Ayer fire – Borneo Bulletin Online|date=2017-06-16|work=Borneo Bulletin Online|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Challenges ==

=== Survival ===
As a major historical and cultural heritage of Brunei, there has been increasing concern on the survival of Kampong Ayer in modern times. This is factored by the emigration and relocation of the inhabitants to land. Over the last few decades, the overall population has been shrinking, estimated to have decreased from about 28,000 in 1981 to 13,000 in 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://apb.ubd.edu.bn/kampong-ayer-research/|title=Kampong Ayer Research|last=Mat Sani|first=Khai Zem|date=|website=apb.ubd.edu.bn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> The diminishing population, added with the busy modern lifestyle, are threatening the survival of the customs and traditions practiced in Kampong Ayer. It also weakens the sense of community among the residents.<ref name=":2" />

=== Waste ===
The floating of rubbish and sewage on the waters of Kampong Ayer is a persisting issue despite substantial measures and initiatives taken by various government and non-government agencies.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://green-brunei.com/wp/2016/04/25/kg-ayers-long-drawn-battle-with-rubbish/|title=Kg Ayer’s long drawn battle with rubbish|date=2016-04-25|work=Green Brunei|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref> It is acknowledged that the sources of the problem are not simply from within Kampong Ayer but may also due to ineffective waste management on land, specifically in the vicinity of upstream tributaries and streams of the Brunei River, in which Kampong Ayer lay along its downstream flow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.env.gov.bn/SitePages/Don't%20Destroy%20Our%20River.aspx|title=Department of Environment, Park and Recreation - Don't Destroy Our River|website=www.env.gov.bn|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> Measures have been implemented by the government which include upgrading and installation of sewage treatment works in the catchment areas, as well as installation of rubbish collection system in the villages of Kampong Ayer.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://modasys.net/3g/index.php/news-events/around-brunei/local-news/23951-kg-ayer-s-rubbish-impossible-to-eliminate-says-jastre.html|title=Kg Ayer's rubbish impossible to eliminate, says JASTRe|last=Masli|first=Arifubillah|date=|website=modasys.net|language=en-gb|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> However, complete success is still yet to be seen. Systematic sewage disposal in Kampong Ayer itself is only feasible on public housing villages, namely Bolkiah 'A', Bolkiah 'B' and Sungai Bunga, where they have organised residential layout, where as in the traditional villages, which constitute the majority of Kampong Ayer areas, such disposal system is still not yet available.<ref name=":4" />

Non-government organisations also play significant roles in combatting this issue. Together with the government, as well as the general public, in particular the Kampong Ayer residents, multiple cleaning campaigns have been conducted.<ref name=":3" /> Awareness programmes to the public on the importance of waste management have also been carried out for many years.<ref name=":4" /> Again, the effectiveness of such programmes have yet to completely yield the desired results.

==References==
<references />

{{Commons category|Kampong Ayer (Water Village)}}

{{coord|4|52|57|N|114|56|33|E|region:BN_type:city(13000)|display=title}}

[[Category:Populated places in Brunei]]
[[Category:Bandar Seri Begawan]]

Elizabeth Barry

2017-12-02T20:23:38Z

BattyBot: Fixed citation templates and other General fixes using AWB

{{other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Elizabeth Barry.png|thumb|right|200px|Elizabeth Barry changed "like Nature which she represents, from Passion to Passion, from Extream to Extream, with piercing Force and with easy Grace".]]

'''Elizabeth Barry''' (1658 – 7 November 1713) was an [[England|English]] [[actress]] of the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] period.

Elizabeth Barry's biggest influence on Restoration drama was her presentation of performing as the tragic actress. She worked in big, prestigious [[London]] theatre companies throughout her successful career: from 1675 in the [[Duke's Company]], 1682 – 1695 in the monopoly [[United Company]], and from 1695 onwards as a member of the actors' cooperative usually known as [[Thomas Betterton|Betterton]]'s Company, of which she was one of the original shareholders. Her stage career began 15 years after the first-ever professional actresses had replaced [[Shakespeare]]'s boy heroines on the London stage.

The actor [[Thomas Betterton]] said that her acting gave "success to plays that would disgust the most patient reader", and the critic and playwright [[John Dennis (dramatist)|John Dennis]] described her as "that incomparable Actress changing like Nature which she represents, from Passion to Passion, from Extream to Extream, with piercing Force and with easy Grace".

==Early career==
Barry's first performance was at the age of 17 in [[Thomas Otway]]'s Alcibiades. Her performance was so poor that she was fired from the United Company. She then met [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester]] who transformed her into a brilliant actress. Their relationship grew from professional colleagues to lovers. They had one child named Elizabeth, born in 1677; she lived a short life as she past away in 1689.
Barry drew on her relationship with Rochester for many of her sexual performances. While multiple sources confirm that Rochester was Barry's lover, the only source for the coaching story is a ''Life'' of Barry published in 1740 – 65 years after the events – by [[Edmund Curll]], well known for his fanciful and inaccurate biographies.

Barry was a successful comedian who created a variety of [[Restoration comedy]] heroines throughout her career, but her greatest impact on [[Restoration drama]] was as a [[Tragedy|tragic]] actress. Her capacity for projecting pathos was an inspiration to playwrights [[Thomas Otway]] and [[Thomas Southerne]] in the three famous tragic roles they wrote for her: Monimia in Otway's ''The Orphan'' (1680), Belvidera in Otway's ''Venice Preserved'' (1682), and Isabella in Southerne's ''The Fatal Marriage'' (1694). These three roles, wrote the prompter [[John Downes (prompter)|John Downes]], "gain'd her the Name of Famous Mrs. Barry, both at Court and City, for when ever She Acted any of these three Parts, she forc'd Tears from the Eyes of her Auditory, especially those who have any Sense of Pity for the Distress't." [[File:Dorset Gardens riverfront.jpg|thumb|left|250px|During the first part of her career, Barry worked at the Duke's Theatre at Dorset Gardens, on the riverfront, London's most luxurious playhouse.]]

In his autobiography many years later, [[Colley Cibber]] recalled the power of her voice: "When distress of Tenderness possess'd her, she subsided into the most affecting Melody and Softness. In the Art of exciting Pity, she had a Power beyond all the Actresses I have yet seen, or what your Imagination can conceive." Elizabeth Howe has argued that it was Barry's success in the role of Monimia that "clinched the movement away from [[heroic drama]] and started the establishment of '[[she-tragedy]]' as a popular genre." [[She-tragedy]], also known as pathetic tragedy, was describe to be that the actresses on stage were represented as sexual objects and were victims to male lust. Barry was always described as being a plain woman. Portraits suggest intelligence but heavy features, and the playwright Thomas Shadwell writes in a letter in 1692 that it would have been better to have staged Nicholas Brady's ''The Rape'' in Roman dress, "and then w'th a Mantle to have covered her hips Mrs Barry would have acted ye part." Apparently none of this mattered to contemporaries. Even though Barry was "the ugliest Woman" in the world off stage, wrote the anonymous ''A Comparison Between the Two Stages'' (1702), she was "the finest Woman in the World upon the Stage."

Barry’s acting style was embedded in the influences from her own personality and her life. Elizabeth as a person was seen to be beautiful and virtuous. Although many of the characters she played were virgins, it was known about her relationship with Rochester. It has also been known that she channeled her sexual relationship with Rochester through many of her performances. Also during this time, it was seen that Barry’s body had metaphorical meaning to the description of her character. When Barry starred in The Orphan, it was implied that “the trope of the female breast to represent innocence or ruin (consider the many references to Monimia’s “swelling breasts” or “white breasts”). Thus Otway uses the dismemberment of the female body, expressed through the “mangled breasts besmeared with blood,” to signify the ruin of the state.”<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamilton|first1=Kate|title=The ‘Famous Mrs. Barry': Elizabeth Barry and Restoration Celebrity|journal=Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture|date=2013|volume=42|pages=291–320|url=http://www.muse-jhu-edu.ledproxy2.uwindsor.ca/article/501489|accessdate=Oct 29, 2017}}</ref>

==Later career==
Later into Barry’s career, she was given more roles of a motherhood figure than a sexual object. Barry worked for the [[Duke's Company]] from 1675 to 1682, taking the role of Cordelia opposite [[Thomas Betterton]]'s Lear in [[Nahum Tate]]'s 1681 [[The History of King Lear|adaptation of Shakespeare's ''King Lear'']]. After the Duke's and the King's companies were amalgamated in 1682, she continued as one of the star performers of the new [[United Company]], which remained for 12 years the only theatrical company in London. The absence of rival companies left the actors in a weak bargaining position in relation to management, and when the United Company fell under the mismanagement of [[Christopher Rich (theatre manager)]] in the 1690s, "as sly a Tyrant as ever was at the Head of a Theatre."

One year after her performance in The Fatal Marriage, Barry decided to leave the United Company due to a salary dispute in 1695. She then proceeded to work for a new company with actor [[Thomas Betterton]] and actress [[Anne Bracegirdle]]. Barry was one of the original patent-holders of the actors' company, which opened at Lincoln's Inn Fields with the smash hit of [[William Congreve (playwright)|William Congreve's]] ''Love For Love'' in 1695 and continued to successfully challenge Rich's United Company.There was a huge wage gap between men and woman performers as Betterton was paid 5 Euros per week and Barry received only 50 shillings. Barry had to publicize and sell her own tickets for her performances.
Barry officially retired from the stage in 1710 at 52 years old; her acting career lasted a total of 35 years. Her retirement fell short as she passed away three years later at the age of 55 due to a fever. She was buried next to her daughter’s grave in Action.

Barry officially retired from the stage in 1710 at 52 years old; her acting career lasted a total of 35 years. Her retirement fell short as she passed away three years later at the age of 55 due to a fever. She was buried next to her daughter’s grave in Action. Barry achieved remarkable public approval and business success for a single woman in London in the late 17th century.

==List of Plays and Roles==
{| class="wikitable"
! Play !! Playwright !! Role
|-
| Alcibiades (1675) || [[Thomas Otway]] || Maid Draxilla
|-
| Mustapha (1676) || Earl of Orrery || Queen Isabelle
|-
| The Man of Mode (1676) || [[George Etherege]] || Mrs. Loveit
|-
| The Rover (1677) || [[Aphra Behn]] || Hellena
|-
| The Orphan (1680) || Thomas Otway || Monimia
|-
| Venice Preserv’d (1682) || Thomas Otway || Belvidera
|-
| The Maid's Last Prayer (1692) || [[Thomas Southerne]] || Lady Malepert
|-
| The Fatal Marriage (1694) || Thomas Southerne || Isabella
|-
| The Royal Mischief (1696) || [[Delariviere Manley]] || Homais
|-
| All For Love (1704) || [[John Dryden]] || Cleopatra
|}

==Fictional portrayals==
Barry is a supporting character in ''The Libertine'', Stephen Jeffrys' play about John Wilmot's life, as well as its [[The Libertine (2004 film)|2004 film adaptation]], in which she is portrayed by [[Samantha Morton]]. Barry also appears as a character in the 2015 play ''[exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Play'' by Christopher vanDer Ark.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Cibber, Colley (first published 1740, Everyman's Library ed. 1976). ''An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber''. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
*Drougge, Helga. “Love, Death, and Mrs. Barry in Thomas Southerne’s Plays.” Comparative Drama, vol. 27, no. 4, 1994, pp. 408–425.
*Hamilton, Kate. “The ‘Famous Mrs. Barry’: Elizabeth Barry and Restoration Celebrity.” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, vol. 42, 2013, pp. 291-320.
*Highfill, Philip Jr, Burnim, Kalman A., and Langhans, Edward (1973–93). ''Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800''. 16 volumes. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
*Howe, Elizabeth (1992). ''The First English Actresses: Women and Drama 1660–1700''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Hume, Robert. “Elizabeth Barry’s First Roles and the Cast of “The Man of Mode.” Theatre History Studies, vol. 5, 1 Jan. 1985.
*Milhous, Judith (1979). ''Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695–1708''. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
*Hartley, Jimmy(2014), ''The Dramatic Life of Elizabeth Barry''. London: Amazon.

==External links==

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Barry, Elizabeth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1658 births]]
[[Category:1713 deaths]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:17th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:18th-century English actresses]]

John Elliot

2017-11-26T04:44:30Z

BattyBot: removed Template:Multiple issues & general fixes using AWB

{{Tone|date=September 2008}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = John Elliot
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|7|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Castle Hill, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|8|14|1918|7|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]], England
| occupation = Screenwriter and television producer.
| period = 1954–1993
| genre = Drama, adventure, science fiction
| spouse = Elizabeth Haynes (m. 1945)
| children = two daughters, and one son (deceased)
| alma-mater =
}}
'''John Herbert Elliot''' (4 July 1918 – 14 August 1997) was a British novelist, screenwriter and television producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba0bb2503|title=John Elliot|publisher=}}</ref> Between 1954 and 1960 he scripted a succession of one-off television plays including ''War in the Air'' and ''A Man from the Sun''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p008w0y2|title=The Fated Sky, War in the Air|website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-john-elliot-1246657.html|title=Obituary: John Elliot|date=22 August 1997|publisher=}}</ref> The latter a pioneering work aimed at a West Indian audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/475546/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Man From The Sun, A (1956)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref> In 1961 he joined with astronomer [[Fred Hoyle]] (to ensure scientific authenticity) to write another ground-breaking TV, the science fiction serial ''[[A for Andromeda]]'', which set the tone for all which was to follow in its stead. The success of ''A For Andromeda'' prompted a sequel, ''The Andromeda Breakthrough'', in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/453217/|title=BFI Screenonline: A For Andromeda (1961)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref>

Following ''Andromeda'', Elliot wrote more one-off plays, but his talents were perhaps underused by the [[BBC]]. He resigned from the corporation in 1963 but, as a parting gift, offered an option on his concept for the drama series ''Mogul'' (renamed ''[[The Troubleshooters]]'' from the second series) for which he wrote much of the seven series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/518529/|title=BFI Screenonline: Mogul/Troubleshooters, The (1965-72)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref>

His other works include programmes such as ''[[Fall of Eagles]]'' and ''Survival'' as well as novels including ''Duel'', ''Blood Upon the Snow'', and ''A For Andromeda'' and ''[[The Andromeda Breakthrough]]'' (also co-written with Fred Hoyle).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hi-xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA360&lpg=PA360&dq=John+Elliot++Duel,+Blood+Upon+the+Snow,+and+A+For+Andromeda+and+The+Andromeda+Breakthrough&source=bl&ots=sSJsWc2aat&sig=5Pkl7LPdaU8gD8oJr6U_k1fhTDA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjitIi67ZvXAhVnJsAKHSE5ABwQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Writers Directory|first=NA|last=NA|date=5 March 2016|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Writing credits==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Production
! Notes
! Broadcaster
|-
|''War in the Air''
|
*15 episodes (1954–1955)
|BBC1
|-
|''A Man from the Sun''
|
*Television film (1956)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[Television Playwright]]''
|
*"High Fidelity" (1959)
|BBC1
|-
|''Who Pays the Piper?''
|
*Television film (1960)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[BBC Sunday-Night Play]]''
|
*"Off Centre" (1961)
|BBC1
|-
|''They Met in a City''
|
*"Ladies from a Spa" (1961)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[A for Andromeda]]''
|
*7 episodes (co-written with [[Fred Hoyle]], 1961)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[The Andromeda Breakthrough]]''
|
*6 episodes (co-written with Fred Hoyle, 1962)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[Maigret (1960 TV series)|Maigret]]''
|
*"Death in Mind" (1962)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[First Night (TV series)|First Night]]''
|
*"The Youngest Profession" (1963)
*"Hunt the Man" (1964)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[Love Story (British TV series)|Love Story]]''
|
*"The Truth Game" (1964)
|ITV
|-
|''[[Z-Cars]]''
|
*"A Morning's Sport" (1965)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[The Troubleshooters|Mogul]]''
|
*20 episodes (1965–1970)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[Rainbow City (TV series)|Rainbow City]]''
|
*"What Sort of a Boy?" (1967)
*"Why You Marry?" (1967)
*"A Better Fortune" (1967)
*"Always on Sunday" (1967)
|BBC1
|-
|''A Stranger on the Hills''
|
*Television film (1970)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[BBC Play of the Month]]''
|
*"Platonov" (1971)
|BBC1
|-
|''Brett''
|
*"The Saxby Route" (1971)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[Play for Today]]''
|
*"Better Than the Movies" (1972)
*"The Chief Mourner" (1979)
|BBC1
|-
|''[[The Shadow of the Tower]]''
|
*"The White Hart" (1972)
|BBC2
|-
|''Shelley''
|
*Television film (1972)
|BBC2
|-
|''The Fox''
|
*Television film (1973)
|BBC2
|-
|''[[Fall of Eagles]]''
|
*Television miniseries (1974)
|BBC1
|-
|''The Double Dealers''
|
*"Come in Number One" (1974)
|BBC2
|-
|''The Madness''
|
*Television film (1976)
|BBC2
|-
|''According to Hoyle''
|
*Television film (1977)
|BBC2
|-
|''A Life at Stake''
|
*"So, Who's Sick?" (1978)
|BBC
|-
|''Spy!''
|
*"The Murder Machine" (1980)
*"The Venlo Incident" (1980)
|BBC1
|-
|''Escape''
|
*"Hijack to Mogadishu" (1980)
|BBC2
|-
|''The Brack Report''
|
*"Chapter 3" (1982)
*"Chapter 4" (1982)
*"Chapter 9" (1982)
|ITV
|-
|''Man-Eaters of India''
|
*Television film (1986)
|BBC
|-
|''Flying for Fun: An Affair with an Aeroplane''
|
*Television film (1987)
|BBC1
|-
|''A Chance to Dance''
|
*Television film (1993)
|ITV
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Work
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Result
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Reference
|-
|1971
|[[British Academy Television Awards]]
|''[[The Troubleshooters]]''
|Shell International Award
| {{won}}
|
|}

== Books by John Elliot ==
*''A for Andromeda'' (with Fred Hoyle), 1962, Souvenir Press, {{ISBN|978-0-285-63588-3}}
*''Andromeda Breaktrough'' (with Fred Hoyle), 1964, Souvenir Press; 1966, Corgi Books
*''MOGUL: The Making of a Myth'', 1970, Barrie & Jenkins

== Further reading ==
*MacKenzie, S. (2006), "''War in the Air'' : Churchill, the Air Ministry and the BBC response to ''Victory at Sea''", ''Contemporary British History'' [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a757750008~jumptype=rss]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0253673|John Elliot}}
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-john-elliot-1246657.html Obituary: John Elliot in ''The Independent'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliot, John (author)}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:British male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]

{{UK-novelist-stub}}

Milagro Sala

2017-11-23T17:28:31Z

BattyBot: /* top */fixed CS1 errors: dates to meet MOS:DATEFORMAT (also General fixes) using AWB

{{Infobox person
| name = Milagro Sala
| image = Milagro Sala (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|1|27}}
| birth_place = [[San Salvador de Jujuy]], Argentina
| nationality = Argentine
| alma_mater =
| occupation = President of the Tupac Amaru Neighborhood Association
| networth =
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| salary =
}}
'''Milagro Amalia Ángela Sala''' (born January 27, 1964) is a leader of the Tupac Amaru neighborhood association,<ref name=we>[http://www.we-magazine.net/we-volume-03/milagro/ ''We Magazine''] “Milagro” is Spanish for “miracle” which is what many think Milagro Sala has accomplished. Like other jobless groups in Argentina her organization, Tupac Amaru (named after a revolutionary 18th century Inca), received money from the government. But unlike most of them, the organization of this diminutive Indigenous woman has gained the love and respect of her people.</ref> part of the Association of State Workers (ATE) of [[Jujuy Province|Jujuy]], and a leading figure in the ''Movimiento [[piquetero]]'' of [[Argentina]].

On January 16, 2016, Sala was arrested on charges of fraud and criminal conspiracy in with her alleged embezzlement of [[Argentine peso|ARS]] $30,000,000 intended by the government to help the poor.<ref>[http://www.infobae.com/2016/01/19/1784011-ampliaron-la-denuncia-contra-milagro-sala-y-ex-funcionarios-asociacion-ilicita ''Ampliaron la denuncia contra Milagro Sala y exfuncionarios por "asociación ilícita"''], ''Infobae'' 19 January 2016 (Buenos Aires) (in Spanish).</ref>

Several human rights organizations, like [[Amnesty International]], denounced Argentina's government at the [[Working Group on Arbitrary Detention]] (GAD) of the [[United Nations]], alleging the illegal detention of Milagro Sala. On October 28, 2016 the GAD decided that the detention of Milagro Sala was arbitrary and ordered Argentina's government to free her immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/un-panel-tells-argentina-to-release-activist-milagro-sala/2016/10/28/7d2403f4-9d6d-11e6-b552-b1f85e484086_story.html|website=The Washington Post|title=UN panel tells Argentina to release activist Milagro Sala|date=28 October 2016|first=Luis Andrés |last=Henao}}</ref> The Argentina government considered that the GAD decision was not mandatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201610/168703-onu-milagro-sala.html|website=telam|title=DDHH El Gobierno y el CELS hacen distintas lecturas de la resolución del organismo de la ONU sobre Milagro Sala|date=October 28, 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sala was born in the Lower Azopardo neighborhood of [[San Salvador de Jujuy]].<ref name=p12>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/contratapa/13-139694-2010-02-06.html ''Página 12''] "Milagro también es peronista desde niña. Su madre adoptiva, de quien estuvo distanciada muchos años pero a quien siempre amó mucho, y sigue haciéndolo, le escribió una vez una carta a Evita y tuvo respuesta. Le llegó una de aquellas máquinas de coser de las que habla la leyenda. A Jujuy llegó aquella Singer. A Jujuy nunca había llegado nada."</ref> At 15 years old she discovered that she was adopted and that her biological mother had abandoned her in a cardboard box in front of a hospital. She left the house where she was raised. She lived for years among hustlers, drug dealers, thieves and prostitutes. She was a [[shoe shine]]r, robbed with her friends, and abused [[narcotics]]; at age 18 she was caught and jailed. There, she organized a [[hunger strike]] that resulted in her being allowed to cook for her fellow female prisoners, with better food at equal cost. She spent eight months in prison, and counseled other Lower Azopardo prostitutes toward changing their situation and leaving that environment.

Sala subsequently joined the [[Argentine Workers' Center]] (CTA). She gained nationwide notoriety for the power she obtained in the Province of Jujuy through the ''Asociacion barrial'' Tupac Amaru (Tupac Amaru neighborhood association).<ref name=we/> This [[NGO]] manages a 200 million [[Argentine peso|peso]] (us$50 million) budget, at least 40 vehicles, and over 300 firearms registered in RENAR.<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2009/10/25/um/m-02026579.htm Milagro Sala: Una comandante K...]</ref> Its influence led to conflict with conservative political figures in Jujuy, however, and following a series of exchanged accusations. She’s also had charges filed for death threats and destruction of property by Senator [[Gerardo Morales (politician)|Gerardo Morales]].<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/politica/Procesan-piquetera-Milagro-Sala-amenazas_0_348565326.html Procesan a la piquetera Milagro Sala por amenazas y daños 06/10/10 - 10:04]</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1312198 La Nacion Newspaper article]</ref> She denied involvement in a 2009 incident in which two youths attacked Morales, asserting that the accusations are politically motivated and without proof.<ref name=punto>{{cite web|url=http://www.insurrectasypunto.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2628:argentina-violencia-mediatica-odio-de-clase-y-genero-contra-milagro-salas&catid=4:notas&Itemid=4|title=Violencia mediática, odio de clase y género contra Milagro Salas|publisher=''Insurrectas y Punto''}}</ref>

She is the mother of two children, and the adoptive mother of twelve.<ref name=p12/>

==''Asociacion barrial'' Tupac Amaru==
[[File:Tupac amaru ii 01.png|thumb|150px|[[Tupac Amaru]], symbol and namesake of the Tupac Amaru association founded by Milagro Sala]]

Tupac Amaru receives 7.9 million pesos (us$1.9 million) per month for [[public housing]] construction subsidies from the National Government.<ref>[http://momento24.com/en/2009/10/25/milagros-sala-the-governor-of-a-parallel-state/ milagros-sala-the-governor-of-a-parallel-state (EN)]</ref> It includes 70,000 affiliates, whose membership is requisite in keeping their children in school, where applicable. Members form [[housing cooperative]]s through which government subsidies are channeled, and which completed 3,000 housing units by the end of 2009.<ref name=punto/> The organization also manages six factories employing 5,000 workers in the [[construction material]], [[tool and die]], and [[textile]] industries. It maintains two schools and a clinic equipped with a [[MRI scanner]].<ref name=punto/>

The political ideology of the Tupac Amaru organization is represented by the historical figures of [[Tupac Amaru]], [[Che Guevara]] and [[Eva Perón]].<ref>[http://artepolitica.com/comunidad/entrevista-con-milagro-sala-conductora-de-la-organizacion-tupac-amaru-en-jujuy/ ''Arte Politica''] Túpac Amaru es el que representa a nuestros antepasados y también Evita y el Che Guevara.</ref> They consider themselves ''[[Indigenism|indigienista]]'', proclaiming the government of [[Bolivia]]n President [[Evo Morales]] as a political model.<ref>[http://www.elojodigital.com/politica/2009/10/11/1782.html ''El Ojo Digital''] El vertiginoso desarrollo de Tupac Amaru en 17 provincias tiene que ver con una característica original: es la única organización social que capta políticamente a las comunidades indígenas. Sala lidera los reclamos de tres comunidades, los guaraníes, los coyas y los mapuches, siendo los dos últimos los más activos. Pese a ser una dirigente promocionada por la Casa Rosada, su terminal política no es Kirchner sino Evo Morales. En la ceremonia del Tiwanako del año pasado, Sala se sentó a pocos metros del mandatario boliviano para festejar el "renacimiento de los pueblos originarios."</ref>

Sala attributes many of the accusations against the group and herself to [[Racism in Argentina|racism]], affirming that ''"we will be investigated, while there was corruption among companies. I am dark skinned, and a [[Kolla people|Kolla]], but I´m not stupid."'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/70547/milagro-sala-defends-her-housing-programme-|title=Milagro Sala defends her housing programme|publisher=Buenos Aires Herald''}}</ref>

Tupac Amaru established branches elsewhere in Argentina, including [[Salta]], [[Tucumán]], [[Santiago del Estero]], [[Buenos Aires]] (the [[villa miseria|Villa 31]]), and [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]]; these new chapters total 16 organizations.<ref>[http://www.tupacamaru.org.ar/nota.asp?wVarID=65 Tupac Amaru] Ya estamos avanzando, en Salta tenemos Tupac Amaru, en Tucumán, en Santiago del Estero, también estamos teniendo Tupac Amaru; en Capital Federal, en la Villa 31; trece, quince, dieciséis, también en Mendoza. Estamos avanzando despacio, la idea es tratar de instalarnos en todos los lugares y pelearla. Mirá, una manera de no ser egoísta: Mendoza, por ejemplo, nosotros conseguimos doscientas viviendas para los mendocinos de la Tupac. Ahora, si nosotros hubiésemos tenido una mentalidad cerrada, de decir todo para nosotros, hubiésemos dicho, por qué tenemos que conseguirle doscientas viviendas a Mendoza, cuando podía haber traído esas doscientas viviendas a Jujuy; por qué tenemos que conseguirle ciento veinte viviendas a Salta, en lugar de traerlas para acá.</ref>

[[Gerardo Morales (politician)|Gerardo Morales]] was elected governor in 2015, and denounced that Sala may have committed financial fraud and a discretional use of the money. Morales ordered that the organizations trusted with the payment of subsidies should do so through bank accounts, so that the money can be traced. Most organizations agreed with the proposal, breaking up the ''Tupac Amaru'' organization. Sala, who started a demonstration in the main plaza of Jujuy when Morales took office, refused to do so. She also refused to leave the plaza after a month of staying there. She was eventually detained, accused of public disorder.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1862937-tension-en-jujuy-detuvieron-a-milagro-sala-pero-mantienen-el-acampe-contra-morales Tensión en Jujuy: detuvieron a Milagro Sala, pero mantienen el acampe contra Morales] {{es}}</ref>

Amnesty International considers “that Milagro Sala is being criminalized for peacefully exercising her rights to freedom of expression and protest” and, along with other human rights groups, have called for the granting of precautionary measures to guarantee the liberty of Milagro Sala, along with the exercise of freedom of expression and the right to social protest in Argentina.<ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fWKNz5ehGAQWjXSsapl4fde0vHgeIjLWAY6svyh7u-I/edit</ref><ref>http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa01316_0.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.cels.org.ar/comunicacion/?info=detalleDoc&ids=4&lang=es&ss=46&idc=2026 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/24/opinion/what-obama-should-know-about-macris-argentina.html?_r=0</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.tupacamaru.org.ar/ Official page of Tupac Amaru]
* [http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/subnotas/134056-43247-2009-10-25.html [[Horacio Verbitsky]] review of Milagro Sala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sala, Milagro}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Quechua descent]]
[[Category:People from Jujuy Province]]
[[Category:Cooperative organisers]]
[[Category:Argentine activists]]
[[Category:Indigenous activists of the Americas]]
[[Category:Kirchnerism]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine women in politics]]

Hansa Mehta

2017-11-23T04:58:38Z

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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
'''Hansa Jivraj Mehta''' (1897–1995) was a reformist, social activist, educator, independence activist, and writer from [[India]].<ref name=c>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TMFxy44dWBMC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=HANSA+JIVRAJ+MEHTA&source=bl&ots=sJ1vI4hGJF&sig=sX6z30m7nKUo17kvDCoogJ5pOhE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uqjeT5i2D8WsrAfvxNGqDQ&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=HANSA%20JIVRAJ%20MEHTA&f=false] Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi By Stanley Wolpert, pp 149</ref><ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Women Role Models: Some Eminent Women of Contemporary India By Gouri Srivastava|year=2006|pages=14, 15, 16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfs4Cns3nJIC&pg=PA14&dq=HANSA+JIVRAJ+MEHTA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4qneT-vePIqnrAfi4-3JDQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=HANSA%20JIVRAJ%20MEHTA&f=false}}</ref>
She has written many children's books in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and also translated many English stories, [[Gulliver's Travels]] being one example among others. She was a [[Nagar Brahmins|Nagar Brahmin]] by birth and daughter of [[Manubhai Mehta]]. She married [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], an eminent [[physician]] and [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]].<ref name=a/>
She organized picketing of shops selling foreign clothes, liquor and participated in other freedom movement activities as per the advice of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. She was even arrested and sent to jail by the [[British Raj|British]].<ref name=c/>

She was elected to Bombay Schools Committee in 1926 and became president of [[All India Women's Conference]] in 1945–46. In her presidential address at the All-India Women`s Conference convention held in [[Hyderabad]], she proposed a Charter of Women`s Rights. She held different posts in India from 1945 to 1960, being the vice-chancellor of [[SNDT Women's University]], member of All India Secondary Board of Education, president of Inter University Board of India and vice-chancellor of [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], among others.

Hansha Jivraj Mehta was one among 15 women who were part of the constituent assembly that shaped India's laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/dLi6ZIdW6CgswZCGdOA9VM/The-women-who-helped-draft-our-constitution.html|title=The women who helped draft our constitution|last=|first=|date=|website=http://www.livemint.com|archive-url=|archive-date=13 March 2016|dead-url=|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref>

==UN activities==

She represented India on the Nuclear Sub-Committee on the status of women in 1946. As the Indian delegate on the [[UN Human Rights Commission]] in 1947–48, she was responsible for changing the language of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] from "[[all men are created equal]]" ([[Eleanor Roosevelt|Eleanor Roosevelt’s]] preferred phrase) to ''all human beings'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Devaki|title=Women, Development and the UN|year=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|page=20}}</ref> highlighting the need for [[gender equality]].<ref>http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/humanrights.pdf {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112084212/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/humanrights.pdf |date=12 January 2014 }}</ref> She later went on to become the vice chairman of the [[Human Rights Commission of the United Nations]] in 1950. She was also a member of the Executive Board of [[UNESCO]].<ref name=a/><ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary art in Baroda|year=1997|pages=267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jL6fAAAAMAAJ&q=HANSA+JIVRAJ+MEHTA&dq=HANSA+JIVRAJ+MEHTA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4qneT-vePIqnrAfi4-3JDQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAQ}}</ref>

==Awards==

She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-125454.html | title=Hansa Jivraj Mehta | publisher=Praful Thakkar's Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs | accessdate=19 June 2016 }}</ref> She was the daughter of [[Manubhai Mehta]] and the granddaughter of [[Nandshankar Mehta]], the author of the first Gujarati novel ''[[Karan Ghelo]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Hansa Jivraj}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]

Castle Bellingham

2017-11-23T02:03:34Z

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'''Castlebellingham''' ({{Irish place name|Baile an Ghearlánaigh}}) is a village and [[townland]] in [[County Louth]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and medical care. The village has become a lot quieter since the construction of the new M1 motorway which bypasses the village. Because of its proximity to [[Dublin]] and [[Dundalk]], the village has seen an influx of new inhabitants and construction.

==History and Features of Note==
[[File:Castle Bellingham, Louth.jpg|thumb|Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth]]
The castle of Castlebellingham has served as one of the ancestral homes for Bellinghams since the 17th century. The Bellingham family originated in the small town of [[Kendal]], Westmorland in England, the original ancestor of the Irish Bellinghams, Alan Bellingham hailed from here.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Looking Forward, Looking Back: Stories, Memories and Musings of Castlebellingham/ Kilsaran/ Stabannon.|last=Boyle|first=Séan|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=Dundalk|pages=12|quote=|via=}}</ref> Henry Bellingham, a descendant of Alan was a cavalry officer who first came to Ireland during the English Civil War. The lands of Gernonstown were granted to Henry during the Cromwellian Settlement, in which a large amount of native Irish lands were given to Englishmen in reward for their service. Henry is named in the list of grantees under the Acts of Settlement and Explanation of Charles II s. In 1666, Charles II formally granted the lands to him for his ‘faithful service as a good soldier in the late wars’<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kilsaran|last=Leslie|first=James B.|publisher=|origyear=1908|year=1986|isbn=|location=Dundalk|pages=46|quote=|via=}}</ref>

There is some variation on the spelling of Gernonstowne. On various maps and other documents it is spelled Gernonstowne, Gernonstown, Gernon's-Town, Gormanstown, Germanstown, Garlandstown, Garland, etc. Irish road signs show the English as Castlebellingham while the Irish translation still refers to ''baile an Ghearlanaigh'' - or Gernonstown. It was not called Castlebellingham for at least forty years after the purchase. The name does not appear on any document before the year 1700. About 1710 it began to appear in journals and other sources to be called Castlebellingham.<ref name="BH">{{cite web|url=http://bellinghamroot.tripod.com/bellingh/castleb.htm|title=A brief history and interesting facts about Castlebellingham|work=Castlebellingham|accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref>

The castle was occupied by troops and burned down in the autumn of 1689 by [[James II of England|King James II]] in revenge for Colonel Thomas Bellingham being a guide for [[William III of England|William III]], prior to the [[Battle of the Boyne]].<ref name="BH"/> It is said that King William's armies camped the night before the Battle of the Boyne in the grounds of the castle.<ref name="CB">{{cite web | title=Introduction to Bellingham Castle Hotel | work=Bellingham Castle Hotel | url=http://www.bellinghamcastle.com/ | accessdate=2007-09-16 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417180143/http://www.bellinghamcastle.com/ | archivedate=2001-04-17 | df= }}</ref>

Over time Castlebellingham became known as an important gathering point in the county. Fairs were held there every year. A church was constructed next door to the castle and graveyard with a family vault was built. The Bellinghams became one of the most powerful and influential family in the county. From 1880-85 [[Sir Henry Bellingham, 4th Baronet|Henry Bellingham]] held a seat in [[County Louth (UK Parliament constituency)|Parliament for County Louth]].<ref name="BH"/> In the 1800s the family converted to [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Roman Catholicism]].

Records also note Castlebellingham for having "the best malt liquor" in Ireland. Apparently a brewery was built on site about 1770 and belonged to an O'Bryen Bellingham. For a number of years a brewery partnership ran their liquor business.<ref name="BH"/> The brewery is still there but now houses the "button factory" or Smallwares Ltd. The brewery was the main supplier of drink to the [[Boer War]] troops.

A history of the parish, dated 1908, states that the impressive Calvary standing close to the Castle was erected by Sir Henry Bellingham as a monument to the memory of his first wife Lady Constance.<ref name="CB"/> A collection of inset religious panels is to be seen on the upper facades of many of the village buildings. These are also a reflection of Sir Henry's religious sentiments, and they are unique in Ireland. In addition to the many panels, there are biblical quotations cut into the stone window sills of some buildings. North of the castle is a carefully preserved group of "widows dwellings", built from charitable motives by Sir Henry. The war memorial in the village was built in the Celtic style in 1920 and was unveiled by [[Michael Logue|Cardinal Logue]].<ref>[http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2016/08/despite-wars-and-century-of-change.html Notes by Patrick Comerford, accessed 5 Dec 2016]</ref>

Castlebellingham was the ancestral home of the [[eponymous]] [[Bellingham baronets#Bellingham baronets.2C of Castle Bellingham .281796.29|Bellingham baronets]] until the late 1950s. The last Bellingham to live there was Brigadier General [[Sir Edward Bellingham, 5th Baronet|Sir Edward Bellingham]], born in 1879, who was the last [[Lord Lieutenant of Louth]] in 1921, and Guardian of the Rolls (Custos Rotulorum).<ref name="CB"/> He was then elected to the [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Irish free State Senate]] in 1925-36. It was purchased by Dermot Meehan in 1958 from the [[Irish Land Commission]] for £3,065.00. Meehan spent several years converting the house into the Bellingham Castle Hotel, which remains today. Meehan sold the hotel and 17 acres in 1967 for £30,636.61. The hotel, including the 17 acres, was offered for sale at €1,500,000 in 2011.

In December 2012, it was announced that the Corscadden family, who own and run Cabra Castle Hotel in [[Kingscourt]], Co Cavan and Ballyseede Castle Hotel in Tralee, Co Kerry, purchased Bellingham Castle. They are currently renovating the property and will transform the 19-bedroom castle into an exclusive hotel and wedding venue, to open for business in January 2014.

The town is home to the Gaelic football team the O'Connell's. In 2012, the team had resounding success winning their first Intermediate Championship. After victories over Laois and Meath opposition, they narrowly lost to Monasterevin of Kildare in the Leinster final.

==Transport==
[[Castlebellingham railway station]] opened on 1 April 1851, but finally closed on 6 September 1976.<ref>{{cite web | title=Castlebellingham station | work=Railscot - Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref>

Castlebellingham [[motorway service area]] on the [[M1 motorway (Republic of Ireland)|M1]] opened on 29 September 2010.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106142816/http://eiretrains.com/Photo_Gallery/C/Castlebellingham/A%26Bindex.html Eiretrains - Castlebellingham Station]
* [http://www.bellinghamcastle.ie Bellingham Castle]
* [http://www.oconnellsgfc.gaa.ie/Pages/Default.aspx O'Connell's GFC website]
* [https://www.tripadvisor.ie/Hotel_Review-g1071014-d1064201-Reviews-Bellingham_Castle-Castlebellingham_County_Louth.html TripAdvisor - Bellingham Castle]

==See also==
* [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]

{{coord|53|54|N|6|23|W|display=title|region:IE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{County Louth}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in County Louth]]
[[Category:Townlands of County Louth]]

María Mercedes Prat y Prat

2017-11-15T03:41:45Z

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{{Infobox saint
|image = BlMercedesPrat.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = [[Beatification|Blessed]] Mercè Prat i Prat S.T.J.
|birth_date = {{birth date|1880|03|06|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Barcelona]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1936|07|24|1880|03|06|df=yes}}
|death_place = Barcelona, [[Second Spanish Republic]]
|titles = Religious; Martyr
|resting_place =
|major_shrine =
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|feast_day = 23 July
|attributes = {{unbulleted list|Teresian habit|Palm}}
|patronage = Persecuted Christians
|beatified_date = 29 April 1990
|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
|canonized_date =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
}}

[[Beatification|Blessed]] '''Mercè Prat i Prat''' (6 March 1880 - 24 July 1936) was a [[Spaniards|Spanish]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Nun|professed religious]] of the Teresian Sisters.<ref name=OC>{{cite web|url=http://ocds-carmelite.blogspot.com.au/2008/07/blessed-maria-mercedes-prat.html|title=Blessed Maria Mercedes Prat|publisher=Life as an OCDS Carmelite|date=24 July 2008|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref> Her profession saw her assume the religious name of "'''Maria Mercè of the Sacred Heart'''". Prat was killed during the [[Spanish Civil War]] on the charge of being a nun.<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-mercedes-prat/|title=Blessed Maria Mercedes Prat|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=CO>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=7447|title=Bl. Maria Mercedes Prat|date=|publisher=Catholic Online|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref>

Her cause for sainthood commenced in 1969 - in which she received the title of [[Servant of God]] - while [[Pope John Paul II]] beatified her on 29 April 1990 in [[Saint Peter's Square]].<ref name=OFC>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocarm.org/en/content/liturgy/bl-maria-mercedes-prat-ocd-virgin-and-martyr-mf|title=Bl. Maria Mercedes Prat, (OCD) Virgin and Martyr, (MF)|publisher=Order of Carmelites|date=|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Beatificazione della Beata Mercedes Prat celebrata da Papa Giovanni Paolo II.jpg|thumb|170px|left|John Paul II presides over Prat's beatification.]]
Mercè Prat i Prat was born on 6 March 1880 in [[Barcelona]] as the eldest of four children to Juan Prat i Serra and Teresa Prat i Bordoy.<ref name=OC/><ref name=CO/> She was [[baptized]] on 7 March 1880 and received her [[First Communion]] on 30 June 1890.<ref name=OFC/> She attended Mass on a frequent basis as a child and excelled in painting as well as needlework.<ref name=SQPN/>

Prat had to fend for herself and her siblings after the death of her father in 1895 and the death of her mother not long after in 1896.<ref name=CO/><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90244|title=Blessed Mercedes of the Sacred Heart (Mercedes Prat y Prat)|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref>

Prat travelled to [[Tortosa]] in 1904 and entered the Teresian Sisters while commencing her [[novitiate]] on 27 August 1904.<ref name=CO/> Prat was vested in the habit on 1 March 1905 and made her profession on 10 March 1907.<ref name=CO/> She worked in the field of education in Barcelona until 1909 when she was invited to [[Madrid]] where she made her final vows on 10 March 1910; she was in Tortosa in 1915 and was later assigned to work at the motherhouse of the congregation in 1920 in Barcelona.<ref name=SQPN/><ref name=SEB/> On 19 July 1936 the congregation was forced to abandon both their house and school due to suppression from the anti-Catholic government forces.<ref name=SQPN/><ref name=OFC/>

She was later arrested within the week alongside a companion and was sentenced to death on the charge of being a nun. She was both interrogated and threatened with being shot on 23 July 1936. That evening he and her companion were shot in the evening before a firing squad on the road to Rabasda; Prat repeated between cries of pain: "[[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]]" while she also recited the [[Apostles' Creed]]. Her last words were part of the [[Our Father]]: "Forgive us ... as we forgive ..." - militiamen heard her cries of pain and shot her dead at dawn at 4:00am on 24 July 1936.<ref name=OC/><ref name=SQPN/> She was buried in Barcelona.<ref name=SEB/>

Sister Gioacchina Miguel - arrested and shot alongside Prat - lived the ordeal and became a main witness for the beatification process of Prat.<ref name=CO/>

==Beatification==
[[File:Teresianes-TombaMercèPrat-altar.JPG|thumb|right|160px|Tomb.]]
The beatification process commenced in 1969 - under [[Pope Paul VI]] - in an informative process that concluded in 1970 and accorded her the title of [[Servant of God]] as the first stage in the process; one of the main witnesses was Sister Gioacchina Miguel. The [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] validated the process in [[Rome]] on 21 June 1985 and assumed charge of the [[Positio]] in 1987 for further investigation.

Her beatification received the approval of [[Pope John Paul II]] on 21 December 1989 after he determined that Prat had indeed died "in odium fidei" ('in hatred of the faith') and beatified Prat in [[Saint Peter's Square]] on 29 April 1990.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/MSPC23.htm#Prat Hagiography Circle]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prat, Merce Prat i}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:19th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Executed Spanish people]]
[[Category:People executed by the Second Spanish Republic]]
[[Category:People killed in the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:People from Barcelona]]
[[Category:Spanish beatified people]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics]]

Eden (Musiker)

2017-11-02T22:58:27Z

BattyBot: fixed wikilink(s) in the infobox's genre parameter & general fixes using AWB

{{Distinguish | Project Eden | Eden Project}}
{{Use Irish English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = EDEN
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist 
| image = File:Jonathon_Ng_on_his_tour_in_Los_Angeles,_April_2016.jpg
| birth_name = Jonathon Ng
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indie pop]]|[[dream pop]]|[[R&B]]|[[alternative rock|alternative]]|[[rock music|rock]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]|[[indietronica]]|[[lo-fi]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|piano|violin|drums|vocals}}
| years_active = 2012-present
| label = {{hlist|[[Astralwerks]]|MCMXCV|Seeking Blue}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Gnash (musician)|gnash]]|Crywolf|Puppet|ATO|Laura Brehm|Leah Kelly|Ak9|Mendum|[[Illenium]]}}
| website = {{URL|iameden.eu}}
}}

'''Jonathon Ng'''<ref>{{cite tweet|title=Tweet by EDEN|url=https://twitter.com/iameden/status/726005083935248384|user=iameden|number=726005083935248384|date=29 April 2016}}</ref> (born 23 December 1995), better known by his stage name '''EDEN''' is an [[Ireland|Irish]] [[electronic music]] producer and singer-songwriter based in [[Dublin, Ireland|Dublin]].<ref name="Irish Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/nialler9-s-new-irish-music-eden-lisa-o-neill-shit-robot-and-more-1.2585575 | title=Nialler9's New Irish Music: EDEN, Lisa O'Neill, Shit Robot and more | work=The Irish Times | date=24 March 2016 | accessdate=17 August 2016 | author=Niall Byrne}}</ref> He formerly operated as '''The Eden Project''', an alias that was discontinued in 2015. Ng's work as The Eden Project typically featured more conventional styles of [[electronic dance music]] such as [[dubstep]] and [[drum and bass]], while EDEN saw him venturing into a more [[indie pop]] style.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/iameden |title=EDEN - SoundCloud}}</ref>

Ng released over 40 tracks as The Eden Project including 6 EPs, as well as several remixes. As EDEN, he launched his own record label, known as MCMXCV, on which his debut EP ''[[End Credits (EP)|End Credits]]'' was released. His second EP, ''[[I Think You Think Too Much of Me|i think you think too much of me]]'', was released in August 2016 and became his first charting music, debuting at No. 43 on the [[Irish Albums Chart]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%252Fmusicvideo%252Fmusic%252Farchive%252Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2016&year=2016&week=34|title=GFK Chart-Track|website=www.chart-track.co.uk|access-date=2016-08-26}}</ref>

==Life and career==

===Early life===
Ng was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother is from Ireland and his father is from Hong Kong.<ref>At 22:18, EDEN states, "I was born in Dublin, lived here my whole life..." He later added that his mother is from Ireland and his father is from Hong Kong. {{cite web|title=EDEN - Timeline | Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/iameden/videos/1052767278134029/|website=www.facebook.com|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref> Ng was trained with classical [[violin]] and music theory from the age of 7. He later taught himself the [[piano]], [[guitar]] and [[drums]], and began composing his own music as The Eden Project.

===2013–2015: The Eden Project===
Ng began independently releasing tracks as The Eden Project in 2013, achieving popularity through promotion networks. In 2014, he released the album ''Kairos'', in which the tracks "Statues" and "Chasing Ghosts" saw him experimenting with a more subdued alternative style of music. In October 2014, he released the ''Entrance'' EP, whose indie track "Circles" contrasted his familiar electronic style. His most popular tracks were deviations from his usual sound. On 10 December 2014, he was featured on the track "Scribble" by New York-based producer Puppet, which was released through [[Monstercat]].

In 2015, Ng further embraced his indie style with the ''Bipolar Paradise'' EP, whose track "Fumes" amassed over 9 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{youtube|id=v8KPX-KPsFU|title=The Eden Project - Fumes}}</ref> He later announced that he was discontinuing The Eden Project, and released ''Final Call'', his last EP under the alias. It contained two covers, one of "[[Blank Space (Taylor Swift song)|Blank Space]]" by [[Taylor Swift]] and the other of "[[Crazy In Love]]" by [[Beyoncé]]. "Times Like These" is officially the last song released under his former alias.

Before and during his time as "The Eden Project," he also made a compilation of soundtracks that he didn't use; put it under the name "The Spab Project." This compilation consists of instrumentals, vocals, demos for his songs which he later released as well as snippets of him rapping. This compilation can now be found in his discography.

===2015–2016: Change to EDEN, ''End Credits'', ''ITYTTMOM'' and Futurebound tour===

Ng changed his alias to EDEN following the release of ''Final Call'', and began recording new work in spring 2015. The ''[[End Credits (EP)|End Credits]]'' EP was released for free download worldwide on 8 August through UK-based label Seeking Blue Records, as well as Ng's own imprint MCMXCV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thissongslaps.com/2015/07/eden-gets-ready-debut-ep-release-title-track-end-credits/|title=EDEN Gets Ready For His Debut EP With Release Of Title Track "End Credits" - thissongslaps.com - Electronic Dance Music & Hip-Hop Media|author=Garret|work=thissongslaps.com - Electronic Dance Music & Hip-Hop Media}}</ref> The EP consists of indie pop and alternative electronica tracks with a strong emphasis on vocals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youredm.com/2015/08/01/eden-end-credits/|title=EDEN - End Credits - Your EDM|author=Garrett Smith|work=Your EDM}}</ref> Two singles, "Nocturne" and "Gravity", were released in June and July, respectively. As a whole, the EP has amassed over 14 million plays on the streaming platform [[SoundCloud]].

On 22 March, Ng embarked on his End Credits Tour, with concerts in Dublin, London, Toronto, New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. The tickets were sold out within the week, and an additional venue was set up in New York City due to demand.<ref name="Irish Times"/> The tour concluded on 8 April.

Shortly after his ''End Credits'' tour, Ng announced that his new EP, ''[[I Think You Think Too Much of Me|i think you think too much of me]]'', would be released on 19 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/i-think-you-think-too-much-of-me/id1120830482?app=itunes|title=i think you think too much of me by Eden on iTunes|website=iTunes|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> On 10 June 2016, the first single, "sex", was released, featuring a greater focus on vocals and instrumentation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.youredm.com/2016/06/10/eden-sex/|title=EDEN Releases "sex" Ahead of New EP|last=Landon Fleury|date=2016-06-10|website=Your EDM|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> A month later, [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] premiered the next single, "drugs", a day before its official release on 15 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7438898/eden-drugs-premiere|title=Electronic Musician EDEN Gets Honest on Dark 'drugs' Track: Exclusive Premiere|access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref> The EP features "Fumes", formerly released under The Eden Project, featuring [[Gnash (musician)|Gnash]], in addition to re-releases of two other The Eden Project songs, "XO" and a remastered version of "Circles." After release, the EP charted on the [[Irish Albums Chart]], becoming Ng's first charting music.<ref name=":1" />

On 7 September 2016, Ng released a second music video for "drugs", a [[360 degree video]] experience in [[virtual reality]].<ref>https://www.facebook.com/iameden/videos/1067907573286666/</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pierce|first1=David|title=Music’s Salvation Might Be Selling Not Songs, But VR|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/09/future-of-vr-music/|website=Wired|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> The video amassed 1.5 million Facebook views in one week.

Ng promoted ''i think you think too much of me'' through the Futurebound Tour, which began on 7 September 2016 in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada. The tour included 33 performances in North America and Europe, and concluded on 26 November with a final show in Paris, France.<ref>{{cite web|title=EDEN Tickets|url=http://eden.seetickets.com/content/ticket-options|website=eden.seetickets.com|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EDEN Kicks Off North American "Futurebound" Tour|url=http://www.astralwerks.com/news/eden-kicks-off-north-american-futurebound-tour/|website=Astralwerks|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref>

===2017–Present: Festival shows and start//end===

Ng embarked on a festival tour in the summer of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title="catch me if you can x"|url=https://www.facebook.com/iameden/photos/a.830898380320921.1073741828.785550311522395/1277065592370862|website=Facebook|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref> He also selected a few fans to film their experiences at each show and post them to his [[Snapchat]] account. September 2, Ng performed his final show of the festival season at [[Electric Picnic]]. During his set, he premiered the official version of start//end, in which we see him experimenting with a more R&B sound. The song had previously been leaked on his SoundCloud in January.<ref>{{cite web|title=EDEN performing start//end at Electric Picnic|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sE0UiPFsYms|website=Youtube|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref>

On September 28, "start//end" was released on all major music platforms, with an accompanying music video released on the same day. The video has surpassed 400,000 views and peaked on the 22nd rank on the YouTube trending page soon after its initial release. The video was shot in various places in Europe, North America and Japan. It had 700,000 hits on spotify over a week.<ref>{{cite web|title=EDEN RELEASES NEW TRACK & VIDEO "START//END"|url=http://www.astralwerks.com/news/eden-releases-new-track-video-startend/|website=Astralwerks|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref>

==Additional works==
Prior to the release of ''End Credits'', Ng provided uncredited vocals for Mendum's song "Elysium," as well as credited vocals for Crywolf's song "Stomach It." The vocals from "woah," a track in The Eden Project's ''Final Call'' EP, were sampled in the track "I'll Be Your Reason" by [[Illenium]], which was released on 8 June through Nest HQ, a subsidiary of [[Skrillex]]'s label [[OWSLA]]. Following the release of ''End Credits'', Ng provided uncredited vocals on the track "No More" by [[Pierce Fulton]], which was released on 9 November 2015 through [[Armada Music]].

In November 2015, Ng released a cover of [[Michael Jackson]]'s "[[Billie Jean]]" for free download.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thissongissick.com/blog/2015/premiere-eden-billie-jean-michael-jackson-cover/|title=[PREMiERE] EDEN - Billie Jean (Michael Jackson Cover) : Must Hear Cover [Free Download] - this song is sick|work=this song is sick}}</ref> It amassed over 1 million plays on most streaming platforms.

In 2016, Ng collaborated two more times with Puppet, providing uncredited vocals on the tracks "Without Me" and "Vagabond", which were released on Monstercat as part of Puppet's debut EP ''Soft Spoken''.

Ng has produced two EP's for London-based rapper ATO, "Intro" and "Man of the House".

In September 2017, Ng provided uncredited vocals for the song "Leaving" on American producer [[Illenium]]'s second studio album [[Awake (Illenium album)|''Awake'']].<ref>https://riverbeats.life/illenium-announces-album/</ref>

==Discography==
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Details
|-
|''[[End Credits (EP)|End Credits]]''
|
* Released: 8 August 2015
* Labels: {{hlist|MCMXCV|Seeking Blue Records}}
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]]
|-
|''[[I Think You Think Too Much of Me|i think you think too much of me]]''
|
* Released: 19 August 2016
* Labels: {{hlist|MCMXCV|[[Astralwerks]]}}
* Formats: Digital download, [[Gramophone record|vinyl]], cassette
|-
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Details
|-
|''start//end''
|
* Released: 28 September 2017
* Labels: {{hlist|MCMXCV|[[Astralwerks]]|[[Universal Music Group|UMG]]}}
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:EDEN - Official}}
[[Category:Musicians from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Irish singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Irish people of Hong Kong descent]]
[[Category:Monstercat artists]]

Slutshaming

2017-10-23T16:43:39Z

BattyBot: fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{Feminism sidebar}}
{{Discrimination sidebar|expanded =all}}
In [[human sexuality]], '''slut-shaming''' is a form of [[social stigma]] applied to people, especially women and girls, who are perceived to violate traditional expectations for sexual behaviors. Some examples of circumstances wherein women are slut-shamed include violating [[dress code]] policies by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 | pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=0009-5982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've 'desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies.' Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh"/> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, engaging in [[prostitution]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesla|first=Carrasquillo,|date=2014-01-01|title=Understanding Prostitution and the Need for Reform|url=http://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/lawreview/vol30/iss3/11/|journal=Touro Law Review|volume=30|issue=3|issn=8756-7326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=BbETAAAAQBAJ&q=slut+shaming#v=snippet&q=slut%20shaming&f=false|title=Sex Workers Unite: A History of the Movement from Stonewall to Slutwalk|last=Chateauvert|first=Melinda|date=2014-02-07|publisher=Beacon Press|year=|isbn=9780807061398|location=|pages=49|language=English|quote=It encouraged women to be angry about whore stigma and slut shaming for pursuing sexual pleasure or trading sex for money|via=}}</ref> or when being [[victim blaming|victim blamed]] for being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]].<ref name="asking" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://bhttps://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&q=slut+shaming#v=snippet&q=slut%20shaming&f=false|title=Sex Workers Unite: A History of the Movement from Stonewall to SlutWalk|last=Chateauvert|first=Melinda|date=2014-01-07|publisher=Beacon Press|year=|isbn=9780807061404|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Slut-shaming implies that victims of sex violence "asked for it" because they were sexually promiscuous or dressed provocatively.|via=}}</ref>

==Definitions and characteristics==
Slut-shaming is defined by many as a process in which women are attacked for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., of admonishing them for behavior or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C&|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref><ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tolman|first1=Deborah L.|title=Dilemmas of desire teenage girls talk about sexuality.|date=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674018563|edition=1. Harvard Univ. Press paperback}}</ref>

Slut-shaming is used against women by both men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=[[Belisa Vranich]], Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref><ref>[http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/5/9/political-sex-scandalsmonicalewinskysexismslutshaming.html Monica Lewinsky’s return and the sexism 2.0 of political scandals]</ref> Jessica Ringrose has argued that slut-shaming functions among women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' sexual expression".<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term ''slut-shaming'' is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]; e.g. by stating that the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> and thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt. The study "Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness," published in the ''Journal of Social and Personal Relationships'', notes that sexually lenient individuals are judged more negatively than non-permissive peers, which places those who are more permissive at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html |volume=31 |pages=93–113}}</ref> The researchers from Cornell University found that similar sentiments appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

== In the media ==
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011]]
The [[SlutWalk]] protest march started in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident where a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "sluts".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = [[Gender and Education]], special issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–343 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref> Progress to end slut-shaming has gained momentum in the U.S. when bigger SlutWalks are organized by celebrities like Amber Rose. Rose's second annual walk in Los Angeles of 2016 was reported to have "several hundred" women in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/amber-roses-slutwalk-was-reality-tv-ready-7456324|title=Amber Rose's SlutWalk Was Reality TV Ready|last=Lecaro|first=Lina|date=2016-10-03|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref>

The term has since been used when describing the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Krystal |title=Boycott Rush |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html |series=The Blog |work=HuffPost |accessdate=13 December 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |quote=This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line, they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut.}}</ref> Condemnation of Limbaugh following the incident is argued to have increased public attention to societal shame around women being demeaned in the media for use of birth control.<ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Kaitlin Menza argues that slut-shaming is a common form of bullying on social media, with some people using [[revenge porn]]ography tactics to spread intimate photos without consent. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Pott]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide eight days after photos of her being assaulted were distributed among her peer group.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|accessdate = |series = Huff Post Teen|website = The Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin|date=October 30, 2013}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

The comedy duo Sorry About Last Night (composed of Krystyna Hutchinson and Corinne Fischer) have a podcast that is entitled “Guys We F****d, The Anti-slut shaming podcast”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/13/guys-we-fucked-corinne-fisher-krystyna-hutchinson_n_4951770.html|title=This Is The Sexiest Podcast You'll Ever Hear|last=Editor|first=Emma Gray Executive Women's|last2=Post|first2=The Huffington|date=2014-03-13|work=HuffPost|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> The women interview previous men that they have slept with along with an array of people like fellow comedians, celebrities like Andy Dick, or sex-workers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} This podcast has over 200,000 listeners on each episode that is on SoundCloud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/guyswefucked|title=Guys We F****d|website=SoundCloud|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> This podcast is now available on iTunes as well although it was kept off of iTunes for some time for unknown reasons, according to one interviewer "“iTunes would not comment on whether the show is subject to an official ban”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/18/the-podcast-too-hot-for-itunes.html|title=The Podcast Too Hot for iTunes|last=Goldstein|first=Rich|date=2014-02-18|website=The Daily Beast|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> The goal of the podcast is to de-stigmatize the way we talk about sex so that slut-shaming becomes less of an issue, Hutchinson explains in an interview with ''The Huffington Post'': “We want to make people feel more comfortable in their own skin. We just got a message from a girl from New Delhi, India, about how she loves the podcast because it makes her feel like it’s OK to be comfortable with your sexuality and enjoy sex. And that made me so happy.” <ref name=":0" />

== In social media ==
With the proliferation in the use of [[social networking]] tools, the practice of slut-shaming is becoming more prevalent among [[social media]] platforms, including [[YouTube]] and [[Facebook]].

In the YouTube community, users such as Jenna Mourey (aka [[Jenna Marbles]]) speak out against “sluts” in their videos. In a video released in December 2012 entitled "Things I don’t understand about girls Part 2: Slut edition", Mourey scorns women who engage in [[casual sex]]:

“A slut is someone that has a lot of casual sex. [...] It’s the girl that you’re like, ‘Pyeah [sic], yeah, she’s a slut.’ Yeah, that girl. Those are the group of people that I’m talking about. [...] Help the sluts of the world make less bad slutty decisions. [...] We need to look out for the sluts of the universe together. Because I think they are just a little lonely and sad.”

Lewis Webb, PhD candidate at [[Umeå University]] (Sweden), emphasizes that Mourey’s opinion is one among several in the YouTube community and that “the medium [of YouTube] is increasingly being used to attack and malign female reputations and criticize female sexual behavior.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shame transfigured: Slut-shaming from Rome to cyberspace|url = http://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5464|journal = First Monday|date = 2015-04-02|issn = 1396-0466|volume = 20|issue = 4|language = en|first = Lewis Mark|last = Webb|doi=10.5210/fm.v20i4.5464}}</ref>

Slut-shaming is also commonplace on Facebook. In the middle of 2015, twenty-three year old Australia resident, Olivia Melville, was the target of slut-shaming by Chris Hall, a man who took a screenshot of her [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]] biography and posted it on Facebook. Melville’s biography was a lyric from the song “Only” by the rapper [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] and read: “Type of girl that will suck you dry and then eat some lunch with you.” The post spawned a plethora of comments, calling Melville a “bitch” and a “cunt.” Zane Alchin even alluded to the threat of a sexual assault in a series of comments on the photo, including: “You know the best thing about a feminist they don’t get any action so when you rape them it feels 100 times tighter.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Woman Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Tinder|url = http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|website = Mic|accessdate = 2015-11-16}}</ref> Alchin was subsequently convicted of using a [[carriage service]] to menace, harass or cause offence.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/30/how-facebook-troll-came-undone|author = Elle Hunt|date = 30 July 2016|accessdate = 30 July 2016|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|title = 'What law am I breaking?' How a Facebook troll came undone}}</ref>

== In literature ==
There are several instances in literature in which women are degraded or admonished for their sexual behavior. In these novels, men are largely exempt from the public outrage that their female counterparts endure for engaging in relationships deemed socially inappropriate:

* In [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', [[Hester Prynne]] is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" to display her adulterous affair to her whole town.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>
* In ''[[Tess of the D'Urbervilles]]'' by [[Thomas Hardy]], the title character is abandoned by her husband after she tells him how she was coerced into a sexual relationship with her former employer, Alec. He is completely disgusted by the revelation and claims that she is "not the woman he fell in love with."
* In ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]], the title character has a highly public affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. Anna is rejected by her friends, while the reputation of Count Vronsky remains more or less untarnished.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

==In school dress codes==
{{weasel|section|date=August 2016}}
Some believe that school [[dress codes]] are a form of slut shaming, and are unfair to girls and women.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite web|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Students protest 'slut shaming' high school dress codes with mass walkouts|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/24/us-high-schools-dress-codes-protest-sexism-hemline|website=The Guardian|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> In the United States, some believe that these dress codes "violate [[Title IX]], the [[federal law]] that ensures non-[[discrimination]] in educational environments."<ref name="Carroll"/> On Monday, September 22, 2014, "about 100 pupils walked out of Bingham high school in South Jordan, Utah."<ref name="Carroll"/> Students staged a walkout because more than a dozen girls were turned away from a [[homecoming dance]] for wearing dresses which violated the dress code rules.<ref name="Carroll"/> "School staff allegedly lined up girls against a wall as they arrived and banished about two dozen for having dresses which purportedly showed too much skin and violated the rules." It is believed that this act was awkward and humiliating towards the female students, which spawned the walkouts.<ref name="Carroll"/>

Certain dress code restrictions in schools across North America are believed to be perpetuating sexist standards, since they concentrate specifically on females and what they are and are not allowed to wear. There is also an emphasis placed on the effects that girls’ wardrobe choices have on their male classmates, which is seen by some as inappropriate. In March 2014, a group of middle-school girls from Evanston, Illinois protested their school’s dress code, which prohibited them from wearing leggings to school under the pretense that it was “too distracting for boys.” Thirteen-year-old student, Sophie Hasty, was quoted in the Evanston Review saying that “not being able to wear leggings because it’s ‘too distracting for boys’ is giving us the impression we should be guilty for what guys do.” In a Time magazine article covering the incident, Eliana Dockterman argued that teachers and administration in these schools are “walking the fine line between enforcing a dress code and slut shaming.”<ref>{{Cite web|title = When Enforcing School Dress Codes Turns Into Slut Shaming|url = http://time.com/36997/when-enforcing-school-dress-codes-turns-into-slut-shaming/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

In September 2014, a similar incident occurred at Tottenville High School in Staten Island, New York. Within the first few days of the semester, two hundred detention slips were handed out to students who violated the school’s dress code. Approximately ninety percent of the slips distributed were given to girls as their clothing was deemed “disruptive to teaching and learning.” Many claim that making girls feel guilty for the actions of boys is similar to telling victims of sexual assault that they were “asking for it” by dressing in a particular manner and has thus been linked to the practice of victim-blaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Schools Are Still Slut-Shaming Girls While Enforcing Dress Code|url = http://time.com/3394549/dress-code-long-island-new-york/|website = TIME.com|accessdate = 2015-11-16|first = Eliana|last = Dockterman}}</ref>

A Canadian teenager, Lauren Wiggins, was given detention in May 2015 for wearing a floor-length dress with a halter neckline. The punishment prompted Wiggins to write an open letter to the school’s assistant vice principal at Harrison Trimble High School in Moncton, New Brunswick. In the letter, Wiggins concentrated specifically on the fact that females are often blamed for the behaviour of males, saying that if a boy “will get distracted by my upper back and shoulders then he needs to be sent home and practice self-control.” She was then given a one-day suspension after writing and submitting the letter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/14/lauren-wiggins-haltar-top_n_7284528.html|title=High Schooler Lauren Wiggins' Letter Nails Exactly What's Wrong With School Dress Codes|date=14 May 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

== Attempts to stop the practice ==
Activism takes place worldwide. In April, 2011, Heather Jarvis and Sonya Barnett co-founded SlutWalk Toronto after a local Toronto police officer made the comment that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order to not be victimized". Participants cover their bodies in messages reading "Don't Tell Me How to Dress" and "I am not a slut but I like having consensual sex" and march under a giant banner with the word slut on it to take poison out of the word "slut" itself. From Vancouver to New York City, to Rio, Jerusalem, Hong Kong and more, the campaign has spread globally.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Tram|title=From SlutWalks to SuicideGirls: Feminist Resistance in the Third Wave and Postfeminist Era|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=1 January 2013|volume=41|issue=3/4|pages=157–172|doi=10.1353/wsq.2013.0102|jstor=23611512}}</ref>

The internet is a resource that exposes sexuality and sexual behaviors. In ''Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Minors from Sex (2002)'', Judith Levine argues that censoring women and children from the Internet doesn't benefit them in any way but instead results in ignorance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heywood|first1=ed. by Leslie L.|title=A - Z.|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=0313331340|pages=306|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>

In 2008, hundreds of South African women protested the local taxi rank wearing miniskirts and t-shirts that read, "Pissed-OffWomen." after a taxi driver and multiple hawkers confronted a young girl about wearing a short denim miniskirt and penetrated her with their fingers, calling her "slut" repeatedly. Protesters wanted to make their message clear; they wanted men to stop harassing women no matter how short their skirts were and that no matter how short it may be, it is never an invitation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wininger|first1=K. J.|title=Stomp & Holler: Because We've Had Enough! The Transformation of SlutWalks|journal=Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy|date=1 January 2012|volume=22|issue=2|pages=144–151|doi=10.5325/trajincschped.22.2.0144|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/trajincschped.22.2.0144}}</ref>

After the gang rape of an unconscious sixteen year old girl in Steubenville, Ohio, August 2012, football players spread videos of the assault to other classmates whom some of which posted the videos to Twitter and Instagram. The pictures and video were later removed by authorities, however that didn't stop people from hash-tagging "Whore status" or "I have no sympathy for whores" on their tweets. Members of the collective Anonymous reported names of the rapists and classmates who spread the footage to local authorities. They took to the streets and internet requesting help from the community to bring justice to the Jane Doe who was raped.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Hate Crimes in Cyberspace|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674368293|pages=95–119|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zsws7.7|chapter=Civil Rights Movements, Past and Present}}</ref>

Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, ''[[Slut: The Play]]'', in which they address the damaging impact of slut-shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web|url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com" /> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com" /> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404050810/https://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |archivedate=April 4, 2014 }}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes: "A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by Katie Cappiello vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/>

In April 2013, Emily Lindin, founder of the UnSlut Project, created a blog to share her stories on sexual bullying to “provide some perspective to girls who currently feel trapped and ashamed". The blog now consists of entries from members of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. The film, ''UnSlut: A Documentary Film'', coincides with the project and is screened across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unslutproject.com/about.html|title = The UnSlut Project|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Lindin|first = Emily}}</ref>

After experiencing slut-shaming first-hand, Olivia Melville, Paloma Brierly Newton and approximately a dozen other Australian women founded the organization, Sexual Violence Won’t Be Silenced, on August 25, 2015. The association seeks to raise awareness of cyber-bullying and online sexual violence. The founders also launched a petition to the Australian government, requesting that they better train and educate law enforcement officers on how to prevent and punish violent harassment on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|title=A Woman Was Slut-Shamed and Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Her Tinder Profile|author=Mic|work=Mic}}</ref>

==Among gay men==
Gay men have traditionally been relatively tolerant of promiscuity. However, this changed considerably with the [[AIDS]] epidemic of the 1980s. [[Condom]] use as a [[safe sex]] practice became prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the [[AIDS epidemic]],<ref name="Who">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=26 November 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref> though the availability of [[antibiotics]] and [[antiretroviral]] drugs in [[advanced economies]] has led to [[condom fatigue]] among [[men who have sex with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aids.about.com/od/womenandhiv/a/Why-People-Dont-Use-Condoms-and-That-Includes-Women.htm|title=The (Real) Reasons Why People Don't Use Condoms|author1=Dennis Sifris |author2=MD and James Myhre |work=About.com Health}}</ref>

The drug [[Tenofovir/emtricitabine|Truvada]] has been approved for [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] for [[prevention of HIV/AIDS]] in some countries, after studies demonstrated it can lower the risk of new HIV infections.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men | pmc=3079639 | pmid=21091279 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1011205 | volume=363 | date=December 2010 | journal=N. Engl. J. Med. | pages=2587–99 | last1 = Grant | first1 = RM | last2 = Lama | first2 = JR | last3 = Anderson | first3 = PL | display-authors = 3 | last4 = et al}}</ref><ref>US Public Health Service [5 October 2014]; Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in the United States - 2014 Clinical Practice Guideline https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/PrEPguidelines2014.pdf</ref> A number of HIV researchers like [[Anthony S. Fauci]] have been positive about the drug,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2010/11/24/131569907/dr-fauci-optimisitic-about-hiv-drug-truvada|title=Dr. Fauci Optimisitic About HIV Drug Truvada|date=24 November 2010|work=NPR.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4114402/aids-hiv-drug-prep/|title=PrEP Truvada: AIDS Drug Prevents HIV Infections, Study Finds|author=Alice Park|work=TIME.com}}</ref> the [[AIDS Healthcare Foundation]] has written to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] expressing concern that Truvada promotion would harm [[safer sex]] messaging that encourages condom use.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV Infection: Current Status, Future Opportunities and Challenges | pmc=4354703 | pmid=25673022 | doi=10.1007/s40265-015-0355-4 | volume=75 | year=2015 | journal=Drugs | pages=243–51 | last1 = Krakower | first1 = DS | last2 = Mayer | first2 = KH}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/12/truvada-hiv-prep-stigma/418119/|title=The Danger in Comparing the HIV-Prevention Pill to Condoms|author=John Byrne|work=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/08/truvada-chill-pill-or-party-drug |title=Truvada: Chill Pill or Party Drug? |first=Scott |last=Shackford |work=reason.com |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/09/why-arent-gay-men-on-the-pill/|title=Why Aren’t Gay Men On The Pill? « The Dish|work=The Dish}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEgg6EOpNM|title=Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution (Full Length)|date=26 June 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> The phrase "Truvada whore" has been used in the media<ref>{{cite journal|title=How Stigma Surrounding the Use of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Undermines Prevention and Pleasure: A Call to Destigmatize "Truvada Whores" | pmc=4566537 | pmid=26270298 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302816 | volume=105 | journal=Am J Public Health | pages=1960–4 | last1 = Calabrese | first1 = SK | last2 = Underhill | first2 = K}}</ref> and some openly gay men are afraid to disclose that they use Truvada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.out.com/news-opinion/2013/09/09/hiv-prevention-new-condom-truvada-pill-prep|title=The pill Truvada can prevent HIV: So why are so few gay men taking it?|publisher=}}</ref> while take up rates have been lower than expected. Some reports indicate that gay men who use Truvada to lower their risk of contracting HIV are shamed for doing so, based on perceptions that Truvada users are more promiscuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/truvada-mircle-pill-prevent-hiv-controversy|title=Truvada has been called the 'miracle' HIV pill – so why is uptake so slow?|author=Amanda Holpuch|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/good-weekend/truvada--the-other-little-blue-pill-20141128-11l1od.html|title=Truvada – the other little blue pill|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Some gay rights activists have said that environments which have slut-shaming are more likely to lead to gay men engaging in practices which lead to increased rates of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/09/08/op-ed-slut-shaming-cause-hiv |title=Op-ed: Slut-Shaming Is a Cause of HIV |first=Hussain |last=Turk |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=8 September 2014 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
*[[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]
*[[Honor killing]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Feminist terminology]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Misogynistic slurs]]

Klara Dan von Neumann

2017-10-23T14:38:52Z

BattyBot: /* Life */fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Klara Dan von Neumann
|image = Photograph of Klara Dan von Neumann.png
|image_size = 220px
|caption = Klara Dan von Neumann. Photo by [[Alfred Eisenstaedt]] <ref name="Inc1957">{{cite book|last=Blair Jr|first=Cary|title=Passing of a Great Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA89|accessdate=31 March 2012|volume=42, No. 8|date=25 February 1957|publisher=Time Inc|pages=89–104|issn=0024-3019}}</ref>
|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1911|08|18}}
|birth_place = [[Budapest]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1963|11|10|1911|08|18}}
|death_place = [[San Diego]], [[California]], United States
|residence = United States
|citizenship =
|nationality = Hungarian and American
|fields = [[Computer science]]
|workplaces = [[Princeton University]] [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Site Y, Los Alamos]]
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = [[MANIAC I]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Klára (Klari) Dán von Neumann''' (18 August 1911 – 10 November 1963) was a scientist, and a pioneer computer programmer.

== Life==
Klara was born in [[Budapest]], Hungary on August 18, 1911 to Károly - Karl Dán and Camila Stadler, a wealthy Jewish family.<ref name="GT">{{cite web|last=Chen, J with Su-I Lu, and Dan Vekhter|title=Von Neumann and the Development of Game Theory|url=http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/1998-99/game-theory/neumann.html|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="TC">{{cite book|last1=Dyson|first1=George|title=Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe|date=2012|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-1-4000-7599-7}}</ref><ref name="SM">{{cite web|last=Withman, Sarah|title=Meet the Computer Scientist You Should Thank For Your Smartphone’s Weather App|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/meet-computer-scientist-you-should-thank-your-phone-weather-app-180963716/#t6qvrSmRmJWS3pC3.03|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> Her father had previously served in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] as an officer during [[World War I]], and the family moved to Vienna to escape [[Bela Kun]]. Once the regime was overthrown, the family moved back to Budapest. Her family was wealthy, and often held parties where Klara would meet many different people from various stations in life. At 14, Klara became a national champion in figure skating.<ref name=TC /> She attended [[Veres Pálné Gimnázium]] in Budapest and graduated in 1929.<ref name="libcongress">{{cite web|title=Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress|url=http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/1996/ms996003.pdf|website=John Von Neumann and Klara Dan Von Neumann Papers|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=22 July 2017|date=2014}}</ref> She married Ferenc Engel in 1931 and Andor Rapoch in 1936.<ref>{{cite web|title=Klára Dán|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Kl%C3%A1ra-D%C3%A1n/6000000002591466617|website=Geni Family Tree|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Klara had previously met [[John von Neumann]] during one of his return trips to Budapest prior to the outbreak of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macrae|first1=Norman|title=John von Neumann: The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More|date=1992|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|isbn=0679413081|pages=170–174|edition=1.}}</ref> When von Neumann's first marriage ended in a divorce, Klara divorced Rapoch and married von Neumann in 1938 and emigrated to the United States. She became head of the Statistical Computing Group at [[Princeton University]] in 1943, and moved to [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in 1946 to work on the [[MANIAC I]] as a computer programmer.<ref name="libcongress"/> After von Neumann's death, Klara married [[Carl Eckart]] in 1958 and moved to [[La Jolla, California]]. She died in 1963 when she drove from her home in La Jolla to the beach and walked into the surf and drowned. The San Diego coroner's office listed her death as a suicide.<ref name=TC /><ref>{{cite news|title=Former Wife of Late Atomic Energy Commission Official Drowns|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/156684437/|accessdate=22 July 2017|work=Albuquerque Journal|date=11 November 1963|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Klara was one of the world's first computer programmers and coders. She helped solve mathematical problems using computer code.<ref name="KDM">{{cite web|last1=Devlin|first1=Keith|title=John von Neumann: The Father of the Modern Computer|url=https://www.maa.org/external_archive/devlin/devlin_12_03.html|website=Mathematical Association of America}}</ref> Klara wrote the code used on the [[MANIAC]] machine developed by [[John von Neumann]] and [[Julian Bigelow]] at the [[Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory]].<ref name="KK">{{cite web|last1=Kelly|first1=Kevin|title=Q&A: Hacker Historian George Dyson Sits Down With Wired’s Kevin Kelly|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/02/ff_dysonqa/all/1|website=Wired|publisher=Wired}}</ref> She was also involved in the design of new controls for [[ENIAC]] and was one of its primary programmers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coyle|first=Karen|title=Turing's Cathedral, or Women Disappear|url=http://kcoyle.blogspot.com.au/2012/11/turings-cathedral-or-women-disappear.html|work=Coyle's InFormation|publisher=Karen Coyle|accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andrieu|first1=Christophe|last2=de Freitas|first2=Nando|last3=Doucet|first3=Arnaud|last4=Jordan|first4=Michael I.|title=An Introduction to MCMC for Machine Learning|journal=Machine Learning|date=2003|volume=50|issue=1/2|pages=5–43|doi=10.1023/A:1020281327116 |url=http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~nando/papers/mlintro.pdf}}</ref> She taught early weather scientists how to program.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Paul N.|title=A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming|year=2010|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0262013925|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12080}}</ref> Klára wrote the preface to John von Neumann's posthumously published, influential Silliman Lectures,<ref>{{cite web|last=von Neumann|first=Klara|title=Preface, Von Neumann Silliman lectures|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Von_Neumann_Silliman.html|work=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews Scotland|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> later edited and published by Yale University Press as "The Computer and the Brain".<ref>{{cite book|last=Churchland|first=John von Neumann. With a foreword by Paul M.|title=The computer and the brain|year=2000|publisher=Yale Nota Bene|location=New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=9780300084733|edition=2nd}}</ref> She features significantly in computing historian [[George Dyson (science historian)|George Dyson's]] book, ''Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe''.

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=George |title=Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4000-7599-7}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Timelines of computing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neumann, Klara Dan von}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Budapest]]
[[Category:Scientists who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Hungarian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Women in technology]]
[[Category:Female suicides]]
[[Category:20th-century women scientists]]
[[Category:Hungarian Jews]]
[[Category:Suicides by drowning]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:American people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Computer designers]]
[[Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Hungarian mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project people]]
[[Category:Princeton University people]]
[[Category:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel]]
[[Category:Hungarian inventors]]

{{compu-scientist-stub}}

Uchnaagiin Chürelsüch

2017-10-08T17:43:05Z

BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, removed orphan tag using AWB

{{One source|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh {{small|{{lang|mn|Ухнаагийн Хүрэлсүх}}}}
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mongolia|28th]] [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]]
|president = [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]]
|term_start = 4 October 2017
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat]]
|successor =
|birth_place = [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|6|14|df=y}}
|death_place =
|death_date =
|party = [[Mongolian People's Party|People's Party]]
|spouse = Bolortsetseg
|children = 2 daughters
|alma_mater = [[Defense University of Mongolia]] [[National University of Mongolia]]
|website = {{url|khurelsukh.mn|Official website}}
}}
'''Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh''' ({{Lang-mn|Ухнаагийн Хүрэлсүх}}) is a [[Mongolia]]n politician currently serving as [[Prime Minister]] of [[Mongolia]] since October, 2017. He was elected to the [[Parliament of Mongolia]] three times – in 2000, 2004 and 2012, served in the Cabinet of Mongolia as Minister for Emergency Situation from 2004 to 2006, Minister for Professional Inspection from 2006 to 2008, and in 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 as [[Deputy Prime Minister]] of [[Mongolia]]. Also he was the Secretary-General of Mongolian People's Party from 2008 to 2012.

== Personal life and education ==
Khurelsukh attended the secondary school No. 2 in [[Ulaanbaatar]] city. He graduated from the University of Defense of [[Mongolia]] in 1989 with a major on political studies]]. He studied [[public administration]] at the Institute of State Administration and Management Development and law at the [[National University of Mongolia]] which he graduated in 1994 and 2000 respectively.

== Political career ==
[[Secretary-General]] of [[Mongolian People's Party]]
Founding [[President of Social Democracy Mongolian Youth Federation]]
President of the Left Wing Federation
Khurelsukh was elected to the [[Parliament of Mongolia]] three times – in 2000, 2004 and 2012. He has served as a member of the Cabinet of Mongolia five times: as Minister for Emergency Situation between 2004 and 2006, Minister for Professional Inspection between 2006 and 2008, [[Deputy Prime Minister]] (twice) and Prime Minister.

== Party roles ==
Khurelsukh started his political career as a political staff at the Central Committee of the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] (MPRP) in 1991. Between 1994 and 1996, he worked as an adviser of the secretariat of the MPRP's fraction in the [[Parliament of Mongolia]].
He was one of the leading figures within the party to initiate and implement the institutional reforms of the youth organization of the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]]. He established the Mongolian Democratic Socialist Youth Federation by MPRP and served as President two times - between 1997 and 1999 and in 2000-2005.
In 2000, he was elected to the Governing Board of MPRP, which is the core decision-making body of MPRP.
In 2008, Khurelsukh was elected as [[Secretary General]] of MPRP
In 2010, under the leadership of [[Sükhbaataryn Batbold]], Chairman of MPRP and in cooperation with similar-minded party colleagues, Khurelsukh championed the process of restoring the original name of the party - [[Mongolian People's Party]], which was changed to "[[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]]" in 1924 by the recommendation of [[Comintern]] in order to demonstrate the solidarity with socialist parties at that time.

== Military career ==
Political deputy in the 152th division of the Mongolian People's Army. He was the first Mongolian military officer to resign from duty to maintain his party membership in 1990 when the government sought to separate party membership from various (public) offices.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Mongolia]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Mongolia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukhnaa, Khurelsukh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Mongolia]]

Hurrikan Maria

2017-09-17T12:28:13Z

BattyBot: /* External links */changed article categories to links per Wikipedia:Drafts#Preparing drafts & WP:DRAFTNOCAT using AWB

{{AFC submission|||ts=20170917012343|u=PhilipTerryGraham|ns=118}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}

{{Current weather event|tropical cyclone|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
| name = Tropical Storm Maria
| category = storm
| type = tropical storm
| time = 8:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] September 16 (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] September 17)
| image = Maria Geostationary VIS-IR 2017.png
| track = 15L 2017 5day.png
| lat = 12.4|N
| lon = 53.0|W
| within_units = 40 [[Nautical mile|nm]]
| distance_from = About 590 mi (950 km) [[Points of the compass|ESE]] of the [[Lesser Antilles]]
| 1sustained = 45 kn (50 mph; 85 km/h)
| gusts = 55 kn (65 mph; 100 km/h)
| pressure = 1002 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.59 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
| movement = [[Points of the compass|W]] at 17 kn (19 mph; 30 km/h)
}}

'''Tropical Storm Maria''' is a [[tropical cyclone]] currently threatening the [[Leeward Islands]] in the eastern [[Caribbean]]. It is the twelfth [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], and is currently forecast to evolve into a [[Saffir–Simpson scale#Categories|major hurricane]] affecting the [[Greater Antilles]]. Maria was first tracked by the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) on the morning of September 16 as a potential tropical cyclone east of the Caribbean, evolving into a Tropical Storm later that day.

==Meteorological history==
On September 16, 2017, at 15:00 UTC, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began tracking a disturbance {{convert|755|mi|km|abbr=on}} ESE of the [[Lesser Antilles]], marking it as "Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen". The NHC measured a maximum sustained wind speed of {{convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="public advisory 1">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Advisory Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916215721/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml?|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Three hours later, the NHC issued a public advisory, announcing that the system had been upgraded to Tropical Depression status, making it the fifteenth storm of the [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]].<ref name="public advisory 1a">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Intermediate Advisory Number 1A|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220110/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml?|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="orlando sentinel 1">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Michael|last2=Ocasio|first2=Bianca Padró|title=Tropical Storm Maria now on the Caribbean's horizon; Lee expected to weaken|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-lee-maria-saturday-20170916-story.html|website=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|publisher=[[Tronc|tronc, inc.]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225024/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-lee-maria-saturday-20170916-story.html|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="chicago tribune 1">{{cite web|last1=Orsi|first1=Peter|title=Hurricane Norma edges toward Baja California Peninsula, Jose threatens U.S. East Coast|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-hurricanes-norma-jose-20170916-story.html|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|publisher=[[Tronc|tronc, inc.]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220639/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-hurricanes-norma-jose-20170916-story.html|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> It tracked its position at that time being {{convert|695|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of the [[Lesser Antilles]], traveling westward at a speed of {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="public advisory 1a"/> By the NHC's second official advisory three hours afterwards, at 21:00 UTC, the system had become a tropical storm. The cyclone was christened "Maria", and became the twelfth [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the season. The cyclone's sustained wind speed at the time was measured to be at a maximum of {{convert|55|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="public advisory 2">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Storm Maria Advisory Number 2|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220327/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml?|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="usa today 1">{{cite web|last1=Stanglin|first1=Doug|title=Hurricane Jose ambles off U.S. coast as new Tropical Storm Maria tracks Irma's early path|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|website=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223638/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="weather channel 1">{{cite web|last1=Lam|first1=Linda|last2=Belles|first2=Jonathan|title=Tropical Storm Maria Expected to Rapidly Intensify On Approach to the Lesser Antilles; Hurricane Watches Issued|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|website=[[The Weather Channel]]|publisher=[[Landmark Media Enterprises]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223858/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref>

===Current storm information===
As of 8:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] September 16 (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] September 17), Tropical Storm Maria was located within 40 nautical miles of {{Coord|12.4|-53.0|name=Maria}}, about 590 miles (950 km) east-southeast of the [[Lesser Antilles]]. Maximum sustained winds are 45 knots (50 mph; 85 km/h), with gusts to 55 knots (65 mph; 100 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 1002 millibars (hPa; 29.59 inHg). The system is moving west at 17 knots (19 mph; 30 km/h). Tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 45 miles (75 km) from the center of Maria.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ latest forecast advisory on Tropical Storm Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT5+shtml/ latest forecast discussion on Tropical Storm Maria]

===Watches and warnings===
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
| HUA =
* '''[[Antigua and Barbuda]]'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Montserrat]]
* '''[[France]]'''
** [[Guadeloupe]]
* '''[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]'''
| TRA =
* '''[[Barbados]]'''
* '''[[Dominica]]'''
* '''[[France]]'''
** [[Martinique]]
* '''[[Saint Lucia]]'''
* '''[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]'''
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations==
Upon the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC)'s first advisories for the system that would become Tropical Storm Maria on the morning of September 16, the government of [[France]] issued Tropical Storm watches for the islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]], while [[St. Lucia]] issued a Tropical Storm watch for its citizens, and the government of [[Barbados]] issued a similar watch for [[Dominica]].<ref name="public advisory 1"/> Barbados would later that day declare a Tropical Storm watch for its citizens and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]].<ref name="public advisory 1a"/> The government of [[Antigua and Barbuda]] issued Hurricane watches for the islands of [[Antigua]], [[Barbuda]], [[St. Kitts]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]] by the time of the NHC's second advisory which declared Maria a Tropical Storm.<ref name="public advisory 2"/><ref name="washington post 1">{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Greg|title=Hurricane Jose lurks off the East Coast, Tropical Storm Maria threatens the Caribbean|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.e470cf551ff7|website=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|WP Company LLC]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917000012/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.eca462e843ec|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Forecaster John Cangialosi, in an NHC discussion advisory on the night of September 16, noted that due to favorable conditions such as low wind shear and high amounts of moisture in the area, the storm was "expected to strengthen", with "steady or even rapid strengthening likely during the next 3 to 4 days." He also noted that the storm would most likely affect the [[Leeward Islands]] with "dangerous wind, storm surge and rainfall hazards", and had potential to reach the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Puerto Rico]] as a [[Saffir–Simpson scale#Categories|major hurricane]] later in the week.<ref name="discussion advisory 1">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 2|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.002.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917000737/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.002.shtml?|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclone}}
* [[Tropical Storm Maria|Other systems named Maria]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tropical Storm Maria (2017)|Tropical Storm Maria}}
* The National Hurricane Center (NHC)'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/MARIA.shtml? advisory archive on Tropical Storm Maria]
* [https://weather.com/storms/hurricane-central/AL152017 Track and wind speed history] from [[The Weather Channel]]

{{2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[:Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season]]

Chaltmaagiin Battulga

2017-05-11T11:23:18Z

BattyBot: General fixes, removed deadend tag using AWB

{{multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=May 2017}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2017}}
}}
'''Battulga Khaltmaa''' was born on 3 March 1963, and is a Mongolian citizen and politician with a business and sports background. Battulga served as Member of the [[Parliament of Mongolia|Parliament]] from 2004-2016. He is currently a Chairman of Mongolian Democratic Union, a caucus within the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] (DP). Battulga previously acted as the Minister of Industry and Agriculture (2012-2014) and Minister of Roads, Transportation, Construction and Urban Development of Mongolia (2008-2012).

Battulga is an artist (painter) by training and 1978 Olympic [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] Champion.

Battulga has eight children.

The book ''Genco Battulga That I Know'' by a Mongolian writer became a national best-seller since its publication in November 2015.

==Background==
Battulga is a second child. His father and mother are both from [[Ulaanbaatar]] city. The family was allocated a traditional “ger” in Yarmag ger district in Ulaanbaatar after they lost everything in the flood of [[Tuul River]] in 1966. Hence, Battulga grew up in the streets of Yarmag and went to a local secondary school. When he graduated from 8th grade, his teacher recommended that he apply to an arts school given his talents. Battulga graduated in 1982. While studying at the Arts School, Battulga sold his paintings to tourists around Bayangol Hotel area, learning sufficient English to help sell his artwork.

His father was a coach of Mongolian traditional wrestling and thus Battulga grew up wrestling. Battulga was a member of the Mongolian National wrestling team in 1979-1990. Battulga won the world cup championship in Ulaanbaatar in 1989. Wrestling allowed Battulga to travel internationally at a period, when travel abroad for Mongolians was not allowed. Battulga was awarded an Merited Sportsmen of Mongolia in 1995, thereafter being selected as the Chairman of Mongolian [[Judo]] Federation in 2006. Under Battulga’s leadership at the Judo Federation, Mongolian judokas became Olympic Champions for the first time in history.

In 1990, Battulga started sewing and selling jeans locally and in Hungary. This allowed him to make $600, sufficient to buy a video camera and to start an export-import business trading electronics from Singapore to Mongolia, Russia and Eastern Europe.<ref>Became national bestseller, 8 January 2016, http://www.gencobook.com/blog/-/2016/1/8
“24 Facts from the Biography of a Mongolian Millionaire: Kh.Battulga” by D.Undrakh, 24tsag.mn, 22 August 2012, http://www.24tsag.mn/content/17013.shtml</ref>

Battulga, like many others of his generation was fascinated with ''[[The Godfather]]'' movie. Thus, he named his first company Genco. This nickname has stuck with him ever since.

Genco acquired controlling interests during the privatization of state-owned assets such as Bayangol Hotel and meat-processing factory Makh-Impex in 1997 and 1999 respectively. In the 1990s Genco group started one of the first taxi businesses in Mongolia called City Taxi, retail store operations under Sapporo name, lottery business, restaurant and night club operations, flour milling and bread making factory Talkh Chikher LLC.

==Political views==

In 2004, Battulga became a Member of Parliament for the first time from [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor province]]. He was re-elected to parliament in 2008 and 2012.

Battulga believes that every Mongolian citizen should benefit from its mineral wealth according to article 6.1 of the [[Constitution of Mongolia]], under which mineral resources are to be developed in consideration of ensuring the nation's economic security and the development of all forms of property and social development of the population. Due to landlocked geography of Mongolia, Battulga views that a unified railway network would enhance the global competitiveness of its national mining industry by creating multiple access points through which the country can target multiple inland and seaborne markets. Furthermore, Battulga believes, given the cyclical nature of commodity markets, industrial clusters designed to do value-add processing of mineral products should be established to create skilled jobs, introduce downstream industrial technologies and diversify the economy, enhancing local purchasing power that would create economic multiplier effect in housing, services and other economic sectors. Battulga thinks that agriculture has a prominent place in diversifying the economy as Mongolia is rich in livestock, about 60 million, with largest consumers of agricultural products as its neighbors. He believes cashmere and leather products could be successfully marketed internationally because of the scarcity factor.

Recognizing these principles, Battulga sponsored the State Policy of Railway Transportation of Mongolia (“Railway Policy”) with the Parliament approving it with 84% votes in 24 June 2010 to construct 5,600 km railway base infrastructure in three phases that calls for providing access to multiple seaports in China and Russia, creating three transportation corridors between China, Russia and Europe, as well as establishing and industrial cluster in Sainshand.

Battulga acknowledges that limited human resources and financial capability of Mongolia requires multilateral international participation in the development of the economy, rather than making bilateral arrangement with its neighbors. Battulga strongly opposes control of mineral resources by a few politically connected businessmen reaping of great profits and increase income gap between the rich and the poor, potentially creating political and social instability in the country. For example, as the Minister responsible for development of infrastructure and industrial projects, Battulga encouraged participation of international companies in the development of business cases, feasibility and necessary detailed engineering studies, resulting in selection of Bechtel Enterprises, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, Guggenheim, Fluor, McKinsey & Company, Nippon Koei, Pillsbury Winthrop Pittman Shaw LLP, Samsung, Sidley Austin LLP, Taylor Wessing. As a result, many international companies have expressed their interest to invest, provide technologies and construction services, such as Air Liquide (France), Baotou Steel (China), Dandong Port (China), Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India), OAO Russian Railways (Russia), Rao UES (Russia), Sembcorp (Singapore), Sinohydro (China), Steel Authority of India Limited (India), among many others.

<ref>“Stories Behind Imprisonments” by G.Mongon, Eagle.com, 27 November 2015, http://old.eagle.mn/content/read/37605.htm
Corporate website Talkh Chikher LLC, http://talkh-chikher.mn/#page-home
Constitution of Mongolia, Article 5.4, 13 January 1992, http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/6a6a23469e136afaa4860bf5869f6f8f659c6688.pdf</ref>

On 3 November 2012, the Government of Mongolia announced that it resolved to build 1,800 km railway infrastructure integrating Phase 1 and 2 of the Railway Policy. Stakeholders such as Hong Kong listed Mongolian Mining Corporation greeted such government policy in its press release stating that the policy is particularly beneficial for Mongolian coal exporters.

Battulga was instrumental in background coordination for preparation work and ultimate signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation between Governments of Mongolia and Japan during official visit of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 22 October 2015. This memorandum expresses intention of Japan to invest in the construction of railway infrastructure from Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Sainshand railway line connecting it to the Trans-Mongolian Railway Network and providing access to Chinese and Russian seaports. Furthermore, plans have been made for Chinese, Russian and Japanese investments in financing the railway in exchange of coking coal sourcing from Mongolia. Investment blueprint and roadmap was agreed with the Japanese government, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and Japanese major trading companies.

Battulga believes foreign direct investment on balanced terms is an important catalyzer for Mongolia’s economic development and job creation. His policies has been aimed at enhancing fair, transparent and reciprocal trade.

Battulga criticizes Mongolian economy’s heavy dependence on a single trade partner, thus faces fierce opposition and attacks from shareholders and stakeholders of coal miners.

==Social contributions==
Battulga sponsored construction of Chingis Khan Equestrian Statue near Ulaanbaatar to celebrate national pride. The statue became one of the main tourist attraction sights.

Battulga is also the President of Mongolian Judo Association. Under his guidance, Mongolian judoka Tuvshinbayar Naidan became an Olympic Judo Champion in Beijing 2008 and many other successful judokas that have become national heroes. Thanks to these successes judo has become one of the most popular sports in Mongolia.

<ref>Land Locked Countries Conference, Ministry of Roads and Transportation of Mongolia, June 2014, http://www.lldc2conference.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/06/8-Mr.-Yo.-Manlaibayar-MRT_Railways_WTO-meeting_eng.pdf
Mongolian Mining Corporation, Announcement On The Government Of Mongolia’s Decision On Unified Railway Network Development, 4 November 2012, http://www.mmc.mn/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Announcement_on_the_government_of_Mon_eng.pdf</ref>

<ref>Genghis Khan Rules Mongolia Again, in a P.R. Campaign, New York Times, 2 August 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/03/world/asia/03genghis.html
Mongolian Judo: From Tradition to Modernity, 10 August 2013, http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/mongolian-judo-from-tradition-to-modernity</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=May 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaltmaa, Battulga}}
[[Category:Democratic Party (Mongolia) politicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ulaanbaatar]]

Lilium Jet

2017-05-07T01:49:31Z

BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, removed deadend tag using AWB

{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

'''Lilium''' is a [[VTOL|vertical take-off and landing]] jet designed and manufactured by aircraft making company Lilium Jet.<ref>{{cite news | title=Successful test flight brings Lilium electric air taxis closer to reality | author=Hodgetts, Rob | date=April 25, 2017 | publisher=CNN | url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/25/aviation/lilium-electric-vtol-jet/}}</ref>
It was tested in Germany on 20 April 2017. Lilium plans to launch 5-seat model in the future with an eye toward enabling a sky taxi service.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/av/technology-39661299/jet-propelled-sky-taxi-tested-in-germany Lilium electrical aircraft test flight]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Flying car (aircraft)]]
* [[Personal air vehicle]]
* [[Air taxi]]
* [[Terrafugia Transition]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://lilium.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Experimental aircraft 2010–2019]]

{{aircraft-stub}}

Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999

2017-02-21T03:35:33Z

BattyBot: fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1999 Military Coup d'état
| partof =
| image =Un-pakistan.png
| caption =[[United Nations]]'s geophysical map of [[Pakistan]]
| date = 12 October 1999
| place = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result =
* [[Martial law in Pakistan|Military takeover]] of the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]] of [[Nawaz Sharif]] in a bloodless coup.
*Mass and nationwide arrest of PML(N) workers and detainment of PML(N)'s leadership due to the corruption and bad governance of PML (N) .
* [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Shahbaz Sharif]] arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 10/11 December 2000.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Luke | last=Harding | title=Pakistan frees Sharif to exile in Saudi Arabia | date=11 December 2000}}</ref>
*General Musharraf became [[Chief Executive of Pakistan|Chief Executive]] and reformed [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] to run the state affairs of the country.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Haque">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham-ul|title=Musharraf addresses nation: Security Council to run state affairs|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/23oct99.html#mush|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=5/43|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, Haque|date=23 October 1999}}</ref>
* The writ of [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] [[Provisional Constitutional Order|provisionally suspended]].
* Suspension of Pakistan from the [[Commonwealth Nations]].
*[[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui|Chief Justice of Pakistan]], including nine Senior justices [[Provisional Constitutional Order#Provisional Constitutional Order, 1999|refused to take an oath and resigned]].
*Media [[Media blackout|blackout]] of Sharif-aligned conservative [[Geo TV|mass media]]. No censorship imposed on liberal/libertarian [[Dawn (newspaper)|mass media]].
*[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Rafiq Tarar]] forced to resign from office.
* Beginning of [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s rule as [[President of Pakistan|President]].
*[[Legal Framework Order, 2002|Revival of]] the writ of Constitution of Pakistan in 2001.
*In 2002, the [[Pakistani general election, 2002|general elections]] outcomes witnessed the rise of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|Libertarian regime]] with [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali|Z.K. Jamali]] as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].
*In 2004, [[Shaukat Aziz]] took over the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|premiership]] and the control of the government with Musharraf.
*In 2007, Musharraf declared [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|martial law]] and virtually suspended the writ of constitution.
*A [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|populist impeachment movement]] eventually led Musharraf to resign and exile to [[United Kingdom]] in 2008– thus ending of Musharraf's rule.
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[Federal Investigative Agency|FIA]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
*[[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]]
*[[Sindh Police]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] 
*[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Gang of Four (Pakistan)|Gang of Four]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|20px]] [[Shahbaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Ziauddin Butt]] [[File:Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz logo.svg|20px]] [[Javed Hashmi]] [[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|20px]] [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 617,000
| strength2 = 170,000
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''1999 Pakistani coup d'état''' was a [[nonviolent revolution|bloodless]] [[coup d'état]] in which the [[Pakistan Army]] and then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], [[General officer|General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Martial law in Pakistan|seized the control]] of the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]] of [[Pakistani general election, 1997|publicly elected]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] on 12 October 1999.<ref name=Waycross /> Two days into seizing the government, on 14 October 1999, General Musharraf, who then-acted as the country's [[Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)|Chief Executive]], declared a [[state of emergency]] by issuing a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] that suspended the writ of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref name=Waycross />

The [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] occurred due to meltdown of [[civil-military relations]] and the simmering tensions between the [[Nawaz Sharif|Prime Minister Sharif]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] General Musharraf as Sharif attempted to relieved General Musharraf, who was enroute to Pakistan from [[Sri Lanka]] after paying an official visit. Instead, General [[Ziauddin Butt]], then-[[Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence|DG ISI]], was appointed [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|Joint Staff HQ]] refused to follow the orders of new army chief and the commanders of the [[:Category:Corps of the Pakistan Army|army corps]] decided to defend General Musharraf by having launched an order to [[Arrest warrant|arrest and detained]] to [[Preempt|pre-empt]] Pakistani [[spymaster]] Ziauddin Butt from taking the control of the military.{{rp|142}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing, Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482817874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142&dq=Ziauddin+Butt+chairman+joint&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9kKetsPPRAhVI9WMKHf5hDJ0QuwUIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Ziauddin%20Butt%20chairman%20joint&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks}}</ref> The pace of the coup startled the observers, within 17 hours, from attempting to relieved General Musharraf by Prime Minister Sharif, the army commanders took control of all key government secretariats throughout the country while placing the Prime Minister Sharif and his [[Cabinet of Pakistan|civilian cabinet]], including his [[Shahbaz Sharif|brother]] under [[Home confinement|house arrest]].<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau, Special Report"/> The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] took control of the [[Pakistan Television Corporation|state broadcaster]], [[Pakistan Radio|radio]], and the entire critical communications infrastructure and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed.<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau, Special Report">{{cite news|last1=Special report|first1=Editorial|authorlink1=BBC|title=How the 1999 Pakistan coup unfolded|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6960670.stm|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=news.bbc.co.uk|agency=BBC Pakistan Bureau|issue=2|publisher=BBC Pakistan Bureau|date=23 August 2007|location=Islamabad Pakistan|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] validated the martial law in a view of "[[doctrine of necessity]]" but provided its legality only limited to three years.{{rp|118}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl">{{cite book|last1=Hirschl|first1=Ran|title=Constitutional Theocracy|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780674059375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgIhbPBWlkwC&pg=PA118&dq=1999+Pakistan+coup+supreme+court&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPwe-As_PRAhVM9WMKHQPuDxEQuwUIJTAC#v=onepage&q=1999%20Pakistan%20coup%20supreme%20court&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Constitutional Theocracy}}</ref> Meanwhile, Sharif was trialed by the [[Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)|judge advocate general]] [[Military court|court]] and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs.{{rp|56–57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter">{{cite book|last1=Baxter|first1=Craig|title=Pakistan on the Brink: Politics, Economics, and Society|date=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=9780739104989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFNtVqYqAwEC&pg=PA56&dq=nawaz+sharif+trial&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlj9fgs_PRAhVT1WMKHTALB7wQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=nawaz%20sharif%20trial&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Sharif in the Dock}}</ref> The [[military court]] later in their findings decided that all allegations are fact based and Sharif was actually involved in [[Aircraft hijacking|aerial hijacking]] and it was he, who ordered, the [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority|Pakistan CAA]] for not letting the plane land on Pakistani soil; eventually, the [[Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)|judge advocate general]] awarding Sharif the [[life imprisonment]].{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/>

When the decision was announced, it sparked fury in Sharif's [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] but welcomed by many of his political opponents.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/> By mid-November 1999, a petition was filed by the [[PML-N|PML(N)]]'s leadership, challenging the legality of the coup, proclamation of state emergency, and demanding the release of Sharif as well as reinstating the writ of the constitution.{{rp|118}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/> In 2000, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] viewed this coup as a "violation of constitution" and subsequently resigned, only to be replaced by acting Chief Justice [[Irshad Hasan Khan|Irshad Hasan]] who acted towards validating the coup as constitutional after hearing the case.{{rp|119–120}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/>{{rp|112–115}}<ref name="Pragmatic Publishing, Jan">{{cite book|last1=Jan|first1=Abid Ullah|title=The Musharraf factor : leading Pakistan to inevitable demise|date=2005|publisher=Pragmatic Publishing|location=Ottawa|isbn=9780973368710|edition=Trade paperback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZQRKpFb80MC&pg=PT113&dq=Justice+Siddiqui+resigned+1999&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2i4GSufPRAhVM32MKHaNECPQQ6wEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Justice%20Siddiqui%20resigned%201999&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=The Height of Collective Helplessness}}</ref>

On 10 December 2000, [[Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)|Chief Executive]] Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a [[pardon]] of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former [[:Category:Sharif family|first family]] to traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] on a private jet provided by the [[Saudi Royal Family]].{{rp|167–168}}<ref name="Krishna Prakashan Media, Joshi">{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Srivastava|title=International Relations|date=2005|publisher=Krishna Prakashan Media|location=New Delhi India|isbn=9788185842707|pages=199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJQ6wLiR72UC&pg=RA2-PA167&dq=Sharif+flew+Saudi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8h4HdufPRAhVBy2MKHe_aAwsQuwUIIDAB#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20flew%20Saudi&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=The Foreign Policy of the United States}}</ref>{{rp|73–74}}<ref name="University of California Press, Wolpert">{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley|title=India and Pakistan Continued Conflict or Cooperation?.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520948006|pages=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbEvmBKPgBoC&pg=PA74&dq=Sharif+flew+Saudi+family&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8z4fPu_PRAhVQ9GMKHRduCyYQuwUIHzAA#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20flew%20Saudi%20family&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Recent attempts to resolve crises}}</ref> In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in a interview given to [[Kamran Shahid]] of [[Dunya News|''Dunya'']] that "he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Kind Abdullah]] and [[Rafic Hariri]]."<ref name="Dunya News, Shahid">{{cite news|last1=Shahid|first1=Kamran|title=King Abdullah said Nawaz was his friend, had to let him go: Musharraf - Pakistan - Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/359991-King-Abdullah-said-Nawaz-was-his-friend-had-to-le|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=dunyanews.tv|agency=Dunya News|issue=2|publisher=Dunya News, Shahid|date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2001, General Musharraf issued the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|executive decree]] and eventually [[Forced resignation|forced]] President [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar|Rafiq Tarar]] to resign in order for General Musharraf to assume the [[President of Pakistan|presidency]].<ref name="The Hindu Pakistan Bureau, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=The Hindu : Rafiq Tarar forced to quit?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/21/stories/01210002.htm|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=www.thehindu.com|agency=The Hindu Pakistan Bureau|publisher=The Hindu Pakistan Bureau|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> In the light of [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]]'s verdict, the [[Pakistani referendum, 2002|national referendum]] was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 /> The controversial referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 /> In 2002, the [[Pakistani general election, 2002|general elections]] restored the [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] when the Musharraf-backed [[PML(Q)]], the [[Libertarianism|libertarians]], were able to form the [[minority government]] who would later nominate General Musharraf's for the [[Pakistani presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]] held in 2004. In 2007, President Musharraf eventually imposed [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|another martial law]] by having [[suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|suspend]] the populist Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|IM Chaudhry]], leveling charges on corruption and misconduct. Unlike the earlier martial law, Musharraf was widely disapproved, inviting the [[Pakistan Long March|mass demonstration]] led by Nawaz Sharif, and eventually resigned in an attempt to avoid [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]] in the Parliament.<ref name="BBC Pakistan, 2008">{{cite news|last1=Dummett|first1=Mark|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|accessdate=5 January 2015|work=Work and report completed by BBC correspondent for Pakistan Mark Dummett|agency=BBC Pakistan|publisher=BBC Pakistan, 2008|date=18 August 2008}}</ref>

In 2009, the Supreme Court acquitted Sharif of hijacking case and quoted that:"Mr. Sharif had neither used force nor ordered its use or employed deceitful mean."<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Iqbal">{{cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Nasir|title=Nawaz acquitted in plane hijacking case|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/478532|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=5/44|publisher=Dawn Newspapers, Iqbal|date=18 July 2009|location=Islamabad|language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Sharif was also acquitted from [[Panama Papers|money laundering]] and corruption cases from an accountability court.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Bhatti">{{cite news|last1=Bhatti|first1=Hasib|title=Court acquits Sharifs in money laundering case|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1132985|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=Dawn Newspapers, Bhatti|date=19 September 2014|language=en}}</ref>

According to the historian, Mazhar Aziz, the 1999 coup d'état in Pakistan makes a "striking example in the [[case study]] of [[civil military relations]]" in a [[post–Cold War era]].{{rp|76}}<ref name="Routledge, Aziz">{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London.|isbn=9781134074105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&pg=PA76&dq=pakistan+coup+civil+military+relations+1999&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfrLn-rvPRAhWpxlQKHSq6Ae8Q6wEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20coup%20civil%20military%20relations%201999&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=The politics of military coup d'état :theoretical implications}}</ref>

==Events leading towards the martial law==
===Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle===
{{Main|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat|Kargil War}}

In 1997, [[Nawaz Sharif]] and his conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League-N]] won a landslide victory in the [[Pakistani general election, 1997|general elections]], resulting in a [[Two-thirds majority|two-thirds]] majority in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]– the [[lower house]] of [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, 1997">{{cite web|last1=Staff writers|first1=et.al.|title=Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan & President of Pakistan Muslim League (N)|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/nawaz-sharif-becomes-prime-minister-2|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Story Of Pakistan, 1997|accessdate=3 February 2017|date=1 June 2003}}</ref>

His second tenure was marked with serious legal confrontation with the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] courted by Chief Justice [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Sajjad Ali Shah]] over the legality and technicality of [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Thirteenth Amendment]] and the [[National Accountability Bureau|Ehtesab Act, 1997]] (lit. Accountability Act, 1997).<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, 1997"/> [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] had been battling in the Supreme Court for his legitimacy due to many [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justices]] had seen his appointment as "inappropriate and political", having being appointed by former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 1994.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot">{{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190613303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213&dq=chief+sajjad+ali+shah+nawaz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE_fjj1fPRAhUQzmMKHagDB6cQuwUIKDAC#v=onepage&q=chief%20sajjad%20ali%20shah%20nawaz&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 29 October 1997, [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] and his bench decided to hear the petition filed by the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s lawyers and suspended the implementation of bills.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen">{{cite book|last1=Dossani|first1=Rafiq|last2=Rowen|first2=Henry S.|title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford|isbn=9780804750851|pages=403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA46&dq=chief+sajjad+ali+shah+nawaz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkncTa1vPRAhUM92MKHRDwC3MQuwUIJDAB#v=onepage&q=chief%20sajjad%20ali%20shah%20nawaz&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=1997-1999}}</ref> Prime Minister Sharif reacted angrily by the Court's actions, issuing an intemperate public diatribe particularly against [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]].{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen"/> On 2 November 1997, [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] summoned Prime Minister Sharif for [[contempt of court]] but this order was viewed "null and voided" when two [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justices]] at the Supreme Court issued a counter-order.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen"/> On 30 November 1997, Prime Minister Sharif appeared before the Supreme Court but his [[partisan]]s stormed the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan Building|Supreme Court bulting]] forcing Chief Justice Shah to remove the finding of contempt against Sharif.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik">{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar Haider|title=The History of Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9780313341373|pages=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&pg=PA190&dq=1997+Supreme+COurt+attack+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFi5mj2vPRAhVIzmMKHWWtAKgQuwUIIjAB#v=onepage&q=1997%20Supreme%20COurt%20attack%20pakistan&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=Nawaz Sharif and the Military Coup}}</ref> While the [[Islamabad Police|Police]] gained control of the situation to restore [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]], the whole nation witnessed traumatizing and terrifying scenes on their television screens broadcast by the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] all over the country.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik"/>

Subsequently, the [[Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan|Supreme Judicial Council]] took up a case against the appointment of [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] on 23 December and declared Chief Justice Shah's appointment "illegal and unconstitutional" that eventually forced him to resign from his office on 2 December 1997.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen"/> [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Farooq Leghari]] who supported the cause of [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] also had to resign when [[Chief of Army Staff|army chief]] General [[Jehangir Karamat]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan|Feroze Khan]] intervened to resolve the crises.{{rp|175–176}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Stanford|isbn=9780674728936|page=|pages=381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmyXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&dq=Justice+Shah+and+Leghari&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwit0Pzn2_PRAhVG_WMKHdWIBDsQ6wEISjAG#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=From Zia to Musharraf}}</ref> Prime Minister Sharif eventually appointed his Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] based on merit qualification and offered presidency to former supreme court justice [[Rafiq Tarar]] who was elected in 1998.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, 1997" />

In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat|effectively relieved]] Chairman joint chief General [[Jehangir Karamat]] from the command of the military when General Karamat delivered a college lecture at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]].{{rp|107–108}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Jr">{{cite book|last1=Jr|first1=Lenze|title=Civil–Military Relations in the Islamic World|date=2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498518741|pages=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiijDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=Sharif+civil+military+relations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBrK672PTRAhUC5mMKHUGFDyIQuwUIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20civil%20military%20relations&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=Pakistan}}</ref> At this lecture, General Karamat called for establishing the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) which would be backed by a "team of civil-military experts" for devising policies to seek resolution ongoing problems relating the civil-military issues; also recommended a "neutral but competent [[Civil Service of Pakistan|bureaucracy]] and administration of at federal level and the establishment of [[Local government in Pakistan|Local governments]] in [[Provinces of Pakistan|four provinces]].{{rp|66–68}}<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last=Abbas|first=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift to Extremism|year=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=United States|isbn=9780765614964|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiKm-ahTpS8C&pg=PA166&dq=lieutenant+general+ali+kuli+khan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UpG4T9WYAYmJiAKktvH1Bg&ved=0CGQQuwUwCA#v=onepage&q=lieutenant%20general%20ali%20kuli%20khan&f=true}}</ref>

Relieving of General Karamat plummeted Sharif's own public approvals and his relations with the military, as even his senior Cabinet ministers were in disagreement of Sharif's decision.<ref name=OUP>{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=Sartaj|title=Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-547718-4|page=408|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\09\story_9-8-2009_pg3_5}}</ref> Many political observers were taken in complete surprise since the dismissal of four-star rank general was never happened before in country's [[History of Pakistan|short history]].{{rp|145–146}}<ref name="Public Affairs, Kathy">{{cite book|last=Gannon|first=Kathy|title=I is for infidel : from holy war to holy terror in Afghanistan|year=2005|publisher=Public Affairs, Kathy|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-312-8|pages=145–146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h64BZjkwN68C&pg=PA145&dq=Dismissal+of+General+Jehangir+Karamat&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g9E_UbzGDYWWyAGp7YDICQ&ved=0CEEQuwUwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Dismissal%20of%20General%20Jehangir%20Karamat&f=true|edition=1.}}</ref>

Eventually, Sharif chose then-[[Lieutenant-General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] over two senior army generals for the appointment to post of the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and acting Chairman joint chiefs.{{rp|64–67}}<ref name="ReadHowYouWant.com">{{cite book|last1=Harmon|first1=Daniel E.|title=Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan: Easyread Super Large 24pt Edition|date=2008|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=9781427092083|pages=156|edition=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jisbSz2h9zYC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Chief of the Army Staff}}</ref> An year later, the civil military relations took a sharp turn in the opposition of Sharif when he invited and received [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[AB Vajpayee|Atal Vajpayee]] in Lahore for peace talks, much to agitation of General Musharraf who did not welcome outcomes of [[Lahore Summit]].{{rp|150–151}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&pg=PA150&dq=nawaz+sharif+karamat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKrvqr1PTRAhVBT2MKHUykCSM4ChC7BQgzMAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=Political Pakistan}}</ref>

In 1999, the [[Pakistan Army]] soldiers secretly crossed the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and infiltrated in [[Kargil]] on the direct orders issues by General Musharraf, bringing the [[India and Pakistan|two nations]] at the brink of war.{{rp|118–121}}<ref name="NUS Press, Kapur">{{cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|date=2009|publisher=NUS Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9789971694432|pages=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA119&dq=Sharif+kargil&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij6r6B3PTRAhUN0mMKHcZaC28QuwUILzAD#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=The Overt Nuclear Period}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] reacted with launching of full-fledged military coordinated military operations while Indian government effectively put diplomatic pressure of Sharif's government to withdraw the soldiers from the Kargil sector.{{rp|25–31}}<ref>Weaver, Mary Anne. "General On Tightrope". Pakistan: in the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. pp. 25–31 ISBN 0374528861</ref> Both Sharif and General Musharraf held each other responsible for the actions in the Kargil, charging each other of lying and hiding details of war to the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying?|newspaper=The Weekly Voice|date=2 October 2006|url=http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |archivedate=11 October 2007 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

At the public circle, Sharif assigned blame for the political/diplomatic disaster on General Musharraf, and Musharraf placing the blame of disaster on Prime Minister Sharif.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|newspaper=Independent.ie|date=13 October 1999}}</ref> On September 1999, General Musharraf retired forcefully retired Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez who was known to be close to Sharif and cousin of [[Raja Nadir Pervez]], the [[Ministry of Communications (Pakistan)|Communication minister]].{{rp|39}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan eye of the storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=0300101473|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA39&dq=Tariq+Pervez&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjly5Ky8fTRAhVE8mMKHVAGA9wQuwUILzAD#v=onepage&q=Tariq%20Pervez&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=The 1999 Coup}}</ref>

Upon meeting with Sharif, General Tariq Pervez had ultimately warned Sharif of "making any move against General Musharraf or the army would strike."{{rp|39}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones"/>

===Revolt of the Admiral===
{{right|
<gallery class="right" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:PervezMusharraf.jpg|General [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Pakistan Army|PA]].
</gallery>
}}

The revolt of Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]], the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]], over Sharif's public decision of extending General Musharraf's tenure as chairman joint chiefs until 2001 was another issue that saw the breaking down of civil military relations. About the Karil war, Admiral Bokhari was not of the view of supporting Pakistan Army's engagement with Indian Army as appropriate and subsequently lodged a powerful protest against General Musharraf's [[grand strategy]] while recommending the constitution of a Commission to completely probe the Kargil issue.<ref name="The News International, 2011">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|first1=et.al|title=Why Admiral Bokhari is a favourite of Zardari, rejected by Nawaz|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz|accessdate=19 January 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=The News International|issue=1/2|publisher=The News International, 2011|date=11 October 2011|language=en}}</ref>

At the country's [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]], Admiral Bokhari publicly questioned the effectiveness of the [[military strategy]] behind the Kargil infiltration and was very critical of General Musharraf's unilateral decisions involving the national security, as chairman joint chiefs, without considering the opinions of chiefs of staff of air force and the navy.<ref name="Efficient Offset Printers">{{cite book|author1=Sanj Dutt|title=War in Peace in Kargil Sector|publisher=Efficient Offset Printers|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=81-7648-151-3|pages=478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA453 |accessdate=18 May 2012|format=google books|year=2000}}</ref>

In 1999, Sharif quarrelled with Admiral Bokhari and his [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff over the merit-based appointment of General Musharraf to the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] that was only meant to be temporary and it was hoped that Admiral Bokhari would be appointed to the post.{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT419&dq=Bokhari+resigned&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1rZTM48jRAhUH1GMKHYG-CooQ6wEIHTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 1998">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham ul|title=Karamat retired, Musharraf takes over as COAS :|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/10Oct98.html#kara|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=Dawn Wire Service, Area studies|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=04/40|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 1998|date=10 October 1998|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|language=en}}</ref> On August 1999, there were rising tensions between Admiral Bokhari and Prime Minister Sharif over issue of [[Atlantique incident|incident took place in]] [[Sir Creek]], although both had kept the working relations on good terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=PAKISTAN: PAKISTAN/INDIA CONFLICT: SITUATION UPDATE|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dc0jy_x0sQ|accessdate=4 February 2017|date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

On September 1999, General Musharraf had sent a message Prime Minister Sharif that "anyone in the Navy and Air Force can become the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] as I did not care."{{rp|111}}<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Musharraf">{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743298438|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&lpg=PA33&dq=Musharraf%20mango%20tree&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=Bukhari&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> General Musharraf reportedly backed Admiral Bokhari's bid for the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] but he was oversaw by the Prime Minister who confirmed and extended General Musharraf's term until 2001.<ref name="DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham ul|title=DAWN WIRE SERVICE :|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/02oct99.html#mush|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=DAWN WIRE SERVICE Area Studies|agency=DAWN newspaper|issue=05/40|publisher=DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque|date=2 October 1999}}</ref>

The civil-military relations were further damaged when Admiral Bokhari lodged a strong protest against this decision in the news media and reportedly revolted against Prime Minister Sharif's appointment for the Chairman joint chiefs in 1999.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=correspondents|title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=Daily Times Pakistan|agency=Daily Times Pakistan|publisher=Daily Times Pakistan 2002|date=9 October 2002}}</ref> Admiral Bokhari abruptly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Sharif and noted to Sharif that since General Musharraf was his junior and often referred to him as "Sir."<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002" />{{rp|1265}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Darpan|first1=Pratiyogita|title=Competition Science Vision|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1265&dq=admiral+bukhari+nuclear+tests&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwxa3Wi8rRAhUH6WMKHZeuAwcQ6wEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=admiral%20bukhari%20nuclear%20tests&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

On 5 October 1999, Admiral Bokhari resigned from the command of the Navy as the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] construed Admiral Bokhari's resignation merely as unhappiness over not being appointed as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002"/> Admiral Bokhari's revolt saw the meltdown of the [[Civil-military relations|civil-military]] relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military overtaking the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999.{{rp|63}}<ref name="SAGE Publications India, Singh">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|last2=Singh|first2=M. P.|title=Pakistan: Democracy, Development and Security Issues|date=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India, Singh|location=London [uk]|isbn=9788132102663|pages=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=admiral+bukhari+nawaz+sharif&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8vZSdjcrRAhVN9mMKHQsYCX8QuwUIIjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Pakistan since 1999 coup}}</ref>

==The coup==
[[File:Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Jinnah International Airport|Jinnah International]] where Musharraf's landed in Karachi, [[Circa|ca.]] [[2006 in Pakistan|2006]].]]
Aftermath of the [[Kargil War]], followed by the [[Atlantique incident]], there were widespread rumors and media speculations in the television new media about the either possible military takeover or resignation of General Musharraf on September 1999.<ref name="DAWN WIRE SERVICE : , 1999">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=et.al|title=COAS denies differences with govt|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#coas|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=DAWN WIRE SERVICE :|issue=05/39|publisher=DAWN WIRE SERVICE : , 1999|date=25 September 1999}}</ref>

On October 1999, General Musharraf paid an official visit to [[Sri Lanka]] on an invitation of [[Sri Lankan Army]] [[Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)|Commander]] [[Lieutenant-General]] [[C. S. Weerasooriya]]. Ultimately, Prime Minister Sharif dismissed General Musharraf from the command of the military and nominated Lieutenant-General [[Ziauddin Butt]], the DG [[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI]], over several army officers on 12 October 1999.<ref name=Dugger>{{cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|title=Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> Development came when General Musharraf, alongside with [[Major-General]] [[Tariq Majid]] and [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Nadeem Taj]], were returning to Pakistan boarded on a [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]]'s [[Boeing 777-200|777-200]] commercial airline.<ref name=Plot/>

According to the sources, the [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA) was ordered by Sharif to divert the plane to [[India]] but then it was rerouted to [[Nawabshah Airport|Nawabshah]].<ref name=Plot>{{cite news|title='Plot to kill' coup leader|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> When this was failed to comprehend by the pilot, the CAA was ordered to close the runways by turning off the [[Runway edge lights|edge lights]] at the [[Jinnah Terminal|Jinnah International Airport]] in an attempt to refuse the landing.<ref name=Plot/> The units of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] led by Lieutenant-General [[Muzaffar Usmani]] sealed the civilian airport and seized the control of the [[control tower]], allowing the plane to land on a runway. The military police seized the control of the state-run [[Pakistan Television Corporation|media television]] headquarters and encircled the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister Secretariat]] building while gaining control of the international airports and cutting off the international phone lines.<ref name=Weiner>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 October 1999}}</ref><ref>Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728936] ISBN 9780674728936</ref>

There were four army generals who were central in staging the coup against Sharif's government that included General Musharraf [[General Aziz Khan|Aziz Khan]], [[General Mahmood Ahmed|Mahmood Ahmad]] and [[Shahid Aziz]]. [[Gang of Four (Pakistan)|They played]] a crucial role in installing General Musharraf as [[Chief Executive of Pakistan|Chief Executive]] while they detained Sharif in a local prison.{{rp|185-185}}<ref name="United States Institute of Peace, Gutman">{{cite book|last1=Gutman|first1=Roy|title=How we missed the story : Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the hijacking of Afghanistan|date=2008|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781601270245|edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9eqvc-Ru3cC&pg=PA185&dq=musharraf+arrest+nawaz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_6rjTj_XRAhUOzWMKHVQwC30QuwUIHTAA#v=onepage&q=musharraf%20arrest%20nawaz&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Hijacking a Regime}}</ref> On 14 October 1999, Musharraf appeared on television to declare a [[state of emergency]] and issued a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] that ultimately suspended the writ of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] of Pakistan and dissolved the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] and [[:Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan|four provincial assemblies]], although they left [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] in office as [[President of Pakistan|President]].<ref name=DoS>{{cite web|title=Pakistan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|work=Background Notes|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110504143730/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm| archivedate= 4 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

However, General Musharraf strongly objected the wordage use of "martial law" or "coup d'état", instead insisting that: "This is not martial law, only another path towards democracy."<ref name="Committee to Protect Journalists">{{cite web|last1=et.al.|first1=staff writers|title=Attacks on the Press 1999: Pakistan - Committee to Protect Journalists|url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-pakistan.php|website=cpj.org|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=8 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> The [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] also confirmed that "here is no martial law in the country."<ref name="Dawn wire service, Abbasi">{{cite news|last1=Abbasi|first1=Ansar|title=No martial law in country|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/16oct99.html#noma|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=5/42|publisher=Dawn wire service, Abbasi|date=16 October 1999}}</ref>

===Text of Proclamation of Emergency===
Soon after taking over the country, emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:<ref>{{cite news|title=Text of Musharraf's declaration|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref>

{{cquote|
In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

I hereby order and proclaim as follows:

(a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance

(b) The president of Pakistan shall continue in office

(c) The [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], the provincial assemblies and [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] shall stand suspended

(d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended

(e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office

(f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Pakistan]].

This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999.
}}

===Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999===
Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 1999|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html|publisher=Pakistani.org|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615123941/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{cquote| In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:

1.
:(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;

:(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;

:(3) It shall come into force at once.

2.
:(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.

:(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the [[Pakistan Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;

:(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.

3.
:(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;

:(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.

4.
:(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.

:(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.

5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him.

6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder.

7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. }}

==Impact==

Upon hearing the news of Sharif's arrest, the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] partisans and the party leadership led by [[Javed Hashmi]] in [[Lahore]] and [[Mamnoon Hussain]] in [[Karachi]] called out and led massive street demonstrations and protests in the streets of Lahore, Karachi, and other cities.{{rp|2432}}<ref name="DIANE Publishing, Bergner">{{cite book|last1=Bergner|first1=Jeffrey T.|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II: Joint Committee Print, U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate|date=2008|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437905229|pages=3000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqIkQz68_fgC&pg=PA2432&dq=PML(N)+arrested+1999&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4uKHCk_XRAhXGLmMKHVaSAGsQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=PML(N)%20arrested%201999&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Human Rights in Pakistan}}</ref> The conservative supporters of Nawaz Sharif did not welcome this coup and saw this event as a conspiracy but many of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|Sharif's rivals]] welcome this coup, eventually holding celebration parties around different parts of the country.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/> Although, there were reports of unconfirmed [[media blackout]] of Sharif-aligned conservative media but no restrictions were imposed on the liberal/libertarian news media.{{rp|416–418}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/>

There were reports of repression and human rights abuse taken place by the authorities under General Musharraf, as the pro-democracy demonstrations were forcefully and effectively crushed by Musharraf's regime.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/>

===Legality and legitimacy of the coup===
[[File:Supreme Court of Pakistan,Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in [[2004 in Pakistan|ca.2004]].]]

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] courted by the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] partially provided the legality of the martial law in a view of "[[doctrine of necessity]]" after Musharraf's lawyer [[Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada|Sharifuddin Pirzada]] argued for the martial law on technicality, but its legality was only limited to three years.{{rp|25}}<ref name="Nova Publishers, Mayor">{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=John N.|title=India: Issues, Historical Background, and Bibliography|date=2003|publisher=Nova Publishers|location=New York|isbn=9781590332993|pages=100|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KWU0bBpsbQC&pg=PA25&dq=pakistan+supreme+court+and+1999+coup&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiO04uJwPXRAhUQ2WMKHR3MDtE4ChC7BQg9MAY#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20supreme%20court%20and%201999%20coup&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en|chapter=1999 Pakistani Coup}}</ref>{{rp|118}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/> Meanwhile, Sharif was tried by the military [[Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)|judge advocate general]] where allegations of [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]], [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism]], and money laundering were leveled against him.{{rp|56–57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/> Eventually, the military court's inconclusive rulings found him to be guilty and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs.{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/>

On 15 November 1999, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] decided to hear the petitions filed by [[PML-N]]'s lawyer [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah|Zafar Ali Shah]] on behalf of Sharif and [[Aitzaz Ahsan]] requesting a supreme court's intervention to declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and reinstatement of the National Assembly and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court moved on Pak take-over|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=15 November 1999}}</ref> The PML(N)'s lawyers began their court battle with the Musharraf's lawyers when additional petitions were filed by [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]], Muslim Welfare Movement, and Wahabul Khairi, an advocate challenging the legality of the coup.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Dawn Wire Service|date=2 December 1999| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html| archivedate= 13 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals and as lawyers of each side to present cases of their clients. The bench headed by Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and had Justice [[Bashir Jehangiri|Bashir Jahangiri]], Justice [[Nasir Aslam Zahid]], Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice [[Wajihuddin Ahmed]] as other members.<ref name="Dawn"/>

===Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath===

As the hearing progressed at the Supreme Court, the legality and legitimacy of the coup became an important issue while Sharif's lawyers successfully argued for reinstating the writ of the constitution. [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] alongside with other chief justices were in clear view of this coup as a "violation of constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.{{rp|119–120}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/><ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Ali">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Rafaqat|title=Irshad new CJ: Saeed, five others refuse to take oath|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2000/29jan00.html#irsh|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=06/05|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 2000|date=29 January 2000}}</ref>

On 26 January 2000, Chief Executive Musharraf, acting on the advice of [[Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada|Sharifuddin Pirzada]], quickly promulgated the [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] and asked [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui|Chief Justice Siddiqui]] alongside other justices to take a new oath under this provision.<ref name="BRILL, Cotran"/> [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and other nine judges of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take oath which became an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government.{{rp|112–115}}<ref name="Pragmatic Publishing, Jan"/> Eventually, [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and other nine judges resigned from their respected appointments, followed by number of other High Court justices also refused to take the oath. {{rp|24}}<ref name="BRILL, Cotran">{{cite book|last1=Cotran|first1=Eugene|last2=Lau|first2=M.|title=Yearbook of Islamic And Middle Eastern Law: (2003-2004)|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004144447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syaVd9K8YBIC&pg=PA24&dq=PCO+2002+Musharraf&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhu4Th3PjRAhWEspQKHQCvBBkQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=PCO%202002%20Musharraf&f=false|language=en}}</ref> The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military led by General Musharraf, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing.{{rp|115}}<ref name="Pragmatic Publishing, Jan"/> The Provisional Constitutional Order provided Musharraf a legal protection of his actions in regards to the military taker over and bared any court in the country for taking any legal actions against Musharraf or those who were responsible for the military coup.<ref name=Waycross/>

[[Asma Jahangir]], a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, reportedly quoted: "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."<ref name=Waycross>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Judges Refuse Oath Demanded by Pakistan's Rulers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GFaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=70wNAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan%20judge%20oath&pg=6907%2C2851269|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Waycross Journal-Herald|date=31 January 2000}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Pardon of Sharif and 2002 Referendum===

On 09/10 December 2000, [[Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)|Chief Executive]] Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a [[pardon]] of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former [[:Category:Sharif family|first family]] to traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] on a private jet provided by the [[Saudi Royal Family]].{{rp|167–168}}<ref name="Krishna Prakashan Media, Joshi"/>{{rp|73–74}}<ref name="University of California Press, Wolpert"/> Details were soon emerge in successive years of this pardon that resulted in a forced sign an agreement that put him in exile for a decade.{{rp|366}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Feeley">{{cite book|last1=Feeley|first1=edited by Terence C. Halliday, Lucien Karpik, Malcolm M.|last2=Karpik|first2=Lucien|last3=Feeley|first3=Malcolm M.|title=Fates of political liberalism in the British post-colony : the politics of the legal complex|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781107012783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4JtL4b3ggC&pg=PA366&dq=Sharif+musharraf+agreement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7t5yW0PXRAhUK12MKHZY5DB0QuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20musharraf%20agreement&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Toward the Political Functions: The Return of Sharif and Bhutto}}</ref><ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Hashmi and Malik">{{cite news|last1=Hashmi|first1=Faraz|last2=Malick|first2=Nasir|title=President pardons Nawaz; entire Sharif family exiled|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2000/dec1600.html#pres|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn newspapers|issue=06/48|publisher=Dawn Wire Service|date=16 December 2000}}</ref> However, this agreement was voided in successive years when Musharraf himself went to court to bared Sharif from returning to Pakistan in 2007.{{rp|366}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Feeley"/>

In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in a interview given to [[Kamran Shahid]] of [[Dunya News|''Dunya'']] that "he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Kind Abdullah]] and [[Rafic Hariri]]."<ref name="Dunya News, Shahid"/>

On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan courted by Chief Justice [[Irshad Hasan Khan|Irshad Hasan]] finally legalized the coup but ordering to hold a nationwide elections to restore the writ of the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan court limits army rule|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/746262.stm|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 May 2000}}</ref>

In 2001, General Musharraf issued the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|executive decree]] and, in which, President Tarar was of the view that such decree was unconstitutional and illegal. Eventually, Musharraf forcefully removed President from his office when the latter forced President Tarar to [[Forced resignation|forcefully resigned]] from the president.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, correspondents">{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=et.al|title=Musharraf planning to replace Tarar as next president:|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/apr1401.html#mush|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|issue=07/15|date=14 April 2001}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Pakistan Bureau, 2002"/> In the light of [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]]'s verdict, the [[Pakistani referendum, 2002|national referendum]] was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 /> The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 />

===Allegations of illegitimacy===

The [[Human rights in Pakistan|Right groups]] such as Amnesty International Pakistan and [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan|Human Rights Commission]] and others had denounced the [[Pakistani referendum, 2002|referendum]] as extremely [[electoral fraud|fraudulent]] in 2002. The ''[[Reuters]]'' journalists claimed to see [[ballot stuffing]] and pressure to vote being placed on [[public sector|governmental]] employees.<ref name=bbc2002/> [[Ibn Abdur Rehman]], director of the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan|Human Rights Commission]], dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed.<ref name=bbc2002/> The Amnesty International Pakistan and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".<ref name=bbc2002>{{cite news|title=Musharraf wins huge backing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1961194.stm|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

The PML(N), backed by the Human Rights Commission, challenged the results of the referendum but Chief Justice [[Irshad Hasan Khan]] dismissed the petitions while rejecting the challenge and upholding the the results.<ref name=Vries/> [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Information Minister]] [[Nisar Memon]] dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition and stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem." <ref name=Vries>{{cite news|last=de Vries|first=Lloyd|title=Musharraf Claims Victory In Pakistan|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/world/main507574.shtml|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=CBS News|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

Credibility of the claims of illegitimacy is added when American Pattan Development Organization conducted a gallup survey that founded that the "people are likely to
elect either Benazir Bhutto or Nawaz Sharif as the next prime minister" in preference to President General Pervez Musharraf.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 2001">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|first1=et.al|title=People want Nawaz or Benazir as PM: study|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/dec2201.html#peop|accessdate=7 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn newspapers|issue=07/51|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 2001|date=22 December 2001|location=Islamabad|pages=1–2|language=en}}</ref> According to the survey, Musharraf had only 9% public approval as opposed to Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 2001"/>

===Forth knowledge about coup===

In 1999, [[Tariq Pervez]] had ultimately warned Nawaz Sharif of military take over if Musharraf was dismissed from the command of the military.{{rp|39}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /> In the [[News channels in Pakistan|television news media]] and the political pundits had long speculating of military takeover in the country as soon as General Karamat was dismissed by Prime Minister Sharif, and General Musharraf himself had sent a secret message of serious repercussion if he was to be removed.{{rp|111}}<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Musharraf" /> It is claimed by authors that Prime Minister Sharif had well political intelligence on Musharraf's intention and had seeked [[United States President|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]]'s helped against the military intervention.{{rp|63–64}}<ref name="Sage Publications India, Kukreja">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|last2=Singh|first2=M. P.|title=Pakistan democracy, development, and security issues|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications India, Kukreja|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788132102663|pages=300|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=nawaz+sharif+1999+coup&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxJGqif3RAhXBhlQKHVLCAYAQuwUIKDAC#v=onepage&q=nawaz%20sharif%201999%20coup&f=false|accessdate=7 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Strains in civil-military relations.}}</ref>

In 1999, [[Benazir Bhutto]] held all blames on Nawaz Sharif of the military takeover and criticized him of "the man is violating every rule of law and, there is no-one to stop him."<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Skynews">{{cite news|last1=Sky News|first1=Uk|title=Benazir blames Nawaz for Army take-over|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/16oct99.html#bena|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn newspapers|issue=05/42|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, Skynews|date=16 October 1999}}</ref>

In 2002,Admiral Bokhari quoted that: he knew about General Musharraf’s plans to topple [Prime Minister] Nawaz Sharif and did not want to be part of these "''Dirty Games''".<ref name="Daily Times, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=War correspondents|title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=Daily Times|agency=Daily Times|issue=4|publisher=Daily Times, 2002|date=2 October 2002}}</ref> Admiral Bokhari also noted that a power struggle between an elected Prime Minister and appointed-[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] ensued and relations were severely damaged after the Kargil war.{{rp|37–38}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" />

Admiral Bokhari testified in media that:"The two men could not work together, both were preparing to take active actions against each other. I could see that there now two centers of power on a collision course".{{rp|37}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /> At an informal meeting held at the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in September 1999, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[General Musharraf]] indicated his displeasure with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's handling of the country describing Prime Minister Sharif as "incompetent and incapable of running the country."{{rp|38}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /> Admiral Bokhari firmly got the impression whether General Musharraf was sounding out to rely on the support from the Navy in an events of the coup and Admiral Bokhara discouraged the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] from doing so.{{rp|38}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" />

In 2003, Musharraf squarely blamed Nawaz Sharif for the military take over and held responsible for the martial law against his government while accused him of being an autocrat and weakening the might of the military.<ref name="Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses">{{cite web|last1=Kuma|first1=Sumita|title=Sharif Vs Musharraf|url=https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan-5-01html.html|website=www.idsa-india.org|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==

In a views of historian, Mazhar Aziz, the military coup d'état is seen as an "striking example in the [[case study]] of [[civil military relations]]" in a [[post–Cold War era]].{{rp|76}}<ref name="Routledge, Aziz"/>

In 1999 and in 2004, Sharif extended his apologizes to various journalists and reporters for any wrong doings and worked towards mending better relations with influential conservative news media after his exile.<ref name="OUP" /><ref name="Committee to Protect Journalists" /> In 2001, the PML(N) and its rival PPP reached a compromised when the formed [[Alliance for Restoration of Democracy|democracy restoration]] alliance in a view to oust President Musharraf.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=Alliance+for+Restoration+of+Democracy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxoIDu0_XRAhVN3GMKHTTYDNsQuwUILTAE#v=onepage&q=Alliance%20for%20Restoration%20of%20Democracy&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Major agitations took place in 2005 against President Musharraf's [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|anti-terrorism policy]] and controversial amendments made in the constitution.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/> In 2006, Sharif joins hand with Benazir Bhutto in opposition to Musharraf when both signed an [[Charter of Democracy|agreement]] to restore parliamentary democracy in the country.<ref>{{cite news | title='Democracy charter' for Pakistan | date=2006-05-15 | publisher=BBC News | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4771769.stm | accessdate = 2008-02-22 }}</ref>

In 2006, the PML(N) issued a [[white paper]] concerning the [[Kargil war|Kargil events]] and Nawaz Sharif personally apologized to former Chief Justice [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Sajad Ali Shah]] and the former president [[Farooq Leghari]] for his role and his party's actions.<ref name="Paktribune 2006">{{cite news|title=PML-N apologizes the nation on attack at the SCP|url=http://paktribune.com/news/PML-N-apologizes-the-nation-on-attack-at-the-SCP-161516.html|accessdate=4 February 2017|work=Paktribune|publisher=Paktribune 2006|language=en}}</ref> Sharif also extended his apology to General Karamat and Admiral Fasih Bokhari for overseeing him for the appointment of the Chairman joint chiefs.<ref name="Paktribune 2006"/>

In 2007, Nawaz Sharif with his family, accompanied by his [[Maryam Nawaz|daughter]], returned to Pakistan with thousands of his supporters receiving Sharif family.<ref name="NYTreturn">Gall, Carlotta (25 November 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/world/asia/25iht-25pakistan.4.8472959.html Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Returns to Pakistan]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> In 2008, Sharif spearheaded the [[Lawyers' Movement|judicial activism]] in order to have Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|I.M. Chaudhry]].

==See also==
* [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency]]
* [[Pakistani general election, 2002]]
* [[Provisional Constitutional Order]]
* [[State of emergency]]
* [[PCO Judges case]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm Pakistan after the coup: Special report], BBC report
*[http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm Strategic Affairs Analysis]
*[http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html SAAG]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm 1999 Kargil Conflict]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistani Coup D'etat, 1999}}
[[Category:Civil–military relations]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 1999 events]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999|Pakistani coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Category:Political repression in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Military dictatorships]]
[[Category:Legal history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan media|1]]

Destiny Frasqueri

2017-01-13T23:49:50Z

BattyBot: fixed wikilink(s) in the infobox's genre parameter & general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Destiny Frasqueri
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Destiny Nicole Frasqueri
| alias = {{hlist|Wavy Spice|Princess Nokia|Destiny Nicole Ortiz}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York, United States]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[alternative hip hop]]|[[R&B]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Rapping|Rapper]]|[[Singing|singer]]|[[songwriter]]}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = [[Independent music|Unsigned]]
| associated_acts = [[Ratking (group)|Ratking]]
| website = {{URL|princessnokia.org}}
}}

'''Destiny Nicole Frasqueri''' (born June 14, 1992) is an [[African Americans|Afro]]-[[Nuyorican]] [[independent music|independent]] [[alternative hip hop]] and [[alternative R&B]] recording artist and songwriter based in [[New York City]]. Formerly known by her [[stage names]] "'''Wavy Spice'''" or "'''Destiny'''", she currently performs in a collaboratives duo known as '''Princess Nokia'''. She is also known for her collaboration with New York City hip hop group [[Ratking (group)|Ratking]] and their member Wiki.

== Early life ==

Frasqueri describes herself as having been "obsessed with individualism early on", explaining that "the idea of being like everyone else killed [her] inside." She grew up between [[Spanish Harlem]] and the [[Lower East Side]] of New York, hosting parties and [[go-go dancing]] from age 16. "Being a club kid, going out with my friends, allowed me to connect," she says. "It's the synchronicity of New York. You're out to have fun but you're also there with lots of artistic people and a dialogue."<ref name=paper>{{cite news|last1=Dolan|first1=Maggie|title=Wavy Spice is Making "High-Tech airy Girl Music"...and we're Listening|url=http://www.papermag.com/2013/10/wavy_spice.php|accessdate=December 5, 2014|work=Paper (magazine)|date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==

Frasqueri recorded her first song, "Destiny", in 2010, and released it under the name of Wavy Spice on her [[SoundCloud]] and her YouTube channel in mid-2012. It was largely autobiographical and gained modest popularity. Subsequently, she released her second track, "Bitch I'm Posh".<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>[http://noisey.vice.com/ja/blog/wavy-spice-bitch-im-posh Wavy Spice" "Bitch I'm Posh"]</ref> The track quickly gained international recognition.<ref name=paper/><ref>16 January 2014, "[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jan/16/wavy-spice Wavy Spice (New band of the day No 1,679)]" [[The Guardian]]. Accessed 27 November 2016</ref>

Frasqueri's next single, "YAYA", demonstrated her ability as both a rapper and a singer.<ref name=paper/> As explained in the song's YouTube description, "'Yaya' is the [[Taíno language|Taino]] word for [[Great Spirit]]. This Song is dedicated to my [[Taíno|Taino]] ancestry and indigenous upbringing."<ref>{{cite web|title=Wavy Spice - YAYA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90Y9BdyZcQc|website=YouTube|accessdate=5 December 2014|date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The song questions normative perceptions of colonial history. The track, and her vocal support of [[queer]], [[transgender]], womanhood and [[fem sexuality]], have gained her critical acclaim and support in the music world from other [[QTPOC]] rappers such as [[Mykki Blanco]] and [[Le1f]]. Five months later, Frasqueri released "Wavy Spice Presents - The Butterfly Knife Prequel". Two months after that, she released "Vicki Gotti," a similar track. In another two months, she released "Versace Hottie".

After watching ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' she "became obsessed with the chemistry between [[Daenerys Targaryen]] and [[Khal Drogo]]," and wrote "Dragons," a love story with a corresponding music video, and both the song and the video mirror things from her own life, and favorite things.<ref>[http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/18459/1/princess-nokia-dragons Princess Nokia – Dragons: The NYC underground artist's intimate Game of Thrones-inspired vid goes from the arcade to a steamy shower]</ref><ref>[http://heartymagazine.com/news/track-meet-princess-nokia-dragons News / Princess Nokia “Dragons”]</ref>

In 2015 Frasqueri released a new project titled "Honeysuckle" under the name Destiny.

== Princess Nokia ==
Frasqueri describes herself as having an alter ego collective named "Princess Nokia".<ref>[http://bullettmedia.com/article/wavy-spice-harlem-is-burning/ Wavy Spice: Harlem Is Burning]</ref> In an interview with Bullet Magazine, she explains, {{quote|As Princess Nokia I can project the multi-dimensional aspects of myself that I could not express with the name Wavy Spice. I can venture into any realm of music or character of my choosing without confusion. I’m making worldly music—music that will talk to all kinds of people. Banjee girls in Harlem, teen brides in the Middle East, gay boys in East Asia. Labels no longer matter. My new music is cosmic and three-dimensional, and it will really speak of who Princess Nokia is. Princess Nokia is sound. It is progression. It is all that I am.}}

Frasqueri introduced Princess Nokia with the sweet-voiced track, "Nokia", within a month of "Versace Hottie". "Dragons", also by her alter ego performance collective, followed in early 2014.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://bullettmedia.com/article/hear-wavy-spice-transform-into-princess-nokia-on-nokia/ Track Premiere: Hear Wavy Spice Transform Into Princess Nokia on 'Nokia']</ref>

The collective released their debut album of "high-tech fairy girl music," Metallic Butterfly, May 12, 2014. "For the last year I've been staying very low-key, working on my craft. I want to create a new sound. I won't stop until I have an impact." The album was a collaborative effort between Destiny and OWWWLS. The album debuted on ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'''s website and SoundCloud. ''Vice'' described is as "...a little bit of everything—from African drums and weird jazzy melodies to electro-synths and hip-hop beats. [...] But all of the disparate influences and styles blend perfectly, making this one of the most exciting and ambitious independently released albums to come out of the New York underground in a long time."<ref>{{cite news|title=Princess Nokia's 'Metallic Butterfly'|url=http://www.vice.com/read/princess-nokias-metallic-butterfly|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=Vice|date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Mixtapes ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of mixtapes, with year released
! scope="col" style="width:11em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" | Album details
|-
! scope="row" | ''Metallic Butterfly''
|
* Released: May 12, 2014
* Label: Self-released
* Formats: digital download
|-
! scope="row" | ''Honeysuckle''
|
* Released: September 21, 2015
* Label: Self-released
* Formats: digital download
|-
|}

=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of extended plays, with year released
! scope="col" style="width:11em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" | Album details
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[1992 (EP)|1992]]''
|
* Released: September 6, 2016
* Label: Self-released
* Formats: digital download
|-
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Puerto Rican Judo"
| 2014
| [[Ratking (group)|Ratking]]
| ''[[So It Goes (Ratking album)|So It Goes]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Steep Tech"
| 2015
| Ratking, [[Despot (rapper)|Despot]]
| ''[[700-Fill]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube | u = dnfrasqueri }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frasqueri, Destiny}}
[[Category:LGBT rappers]]
[[Category:Trip hop musicians]]
[[Category:East Coast hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Rappers from New York]]
[[Category:Indie rappers]]
[[Category:Underground rappers]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Die drei Lebensalter der Frau

2017-01-09T02:21:32Z

BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, removed orphan tag using AWB

''''' The Three Ages of Woman''''' is a painting by [[Gustav Klimt]] that was completed in Austria in 1905.

==Description ==
The work features three women in varying stages of age, symbolizing the cycle of life. The three women are central on the canvas and are the focal point of the work. The background has a lack of depth, making it look very two dimensional. The colors are neutral and create a restful effect.<ref>Eisler, Gustav Klimt,33.</ref> Klimt's common use of colorful motifs is also evident in this work. There are two vertical auras that the women are in. The two younger women are in a blue aura that has a fluid pattern of cool colors. The old woman is in an aura by herself, and it is filled with a less fluid pattern with more distinct separations in the design. The colors of this aura are warm, earthy tones that contrast with the cool colors of the other aura. The woman and the auras overlap slightly. The leg of the young woman goes behind the left aura and the old woman's head comes in front of the right aura.

The youngest figure, a child, is connected to the young woman who is her mother. They are the only two touching, they also have sheer blue fabric draped down their legs. Both of these women also have their eyes closed. The young woman has flowers around her head which represent spring.<ref>Eisler, Gustav Klimt, 33.</ref> Her hair is bright an voluminous, contrasting with that of the The old woman who is separated from the other two women. She has her head turned away and facing down. The effects of old age are obvious through her sagging skin, bloated belly, and prominent veins. She is also unlike the other two in the fact that both of her feet are shown. This was done so the viewer can see the ugliness of her age in its entirety.<ref>Eisler, Gustav Klimt, 44.</ref>

==Klimt, and the Vienna Secession==
The artists, [[Gustav Klimt]], was a prominent Austrian painter who was born in 1862. He worked as an apprentice of Ferdinand Laufberger during the early part of his art career. Later he was a founding member and the first president of the [[Vienna Secession]] from 1897 to 1903. He and fellow artist formed the secession after leaving Künstlerhaus, or the Corporation of Austrian Artists due to differences in views. The Secession held many exhibitions and also founded a magazine titled [[Ver Sacrum]], which translates as sacred spring. Here they published many writers and artists all while sharing the views of the Vienna Secession. Klimt left the Vienna Secession in 1905, the same year that The Three Ages of Woman was completed.<ref>Benezit Dictionary of Artists, "KLIMT, Gustav", http://www.oxfordartonline.com</ref>

==Technical elements==
This is an oil on canvas painting that measures 180 by 180 centimeters. It shows signs of an impasto painting technique that was common of Klimt's work. His painting methods included mixing drying solvents into the paint to make sure there was no unwanted glossy appearance. He also would retouch works, which limited how many paintings he was able to create per year.<ref>Grove art online, "Klimt, Gustav", http://www.oxfordartonline.com</ref> The Three Ages of Woman falls into Klimt's Golden Period which includes other works such as [[The Kiss (Klimt painting)|The Kiss]]. This period was characterized by high ornamentation and the use of gold and metallic paints.<ref>Benezit Dictionary of Artists, "KLIMT, Gustav", http://www.oxfordartonline.com</ref> This work also suggest that it is part of the Art Nouveau movement due to the time period and the decorative elements. The Painting is located in Rome at the [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]].<ref>Benezit Dictionary of Artists, "KLIMT, Gustav", http://www.oxfordartonline.com</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*Eisler, Max. Gustav Klimt. Vienna: Rikola Verlag LTD. 1921
*"KLIMT, Gustav." Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed November 25, 2014, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/benezit/B00099386.
*Vergo, Peter. "Klimt, Gustav." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed November 29, 2014, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T046890.

{{Gustav Klimt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Three Ages of Woman}}
[[Category:Paintings by Gustav Klimt]]
[[Category:1905 paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in Rome]]

Webpack

2016-12-31T16:59:53Z

BattyBot: changed {{Notability}} to {{Notability|Products}} & general fixes using AWB

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{notability|Products|date=September 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox software
| logo = [[File:Webpack.png|100px]]
| name = Webpack
| developer = Tobias Koppers, Sean Larkin, Johannes Ewald, Juho Vepsäläinen, Kees Kluskens and Webpack contributors
| released = {{Start date|Mar 10, 2012}}
| status = Active
| latest release version = 1.13.2
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2016|08|18}}
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| programming language = [[JavaScript]]
| license = [[MIT License]]
| website = {{URL|https://webpack.github.io/}}
| github = {{URL|https://github.com/webpack/webpack}}
| twitter = {{URL|https://twitter.com/browserify}}
}}
{{Portal|Free software}}
'''Webpack''' is an [[open-source]] [[JavaScript]] module bundler. Webpack takes modules with dependencies and generates static assets representing those modules.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webpack.github.io/docs/what-is-webpack.html |title=What is webpack |publisher=GitHub |accessdate=25 Jan 2016}}</ref> It takes the dependencies and generates a dependency graph allowing you to use a modular approach for your web application development purposes.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Application frameworks}}
{{ECMAScript}}

[[Category:JavaScript libraries]]
[[Category:Rich Internet application frameworks]]
[[Category:Software using the MIT license]]

{{software-stub}}

Benutzer:NzmSOCIETY/Fidan Doğan

2016-12-30T07:11:46Z

BattyBot: /* top */changed {{Notability}} to {{Notability|Biographies}} & general fixes using AWB

{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2013}}

{{Infobox person|name = Fidan Doğan|birth_date = 17 January 1982|birth_place = [[Elbistan]], [[Kahramanmaraş]]|death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|01|09|1982|01|17}}|death_place = [[Paris]], France|death_cause = [[Execution-style murder|Execution-style]] shooting|ethnicity = [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]|occupation = Kurdish rights advocate}}'''Fidan Doğan''', born in 1982 in [[Elbistan]], in southern Turkey, was a Kurdish activist, who worked at the Kurdish information centre in Paris and also represented the Brussels-based Kurdish National Congress in France.

Her family moved to France when she was young and she grew up in [[Strasbourg]], where she completed her university education.
<ref>{{cite web|title= Fidan Dogan, l'une des trois militantes kurdes assassinées à Paris a vécu à Strasbourg|publisher=France 3|date=2013-01-10|url= http://alsace.france3.fr/2013/01/10/l-une-des-trois-militantes-kurdes-assassinees-paris-vecu-strasbourg-178341.html|accessdate=2013-01-23}}</ref>

She was assassinated in Paris on 9 January 2013, along with [[Sakine Cansiz]] and [[Leyla Söylemez]].
<ref>{{cite web
|title= Kurdish activists shot dead in Paris
|publisher=The Guardian
|date=2013-01-10
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/10/kurdish-activists-shot-dead-paris
|accessdate=2013-01-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title= Turkish PM: killing of 3 Kurdish activists in Paris seems like feud among Kurds
|publisher=The Washington Post
|date=2013-01-10
|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkish-pm-killing-of-3-kurdish-activist-in-paris-seems-like-feud-among-kurds/2013/01/11/b54d9118-5bc8-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html
|accessdate=2013-01-12}}</ref> Her funeral was conducted by an [[Alevi]] [[Dede (religious figure)|dede]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/paris-killing-victim-buried-with-participation-of-thousands.aspx?pageID=238&nID=39380&NewsCatID=341 Paris killing victim buried with participation of thousands], Doğan News Agency, dated 18 January 2013.</ref>
She was buried in her family's village, in the [[Kahramanmaraş Province|province of Kahramanmaraş’s]] [[Elbistan]] district.
<ref>{{cite web
|title= Paris killing victim buried with participation of thousands
|publisher=Hurriyet
|date=2013-01-18
|url= http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/paris-killing-victim-buried-with-participation-of-thousands.aspx?pageID=238&nid=39380
|accessdate=2013-02-17}}</ref>

Tributes after her death revealed that she was well known in political circles, as well as being close to [[Ocalan]]. The President of the European Parliament, [[Martin Schulz]], made a point of receiving her family to pay his condolences in person. The rapporteur for Turkey of the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly, [[Josette Durrieu]], also paid tribute in glowing terms.
<ref>{{cite web
|title= FIDAN DOGAN’S FAMILY INVITED TO EU SESSION IN STRASSBURG
|publisher=Mesop
|date=2013-01-15
|url= http://www.mesop.de/2013/01/15/fidan-dogans-family-invited-to-eu-session-in-strassburg/
|accessdate=2013-01-23}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title= Assassinat de trois femmes kurdes
|publisher=The Guardian
|date=2013-01-17
|url= http://www.leigaro.fr/spip.php?article1510939
|accessdate=2013-01-23}}</ref>

[[Francois Hollande]]'s statement that he knew one of the three women assassinated in Paris (which provoked a strong reaction from Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]), raised speculation that Dogan was also in regular contact with the French president.
<ref>{{cite web
|title= Erdogan queries Hollande links with dead Kurd
|publisher=Al Jazeera
|date=2013-01-12
|url= http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/01/2013112172911877200.html
|accessdate=2013-01-23}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title= ERDOĞAN CALLS ON HOLLANDE TO EXPLAIN WHY HE MET WITH A PKK TERRORIST
|publisher=Sabah
|date=2013-01-14
|url= http://english.sabah.com.tr/national/2013/01/14/erdogan-calls-on-hollande-to-explain-why-he-met-with-a-pkk-terrorist
|accessdate=2013-01-23}}</ref>

After her death, there was considerable speculation that the killing of the three women was an attempt to derail the fledgling peace process recently set in motion between the Turkish authorities and Ocalan.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Kurdistan’s Female Fighters
|publisher=Roj women
|date=2013-02-15
|url= http://rojwomen.com/2013/02/15/kurdistans-female-fighters/
|accessdate=2013-02-17}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title= 3 Kurdish women political activists shot dead in Paris
|publisher=CNN
|date=2013-01-11
|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/10/world/europe/france-kurd-deaths
|accessdate=2013-02-17}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of unsolved deaths]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogan, Fidan}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Turkish people]]
[[Category:Assassinated Kurdish politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated activists]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in France]]
[[Category:Kurdish activists]]
[[Category:Kurdish women in politics]]
[[Category:People murdered in France]]
[[Category:Turkish human rights activists]]
[[Category:Turkish people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Turkish women's rights activists]]
[[Category:2013 murders in France]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in France]]
[[Category:Kurdish Alevis]]

Workiva

2016-12-25T06:33:19Z

BattyBot: /* Products */fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox company
|name = Workiva Inc.
|logo = Workiva-Logo-Digital and Web.png
|foundation = 2008
|type = [[Public company|Public]]
|traded_as = {{NYSE|WK}}
|location_city = [[Ames, Iowa]]
|location_country = United States
|key_people = Matthew Rizai, CEO,
|Industry = {{Unbulleted list| [[Software As A Service]], [[Financial Reporting]], [[XBRL]]}}
|homepage = {{URL|www.workiva.com}}}}

'''Workiva''' is a business software company based in [[Ames, Iowa]], specializing in solutions for compliance, disclosure management, [[enterprise risk management]] (ERM), regulatory risk reporting, [[Financial planning (business)|corporate financial planning]] and analysis, and audit management. Its core product is Wdesk, a cloud-based software-as-a-service platform that enables customers to link, report and analyze business data quickly, with control and accountability.<ref name="Kugel - July 2016, Workiva capabilities, applications">{{cite web|last1=Kugel|first1=Robert|title=Workiva Automates Composite Documents with Wdesk|url=https://robertkugel.ventanaresearch.com/2016/07/01/workiva-automates-composite-documents-with-wdesk/|website=Ventana Research|publisher=Ventana Research|accessdate=1 November 2016|date=July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016">{{cite web|last1=Van Decker|first1=John E.|last2=Iervolino|first2=Christopher|title=Magic Quadrant for Financial Corporate Performance Management Solutions|url=https://www.gartner.com/doc/reprints?id=1-38CBQOH&ct=160531&st=sb&aliId=37421204|website=Gartner|publisher=Gartner|accessdate=28 September 2016|ref=ID: G0027739.|date=May 2016}}</ref>

In May 2016, [[Gartner]] described Workiva as a cloud platform with:

"''capabilities to create and combine text documents, workbooks, presentations, dashboards and charts in one easy-to-use environment. Wdesk provides a central platform for users to store and synchronize data from ERP, consolidations, financial planning and analysis, and nonfinancial systems. It also allows reporting teams to transform that data into financial, management and performance reports, as well as regulatory disclosures. Wdesk connects and manages information with advanced linking capabilities, audit trails, permissioning and the power of administrative and end-user personalization''"<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" />

==Profile==

'''[[Deloitte]]'s 2015 [[Deloitte Fast 500|Technology Fast 500]]''' survey of fastest growing technology companies in America ranked Workiva 129 overall and fiftieth among all software companies.<ref name="Deloitte's 2015 Tech Fast 500">{{cite web|title=Deloitte's 2015 Technology Fast 500|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/Technology-Fast-500-Winners-Brochure.PDF|website=Deloitte.com|publisher=Deloitte & Touche LLP}}</ref>

Part of the so-called [[Silicon Prairie]] of technology companies located in the Midwest, in 2016 Workiva won the [http://www.technologyiowa.org Technology Association of Iowa]’s 2016 Prometheus Award as Top Growth Company of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Razor|first1=Todd|title=Iowa’s 2016 Prometheus Award winners include FunnelWise, KinoSol|url=http://siliconprairienews.com/2016/04/iowa-2016-prometheus-award-winners-include-funnelwise-kinosol/|accessdate=25 October 2016|date=April 15, 2016|quote=Top Growth Company of the Year – Workiva}}</ref> Company founder and CEO Matt Rizal has expressed appreciation for the company's location in the Midwest generally and in Iowa specifically.<ref name="Fast Company- Why Workiva is in the Midwest">{{cite web|title=Why I Based My Tech Company In The Middle Of Iowa|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3056081/lessons-learned/why-i-based-my-tech-company-in-the-middle-of-iowa|website=Fast Company|date=February 1, 2016|quote=It's at the center of a growing startup scene that's distinct from Silicon Valley's.}}</ref>

The company reports that thousands of organizations in the US, Canada and Europe, including over 65 percent of the Fortune 500, use Wdesk,<ref name="Workiva Customers">{{cite web|title=Workiva Customers|url=https://www.workiva.com/customers|website=Workiva.com}}</ref> including [[Walmart]], [[United Airlines]] and [[Ford]].<ref name="Des Moines Register - New Campus Opens in Ames">{{cite web|last1=Santana|first1=M|title=Workiva opens new Ames campus|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/tech/2014/10/02/workiva-opens-new-ames-campus/16570969/|website=desmoinesregister.com|publisher=Des Moines Register|date=October 2, 2014}}</ref> Its clients include foreign companies operating in the US, as well as US corporations operating abroad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Workiva Customers|url=https://www.workiva.com/uk/node/7541|website=Workiva}}</ref>

In a 2016 employee survey conducted by '''[https://www.greatplacetowork.com Great Place to Work]''', Workiva received a 97% overall approval rating by employees, and 96% of employees said it was a “great” place to work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For|url=http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/workiva-inc?utm_source=fortune&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=reviews-link&utm_campaign=2016-womens-list|website=Great Place to Work|accessdate=29 October 2016|date=September 14, 2016|quote=At Workiva Inc., 96 percent of employees say their workplace is great}}</ref> Workiva ranked #4 on [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] magazine’s Top 10 Best Large Workplaces in Technology <ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune Top 10 Best Large Workplaces in Technology|url=http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/rankings/2016-best-workplaces-for-technology|website=Great Place to Work|date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> and ranked #6 on Fortune magazine’s Top 50 Best Large Workplaces for Camaraderie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune 100 Best Places to Work|url=http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/rankings/2015-best-workplaces-for-camaraderie|website=Great Place to Work|date=September 2015|quote=Best Workplaces for Camaraderie 2015 (ranked 6)}}</ref> In a 2016 survey released by [[Battery Ventures]],<ref name="Battery Ventures corp website">{{cite web|title=Battery Ventures|url=https://www.battery.com/|website=Battery.com|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref> a global investment firm, and [[Glassdoor]], Workiva was recognized as one of the 25 Highest-Rated Public Cloud Computing Companies To Work For.<ref name="Forbes, Top Rated Cloud Companies">{{cite web|last1=Konrad|first1=Alex|title=These Are The Top-Rated Public Cloud Companies To Work For According To Glassdoor|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2016/10/13/top-rated-public-cloud-companies-on-glassdoor/#65596e8f1f2d|website=Forbes.com|publisher=Forbes|date=October 13, 2016}}</ref>

==Company History==

Workiva was founded in 2008 as '''Webfilings''' by a team of executives that included engineers who had previously founded [[Engineering Animation]] Inc. Engineering Animation went public in 1996 (EAII:NASDAQ), and was sold to [[UGS PLM Software|EDS/UGS PLM]] division in 2000.<ref name="SEC Tender Offer - Purchase of Engineering Animations">{{cite web|title=SEC TENDER OFFER STATEMENT (c57319scto-c.txt)|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1055246/000095012400005424/c57319scto-c.txt|website=SEC.gov|publisher=Security and Exchange Commission|date=September 5, 2000}}</ref> This team included [[Iowa State University]] and [[Michigan State University]] alumni. WebFilings changed its company name to Workiva in June 2014 to reflect its expanding line of software solutions.<ref name="Megan Bannister">{{cite news| author =Megan Bannister | title =WebFilings changes name to Workiva, hones focus on Wdesk platform | quote = | newspaper = SiliconPrairie News| date =July 1, 2014| pages =| url = http://siliconprairienews.com/2014/07/webfilings-changes-name-to-workiva-hones-focus-on-wdesk-platform/
| access-date = }}</ref> The company went public on December 12, 2014, trading under the symbol WK on the New York Stock Exchange.<ref name="Workiva going public">{{cite web|title=WORKIVA OF AMES PLANS INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING|url=http://www.isupark.org/workiva-of-ames-plans-initial|website=Isupark.org|publisher=Iowa State University Research Park Corporation|date=October 19, 2014}}</ref> The company employs more than 1,200 people with offices in 16 cities in the United States, Canada and Europe.<ref name="Workiva Employs 1,200">{{cite web|title=Workiva to Report Third Quarter 2016 Results|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/workiva-to-report-third-quarter-2016-results-300341191.html|website=PRNewswire.com|quote=Workiva employs more than 1,200 people with offices in 16 cities.}}</ref>

The Workiva SEC reporting software was created in 2010 to enable corporations to automate their [[SEC filings]] by using a proprietary system of document tags and linking.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" /> The platform also enabled companies to file electronically directly with the SEC, using the business mark-up language [[XBRL]] (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The SEC requires corporations to file their documents in XBRL or Inline XBRL.<ref>{{cite news| author =Security and Exchange Commission| title = Final Rule: Interactive Data to Improve Financial Reporting | quote = Companies will provide their financial statements to the Commission and on their corporate Web sites in interactive data format using the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). | newspaper =Release Nos. 33-9002; 34-59324; 39-2461| date =January 30, 2009| pages =| url = https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/2009/33-9002.pdf| access-date = }}</ref> A Workiva customer was the first company to file Inline XBRL with the SEC.<ref>{{cite news| author =| title =Workiva product first to make Inline XBRL filing with SEC| quote =| newspaper =Business Record| date =July 6, 2016| pages =| url = http://businessrecord.com/Content/Tech-Innovation/Tech-Innovation/Article/-Workiva-product-first-to-make-Inline-XBRL-filing-with-SEC/172/834/73839 | accessdate = October 30, 2016}}</ref>

==Market Overview==

Workiva specializes in cloud-based enterprise software solutions in the areas of [[SEC Filings]], compliance, disclosure management, enterprise risk management (ERM), regulatory risk reporting, financial planning and analysis, and audit management.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" /> Such business software allows an enterprise to collect, link, analyze and report business data that relates to all of its business units, measure risk, run forecasts and analyze an institution’s ability to survive business downturns.<ref name="Lawson, 2016, Systems and other challenges controllers face">{{cite journal|last1=Lawson|first1=Rae|title="How controllers become business partners: it takes strategic vision and a new application of business skills and analysis."|journal=Strategic Finance|date=July 2016|pages=24+|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITBC&sw=w&u=nypl&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA458164804&it=r&asid=573d92d718f2a88d2cad3b33b2cae4ef|quote=Where possible, controllers need to push for system simplification. Newer technologies, such as software as a service and cloud solutions, can offer hope.}}</ref> Since the late 1990s, demand for increasingly robust ERM tools has grown,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quon|first1=Tony|last2=Zieghal|first2=Daniel|last3=Maingot|first3=Michael|title=Business Risk Post 2008 Has Led To Integrated ERM|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=October 24, 2012|volume=62|pages=263–267|url=http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042812034830/1-s2.0-S1877042812034830-main.pdf?_tid=1102ffc0-99f5-11e6-8a71-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1477319031_d8b2848c88bab0b79749f39de0bc8b03|publisher=Elsevier|quote=Increased volatility in the business world has exposed the inadequacy of traditional but fragmented approaches to risk management. This has led to an integrated approach to measuring and managing risks known as enterprise risk management (ERM).”}}</ref> as have cloud based business applications.<ref name="Forbes 3/13/2016 Cloud expanding">{{cite web|last1=Columbus|first1=Louis|title=Cloud-based services on growth trend: Roundup Of Cloud Computing Forecasts And Market Estimates, 2016,”|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2016/03/13/roundup-of-cloud-computing-forecasts-and-market-estimates-2016/#7846399f74b0|website=Forbes.com|date=March 13, 2016}}</ref>

More recently, regulatory pressures and growing data volumes are driving demand for higher-quality data and better analytical processes.<ref name="Chartis Workiva Vendor Research">{{cite web|author1=Chartis Research|title=Data Integrity and Control Solutions in Financial Services 2016 - Workiva Vendor Highlights|url=https://www.workiva.com/sites/workiva/files/pdfs/thought-leadership/DIC-in-Financial-Services-Workiva-Final.pdf|website=Workiva|publisher=Chartis Research Ltd.|accessdate=29 October 2016|format=PDF|date=October 2016}}</ref> Because of the constant change in the regulatory environment, it is considered essential for large enterprises to make use of the most up to date business intelligence and ERM software to maintain competitiveness and avoid regulatory penalties or delays.<ref name="Minsky, Walker, 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Minsky|first1=Steven|last2=Walker|first2=Paul|title=Innovation vs. Negligence: How ERM can help organizations stay competitive while avoiding regulatory penalties|journal=Risk Management|date=October 2016|pages=40+|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=nypl&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA467058507&it=r&asid=fd9b73b1ead770306e6674c089a0ed51}}</ref>

Risk management competency has become a critical success metric, from senior leadership to the front-line operational managers—all of whom can be held accountable for risk events and accounting issues<ref name="Lawson, 2016, Systems and other challenges controllers face" /><ref name="Simkins, Ramirez 2008">{{cite journal|last1=Simkins|first1=Betty|last2=Ramirez|first2=STEVEN A.|title=Enterprise-Wide Risk Management and Corporate Governance|journal=Loy. U. Chi. L. J.|date=2008|volume=39|issue=571|url=http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol39/iss3/6}}</ref> Workiva was founded in 2008 as WebFiling,<ref name="Megan Bannister"/><ref>{{cite news| author =Workiva Inc.| title = About Workiva | quote = We founded WebFilings in 2008. | newspaper =| date = | pages =| url = https://www.workiva.com/about
| access-date = }}</ref> specializing in software as a service that would streamline the corporate SEC filing process. One impetus for this focus was that in the early 2000s, the SEC began studying the benefits of using the XML-based, Extensible Business Reporting language (xBRL) for corporate business filings to the Commission.<ref>{{cite news| author =Stephen Barlas | title =SEC Holds Second XBRL Round Table | quote = | newspaper = Strategic Finance| date =November 1, 2006| pages =24+| url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/22923407/sec-holds-second-xbrl-roundtable
| access-date = }}</ref> In February 2009, the SEC announced that it would begin requiring that corporations file their documents in the XML-based business reporting language XBRL on a rolling basis beginning in 2010, to allow companies to make the transition to the new system.<ref name="SEC Final Rule">{{cite web|title=Final Rule: Shareholder Reports and Quarterly Portfolio Disclosure of Registered Management Investment Companies|url=https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8393.htm|website=SEC.gov|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=30 October 2016|ref=[Release Nos. 33-8393; 34-49333; IC-26372; File No. S7-51-02]|date=March 2, 2004|quote=Shareholder Reports and Quarterly Portfolio Disclosure of Registered Management Investment Companies
}}</ref>

The company released its first SEC reporting solution in March 2010. Three years later, in March 2013, the company launched '''Wdesk''', a platform that addressed additional solutions, including helping clients comply with '''[[Sarbanes-Oxley Act]]''' (SOX) (passed July 30, 2002) and the '''[[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]''' (July 2010). The Dodd-Frank requirements include recovery and resolution plans<ref name="Federal Reserve RRP Plans">{{cite web|title=Resolution Plans|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/bankinforeg/resolution-plans.htm|website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System|publisher=The Federal Reserve|accessdate=23 October 2016|quote=Each plan, commonly known as a living will, must describe the company's strategy for rapid and orderly resolution in the event of material financial distress or failure of the company}}</ref> and annual stress tests known as Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR)<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 CCAR/DFAST Results|url=http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-2016-CCAR-DFAST-results/$FILE/ey-2016-CCAR-DFAST-results.pdf|publisher=Ernst&Young|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> for large banks and Dodd-Frank Act Stress Testing (DFAST) for smaller banks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kapinos|first1=Pavel|last2=Mitnick|first2=Oscar|last3=Martin|first3=Christopher|title=Stress Testing Banks: Whence and Whither? cf. Table 1 Summary of Stress-Testing Exercises|journal=FDIC/Center for Financial Research|date=November 15, 2015|url=https://www.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/CFR/2015/WP_2015/WP2015_07.pdf|accessdate=29 October 2016}}</ref>

'''SOX reporting''' requires public company CEOs and CFOs to individually certify that their annual and quarterly financial reports are accurate and complete and to assess the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting.<ref name="Sarbanes Oxley requirements">{{cite web|title=Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002 - SOX|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sarbanesoxleyact.asp|website=Investopedia|accessdate=29 October 2016}}</ref> Increased scrutiny from the '''[[Public Company Accounting Oversight Board|Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)]]''' on audits of management’s assessment of internal controls – and the transition in the framework used for assessing internal controls – is driving public companies to find more efficient and accurate solutions for SOX compliance.<ref name="Howell and Thomas, 2015">{{cite web|last1=Howell|first1=Joseph|last2=Ray|first2=Thomas|title=In the Crosshairs: What the PCAOB’s Inspection Results Mean for Your Company|url=http://daily.financialexecutives.org/in-the-crosshairs-what-the-pcaobs-inspection-results-mean-for-your-company|website=Financial Executives International Daily|publisher=Financial Executives International|accessdate=29 October 2016|date=March 13, 2015|quote=Auditors have responded to the demands of the PCAOB and the SEC by turning up the pressure on their clients to improve documentation.}}</ref> Workiva’s client base expanded further to include the auditing and accounting industry, whose professional organization, '''COSO''' ([[Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission|Committee of Sponsoring Organizations]]) adopted guidelines<ref name="COSO ERM Risk Management Guidelines">{{cite web|title=ERM - An Integrated Framework|url=http://www.coso.org/documents/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf|website=Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)|accessdate=22 October 2016|date=2004}}</ref> for internal financial reporting and risk control in 2012 (implemented in 2015).<ref name="COSO ERM Risk Management Guidelines">{{cite web|title=ERM - An Integrated Framework|url=http://www.coso.org/documents/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf|website=Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)|accessdate=22 October 2016|date=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Frigo|first1=Mark L.|last2=Anderson|first2=Richard J.|title=Embracing Enterprise Risk Management: Practical Approaches for Getting Started|url=http://www.coso.org/documents/EmbracingERM-GettingStartedforWebPostingDec110_000.pdf|website=Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission|publisher=The Center for Strategy, Execution and Valuation Kellstadt Graduate School of Business, DePaul University|accessdate=24 October 2016|date=January 2011}}</ref>
The insurance industry adopted its own set of risk assessment and management tools.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Foley & Lardner LLP|title=NAIC Adopts ORSA Model Act|journal=JD Supra Business Advisor|date=September 19, 2012|url=http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/naic-adopts-orsa-model-act-67074/|publisher=JD Supra LLC|quote=Under the Model Act, insurers must maintain a risk management framework to 'assist the insurer with identifying, assessing, monitoring, managing, and reporting on its material and relevant risks.'}}</ref> Known as '''[[Own Risk and Solvency Assessment|Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act]]''' ('''ORSA'''), it requires insurance firms above a certain size to report annually on their risk management and solvency.<ref name="NAIC ORSA Guidelines">{{cite web|title=Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act |url=http://www.naic.org/store/free/MDL-505.pdf|website=NAIC.org|publisher=National Association of Insurance Commissioners|date=2012}}</ref> Workiva was able to include insurance industry-specific templates to meet these complex filing needs as well.<ref name="Workiva's Insurance industry solutions">{{cite web|title=Workiva Reports Expansion of Wdesk Across Insurance Companies|url=https://www.workiva.com/newsroom/workiva-reports-expansion-wdesk-across-insurance-companies|website=Workiva.com|date=May 27, 2016}}</ref>

However necessary, these documentation and filing requirements have been seen by some as complex and time-consuming.<ref>{{cite web|last1=English|first1=Stacy|last2=Suzanna|first2=Hammond|title=Thomson Reuters Annual Cost of Compliance Survey Shows Regulatory Fatigue, Resource Challenges and Personal Liability to Increase Throughout 2015|url=http://thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2015/05/cost-of-compliance-survey-shows-regulatory-fatigue-resource-challenges-personal-liability-to-increase.html|website=Thomson Reuters|publisher=Thomson Reuters|date=May 13, 2015|quote=Compliance officers express regulatory fatigue and overload in the face of snowballing regulations.}}</ref> Given the greater scrutiny and the greater complexity of information, one of the biggest challenges in managing risk is that the data exists in structured (spreadsheets, e.g.) and unstructured (emails, presentation documents, e.g.) form, which in turn requires sophisticated tools to gather and assess. In '''''[http://sfmagazine.com Strategic Finance]''''' (July 2016) Lawson writes, ''"Controllers need to rearticulate their information requirements to produce the most relevant data. This means increasingly drawing on both external and internal data sources, working with financial and broader business information, and analyzing both structured and unstructured data. It's critical for controllers to understand the significant role that technology can play in both better financial reporting and growing the business.”''<ref name="Lawson, 2016, Systems and other challenges controllers face" />

== Products ==

As Van Decker and Iervolino reported in their May 2016 '''[https://www.gartner.com/doc/reprints?id=1-38CBQOH&ct=160531&st=sb Gartner Magic Quadrant Report]''', Workiva provides solutions ''“across a wide variety of industries. Wdesk has also been proven to address industry-specific use cases in financial reporting, management reporting and disclosure management. Workiva has dedicated industry solutions for banking and investments, insurance, state and local government, utilities and manufacturing."''<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" />

Workiva’s product, '''Wdesk''', is able to combine word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentation applications, emails and other disparate content formats into an integrated data management engine to generate a wide variety reports.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" /> These can be generated in printed form or viewed through a client-facing dashboard or via the web.

'''SEC''' and '''[[SEDAR|SEDAR Reporting]]''' – '''WebFilings''' came on the market just as the SEC mandated XBRL reporting was introduced. Workiva, a founding member of the [https://www.xbrl.org/the-consortium/ XBRL Consortium] and still active in the organization, works with Consortium members to formulate and maintain the open source standards of XBRL and iXBRL. Mike Starr, Workiva’s Vice President, Governmental and Regulatory Affairs is the current chair of the Consortium's Data Quality Committee,<ref name="XBRL DQC">{{cite web|title=XBRL-US Data Quality Committee|url=https://xbrl.us/data-quality/committee/|website=XBRL-US}}</ref> the group responsible for “developing guidance and validation rules that can prevent or detect inconsistencies or errors in XBRL data.”

'''WebFilings''' integrates word processing and spreadsheet functionality, EDGAR HTML conversion and xBRL mapping and tagging into a single solution that helps SEC reporting teams within corporations meet reporting requirements for a range of regulatory filings, including IPO and S-1 filing, 10Ks, 10-Qs, 20-Fs and scores of others. Reporting structured financial statement data in Inline XBRL format is also supported.<ref name="Mike Starr Workiva supports Inline XBRL">{{cite web|last1=Starr|first1=Mike|title=Workiva supports Inline XBRL|url=https://www.workiva.com/blog/workiva-supports-inline-xbrl|website=Workiva.com|accessdate=30 October 2016}}</ref>

'''WebFilings''' document links allow risk managers to verify data at the source documents. Any changes or updates in individual documents are automatically reflected across entire the risk analysis process.<ref name="Kugel - July 2016, Workiva capabilities, applications" /> Executive management and board members can view the risk status in real-time through a risk reporting dashboard.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" /> This document linking capability also means that a single data source can be easily used in multiple forms, reported one investment relations specialist: “Consider a value – for example, total invested assets – that appears in the 10-K (MD&A and notes), news release, financial supplements and call script a total of 25 times. With WebFilings, each of those 25 instances is updated when a primary data table is changed.”<ref name="Wietzel- Webfiling's capabilities, ease of use">{{cite web|last1=Wietzel|first1=Heather|title=The Missing Link … at least for SEC filings and other investor communications|url=https://blog.insuranceir.com/2010/11/05/the-missing-link-at-least-for-sec-filings-and-other-investor-communications/|website=Investor IR's Blog|date=November 5, 2010|quote=WebFilings can be used for the filed documents and earnings releases, financial supplements, conference call scripts, website copy and other financial documents.}}</ref>

WDesk is also adapted to assist Canadian corporations file SEDAR reports to Canadian regulators.<ref name="Mellberg - Blog post re SEDAR Reporting">{{cite web|last1=Sellberg|first1=Mike|title=Wdesk Does SEDAR Reporting|url=https://www.workiva.com/blog/wdesk-does-sedar-reporting|website=Workiva.com|accessdate=30 October 2016|date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>

'''Sabanes-Oxley reporting''' –The Sabanes-Oxley Act comprises two main provisions: that senior managers certify the accuracy of the financial statements, and that “management and auditors establish internal controls and reporting methods on the adequacy of those controls.<ref name="Sarbanes Oxley requirements" />” The amount of documentation for SOX reporting is considerable.<ref name="Sarbanes Oxley requirements" /> Workiva’s WDesk integrates all documentation—financial statements, risk assessment and forecasts—into a single view, enabling audit teams to generate the SOX-required reports for the SEC.<ref name="Compliance Week, April 3, 2015">{{cite web|last1=Compliance Week Blogs|title=Workiva Adds New Feature to Wdesk for Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance|url=https://www.complianceweek.com/blogs/grc-announcements/workiva-adds-new-feature-to-wdesk-for-sarbanes-oxley-compliance#.WBYBtTKZPYJ|website=Compliance Week|publisher=Wilmington Compliance Week plc|accessdate=30 October 2016|date=April 3, 2015}}</ref>

'''Investor Relations''' – IR has become increasingly complex as more risk and compliance factors need to be accounted for.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=edited by Benjamin Mark|title=The new investor relations : expert perspectives on the state of the art|date=2003|publisher=Bloomberg Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=1-57660-135-8|edition=1st}}</ref> In addition to SEC filings, IR documentation includes earnings releases, fact sheets, web updates, and more. In addition to generating hardcopy and digital documents, the WDesk dashboard provides real-time status reports to IR officers, CFOs and other corporate officers. Because the data is “live-linked,” any changes to tables, charts, or text are reflected through the entire reporting system – earnings release, call script, presentations, etc.

'''Mutual Fund Reporting''' – The SEC requires regulated investment companies, which include mutual funds, to file quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports of their holdings, expenses and other information.<ref name="Blokhin, Investopedia, 9/17/2015">{{cite web|last1=Andriy|first1=Blokhin|title=How often do mutual funds report their holdings?|url=http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/091715/how-often-do-mutual-funds-report-their-holdings.asp|website=Investopedia|publisher=Investopedia|accessdate=30 October 2016|date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> WDesk’s capabilities allow filers to generate all required filing documents. The complexity of the filings has increased since Sarbanes-Oxley became law, not only because of the requirements themselves, but because they require the coordination of different constituencies in the corporation itself.<ref name="Three Chiefs, Investment Lawyer 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Curtis|last2=Daly|first2=Charles|last3=Kapuscinski,|first3=Kinda|last4=Keniston|first4=Patrick|last5=Stallman|first5=Ken|last6=Treff|first6=Bruce|title=Three chiefs: duties, conflicts and opportunities for managing legal and compliance issues for investment companies|journal=The Investment Lawyer|date=July 2006|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1+|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=nypl&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA150851817&it=r&asid=c55848566fc7093017c38e5ef25d4ecf|accessdate=24 October 2016|publisher=Aspen Publishers, Inc.}}</ref>
WDesk capabilities include the ability to streamline coordination between legal, risk and compliance departments.

'''Section 16''' – Workiva’s WebFilings Section 16 includes a “mass grants feature”—instead of creating a separate form for each shareholder required to file, Section 16 preparers enter the relevant information once, and WDesk creates a form with the respective information for each person. This streamlines the process for granting stock options to multiple officers, directors, and principal stockholders annually, biannually, or several times a year.<ref name="Mellberg, Section 16">{{cite web|last1=Sellberg|first1=Mike|title=Introducing the Section 16 Solution from Wdesk|url=https://www.workiva.com/blog/introducing-section-16-solution-wdesk|website=Workiva.com|accessdate=27 October 2016|date=March 2, 2012}}</ref>

==Risk Assessment and Reporting==

'''Enterprise Risk Management''' – ERM can be defined as the “process for identifying and prioritizing critical risks facing an organization, quantifying their impact on financial and strategic objectives, and implementing financial and organizational solutions to address them.” <ref>{{cite web|title=Enterprise Risk Management: What Is It and Why?|url=http://www.casact.org/media/index.cfm?fa=erm|website=Casact.org|publisher=Casualty Actuarial Society|accessdate=30 October 2016}}</ref> In addition to helping companies manage risks and avoid losses,<ref name="Minsky, Walker, 2016" /> ERM has been shown to enhance corporate value.<ref name="Grace et al., June 2015, The Value of Investing in ERM">{{cite journal|last1=Grace|first1=Martin F.|last2=Leverty|first2=J. Tyler|last3=Phillips|first3=Richard D.|last4=Shimpi|first4=Prakash|title=The Value of Investing in Enterprise Risk Management|journal=Journal of Risk and Insurance|date=June 2015|volume=82|issue=2|pages=289–316|doi=10.1111/jori.12022}}</ref><ref name="Hoyt et al. 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Hoyt|first1=Robert E.|last2=Moore, Jr.|first2=Dudley L.|last3=Liebenberg|first3=Andre P.|title=The Value of Enterprise Risk Management: Evidence from the U.S. Insurance Industry|journal=The Journal of Risk and Insurance|date=2011|volume=78|issue=4|pages=795–822|url=https://www.soa.org/library/monographs/other-monographs/2008/april/mono-2008-m-as08-1-hoyt.pdf|accessdate=20 October 2016|publisher=Society of Actuaries.|quote=We find a positive relation between firm value and the use of ERM.}}</ref><ref name="Quo et al. 2012 ERM Protects against complex risk">{{cite journal|last1=Quon|first1=Tony K.|last2=Zeghal|first2=Daniel|last3=Maingot|first3=Michael|title=Enterprise Risk Management and Firm Performance|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=October 2012|volume=62|pages=263–267|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.042|quote=Increased volatility in the business world has exposed the inadequacy of traditional but fragmented approaches to risk management. This has led to an integrated approach to measuring and managing risks known as enterprise risk management (ERM).}}</ref> The regulatory agencies of the banking, insurance, accounting, auditing and securities industries are paying increasing attention to a corporation’s ability to control risk <ref name="Gates et al., 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Gates|first1=Stephen|last2=Nicholas|first2=Jean-Louis|last3=Walker|first3=Paul L.|title=Enterprise risk management: a process for enhanced management and improved performance|journal=Management Accounting Quarterly|volume=13|issue=3 (Spring 2012)|page=28|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=nypl&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA298614230&it=r&asid=47d281e94e372f85578d8a09b63dfa2f|accessdate=20 October 2016|publisher=Institute of Management Accountants|quote=Whether it's coming from the SEC, U.S. and foreign stock exchange regulations, legal court cases, or even Standard & Poor's … increased pressure is being placed on companies around the world to identify and manage their risks.}}</ref>

Managing risk in a large enterprise is a multi-step process involving risk appetite assessment, aggregation of risks, weighting/prioritization; scenario running and reporting.<ref name='Ezeosa, "Strategic Implications of ERM"'>{{cite journal|last1=Dafipaku|first1=Ezeosa|title=The Strategic Implications of Enterprise Risk Management: A Framework|journal=2011 Enterprise Risk Management Symposium Society of Actuaries|date=March 12, 2011|url=https://www.soa.org/library/monographs/other-monographs/2011/november/mono-2011-m-as11-1-dafikpaku.pdf}}</ref>

Prioritizing risks can be complex, as what may be deemed “high risk” in HR may represent less corporate-wide risk than a “medium risk” event in finance.<ref name="Hancock, Nov. 2015, A Simpler Way to Assess Risk">{{cite web|last1=Hancock|first1=Bonny|title=A Simpler Way to Assess Risk|url=http://erm.ncsu.edu/az/erm/i/chan/library/A_Simpler_Way_to_Assess_Risks.pdf|website=Enterprise Risk Management Initiative - North Carolina State University|accessdate=30 October 2016|date=November 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kaplan and Mikes, HBR June 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kaplan|first1=Robert S.|last2=Mikes|first2=Anette|title=Managing Risks: A New Framework|journal=Harvard Business Review|issue=June 2012|url=https://hbr.org/2012/06/managing-risks-a-new-framework|quote=The first step in creating an effective risk-management system is to understand the qualitative distinctions among the types of risks that organizations face.}}</ref> ERM software systems simplify and streamline this apples-to-apples process. Workiva’s WDesk accomplishes this with a proprietary linking and taxonomy ranking system.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" />

'''Own Risk Solvency Act Reporting – ORSA''' - The National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the professional association setting standards for the insurance industry<ref name="NAIC Mission Statement">{{cite web|title=ABOUT THE NAIC|url=http://www.naic.org/index_about.htm|website=NAIC.org|publisher=National Association of Insurance Commissioners|quote=Through the NAIC, state insurance regulators establish standards and best practices, conduct peer review, and coordinate their regulatory oversight.}}</ref> adopted guidelines for its members to follow to better assess and mitigate current and future risk “through an internal risk self-assessment process [that] will allow regulators to form an enhanced view of an insurer’s ability to withstand financial stress.”<ref name="NAIC Adopts ORSA Guidelines">{{cite web|title=Own Risk and Solvency Assessment|url=http://www.naic.org/cipr_topics/topic_own_risk_solvency_assessment.htm|website=NAIC.org|publisher=National Associations of Insurance Commissioners|date=July 5, 2016}}</ref> Major public and private insurance companies use Workiva’s Wdesk to consolidate, analyze and manage risk in a reliable, consistent manner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Workiva Continues to Expand Wdesk Use Across Public and Private Insurance Companies|url=https://www.workiva.com/newsroom/workiva-continues-expand-wdesk-use-across-public-and-private-insurance-companies|website=Workiva.cm|date=March 30, 2016}}</ref>

'''Model Audit Rule''' - Workiva Wdesk allows for the collection, management and analysis of all documentation required for internal and external auditing.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" /> Auditors can submit documentation from the field and access all analysis tools via the cloud. Wdesk has specific capabilities to comply with The Model Audit Rule requirements. As these rules vary state by state,<ref name="NAIC State Audit Standards Guide">{{cite web|title=Guide to Compliance with State Audit Requirements|url=http://www.naic.org/documents/prod_serv_fin_receivership_gca_zu.pdf|publisher=National Association of Insurance Commissioners|date=2010}}</ref> WDesk automatically takes account of these differences, making Model Audit Rule information gathering, analysis and reporting seamless.

'''Recovery and Resolution Plans (RRP)''' - Sarbanes-Oxley requires major banks doing business in the U.S. to submit a "blueprint for saving, separating or safely winding down activities" in the event of a market downturn requiring recovery, or bank failure.”<ref name="RRP Requirements, PWC">{{cite web|title=Recovery and resolution plans in banking and financial services|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/financial-services/recovery-and-resolution-plans-in-banking-and-financial-services.html|website=PWC.com|publisher=Price Waterhouse Coopers|date=2015-2016}}</ref> RRP filing requirements are complex, and since first issuing them in 2011, the Federal Reserve has periodically modified them,<ref>{{cite web|title=Guidance for 2017 §165(d) Annual Resolution Plan Submissions By Domestic Covered Companies that Submitted Resolution Plans in July 2015|url=https://www.fdic.gov/news/news/press/2016/pr16031b.pdf|website=FDIC.gov|publisher=Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation}}</ref> making compliance potentially extremely challenging. Because Wdesk is updated on an ongoing basis, it is always current with the evolving requirements of RRP’s. Its document linking to all current data sources enables filers to complete RRPs quickly and reliably.

'''Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility''' - Though Sustainability (also called Sustainability accounting or Sustainability measurement) and CSR have been recognized concepts of social value for nearly a century,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goodpaster|first1=Kenneth|title=The Influence of Shareholders on Corporate Responsibility from Corporate Social Responsibility --The Shape of a History 1945-2004, Working Paper # 1|url=http://www.cebcglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CSR-The_Shape_of_a_History.pdf|website=Cebglobal.org|publisher=e Center for Ethical Business Culture|date=2005}}</ref> it is in recent decades that they have gained wider attention as metrics that a corporation should track and account for to shareholders and the public.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=Archie B.|title=History of Corporate Social Responsibility, A History of Corporate Social Responsibility: Concepts and Practices, from the The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel,|date=February 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Workiva’s Wdesk Factbook feature serves as a central repository for all sustainability data that is live-linked to all relevant reports. Sustainability and CSR report managers distribute custom templates to department managers to collect unstructured qualitative and quantitative data. The templated information is added to the report and, through linking of the template [correct?], any updates to any documents are reflected in all occurrences. WDesk supports most global reporting frameworks that track Sustainability and CSR, including Global Responsibility Index, the Carbon Disclosure Project and the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices.

'''Management Reporting''' - Corporate performance management (CPM), also known business performance management, refers to “the methodologies, metrics, processes and systems used to monitor and manage the business performance of an enterprise.<ref name="Gartner Glossary CPM">{{cite web|title=CPM (corporate performance management)|url=http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/cpm-corporate-performance-management/|website=Gartner Glossary|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref>”

The software tools and platforms used for CPM have grown in sophistication<ref name="Sharman, 2016. Creating Value with CPM">{{cite journal|last1=Sharman|first1=Paul|title=Creating value with CPM: corporate performance management software can help financial professionals make better decisions|journal=Strategic Finance|date=March 2016|volume=97|issue=9|page=53|accessdate=30 October 2016|quote=So effective is CPM software that CFOs, controllers, and finance and accounting staff are able to spend much less time chasing data and using disconnected spreadsheets and can now provide significantly more value-adding support to decision makers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Corporate performance management: what finance must do to move the needle|journal=CFO, The Magazine for Senior Financial Executives|date=August 2004|volume=20|issue=10|pages=48+|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITBC&sw=w&u=nypl&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA120459954&it=r&asid=18b6c21f74f346767d5c72cc7dd7cec0}}</ref> and now include not just financial analysis but strategic planning. To be effective, “CPM must be supported by a suite of analytical applications that provide the functionality to support these processes, methodologies and metrics.<ref name="Gartner Glossary CPM" />”

In 2016, Gartner evaluated 10 different software vendors of financial corporate performance management platforms on 15 criteria. It positioned Workiva as a Leader in its Magic Quandrant classification for its completeness of vision.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" />

'''Board Reporting and Private Reporting''' requirements have also grown more complex as the streams of data being tracked have grown and greater accountability of corporate officers is expected. Wdesk’s Board Reporting Solution and Private Company Financial Reporting extends Wdesk’s data gathering and analysis capabilities to include the final steps required to prepare financial and other information for board reporting or to prepare investor presentations, audit committee reports or other presentations to a private board.<ref name="Desk - Board Reporting">{{cite web|last1=Klopstad|first1=Andy|title=Board Reporting Simplified With New Wdesk Solution|url=https://www.workiva.com/blog/board-reporting-simplified-new-wdesk-solution|website=Workiva Blog}}</ref> Documents are gathered into a central location on the cloud, so all collaborators can work on the report at the same time. Wdesk’s document linking system, allows any changes made on a source document to be reflected wherever the data was used.<ref name="Wietzel- Webfiling's capabilities, ease of use" /> The permissions system specifies which documents or which sections of a document each team member has access to.

==State, Local and Educational Applications==

'''CAFR and State and Local Reporting''' - Workiva’s industry solutions include the specialized areas of Comprehensive Annual Financial Review (CAFR) and State and Local government reporting. Wdesk has capabilities specifically designed to assist state, municipal or other governmental entities comply with their special reporting requirements.<ref name="Gartner Magic Quadrant Study 2016" /> These constituencies must meet unique financial reporting requirements and work with data in an array of formats. Using the Wdesk platform, audit teams can pull data from the city or state's financial system and import it into Wdesk, removing the need for manual entry and allowing the audit team to work from a single workbook. Institutions that need to file Single Audit reports with the Federal Audit Clearinghouse also benefit from the streamlined data collection and analysis tools of Wdesk.

Municipal securities issuers or agents preparing the documentation for '''[http://www.msrb.org/Market-Transparency/Continuing-Disclosure.aspx Continuing Disclosures]''' to the '''[[Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board]]''' also benefit from Wdesk’s ability to collect all required documentation into a single place where it can be linked and clearly tracked.

'''Education departments, school districts and state university systems and institutions''' have specialized and highly regulated reporting needs, as they are accountable to state and/or federal oversight bodies. The filing needs to be meticulous and timely, as students and families base important educational decisions on the information the school systems provide. In one example of how Wdesk makes data collection and reporting easier, the State University System of Florida (SUSF) — a system of 12 Florida public universities serving more than 300,000 students<ref name="SUSF Enrollment">{{cite web|title=State University System of Florida - Quick Facts|url=http://www.flbog.edu/resources/quickfacts/|website=SUSF.edu}}</ref>—announced in October 2016 that it was able to announce its fee schedule for all of its universities weeks ahead of schedule. “This year, with Wdesk, we published the data in the first week of July, more than a month sooner than before," said Chris Kinsley, director of finance and facilities for SUSF.<ref name="Campus Technology Oct. 25, 2016">{{cite web|last1=Meyer|first1=Leila|title=State University System of Florida Implements New Financial Reporting System|url=https://campustechnology.com/articles/2016/10/25/state-university-system-of-florida-implements-new-financial-reporting-system.aspx|website=Campus Technology|publisher=1105 Media Inc.|date=October 25, 2016|quote=Wdesk has enabled the university system to consolidate its workflow into a single application.}}</ref>

==Notable Events==

* October 2016 - Glassdoor survey ranks Workiva in the top 25 highest-rated public cloud computing companies to work for<ref name="Forbes, Top Rated Cloud Companies" />
* July 2016 - Workiva releases [https://www.workiva.com/resources/sustainability-report-2016&sa=D&ust=1478008275389000&usg=AFQjCNF4JBSIPSVw9mbCcCv6BbXCSkwW7g third annual Sustainability Report]
* June 2016 - Workiva wins a [[Stevie Award]], for being in the top 10 Most Innovative Companies of the Year
* May 2016 - Workiva wins Prometheus Award as Top Technology Company of the Year<ref>http://www.technologyiowa.org/News/ShowNews?id=7</ref> from the Iowa [http://www.technologyiowa.org The Technology Association of Iowa].
* April 2016 - Workiva wins the [[Edison Award]] [http://www.pressreleaserocket.net/edison-awards-announces-2016-gold-silver-and-bronze-awards-winners/438677/ Silver Medal for Applied Technology] - Financial Solutions for "reinventing how SOX and audit teams work"<ref name="Edison Award Winner 2016">{{cite web|title=Edison 2016 Award Winners|url=http://www.edisonawards.com/winners2016.php|website=Edison Awards|accessdate=1 November 2016}}</ref>
* January 2016 - Workiva ranked #4 on [http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/workiva-inc?utm_source=fortune&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=reviews-link&utm_campaign=2016-womens-list Fortune Magazine’s Best Workplaces for Technology]
* November 2015 - Deloitte ranked 129 on its Deloitte's Technology Fast 500 of fastest growing technology companies in America<ref name="Deloitte's 2015 Tech Fast 500" />
* December 12, 2014 - Workiva is traded as a public company on the New York Stock Exchange<ref name="Bus Record Workiva Debut on NYSE">{{cite web|title=Workiva makes debut on New York Stock Exchange|url=http://www.businessrecord.com/Content/Default/-All-Latest-News/Article/Workiva-makes-debut-on-New-York-Stock-Exchange/-3/248/66838|website=Business Record|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref>
* October 2014 - Workiva opens its new Ames campus in Iowa State University Research Park<ref name="Des Moines Register - New Campus Opens in Ames" />
* July 1, 2014 - WebFilings changes its name to Workiva to respond to growing demand for its collaborative business reporting solutions<ref name="SEC ProPost: Webfilings changes name">{{cite web|title=Leading Cloud-Based Provider Evolves Brand in Response to Strong Demand for Collaborative Business Reporting Solutions|url=https://secpropost.wordpress.com/category/workiva-formerly-webfilings/|website=SECProPost|date=July 1, 2014}}</ref>
* March 17, 2013 - Webfilings launches its Wdesk platform to meet the growing demand for its software solutions from compliance, audit and risk teams.
* January 24, 2011 - Workiva rolls out Q1 2011 release of its end-to-end SEC reporting solution
* December 20, 2010 - State of Iowa and Ames community recognizes and supports Workiva growth plans
* March 17, 2010 - Workiva launches fully integrated, end-to-end solution that streamlines SEC reporting
* October 15, 2009 - Workiva completes software beta program, filing 10-Q reports to the SEC with two beta customers
* 2009 - The beta version of Wdesk is rolled out. Winnebago Industries testers are enthusiastic. Beta testing completed in October.
* 2008 - Company founded as WebFiling. Work begins on developing SEC filing software
*

==Corporate Offices==

The company is headquartered in Ames, Iowa and has domestic offices in Denver and Boulder, CO; Missoula and Bozeman, MT; Chicago, IL; Columbus, GA; Dallas, TX; Miami, FL; New York, NY; Scottsdale, AZ; Seattle, WA; and international offices in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, London, U.K., and Amsterdam, NL.

==Governance==

Executive management team:

* Matt Rizai Chairman and CEO - former Chairman and CEO, '''[[Engineering Animation]]''', Inc.
* Marty Vanderploeg COO - former Founder, COO, '''Engineering Animation''', Inc.
* Mike Sellberg CPO - former EVP, CTO, '''[http://publicishealthcare.com/en/news/newsFeeds/10-09-27/iMed_Studios_Merge_With_Publicis_Healthware_International_Creating_a_Global_Digital_Agency.aspx iMed Studios;]''' former Divisional General Manager, '''Engineering Animation''', Inc.
* Jeff Trom CTO - former Founder, CTO, Engineering Animation, Inc.
* Joe Howell EVP - former Managing Director, '''[http://financial-intel.com Financial Intelligence LLC]'''; former CFO, '''[[Borland]]''', '''[[Merix]]''', '''[[EMusic.com]]'''
* Stuart Miller, CFO - former Founder and Managing Director, '''[http://coladv.com Colonnade Advisors]'''; former Managing Director, '''[[JP Morgan & Co]]'''.
* Troy Calkins, CLO - former partner at '''[[Drinker Biddle & Reath]] LLP'''

==Local Impact==

Workiva participates in blood drives in several offices, including Dallas, Ames, Scottsdale, and Sault Ste. Marie. In Ames in 2015, Workiva registered 63 blood donors and 7 double red cell donations, which helped save the lives of 142 hospital patients. The Boulder office supports the Harvest of Hope food pantry. Employees on our sales team donated 66 pairs of shoes to children living in poverty in Los Cabos, Mexico and 114 days of child care at Los Niños del Capitan for low-income families.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.workiva.com}}
* [http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2010/07/26/story6.html WebFilings software helps streamline SEC paperwork process]
* [http://www.me-uk.com/summit/newsletter.asp?eventid=16623&RecID=2407&me_cid=8027&Date=01/09/2010%2009:47:22 Keeping the Upper Hand on Financial Reports]
* [http://insuranceir.wordpress.com/2010/11/05/the-missing-link-at-least-for-sec-filings-and-other-investor-communications The Missing Link...at least for SEC filings and other investor communications]
* [http://irwebreport.com/20101116/webfilings-financial-reporting WebFilings causes a stir with easy-to-use financial reporting tool]
* [http://www.benzinga.com/life/movers-shakers/10/12/708891/creating-ideas-with-matt-rizai-ceo-of-webfilings-part-1#ixzz19M74kjTu Creating Ideas with Matt Rizai, CEO of WebFilings, Part 1]
* [http://businessrecord.com/main.asp?SectionID=5&SubSectionID=9&ArticleID=10017 WebFilings relieves the 'pain' of SEC filings]

[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]

Kriegsroman

2016-12-25T06:31:49Z

BattyBot: fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{Refimprove|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2012}}
{{War}}
A '''war novel''' (military fiction) is a novel in which the primary action takes place on a battlefield, or in a civilian setting (or [[home front]]), where the characters are either preoccupied with the preparations for, suffering the effects of, or recovering from war. Many war novels are [[historical novel]]s.

==Origins==
[[File:Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Battle of Waterloo]] 1815]]
The war novel's origins are in the [[epic poetry]] of the [[Classics|classical]] and [[medieval]] periods, especially [[Homer]]'s ''[[The Iliad]]'', [[Virgil]]'s ''[[The Aeneid]]'', [[sagas]] like the [[Old English]] ''[[Beowulf]]'', and [[Arthurian literature]]. All of these epics were concerned with preserving the history or [[mythology]] of conflicts between different societies, while providing an accessible narrative that could reinforce the [[collective memory]] of a people. Other important influences on the war novel included the [[tragedies]] of dramatists such as [[Euripides]], [[Seneca the Younger]], [[Christopher Marlowe]], and [[Shakespeare]]. Euripedes' ''[[The Trojan Women]]'' is a powerfully disturbing play on the theme of war's horrors, apparently critical of Athenian imperialism.<ref>Moses Hadas, ''Ten Plays by Euripides'', Bantam Classic (2006), page 195</ref> Shakespeare's ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'', which focuses on events immediately before and after the [[Battle of Agincourt]] (1415) during the [[Hundred Years' War]], provides a model for how the history, [[military tactics|tactics]], and ethics of war could be combined in an essentially fictional framework. [[Romance (heroic literature)|Romance]]s and [[satire]]s in [[Early Modern Europe]], like [[Edmund Spenser]]'s epic poem ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'' and [[Miguel de Cervantes]]'s novel ''[[Don Quixote]]'', to name but two, also contain elements that influenced the later development of war novels. In terms of [[imagery (literature)|imagery]] and [[symbol]]ism, many modern war novels (especially those espousing an [[anti-war]] viewpoint) are influenced by [[Dante]]'s depiction of [[Hell]] in the ''[[Divine Comedy|The Inferno]]'', [[John Milton]]'s account of the war in [[Heaven]] in ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', and the [[Apocalypse]] as depicted in the biblical ''[[Book of Revelation]]''. A Notable non-western example of war novel is [[Luo Guanzhong]]'s ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''.

As the realistic form of the novel rose to prominence in the seventeenth century, the war novel began to develop its modern form, although most novels featuring war were [[picaresque]] satires rather than truly realistic portraits of war. An example of one such work is [[Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen]]'s ''[[Simplicius Simplicissimus]]'', a semi-autobiographical account of the [[Thirty Years' War]].

==19th century war novels==
The war novel came of age during the nineteenth century, with works like [[Stendhal]]'s ''[[The Charterhouse of Parma]]'' (1839), which features the [[Battle of Waterloo]], [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[War and Peace]]'' (1869), about the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Russia, and [[Stephen Crane]]'s ''[[The Red Badge of Courage]]'' (1895), which deals with the [[American Civil War]]. All of these works feature realistic depictions of major battles, scenes of wartime horror and atrocities, and significant insights into the nature of heroism and cowardice, as well as the exploration of moral questions.
.

==World War I==
World War I produced an unprecedented number of war novels, by writers from countries on all sides of the conflict. One of the first and most influential of these was the 1916 novel ''Le Feu'' (or ''[[Under Fire (novel)|Under Fire]]'') by the French novelist and soldier [[Henri Barbusse]]. Barbusse's novel, with its open criticism of nationalist dogma and military incompetence, initiated the anti-war movement in literature that flourished after the war.

Of equal significance is the autobiographical work of [[Ernst Jünger]], ''In Stahlgewittern'' (1920) ([[Storm of Steel]]). Distinctly different from novels like Barbusse's and later [[Erich Maria Remarque]]'s ''Im Westen nichts Neues'' (''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]''), Jünger instead writes of the war as a valiant hero who embraced combat and brotherhood in spite of the horror. The work not only provides for an under-represented perspective of the War, but it also gives insight into the German sentiment that they were never actually defeated in the First World War.

The post-1918 period produced a vast range of war novels, including such "home front" novels as [[Rebecca West]]'s ''[[The Return of the Soldier]]'' (1918), about a [[shell shock]]ed soldier's difficult re-integration into British society; [[Romain Rolland]]'s ''[[Clérambault (novel)|Clérambault]]'' (1920), about a grieving father's enraged protest against French [[militarism]]; and [[John Dos Passos]]'s ''[[Three Soldiers]]'' (1921), one of a relatively small number of [[American novel]]s about the First World War. Also in the post–World War I period, the subject of war tis dealt with in an increasing number of [[modernist]] novels, many of which were not "war novels" in the conventional sense, but which featured characters whose [[psychological trauma]] and [[Social alienation|alienation]] from society stemmed directly from wartime experiences. One example of this type of novel is [[Virginia Woolf]]'s ''[[Mrs. Dalloway]]'' (1925)', in which a key [[subplot]] concerns the tortuous descent of a young veteran, Septimus Warren Smith, toward insanity and suicide. In 1924, [[Laurence Stallings]] published his autobiographical war novel, ''[[Plumes (novel)|Plumes]]''.

The 1920s saw the so-called "war book boom," during which many men who had fought during the war were finally ready to write openly and critically about their war experiences. In 1929, [[Erich Maria Remarque]]'s ''Im Westen nichts Neues'' (''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'') was a massive, worldwide [[bestseller]], not least for its brutally realistic account of the horrors of [[trench warfare]] from the perspective of a German [[infantryman]]. Less well known but equally shocking in its account of the horrors of trench warfare is the earlier [[Stratis Myrivilis]]' Greek novel ''Life in the Tomb'', which was first published in serialised form in the weekly newspaper ''Kambana'' (April 1923 – January 1924), and then in revised and much expanded form in 1930. Also significant were [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]' (1929)', [[Richard Aldington]]'s ''[[Death of a Hero]]'' (1929), [[Arnold Zweig]]'s ''Der Streit un den Sergeanten Grischa'' (1927) (''[[The Case of Sergeant Grischa]]''), [[Charles Yale Harrison]]'s ''[[Generals Die in Bed]]'' (1930). and [[William March]]'s ''[[Company K]]'' (1933).
[[File:Battle of Britain (1941) (Art.IWM ART LD 1550).jpg|300px|thumb|[[Battle of Britain]] (1941), [[Paul Nash (artist)|Paul Nash]]]]

Novels about World War I appeared less in the 1930s, though during this decade historical novels about earlier wars became popular. [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1936), which recalls the [[American Civil War]], is an example of works of this trend. [[William Faulkner]]'s ''The Unvanquished'' (1938) is his only novel that focuses on the Civil War years, but he deals with the subject of the long, aftermath of it in works like ''[[The Sound and the Fury]]'' (1929) and ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936).

The 1990s and early 21st century saw another resurgence of novels about the First World War, with [[Pat Barker]]'s [[Regeneration Trilogy]]: ''[[Regeneration (novel)|Regeneration]]'' (1991), ''[[The Eye in the Door]]'' (1993), and ''[[The Ghost Road]]'' (1995), and ''[[Birdsong (novel)|Birdsong]]'' (1993) by English writer [[Sebastian Faulks]], and more recently ''[[Three to a Loaf]]'' (2008) by Canadian [[Michael Goodspeed]].

===World War II ===
{{see also|World War II in popular culture#Novels}}
World War II gave rise to a new boom in contemporary war novels. Unlike World War I novels, a European-dominated genre, World War II novels were produced in the greatest numbers by American writers, who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were [[Herman Wouk]]'s ''[[The Caine Mutiny]]'', [[James Jones (author)|James Jones]]'s ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'', and Hemingway's ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls]]'', the latter a novel set in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Among more recent European novels is "Ukraine - In the Time of War", by Sonia Campbell-Gillies which has seen a sudden upsurge in demand since the invasion of Crimea by the USSR. Ukraine's war-torn history is mirrored in the struggle for survival, freedom and independence of a boy during war. Ukrainian literature is scarce since the Ukrainian language was banned during occupation by various forces.

[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s novel ''[[Troubled Sleep]]'' (1949) (originally translated as ''Iron in the Soul''), the third part in the trilogy ''[[Les chemins de la liberté]]'', ''[[The Roads to Freedom]]'', "depicts the fall of France in 1940, and the anguished feelings of a group of Frenchmen whose pre-war apathy gives way to a consciousness of the dignity of individual resistance - to the German occupation and to fate in general - and solidarity with people similarly oppressed."<ref>Random House blurb</ref> The previous volume ''Le sursis'' (1945'', [[The Reprieve]]'', explores the ramifications of the appeasement pact that Great Britain and France signed with Nazi Germany in 1938. Another significant French war novel was [[Pierre Boulle]]'s ''[[The Bridge over the River Kwai|Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï]]'' (1952) (''The Bridge over the River Kwai''). He served as a secret agent under the name Peter John Rule and helped the resistance movement in China, Burma and [[French Indochina]]. War is a constant and central theme of [[Claude Simon]] (1913 – 2005), the French novelist and the 1985 [[Nobel Laureate in Literature]]: "It is present in one form or another in almost all of Simon's published works, "Simon often contrasts various individuals' experiences of different historical conflicts in a single novel; World War I and the Second World War in ''L'Acacia'' (which also takes into account the impact of war on the widows of soldiers); the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and the Second World War in ''Les Géorgiques''."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/11/guardianobituaries.france John Sturrock, "Obituary" ''The Guardian'', 11 July, 2005]</ref> He served in the cavalry in 1940 and even took part in an attack on horseback against tanks.<ref>John Sturrock, "Obituary"</ref> "The finest of all those novels is the one in which his own brief experience of warfare is used to tremendous effect: ''La Route Des Flandres'' (''The Flanders Road,'' 1960) [...] There, war becomes a metaphor all too suitable for the human condition in general, as the forms and protocols of the social order dissolve into murderous chaos.'"<ref>John Sturrock, "Obituary"</ref> French philosopher and novelist,
[[File:Bomb Damage in London during the Second World War HU36157.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Bomb damage in London, England during World War II]]

The [[The Blitz|bombing of London in 1940-1]] is the subject of three British novels published in 1943; [[Graham Greene]]'s ''The Ministry of Fear'', [[James Hanley (novelist)|James Hanley]]'s ''No Direction'', and [[Henry Green]]'s ''Caught''.<ref>Bergonzi, Bernard, ''War and Aftermath: English Literature and its Background 1939-60. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 29.</ref> Greene's later ''[[The End of the Affair]]'' (1951) is set mainly during the [[flying bomb]] raids on London of 1944.<ref>Bergonzi, Bernard, ''War and Aftermath'', p. 89.</ref> According to Bernard Bergonzi "[d]uring the war the preferred form of new fiction for new fiction writers [in Britain] was the short story".<ref>Bergonzi, Bernard, ''War and Aftermath'', p. 40.</ref> Although [[John Cowper Powys]]'s historical novel ''[[Owen Glendower (novel)|Owen Glendower]]'' is set in the fifteenth century historical parallels exist between the beginning of the fifteenth century and the late 1930s and early 1940s: "A sense of contemporataneousness is ever present in ''Owen Glendower''. We are in a world of change like our own".<ref>Herbert Williams, ''John Cowper Powys'' (Brigend: Seren,, 1997), p.126.</ref> The novel was conceived at a time when the "[[Spanish Civil War]]<ref group = note>On the April 26, 1937, two days after Powys began his novel, the Spanish town of [[Bombing of Gernika|Guernica]], was bombed by the [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Luftwaffe]]. It inspired the painting ''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]'' by [[Pablo Picasso]].</ref> was a major topic of public debate" and completed on 24 December 1939, a few months after [[World War II]] had begun.<ref>Charles Lock, "''Owen Glendower'' and the Dashing of Expectations". ''The Powys Journal'', vol. XV, 2005, p.71.</ref> In the "Argument" that prefaced the (American) first edition of 1941, Powys comments "the beginning of the fifteenth century […] saw the beginning of one of the most momentous and startling epochs of ''transition'' that the world has known".<ref>p.x.</ref> This was written in May 1940, and "[t]here can be no doubt" that readers of the novel would have "registered the connection between the actions of the book and the events of their own world".<ref>W. J. Keith, ''Aspects of John Cowper Powys's 'Owen Glendower' '', p.69.</ref>

''[[Fair Stood the Wind for France]]'' is a 1944 novel by [[H. E. Bates]], which is concerned with a pilot of a [[Wellington bomber]], who badly injures his arm when he brings his plane down in German-[[occupied France]] at the height of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Eventually he and his crew make the hazardous journey back to Britain by rowing boat, bicycle and train. Bates was commissioned into the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) solely to write short stories, because the [[Air Ministry]] realised that the populace was less concerned with facts and figures about the war, than it was with reading about those who were fighting it.

British novelist [[Evelyn Waugh]]'s ''[[Put Out More Flags]]'' (1942) is set during the "[[Phoney War]]", and follows the wartime activities of characters introduced in his earlier satirical novels. Waugh's [[Sword of Honour]] trilogy, ''[[Men at Arms (Evelyn Waugh)|Men at Arms]]'' (1952), ''[[Officers and Gentlemen]]'' (1955) and ''Unconditional Surrender'' (1961) (published as ''The End of the Battle'' in the US), loosely parallel Waugh's experiences in the [[Second World War]]. Waugh received the 1952 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''Men at Arms''.

[[Elizabeth Bowen]]'s ''[[The Heat of the Day]]'' (1948) is another war novel. However, even though events occur mainly during World War II, the violence of war is usually absent from the narration: "two years after the Blitz, Londoners, no longer traumatised by nightly raids, were growing acclimatised to ruin."<ref>Ellmann, 152.</ref> Rather than a period of material destruction, war functions instead as a circumstance that alters normality in people’s lives. Stella confesses to Robert: "‘''we'' are friends of circumstance⎯war, this isolation, this atmosphere in which everything goes on and nothing's said."<ref>''Heat of the Day'', 210</ref> There are, however, some isolated passages that deal with the bombings of London:<ref>''Heat of the Day'', 98</ref>

More experimental and unconventional American works in the post-war period included [[Joseph Heller]]'s satirical ''[[Catch-22]]'' and [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'', an early example of [[postmodernism]]. Norman Mailer's ''[[The Naked and the Dead]]'', Irwin Shaw's ''[[The Young Lions]]'', and James Jones' ''[[The Thin Red Line (1962 novel)|The Thin Red Line]]'', all explore the personal nature of war within the context of intense combat.

''[[The English Patient]]'' is a [[1992 in literature|1992]] [[Booker Prize|Booker Prize-winning]] [[novel]] by Canadian novelist [[Michael Ondaatje]]. The book follows four dissimilar people brought together at an Italian villa during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]]. The four main characters are: an unrecognisably burned man—the titular patient, presumed to be English; his [[Canadian Army|Canadian Army nurse]], a [[Sikh]] [[British Army]] [[sapper]], and a [[Canadian]] [[thief]]. The story occurs during the [[North African Campaign]] and is about the incremental revelations of the patient's actions prior to his injuries and the emotional effects of these revelations on the other characters.

The decades following World War II period also saw the rise of other types of war novel. One is the [[Holocaust]] novel, of which Canadian [[A.M. Klein]]'s ''[[The Second Scroll]]'', Italian [[Primo Levi]]'s ''[[If This is a Man]]'' and ''[[If Not Now, When? (novel)|If Not Now, When?]]'', and American [[William Styron]]'s ''[[Sophie's Choice (novel)|Sophie's Choice]]'' are key examples. Another is the novel of internment or persecution (other than in the Holocaust), in which characters find themselves imprisoned or deprived of their civil rights as a direct result of war. An example is [[Joy Kogawa]]'s ''[[Obasan]]'', which is about Canada's deportation and internment of its citizens of Japanese descent during World War II. Again, the life story of a Ukrainian boy who is at first interned in a labour camp and then drafted to fight for Russia is depicted in UKRAINE - In the Time of War, by Sonia Campbell-Gillies <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/UKRAINE-Time-When-Peace-reign/dp/1537546171|title=UKRAINE - In the Time of War: UKRAINE - When will Peace reign?|last=Campbell-Gillies|first=Ms Sonia|date=2016-09-08|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781537546179|edition=1|language=English}}</ref> is an unusual historical novel that deals with the life of children during that period of war.

[[File:South Korean refugees mid-1950.jpg|thumb|South Korean refugees mid-1950]]
Almost immediately following World War II was the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953). The American novelist's [[Richard Hooker (author)|Richard Hooker]]'s ''[[MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors]]'' is a black comedy set in Korea during the war; it was made into a movie and a successful television series. In his “''A World Turned Colder'': A Very Brief Assessment of Korean War Literature”, Pinaki Roy attempted in 2013 to provide a critical overview of the different publications, principally novels, published on the war.<ref>''The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly'' 14 (3), July–September 2013, pp. 39-53)</ref>

==Vietnam and later wars==
After World War II, the war that has attracted the greatest number of novelists is the [[Vietnam War]]. [[Graham Greene]]'s ''[[The Quiet American]]'' was the first novel to explore the origins of the Vietnam war in the French colonial atmosphere of the 1950s. [[Tim O'Brien (author)|Tim O'Brien]]'s ''[[The Things They Carried]]'' is a cycle of Vietnam [[vignette (literature)|vignettes]] that reads like a novel. ''[[The Sorrow of War]]'' by [[Bao Ninh]] is a poignant account of the war from the Vietnamese perspective.<ref group = note>For a critical overview of the different Vietnam War novels written or translated into English, see Pinaki Roy's "''The Minds at War'': Sensibilities in Select Vietnam War Novels", published in ''The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly International'' (Vol. 9, No. 4, October–December 2008, pp. 121–37, ISBN 978-81-269-1091-5; {{ISSN|0972-3269}}).</ref>
In the wake of [[postmodernism]] and the absence of wars equalling the magnitude of the two world wars, the majority of war novelists have concentrated on how [[memory]] and the ambiguities of time affect the meaning and experience of war. In her [[Regeneration Trilogy]], British novelist [[Pat Barker]] reimagines World War I from a contemporary perspective. [[Ian McEwan]]'s novels ''[[Black Dogs]]'' and ''[[Atonement (novel)|Atonement]]'' take a similarly retrospective approach to World War II, including such events as the British retreat from [[Dunkirk]] in 1940 and the [[Nazism|Nazi]] invasion of France. The work of [[W. G. Sebald]], most notably ''[[Austerlitz (novel)|Austerlitz]]'', is a postmodern inquiry into Germany's struggle to come to terms with its troubled past.

Some contemporary novels emphasize action and intrigue above thematic depth. [[Tom Clancy]]'s ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' is a technically detailed account of submarine espionage during the [[Cold War]], and many of [[John le Carré]]'s spy novels are basically war novels for an age in which bureaucracy often replaces open combat. Another adaptation is the apocalyptic Christian novel, which focuses on the final showdown between universal forces of good and evil. [[Tim LaHaye]] is the author most readily associated with this genre. Many [[fantasy novel]]s, too, use the traditional war novel as a departure point for depictions of fictional wars in imaginary realms.

[[Iran–Iraq War]] was also an interesting case for novelists. Events and memoirs of [[Iran–Iraq War]] has led to unique war novels. [[Noureddin, Son of Iran]] and [[One Woman’s War: Da (Mother)]] are among the many novels which reminds the horrible situation of war. Many of these novels are based on the interviews performed with participants and their memoirs.

The post [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11]] literary world has produced few war novels that address current events in the [[War on Terrorism]]. One example is [[Chris Cleave]]'s ''[[Incendiary (novel)|Incendiary]]'' (2005), which made headlines after its publication,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sansom|first=Ian|date=21 August 2005|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York, New York|title=Dear Osama|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/books/review/21SANSOM.html|accessdate=6 July 2011}}</ref> for appearing to anticipate the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]].

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Epic poetry]]
* [[War poet]]
* [[Nautical fiction]]
* [[Historical fiction]]
* [[The Holocaust in popular culture]]
* [[List of book-based war films]]
* [[:Category:War novels]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|35em|group = note}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Beidler, Philip D., ''American Literature and the Experience of Vietnam'' (U Georgia Press, 1982) ISBN 0820306126
* Bergonzi, Bernard, ''Heroes’ Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War'' (Coward-McCann, 1965). {{OCLC|349598}}
* Buitenhuis, Peter, ''The Great War of Words: British, American and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction, 1914–1933'' (UBC Press).
* Casadei, Alberto, ''Romanzi di Finisterre: Narrazione della guerra e problemi del realismo'', Roma, Carocci, 2000.
* Cobley, Evelyn, ''Representing War: Form and Ideology in First World War Narratives'' (U of Toronto Press, 1993). ISBN 0802005373
* Cooperman, Stanley, ''World War I and the American Novel'' (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press,1967). {{OCLC|269388}}
* Dawes, James, ''The Language of War'' (Harvard UP).
* [[Paul Fussell|Fussell, Paul]], ''[[The Great War and Modern Memory]]'' (Oxford UP); ''Wartime'' (Oxford UP). ISBN 0195019180
* Craig, David and Michael Egan. ''Extreme Situations: Literature and Crisis from the Great War to the Atom Bomb'' (Macmillan). ISBN 0333245792
* Friedman, Saul S. (Ed.) ''Holocaust Literature: A Collection of Critical, Historical, and Literary Writings'' (Greenwood Press)
* Harvey, A.D., ''A Muse of Fire: Literature, Art and War'', London, Hambledon Press, 1998. ISBN 1852851686
* Horowitz, Sara R, ''Voicing the Void: Muteness and Memory in Holocaust Fiction'' (SUNY UP). ISBN 0-7914-3130-4
* Isnenghi, Mario, ''Il mito della grande guerra'' (Bologna, Il Mulino).
* Madison and Schaefer (Eds.), ''Encyclopedia of American War Literature'' (Greenwood Press). ISBN 0-313-30648-6
* Novak, Dagmar, ''Dubious Glory: The Canadian Novel and the Two World Wars'' (Peter Lang). ISBN 0820445495
* Rossi, Umberto, ''Il secolo di fuoco: Introduzione alla letteratura di guerra del Novecento'', Roma, Bulzoni, 2008. ISBN 978-88-7870-320-9
* Roy, Pinaki, ''The Scarlet Critique'', New Delhi, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2010, ISBN 978-81-7625-991-0
* [[Edmund Wilson|Wilson, Edmund]], ''Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War'' (WW Norton). {{OCLC|269476}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:War Novel}}
[[Category:Adventure fiction]]
[[Category:History of literature]]
[[Category:Literary genres]]
[[Category:Military fiction]]
[[Category:War novels| ]]

Parczew-Partisanen

2016-12-25T05:50:11Z

BattyBot: /* History */fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{The Holocaust sidebar}}

The '''Parczew partisans''' were fighters in [[irregular military]] groups participating in the [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|Jewish resistance movement]] against [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Non-German cooperation with Nazis during World War II|its collaborators]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="JVL1" /> The name of the partisan force, coined by the Holocaust historians, is borrowed from the Parczew forest located a short distance away from [[Lublin]], halfway to the town of [[Sobibór, Lublin Voivodeship|Sobibór]], the location of the [[Sobibór extermination camp]] during [[the Holocaust in occupied Poland]]. The Jews who managed to escape from the camp hid in there along with the considerable number of Jewish families of the [[Lublin Ghetto]].<ref name="Browning">{{cite book |url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf |last=Browning |first=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher Browning |orig-year=1992 |year=1998 |title=Arrival in Poland |publisher=Penguin Books |work=Ordinary Men: [[Reserve Police Battalion 101]] and the Final Solution in Poland |accessdate=October 18, 2015 |pages=88–93, 104–106 |format=PDF |via=direct download 7.91 MB complete |quote=''Also:'' [http://www.webcitation.org/6GIJ2XpOy PDF cache archived by WebCite.]}}</ref>

The area including [[Parczew]] and [[Włodawa]] counties near Lublin in the [[General Government]] became one of the primary battlefields of the Jewish partisan movement. An area of forests and lakes with few passable roads, the Parczew forests were an ideal location for partisan activity. Notable partisan leaders included [[Frank Bleichman|Ephraim (Frank) Bleichman]] and Shmuel (Mieczysław) Gruber. Gruber became the second-in-command to Yechiel Grynszpan, who led Jewish forces in the Parczew forest, and Bleichman was one of Grynszpan's two platoon commanders.

The same forest constituted the main base of the non-Jewish Polish partisan movement as well. Such high concentration of resistance including [[Gwardia Ludowa]] (GL), [[Bataliony Chłopskie]] (BCh), and [[Armia Krajowa]] (AK) was possible only due to strong material support from the surrounding counties.<ref name="strefa">{{cite journal |url=https://parczew.nazwa.pl/um/images/2014/Lipiec/STRATEGIA_2014-2020_.pdf |title=Historia Parczewa. Bitwa w Lasach Parczewskich, 6–7 grudnia 1942 roku |trans-title=History of Parczew. Battle in the Parczew forest, 6–7 December 1942 |author=Agnieszka Smreczyńska-Gąbka |publisher=Gmina Parczew |quote=[http://jurek.strefa.pl/images/bitwylp.pdf PDF excerpt.]}}</ref>

==History==
The group fought along with the [[Gwardia Ludowa|People's Guard]] ({{lang-pl|Gwardia Ludowa}}) in a number of intense engagements against German forces, making use of machine guns, explosives for mining railways and other supplies air-dropped by Soviet forces, with food stuffs requisitioned from local farmers. They participated in the takeover of the city of Parczew on April 16, 1944.<ref name="JVL1">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007222 | accessdate = 2007-08-15 | title = Partisan Groups in the Parczew Forests | publisher = [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | author=Holocaust Encyclopedia | quote=Text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum webpage has been released under the [[GFDL]] license (OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). ''The Museum can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.''}}</ref>

The ''[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]'' claims that the [[Polish Home Army]] (AK) usually ''refused'' to accept Jews. This information however, is challenged on statistical grounds by the Jewish veteran of the Polish Home Army First Armoured Division, Willie Glaser who wrote, that Jewish resistance fighters were members of the Armia Krajowa in considerable numbers as well.<ref name="citinet.net">{{cite web | url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html | title=Letter to Polish Home Army (AK) Association | work=Jewish Military Casualties in The Polish Armies in World War II | date=February 5, 2000 | accessdate=2013-05-24 | author=Willie Glaser | format=[http://www.webcitation.org/6GrFugILn WebCite]}}</ref> Also, [[Gwardia Ludowa]] (GL) partisans, created by the communist [[Polish Workers' Party|PPR]] in January 1942 (with whom Parczew partisans aligned themselves) were engaged in terror aimed at local domination. On one occasion, the unit of Gwardia Ludowa commanded by Grzegorz Korczyński from [[Kraśnik County]] near Lublin, committed mass atrocities in the village of Ludmiłówka on 6 December 1942 killing dozens of Jews in retaliation for the PPR action in [[Grabówka, Kraśnik County|Grabówka]] against their own men. The murders were hushed up in [[Stalinist Poland]] by the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]] engaged in brutal persecution of the AK soldiers.<ref name="glaukopis.pl">{{cite book | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408025123/http://glaukopis.pl/pdf/1/artykul-4-1.pdf | title=Przypadek Stefana Kilianowicza, vel Grzegorza Korczyńskiego | publisher=Glaukopis No. 1-2003 | work=Z genealogii elit PZPR | date=2003 | accessdate=4 June 2015 | author=[[Piotr Gontarczyk]]}}</ref>

After [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German military and [[Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions|Orpo]] aided by the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] battalions,<ref name="Jacz">{{cite book |url=http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |title=Aktion Zamosc |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] |work=Pamięć.pl ''Nr 8/2012'' |location=OBEP IPN, Lublin |date=2012 |author=Agnieszka Jaczyńska |at=30-35 (1-5 in PDF)}}</ref> began mass deportations of Polish [[Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany|inhabitants of Zamojszczyzna]] south of [[Chełm]] in preparation for the ''[[Generalplan Ost]]'' resettlement ordered by ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name="TPdoc">{{YouTube | id=yaRaDcUNHmI | title=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny (Children of Zamojszczyzna)}} produced by [[Telewizja Polska]] S.A., [[Lublin]], Dział Form Dokumentalnych, for Program 2, TVP S.A., 1999 (42 min. in colour and black-and-white).</ref> Some Polish villages were simply razed and their inhabitants massacred.<ref name="dc">[http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/zamosc%20ghetto.html "Zamosc Ghetto"] at DeathCamps.org. Last retrieved on March 16, 2008</ref><ref name="JPop110-110">Joseph Poprzeczny, ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East]'', McFarland, 2004, ISBN 0-7864-1625-4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gjOO6ui8SIkC&pg=PA110&vq=Zamosc&dq=%22Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&source=gbs_search_s&sig=YlJNpg9GF1yU8bl99WYizvmGUys pp. 110–111.]</ref> During ''Heim ins Reich Ukraineraktion'' [[:pl:Ukraineraktion|(pl)]],<ref name="Piotrowski"/> pro-Nazi Ukrainians and German-Ukrainian ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' were being resettled there along with ethnic Germans from the east.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Zamojszczyzna%20116%2C000&f=false |title=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |ISBN=0786403713 |year=1998 |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |pages=299– |authorlink=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)}}</ref> They were given new [[Latifundium|latifundia]] built by Jewish prisoners of the [[Lublin Reservation]] who were sent to nearby [[Sobibór extermination camp]] afterwards.<ref name="Hańsk">{{cite web |url=http://www.hansk.info/index.php?id=114&id2=102 |title=Obozy pracy na terenie Gminy Hańsk |publisher=Hansk.info, the official webpage of [[Gmina Hańsk]] |accessdate=29 September 2014 |author=Sławomir Sobolewski |trans_title=World War II forced labour camps in Gmina Hańsk}}</ref> The Polish underground retaliated by launching the [[Zamość uprising]], considered to be among the largest actions of the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance during World War II]].<ref name="JPop">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC |title=Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East |publisher=McFarland |author=Joseph Poprzeczny |year=2004 |isbn=0786481463}}</ref><ref name="AK-PWN">[http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190 Armia Krajowa] at [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|Encyklopedia PWN]]</ref> Some Ukrainian sources refer to this operation as a massacre of Ukrainian villagers near [[Chelm]] and in the Podlasie area, and attribute thousands of those killed to the Polish underground.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motyl|first1=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Trivializing Genocide: A Dangerous Distraction |url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alexander-j-motyl/trivializing-genocide-dangerous-distraction |website=World Affairs Journal |accessdate=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Subtelny |first1=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |title=Ukraine: A History |quote="Ukrainians claim that massacres of their people began earlier, in 1942, when Poles wiped out thousands of Ukrainian villagers in the predominantly Polish areas of Khom" |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT439&dq=kholm+subtelny+1942&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik5vf6ytXOAhWClB4KHZGfCjwQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=kholm%20subtelny%201942&f=false |accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> Such claims are rejected by the [[Institute of National Remembrance]],<ref name="IPN42">{{cite journal |work=Volhynia Massacre |title=The Genocide on Poles Conducted by the OUN-B and UPA |url=http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/history/history |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] |author=[[Grzegorz Motyka]] |quote=...the “masses of Ukrainian refugees” from the Chełm region who had fled across the Bug River eastward as early as 1942/1943... inflamed the anti-Polish sentiments among Ukrainian peasants by telling them about the atrocities Poles had purportedly committed against Ukrainians in the Chełm region. All this is in line with the pro-Bandera propaganda put forward during the last stages of World War II and successfully promoted after the war by émigré Ukrainian nationalist historians associated with OUN-B.}}</ref> and debunked by Ukrainian authors of the ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine'' who point out that recent studies confirm a much lower figure.<ref name="HDoU">{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine |authors=Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |ISBN=081087847X |page=698 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&q=Kholm+%28Che%C5%82m%29+region+1942}}</ref> According to Jewish sources, the Jewish partisans themselves used to execute Ukrainian villagers "who had gone to the woods to round up the Jews who had escaped" from the ghettos.<ref name="HWe"/> The killings in villages near the Parczew forest were motivated by revenge for the "anti-Jewish activities" of the Ukrainian peasants.<ref name="HWe">{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Harold |title=Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in World War II |work=First-party account written in bed before Werner's death in 1989 |date=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://www.amazon.ca/Fighting-Back-Memoir-Jewish-Resistance/dp/0231078838#reader_0231078838}} {{better source|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref name="MJCh">{{cite book |last1=Chodakiewicz |first1=Marek Jan |title=Intermarium: The Land Between the Black and Baltic Seas |page=159 |quote="However, the former villages, according to Jewish sources, were attacked by Jewish partisans in revenge for the villagers' anti-Jewish activities." |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gAh2Ji6rBVwC&q=Parczew#v=snippet&q=Parczew&f=false |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battalion Zośka]] in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}
* [http://chelm.freeyellow.com/partisans.html Parczew Partisans], Chelm.freeyellow.com

[[Category:Jewish resistance during the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Holocaust survivors]]

Halleh Ghorashi

2016-12-19T01:07:09Z

BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, removed orphan tag using AWB

[[File:DirkvdM halleh gorashi.jpg|thumbnail|Ghorashi at the manifestation of Hans Dijkstal's Een Land Een Samenleving in Amsterdam, 2006.]]
'''Halleh Ghorashi''' (also spelled '''Ghoreishi'''; born 30 July 1962<ref name="bakker"/> in [[Tehran]]) is an Iranian-born [[anthropologist]] who lives in the [[Netherlands]]. From 2005-2012, she held the [[PaVEM]] chair in Management of Diversity and Integration in the Department of Organization Sciences at [[Vrije Universiteit]] in [[Amsterdam]].<ref>http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/wetenschappelijke-afdelingen/organisatiewetenschappen/medewerkers-org/ghorashi/index.asp</ref><ref>http://hallehghorashi.com/nl/en/</ref>
She won the 2008 [[Triumph Prize]].<ref>http://www.triomf.org/archief/</ref>

==Biography==
Ghorashi grew up in [[Iran]], coming to the Netherlands in 1988 as a political refugee. She studied [[cultural anthropology]] at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, and received her Ph.D. at [[University of Nijmegen]] in May 2001, with a doctoral dissertation titled ''Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and the U.S.''<ref name="buitenhof">{{cite news|url=http://www.vpro.nl/programma/buitenhof/afleveringen/29797671/items/30560484/|title=Op naar een nieuw Nederland: Halleh Ghorashi|date=8 October 2006|work=Buitenhof|publisher=[[VPRO]]|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref> In 2005, she was appointed professor,<ref name="bakker">{{cite news|url=http://www.intermediair.nl/artikel/de-loopbaan-van/48551/halleh-ghorashi-asociaal-gedrag-is-een-teken-van-emancipatie.html|title=Halleh Ghorashi: 'Asociaal gedrag is een teken van emancipatie'|last=Bakker|first=Stephanie|date=15 August 2007|work=[[Intermediair]]|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref> and in 2006, she became the first occupant of the chair for Management of Diversity and Integration, endowed by [[PaVEM]], the Dutch government's Committee for Participation of Women of Ethnic Minority Groups. Her inauguration was attended by [[Princess Máxima of the Netherlands]], chair of PaVEM and was widely covered in the Dutch media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.refdag.nl/nieuws/binnenland/veel_te_weinig_oog_voor_kwaliteiten_nieuwkomers_1_187113|title='Veel te weinig oog voor kwaliteiten nieuwkomers'|last=Hoekman|first=Jacob|date=13 October 2006|work=[[Reformatorisch Dagblad]]|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/nederlanderschap-op-de-schop|title=Nederlanderschap op de schop|last=Ronde|first=Kahliya|date=24 October 2006|publisher=Kennislink|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, Ghorashi was co-organizer of a conference on the Muslim diaspora.<ref>http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=10870</ref> In 2009, she was a speaker at a protest in front of the [[Binnenhof]] (Dutch Parliament Building).<ref>http://www.voteforiran.com/2009/06/support-the-protests-in-iran-for-democracy-and-change/</ref>

Halleh Ghorashi is cited as a proponent of more inclusive political thought, countering the Dutch political climate of the early 21st century with its strong populist and anti-Islamic discourse. Ghorashi argues that when immigrants are maligned and excluded from political debate integration into Dutch society cannot be expected.<ref name="gosinga">{{cite news|url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1129297/2009/01/31/Voor-populistische-PvdA-en-VVD-wordt-D66-het-alternatief.dhtml|title=Voor populistische PvdA en VVD wordt D66 het alternatief|last=Gosinga|first=Hans|date=31 January 2009|work=[[Trouw]]|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2010, Dutch feminist magazine ''[[Opzij]]'' listed her as one of the most powerful women in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nos.nl/audio/192517-halleh-ghorashi-is-een-van-de-machtigste-vrouwen-in-nederland.html|title=Halleh Ghorashi is een van de machtigste vrouwen in Nederland|date=20 October 2010|publisher=[[Netherlands Broadcasting Foundation|NOS]]|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>

==Publications==

===Books===
*''Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and the US.'' New York: Nova Science, 2003. ISBN 978-1-59033-235-1.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/title/ways-to-survive-battles-to-win-iranian-women-exiles-in-the-netherlands-and-united-states/oclc/49320570&referer=brief_results worldCat]</ref>
*''The Transnational Construction of Local Conflicts and Protests'' Nijmegen : Stichting Focaal, 2006. OCLC 603051165
* (with Sharam Alghasi & Thomas Hylland Eriksen) ''Paradoxes of cultural recognition : perspectives from Northern Europe'' Ashgate, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7546-9585-1.
**Review, by Dix Eeke, in ''Nations and Nationalism,'' 16, no. 1 (2010): 192-194.
* (ed. with Haideh Moghissi) ''Muslim Diaspora in the West : Negotiating gender, home and belonging''. Ashgate, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4094-0287-9.

===Papers and Reports===
1990s

*"Iranian Islamic and Secular Feminists: Allies or Enemies?" Series: Occasional paper (Middle East Research Associates), 27. 1996.

2000s

* {{Cite journal | title = Agents of change or passive victims: the impact of welfare states (the case of the Netherlands) on refugees | journal = Journal of Refugee Studies | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–198 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.1093/refuge/fei020 | date = June 2005 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/refuge/fei020 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | title = When the boundaries are blurred | journal = [[European Journal of Women's Studies]] | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 363–375 | publisher = [[Sage Publications|Sage]] | doi = 10.1177/1350506805054275 | date = August 2005 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506805054275 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}

2010s

* With: Szepietowska, E. (2010). "[http://hallehghorashi.com/nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Diversiteit-is-meer-dan-kleur-in-organisatie3.pdf Diversiteit is niet alleen kleur in organisaties]. Diversiteitsbeleid en –praktijk in de Nederlandse Goede Doelen Organisaties". Utrecht: UAF.
* With: ten Holder, F. (2012). "[http://hallehghorashi.com/nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/kleine_stappen.pdf Kleine stappen van grote betekenis: een nieuw perspectief op humane opvang van asielzoekers]" Amsterdam: Stichting de Vrolijkheid.
* With: {{Cite journal | last = Sabelis | first = Ida | title = Juggling difference and sameness: Rethinking strategies for diversity in organizations | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Management, special issue: Managing in Time | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 78–86 | publisher = [[ScienceDirect]] | doi = 10.1016/j.scaman.2012.11.002 | date = March 2013 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2012.11.002 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* With: {{Cite journal | last = Ponzoni | first = Elena | title = Reviving agency: taking time and making space for rethinking diversity and inclusion | trans-title = Wedergeboorte van agency: scheppen van tijd en ruimte voor reflectie op diversiteit en insluiting | journal = European Journal of Social Work | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–174 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/13691457.2013.777332 | date = 2014 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2013.777332 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Bringing polyphony one step further: Relational narratives of women from the position of difference | journal = [[Women's Studies International Forum]], special issue: Embodied Engagement | volume = 43 | issue = | pages = 59–66 | publisher = [[ScienceDirect]] | doi = 10.1016/j.wsif.2013.07.019 | date = March–April 2014 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.07.019 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hallehghorashi.com/ Ghorashi's website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghorashi, Halleh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from Tehran]]
[[Category:Dutch anthropologists]]
[[Category:VU University Amsterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Radboud University Nijmegen alumni]]
[[Category:VU University Amsterdam faculty]]
[[Category:Iranian expatriate academics]]

Roosevelt (Musiker)

2016-12-19T01:03:07Z

BattyBot: General fixes, removed orphan tag using AWB

'''Roosevelt''' (born Marius Lauber, September 1990) is a singer, songwriter and producer from [[Cologne]], Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Roosevelt|title=Roosevelt — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and pictures at Last.fm|website=www.last.fm|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> He is signed to Greco-Roman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inverted-audio.com/feature/roosevelt/|title=Roosevelt {{!}} Inverted Audio|website=inverted-audio.com|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref><ref name="Lester 2013">{{cite web | last=Lester | first=Paul | title=New band of the day: Roosevelt (No 1,597) | website=the Guardian | date=16 September 2013 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/sep/16/roosevelt-new-band | accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref>

== Music career ==
Following on from 2013’s acclaimed debut EP 'Elliot',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/15917-roosevelt-elliot/|title="Elliot" by Roosevelt {{!}} Tracks {{!}} Pitchfork|website=pitchfork.com|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> Roosevelt released the double-A side 'Night Moves/Hold On' in 2015 on Greco-Roman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Roosevelt-Hold-On-Night-Moves/release/8258727|title=Roosevelt (4) - Hold On / Night Moves|website=Discogs|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> which continued a warm synth-pop, Balearic influenced sound.

In April 2016, he announced his self-titled debut album, set for release on August 19, 2016 on Greco-Roman/City Slang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indieisnotagenre.com/roosevelt-debut-album/|title=Roosevelt announces self-titled debut album|website=Indieisnotagenre.com|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref> with the video for tracks "Colours" and "Moving On".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stereogum.com/1873853/roosevelt-colours-moving-on-video/mp3s/|title=Roosevelt – "Colours" / "Moving On" Video|date=2016-04-27|website=Stereogum|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>

He has remixed the likes of [[Glass Animals]], [[Jax Jones]], Truls, Sundara Karma, Luka Vasta and [[Kakkmaddafakka]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2929769-Roosevelt-4?filter_anv=0&subtype=Remix&type=Credits|title=Roosevelt (4)|website=Discogs|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> and on tour has supported [[Hot Chip]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trixonline.be/en/program/hot-chip-uk-roosevelt-ger/1576/|title=HOT CHIP uk + ROOSEVELT ger — Program|website=Trix Antwerp|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> [[Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.songkick.com/concerts/13144363-totally-enormous-extinct-dinosaurs-at-o2-shepherds-bush-empire|title=Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs at O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire (10 Oct 12) with Roosevelt|website=Songkick|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> and [[Crystal Fighters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/event/crystal-fighters-with-roosevelt-curses/|title=Crystal Fighters with Roosevelt & Curses (2013-11-22)|website=Brixton Buzz news, features and listings for Brixton, London|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref>

Roosevelt has also had a successful DJ career in addition to touring live. Having started off as a resident DJ at Cologne’s Total Confusion party,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meltbooking.com/artist/roosevelt/|title=Roosevelt — Melt! Booking|website=Melt! Booking|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> Roosevelt has since DJ'd at [[Fabric (club)|Fabric]], [[Panorama bar|Panorama Bar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/event.aspx?672199|title=CTM 2015 – Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Greco-Roman Night, Prostitutes at Berghain/Panorama Bar|website=Resident Advisor|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> [[Boiler Room (music project)|Boiler Room]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Boiler Room|title=Roosevelt Boiler Room Berlin DJ Set|date=2013-04-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRxjOP0pGLc|accessdate=2016-03-16}}</ref> and Social Club as well as at festivals around the world as part of the extended family of his UK-based label Greco-Roman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/dj/greco-romansoundsystem/dates|title=RA: Greco-Roman Soundsystem tour dates|website=Resident Advisor|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Album details
|-
|''Roosevelt''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indieisnotagenre.com/roosevelt-debut-album/|title=Roosevelt announces self-titled debut album|date=2016-04-27|website=Indie is not a genre|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>
|
* Release date: 19 August 2016
* Label: Greco-Roman/[[City Slang]]
* Formats: CD, digital download, 12" vinyl
|}

=== Singles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2929769-Roosevelt-4?filter_anv=0&type=Releases|title=Roosevelt (4)|website=Discogs|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Label
|-
|2012
|Sea
|Greco-Roman
|-
|2013
|Elliot
|Future Classic/Greco-Roman
|-
|2015
|Hold On/Night Moves
|Greco-Roman
|}

=== Compilations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2929769-Roosevelt-4?filter_anv=0&type=Appearances|title=Roosevelt (4)|website=Discogs|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Contribution
!Album
!Label
|-
|2013
|Montreal
|Electronic Beats 2013
|Electronic Beats
|-
|2014
|Elliot
|Majestic Casual Chapter 2
|Kontor Records
|-
|2014
|Montreal
|Trip Mode
|Kitsuné Maison
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Director(s)
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Sea"
| 2012
| Jem Goulding
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2012/10/17/video-roosevelt-sea|title=Sea – Roosevelt|publisher=The Fader|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Montreal"
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| Roosevelt
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagasta.com/roosevelt-montreal-video/|title=Montreal – Roosevelt|publisher=Lagasta|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Elliot"
| Hot Mess
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagasta.com/roosevelt-elliot-video/|title=Elliot – Roosevelt|publisher=Lagasta|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Night Moves"
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| Sophia Ray
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagasta.com/roosevelt-night-moves-video/|title=Night Moves – Roosevelt|publisher=Lagasta|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Hold On"
| Fabian Podeszwa
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagasta.com/roosevelt-hold-on-video/|title=Hold On – Roosevelt|publisher=Lagasta|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Colours / Moving On"
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| rowspan="2"| Elliott Arndt
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stereogum.com/1873853/roosevelt-colours-moving-on-video/mp3s/|title=Roosevelt – "Colours" / "Moving On" Video|publisher=Stereogum|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Fever"
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2016/07/22/486595618/songs-we-love-roosevelt-fever|title=Songs We Love: Roosevelt, 'Fever'|publisher=NPR Music|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt}}
[[Category:German male singers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Wotton House (Surrey)

2016-10-14T18:24:37Z

BattyBot: fixed CS1 errors: dates to meet MOS:DATEFORMAT (also General fixes) using AWB

{{for|The English Baroque mansion in Buckinghamshire|Wotton House}}
[[File:Wotton House - geograph.org.uk - 817529.jpg|thumb|right|Wotton House, view of grounds around entrance towards front courtyard, 2008]]
'''Wotton House''' is a hotel, training centre and former country house in [[Wotton, Surrey|Wotton]] near [[Dorking, Surrey|Dorking]], [[Surrey]], England. Originally the centre of the Wotton Estate and the seat of the Evelyn family, it was the birthplace in 1620 of diarist and landscape gardener [[John Evelyn]], who built the first [[Giardino all'italiana|Italian garden]] in England there.<ref name="Pevs">"At Wotton on his brother's estate he and a relation George Evelyn introduced between 1643 and 1652 what was really the first Italian garden into England, terracing a steep hillside and fitting a little temple into the bottom of it." {{harv|Nairn|Pevsner|Cherry|1971|p=42}}</ref>

==Construction==
The house was built in the early 17th century by the Evelyn family who extended it in the later 17th century. In the 18th century it was extended eastwards by [[William Kent]]. Further extensions and alterations were made in the early 19th century by Francis Edwards. Following a fire in the 1870s the house was restored and enlarged by [[Henry Woodyer]] for [[William John Evelyn (Conservative politician)|William John Evelyn]] in 1877.<ref name=NHLE-1189814>{{NHLE| num=1189814}}</ref>

Its architectural features include distinctive terracotta decorations on brickwork, octagonal turrets and stacks, winged gryphons on the porch, and plaster wall panels by Kent painted in Chinese style by Belgian Jean Derraux.<ref name=NHLE-1189814/> The old orangery (now the centre's bar{{sfn|CentralR staff|2011}}), has a decorative parapet and banded piers. Many of the doors feature small paintings above them.<ref name=NHLE-1189814/>

==Gardens==
[[File:Wotton House - geograph.org.uk - 117985.jpg|thumb|right|Wotton House, rear view showing terraced gardens, 2003]]
[[John Evelyn]] (1620–1706) and his elder brother George created the first [[Giardino all'italiana|Italian garden]] in England. Work on it started in 1643, was completed by 1652,<ref name="Pevs" /> and it is the house's most famous feature.<ref name=NHLE-1189814/> The grounds are unusually highly listed as Grade II* and have two [[grotto]]es close to the house.<ref name=NHLE-1189814/><ref>{{NHLE| num=1000391}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE| num=1378104}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE| num=1294093}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
Wotton House was the family seat of the Evelyn Family. [[John Evelyn]], a diarist, landscape designer and collector, was born in a room still in existence there. He inherited the house and estates on the death of his brother George in 1699.<ref name=NHLE-1189814/>

The descendants who inherited the house in turn included Conservative politician [[William John Evelyn (Conservative politician)|William John Evelyn]] (1822-1908), who was elected MP for Western Surrey from 1849 until 1857 and became MP for Deptford in 1885 until resigning in 1888.

==Post-war use==
Between 1947 and 1981 the house was leased to the Home Office and used as the [[Fire Service College]] between 1947 and 1981.{{sfn|Nairn|Pevsner|Cherry|1971|p=542}}{{sfn|Fire Service College staff|2009}}

Grade II* listed status was given to the garden in 1984, and the house and its two garden [[grotto]]es became Grade II* listed in 1987.<ref name="WBuse">{{cite web|title=Wotton_Bro_use |url=http://www.principal-hayley.com/pdf/Wotton_Bro_use.pdf |publisher=Principal Hayley|accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref>

==Twenty-first century==
[[File:A room setup for a wedding in Wotton House, Surrey.JPG|thumb|right|Wotton House being used as a wedding venue]]
In 2003, having been fully refurbished following a period of relative neglect, Wotton House was re-opened as a hotel, wedding venue, training and conference centre.{{sfn|PHG staff}}<ref name=NHLE-1189814/><ref name="WBuse" />{{sfn|CentralR staff|2011}} The property is currently owned and run by the [[Principal Hayley Group]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation |author=CentralR staff |year=2011 |title=Wotton House Venue |url=http://www.wottonhousedorking.co.uk/ |publisher=CentralR (Central Reservations Limited)|accessdate=May 2012}}
*{{Citation|author=Fire Service College staff|year=2009|title=Heritage and History |publisher=[[Fire Service College]]|url=http://www.fireservicecollege.ac.uk/about-us/heritage--history.aspx}}
*{{Citation|author=PHG staff |title=Wotton House, Dorking |url=http://www.principal-hayley.com/locations/wotton-house.aspx|publisher=Principal Hayley Group Limited|accessdate=September 2011}}
*{{Citation |last=Nairn |first=Ian |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |last3=Cherry |first3=Bridget |year=1971 |origyear=1962 |editor-last=Cherry |editor-first=Bridget |title=Surrey |series=Buildings of England | edition=2, illustrated, revised, reprint|publisher=Penguin}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wottonhousedorkingsurrey.co.uk Wotton House]

==Further reading==
*{{citation |last=Banerjee |first=Jacqueline |date=31 August 2008 |title=Wotton House, Surrey |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/homes/33.html| publisher=[http://www.victorianweb.org/ Victorian Web]|accessdate=September 2011 |ref=none}}

{{coord|51.21093|N|0.39567|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}
{{Mole Valley}}

[[Category:Hotels in Surrey]]
[[Category:Country houses in Surrey]]
[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Surrey]]
[[Category:Grade II listed hotels]]
[[Category:Grade II listed houses]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Surrey]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed garden and park buildings]]

Thomas Strakosha

2016-10-14T17:51:01Z

BattyBot: fixed CS1 errors: dates to meet MOS:DATEFORMAT (also General fixes) using AWB

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Thomas Strakosha
| image = Thomas Strakosha01.jpg
| caption = Strakosha playing for [[Albania national under-21 football team|Albania U-21]] in 2014
| fullname = Thomas Fotaq Strakosha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|3|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Athens]], [[Greece]]
| height = {{convert|1.92|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
| clubnumber = 1
| youthyears1 = 2011–2012 | youthclubs1 = [[Panionios G.S.S.|Panionios]]
| youthyears2 = 2012–2014 | youthclubs2 = [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
| years1 = 2012– | clubs1 = [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] | caps1 = 3 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2015–2016 | clubs2 = → [[U.S. Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]] (loan) | caps2 = 11 | goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2012 | nationalteam1 = [[Albania national under-17 football team|Albania U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 1 | nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2012–2014 | nationalteam2 = [[Albania national under-19 football team|Albania U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 6 | nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2013 | nationalteam3 = [[Albania national under-20 football team|Albania U20]] | nationalcaps3 = 0 | nationalgoals3 = 0
| nationalyears4 = 2013– | nationalteam4 = [[Albania national under-21 football team|Albania U21]] | nationalcaps4 = 10 | nationalgoals4 = 0
|medaltemplates = {{Medal|Team|[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[Coppa Italia]]|[[2012–13 Coppa Italia|2012–13]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Supercoppa Italiana|Super Cup]]|[[2013 Supercoppa Italiana|2013]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Coppa Italia]]|[[2014–15 Coppa Italia|2014–15]]}}
|club-update = 04:07, 22 September 2016 (UTC)
|nationalteam-update = 28 March 2016
}}
'''Thomas Fotaq Strakosha''' (born 19 March 1995) is an [[Albanians|Albanian]] professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for Italian club [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] and the [[Albania national under-21 football team]].

==Club career==

===Early career===
Strakosha began his youth career in 2011 at [[Panionios G.S.S.|Panionios]], from where in the next year he was signed by [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] for a fee of €75K.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://korneri.net/?p=27458|title=Zyrtare: T. Strakosha te Lazio|publisher=Korneri.net|language=Albanian|date=|accessdate=4 October 2016}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soccerfame.com/transfer/13274/thomas-strakosha|title=Lazio sign Thomas Strakosha from Panionios|publisher=Soccerfame|date=|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> He became a regular starter at the primavera team and was a key player with the primavera team that won the 2012–13 [[Campionato Nazionale Primavera]] after beating in the final [[Atalanta B.C. Primavera|Atalanta Primavera]] 3–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lalaziosiamonoi.it/settore-giovanile/un-poker-per-la-storia-la-coppa-italia-primavera-torna-a-tingersi-di-biancoceleste-dopo-35-anni-43015|title=Un poker per la storia, la Coppa Italia Primavera torna a tingersi di biancoceleste dopo 35 anni!|publisher=lalaziosiamonoi.it|language=Italian|date=10 April 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}</ref>

===Lazio===
Following the departure of [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] first team starter [[Juan Pablo Carrizo]] at [[Inter Milan|Inter]], in the second-half of the 2012–13 season, Strakosha gained entry with the first team as a third choice behind [[Federico Marchetti]] and [[Albano Bizzarri]]. He participated with the team that won [[2012–13 Coppa Italia]] by beating 0–1 the derby city rivals [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] on 26 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/26/italy/coppa-italia/as-roma/ss-lazio-roma/1444237/|title=Roma vs. Lazio 0 – 1|publisher=Soccerway|date=26 May 2013|accessdate=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lalaziosiamonoi.it/editoriale/lulic-scrive-la-storia-del-calcio-a-roma-c-e-solo-la-lazio-34784|title=Lulic scrive la storia del calcio: a Roma c'è SOLO LA LAZIO!|publisher=lalaziosiamonoi.it|language=Albanian|date=26 May 2013|accessdate=26 May 2013}}</ref> On 18 August 2013, Strakosha was again on the bench as Lazio was defeat 4–0 by [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] in the [[2013 Supercoppa Italiana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/08/18/italy/super-cup/juventus-fc/ss-lazio-roma/1473370/|title=Juventus vs. Lazio 4 – 0|publisher=Soccerway|date=18 August 2013|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref>

On 2 September 2013, Lazio sold Albano Bizzari to [[Genoa C.F.C.|Genoa]] and at the same time bought the fellow Albanian goalkeeper, [[Etrit Berisha]] from [[Kalmar FF|Kalmar]]. This made Strakosha to stand still as a third choice and being only an unused substitute for the 2013–14 season behind the strong challenge for the starting place between Berisha and Marchetti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.calciomercato.com/news/strakosha-voglio-diventare-il-primo-portiere-della-lazio-382768|title=Strakosha: 'Voglio diventare il primo portiere della Lazio'|publisher=Calciomercato.com|language=Italian|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref>

On 11 July 2014 sports direct of Lazio [[Igli Tare]] announced to have extended the contract with Strakosha until the 2019 year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://asport.al/strakosha-edhe-5-vjet-te-lacio/|title=Strakosha edhe 5 vjet te Lacio|publisher=aSport.al|language=Albanian|date=11 July 2014|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> Strakosha was on the bench for the [[2014–15 Coppa Italia]] final challenge against Juventus on 21 May 2015 where Lazio lost 2–1 in extra-time following a 97th minute goal by [[Alessandro Matri]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Juventus, in bacheca la decima Coppa Italia! Lazio freddata da mitra Matri|url=http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/juventus-in-bacheca-la-decima-coppa-italia-lazio-freddata-da-mitra-matri-682594|magazine=tuttomercatoweb|date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

====Loan to Salernitana====
In July 2015, Lazio agreed to loan Strakosha to newly promoted [[Serie B]] side [[U.S. Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]] go gain more experience<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.supersport.al/thomas-strakosha-zyrtarisht-te-salernitana/|title=Thomas Strakosha zyrtarisht te Salernitana|publisher=Super Sport Albania|language=Albanian|author=Sotir Kora|date=9 July 2015|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> He was allocated squad number 12, and made his professional debut on 9 August 2015 in the 1–0 win against [[A.C. Pisa 1909|Pisa]] for the [[2015–16 Coppa Italia]] second round.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/09/italy/coppa-italia/salernitana-calcio-1919/pisa-calcio/2129578/|title=Salernitana vs. Pisa 1 – 0|publisher=Soccerway|date=9 August 2015|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> A week after his debut, Strashkosha played another Coppa Italia match, making several decisive saves and keeping his goal intact for 120 minutes as Salernitana won 1–0 against [[A.C. Chievo Verona|Chievo Verona]] to progress to the next round.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://minuta90.com/strakosha-vendimtar-salernitana-kualifikohet/|title=Strakosha vendimtar, Salernitana kualifikohet|publisher=minuta90.com|language=Albanian|date=17 August 2015|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref>

Strakosha made his league debut for Salernitana on 6 September in the opening [[2015–16 Serie B]] match against [[U.S. Avellino 1912|Avellino]] where he managed to play the full 90-minutes match and his side won 3–1.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/09/06/italy/serie-b/salernitana-calcio-1919/us-avellino/2144885/|title=Salernitana vs. Avellino 3 – 1|publisher=Soccerway|date=6 September 2015|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref> He was an unused substitute in the next Coppa Italia game on 1 December 2015 against [[Spezia Calcio|Spezia]] as the coach [[Vincenzo Torrente]] gave the starting place to [[Pietro Terracciano]]; Salernitana eliminated from Coppa Italia losing the single-leg match 2–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/12/01/italy/coppa-italia/asd-spezia-calcio-2008/salernitana-calcio-1919/2140634/|title= Spezia vs. Salernitana 2 – 0|publisher=Soccerway|date=1 December 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref>

====The return====
In July 2016, following the end of the loan, Strakosha returned to [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazetaexpress.com/sport/strakosha-rikthehet-te-lazio-te-kenaqur-me-inzaghin-228191/?archive=1|title=Strakosha rikthehet te Lazio: Të kënaqur me Inzaghin|publisher=Gazeta Express|language=Albanian|date=18 July 2016|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref> With the injury of Marchetti and the departure of Berisha to [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]], Strakosha was able to make his Lazio debut on 20 September in the league match against [[A.C. Milan|Milan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/milan-vs-lazio/2305798/report|title=Milan 2-0 Lazio: On-form Bacca scores again in Rossoneri victory|publisher=Goal.com|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> Despite the 2–0 defeat, the performance of Strakosha was considered positive, being the best in the field for Lazio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://durreslajm.com/sport/strakosha-rr%C3%ABfen-emocionet-n%C3%AB-debutimin-ndaj-milanit|title=Strakosha rrëfen emocionet në debutimin ndaj Milanit|publisher=Durrës Lajm|language=Albanian|date=21 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref> Five days later, Starkosha collected his first [[Serie A]] clean-sheet only in his second appearance in the 2–0 home win against [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]], which led the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]]-winner [[Dino Zoff]] to praise him by saying: "I can not judge him with only two matches played, but, according to me, he performed well in both matches."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pressreader.com/|title=Elozhe nga Dino Xof: Strakosha, debutim pozitiv|publisher=Press Reader|language=Albanian|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>

==International career==

===Youth teams===
Strakosha was called up for the first time to [[Albania national under-17 football team|Albania's U17 squad]] by coach [[Džemal Mustedanagic]] to participate in the [[2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship elite round]]. He was an unused substitute for all 3 matches, serving as second choice goalkeeper behind [[Aldo Teqja]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under17/season=2012/matches/index.html Under-17 - Matches] [[UEFA.com]]</ref>

Strakosha was called up to the [[Albania national under-19 football team|under-19 side]] that participated in the [[2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification]], coached by none other than former footballer and father of Thomas, [[Foto Strakosha]]. Under coach of [[Foto Strakosha]], Thomas played every minute of all 3 matches of the [[2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification#Group 7|Group 7]]. Albania finished (4th) place, with Strakosha conceding in total 6 goals, despite Albania beating top of the table [[Belgium national under-19 football team|Belgium]] 3–1 with goals from [[Enis Gavazaj]], [[Elvis Kabashi]] and [[Lorenc Shehaj]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2013/matches/round=2000318/match=2009274/index.html Under-19 2013 - Italy-Albania] [[UEFA.com]]</ref><ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2013/matches/round=2000318/match=2009297/postmatch/commentary/index.html Under-19 2013 - Belgium-Albania] [[UEFA.com]]</ref><ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2013/matches/round=2000318/match=2009322/index.html Under-19 2013 - Albania-Belarus] [[UEFA.com]]</ref><ref>[http://int.soccerway.com/international/europe/uefa-u19-championship/2012-2013/qualifying-round/group-7/g4970/ Summary - UEFA U19 Championship - Europe - Results, fixtures, tables and news - Soccerway]</ref>

In the [[2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification]], Strakosha again played every minute in all 3 matches of the [[2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification#Group 6|Group 6]], leaving behind [[Juventus F.C. Youth Sector|Juventus Academies]] goalkeeper, [[Entonjo Elezaj]].<ref>[http://int.soccerway.com/international/europe/uefa-u19-championship/20132014/qualifying-round/group-6/g6362/ Summary - UEFA U19 Championship - Europe - Results, fixtures, tables and news - Soccerway]</ref>

Strakosha was called up to the [[Albania national under-20 football team|U20 team]] by coach [[Skënder Gega]] for the [[2013 Mediterranean Games]] football tournament, which began on 19 June, in [[Mersin]], [[Turkey]]. However, Strakosha didn't participate in any match of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://asport.al/lojerat-mesdhetare-shqiperia-merr-pjese-me-75-sportiste-lista-e-plote/|title=Lojërat Mesdhetare: Shqipëria merr pjesë me 75 sportistë (Lista e plotë)|publisher=aSport.al|language=Albanian|date=14 June 2013|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref>

Strakosha was selected for the [[Albania national under-21 football team|Albania U21 side]] that took part in the [[2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification|2015 UEFA Euro Under-21 qualification]]. He played in half of all [[2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 4|Group 4]] matches (4 of 8), as the 4 other matches were played by fellow goalkeepers, Aldo Teqja and [[Orestis Menka]], who each played 2 matches.<ref>[http://int.soccerway.com/international/europe/uefa-u21-championship/2015-czech-republic/qualifying-round/group-4/g5862/ Summary - UEFA U21 Championship - Europe - Results, fixtures, tables and news - Soccerway]</ref>

===Senior team===
Strakosha was called up to the senior [[Albania national football team|Albania]] squad to face [[Morocco national football team|Morocco]] and [[Macedonia national football team|Macedonia]] in August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fshf.org/index.php/sq/lajme/5167-de-biasi-duhet-te-japim-101-te-mundesive-tona|title=De Biasi: Duhet të japim 101 % të mundësive tona|publisher=[[FSHF]].org|language=Albanian|date=29 August 2016|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Thomas is the son of [[Foto Strakosha]], former goalkeeper who played for various Albanian clubs and several Greek clubs, in addition to representing the [[Albania national football team|Albanian national team]] in the years spanning, 1990–2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetadita.al/foto-strakosha-krenar-per-djalin-tim/|title=Foto Strakosha: Krenar për djalin tim|publisher=Gazeta Dita|language=Albanian|author=Dritan Ikonomi|date=6 April 2013|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> Strakosha's parents, were originally from [[Memaliaj]], [[Albania]] but Strakosha was born in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], because his father Foto was at the peak of his career playing for one of the greatest and most successful clubs in [[Greece football federation|Greece]], [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]].<ref>{{NFT player|pid=54|Foto Strakosha}}</ref> He is the younger brother of [[Dhimitri Strakosha]] also a footballer who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for Albanian club [[KF Himara|Himara]].

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|4 October 2016}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite news|url=http://int.soccerway.com/players/thoma-strakosha/235328/|title=Albania - T. Strakosha - Profile with news, career statistics and history|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.thoma.strakosha.163827.en.html|title=Football : Thoma Strakosha|publisher=Football DataBase|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other<ref group="lower-alpha">Including other competitions, such as [[Supercoppa Italiana]]</ref>
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
|[[2012–13 Serie A|2012–13]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Serie A]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
|[[2013–14 Serie A|2013–14]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|[[2014–15 Serie A|2014–15]]
|0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
|[[2016–17 Serie A|2016–17]]
|3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!3!!0
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[U.S. Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]]
|[[2015–16 Serie B|2015–16]]
|rowspan="1"|[[Serie B]]
|11||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!11!!0!!2!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!13!!0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!14!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!16!!0
|}
<references group="lower-alpha"/>

==Honours==

===Club===
;Lazio<ref name="Soccerway"/>
*[[Coppa Italia]]: [[2012–13 Coppa Italia|2012–13]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{portal|Biography|Association football|Albania}}
*{{Soccerway|thoma-strakosha/235328}}
*{{UEFA player|250046901}}

{{S.S. Lazio squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strakosha, Thomas}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Memaliaj]]
[[Category:Albanian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:S.S. Lazio players]]
[[Category:U.S. Salernitana 1919 players]]
[[Category:Serie A players]]
[[Category:Serie B players]]
[[Category:Albania under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Albania youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Albanian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Albanian expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Albanian expatriates in Greece]]

Blue Wall

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BattyBot: fixed CS1 errors: dates to meet MOS:DATEFORMAT (also General fixes) using AWB

"'''Blue wall'''" is a term used by some political analysts and pundits referring to the theory that in [[Presidential elections in the United States]], the [[Democratic Party (U.S.)|Democratic Party]] has, in the past 6 presidential elections, established such an advantage in many states that the [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral map]] makes a [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] victory an uphill battle from the start.

The term "blue wall" and "red wall" refer to the [[Red states and blue states|colors associated with the Democratic and Republican Parties]], respectively.

==Creating of the Term==
The earliest description of the forces creating the Blue Wall comes from a Houston Chronicle blogger, Chris Ladd.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chris|first1=Ladd|title=The Missing Story of the 2014 Election|url=http://blog.chron.com/goplifer/2014/11/the-missing-story-of-the-2014-election/|website=Houston Chronicle|publisher=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=11/10/2014}}</ref> A Republican, Ladd wrote in November 2014 that the seemingly impressive Republican win in that year's General Election had overshadowed another trend apparent in the results - a demographic/geographic collapse. The Blue Wall was a Democratic demographic lock on the Electoral College resulting from the GOP's narrowing focus on the interests of white, rural, and Southern voters. Ladd's analysis was popularized when it was picked up by MSNBC commentator Lawrence O'Donnell and featured on his show.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell' for Monday, November 17th, 2014|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/56449232/|website=NBC News|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=2014-11-17}}</ref>

A similar "red wall," behind which lie states solidly Republican, also exists, but having fewer votes it is easier for a Democratic candidate to win without breaching it. The Republican party has won just 13 states in each of the last 6 election cycles, totaling 102 electoral votes.

==States behind the blue wall==
Behind this "blue wall" lie states, many carrying a high number of electoral votes, which appear to be solidly behind the Democratic Party, at least on the national level, and which a Republican candidate would likely have to write off, seeking a total of 270 votes from other regions. States behind this wall lie generally in the [[northeast United States|northeast]], and [[West coast of the United States|west coast]], and include some of the [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes states]]. In each of the past 6 election cycles, the Democratic Party has won 18 of these states (as well as the [[District of Columbia]]), totaling 242 of the necessary 270 votes need to win. The "big three" Democratic stronghold states include [[California]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Illinois]].

States falling behind this blue wall generally include those the Democrats have carried since [[US Presidential election, 1992|the 1992 election]],<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/12/politics/blue-wall-democrats-election CNN: Holding Democratic 'blue wall' was crucial for Obama victory]</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/article/398722/breaking-democrats-blue-wall-michael-barone Breaking Democrats’ ‘Blue Wall’]</ref> and include (in order of decreasing population): [[California]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Illinois]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Michigan]], [[New Jersey]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Maryland]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[Oregon]], [[Connecticut]], [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Delaware]], and [[Vermont]], as well as the District of Columbia. The last time any of these states cast their votes for the Republican candidate was when [[George H. W. Bush]] handily beat [[Michael Dukakis]] in [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]], and several of them go back to [[Ronald Reagan]]'s landslide in [[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]]. One of these states, Minnesota, has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]]. (The District of Columbia has voted for the Democratic candidate in every election since it was admitted to the electoral college for the [[United States presidential election, 1964|1964 election]].)

===Red Wall===
The states which Republicans have won in the last 6 cycles include [[Texas]], [[Alabama]], [[South Carolina]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Mississippi]], [[Utah]], [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[Idaho]], [[South Dakota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Alaska]], and [[Wyoming]], giving a total of 102 votes. States with a 5-out-of-6 Republican record include [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[North Carolina]], [[Arizona]], [[Indiana]], and [[Montana]] for a total of 158 electoral votes. Much of the [[Southern United States|south]] is probably safely Republican as well, as 6 other states from that general region haven't voted for a Democrat since southerner [[Bill Clinton]] in [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]], and the [[Deep South]] is solidly Republican in their senators and governors.

==Criticism==
The Democratic "lock" on these states has been called into question, as several have been competitive in recent elections, and many have Republicans currently holding elected statewide office, generally either [[US senator|senator]] or [[governor (US)|governor]].<ref>[http://rare.us/story/democrats-say-a-2016-electoral-college-blue-wall-means-republicans-cant-win-wrong/ Democrats say a 2016 electoral college “blue wall” means Republicans can’t win. Wrong]</ref> Blue wall states with a Republican senator include Illinois, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Maine. Those with a Republican governor include Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, Wisconsin, and Maine. In addition to these 18 states, three others, [[Iowa]], [[New Mexico]], and [[New Hampshire]], have only voted for the Republican once in the same 6 election cycles, giving their votes to [[George W. Bush]] in either 2000 or 2004. If included in the total, the votes behind the blue wall number 257, just 13 short of what is needed to win.

[[Nate Silver]] has criticized the idea of the blue wall, pointing to a larger "red wall" of states that voted Republican from 1968 to 1988. He argues that the blue wall simply represents a "pretty good run" in elections, and that relatively minor gains in the popular vote could "flip" some of its states to Republicans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/there-is-no-blue-wall/ |title=There Is No 'Blue Wall' |last=Silver |first=Nate |authorlink=Nate Silver |date=12 May 2015 |publisher=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Political culture of the United States]]
*[[Red states and blue states]]
*[[Sixth Party System]]
*[[Swing state]]
*[[Solid South]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/michigan/2014/12/07/michigan-republican-electorial-college/20040493/ The Detroit News: Mich. GOP eyes plan for cracking 'blue wall']

[[Category:Political terminology of the United States]]

Jun Hong Lu

2016-08-20T11:58:16Z

BattyBot: removed Template:Multiple issues & general fixes using AWB

{{COI|date=July 2016}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lu (surname 卢)|Lu]]}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jun Hong Lu
| native_name = 盧軍宏
| native_name_lang = zh
| image = JunHong Lu.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|08|04}}
| occupation = President and Director of 2OR Australia Oriental Radio (2OR)
| known_for = Founder of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Doors
| website =
}}

'''Jun Hong Lu''' ({{zh|t=盧軍宏|p=Lú Jūnhóng}}, born 4 August 1959) is the Chairman and Director of Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association registered<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/61321-Australia-Oriental-Media-Buddhist-Charity-Association|title=Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association - UN Global Compact|publisher=}}</ref> under [[United Nations Global Compact]] as NGO-[[Non Government Organisation]] since July 2015. Participant ID:61321. The Charity Asso. has been registed under Australian Charities and Non for profit Commission-[[ACNC]] since May 2014.Charity [http://www.acnc.gov.au/RN52B75Q?ID=6C7A4BEB-26B3-4824-B89F-F8A3A26A306F&noleft=1 ABN: 96169422664] Registered Charities and Non for profit under Australian Charity Commission required by law to maintain a transparent, correct, and complete financial records. He is also the President of the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre.

== Awards ==
[[File:Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena.jpg|thumb|Honorary visiting professorship by Siena University]]

In recognition of Lu's efforts to promote Traditional [[Chinese Culture]], [[Buddhism]], and [[World Peace]], the UK-based [http://theunityoffaiths.org Unity of Faiths Foundation] [http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1153619&SubsidiaryNumber=0 (Charity No.1153619)] honoured Lu with the ‘World Peace Award (Buddhism)’ and the title of the [[Ambassador]] for World Peace Ambassador for World Peace’ in July 2012.The Unity of Faiths Festival was one of the events in celebration of the [[Queen's Diamond Jubilee]]. In September 2012, Lu was invited to give a public talk at [[Harvard University]]. In October 2012, he received the [http://www.bcha.info/?s=LU+JUN+HONG 'British Community Honours Award'] at the [[House of Lords]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/ |title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy |website=Arabtelegraph.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref> This award is recognised and honoured by [https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen Her Majesty the Queen] [[Elizabeth II]] for members of the British Community for their contribution to British Society.

On 31st Mar 2014, Lu was awarded Honorary [[Visiting Professor]] by the [http://en.unisi.it University of Siena, Italy]. The visiting professorship is under the Master Program in Global Governance and Cultural Diplomacy of the [[University of Siena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-awarded-honorary-visiting-professorship-by-university-of-siena-in-italy/ |title=Master Lu Awarded Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena in Italy |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>

“Yearbook of Who’s Who of China 2014” lists people in various fields who have made outstanding contributions to China. It is approved for publication by China’s [[General Administration of Press and Publication]].<ref>http://baike.baidu.com/view/4598179.htm</ref> The yearbook is published annually. It is the only official publication in China that lists prominent Chinese individuals in the form of a yearbook. The 2014 edition contains detailed biographical information about people in various fields who have made an impact on Chinese life in 2014. In addition to Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], Jun Hong Lu is also featured in the 2014 edition.<ref>''中国人物年鉴 2014''. ''中国人物年鉴社'', 2014. p451.</ref> Other featured subjects include leading people from the Chinese Communist Party and other political parties, government bodies, and the Army.

Master Lu was invited to attend a global summit at the United Nations Headquarters in New York as a keynote speaker. The objective of the summit is to formulate a road map for a culture of peace as conflict prevention and mediation. In appreciation for Master Lu’s dedication and service to the promotion of education to nurture a culture of peace, the summit awarded Master Lu with the title “Ambassador of Peace Education”. The award is presented by [[Emil Constantinescu]], the former president of Romania, and Joana, the executive director of International Strategic Alliance Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295|title=World Peace Ambassado Award in the U.S. Congress|publisher=}}</ref>

==Promotion of Buddhism==
Since 2010, in response to the invitations from Buddhist followers around the globe, Lu and his Dharma Propagating Team have organized public talks in many countries and regions including major cities in Australia; New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston in the United States; and Toronto and Vancouver in Canada. Brussel in Belgium and Madrid in Spain and Rome in Italy. Lu also gave talks in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, UK, France, Germany, Denmark, Thailand, New Zealand, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/events/ |title=Events |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
On Dec 2013 Lu was invited to give a speech at [http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy] ( ICD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3|title=Welcome Address|publisher=}}</ref> in recognition of Jun Hong Lu’s contribution to the international community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/guan-yin-citta-in-a-top-tier-university-congratulations-to-master-lu-for-his-successful-talk-at-harvard-university/|title=Guan Yin Citta in a Top-tier University Congratulations to Master Lu for his Successful Talk at Harvard University|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

==Publications==
Books written by Lu are for free distribution, not for sale.<ref>http://gyph.org/publication</ref>

==Views==

===Mahayana Buddhism===
According to Jun Hong Lu, Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door belongs to the [[Mahayana]] Buddhist tradition. It encourages people to recite Buddhist scriptures (sutras and mantras) on a daily basis, practise life liberation (that is, saving the lives of beings destined for slaughter), and make great vows to help more people. It is believed that these three “golden practices” lay a solid foundation for improved physical and mental well-being.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=4 |isbn=}}</ref>

====Three Golden Practices of Guan Yin Citta====
#Reciting Buddhist sutras/mantras: Guan Yin Citta believes that reciting Buddhist sutras and mantras on a daily basis helps one benefit from the blessings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Recitation will not only help eliminate one’s negative karma; it will also bring strength, wisdom and inner peace, so that one can overcome all kinds of obstacles. The three major sutras and mantras recited by Guan Yin Citta followers are: [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī|the Great Compassion Mantra]], the [[Heart Sutra]], and the Eighty-eight Buddhas Repentance.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=7 |isbn=}}</ref>
#Practising life liberation: that is, Release of animals, especially those in grave danger of being killed, is a popular practice performed by all schools of [[Buddhism]]. Guan Yin Citta believes that setting animals free helps one cultivate compassion towards all beings, and deepens the understanding that all living beings are all interdependent.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E7%B2%BE%E5%BD%A9%E5%BC%80%E7%A4%BA%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%91%E5%BD%BC%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%91%E5%B7%B1%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89-%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84|title=救彼命，救己心——放生的重要性|publisher=}}</ref>
#Making great vows: When one makes a vow, he or she will be motivated to fulfill the vow. The vow then becomes very strong energy; it can overcome countless obstacles. This is especially true when one makes a vow out of compassion. Seeing the suffering and hearing the cries of sentient beings, Bodhisattvas bring forth immense compassion and vow to benefit all sentient beings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=19411|title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door - Dharma Wheel|publisher=}}</ref>

===Organisation===
On Jun Hong Lu’s official Chinese-language blog,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com|title=东方台卢军宏台长的博客|publisher=}}</ref> he emphasizes the importance of Guan Yin Citta followers’ abiding by the rules and regulations in their respective countries and regions when practising Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F-%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%BE%E9%AB%93%E6%95%91%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E8%A7%89%E6%82%9F|title=中华文化普利众生指导人生佛法精髓救度众生觉悟人生|publisher=}}</ref>

===Religions===
In an interview with [[Radio France Internationale]], Master Lu stated that "The reason of having 84,000 Dharma is to accommodate all beings and creatures to understand One’s self in order to create a soulful world. It will be good enough as long as you have the heart and soul to create a better place for all beings. That is why I respect the Dharma. It doesn’t matter which Dharma you choose; it will still be the path that you have to proceed. This is a very important point. Therefore, Chinese in Sydney will practice vegetarian during the first and the fifteenth of the Chinese calendar. There are also a lot of Chinese worshipping the Buddha during festive seasons. Some even know how to practice loving kindness. A few organizations in Sydney such as the [[Tzu Chi Foundation]], [[Pure Land Buddhism]] by Master [[Chin Kung]] and also Master [[Hsing Yun]]’s [[Nan Tien temple]] are all well established with the same priority, and that is to carry forward the Buddhism Teaching in order to unite everyone physically, mentally and soulfully. Hence, I believe that every Buddhist Chinese from all over the world should continue to practice Buddhism as it will benefit in the cultivation of One’s mindset, and also to create a peaceful and harmonious world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cn.rfi.fr/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120718-%E8%87%AA%E5%BA%A6%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA-%E9%87%87%E8%AE%BF%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%8D%A2%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%8F%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF|title=采访澳洲华人佛教学会卢军宏会长|publisher=}}</ref>

===World peace===
On March 26, 2014 in Washington, DC , Master Lu attended a global summit on world peace as a keynote speaker in the U.S. Congress.He was awarded the title of ” World Peace Ambassador ” at the summit. Master Lu pointed out that, the dream of a peaceful world could only be realised if we treat each other with compassion , and show kindness to our communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/|title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

In an interview by [[A9 TV]], Master Jun Hong Lu stated that, I am very much hope that we can get united together, change the way how we treat each other. All of us should treat each other with caring and love. Only by this kind of attitude then we can achieve world peace and we can forgive each other for our wrong doings. Then we can put down arms, we no longer wants to get into conflict. That's the only way to lead to world peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.a9.com.tr/watch/185115/Leaders-and-Thinkers-Discuss-Peace-Religion-and-Politics/Master-Jun-Hong-Lu-World-Renowned-Chinese-Buddhist-Leader|title=Master Jun Hong Lu, World Renowned Chinese Buddhist Leader|publisher=}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==

===Flood relief===
:Yantze River, [[China]] - 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/jun-hong-lu/|title=Jun Hong Lu|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>
:[[2010–11 Queensland floods|Brisbane flood]], Australia - 2011
:[[Kelantan]], Malaysia - 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1425944|title=澳东方传媒弘法机构5万赈灾|date=7 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

===Earthquake===
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2008
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0502/102777.html|title=华协会向芦山灾区捐款献爱心|publisher=}}</ref>

===Disaster relief program===
:[[Tzu Chi|Tzu Chi Foundation]] - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huashangbao.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=1559|title=卢军宏被授予"全球社区杰出贡献和平奖" - 特别关注 - 德国 -- 华商报 -|first=Discuz! Team and Comsenz UI|last=Team|publisher=}}</ref>

===Other philanthropic work===
In 2013, Jun Hong Lu, with his team from the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre, had organised a charity event to raise funds for Tibetan students with financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0729/108614.html|title=悉尼侨界倡议支援西藏贫困学生|publisher=}}</ref>
In 2014, Jun Hong Lu established the Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association (AOMB). AOMB reaches out to people suffering from mental illnesses, raises money for adults and children with disabilities and organises charitable events to support disaster relief efforts around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aombca.org/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B|title=澳洲东方传媒积善机构|publisher=}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Buddhist communities in several countries, such as China, Malaysia and Singapore, believe that Lu Jun Hong and his Guan Yin Citta do not represent orthodox Buddhism.<ref name="sara.gov.cn">{{cite web|url=http://www.sara.gov.cn//xwzx/xwjj/86634.htm|title=中国佛教协会新闻发言人就"心灵法门"有关问题发表谈话|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ybam.org.my/v2/zh/news/news/item/714-%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%90%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%87%E5%91%8A.html|title=马来西亚各主要佛教团体联合文告|publisher=}}</ref> Secondly, according to Guan Yin Citta, Lu has claimed to be able to observe people's fortune through their "totem". Such practices are prohibited in Buddhism. Lastly, while Guan Yin Citta uses some Buddhist concepts, they are superficial or even misrepresented.<ref name="sara.gov.cn"/>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linzi.gov.cn/lz/ztzl/fxjgzzl/n67375.html|title="心灵法门"精神操控三部曲|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>http://www.zichuan.gov.cn/HTML/5107/ArticleView5107_1_48829.html</ref>
<ref>http://www.ft.gov.cn/DocHtml/1/16/01/00061219.html</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcq.gov.cn/zwgk/Show.aspx?id=48772|title=从佛教看"心灵法门"的邪性 - 惠州市惠城区人民政府网|first=|last=Jackson|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>http://bbs.xinghua.gov.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&action=printable&tid=57472</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hhkcfw.kenli.gov.cn/info/1021/1334.htm|title="心灵法门"实为地狱之门-黄河口春风网|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>http://www.liandu.gov.cn/zhxx/rdzt/fxj/zx/201404/t20140422_507281.shtml</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-biography/ Guan Yin Citta: Biography of Master Lu]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Jun Hong}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Shanghai]]

Gebet (Judentum)

2016-07-18T03:54:57Z

BattyBot: fixed citation template(s) to remove page from :Category:CS1 maint: Extra text & general fixes using AWB

{{Judaism}}
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - The Evacuation of Bedolach (26).jpg|thumb|right|Morning Prayer, 2005.]]
[[File:Jews-pray-in-the-Western-Wall-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jews praying in Jerusalem (Ha[[Western Wall|Kotel]] HaMaaravi), 2010.]]
[[File:Channel 2 - Jewish prayer.webm|thumb|right|250px|Video-clips of Jews praying, from the archive of the [[Israeli News Company]] of Israel's [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]]]]

'''Jewish prayer''' ({{lang-he-n|'''תְּפִלָּה'''}}, ''tefillah'' {{IPA-he|tefiˈla|}}; plural {{lang-he-n|'''תְּפִלּוֹת'''}}, ''tefillos'' or ''tefillot'' {{IPA-he|tefiˈlot|}}; [[Yiddish]] '''תּפֿלה''' ''tfile'' {{IPA-yi|ˈtfɪlə|}}, plural '''תּפֿלות''' ''tfilles'' {{IPA-yi|ˈtfɪləs|}}; [[Yinglish]]: '''davening''' {{IPAc-en|'|d|ɑː|v|ən|ɪ|ŋ}} from Yiddish דאַוונען ''daven'' ‘to pray’) are the [[prayer]] recitations and [[Jewish meditation|Jewish meditation traditions]] that form part of the observance of Rabbinic [[Judaism]]. These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in the ''[[siddur]]'', the traditional Jewish prayer book. However, if the Talmud mentions ''tefillah'', it refers to the [[Shemoneh Esreh]], only.

Prayer—as a "service of the heart"—is in principle a Torah-based [[mitzvah|commandment]].<ref>Tractate [[Taanit]] 2a</ref> It is not time-dependent and is mandatory for both Jewish men and women.<ref name="AS-Prayer">{{cite book|last1=Steinsaltz|first1=Adin|title=A guide to Jewish prayer|date=2000|publisher=Schocken Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0805211474|pages=26 ff.|edition=1st American paperback|url=https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&id=XazXAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Guide+to+Jewish+Prayer&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=to+engage+in+prayer%2C+which+is+in+principle+a+Torah-based|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref>

{{quote|''You shall serve God with your whole heart.''|{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|11:13|HE}}}}

However, in general, today, Jewish men are obligated to conduct ''[[Amidah|tefillah]]'' ("prayer") three times a day [[Zmanim|within specific time ranges (zmanim)]], while, according to some posekim ("decision makers"), women are only required to engage in ''tefillah'' once daily, others say at least twice daily.<ref name="MS-Women-Tefilah">{{cite web|last1=Bar-Hayim|first1=David (Rabbi, Posek)|title=Women and Davening: Shemone Esre, Keriyath Shema and Birkoth HaShahar|url=http://machonshilo.org/en/he/component/content/article/34-featured/845-women-and-davening-shemone-esre-keriyath-shema-and-birkoth-hashahar-rabbi-david-bar-hayim-speaks|website=machonshilo.org|publisher=כל הזכויות שמורות ל|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref>

Traditionally, since the Second Temple period, three prayer services are recited daily:
# Morning prayer: ''[[Shacharit]]'' or ''Shaharit'' (שַחֲרִת), from the [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] ''shachar'' or ''shahar'' (שַחָר) "morning light,"
# Afternoon prayer: ''[[Mincha]]'' or ''Minha'' (מִנְחָה), the afternoon prayers named for the flour offering that accompanied sacrifices at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]],
# Additional prayer:<ref name="KTB-Berakhot-176">{{cite book|last1=(editor-in-chief) Weinreb|first1=Tzvi Hersh|last2=(senior content editor) Berger|first2=Shalom Z.|last3=(managing editor) Schreier|first3=Joshua|last4=(commentary by) Even-Israel (Steinsaltz)|first4=Adin ; |title=[Talmud Bavli] = Koren Talmud Bavli|date=2012|publisher=Shefa Foundation|location=Jerusalem|isbn=9789653015630|pages=176|edition=1st Hebrew/English|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=05XKjgEACAAJ&dq=Koren+Talmud+Bavli+Berakhot&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGq-qfnKnMAhUJIMAKHb5vDh8Q6AEIPjAD|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> ''Arvit'' (עַרְבִית, "of the evening") or ''[[Maariv]]'' (מַעֲרִיב, "bringing on night"), from "nightfall."
Further additional prayers:
* ''[[Musaf]]'' (מוּסָף, "additional") are recited by [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] congregations on [[Shabbat]], major [[Jewish holiday]]s (including [[Chol HaMoed]]), and [[Rosh Chodesh]].
* A fifth prayer service, ''[[Ne'ila]]'' (נְעִילָה, "closing"), is recited only on [[Yom Kippur]], the Day of Atonement.

The [[Talmud Bavli]] gives two reasons why there are three basic prayers ''[[De'oraita and derabanan|de-rabbanan]]'' ("from our Rabbis") since the early [[Second Temple period]] on: to recall the daily sacrifices at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], and/or because each of the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]] instituted one prayer: [[Abraham]] the morning, [[Isaac]] the afternoon and [[Jacob]] the evening.<ref>Tractate Berachoth 26b: the morning sacrifice ''Tamid'', the afternoon ''Tamid'', and the overnight burning of the afternoon offering. The latter view is supported with Biblical quotes indicating that the Patriarchs prayed at the times mentioned. However, even according to this view, the exact times of when the services are held, and moreover the entire concept of a ''mussaf'' service, are still based on the sacrifices.</ref> The [[Talmud yerushalmi]] states that the [[Anshei Knesset HaGedola]] ("The Men of the Great Assembly") learned and understood the beneficial concept of regular daily prayer from personal habits of the forefathers (''avoth'', Avraham, Isaac, Yaacov) as hinted in the Tanach, and instituted the three daily prayers.<ref name=OU-Anshei>“'Anshei Knesset HaGedolah' – Men of the Great Assembly; founded by Ezra in approximately 520 B.C.E.; instituted the “Shemoneh Esray” Prayer (recited at least three times daily, and ultimately to serve as a substitute for the Temple Sacrifices), and the enacting of many Laws to protect and bolster the observance of the Torah Commands.” ~ {{cite web|last1=OU Staff|title=Anshei Knesset HaGedolah|url=https://www.ou.org/judaism-101/glossary/anshei-knesset-hagedolah/|website=www.ou.org/judaism-101/|publisher=Orthodox Union - February 7, 2014|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> A distinction is made between individual prayer and communal prayer, which requires a [[quorum]] known as a ''[[minyan]]'', with communal prayer being preferable as it permits the inclusion of prayers that otherwise must be omitted.

[[Maimonides]] (1135–1204 CE) relates that until the [[Babylonian exile]] (586 BCE), all Jews composed their own prayers, but thereafter the sages of the [[Great Assembly]] in the early Second Temple period composed the main portions of the ''siddur''.<ref name="Mishneh Torah, Laws of Prayer 1:4">Mishneh Torah, Laws of Prayer 1:4</ref> Modern scholarship dating from the [[Wissenschaft des Judentums]] movement of 19th-century Germany, as well as textual analysis influenced by the 20th Century discovery of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], suggests that dating from this period there existed "liturgical formulations of a communal nature designated for particular occasions and conducted in a centre totally independent of Jerusalem and the Temple, making use of terminology and theological concepts that were later to become dominant in Jewish and, in some cases, Christian prayer."<ref>{{cite web|author=Reif, Stefan C.|title=The Second Temple Period, Qumran Research and Rabbinic Liturgy: Some Contextual and Linguistic Comparisons|url=http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/symposiums/5th/reif00.html|accessdate=2009-03-11|date=19–23 January 2000|work=Fifth Orion International Symposium LITURGICAL PERSPECTIVES: PRAYER AND POETRY IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS|publisher=The Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature}}</ref> The language of the prayers, while clearly from the [[Second Temple period]] (516 BCE – 70 CE),<ref name="KTB-Berakhot-175">″Some explain that this means that prayers were instituted (..) after the destruction of the Temple to replace the offerings. However, these prayers were already extant throughout the Second Temple era with virtually the same formula that was instituted later, with certain known differences. Furthermore, there were already synagogues at that time, some even in close proximity to the Temple. The dispute in this case [in the Talmud] is whether the prayers were instituted to parallel the offerings, or whether the prayers have an independent source, unrelated to the Temple Service.″ {{cite book|last1=(editor-in-chief) Weinreb|first1=Tzvi Hersh|last2=(senior content editor) Berger|first2=Shalom Z.|last3=(managing editor) Schreier|first3=Joshua|last4=(commentary by) Even-Israel (Steinsaltz)|first4=Adin ; |title=[Talmud Bavli] = Koren Talmud Bavli|date=2012|publisher=Shefa Foundation|location=Jerusalem|isbn=9789653015630|pages=175 ff.|edition=1st Hebrew/English|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=05XKjgEACAAJ&dq=Koren+Talmud+Bavli+Berakhot&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGq-qfnKnMAhUJIMAKHb5vDh8Q6AEIPjAD|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> often employs Biblical idiom. Jewish prayerbooks emerged during the early [[Middle Ages]] during the period of the [[Geonim]] of [[Babylonia]] (6th–11th Centuries CE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/cajs/exhibit1996/Liturgy.html|title=Jewish Liturgy: The Siddur and the Mahzor|author=Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref>

Over the last two thousand years traditional variations have emerged among the traditional [[liturgy|liturgical]] [[Minhag|customs]] of different Jewish communities, such as [[Ashkenazic]], [[Sephardic]], [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite]], [[Palestinian minhag|Eretz Yisrael]] and others, or rather recent liturgical inventions such as [[Hassidic]], [[Nusach Ari|Chabad]], and various [[Reform Judaism#Practice|Reform minhagim]]. However the differences are minor compared with the commonalities. Most of the Jewish liturgy is sung or chanted with traditional melodies or [[Cantillation|trope]]. [[Synagogue]]s may designate or employ a professional or lay ''[[hazzan]]'' (cantor) for the purpose of leading the congregation in prayer, especially on Shabbat or holidays.

==Origin and history of Jewish prayer==

===Biblical origin===
According to the [[Talmud Bavli]] (tractate [[Taanit]] 2a), ''tefillah'' ("prayer") is a [[mitzvah|Biblical command]]: "'You shall serve God with your whole heart.' ({{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|11:13|HE}}) What service is performed with the heart? This is tefillah." Prayer is therefore referred to as ''Avodah sheba-Lev'' ("service that is in the heart"). It is not time-dependent and is mandatory for both Jewish men and women.<ref name="AS-Prayer"/> Mentioning ''tefillah'', the Talmud always refers to the ''[[Amidah]]'', that is also called ''[[Shemoneh Esreh]]''. The noted rabbi [[Maimonides]] (RaMBaM) likewise categorizes ''tefillah'' as a Biblical command of [[Written law]],<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], Laws of Prayer 1:1.</ref> as the Babylon Talmud says. However, corresponding with the Jerusalem Talmud, the [[Maimonides|RaMBaM]] did hold that the number of ''tefillot'' ("prayers") and their times are not a Biblical command of Written law and that the forefathers did not institute such a [[Takkanah]], rather it was a rabbinical command ''[[De'oraita and derabanan|de-rabbanan]]'' ("from our Rabbis") based on a [[takkanah]] of the [[Anshei Knesset HaGedola]] ("The Men of the Great Assembly").<ref name=OU-Anshei/><ref name="Mishneh Torah, Laws of Prayer 1:4"/>

====Babylon Talmud====
The [[Oral Law#Oral law in Judaism|Oral law]], according to the [[Talmud Bavli]] (tractate Berachoth 26b) gives two reasons why there are three basic prayers:
# According to Rabbi [[Jose b. Hanina]], each of the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]] instituted one prayer: [[Abraham]] the morning, [[Isaac]] the afternoon and [[Jacob]] the evening prayers. This view is supported with Biblical quotes indicating that the Patriarchs prayed at the times mentioned. However, even according to this view, the exact times of when the services are held, and moreover the entire concept of a ''mussaf'' service, are still based on the sacrifices.
# Each service was instituted parallel to a sacrificial act in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]: the morning ''Tamid'' [[korban|offering]], the afternoon ''Tamid'' offering, and the overnight burning of this last offering.

====Jerusalem Talmud====
[[File:Israel Meir Poupko, tefillin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Yisrael Meir Kagan|Rabbi Yisrael Meir HaCohen Kagan]]—the "[[Chofetz Chaim]]"—at prayer towards the end of his life.]]
The [[Oral Torah]], according to the [[Talmud yerushalmi]] (tractate Berachoth 4) states why there are three basic ''tefillot'' ("prayers") and who instituted them:
* Rabbi Yehoshua said that the [[Anshei Knesset HaGedola]] ("The Men of the Great Assembly") learned and understood the beneficial concept of regular daily tefillot from the habit of the forefathers (''avoth'') Avraham, Isaac and Yaakov. Therefore, the Anshei Knesset HaGedola based their [[Takkanah]] that Jewish men were required to pray three times a day from hints to personal habits of the forefathers in the tanach.<ref name=BarHayim-Amidah>{{cite web|last1=Bar-Hayim|first1=Ha-Rav David|title=Parashath VaYera-Romanticism vs Realism : Bavli vs Yerushalmi|url=http://machonshilo.org/en/eng/home/34-featured/789-parashath-vayera-romanticism-vs-realism-bavli-vs-yerushalmi|website=http://machonshilo.org|publisher=Torat Eretz Yisrael|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=BarHaYim-YT>{{cite web|last1=Bar-Hayim|first1=Ha-Rav David|title=Parashath VaYera: Romanticism vs Realism : Bavli vs Yerushalmi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPcvPmPtiYQ|website=youtube.com|publisher=Tora Nation Machon Shilo|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=BarHaYim-AvotPrayers>{{cite web|last1=Bar-Hayim|first1=Ha-Rav David|title=Parashath Chayei Sarah: Strolling in Nature, Meditating and Praying: Our Forefather Yitzchak|url=http://machonshilo.org/en/eng/home/34-featured/797-parashath-chayei-sarah-strolling-in-nature-meditating-and-praying-our-forefather-yitzchak|website=http://machonshilo.org|publisher=Torat Eretz Yisrael|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=GE-Brachoth4>{{cite book|last1=Gurevich|first1=Eliyahu|title=Tosefta berachot : translated into english with a commentary.|date=2010|publisher=Lulu Com|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-0557389858|pages=115-|edition=Bertrams Print on Demand|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=ronqNAPipaEC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=Yerushalmi+Berachot+4&source=bl&ots=_2U7LNqPA6&sig=b6afQaXhPfdXgD4lTkSbc_6USIE&hl=de&sa=X&ei=4CfhVKLMDKX4yQPh5ICwDA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=anshei&f=false|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref>

Additional references in the [[Hebrew Bible]] have been interpreted to suggest that [[David|King David]] and the prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] prayed three times a day. In [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]], David states:
{{quotation|Evening, morning, and noontime, I speak and moan, and [[God in Judaism|He]] hearkened to my voice.|{{bibleref|Psalm|55:18|JPR}}}}
As in the [[Book of Daniel]]:
{{quotation|And Daniel, when he knew that a writ had been inscribed, came to his house, where there were open windows in his upper chamber, opposite Jerusalem, and three times a day he kneeled on his knees and prayed and offered thanks before his God just as he had done prior to this.|{{bibleref|Daniel|6:11|JPR}}}}

[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodox]] and [[Sefardic Judaism|Sefardic]] strands of Judaism regard ''[[halakha]]'' (the collective body of [[religious law]]s for Jews) as requiring Jewish men to say ''tefillot'' ("prayers") three times daily and four times daily on the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]] and most [[Jewish holiday]]s, and five times on [[Yom Kippur]]. Some Jewish women from those movements regard the system of multiple daily prayer services as optional for them due to a need to be constantly taking care of small children, but—in accordance with halakha—still pray at least daily, without a specific time requirement.<ref>The daily ''tefillah'' ("prayer") is to fulfill the Biblical requirement based on Maimonides' view as above.</ref> Moreover, it is generally accepted by Orthodox, Modern Orthodox, and Sephardic religious authorities that women are exempt from the evening prayer.<ref>''Mishna Berurah, Laws of Evening Prayers''.</ref> [[Conservative Judaism]] regards the ''halakhic'' system of multiple daily services as mandatory. Since 2002, Jewish women from Conservative congregations have been regarded as having undertaken a communal obligation to pray the same prayers at the same times as men, with traditional communities and individual women permitted to opt out.<ref>[http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf Rabbi David Fine, ''Women and the Minyan'', Rabbinical Assembly, 2002.] {{wayback|url=http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf |date=20101127133632 |df=y }}</ref> [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] congregations do not regard ''halakha'' as binding and hence regard appropriate prayer times as matters of personal spiritual decision rather than a matter of religious requirement.

===Text and language===
According to [[halakha]], all individual prayers and virtually all communal prayers may be said in any language that the person praying understands. For example, the ''[[Mishnah]]'' mentions that the ''[[Shema]]'' need not be said in Hebrew<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Zeraim/Tractate Berakhot/Chapter 2/3|Berakhot 2:3]]</ref> A list of prayers that must be said in Hebrew is given in the Mishna,<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Sotah/Chapter 7/2|Sotah 7:2]]</ref> and among these only the [[Priestly Blessing]] is in use today, as the others are prayers that are to be said only in a [[Temple in Jerusalem]], by a [[Kohen|priest]], or by a reigning [[Jewish Messiah|King]].

Despite this, the tradition of most [[Ashkenazi]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues is to use Hebrew (usually [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]]) for all except a small number of prayers, including the [[Aramaic]] ''[[Kaddish]]'' ("holy"), which formerly had been in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[sermon]]s and instructions, for which the local language is used. In other streams of Judaism there is considerable variability: [[Sephardic]] communities may use [[Ladino language|Ladino]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for many prayers; [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] synagogues tend to use the local language to a varying degree; and at some [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogues almost the whole service may be in the local language.

Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Laws of Prayer 1:4) relates that until the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]], all Jews composed their own prayers. After the exile, however, the sages of the time (united in the [[Great Assembly]]) found the ability of the people insufficient to continue the practice, and they legendarily composed the main portions of the ''[[siddur]]'', such as the ''[[Amidah]]'', from which no fragments survived. The origins of modern Jewish prayer were established during the period of the [[Tannaim]], "from their traditions, later committed to writing, we learn that the generation of rabbis active at the time of the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE) gave Jewish prayer its structure and, in outline form at least, its contents."<ref name="Overview: History of Jewish Prayer">{{cite web|title=Overview: History of Jewish Prayer|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/practices/Ritual/Prayer/History.shtml?PRRI|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> This liturgy included the twice-daily recitation of the Shema, the [[Amidah]], or Shmoneh Esrei, including 18 blessings recited several times daily, and the [[Torah reading|public recitation of the Torah]] in installments.<ref name="Overview: History of Jewish Prayer"/> The oldest prayer books date from the time of the [[Geonim]] of [[Babylonia]]; "some were composed by respected rabbinic scholars at the request of far-flung communities seeking an authoritative text of the required prayers for daily use, Shabbat, and holidays."<ref name="Overview: History of Jewish Prayer"/>

The language of the prayers, while clearly being from the Second Temple period, often employs Biblical idiom, and according to some authorities it should not contain rabbinic or Mishnaic idiom apart from in the sections of Mishnah that are featured (see Baer).

Over the last two thousand years, the various branches of Judaism have resulted in small variations in the Rabbinic liturgy [[Minhag|customs]] among different Jewish communities, with each community having a slightly different [[Minhag#Nusach|Nusach]] (customary liturgy). The principal difference is between [[Ashkenazic]] and [[Sephardic]] customs, although there are other communities (e.g., [[Yemenite Jews]], [[Palestinian minhag|Eretz Yisrael]]), and rather recent liturgical inventions such as [[Hassidic]], [[Nusach Ari|Chabad]], [[Reform Judaism#Practice|Reform]] and other communities also have distinct customs, variations, and special prayers. The differences are quite minor compared with the commonalities.

===The siddur===
{{main article|Siddur}}
The earliest parts of Jewish prayer are the ''[[Shema Yisrael]]'' ("Hear O Israel") ([[Deuteronomy]] 6:4 ''et seq''), and the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 6:24–26), which are in the [[Torah]]. A set of eighteen (currently nineteen) blessings called the ''Shemoneh Esreh'' or the ''[[Amidah]]'' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], "standing [prayer]"), is traditionally ascribed to the [[Great Assembly]] in the time of [[Ezra]], at the end of the Biblical period.

The name ''Shemoneh Esreh'', literally "eighteen", is an historical anachronism, since it now contains nineteen blessings. It was only near the end of the [[Second Temple]] period that the eighteen prayers of the weekday Amidah became standardized. Even at that time their precise wording and order was not yet fixed, and varied from locale to locale. It was not until several centuries later that the prayers began to be formally fixed. By the [[Middle Ages]] the texts of the prayers were nearly fixed, and in the form in which they are still used today.

The siddur was printed by [[Soncino family (printers)|Soncino]] in Italy as early as 1486, though a siddur was first mass-distributed only in 1865. The siddur began appearing in the [[vernacular]] as early as 1538. The first English [[translation]], by Gamaliel ben Pedahzur (a [[pseudonym]]), appeared in London in 1738; a different translation was released in the United States in 1837.<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1176152818456 Power and Politics: Prayer books and resurrection | Jerusalem Post]</ref>

Readings from the [[Torah]] (five books of Moses) and the [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") form part of the prayer services. To this framework various Jewish sages added, from time to time, various prayers, and, for festivals especially, numerous hymns.

The earliest existing codification of the prayerbook was drawn up by Rav [[Amram Gaon]] of Sura, Babylon, about 850 CE. Half a century later Rav [[Saadia Gaon]], also of Sura, composed a [[Siddur of Saadia Gaon|siddur]], in which the rubrical matter is in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. These were the basis of Simcha ben Samuel's [[Machzor Vitry]] (11th-century France), which was based on the ideas of his teacher, [[Rashi]]. Another formulation of the prayers was that appended by Maimonides to the laws of prayer in his [[Mishneh Torah]]: this forms the basis of the Yemenite liturgy, and has had some influence on other rites. From this point forward all Jewish prayerbooks had the same basic order and contents.

==Denominational variations==
[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] services generally use the same basic format for services as in Orthodox Judaism with some doctrinal leniencies and some prayers in English. In practice there is wide variation among Conservative congregations. In traditionalist congregations the liturgy can be almost identical to that of [[Orthodox Judaism]], almost entirely in Hebrew (and Aramaic), with a few minor exceptions, including excision of a study session on Temple sacrifices, and modifications of prayers for the restoration of the [[Korban|sacrificial]] system. In more liberal Conservative synagogues there are greater changes to the service, with up to a third of the service in English; abbreviation or omission of many of the preparatory prayers; and replacement of some traditional prayers with more contemporary forms. There are some changes for doctrinal reasons, including [[egalitarian]] language, fewer references to restoring [[Korban|sacrifices]] in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], and an option to eliminate special roles for [[Kohen|Kohanim]] and [[Levite]]s.

The liturgies of [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] are based on traditional elements, but contains language more reflective of liberal belief than the traditional liturgy. Doctrinal revisions generally include revising or omitting references to traditional doctrines such as bodily [[resurrection]], a personal [[Jewish Messiah]], and other elements of traditional [[Jewish eschatology]], Divine revelation of the [[Torah]] at [[Mount Sinai]], [[Jewish Angelarchy|angels]], conceptions of reward and punishment, and other personal miraculous and supernatural elements. Services are often from 40% to 90% in the vernacular.

[[Reform Judaism]] has made greater alterations to the traditional service in accord with its more liberal [[theology]] including dropping references to traditional elements of [[Jewish eschatology]] such as a personal [[Jewish Messiah|Messiah]], a bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, and others. The Hebrew portion of the service is substantially abbreviated and modernized and modern prayers substituted for traditional ones. In addition, in keeping with their view that the laws of [[Shabbat]] (including a traditional prohibition on playing instruments) are inapplicable to modern circumstances, Reform services often play instrumental or recorded music with prayers on the [[Shabbat|Jewish Sabbath]]. All Reform synagogues are [[Egalitarian]] with respect to gender roles.

==Philosophy of prayer==
[[File:Soldiertefillinkotel.JPG|thumb|right|An Israeli soldier lays [[tefillin]] at the Western Wall ([[Western Wall|Kotel]]) prior to prayer.]]
In [[Jewish philosophy]] and in [[Rabbinic literature]], it is noted that the Hebrew verb for prayer—''hitpallel'' התפלל—is in fact the [[reflexive verb|reflexive form]] of ''palal'' פלל, to judge. Thus, "to pray" conveys the notion of "judging oneself":<ref>This interpretation is [[Homily|homiletic]] rather than scholarly, as it is historically more likely that the root meaning of ''hitpallel'' is "to seek judgement for oneself", in other words to present a legal pleading.</ref> ultimately, the purpose of prayer—''[[tefilah]]'' תפלה—is to transform ourselves.<ref>http://www.tilb.org/sermons/moskowitzhRH5767.html</ref><ref>http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/39928/jewish/The-Cosmology-of-the-Mitzvot.htm</ref>

This [[etymology]] is consistent with the [[Divine simplicity#In Jewish thought|Jewish conception]] of [[divine simplicity]]. It is not God that changes through our prayer—Man does not influence God as a defendant influences a human judge who has emotions and is subject to change—rather it is man himself who is changed.<ref name="mesora.org">http://www.mesora.org/prayer.html</ref> It is further consistent with [[Maimonides]]' [[Divine providence (Judaism)#Maimonides|view]] on [[Divine Providence]]. Here, Tefillah is the medium which God gave to man by means of which he can change himself, and thereby establish a new ''relationship'' with God—and thus a new destiny for himself in life;<ref name="mesora.org"/><ref>http://www.ou.org/torah/weiss/5758/behaalotecha58.htm</ref> see [[Psalms#Use of the Psalms in Jewish ritual|also]] under [[Psalms]].

===The rationalist approach===
In this view, ultimate goal of prayer is to help train a person to focus on divinity through philosophy and intellectual contemplation. This approach was taken by [[Maimonides]] and the other medieval rationalists.

===The educational approach===
In this view, prayer is not a conversation. Rather, it is meant to inculcate certain attitudes in the one who prays, but not to influence. This has been the approach of Rabbenu Bachya, [[Yehuda Halevy]], [[Joseph Albo]], [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]], and [[Joseph Dov Soloveitchik]]. This view is expressed by Rabbi [[Nosson Scherman]] in the overview to the [[Artscroll]] Siddur (p. XIII); note that Scherman goes on to also affirm the Kabbalistic view (see below).

===Kabbalistic view===
[[Kabbalah]] (esoteric Jewish mysticism) uses a series of kavanot, directions of intent, to specify the path the prayer ascends in the dialog with God, to increase its chances of being answered favorably. Kabbalism ascribes a higher meaning to the purpose of prayer, which is no less than affecting the very fabric of reality itself, restructuring and repairing the universe in a real fashion. In this view, every word of every prayer, and indeed, even every letter of every word, has a precise meaning and a precise effect. Prayers thus literally affect the mystical forces of the universe, and repair the fabric of creation.

This approach has been taken by the [[Chassidei Ashkenaz]] (German pietists of the Middle-Ages), the [[Zohar]], the [[Isaac Luria|Arizal's]] Kabbalist tradition, the [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto|Ramchal]], most of [[Hasidic Judaism|Hassidism]], the [[Vilna Gaon]] and [[Jacob Emden]].

==Methodology and terminology==

===Terms for praying===
''Daven'' is the originally exclusively Eastern Yiddish verb meaning "pray"; it is widely used by [[Ashkenazic]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]]. In [[Yinglish]], this has become the [[Anglicise]]d ''davening''.

The origin of the word is obscure, but is thought by some to have come from [[Arabic]] (from "diwan", a collection of poems or prayers), [[French language|French]] (from "devoner", to devote or dedicate), [[Latin]] (from "divin", Divine) or even [[English language|English]] (from "dawn").<ref name="OzTorah">{{cite web|url=http://www.oztorah.com/2007/10/where-does-daven-come-from-ask-the-rabbi/|title=OzTorah - Where does "Daven" come from - Ask the Rabbi|accessdate=2013-05-20|author=Rabbi Dr Raymond Apple}}</ref> Others believe that it derives from a [[Slavonic languages|Slavic]] word meaning "to give" ({{lang|ru|'''''давать'''''}}, davat'). Some claim that it originates from an Aramaic word, "de'avuhon" or "d'avinun", meaning "of their/our forefathers", as the three prayers are said to have been invented by [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]] and [[Jacob]]. Another Aramaic derivation, proposed by Avigdor Chaikin, cites the Talmudic phrase, "ka davai lamizrach", "gazing wistfully to the east" (Shab. 35a). Kevin A. Brook,<ref>''The Jews of Khazaria'', 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield 2006, p. 206</ref> cites Zeiden's suggestion<ref>Herbert Zeiden, "Davenen: a Turkic Etymology", Yiddish 10, nos. 2–3 (1996), pp. 96–97</ref> that the word 'daven' comes from Turkish root 'tabun-' meaning 'to pray', and that in Kipchak Turkish, the initial t morphs into d.

In Western Yiddish, the term for "pray" is ''oren'', a word with clear roots in [[Romance languages]]—compare Spanish and Portuguese ''orar'' and Latin ''orare''.<ref name="Balashon">{{cite web|url=http://www.balashon.com/2007/01/daven.html|title=Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective: daven|accessdate=2007-12-09|author=David Curwin}}</ref>

===Minyan (Quorum)===
[[File:Givati at Western Wall.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[Israel Defense Forces]]' Givati Brigade pray the Evening Service ([[Ma'ariv]]) at the [[Western Wall]], October 2010.]]
{{main article|Minyan}}
Individual prayer is considered acceptable, but prayer with a quorum of ten adults—a ''[[minyan]]''—is the most highly recommended form of prayer and is required for some prayers. An adult in this context means over the age of 12 or 13 ([[B'nai Mitzvah|''bat'' or ''bar mitzvah'']]). Judaism had originally counted only men in the ''minyan'' for formal prayer, on the basis that one does not count someone who is not obligated to participate. The rabbis had exempted women from almost all time-specific positive mitzvot (commandments), including those parts of the prayer that cannot be recited without a quorum, due to women in the past being bound up in an endless cycle of pregnancy, birthing and nursing from a very early age. Orthodox Judaism still follows this reasoning and excludes women from the minyan. Since 1973, [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] congregations have overwhelmingly become egalitarian and count women in the ''minyan''. A very small number of congregations that identify themselves as Conservative have resisted these changes and continue to exclude women from the minyan. Those Reform and Reconstructionist congregations that consider a ''minyan'' mandatory for communal prayer, count both men and women for a ''minyan''. All denominations of Judaism except for Orthodox Judaism ordain female rabbis and cantors.<ref>Jewish Women's Archive. [http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cantors-american-jewish-women Cantors: American Jewish Women]. Retrieved 2015-05-07.</ref><ref>Jewish Virtual Archive. [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/femalerabbi.html A History of Women's Ordination as Rabbis]. Retrieved 2015-05-07.</ref> In [[Orthodox Judaism]], according to some authorities, women can count in the ''minyan'' for certain specific prayers, such as the [[List of Jewish blessings|''Birchot HaGomel'']] blessing, which both men and women are obligated to say publicly.

Various sources{{Who|date=December 2007}} encourage a congregant to pray in a fixed place in the synagogue (מקום קבוע, ''maqom qavua'').

===Attire===
* ''Head covering''. In most synagogues, it is considered a sign of respect for male attendees to wear a head covering, either a dress hat or a [[kippa]] (skull cap, plural ''kipot'' also known by the Yiddish term ''yarmulke''). It is common practice for both Jews and non-Jews who attend a synagogue to wear a head covering.<ref>[[International Council of Christians and Jews]], [http://www.jcrelations.net/en/?item=1152#scull%20cap Jewish-Christian Relations :: A glossary of terms used in the Christian-Jewish dialogue], "Non-Jewish male visitors to the synagogue are offered skull caps at the entrance and are asked to wear them."</ref><ref>Rabbi Amy R. Scheinerman, [http://scheinerman.net/judaism/Synagogue/objects2.html#kippah What's What?], "Non-Jews who are guests in a synagogue can cover their heads; it is a sign of respect and not at all inappropriate for people who are not Jewish."</ref> Some Conservative synagogues may also encourage (but rarely require) women to cover their heads. Many Reform and Progressive temples do not require people to cover their heads, although individual worshipers, both men and women, may choose to. Many Orthodox and some conservative men and women wear a head covering throughout their day, even when not attending religious services.
* ''[[Tallit]]'' (prayer shawl) is traditionally worn during all morning services, during Aliyah to the Torah, as well as during all the services of [[Yom Kippur]]. During the daily afternoon and evening services, the ''hazzan'' alone wears a tallit. In Orthodox synagogues they are expected to be worn only by men who are halakhically Jewish and in Conservative synagogues they should be worn only by men and women who are halakhically Jewish. In most Orthodox [[Ashkenazi]] synagogues they are worn only by men who are or have been married.<ref>
* [[Mordechai Becher]], ''Gateway to Judaism: The What, How, And Why of Jewish Life'', [[Mesorah Publications]], 2005, p. 328.
* Joyce Eisenberg, Ellen Scolnic, ''Dictionary of Jewish Words'', [[Jewish Publication Society]], 2006, p. 166.</ref>
[[File:IDF soldier put on tefillin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|IDF soldier, [[From the Wilderness and Lebanon#Author|Asael lubotzky]] prays with tefillin.]]
* ''[[Tefillin]]'' (phylacteries) are a set of small cubic leather boxes painted black, containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah. They are tied to the head and arm with leather straps dyed black, and worn by Jews only, during weekday morning prayers. In Orthodox synagogues they are expected to be worn only by men; in Conservative synagogues they are also worn by some women. The Karaite Jews, however, do not don tefillin.
* ''[[Tzeniut]]'' (modesty) applies to men and women. When attending Orthodox synagogues, women will likely be expected to wear long sleeves (past the elbows), long skirts (past the knees), a high neckline (to the collar bone), and if married, to cover their hair with a wig, scarf, hat or a combination of the above. For men, short pants or sleeveless shirts are generally regarded as inappropriate. In some Conservative and Reform synagogues the dress code may be more lax, but still respectful.

==Daily prayers==

===Shacharit (morning prayers)===
{{main article|Shacharit}}
The ''Shacharit'' (from ''shachar'', morning light) prayer is recited in the morning. ''Halacha'' limits parts of its recitation to the first three (Shema) or four (Amidah) hours of the day, where "hours" are 1/12 of daylight time, making these times dependent on the season.

Various prayers are said upon arising; the tallit katan (a garment with [[tzitzit]]) is donned at this time. The [[tallit]] (large prayer shawl) is donned before or during the actual prayer service, as are the [[tefillin]] (phylacteries); both are accompanied by blessings.

The service starts with the "morning blessings" (''birkot ha-shachar''), including blessings for the [[Torah]] (considered the most important ones). In Orthodox services this is followed by a series of readings from Biblical and rabbinic writings recalling the [[korban|offerings]] made in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. The section concludes with the "Rabbis' [[Kaddish]]" (''kaddish de-rabbanan'').

The next section of morning prayers is called ''Pesukei D'Zimrah'' ("verses of praise"), containing several [[psalms]] (100 and 145–150), and prayers (such as ''yehi chevod'') made from a tapestry of Biblical verses, followed by the [[Exodus 15.1-15.18|Song at the Sea]] (Exodus, chapters {{bibleverse-nb||Ex|14|HE}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Ex|15|HE}}).

''Barechu'', the formal public call to prayer, introduces a series of expanded blessings embracing the recitation of the ''[[Shema Yisrael|Shema]]''. This is followed by the core of the prayer service, the ''[[Amidah]]'' or ''Shemoneh Esreh'', a series of 19 blessings. The next part of the service, is ''[[Tachanun]]'', supplications, which is omitted on days with a festive character (and by Reform services usually entirely).

On Mondays and Thursdays a [[Torah reading]] service is inserted, and a longer version of Tachanun takes place.

Concluding prayers (see [[Uva letzion]]) and [[Aleinu]] then follow, with the Kaddish of the mourners generally after Aleinu.

===Mincha (afternoon prayers)===
{{main article|Mincha}}
''Mincha'' or ''Minha'' (derived from the flour offering that accompanied each sacrifice) may be recited from half an hour after ''halachic'' noontime. This earliest time is referred to as ''mincha gedola'' (the "large mincha"). There is, however, another time to daven mincha, which is then known as ''mincha ketana'' (2.5 ''halachic'' hours before nightfall<ref>On another view, before sunset</ref>). Ideally, one should complete the prayers before sunset, although many authorities permit reciting Mincha until nightfall. Mincha is allowed to be recited during any of the hours between mincha gedola and mincha ketana also.

[[Sephardi]]m and [[Italian Jews]] start the Mincha prayers with [[Psalm 84]] and ''Korbanot'' ({{bibleverse||Numbers|28:1–8|HE}}), and usually continue with the ''Pittum hakketoret''. The opening section is concluded with {{bibleverse||Malachi|3:4|HE}}. Western Ashkenazim recite the ''Korbanot'' only.

''Ashrei'', containing verses from [[Psalm]]s {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|84:5|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|144:15|HE}} and the entire {{bibleverse||Psalm|145|HE}}, is recited, immediately followed by ''[[Chatzi Kaddish]]'' (half-Kaddish) and the ''Shemoneh Esreh'' (or [[Amidah]]). This is followed by ''[[Tachanun]]'', supplications, and then the full Kaddish. Sephardim insert Psalm {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|67|HE}} or {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|93|HE}}, followed by the Mourner's Kaddish. After this follows, in most modern rites, the ''[[Aleinu]]''. Ashkenazim then conclude with the Mourner's Kaddish. Service leaders often wear a tallit even on normal days, and must wear one during the [[Ta'anit|fast days]].

[[Image:JaffaMaariv.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Minyan]] Ma'ariv prayer in a Jaffa [[Tel Aviv]] flea-market shop]]

===Ma'ariv/Arvit (evening prayers)===
{{main article|Maariv}}

In many congregations, the afternoon and evening prayers are recited back-to-back on a working day, to save people having to attend synagogue twice.<ref>In strict law, one should only recite Mincha between sunset and nightfall if one recites Arvit after nightfall; conversely one should only recite Arvit between sunset and nightfall if one recites Mincha before sunset; in other words one should not take advantage of both flexibilities at once so as to combine the prayers. The prevailing practice, of doing exactly that, is regarded as an emergency measure. On yet another view, the disputed period is not that between sunset and nightfall but the last seasonally adjusted hour and a quarter before sunset.</ref> The [[Vilna Gaon]] discouraged this practice, and followers of his set of customs commonly wait until after nightfall to recite ''Ma'ariv'' (the name derives from the word "nightfall").<ref>One reason for this is that, while the prevailing practice may satisfy the law concerning the timing of Arvit in the sense of the evening Amidah, it means that the evening Shema is recited too early.</ref>

This service begins with the ''Barechu'', the formal public call to prayer, and ''Shema Yisrael'' embraced by two benedictions before and two after. [[Ashkenazi]]m outside of Israel (except [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] and followers of the [[Vilna Gaon]]) then add another blessing (''Baruch Adonai le-Olam''), which is made from a tapestry of biblical verses. (This prayer is also said by Baladi [[Yemenite Jews|Temanim]] in and out of Israel.) This is followed by the Half-Kaddish, and the ''Shemoneh Esreh'' (''Amidah''), bracketed with the full Kaddish. [[Sephardi]]m then say Psalm 121, say the Mourner's Kaddish, and repeat ''Barechu'' before concluding with the Aleinu. [[Ashkenazi]]m, in the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]], do neither say Psalm 121 nor repeat Barechu, but conclude with ''Aleinu'' followed by the Mourner's Kaddish (in Israel, Ashkenazim do repeat Barcheu after mourner's Kaddish).

==Prayer on Shabbat (Sabbath)==
On the Sabbath, prayers are similar in structure to those on weekdays, although almost every part is lengthened. One exception in the ''[[Amidah]]'', the main prayer, which is ''abridged''. The first three and last three blessings are recited as usual, but the middle thirteen are replaced with a single blessing known as "''sanctity of the day,''" describing the Sabbath. Atypically, this middle blessing is different for each of the prayers.

===Friday night===
[[Shabbat]] services begin on Friday evening with the weekday Mincha (see above), followed in some communities by the [[Song of Songs]], and then in most communities by the ''Kabbalat Shabbat'', the mystical prelude to Shabbat services composed by 16th-century [[Kabbalists]]. This [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] term literally means "Receiving the Sabbath". In many communities, the piyut ''[[Yedid Nefesh]]'' introduces the Kabbalat Shabbat prayers.

Kabbalat Shabbat is, except for amongst many [[Italian Jews|Italian]] and [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], composed of six psalms, {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|95|HE}} to {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|99|HE}}, and {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|29|HE}}, representing the six week-days. Next comes the poem ''[[Lekha Dodi]]''. Composed by Rabbi [[Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz]] in the mid-16th century, it is based on the words of the [[Talmud]]ic sage Hanina: "Come, let us go out to meet the Queen Sabbath" (Talmud Shabbat 119a). Kabbalat Shabbat is concluded by {{bibleverse||Psalm|92|HE}} (the recital of which constitutes men's acceptance of the current Shabbat with all its obligations) and {{bibleverse||Psalm|93|HE}}. Many add a study section here, including ''Bameh Madlikin'' and ''Amar rabbi El'azar'' and the concluding ''Kaddish deRabbanan'' and is then followed by the Maariv service; other communities delay the study session until after Maariv. Still other customs add here a passage from the [[Zohar]].

The [[Shema Yisrael|Shema]] section of the Friday night service varies in some details from the weekday services—mainly in the different ending of the ''Hashkivenu'' prayer and the omission of ''Baruch Adonai le-Olam'' prayer in those traditions where this section is otherwise recited. In the [[Italian Jews#Italian rite Jews|Italian rite]], there are also different versions of the ''Ma'ariv 'aravim'' prayer (beginning ''asher killah'' on Friday nights) and the ''Ahavat 'olam'' prayer.

Most commemorate the Shabbat at this point with ''VeShameru'' ({{bibleverse||Exodus|31:16–17|HE}}). The custom to recite the biblical passage at this point has its origins in the Lurianic [[Kabbalah]], and does not appear before the 16th century. It is therefore absent in traditions and prayer books less influenced by the Kabbalah (such as the [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite]] ''[[Baladi]]'' tradition), or those that opposed adding additional readings to the siddur based upon the Kabbalah (such as the [[Vilna Gaon]]).

The middle blessing of the ''[[Amidah]]'' (see above) discusses the conclusion of the Creation, quoting the relevant verses from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]. This is then followed by the [[hazzan]]'s mini-repetition of the Amidah, ''Magen Avot'', a digest of the seven benedictions (hence it's Hebrew name 'Achat Me'ein Sheva'). In some [[Ashkenazi]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues the second chapter of [[Mishnah]] tractate Shabbat, ''Bameh Madlikin'', is read at this point, instead of earlier. [[Kiddush]] is recited in the synagogue in Ashkenazi and a few Sephardi communities. The service then follows with [[Aleinu]]. Most Sephardi and many Ashkenazi synagogues end with the singing of ''[[Yigdal]]'', a poetic adaptation of [[Maimonides]]' 13 principles of Jewish faith. Other Ashkenazi synagogues end with ''[[Adon Olam|Adon `olam]]'' instead.

===Shacharit===
{{main article|Shacharit}}
[[Shabbat]] morning prayers commence as on week-days. Of the hymns, Psalm 100 (''Mizmor LeTodah'', the psalm for the Thanksgiving offering), is omitted because the ''todah'' or Thanksgiving [[korbanot|offering]] could not be offered on [[Shabbat]] in the days of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Its place is taken in the [[Ashkenazi]] tradition by Psalms {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|19|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|34|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|90|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|91|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|135|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|136|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|33|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|92|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|93|HE}}. [[Sephardi]]c Jews maintain a different order, add several psalms and two religious poems. The ''Nishmat'' prayer is recited at the end of the ''Pesukei D'Zimrah''. The blessings before ''Shema'' are expanded, and include the hymn ''El Adon'', which is often sung communally.

The intermediary benediction of the ''Shacharit [[Amidah]]'' begins with ''Yismach Moshe'' and discusses Moses' receiving of the Torah (which according to tradition took place on the morning of the Sabbath). [[Kedushah]], which is always recited during the [[Hazzan]]'s repetition of the third blessing, is significantly expanded. After the repetition is concluded, the Torah scroll is taken out of the Ark in a ritual much longer than the ritual during the week, and the [[Parsha|weekly portion]] is [[Torah reading|read]], followed by the ''[[haftarah]]''.

After the [[Torah]] reading, three prayers for the community are recited. Two prayers starting with ''[[Yekum Purkan]]'', composed in Babylon in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], are similar to the subsequent ''Mi sheberakh'', a blessing for the leaders and patrons of the synagogue. The Sephardim omit much of the Yekum Purkan. Prayers are then recited (in some communities) for the government of the country, for peace, and for the State of [[Israel]].

After these prayers, Ashrei is repeated and the Torah scroll is returned to the Ark in a procession through the Synagogue. Many congregations allow children to come to the front in order to kiss the scroll as it passes. In many Orthodox communities, the Rabbi (or a learned member of the congregation) delivers a sermon at this point, usually on the topic of the Torah reading.

===Mussaf===
{{main article|Mussaf}}
The ''Musaf'' service starts with the silent recitation of the ''[[Amidah]]''. The middle blessing includes the ''Tikanta Shabbat'' reading on the holiness of [[Shabbat]], and then by a reading from the biblical [[Book of Numbers]] about the sacrifices that used to be performed in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Next comes ''Yismechu'', "They shall rejoice in Your sovereignty", and ''Eloheynu'', "Our God and God of our Ancestors, may you be pleased with our rest" (which is recited during all ''[[Amidah]]''s of the Sabbath. [[Kedushah]] is greatly expanded.

After the ''Amidah'' comes the full [[Kaddish]], followed by ''Ein keloheinu''. In [[Orthodox Judaism]] this is followed by a reading from the [[Talmud]] on the incense offering called Pittum Haketoreth and daily psalms that used to be recited in the Temple in Jerusalem. These readings are usually omitted by [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] Jews, and are always omitted by [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] Jews.

The ''Musaf'' service culminates with the Rabbi's Kaddish, the ''[[Aleinu]]'', and then the Mourner's Kaddish. Some [[synagogue]]s conclude with the reading of ''An'im Zemirot'', "The Hymn of Glory", Mourner's Kaddish, the Psalm of the Day and either Adon Olam or Yigdal.

===Mincha===
Mincha commences with ''Ashrei'' (see above) and the prayer [[Uva letzion]], after which the first section of the next [[Parsha|weekly portion]] is [[Torah reading|read from the Torah scroll]]. The ''Amidah'' follows the same pattern as the other Shabbat ''Amidah'' prayers, with the middle blessing starting ''Attah Echad''.

===Ma'ariv===
The week-day Ma'ariv is recited on the evening immediately following Shabbat, concluding with ''Vihi No'am'', ''Ve-Yitten lekha'', and ''[[Havdalah]]''.

==Special observances and circumstances==

===Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur===
{{Teshuva}}
The services for the [[High Holidays|Days of Awe]]—Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur—take on a solemn tone as befits these days. Traditional solemn tunes are used in the prayers.

The musaf service on Rosh Hashana has nine blessings; the three middle blessings include biblical verses attesting to sovereignty, remembrance and the [[shofar]], which is sounded 100 times during the service.

Yom Kippur is the only day in the year when there are five prayer services. The evening service, containing the Ma'ariv prayer, is widely known as "[[Kol Nidrei]]", the opening declaration made preceding the prayer. During the daytime, shacharit, musaf (which is recited on Shabbat and all festivals) and mincha are followed, as the sun begins to set, by [[Ne'ila]], which is recited just this once a year.

===Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot===
The services for the three festivals of [[Pesach]] ("Passover"), [[Shavuot]] ("Feast of Weeks" or "Pentecost"), and [[Sukkot]] ("Feast of Tabernacles") are alike, except for interpolated references and readings for each individual festival. The preliminaries and conclusions of the prayers are the same as on Shabbat. The Amidah on these festivals only contains seven benedictions, with ''Attah Bechartanu'' as the main one. [[Hallel]] (communal recitation of Psalms {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|113|HE}}-{{bibleverse-nb||Ps|118|HE}}) follows.

The Musaf service includes Umi-Penei Hata'enu, with reference to the special festival and [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] sacrifices on the occasion. A [[Priestly Blessing|blessing on the pulpit]] ("dukhen") is pronounced by the "[[Kohen|kohanim]]" (Jewish priests) during the Amidah. While this occurs daily in Israel and most Sephardic congregations, it occurs only on [[Pesach]], [[Shavuot]], [[Sukkot]], [[Rosh Hashanah]], and [[Yom Kippur]] in Ashkenazic congregations of the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]]. (Those Ashkenazic congregations substitute a prayer recited by the [[hazzan]] after the Modim ("Thanksgiving") prayer) on week-days and Sabbath in commemoration of the priestly blessing.) (American Reform Jews omit the Musaf service.)

===Missed prayer===
In the event one of the prayers was missed inadvertently, the Amidah prayer is said twice in the next service—a procedure known as ''tefillat tashlumin''.<ref>Brachot 26a</ref>

==Related customs==
Many Jews sway their body back and forth during prayer. This practice (referred to as ''[[Shuckling|shoklen]]'' in [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]) is not mandatory, and in fact the [[kabbalah|kabbalist]] [[Isaac Luria]] felt that it should not be done. In contrast, the German Medieval authority ''[[Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin|Maharil]]'' (Rabbi Jacob Molin) linked the practice to a statement in the [[Talmud]] that the Mishnaic sage [[Rabbi Akiva]] would sway so forcefully that he ended up at the other side of the room when praying (Talmud tractate Berachot).

Many are accustomed to giving charity before, during (especially during [[Vayivarech David]]) or after prayer, in the hopes that this will make their prayer more likely to be heard.

==Role of women==
Men are obligated to perform public prayer three times a day with additional services on [[Jewish holidays]]. According to Jewish law, each prayer must be performed [[Zmanim|within specific time ranges (zmanim)]], based on the time that the communal [[Korban|sacrifice]] the prayer is named after would have been performed in the days of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]].

According to the [[Talmud]] women are generally exempted from obligations that have to be performed at a certain time. Orthodox authorities have generally interpreted this exemption due to women's higher spiritual level and therefore a lack of need to connect to God at specific times, since they are always connected to God. In accordance with the general exemption from time-bound obligations, most Orthodox authorities have exempted women from performing evening prayers ([[Maariv]]), but most believe that women are obligated to pray [[Shacharit]] and [[Mincha]], the morning and afternoon prayers, respectively, when possible.

[[Image:JerusalemWailingWall.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jewish women praying by the Western Wall, early 1900s]]
[[Image:Women praying in the Western Wall tunnels by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Women praying in the [[Western Wall tunnel]] at the closest physical point to the [[Holy of Holies]]]]

Orthodox authorities have been careful to note that although some women with small children have been exempted from praying at specific fixed times, they are not exempted from the obligation of prayer itself. The 19th-century [[posek]] [[Yechiel Michel Epstein]], author of the ''[[Arukh HaShulkhan]]'', notes: "Even though the rabbis set prayer at fixed times in fixed language, it was not their intention to issue a leniency and exempt women from this ritual act".

Authorities have disagreed on the minimum amount that women's prayer should contain. Many Jewish women have relied on an idea expressed by(Ashkenazi) Rabbi [[Avraham Gombiner]] in his ''[[Magen Avraham]]'' commentary on the ''[[Shulkhan Arukh]]'',<ref>[[Shulkhan Arukh]] section ''[[Orach Chayim]]'' 106:2</ref> and more recently the ([[Sephardi]]) Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]] (''Yabiah Omer'' vol. 6, 17), that women are only required to pray once a day, in any form they choose, so long as the prayer contains praise of (brakhot), requests to (bakashot), and thanks of (hodot) God.<ref>[http://www.nishmat.net/article.php?id=2&heading=0 Women's Issues:Women And Prayer When Time is Short], ''[[Nishmat]]''</ref> However, most Orthodox authorities agree that women are not completely exempt from time-bound prayer. The ''[[Mishnah Berurah]]'' by Rabbi [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]], an important code of [[Ashkenazi Judaism|Ashkenzic]] Jewish law, holds that the Men of the [[Great Assembly]] obligated women to say ''Shacharit'' (morning) and ''Minchah'' (afternoon) prayer services each day, "just like men". The ''Mishnah Berurah'' also states that although women are exempt from reciting the [[Shema Yisrael]], they should nevertheless say it anyway. Nonetheless, even the most liberal Orthodox authorities hold that women cannot count in a minyan for purposes of public prayer.

Throughout [[Orthodox Judaism]], including its most liberal forms, men and women are required to sit in separate sections with a [[mechitza]] (partition) separating them. Conservative/Masorti Judaism permits mixed seating (almost universally in the United States, but not in all countries). All Reform and Reconstructionist congregations have mixed seating.

[[Haredi]] and much of [[Modern Orthodox]] Judaism has a blanket prohibition on women leading public congregational prayers. Conservative Judaism has developed a blanket justification for women leading all or virtually all such prayers, holding that although only obligated individuals can lead prayers and women were not traditionally obligated, Conservative Jewish women in modern times have as a collective whole voluntarily undertaken such an obligation.<ref>[http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf ] {{wayback|url=http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf |date=20101127133632 }}</ref> Reform and Reconstructionist congregations permit women to perform all prayer roles because they do not regard [[halakha]] as binding.

A small liberal wing within Modern Orthodox Judaism, particularly rabbis friendly to the [[Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance]] (JOFA), has begun re-examining the role of women in prayers based on an individual, case-by-case look at the historical role of specific prayers and services, doing so within classical ''halakhic'' interpretation. Accepting that where obligation exists only the obligated can lead, this small group has typically made three general arguments for expanded women's roles:
# Because women were required to perform certain [[korbanot]] (sacrifices) in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], women today are required to perform, and hence can lead (and can count in the ''minyan'' for if required), the specific prayers substituting for these specific sacrifices. ''Birchat Hagomel'' falls in this category.
# Because certain parts of the service were added after the [[Talmud]] defined mandatory services, such prayers are equally voluntary on everyone and hence can be led by women (and no ''minyan'' is required). ''Pseukei D'Zimrah'' in the morning and ''Kabbalat Shabbat'' on Friday nights fall in this category.
# In cases where the Talmud indicates that women are generally qualified to lead certain services but do not do so because of the "dignity of the congregation", modern congregations are permitted to waive such dignity if they wish. Torah reading on Shabbat falls in this category. An argument that women are permitted to lead the services removing and replacing the Torah in the Ark on ''Shabbat'' extends from their ability to participate in Torah reading then.

A very small number of Modern Orthodox congregations accept some such arguments, but very few Orthodox congregations or authorities accept all or even most of them. Many of those who do not accept this reasoning point to ''kol isha'', the tradition that prohibits a man from hearing a woman other than his wife or close blood relative sing. JOFA refers to congregations generally accepting such arguments as [[Partnership Minyan]]im. On Shabbat in a Partnership Minyan, women can typically lead ''Kabbalat Shabbat'', the ''P'seukei D'Zimrah'', the services for removing the Torah from and replacing it to the Ark, and Torah reading, as well as give a ''D'Var Torah'' or sermon.

The first Orthodox Jewish women's prayer group was created on the holiday of [[Simhat Torah]] at [[Lincoln Square Synagogue]] in Manhattan in the late 1960s.<ref>http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/womens-tefillah-movement</ref>

[[Ephraim Mirvis]], an Orthodox rabbi who serves as the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, supports [[Shabbat]] prayer groups for Orthodox women, saying, "Some of our congregations have women prayer groups for Friday night, some Saturday mornings. This is without women reading from the Torah. But for women to come together as a group to pray, this is a good thing."<ref>http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/122918/interview-rabbi-ephraim-mirvis</ref>

==Role of minors==
In most divisions of [[Judaism]] boys prior to [[Bar Mitzvah]] cannot act as a [[Hazzan|Chazzen]] for prayer services that contain ''devarim sheb'kidusha'', i.e. [[Kaddish]], Barechu, the amida, etc., or receive an aliya or chant the [[Torah]] for the congregation. Since [[#Friday night services|Kabbalat Shabbat]] is just [[psalms]] and does not contain ''devarim sheb'kidusha'', it is possible for a boy under Bar Mitzvah to lead until Barechu of Ma'ariv. Some eastern Jews let a boy under bar mitzvah read the Torah and have an aliyah.<ref>Epstein, Morris. ''All About Jewish Holidays and Customs''. Ktav Publishing House, 1959. p. 89</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings]]
* [[Siddur]]
* [[Shiva (Judaism)|Shiva]]
* [[Shuckling]]
* [[Carlebach minyan]]
* [[Baladi-rite Prayer]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|2}}

;Bibliography
* ''To Pray As a Jew'', [[Hayim Halevy Donin]], Basic Books (ISBN 0-465-08633-0)
* ''Entering Jewish Prayer'', [[Reuven Hammer]] (ISBN 0-8052-1022-9)
* ''Kavvana: Directing the Heart in Jewish Prayer'', Seth Kadish, Jason Aronson Inc. 1997. ISBN 0-7657-5952-7.
* ''Or Hadash: A Commentary on [[Siddur Sim Shalom]] for Shabbat and Festivals'', Reuven Hammer, The [[Rabbinical Assembly]] and the [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]
* [[Seligman Baer|S. Baer]]. ''Siddur Avodath Yisrael'' (newly researched text with commentary Yachin Lashon), 19th century.
* ''A Guide to Jewish Prayer'', Rabbi [[Adin Steinsaltz]], Shocken Books (ISBN 0-8052-4174-4)
* ''Hilchot Tefilla: A Comprehensive Guide to the Laws of Daily Prayer'', [[David Brofsky]], KTAV Publishing House/OU Press/Yeshivat Har Etzion. 2010. (ISBN 978-1-60280-164-6)
* ''God's Favorite Prayers'', Tzvee Zahavy, Talmudic Books. 2011. (ISBN 978-0-615-50949-5)
* ''Holistic Prayer: A Guide to Jewish Spirituality'', Rabbi [[Avi Weiss]], Maggid Books. 2014. (ISBN 978-1-592-64334-9)

==External links==
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/liturgy.html Jewish liturgy] Jewish Virtual Library.org
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/862308/jewish/Jewish-Prayer.htm Jewish Prayer - Prayer in Judaism] Chabad.org
* [http://www.jewfaq.org/liturgy.htm Outline of prayer services] Jewfaq.org
* [http://www.GoDaven.com GoDaven.com - The Worldwide Minyan Database] GoDaven.com
* [http://www.aish.com/literacy/mitzvahs/Lively_Introduction_to_Prayer.asp Introduction to Jewish Prayer] Aish.com
* [http://opensiddur.org/2013/05/ritual-for-judging-bad-dreams-for-good/ Ritual for Judging Bad Dreams for Good]
* [http://www.mincha.com Siddur in PDF]
* [http://hibba.org/en/allmusics Traditional Sephardi prayer Tunes]
* [http://www.sidduraudio.com Audio and text of the Siddur] SiddurAudio.com
* [http://www.yeshiva.co/ask/?cat=10 Q&A about Prayer] Ask the Rabbi
* Rabbi [[Eliezer Melamed]] - [[Peninei Halacha]] - [http://ph.yhb.org.il/en/category/tefila/ The Laws of Prayer]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/drtzveezahavy/Home Jewish Prayer Books, books and articles on Jewish Prayer] - Rabbi Tzvee Zahavy

{{Jewish prayers}}
{{Jewish life}}
{{Shabbat}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2011}}

[[Category:Jewish prayer and ritual texts| ]]
[[Category:Jewish services| ]]