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Pomeroy (Washington)

2016-06-12T22:17:01Z

Architect21c: /* Education */ image added

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Pomeroy, Washington
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline = Downtown Pomeroy Historic District.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Downtown Pomeroy
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Garfield_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Pomeroy_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Pomeroy, Washington
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Garfield County, Washington|Garfield]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 4.61
|area_land_km2 = 4.61
|area_water_km2 = 0
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.78
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.78
|area_water_sq_mi = 0


|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_est = 1386
|pop_est_as_of = 2014
|pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="2014 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=July 6, 2015}}</ref>
|population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder"/>
|population_total = 1425
|population_density_km2 = 309.1
|population_density_sq_mi = 800.6


|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = PDT
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 566
|elevation_ft = 1857
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 46 |latm = 28 |lats = 24 |latNS = N
|longd = 117 |longm = 35 |longs = 53 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 99347
|area_code = [[Area code 509|509]]
|area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-55120
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512575<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref>
|website = [http://www.pomeroy-wa.com/ www.pomeroy-wa.com]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Pomeroy''' is a city in [[Garfield County, Washington|Garfield County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]. The population was 1,425 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]]. It is the [[county seat]] of and only city in Garfield County.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref>

==Geography==
Pomeroy is located at {{coord|46|28|24|N|117|35|53|W|type:city}} (46.473334, -117.598119).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|1.78|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all of it land.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] trail existed in the area before history was recorded, and the first written record of caucasians passing through the area were [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|Lewis and Clark]] in 1805. Captain [[Benjamin Bonneville]] also passed through the future site of the town while he was surveying for the US government in 1834. In 1860, an Irish settler named Parson Quinn settled just east of present-day Pomeroy, and lived there for the next 40 years. Rancher Joseph M. Pomeroy purchased the land in 1864,<ref name="historylink.org">http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7728</ref> and platted the town's site in May 1878.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pomeroy |work=Washington Place Names database |publisher=Tacoma Public Library |url=http://search.tpl.lib.wa.us/wanames/ |accessdate=2009-03-06}}</ref>

Pomeroy was officially incorporated on February 3, 1886. The town has been the seat of Garfield County ever since 1882, despite fierce competition in the 1880s with neighboring towns [[Pataha, Washington|Pataha]] and [[Asotin, Washington|Asotin]]. The struggle to name a county seat would continue through both houses of the [[Washington Territory|Washington Territorial Legislature]] in 1883, to Governor [[William A. Newell]] of the Washington Territory, and eventually reached the [[United States Congress|Congress]] in 1884.<ref name="historylink.org"/>

On July 18, 1900 (despite a city ordinance which mandated fire-proof materials for downtown buildings; there had been fires in 1890 and 1898 as well) fire destroyed half of the small town's business district. The recovery took two years as the destroyed buildings were rebuilt using brick - a building boom for the small community.<ref>http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7694</ref> In 1912, the City voted to [[Temperance movement|outlaw the manufacture or sale of alcohol]]. This [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] quickly led to rampant [[rum-running|bootlegging]] and corruption which lasted until the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|21st Amendment]] passed in 1933.<ref>E. V. Kuykendall, The History of Garfield County (Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1984), 86–88.</ref>

On August 21, 2003, following efforts by the Pomeroy Historic Committee, a 10-block section of Pomeroy's downtown was placed on the National Historic Register.<ref>http://www.historicpomeroy.com/nomination/certificate.htm</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1890= 661
|1900= 953
|1910= 1605
|1920= 1804
|1930= 1600
|1940= 1723
|1950= 1775
|1960= 1677
|1970= 1823
|1980= 1716
|1990= 1393
|2000= 1517
|2010= 1425
|estyear=2014
|estimate=1386
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 3, 2013}}</ref><br>2014 Estimate<ref name="2014 Pop Estimate"/>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> of 2010, there were 1,425 people, 642 households, and 401 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|800.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 723 housing units at an average density of {{convert|406.2|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.2% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 642 households of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.5% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.74.

The median age in the city was 50 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 32.5% were from 45 to 64; and 24.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

===2000 census===
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,517 people, 645 households, and 408 families residing in the city. The population density was 852.2 people per square mile (329.1/km²). There were 740 housing units at an average density of 415.7 per square mile (160.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.37% White, 0.53% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.07% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.52% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.24% of the population.

There were 645 households out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,958, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,118 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,782. About 11.7% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Climate==
{{Weather box |imperial first = Y
|single line= yes
|location= Pomeroy, Washington (1971−2000)
|Jan high F= 39.5
|Feb high F= 45.7
|Mar high F= 53.2
|Apr high F= 60.5
|May high F= 68.1
|Jun high F= 76.2
|Jul high F= 85.6
|Aug high F= 85.2
|Sep high F= 76.3
|Oct high F= 63.2
|Nov high F= 47.4
|Dec high F= 40.2

|Jan mean F= 31.3
|Feb mean F= 36.3
|Mar mean F= 42.3
|Apr mean F= 48.6
|May mean F= 55.4
|Jun mean F= 62.3
|Jul mean F= 69.2
|Aug mean F= 68.7
|Sep mean F= 60.7
|Oct mean F= 49.8
|Nov mean F= 38.8
|Dec mean F= 32.5

|Jan low F= 23.1
|Feb low F= 26.9
|Mar low F= 31.3
|Apr low F= 36.7
|May low F= 42.6
|Jun low F= 48.4
|Jul low F= 52.8
|Aug low F= 52.1
|Sep low F= 45.0
|Oct low F= 36.3
|Nov low F= 30.2
|Dec low F= 24.8
|Jan precipitation inch= 2.03
|Feb precipitation inch= 1.71
|Mar precipitation inch= 1.63
|Apr precipitation inch= 1.35
|May precipitation inch= 1.59
|Jun precipitation inch= 1.15
|Jul precipitation inch= 0.63
|Aug precipitation inch= 0.82
|Sep precipitation inch= 0.87
|Oct precipitation inch= 1.19
|Nov precipitation inch= 2.09
|Dec precipitation inch= 2.06
|source 1= NOAA (normals, 1971−2000) <ref name= NCDC >{{Cite web |url=http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim81/WAnorm.pdf |title=Climatography of the United States NO.81 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=January 11, 2011 }}</ref>
|date=April 2011}}

==Education==
[[Image:PomeroyJSHS01.jpeg|thumb|right|Pomeroy Junior/Senior High School, 2016]]
Students in Pomeroy are part of Pomeroy School District 110 and complete their secondary [[state school|public school]] education at [[Pomeroy Junior/Senior High School]].<ref>[http://www.psd.wednet.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=136 "Pomeroy Jr/Sr High,"] Pomeroy School District, www.psd.wednet.edu/</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Samuel G. Cosgrove]] (1847–1909), [[List of Governors of Washington|sixth Governor]] of the state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_washington/col2-content/main-content-list/title_cosgrove_samuel.html|title= Washington Governor Samuel G. Cosgrove|publisher= National Governors Association |accessdate= October 10, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Elgin V. Kuykendall]] (1870–1958), attorney, judge, and member of the Washington State Senate.<ref>W.D. Lyman, [https://archive.org/details/lymanshistoryofo02lyma ''Lyman's History of Old Walla Walla County, Embracing Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin Counties.''] Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1918; vol. 2, pp. 132–136.</ref>

==Events==
The following events are organized annually by the Pomeroy Chamber of Commerce:<ref>{{cite web|last=Pomeroy Chamber of Commerce|title=Events|url=http://www.pomeroychamberofcommerce.com/events/index.html|publisher=Pomeroy Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>
Pioneer Day & Tumbleweed Festival - second weekend in June
Garfield County Fair - Sept. 16-19
Starlight Parade & Festival of Trees - Friday after Thanksgiving

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9578 History of Pomeroy] at [[HistoryLink]]
* [http://www.washingtonruralheritage.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/pomeroy Garfield County Heritage.] Digitized resources from the Denny Ashby Library, Eastern Washington Agricultural Museum, and Garfield County Museum.
* [http://www.historicpomeroy.com/ A website for the Historic Preservation Committee]
* [http://hometown.aol.com/Gibson0817/pomeroy.htm A website with historical information]
* [http://www.pomeroy.lib.wa.us/ Denny Ashby Library (Public library, Pomeroy, WA)].
* [http://www.pomeroy-wa.com/ A website with current information]

{{Garfield County, Washington}}

[[Category:Cities in Garfield County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:County seats in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Washington Territory]]

Antonin Raymond

2016-04-09T17:21:06Z

Architect21c: /* Corbusier Inspiration */ link added

{{good article}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Antonín Raymond
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Antonin Raymond pictured in 1956
| birth_name = Antonín Reimann
| birth_date = 10 May 1888
| birth_place = [[Kladno]], [[Bohemia]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now [[Czech Republic]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|11|21|1888|05|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Langhorne, Pennsylvania]], [[USA]]
| nationality = Czevhoslovak and later American
| awards = Medal of Honor by the New York Chapter of American Institute of Architects, The Third Order of Merit of the Rising Sun by Emperor Hirohito
| practice =
| significant_buildings = Reinanzaka House, Reader’s Digest Offices, Nanzan University
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| website =
}}
'''Antonin Raymond''' (or {{lang-cs|Antonín Raymond}}), born as '''Antonín Reimann''' (10 May 1888, [[Kladno]], [[Bohemia]] – 21 November 1976 [[Langhorne, Pennsylvania]]), was a [[Czech American]] architect. Raymond was born and studied in [[Bohemia]] (now the Czech Republic), working later in the [[USA]] and [[Japan]]. Raymond was also the [[Consul]] of [[Czechoslovakia]] to Japan from 1926 to 1939, in which year the Czech diplomacy was closed down after the occupation of the European country by the Nazi Germany.

His initial work with American architects [[Cass Gilbert]] and [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] gave him an insight into the use of concrete for texture and structure that he would refine throughout his six decade career.

At studio practices in [[New Hope, Pennsylvania]] and [[Tokyo]], he explored traditional Japanese building techniques combined with the latest In American building innovations. Raymond applied these principles to a wide range of residential, commercial, religious and institutional projects in Japan, America, India and the Philippines.

Along with British Architect [[Josiah Conder (architect)|Josiah Conder]], Raymond is recognized as one of the fathers of modern [[Japanese architecture#Prewar period|architecture in Japan]].<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p25</ref>

==Czech Lands==
[[File:Woolworth bldg nov2005d.jpg|thumb|Cass Gilbert's Woolworth Building (1910)]]
Raymond was born on 10 May 1888, in Kladno, Central [[Bohemia]] (now the [[Czech Republic]]) to Alois Reimann and his wife Růžena. Following the death of his mother and the bankruptcy of his father's shop the family moved to [[Prague]] in 1905. Raymond started at the Reálné gymnasium (secondary school aimed at more technical/practical sciences) in Kladno, then continued on the same kind of school in Prague.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p266">Helfrich & Whitaker (2006), p. 266</ref>

In 1906 he entered the [[Czech Technical University in Prague|Czech Polytechnic Institute]], studying under Josef Schultz and Jan Koula. He completed his studies in [[Trieste]] in 1910 before leaving for [[New York City]].

==United States==
There, he began a three-year employment with Cass Gilbert, working on a number of projects including external architectural details for the [[Woolworth Building]]<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p266"/> and the [[Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse]] in [[Brooklyn]]. His experience on the latter of these gave him an insight into the structural and textural properties of concrete.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p66</ref>

He began studying painting at the Independent School of Art in the Lincoln Square Arcade Building in 1912, but was forced to curtail a painting trip to Italy and North Africa with the onset of [[World War I]]. On his trip back to New York, he met his future wife and business partner, Noémi Pernessin, and they were wed on 15 December 1914.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p267">Helfrich & Whitaker (2006), p. 267</ref>

Through the influence of a mutual friend, Frank Lloyd Wright agreed to employ Raymond from May 1916.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p267"/>

=== Employment with Frank Lloyd Wright ===
[[File:Meijimurabunkazai15.JPG|thumb|Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel (1920)]]
Initially, Raymond and Noémi worked with Frank Lloyd Wright at [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] in [[Spring Green, Wisconsin|Spring Green]], [[Wisconsin]]. In 1917 he enlisted with the [[United States Army]] serving overseas with the [[American Expeditionary Force]]. Upon his discharge from the army and his return to New York, Wright persuaded him to go to Tokyo with him to work on the [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]].<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p267"/>

Although he remained as Wright's chief assistant for one year, he soon became bored with the work. He became concerned that "the design had nothing in common with Japan, its climate, its traditions, its people and its culture".<ref>Stewart (2002) p89</ref> Also, whilst his work with Gilbert showed him the great possibilities of concrete, Wright did not see concrete in the same way, preferring to encase it with brickwork or carved [[Oya Stone]].<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p66&67</ref>

Although Raymond proposed to continue working for Wright, he was eventually dismissed in January 1921. In February of the same year he set up the American Architectural and Engineering Company in Tokyo with Leon Whittaker Slack.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p268</ref>

== Japan and the Inter-war years ==
In the [[Tokyo Woman's Christian University|Tokyo Women's Christian College]], commenced in 1924, Raymond's architecture can be seen to still be heavily influenced by Wright. Its low, hipped roof and overhanging eaves are reminiscent of Wright's [[Prairie Houses]].<ref>Reynolds, (2001), p82</ref> This early work also demonstrates his interest in [[Czech Cubism]] and the work of [[Auguste Perret]].<ref name="Japan Architect 2005, p22">''Japan Architect'' (2005), p22</ref>

[[File:Raymond-reinanzaka-1924.jpg|thumb|200px|Reinanzaka House (1924)]]After their own house was destroyed in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kantō earthquake]], Raymond designed a new one, the Reinanzaka House, in [[Azabu|Azabu, Tokyo]]. His desire to free himself from Wright's influence led him to explore spatial relationships between living, working and dining areas and how spaces could be closed off with folding screens.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p96</ref> The house is built almost entirely of [[in situ]] concrete. Raymond's workforce were enthusiastic in their use of this new material, likening it to the walls of traditional ({{nihongo|''[[kura (storehouse)|kura]]''|蔵|}}) storehouses.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p68</ref> The house itself had metal fenestration, tubular steel [[Trellis (architecture)|trellises]] and traditional [[rain chain]]s rather than rainwater downpipes. The interior too was well in advance of other houses of the [[International style (architecture)|International Style]] with the use of cantilevered tubular steel furniture.<ref>Frampton (1990), p258</ref>

After a number of staff changes, the practice was renamed Antonin Raymond, Architect.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p269</ref>

===Czechoslovak Consul in Japan===
[[File:Italian embassy villa nikko.jpg|thumb|Italian embassy villa in Nikko (1928)]]
[[File:Peynet museum02s3872.jpg|thumb|Summer House, Karuizawa (1933), today part of the Peynet Museum]]Despite becoming a [[naturalized]] American citizen in 1916, Raymond became the honorary consul for the [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938)|Czechoslovak Republic]], representing the government of [[T. G. Masaryk]]. This gave him influence outside those circles normally associated with an architect of his age.<ref>Reynolds, (2001), p81</ref> From 1928 to 1930, Raymond designed and remodelled the American, Soviet and French embassies. He also undertook work for the Rising Sun Petroleum Company, designing 17 earthquake-proof and fireproof employee houses, the general office building, the manager's residence and two prototype service stations, one in steel and the other in concrete. All were constructed in an [[International style (architecture)|International Modern Style]].<ref>Stewart (2002) p129</ref>

===Corbusier Inspiration===
Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in the work of French architect [[Le Corbusier]]. He acknowledged that further contribution of Corbusier's ideas to the practice came in 1930, when [[Kunio Maekawa]] (who had just returned from two years working for Le Corbusier in his Paris Office) joined.<ref>Reynolds, (2001), p84</ref> He later applied Le Corbusier's ideas to vernacular [[Japanese architecture]]. Based upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt residential scheme for Mr. Errazuris in [[Chile]], he designed a summer house for himself in [[Karuizawa, Nagano]]. Where Corbusier had used rough masonry and a tiled [[butterfly roof]], Raymond used cedar with larch thatch.<ref>Stewart (2002) p133</ref> Although the design was criticised by an American reviewer for being a copy of Le Corbusier's design, the Frenchman was so flattered and surprised that he included a photo of it in the third volume of his ''Oeuvre Complet'':<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p27</ref>

<blockquote>
Please be assured that there is no bitterness between us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, that is you neglected to send me a note when you published the images of your Tokyo house, which is very pretty, by the way.

''Extract of a letter from Le Corbusier to Antonin Raymond, 7 May 1935.''

−Helfrich & Whittaker, 2006, The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond, Princeton Architectural Press, p332
</blockquote>

In 1922, Raymond had been admitted to Tokyo Golf Club and when it relocated to [[Asaka, Saitama]] in 1932, he was asked to design it. His links to golfer Shiro Akaboshi also led to several residential commissions.<ref>Stewart (2002) p134&135</ref>

In 1937 in Tokyo, Articles of Association forming a new firm, Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho, were signed by Antonin, Noémi and a number of Japanese architects, including [[Junzō Yoshimura]].<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p266"/>

== A long journey home to America ==
[[File:Golconde Ashram.jpeg|thumb|Golconde dormitory (1935)]]
In January 1938, Antonin, Noémi and their son left Tokyo bound for America. This six-month journey took them initially to the Indian subcontinent and then on to Europe, including a trip to [[Prague]].<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p267"/>

In 1935, Raymond's office had accepted a commission to design a dormitory for the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] in [[Puducherry]] in southeast India.<ref>Mueller & Gupta (2005) p148</ref> A preliminary site visit was made by [[George Nakashima]] and the schematic design was completed in 1936. Although Raymond had envisioned that the dormitory would be completed in six months, Sri Aurobindo was concerned that the noise of construction would disturb the ashram, so he decided that the building would be constructed by its residents.<ref>Mueller & Gupta (2005) p149</ref>

Initially, Nakashima, Francois Sammer (a Czech architect who had worked for Le Corbusier in Russia) and Chandulal (a devotee who had trained as an engineer), built a full-scale model of the dormitory in order to test the feasibility of the design, and then used it as a laboratory to further refine the construction methods. Nakashima's duties included doing very explicit detail drawings showing, for example, the design of the concrete formwork. Devotees even donated brass utensils so that they could be melted down to make door handles and hinges.<ref name="Mueller & Gupta 2005, p150">Mueller & Gupta (2005), p. 150</ref>

Raymond sought to mitigate the effects of the Puducherry climate and oriented the Golconde dormitory (as it became known), so that its main facades faced north and south to make use of the prevailing breeze. A combination of moveable louvres on the exterior skin and woven teak sliding doors permitted ventilation without compromising on privacy. The building is still in use as an ashram today.<ref name="Mueller & Gupta 2005, p150"/>

== The New Hope experiment ==
In 1939, Raymond's architectural practice in the United States began with the purchase and conversion of his farm and studio in [[New Hope, Pennsylvania]]. He and his wife's goal was to "create a physical and intellectual environment that mirrored and supported their approach to modern design-one that synthesised International Style developments with lessons learned from Japan's craft tradition".<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p48</ref> They hoped that the lifestyle and design ethos that they would create, would be simpler and more in tune with nature, similar in set up to Frank Lloyd Wright's [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin Fellowship]].

The Raymonds modified the house to create a more open plan feel, separated by Japanese [[fusuma]] partitions and [[shōji]] screens. The rooms were filled with objects of art, including rugs designed by Noémi and crockery by the [[Mingei]] designer Minagawa Masu.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p49</ref>

Raymond developed a prospectus for aspiring architects to come and live and study at New Hope and he attracted at least 20. In addition to teaching practical design solutions, the apprentices had hands-on work with various building trades. Farm work and hay making contributed a physical aspect. Students included [[Junzō Yoshimura]] and [[Carl Graffunder]], and the farm was visited by people like [[Eero Saarinen]] and [[Alvar Aalto]].<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p50</ref>

Once the students had become settled, Raymond sought real-world projects for them to work upon, to put his theories into practice. Projects included an assortment of houses and extensions in New Jersey, Connecticut and Long Island.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p51</ref>

In May 1943, the Raymonds vouched for [[George Nakashima]] and his family, releasing them from a [[Japanese American internment|Japanese internment]] camp in Idaho, so that they could come and live at the New Hope farm.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p272</ref>

== The war years (1941-1945) ==
With the approach of the Second World War, Raymond moved back to New York, ending the New Hope experiment. He formed a partnership with civil engineer Arthur Tuttle, structural engineer Elwyn Seelye and mechanical engineer Clyde Place. With the country's emphasis on the war effort, the company focused on US army contracts. Their work included: prefabricated houses at [[Camp Kilmer]], New Jersey (1942) and [[Camp Shanks]], New York (1942–1943) and housing and an airport in [[Fort Dix]], New Jersey (1943). Controversially, in 1943, Raymond was asked to design a series of middle class Japanese style homes on which the Army could test the effectiveness ordnance (specifically [[incendiaries]]). These houses were eventually erected on the [[Dugway Proving Ground]], nicknamed "[[Japanese village]]". Raymond admitted in his autobiography that he was not proud of the work.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p53</ref>

== Practice with Ladislav Rado ==
After the war, Raymond's practice with Tuttle, Seelye and Place was dissolved. He formed a new company with Slovak architect, Ladislav Leland Rado (1909–1993), and named it Raymond & Rado. Although this company lasted until Raymond's death in 1976, they practised apart, with Rado in the New York office and Raymond in Tokyo. Whilst Raymond explored pottery and sculpture (making friends with [[Tarō Okamoto]] and [[Ade Bethune]]), Rado pursued an orthogonal rationalism that Raymond would eventually distance himself from.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p55&56</ref>

Projects in the United States during the late 1940s allowed Raymond to gain a foothold in occupied Japan. This helped to restart the building boom in [[Occupation of Japan|occupied Japan]] after the war.<ref>Reynolds, (2001), p161</ref> This was mainly achieved through contacts made in his previous practice and those that he and Rado made in New York.

Their single story [[Great River (LIRR station)|Great River Station]] on the [[Long Island Railroad]], expressed Raymond's fondness for inexpensive, simple materials. It had [[fieldstone]] retaining walls and a flat roof supported in each corner with a redwood post. The wide expanse of glazing created a modernist pavilion.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p56">Helfrich & Whitaker (2006), p. 56</ref>

In the Saint Joseph the Worker Chapel[[St. Joseph the Worker Chapel, Victorias]] in Victorias City, [[Negros Island]], the Philippines, Raymond worked with liturgical artist Ade Bethune, to produce mosaic murals and a [[lacquerware]] [[tabernacle]] inside the reinforced concrete church. The interior was adorned with colourful [[fresco]]es by [[Alfonso A. Ossorio|Alfonso Ossorio]]. The church acted as a social centre for employees of the Ossorio sugar cane refinery.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p56"/> The church is regarded as one of the first examples of modern sacred architecture in the country.

The practice were also responsible for a number of parks and recreation buildings across the United States in the late 1940s, built largely to commemorate victory in the war.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p56"/>

== The Reader's Digest Building ==
In 1947, Raymond petitioned [[General MacArthur]] for permission to enter occupied Japan in order to participate in the reconstruction process. His staff from Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho had looked after the drawings and documents of the office through the war and Raymond decided to reopen the office.<ref name="Stewart 1987, p165">Stewart (1987), p. 165</ref>

Raymond received the commission for the [[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]] Building from Mrs [[DeWitt Wallace]] on his return from Japan in 1949. She wanted a design that would show the best that America could offer. The site acquired for the building was opposite the Hirakawa Gate of the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]].<ref name="Stewart 1987, p165"/> Its choice was treated with great resentment by the Japanese who felt that favouritism was shown by the Occupation authorities in allowing an American company to utilise a prominent site that would have served better as a park.<ref>Reynolds, (2001), p162</ref> Taking influence from Le Corbusier, Raymond responded to this criticism by masterplanning the site by using a [[Ville Radieuse]] inspired layout with the building set in gardens with sculptures by the Japanese American sculptor, [[Isamu Noguchi]].

The long, rectilinear, two-storey building, had a double cantilevered frame supported on a single row of concrete columns. These columns tilted outwards from a vertical position. Floor to ceiling glazing on the second storey opened out onto a balcony running the length of the building. It included technical innovations from America including acoustic ceiling tiles, underfloor electricity ducts and fluorescent lighting.<ref name="Stewart 1987, p165"/>

It is considered the first large building in which Raymond managed to use his principles of simplicity, economy of materials, elegance and lightness learned from his residential works. Raymond cited the design of the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum|Hiroshima Peace Museum]] by [[Kenzo Tange]] as being an external imitation of the Reader's Digest Building.<ref>Stewart (2002) p168</ref>

Despite winning awards when first completed, the Reader's Digest Building was demolished in 1963<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p40</ref> to be replaced by the nine floor Palaceside Building, a mixed used office building designed by Shoji Hayashi that for many years has served as the headquarters of the [[Mainichi Shimbun|Mainichi Newspaper]].

== Experimentation in Tokyo ==
[[File:Gunma Music Center 2009.jpg|thumb|Gunma Music Center (1955-61)]]
[[File:Nanzan.jpg|thumb|Nanzan University (1964)]]
Raymond purchased land in the [[Nishiazabu, Minato, Tokyo|Nishi Azabu]] district of Tokyo to build his new office and living quarters. The office was built using the traditional Japanese [[Timber framing|post and lintel]] type construction using unplaned timber logs. The office served as a proving ground for the latest American building innovations including veneered plywood and suspended metal ductwork for forced air heating. Taking influence from Le Corbusier's [[modulor]], Raymond used the traditional Japanese module of the [[Ken (architecture)|ken]] (based upon the size of [[tatami]] mats) as a unit of measure to set out the building's structure. Again he used fusuma partitions and shoji screens, but in a modern way to divide up the spaces.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p57&58">Helfrich & Whitaker (2006), p. 57&58</ref>

Raymond sought to use the design and construction of the office as a platform to inform prototype dwellings for the post war reconstruction of Japan.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006, p57&58"/>

In 1955, Raymond began a commission in [[Takasaki, Gunma]] Prefecture for a Music Centre to house the Gunma Symphony Orchestra. Out of respect for the historic site and the budget constraints, he designed a building built on three premises: it would have an economical structural system, there would be equality of sight lines and acoustics for each seat, and the building would have a low profile without a [[Fly system|fly tower]]. Raymond achieved these aims by using a series of {{convert|12|cm|in}} thick, reinforced concrete ribs connected together like an accordion and spanning {{convert|60|m|ft}}.<ref name="Japan Architect 2005, p22"/>

In 1961, he was commissioned to design the Catholic-based [[Nanzan University]] in [[Nagoya]]. It was one of the largest projects that he would undertake. The campus was orientated on a north–south axis across rolling hills and the eight buildings were arranged to suit the typography and harmonise with the landscape. In-situ concrete is used throughout the scheme and each building has its own concrete form, some with [[pilotis]], others with [[Concrete shell|shells]].<ref>''Japan Architect'' (2005), p124</ref>

Located to the east of the Nanzan Campus is the Divine Word Seminary Chapel (1962). This is a building that exploits the plastic capacity of concrete, with two intersecting shells forming a bell tower. These are punctured with vertical slots which allow light to radiate along the curved interior walls.<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006 p74">Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p74</ref>

== Influence of his wife, Noémi ==
Born in 1889 in [[Cannes]] to Swiss-French parents, Noémi moved to New York in 1900, and later studied Fine Art and Philosophy at [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Columbia Teachers College]]. Here, she was influenced by the painter and educator [[Arthur Wesley Dow]]. During Raymond's period of training as a painter, Noémi supported them both by doing graphic work for publications like the [[The Sun (New York)|New York Sun]] and [[New York Herald Tribune]].<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p16</ref> When they both moved to Taliesin she became interested in 3D design. She also polished her knowledge of Japanese crafts, becoming a broker for clients such as [[Rudolph Schindler (architect)|Rudolph Schindler's]] wife, Pauline Gibling.

Noémi's influence on Raymond during the inter-war years was substantial.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p17</ref> She encouraged him to break away from Wright's rigid style and explore the design of the Reinanzaka House. She increased her interest in Japanese art and philosophy, including [[ukiyo-e]] woodblock prints and introduced Raymond to various influential people, including the mystic philosopher [[Rudolf Steiner]].

She expanded her design repertoire to include textiles, rugs, furniture, glass and silverware. Noémi exhibited in Tokyo in 1936 and New York in 1940, and her textiles were chosen by American designers like [[Louis Kahn]] to cover furniture in their designs.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p18</ref>

Noémi also contributed to the design of the studio in Nishiazabu and a series of Raymond's villas during the 1950s, including the Hayama Villa (1958).<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p20</ref>

== A legacy in concrete ==
{{quote|text=Ignored by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Jr and Philip Johnson in their curatorial celebration of the International Style in 1932, and despite the homecoming exhibition of his work staged in the Rockefeller Center in 1939 and the AIA New York Chapter Medal of Honor that was awarded to him 17 years later in 1956, one has the feeling that Raymond's achievements were always somehow grudgingly received by his compatriots. And even now, over 50 years later... there remains a silent consensus in the field that is reluctant to acknowledge the unrivalled excellence and breathtaking scope of Raymond's architectural career.
|sign=[[Kenneth Frampton]] (foreword)|source=Helfrich & Whittaker. Crafting a Modern World: The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond, p. 9}}

[[File:St. Anselm's Catholic Church 1.jpg|thumb|Interior, St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)]]
[[File:St. Anselm's Catholic Church 2.jpg|thumb|Interior, St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)]]When Wright left Raymond set up his own office, he advertised himself as a specialist in reinforced concrete. He was aware of its textural properties from Cass Gilbert, its structural ones from Wright, and its benefits in relation to earthquake proofing. His first major independent project in 1921 was to design [[Hoshi University|Hoshi Pharmaceutical School]], which was one of the first reinforced concrete buildings in Tokyo.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p67</ref> Raymond used precast concrete to form decorative elements for the building, such as window mullions. In a partially successful experiment, he used wooden [[formwork]] to imprint a texture onto the concrete (but he chose to cover it up).

On the Reinanzaka House, the labourers were skilled in the use of wood, and helped Raymond engrain the texture of cedar onto the concrete. This was further explored on the Tetsuma Akaboshi and the Morinosuke Kawasaki houses, where the concrete walls of the luxurious interiors were imprinted with cypress textures.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p69</ref> On the Karuizawa Studio, workmen polished the concrete with sand and straw to reveal the texture of the aggregate. Whilst at Nanzan University, the south facing facades were cast with checkerboard patterns, with applied metalwork casting abstract shadows on the surface.

Raymond's techniques endeared him to the Japanese architectural psyche, and in 1958, the editor of the architectural magazine Shinkenchiku, Yoshioka Yasugoro remarked, "it is doubtful that concrete is handled with such pains anywhere except in Japan. The idea of an exposed concrete surface seems to fit in with Japanese ideas of decor."<ref name="Helfrich & Whitaker 2006 p74"/> Post war architects like [[Tadao Ando]] have become famous for their use of exposed concrete.<ref>Helfrich & Whitaker (2006) p75</ref>

Raymond's use of a traditional post and beam structure in concrete for the Reinanzaka House was a technique that was adopted by post war Japanese architects such as Kenzo Tange.

Predating Le Corbusier's work in [[Chandigarh]], the Golconde dormitory used a monolithic concrete structure with deep overhangs and louvres to adapt to specific climatic conditions. The building pioneered the use of reinforced concrete in India.<ref>Mueller & Gupta (2005) p147</ref>

{{quote|text=Although Raymond's technique of exposing and perfecting concrete surfaces would come to be seen as "typically Japanese" over time, it is important to note that this entailed polishing and waterproofing the exposed surface rather than covering it with white tiles.|sign=Ken Tadashi Oshima|source=Helfrich & Whittaker. Crafting a Modern World: The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond, p. 75}}

Antonin Raymond died at St. Mary's Hospital in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on 25 October 1976, aged 88. His wife Noémi died four years later, aged 91. [http://www.raymondsekkei.co.jp/index.html Raymond Architectural Design Office] continues to practice in Tokyo.

== Selected works ==
[[File:Ehrismann Residence.jpg|thumb|Ehrismann Residence, [[Yamate]] (1927)]]* Reinanzaka House, Tokyo (1924)
* Hoshi University Main Building, Tokyo (1924)
* Ehrismann Residence, Yamate, Yokohama (1927)
* Embassy Villa, Nikko (1929)
* Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
* Tokyo Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
* Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
* Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Tokyo (1934)
* Tetsuma Akaboshi House, Tokyo (19
* Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
* [[The Huyler Building]], Buffalo, New York (interior) (1939-1940)
* St. Joseph the Worker Church, Victorias City, Negros, the Philippines (1949)
* Raymond House and Studio, Azabu (1951)
* Reader’s Digest Offices, Tokyo (1951)
* Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
* St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
* Yawata Steel Otani Gymnasium, KitaKyushu (1955), (GoogleEarth 33.862184,130.806841)
* Yaskawa Head Offices, KitaKyushu, (1954)
* [[St. Andrew's Cathedral, Tokyo#St. Alban's by St. Andrew's|St. Alban's Church, Tokyo]] (1956)
* Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
* Moji Golf Club, KitaKyushu (1959)
* St. Michael's Church, Sapporo (1960)
* New Studio, Karuizawa (1962)
* St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)
* St. Paul's Chapel, [[Rikkyo University]], Niiza Campus, Saitama (1963)
* Nanzan University Campus (1964)
* Chapel and Lecture Hall, [[Rikkyo University|Rikkyo]] Boys Primary School, Tokyo (1966)

== Awards ==
* 1952 [[Architectural Institute of Japan]] Award for the Reader's Digest Building
* 1956 Medal of Honor by the New York Chapter of [[American Institute of Architects]]
* 1957 First Honor Award of the American Institute of Architects and the Yawata Steel Worker's Union Memorial Hall Award of Merit
* 1964 The Third Order of Merit of the Rising Sun by [[Emperor Hirohito]]
* 1965 Design Award from the Architectural Institute of Japan for his design of Nanzan University, Nagoya

== Publications ==
* 1935 ''Antonin Raymond: His Work in Japan 1920-1935'' published by Jônan Shoin, Tokyo
* 1938 ''Architectural Details'' published by the International Architectural Association, Tokyo
* 1962 ''The Works of Antonin Raymond'' Architectural Association Journal
* 1967 ''Watakushi to nihon kenchiku (Myself and Japanese Architecture)'' A collection of writings and lectures, published by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
* 1970 ''Jiden'' (autobiography) published in Japanese by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
* 1973 ''Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography'' published by Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* The Japan Architect 33, Spring 1999: Antonin Raymond
* {{cite book|title=Crafting a Modern World: The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond|last=Helfrich & Whittaker|first=Kurt & William|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=1-56898-583-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Dennis B|title=The Making of a Modern Japanese Architecture: From the Founders to Shinohara and Isozaki|year=2002|publisher=[[Kodansha International]]|location=New York, United States|isbn=4-7700-2933-0 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Jonathan McKean|title=Maekawa Kunio and the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture|year=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-520-21495-1 }}
* {{cite journal|last=|first=|authorlink=|editor1-first=|editor1-last=|editor1-link=|date=Spring 2005|title=Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections|journal=The Japan Architect|issue=57|page=|pages=|at=|publisher=The Japan Architect Company|location=Japan|issn=0448-8512 }}
* Mueller, Christine & Gupta, "Golconde: The Introduction of Modernism in India", [http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/ek_public/documents/pdf/aiap080052.pdf American Institute of Architects], 2005
* {{cite book|last1=Frampton|first1=Kenneth|title=Modern Architecture a Critical History|edition=Revised and enlarged|year=1990|origyear=1980|publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]]|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0-500-20201-X }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Antonin Raymond}}
* [http://odeo.com/episodes/1083769-Antonin-Raymond-George-Nakashima-Soul-Mates Antonin Raymond and George Nakashima]
* [http://www.raymondsekkei.co.jp/archives/index.html Raymond Digital Archives] {{ja icon}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raymond, Antonin}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Czech people]]
[[Category:Czech architects]]
[[Category:American architects]]
[[Category:Japanese architecture]]
[[Category:American people of Czech descent]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Czech expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:People from Kladno]]
[[Category:Czech Technical University in Prague alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion]]

Ritzville

2013-11-15T03:32:53Z

Architect21c: /* Points of interest */

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Ritzville, Washington
|settlement_type = [[City (Washington)|City]]
|nickname =
|motto =

|image_skyline = gritmanbuilding.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Gritman Building, downtown Ritzville
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|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Ritzville in Washington
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|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Adams County, Washington|Adams]]


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|area_total_km2 = 4.40
|area_land_km2 = 4.40
|area_water_km2 = 0
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.70
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.70
|area_water_sq_mi = 0


|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_est = 1678
|pop_est_as_of = 2012<ref name="2012 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>
|population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder"/>
|population_total = 1673
|population_density_km2 = 380.0
|population_density_sq_mi = 984.1


|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset = -8
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|postal_code = 99169
|area_code = [[Area code 509|509]]
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|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-58725
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512607{{GR|3}}
|website = [http://www.ritzville-wa.gov/ www.ritzville-wa.gov]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ritzville''' is a city in [[Adams County, Washington|Adams County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]. The population was 1,673 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]]. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Adams County, Washington|Adams County]].{{GR|6}}

==History==
The first settler in what would become Ritzville was William McKay in 1880. The town would be named after Philip Ritz, who had settled in the area two years earlier.<ref>Phillips, James W. ''Washington State Place Names''. 8th ed. Seattle: [[University of Washington Press]], 1971. Print.</ref> By December 1880, Ritzville's town-site had been platted by [[John W. Sprague]] on behalf of his company, The [[Northern Pacific Railway]]. In 1881, McKay built the first house on the townsite. The Northern Pacific grade was under construction in the vicinity and McKay's home was used as a makeshift hotel for the workers and associated transients.

With the railroad came a new wave of settlers to the area. In the summer of 1881, McKay erected the first store and the railroad built a depot nearby, which also served as a hotel, theater and meeting hall. At that time the fledgeling village had a population of around 50 and the school consisted of a [[lean-to]] against a house. The town's water supply was the railroad tank because it was not thought that water could be found in the ground. The first religious services were held in Adams County in Ritzville in April 1882 at the McKay Home and the [[First Congregational Church]] was soon organized, a church would be built in 1885. The post office was established in 1883 by J.L. Johnson of [[Walla Walla, Washington|Walla Walla]] who also purchased McKay's store. Soon afterwards, many more businesses would set up shop in town. As the 1880s wore on, the town was beginning to realize its position as a major wheat shipping point in the Big Bend Country and it continued to grow.

When the town's water supply from the railroad tank began to stretch thin, a search for underground water was initiated. At first, no water was found but a well was finally struck {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} east of the town-site. Most of the land-owners in town agreed to move towards the well, with the exception of a large hotel which couldn't be moved. Water was eventually found at the site and the town was allowed to stay where it was. By 1887, Ritzville had three general merchandise stores, one drug store, one saloon, two blacksmith shops, two lumber yards, two [[livery stable]]s, one harness shop, two hotels and a large, two-story wooden schoolhouse with an attendance of 100.<ref name="history">''An Illustrated History of The Big Bend Country, Embracing Lincoln, Douglas, Adams and Franklin Counties''. Spokane, Washington: Western Historical Publishing Company, 1904. Print.</ref>

On June 6, 1888, a fire caused by a defective [[flue]] wiped out nearly all of the business section of town.<ref name="history"/> Ritzville had no fire department at the time and its citizens were unable to combat the flames effectively. Rebuilding went underway quickly resulting in the town's first brick building in 1889 built by the town's first mayor, N.H. Greene. It still stands and is currently part of the [[Ritzville Historic District]].

[[File:Ritzville.jpg|thumb|left|Hauling Wheat to Mill, Ritzville c. 1908]] Following the rebuilding from the fire, Ritzville was incorporated as a town in 1888 and was officially re-incorporated as a city on July 17, 1890 after Washington became a state. The first banking institution, The Adams County Bank (later First National Bank) would follow in April 1891. After another downtown fire in 1894, a waterworks system was installed at a cost of $20,000. The first permanent Adams County courthouse was also built in 1892.

After the [[panic of 1893]] had subsided in 1898, Ritzville was experiencing another boom, with demand for property rising and scores of buildings being built. Telephone service was established in August 1899. By the turn of the century, the population had exceeded 1,200. The town finally received a volunteer fire department in 1901, with equipment funded by the citizens. Also in 1901, Ritzville received the title of the greatest wheat shipping point in the world. Between August of that year and August 1902, approximately 1,967,725 bushels of wheat were received in Ritzville warehouses for shipment and 1,990 rail cars of [[wheat]] and [[flour]] were billed out. These numbers would only be exceeded in 1902. On January 17, 1902, Ritzville was electrified for the first time, run by a [[Steam powered]] [[Dynamo]]. The [[Chamber of Commerce]] was formed in 1903 and the following year the courthouse was doubled in size. The city received a [[Carnegie Library]] in 1907, the only one in Adams County. It still serves as the town's library today.

By the time of [[The Great Depression]], growth had slowed and Ritzville settled in as a small town. In the 1960s [[Interstate 90]] was constructed around the south-end of town, replacing [[U.S. Route 10]] and re-routing [[US 395 (WA)]] and its traffic away from downtown. The town's arrested development from then on helped contribute to its charm, helping form The Ritzville Historic District in 1990.

Much of the history of Ritzville and Adams County is visually documented in the [http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Search#1 A.M. Kendrick collection]. This archive of images, illustrating daily life in eastern Washington state, was originally maintained by the Adams County Rural Library District No. 2 (formerly Ritzville Public Library), and now is kept in digital form in the [[Washington State Digital Archives]].<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Collections/TitleInfo/459 | title = A.M. Kendrick Collection | publisher=[[Washington State Digital Archives]] | accessdate=2013-06-16 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Aerial - Ritzville, WA 01 - white balanced (9794496583).jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of Ritzville, 2013]]
Ritzville is approximately {{convert|53|mi|km|0}} southwest of [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] on [[Interstate 90]] and [[U.S. Route 395]]. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|1.70|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all of it land.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1900= 761
|1910= 1859
|1920= 1900
|1930= 1777
|1940= 1748
|1950= 2145
|1960= 2173
|1970= 1876
|1980= 1800
|1990= 1725
|2000= 1736
|2010= 1673
|estimate= 1678
|estyear= 2012
|footnote=<center>U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 3, 2013}}</ref><br>2012 Estimate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|accessdate=October 3, 2013}}</ref></center>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> of 2010, there were 1,673 people, 751 households, and 444 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|984.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 902 housing units at an average density of {{convert|530.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.5% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.8% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.5% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2.4% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.7% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 5.7% of the population.

There were 751 households of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.9% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 18% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the city was 48.1 years. 20.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.2% were from 25 to 44; 30.5% were from 45 to 64; and 23.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 1,736 people, 777 households, and 470 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,347.8 people per square mile (519.6/km²). There were 873 housing units at an average density of 677.8 per square mile (261.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.79% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.35% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.58% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.58% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.86% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.84% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.36% of the population.

There were 777 households out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 21.7% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 25.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,560, and the median income for a family was $40,240. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,083 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,308. About 8.4% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

==Climate==
The average temperature in January is {{convert|27|°F|°C|0}}, and in July it is {{convert|69|°F|°C|0}}. Annual snowfall averages {{convert|20|in|cm|0}}.<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web
| url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=950754&refer= |title =Weatherbase: Weather for Ritzville, Washington, United States of America | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2007 | accessdate = 2007-12-01 }}</ref>

<center>{{Weather box |imperial first = Y
|location = Ritzville, Washington
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 60
|Feb record high F = 66
|Mar record high F = 75
|Apr record high F = 92
|May record high F = 99
|Jun record high F = 105
|Jul record high F = 108
|Aug record high F = 112
|Sep record high F = 103
|Oct record high F = 88
|Nov record high F = 70
|Dec record high F = 58
|year record high F=112
|Jan high F = 34
|Feb high F = 42
|Mar high F = 51
|Apr high F = 61
|May high F = 69
|Jun high F = 78
|Jul high F = 87
|Aug high F = 86
|Sep high F = 77
|Oct high F = 62
|Nov high F = 45
|Dec high F = 36
|year high F=
|Jan low F = 21
|Feb low F = 26
|Mar low F = 30
|Apr low F = 34
|May low F = 40
|Jun low F = 47
|Jul low F = 52
|Aug low F = 52
|Sep low F = 45
|Oct low F = 36
|Nov low F = 28
|Dec low F = 23
|year low F=
|Jan record low F = -23
|Feb record low F = -24
|Mar record low F = 0
|Apr record low F = 16
|May record low F = 22
|Jun record low F = 29
|Jul record low F = 33
|Aug record low F = 32
|Sep record low F = 22
|Oct record low F = 8
|Nov record low F = -14
|Dec record low F = -18
|year record low F=-24
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.4
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.1
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.1
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.9
|May precipitation inch = 0.9
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.8
|Jul precipitation inch = 0.5
|Aug precipitation inch = 0.4
|Sep precipitation inch = 0.6
|Oct precipitation inch = 1.0
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.6
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.7
|year precipitation inch= 11.9
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web
| url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=91637&refer=&units=us |title =Weatherbase: Weather for Ritzville, Washington, United States of America | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2007 }} Retrieved on August 12, 2007.</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}</center>

==Points of interest==
Five individual structures in Ritzville are on the [[National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state#Adams_County|National Register of Historic Places]]: [http://museums.goritzville.com/burroughs.php The Burroughs (Dr. Frank R.) House] on Main Street, [http://museums.goritzville.com/depot.php the National Pacific Railroad Depot], the Greene (Nelson H.) House on South Adams Street, the Ritzville Carnegie Library on West Main Street, and the [[Ritzville High School]] (also known as Old Ritzville High School) on Seventh Avenue. The Burroughs House and the National Pacific Depot have both been ceded to the city and maintained as museums by volunteers.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://museums.goritzville.com/ | title = Historic Ritzville | accessdate=2007-12-05 }}</ref> The [[Ritzville Historic District]], bounded roughly by Broadway, Division Street, Railroad Avenue, and Washington Street is also listed on the register.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/wa/Adams/state.html | title = National Register of Historic Places: Washington, Adams County | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=2007-12-05 }}</ref>

The New Ritz Theatre was opened in 1937<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.boxoffice.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1937-9-18&page_no=104#page_start | title = Box Office Magazine, September 8, 1937 | publisher=Box Office Media, LLC | accessdate=2013-06-16 }}</ref> and was designed by prolific northwest cinema architect Bjarne Moe.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.dahp.wa.gov/learn-and-research/architect-biographies/bjarne-h-moe | title = Biography, Bjarne H. Moe | publisher=[[Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation]] | accessdate=2013-06-16 }}</ref> It maintains the original architecture and seating arrangement for 400 patrons.

Ritzville is currently home to the biggest annual rodeo in eastern Washington.<ref>Kirk, pg. 98</ref>

Seattle [[Grunge]] band [[Mudhoney]] recorded a song named after Ritzville on their 1992 album, ''[[Piece of Cake (album)|Piece of Cake]]''.

[[Chistopher Bingham]] of the Pagan/Rock band [[Gaia Consort]] has recorded two songs, ''Ritzville'' and ''South of Ritzville'', on his 1995 solo album, ''[[Angel and the Hanged Man]]''.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* ''An Illustrated History of The Big Bend Country, Embracing Lincoln, Douglas, Adams and Franklin Counties''. Spokane, Washington: Western Historical Publishing Company, 1904. Print.
* Kirk, Ruth and Carmela Alexander (1990, revised 1995) ''Exploring Washington's Past: a road guide to history (Revised Edition)'', University of Washington Press, Seattle. ISBN 0-295-97443-5

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.ritzville-wa.gov/ City of Ritzville website]
* [http://www.washingtonruralheritage.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/ritzville Ritzville Heritage]. Local history collections from the Ritzville Public Library and Adams County Historical Society.
* [http://www.ritzvillelibrary.org/ Ritzville Public Library.]
* [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9396 History of Ritzville] at [[HistoryLink]]
* [http://www.speedtrap.org/city/12393/Ritzville/ List of Known Ritzville Speed Traps]
* [http://www.ritzvillefire.com/ Ritzville Fire Department]

{{Adams County, Washington}}

[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Cities in Adams County, Washington]]
[[Category:County seats in Washington (state)]]

Sedro-Woolley

2013-11-13T04:05:53Z

Architect21c: /* Schools */ section revised, school info moved to new linked article

{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|image_caption = Sedro-Woolley, Gateway to the North Cascades
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Skagit County, Washington|Skagit]]
|government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Mayor-council]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Mike Anderson
|leader_title1 = City Supervisor
|leader_name1 = Eron Berg
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|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
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|pop_est_as_of = 2012<ref name="2012 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>
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|postal_code = 98284
|website = [http://www.ci.sedro-woolley.wa.us/ www.ci.sedro-woolley.wa.us]
|area_code = [[Area code 360|360]]
|area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
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'''Sedro-Woolley''' is a city in [[Skagit County, Washington]], United States. The population was 10,540 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]]. It is included in the [[Mount Vernon, Washington|Mount Vernon]]–[[Anacortes, Washington|Anacortes]], Washington [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]].

==History==
[[File:Sedro-Woolley - on Metcalf 02.jpg|thumb|right|Shops on Metcalf Street, downtown Sedro-Woolley.]]
Officially incorporated on December 19, 1898, Sedro-Woolley was formed from neighboring rival towns known as Sedro and Woolley in [[Skagit County]], northwestern Washington, {{convert|25|mi|km}} inland from the [[Puget Sound]], {{convert|40|mi|km}} south of the border with Canada and {{convert|65|mi|km}} north of [[Seattle]].<ref>[http://www.stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal/S-W/Pre-1900/Bughouse01.html stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal]</ref>

Four British bachelors, led by David Batey, homesteaded the area in 1878, the time logjam obstructions were cleared downriver at the site of Mount Vernon.<ref>[http://www.stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal/S-W/Pre-1900/4Bachelors.html stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal]</ref> In 1884–85, Batey built a store and home for the arrival of the Mortimer Cook family from [[Santa Barbara, California]] where Cook had been mayor for two terms. Cook intended to name his new Pacific Northwest town Bug due to the number of [[mosquitos]] present, but his wife protested along with a handful of local wives. Cook was already the namesake for the town Cook's Ferry on the Thompson River in [[British Columbia]]. With "Bug" being so unpopular, Cook derived a town name from Spanish; knowing [[:es:Cedrus|"cedro"]] was the word for cedar, he replaced one letter to make the name unique, settling on "Sedro".<ref>[http://www.stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal/S-W/Pioneer/Cook/Cook01-Intro.html stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal]</ref>

Sedro, on the northern banks of the [[Skagit River]], proved susceptible to floods. In 1899, [[Northern Pacific Railway]] developer Nelson Bennett began laying track from the town of [[Fairhaven, Washington|Fairhaven]], {{convert|25|mi|km}} northwest on [[Bellingham Bay]], and real estate developer Norman R. Kelley platted a new town of Sedro on high ground a mile northwest of Cook's site. The [[Fairhaven and Southern Railroad]] arrived in Sedro on Christmas Eve 1899, in time for Bennett to receive a performance bonus from the towns at both ends, and a month after Washington became the 42nd state in the Union.<ref>[http://www.stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal/Railroad/Duel1-F-S-1.html stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal]</ref>

Within months, two more railroads crossed the F&S road bed a half mile north of new Sedro, forming a triangle where 11 trains eventually arrived daily. Railroad developer Philip A. Woolley moved his family from [[Elgin, Illinois]], to Sedro in December 1899 and bought land around the triangle. He built the Skagit River Lumber & Shingle Mill next to where the railroads crossed and he started his namesake company town there that was based on sales of railroad ties to the three rail companies, including the [[Seattle and Northern Railway]] (forerunner of the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]]) and the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]].

Meanwhile a fourth town rose nearby when the F&S laid rails on a "[[Wye (rail)|wye]]" that led northeast from Sedro about four and a half miles to [[coal]] mines. Bennett bought the mines, along with Montana mining financier Charles X. Larrabee, and they soon sold their interests to [[James J. Hill]], owner of the Great Northern. The resulting ore soon turned out to be more suitable for coking coal and a town began there named Cokedale. Cokedale faded in importance when the mine declined and the other towns all merged on December 19, 1898, as Sedro-Woolley.<ref>There are extensive articles about these occurrences and local and Skagit River history at the online [[Skagit River Journal]] of History & Folklore (http://www.skagitriverjournal.com/).</ref>

On May 15, 1922, a large circus [[elephant]] known as [[Tusko]] escaped from the [[Al G. Barnes Circus]], which was making one of its stops in Sedro-Woolley, at that time. The elephant stomped his way through the little logging town and right into local history, demolishing fences, knocking over laundry lines and trees, telephone poles, and a [[Model T]] along the way.

After logging and coal-mining declined, the major employers and industries became the nearby [[Northern State Hospital]] (a mental-health facility)<ref>[http://www.stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal/S-WArea/NSH1.html stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal]</ref> and Skagit Steel & Iron Works, which rose from the back room of a local hardware store to became a major supplier of implements and parts for logging and railroad customers and which manufactured machines and parts for the war effort in World War II and artillery shells, starting in 1953. By 1990, that company was gone and the hospital was closed but new industry is developing north of town, including robotics.

== Government ==
The City of Sedro-Woolley operates under a Mayor-Council form of government. The elected mayor oversees the operations of the departments of Finance, Police, Fire, Municipal Court, Public Works, Community Development, and Parks & Recreation. Sedro-Woolley Parks & Recreation maintains a large number of public parks and open spaces such as Hammer Heritage Square in downtown Sedro-Woolley. Riverfront Park situated on the Bank of the Skagit River is the signature park. It consists of nearly {{convert|60|acre|m2}} and includes picnic shelters, baseball fields, RV park, amphitheater, and an off-leash dog park. Every year on the 4th of July the city celebrates with a festive carnival, and hosts the logger rodeo parade.

== Sedro-Woolley today ==

In 2006 a new housing development began between the town and the old hospital site, projected to add at least 5,000 to the town's population.<ref>[http://www.stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal/S-W/Gen/SkagitSteel/SkagitSteel01-BirthTimeline.html stumpranchonline.com/skagitjournal]</ref>

==Education==
Public schools are operated by the [[Sedro-Woolley School District]] whose offices are located here.

==Culture==
Sedro-Woolley is the home of [[Loggerodeo]] (http://www.loggerodeo.com/ ), a celebration staged annually since the mid-1930s close to the Fourth of July. The annual event is well known in Western Washington and one of the oldest rural summer celebrations in the state with many of the events date back more than 100 years. Loggerodeo features a carnival, foot-race, log drive, old-time logging show, championship rodeo, children's parade, the annual Fourth of July parade, and an invitation-only chainsaw log carving competition. Favorite chainsaw carved log creations from the carving competitions of past years line the downtown Sedro-Woolley area.

==Geography==
[[Image:WAMap-doton-Sedro-Wooley.png|right|Location of Sedro-Woolley, Washington]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|3.81|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all of it land.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref>

It is halfway between [[Seattle]] and [[Vancouver]].<ref>"[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/mother-murder-adopted-daughter-freeze Woman guilty of murdering adopted girl who starved and froze to death]." ''[[Reuters]]'' at ''[[The Guardian]]''. September 10, 2013. Retrieved on September 10, 2013.</ref>

==Demographics==
===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> of 2010, there were 10,540 people, 3,995 households, and 2,609 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2766.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 4,303 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1129.4|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 86.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.3% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.9% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 6.8% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.3% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 14.0% of the population.

There were 3,995 households of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.7% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.12.

The median age in the city was 33.7 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.2% were from 25 to 44; 22.7% were from 45 to 64; and 12.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

===2000 census===
As of the census{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 8,658 people, 3,205 households, and 2,176 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,547.7 people per square mile (983.2/km²). There were 3,334 housing units at an average density of 981.1 per square mile (378.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.97% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.25% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.59% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.81% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.13% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 3.25% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.00% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 7.23% of the population.

There were 3,205 households out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 28.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,914, and the median income for a family was $40,918. Males had a median income of $35,215 versus $23,636 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,517. About 10.7% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 16.1% of those age 65 or over.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.skagitriverjournal.com Skagit River Journal: History of Sedro-Woolley and Skagit County]
* [http://www.ci.sedro-woolley.wa.us Official Sedro-Woolley website]
* [http://www.loggerodeo.com Loggerodeo website]
* [http://sedrowoolleymuseum.homestead.com/Index.html The Sedro-Woolley Museum]

{{Skagit County, Washington}}

[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Cities in Skagit County, Washington]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1898]]