Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzerin Diskussion:AmandaNP

2023-11-02T23:18:01Z

AmandaNP: remove as test edit

Pferdekult

2016-02-05T11:23:06Z

AmandaNP: Reset pending changes settings for Horse worship: Persistent disruptive editing

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[[File:Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg|thumb|The Uffington White Horse]]
'''Horse worship''' is a spiritual practice with archaeological evidence of its existence during the [[Iron Age]] and, in some places, as far back as the [[Bronze Age]]. The horse was seen as divine, as a sacred animal associated with a particular deity, or as a [[totem]] animal impersonating the king or warrior. Horse cults and [[horse sacrifice]] were originally a feature of [[Eurasian nomad]] cultures. While horse worship has been almost exclusively associated with [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] culture, by the [[Early Middle Ages]] it was also adopted by [[Turkic peoples]].

Horse worship still exists today in various regions of [[South Asia]].

==Bronze Age==

[[File:Hayagreeva.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hayagriva]], the Hindu god.]]
In [[India]], Horse worship in the form of worship of ''[[Hayagriva]]'' dates back to 2000 BC,<ref>{{cite book|title = Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan|publisher = Brill Archive|page = 9|author = Robert Hans van Gulik}}</ref> when the [[Indo-Aryan people]] started to migrate into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus valley]].<ref>Gavin Floyd (1996), ''An introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press</ref> The Indo-Aryans worshipped the horse for its speed, strength, and intelligence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mārg̲, Volume 43|page=77}}Originally from = University of Michigan</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Animal in Far Eastern Art: And Especially in the Art of the Japanese Netzsuke, with References to Chinese Origins, Traditions, Legends, and Art|page=102|author=T. Volker|year=1950|publisher=BRILL}}</ref> To this day, the worship of Hayagriva exists among the followers of [[Hinduism]].<ref>[http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/27-30.pdf Jagannath Cult in North - East India] by Prof. Byomakesh Tripathy and Dr. Prabhas Kumar Singh</ref>

==Iron Age==

The [[Uffington White Horse]] in the United Kingdom, is dated to the [[Iron Age Britain|Iron Age]] (800 BC–AD 100) or the late [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]] (1000–700 BC) in Britain; deposits of fine silt removed from the horse's 'beak' were scientifically dated to the late Bronze Age.<ref>*{{cite book|last=Darvill|first=Timothy|title=Prehistoric Britain from the Air: A study of space, time and society|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521551328|page=223|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZPC_Bd7reVcC&pg=PA222}}</ref>

The French archaeologist Patrice Méniel has demonstrated, based on examination of animal bones from many archaeological sites, a lack of ''hippophagy'' (horse eating) in ritual centres and burial sites in Gaul, although there is some evidence for hippophagy from earlier settlement sites in the same region.<ref>{{cite book|title = Society for Ancient Medicine Review|publisher = Department of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania|page = 131|quote = Hippophagy in pre-Roman Gaul can no longer be denied MULDER, J., 'A Historical Review of Wound Treatment in Animals,'|year = 1993}}</ref>

Horse oracles are also attested in later times (see Arkona below).

There is some reason to believe that [[Poseidon]], like other water gods, was originally conceived under the form of a horse. In [[Greek art]], Poseidon rides a [[chariot]] that was pulled by a [[Hippocampus (mythology)|hippocampus]] or by horses that could ride on the sea, and sailors sometimes drowned horses as a sacrifice to Poseidon to ensure a safe voyage.

In the cave of [[Phigalia]] [[Demeter]] was, according to popular tradition, represented with the head and mane of a horse, possibly a relic of the time when a non-specialized corn-spirit bore this form. Her priests were called Poloi (Greek for "colts") in Laconia.

This seems related to the archaic myth by which Poseidon once pursued Demeter; She spurned his advances, turning herself into a [[Mare (horse)|mare]] so that she could hide in a herd of horses; he saw through the deception and became a [[Horse|stallion]] and [[rape|captured]] her. Their child was a [[horse]], [[Arion (mythology)|Arion]], which was capable of human speech.

This bears some resemblance to the [[Norse mythology|Norse]] mythology reference to the gender-changing [[Loki]] having turned himself into a mare and given birth to [[Sleipnir]], "the greatest of all horses".
{{further|Equirria}}

==Germanic==

[[Tacitus]] (Germania) mentions the use of white horses for divination by the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]]:

:''But to this nation it is peculiar, to learn presages and admonitions divine from horses also. These are nourished by the State in the same sacred woods and groves, all milk-white and employed in no earthly labour. These yoked in the holy chariot, are accompanied by the Priest and the King, or the Chief of the Community, who both carefully observed his actions and neighing. Nor in any sort of augury is more faith and assurance reposed, not by the populace only, but even by the nobles, even by the Priests. These account themselves the ministers of the Gods, and the horses privy to his will. ''

==Gallo-Roman==

In [[Gallo-Roman]] times, the worship of [[Epona]] was widespread<ref>Nantonos & Ceffyl 2005</ref> in the north-western portions of the [[Roman Empire]].

==Early medieval==

The Welsh legend of [[Rhiannon]] and the Irish legend of [[Macha]], although first recorded in Christian times, may indicate memories of horse worship. The white horse of Rhiannon is another example of cultic use of white horses, which seems to be an Indo-European phenomenon.<ref>Hyland p.6</ref>

The temple fortress of Arkona, at [[Cape Arkona]] on the German island of [[Rügen]], was the religious centre of the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] in the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The temple, dedicated to the deity [[Svantevit]], housed an important horse oracle in Slavic times, where the behaviour of a white stallion could decide peace or war - recalling the above account by Tacitus.

Similar horse oracles have been reported from [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages#Religion|medieval temples]] in [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranian]] [[Stettin]] and [[Veleti|Lutitian]] [[Rethra]] and in temples in the [[Ming Dynasty Tombs]].

==See also==
*[[White horse (mythology)]]
*[[Horse burial]]
*[[Animal worship]]
*[[Domestication of the horse#Botai_culture|Domestication of the horse]]
*[[Horse (zodiac)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ann Hyland|Hyland, Ann]] (2003) ''The Horse in the Ancient World''. Stroud, Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2160-9
* Méniel, Patrice ''Les Sacrifices d'animaux chez les gaulois''. Paris, Editions Errance. ISBN 2-87772-068-3
* Nantonos & Ceffyl (2005) [http://www.epona.net/distribution.html Geographical Distribution of Epona]
* Tacitus, ''Germania''. Thomas Gordon, translator. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html Available online]
*W. H. Corkill, ''Horse Cults in Britain'', Folklore (1950).
* Robert Hans van Gulik, ''Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan'' (1935)

{{Equine}}

[[Category:Horses in culture and religion|Worship]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Germanic paganism]]
[[Category:Animal worship]]

Pferdekult

2016-02-05T11:23:06Z

AmandaNP: Protected "Horse worship": Persistent disruptive editing ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite))

Wikipedia Diskussion:Schiedsgericht

2015-06-29T00:10:18Z

AmandaNP: /* Benutzer "arbitration" */ time

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== Genealogische Zeichen ==

Sehr geehrtes Schiedsgericht!

Das Schiedsgericht wurde als eine Institution zur Lösung von Konflikten zwischen Benutzern etabliert.

Eine der größten Auseinandersetzungen der letzten Jahre – die Schreibung der Lebensdaten in der Einleitung unserer Biografieartikel – ist leider noch immer ungelöst. Mehrere Meinungsbilder haben nicht zu einer Klärung beitragen können. Das ist für alle Seiten, die Befürworter der Zeichen, die Gegner der Zeichen und nicht zuletzt unsere Admins, eine belastende Situation. Es kommt immer wieder zu gefühlten oder tatsächlichen Ungerechtigkeiten, da es unter den Admins natürlich auch Befürworter und Gegner gibt. Die derzeitige Praxis, dass die Schreibung weder hin noch her geändert werden darf, ist auch nur eine Notlösung damit das Problem halt irgendwie in den Griff bekommen wird.

Grundsätzlich halte ich das Schiedsgericht ermächtigt, eine Lösung zu finden. Es geht um ''keinen'' inhaltlichen Konflikt, es betrifft eine Formalität; möglicherweise ist der Wikipedia-Grundsatz Neutraler Standpunkt berührt.

Antragsteller für eine Anfrage könnten exponierte Befürworter und Gegner der Zeichen sowie Admins sein. Aus meiner Sicht wäre, neben anderen Möglichkeiten, auch ein vom Schiedsgericht eingebrachtes Meinungsbild, das ''eindeutig und zweifelsfrei die Bedingungen zur Verwendung oder Nichtverwendung der genealogischen Zeichen'' festlegt, eine Option; möchte da aber auch nicht vorgreifen.

Ich ersuche das Schiedsgericht um Bekanntgabe, ob eine Anfrage grundsätzlich Chancen haben würde, angenommen zu werden.

Viele Grüße, -- [[Benutzer:Hans Koberger|Hans Koberger]] 16:24, 10. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
:Meine Belastung begann tatsächlich schon [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:Diff/28222337/28222549?title=David_Edelstadt vor 8 Jahren]. Seitdem drückt der Klotz und wird nicht kleiner. Ich bin aber fast der Ansicht, dass [[Völker_und_Gruppierungen_im_Star-Trek-Universum#Borg|du nicht mehr lange Widerstand]] leistest. Du brauchst das SG nicht, um zu erkennen, dass die gonoligischen Zeichen ''eindeutig und zweifelsfrei'' inhaltlich falsch sind. −[[Benutzer:Sargoth|Sargoth]] 17:06, 10. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::Meiner persönlichen Meinung nach hat das SG nicht das Mandat eigenständig eine Entscheidung in diesem Fall zu treffen da es sowohl inhaltlicher Natur als auch um Grundregeln der Wikipedia geht. Solche Regeln aufzustellen ist Privileg der Community und soll es auch bleiben.
::Natürlich kann das SG selber ein Meinungsbild entwerfen aber das kann auch jeder andere Benutzer oder eine Gruppe von Benutzern (Nicht Benutzergruppe). Es macht Arbeit und diesem Fall richtig viel Arbeit hier ein MB zu entwerfen was wirklich alle Eventualitäten abdeckt und dadurch vermutlich zu einem klaren Ergebnis kommt. Das Problem der letzten Meinungsbilder war, dass sie nicht komplett durchdacht waren und eben nicht jede Eventualität abgedeckt hat. Meine favorisierte Möglichkeit war dort nicht zur Auswahl.
::Im Idealfall finden sich Benutzer aller Strömungen zusammen und und entwerfen so ein MB auch in dem Wissen dass nur eine Seite letztlich "gewinnt". Den Status Quo empfinde ich auch als sehr unbefriedigend aber ich glaube nicht dass der Weg über das SG der richtige Weg ist um eine Lösung zu finden den jede Seite, sofern das überhaupt möglich ist, akzeptieren. Alles vorstehende meine ganz persönliche Meinung und nicht als Mitglied des SGs. --[[Benutzer:Codc|codc ]][[Benutzer Diskussion:Codc|<tt>Disk </tt>]] 22:43, 10. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

:::Daß es sich hier um ein bisher ungelöstes Problem mit fortdauernden, schwerem Schaden für den Projektfrieden, aber auch in der Außenwahrnehmung der WP, handelt und mindestens als Konflikte zwischen Nutzern in die Zuständigkeit des SG fällt, steht wohl außer Frage. Sehr viel kniffliger ist natürlich die Suche nach einer friedensstiftenden Lösung. Auf der Diskussionsseite der VM wurde neulich ein recht interessanter Gedanke von {{ping|Geolina163}} eingebracht[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Diskussion:Vandalismusmeldung#Wir_haben_ein_Problem], den ich so zusammengefasst habe:
::::" Wenn ich Geolina richtig verstehe, wünscht sie sich nicht mehr Regeln, sondern eine Rechtssicherheit, wie sie durch eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der bekannten Problembereiche, inklusiv einer von der Gesamtheit der Admins so getragenen Best Practice-Empfehlung nebst klarer Ansagen der Behandlung von Verstößen, hergestellt werden könnte."

:::Das scheint mir zunächst einmal ebenso notwendig, wie hinreichend zu sein, um in diesem Bereich Rechtssicherheit und damit Ruhe einkehren zu lassen. Vielleicht eröffnet ein solcher ''Waffenstillstand'' auch neue Möglichkeiten zu einer abschließenden Konsensbildung, etwa in Form eines auf Grundlage der (arbeitsaufwendigen, aber vom SG kommend, als neutral anerkannten) Zusammenfassung des status quo erarbeiteten MB. Es wäre schön, wenn das SG intern prüfen könnte, inwieweit es Einigungs-Potential für eine Entscheidung in diesem Sinne gibt. --[[Benutzer:Eloquenzministerium|Eloquenzministerium]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Eloquenzministerium|Diskussion]]) 00:15, 11. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::::Das SG wird nur auf Anfrage per WP:SGA tätig und nicht auf einen Diskussionstrang auf WD:SG siehe dazu [[Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Regeln#Stellen_einer_Anfrage|hier]]. Danach läuft das übliche Procere ab - Abgleich der einzelnen SG-Mitglieder auf Zuständigkeit wegen Annahme/Ablehnung der Anfrage usw.
::::In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich mir die Frage warum das SG hier außerordentlich tätig werden sollte wenn doch die Community hier entscheiden muss. Ein MB würde sowieso öffentlich erstellt und nicht im SG-Wiki da es die komplette WP betrifft. Die MBs die das SG selber gestellt hat, ich glaube es waren bisher zwei, regelten nur das exakte Wahlprocedere und die Verlängerung der Amtszeit von SG-Mitgliedern innerhalb einer laufenden Anfrage, also beides Sachen die das SG selber betreffen. --[[Benutzer:Codc|codc ]][[Benutzer Diskussion:Codc|<tt>Disk </tt>]] 00:28, 11. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

Das SG hat auf Anfrage [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meinungsbilder/MB_Verbindlichkeit_genealogische_Zeichen dieses MB] angeregt. Das Ergebnis ist knapp aber eindeutig. Insofern denke ich schon, dass das SG auf eine neuerliche Anfrage reagieren sollte, um der Negierung dieses MB, auch von Adminseite, eine klare Stellungnahme entgegenzusetzen. Wenn Gesetze nicht eingehalten werden - und unsere „Gesetze“ werden durch MBs gesetzt - ist es Aufgabe des SG, diese Verstöße zu klären. Wohin sonst sollten sich Benutzer wenden? Ein neues MB, das dann ebenfalls wieder negiert wird? Fragt sehr ernsthaft besorgt der --[[Benutzer:Hardenacke|Hardenacke]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Hardenacke|Diskussion]]) 20:01, 14. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
:[[Wikipedia:Meinungsbilder/Verwendung_des_genealogischen_Kreuzzeichens]] legt * und † verbindlich fest. [[Wikipedia:Meinungsbilder/MB Verbindlichkeit genealogische Zeichen]] erlaubt in einem Artikel abweichendes, hebt also das Meinungsbild von 2010 nicht auf. Juden zu stigmatisieren, indem man ihnen das † verweigert, ist noch nicht legitimiert. [[Benutzer:Andim|Andim]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Andim|Diskussion]]) 07:50, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::Natürlich hebt ein späteres MB alle ihm entgegenstehenden vorhergehenden auf. Die Behauptung, irgendjemand wolle durch ein neutrales Intro „Juden stigmatisieren“ weise ich als Entgleisung zurück. Als unpassend (bevormundend) empfundene Zeichensetzung kann bei jedermann durch neutrale Bezeichnungen ersetzt werden. --[[Benutzer:Hardenacke|Hardenacke]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Hardenacke|Diskussion]]) 10:02, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
Das vom SG innitiierte MB brachte als Ergebnis nur, dass prinzipiell andere Bezeichnungen als die gen. Zeichen verwendet werden können, sonst nichts. Es sagt nichts darüber aus, wo und in welchem Umfang andere Bezeichnungen verwendet werden dürfen oder sollen und insbesondere nichts darüber ob und wie schon vorhandene gen. Zeichen ersetzt werden dürfen (was m.E. eine der großen Schwächen dieses MB war, aber so ist es nun mal). So lange sich da die Gemeinschaft nicht einigen kann (entweder über Diskussion und Konsens oder MB) bleibt den Admins nur, aus vorhandenen Regeln wie WP:Korrekturen oder Editwar sich einen Workaround wie [[Benutzer:Rax/Deutsche Zeichen u.a. formale Änderungen]] zu überlegen und entsprechend zu handeln. --[[Benutzer:Orci|Orci]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Orci|Disk]] 10:54, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
:Moment Orci, da sollte doch etwas richtig gestellt werden. Du schreibst: "Das vom SG innitiierte MB brachte als Ergebnis nur, dass prinzipiell andere Bezeichnungen als die gen. Zeichen verwendet werden können, sonst nichts." Im Meinungsbild steht aber nun dies: "Die Frage „Sollen die genealogischen Zeichen * und † ausnahmslos für die Einleitung biografischer Artikel in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia verbindlich vorgeschrieben werden?“ wurde mehrheitlich mit Nein beantwortet." Das ist, wie ich finde ein doch recht wichtiger Unterschied. Rabulistik und Eristik mögen zwar Spaß machen, sollten aber richtig angewandt werden. Netter Versuch :-) --[[Benutzer:Schlesinger|Schlesinger]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Schlesinger|schreib!]] 11:14, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::Was soll denn der Unterschied zwischen "es kann generell eine andere Bezeichnung als A verwendet werden" und "es gibt keine Pflicht mehr, A zu verwenden" sein? Ist für mich das gleiche. --[[Benutzer:Orci|Orci]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Orci|Disk]] 11:40, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
:::Wenn sie nicht ausnahmslos verbindlich vorgeschrieben sind, es also keine Pflicht mehr gibt, sie zu verwenden, heißt das, man kann sie ersetzen, denn was nicht verbindlich vorgeschrieben ist, kann man ändern. Wikipedia beruht auf diesem Prinzip, nämlich dass Artikel jederzeit geändert werden dürfen, wenn es sinnvoll ist. --[[Benutzer:Hardenacke|Hardenacke]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Hardenacke|Diskussion]]) 12:13, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::::Es hat sich aber eingebürgert, dass bestimmte Änderungen in umstrittenen Bereichen explizit unerwünscht sind und da zählen aktuell die gen. Zeichen und z.B. auch (US-)amerikanisch dazu. Man ''kann'' da natürlich ändern, nur muss man damit rechnen, dass (ohne Konsens auf der Diskseite o.ä.) man revertiert und u.U. auch gesperrt wird. --[[Benutzer:Orci|Orci]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Orci|Disk]] 12:21, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::::::Wer hat das „eingebürgert“? Von einzelnen Admins gebastelte „Regeln“ dürfen zum einen nicht gegen MBs verstoßen zum anderen schon gar nicht parteiische Eingriffe in die Artikelgestaltung rechtfertigen. --[[Benutzer:Hardenacke|Hardenacke]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Hardenacke|Diskussion]]) 13:28, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
:::::::Das mit dem ''Es hat sich aber eingebürgert'' ist verständlich, wenn man bedenkt, dass Orci der Kreuzfanfraktion angehört und natürlich das Meinungsbild in seinem Sinne interpretieren möchte. --[[Benutzer:Schlesinger|Schlesinger]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Schlesinger|schreib!]] 13:49, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::::::::@Hardenancke: macht es beides nicht.
::::::::@@Schlesinger: da irrst du dich, ich gehört zu der Fraktion, der es egal ist, ob da nun Kreuz/Stern, geboren/gestorben oder was anderes ist. Ich glaube nur nicht, dass die "Kreuzgegner" sich wegen ihrer inhaltlichen Argumente (die durchaus gut sein mögen) über alle anderen Benutzer und Regeln hinwegsetzen dürfen. --[[Benutzer:Orci|Orci]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Orci|Disk]] 13:57, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

{{Ping|Hans Koberger}} Um zu Deinem Eingangs geäußerten Anliegen („Ich ersuche das Schiedsgericht um Bekanntgabe, ob eine Anfrage grundsätzlich Chancen haben würde, angenommen zu werden.“) zurückzukommen: vor etwas mehr als einem Jahr legte Achim Raschka - wenn auch möglicherweise mit anderer Intention - dem SG eine Anfrage zur Thematik vor: [[:Wikipedia:Schiedsgericht/Anfragen/Verbindlichkeit der Formatvorlage Biografie|Verbindlichkeit der Formatvorlage Biografie]]. Ad hoc erkenne ich nicht, wie der um die Verwendung der genealogischen Zeichen sich drehende Konflikt mittels eines wie auch immer gearteten SG-Entscheids zu einer nachhaltig wirkenden Lösung geführt werden könnte. Dabei diskutierten wir in 2014 ebenfalls die Frage der Initiierung eines MB durch das SG selbst, verneinten aus meiner Erinnerung aber für uns diese Option. Ob eine Anfrage annahmefähig ist, in die Kompetenz des SG fällt oder die Mitglieder desselben über die Anfrage die Möglichkeit einer Konfliktlösung sehen, kann vorab wohl nur schwer eingeschätzt werden. Intern diskutierten wir die von dir aufgeworfene Frage dabei jedoch noch nicht. Beste Grüße --[[Benutzer:HOPflaume|H O P <big>盒</big>]] 14:01, 15. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

: Danke Dir und Codc für die Antworten. Ich will natürlich keine verbindliche Zusage, ob das Schiedsgericht eine Anfrage annehmen würde. Es wäre aber schön die Stimmungslage im Gremium zu wissen, also quasi ob unter den Schiedsrichtern eher die Ansicht vorherrscht, dass die Chancen für eine <s>Befriedung</s> Lösung des Konflikts mit den Mitteln des Schiedsgerichts kaum gegeben sind und die Anfrage daher eher abgelehnt wird. Es hätte in diesem Fall dann wenig Sinn, sich die Arbeit für die Anfrageerstellung und die Konflikte bei der Anfrageerstellung anzutun. Oder vielleicht anders herum gesagt: Es muss in der Sache etwas geschehen – sieht das Schiedsgericht eine Möglichkeit sich einzubringen. Viele Grüße, -- [[Benutzer:Hans Koberger|Hans Koberger]] 10:04, 16. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::Wieder meine persönliche Meinung und nicht für das SG: Ich sehe keine Lösungsmöglichkeit dieses unsäglichen Konfliktes Seitens des SGs. Das SG darf inhaltlich nicht eingreifen das würde es aber tun wenn es eine Version für verbindlich erklären würde. Eine andere Möglichkeit wäre die komplette Freigabe der genealogischen Daten was jedoch mMn den Konflikt nicht entschärfen würde sondern im Gegenteil den Konflikt verschärfen würde. Zudem würde das SG mit solchen Entscheidungen eine Grundsatzregel für die deutschsprachige Wikipedia aufstellen aber für solch eine Entscheidung reicht das Mandat nicht. Das SG könnte also nur, wie es derzeit schon praktizierte Realität ist, eine Art Agreement aufstellen die den Konflikt zumindest kanalisiert. Dass hier einzelene Benutzer dieses missachten oder für nicht bindend halten ist ein Ärgernis was auch mMn durch das SG nicht verändert werden kann. In diesem Sinne ich bin ratlos wie das SG in diesem Konflikt helfen könnte ohne selber die Regeln zu verletzen. Wenn jemand jedoch eine Idee hat wäre zumindest ich hier offen obwohl ich zwar eine Meinung zur Frage habe aber sie nicht unbedingt durchgesetzt haben sehen möchte. Ratlos dastehender --[[Benutzer:Codc|codc ]][[Benutzer Diskussion:Codc|<tt>Disk </tt>]] 10:42, 16. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::zur Frage ''sieht das Schiedsgericht eine Möglichkeit sich einzubringen'': Das SG bringt sich nirgends ein, sondern wird angefragt, und zwar mit einer Anfrage, mit einer konkreten Problemschilderung, mit Beteiligten, mit Lösungsvorschlägen. Die Frage beruht also auf einem nicht ganz korrekten Verständnis vom SG, beziehungsweise müsste die Community erst das SG reformieren, ihm neue Kompetenzen geben, damit das SG sich einfach mal so einbringen kann. Und das schrieb ich ganz ungeachtet der Frage, ob das SG hier zuständig oder in der Lage wäre, etwas zu bewirken. … [[Benutzer:Man77|'''««''']] Man77 [[Benutzer Diskussion:Man77|'''»»''']] Wiki loves signatures 11:32, 16. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
::::Letztlich ist das Prozedere bekannt: nach Vorliegen einer Anfrage, der ein konkreter (Benutzer-)Konflikt zu Grunde liegen sollte, wägen die Mitglieder des SG ab (in interner Diskussion aber per Einzelentscheidung) ob und wenn ja unter Berufung auf welchen Punkt der Zuständigkeit die Anfrage angenommen werden kann. Selbst wird - dies allerdings nur für mich gesprochen - das SG die Erstellung einer Anfrage nicht aktiv mitgestalten zwecks Annahmefähigkeit, sich also nicht in diesen Prozess einbringen. Spielraum für eine Lösung des latenten Konfliktes per SG-Entscheid sehe ich wie bereits oben geschrieben nicht. Und ohne konkrete Anfrage ist es auch schwer abzuschätzen ob andere diesen erkennen. Ob zu Recht bleibt dabei außen vor. --[[Benutzer:HOPflaume|H O P <big>盒</big>]] 11:49, 16. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== Messinas indirekte Bearbeitungen im ANR ==
''(übertragen auf Diskussionsseite der Anfrage: [[Wikipedia_Diskussion:Schiedsgericht/Anfragen/Entsperrung von Messina zu Bearbeitungen im eigenen Benutzernamensraum#Indirekte ANR-Bearbeitungen bzw. Versuche dazu]])'' --[[Benutzer:Alraunenstern|Alraunenstern۞]] 22:11, 12. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
{{Erledigt|1=[[Benutzer:HOPflaume|H O P <big>盒</big>]] 14:29, 14. Apr. 2015 (CEST)}}

== Benutzer "arbitration" ==

Ich entschuldige mich für die schreckliche Übersetzung dieser Nachricht, weiß ich nicht Deutsch können und ich bin mit Google Translate.

Das Schiedsgericht der englischen Wikipedia erhalten eine E-Mail, die der Benutzer "arbitration" hatte auf der deutschen Wikipedia registriert wurde, unter Verwendung unserer E-Mail-Adresse ein. Wir wollten nur Sie bewusst zu machen. Wir haben bereits die E-Mail-Adresse ungültig, so dass wir nicht immer per E-Mail von ihm.

Danke. -- [[en:User:DeltaQuad|DQ]] [[en:User Talk:DeltaQuad|(ʞlɐʇ)]] 02:10, 29. Jun. 2015 (CEST)

Wikipedia Diskussion:Schiedsgericht

2015-06-29T00:03:12Z

AmandaNP: Neuer Abschnitt /* Benutzer "arbitration" */

FC Chelsea U23 und Akademie

2012-02-29T19:01:41Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by 2011 was a better year (talk) to last version by ZZ47

{{Infobox football club
|image = [[File:Chelsea FC.svg|180px]]
|fullname = Chelsea Football Club Reserves and Academy
|nickname = ''The Little Blues''
|founded = 1948
|ground = [[Cobham Training Centre]] [[Cobham, Surrey]]
|capacity =
|chairman = [[Bruce Buck]]
|owner = [[Roman Abramovich]]
|manager = [[Dermot Drummy]] (Reserve) [[Adrian Viveash]] (Youth)
|captain =
|league = [[Premier Reserve League]] [[Premier Academy League]]
|current =
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'''Chelsea F.C. Reserves''' are the reserve team of [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea Football Club]]. They are members of the [[Premier Reserve League]] Southern Division and the reigning champions of the Southern Division winning the Championship in 2010 - 11. The team mainly consists of Under-21 players at the club, although senior players occasionally play in the reserve side, for instance when they are recovering from injury. The reserves team is coached by [[Dermot Drummy]].

'''Chelsea F.C. Academy''' are the youth team of [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea Football Club]]. It is a member of the [[Premier Academy League]]. They have won the FA Youth Cup in 1960, 1961, [[2009–10 FA Youth Cup|2010]] and ended being runners-up in 1958, 2008. The youth team is coached by [[Adrian Viveash]].The academy is regarded as one of the best in English [[Association football|football]] and has produced many great players such as the brothers [[Ron Harris (footballer)|Ron]] and [[Allan Harris]], [[Peter Bonetti]], [[Bobby Tambling]], [[Barry Bridges]], [[Bert Murray]], [[John Hollins]], [[Peter Osgood]], [[Ray Wilkins]], [[Graeme Le Saux]], [[Bobby Smith (footballer born 1933)|Bobby Smith]], [[Terry Venables]], [[Jimmy Greaves]] and [[John Terry]] among many others.

Neil Bath is the current academy manager who is responsible for the day to day operation of the academy along with [[Michael Emenalo]] who is the current Technical Director, having been promoted from Assistant First Team Coach, and largely responsible for exploring and recruiting new young players around the world.

From 2007-2010 the Reserve team played their home games at [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]]'s [[Griffin Park]] Stadium. Currently they play their home games at the club's [[Cobham Training Centre|training ground]] at [[Cobham, Surrey|Cobham]] and temporarily use the clubs's home ground [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]] for the big matches. The Academy Team also play their home games at the club's training ground.

==Reserve squad==
{{updated|21 January 2011}} [http://www.chelseafc.com/page/ReservesProfilesIndex/0,,10268,00.html '''Chelsea F.C. Reserve Squad'''] [http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2012/clubs/club=52914/squad/index.html '''UEFA Champions League squad''']

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[[Sam Hutchinson]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Lucas Piazón]]}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~900396,00.html Nathaniel Chalobah ]}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~2147561,00.html Billy Clifford ]}}
{{Fs player|no=48|nat=IRL|pos=MF|name=[[Conor Clifford]]}}
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~2147570,00.html Aziz Deen-Conteh ]}}
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~2147564,00.html Rohan Ince ]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=52|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=[[Jacob Mellis]]}}
{{Fs player|no=53|nat=SWE|pos=FW|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~2144022,00.html Marko Mitrović ]}}
{{Fs player|no=56|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~2567316,00.html George Saville ]}}
{{Fs player|no=58|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TheReservesProfiles/0,,10268~2103957,00.html Daniel Pappoe ]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=[[Patrick Bamford]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=[[Adam Phillip]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=60|nat=WAL|pos=GK|name=[[Rhys Taylor]]|other=at [[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=CRO|pos=GK|name=[[Matej Delač]]|other=at [[SK Dynamo České Budějovice|České Budějovice]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=GK|name=[[Sam Walker (footballer)|Sam Walker]]|other=at [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[[Ben Gordon (footballer)|Ben Gordon]]|other=at [[Kilmarnock F.C.|Kilmarnock]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=CZE|pos=DF|name=[[Tomáš Kalas]]|other=at [[Vitesse]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=SVK|pos=FW|name=[[Milan Lalkovič]]|other=at [[ADO Den Haag]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=URU|pos=FW|name=[[Jhon Pírez]]|other=at [[Defensor Sporting]] until the end of 2011–12 season}}
{{Fs end}}

===Honours===
*'''[[The Football Combination]]'''
**Winners: 1948–49, 1954–55, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1964–65, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1984–85, 1990–91, 1993–94
*'''[[Premier Reserve League]]'''
**Winners: [[2010–11 Premier Reserve League|2010–11]]
*'''[[Premier Reserve League|Premier Reserve League South]]'''
**Winners: [[2010–11 Premier Reserve League|2010–11]]
*'''[[London Challenge Cup]]'''
**Winners: 1919–20, 1926–27, 1949–50, 1959–60, 1960–61

==Academy Squad==
{{updated|15 December 2011}} [http://www.chelseafc.com/page/AcademyProfilesIndex/0,,10268,00.html '''Chelsea F.C. Academy Squad'''] [http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2012/clubs/club=52914/squad/index.html '''UEFA Champions League squad''']
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=46|nat=ENG|pos=GK|name=Jamal Blackman}}
{{Fs player|no=54|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Todd Kane}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=James Ashton}}
{{Fs player|no=57|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Archange Nkumu}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=GK|name=Mitchell Beeney}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=NED|pos=DF|name=Nathan Aké}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Samuel Bangura}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Alex Davey}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Alastair Gordon}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Adam Nditi}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=Nortei Nortey}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=SWE|pos=MF|name=[[Amin Affane]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=Lewis Baker}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=Ruben Loftus-Cheek}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=Reece Loudon}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=SWE|pos=MF|name=Anjur Osmanović}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=Danny Stenning}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=John Swift}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=BUR|pos=MF|name=[[Bertrand Traoré]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=SCO|pos=FW|name=Islam Feruz}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=Walter Figueira}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=Alex Kiwomya}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=CZE|pos=FW|name=Dominik Mašek}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=[[Ismail Seremba]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Honours===
*'''[[FA Youth Cup]]'''
**Winners: 1960, 1961, [[2009–10 FA Youth Cup|2010]]
**Runners-up: 1958, 2008
*'''[[Milk Cup|Milk Cup Junior (U-14)]]'''
**Winners: [[2010 Milk Cup|2010]]
*'''[[Milk Cup|Milk Cup Premier (U-16)]]'''
**Runners-up: 2005

==Notable Academy graduates==
Graduates of Chelsea's academy and 'A' teams who won at least one full international cap.
NB: '''Bold''' players are still playing for the club.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|DRC}} [[Yves Ma-Kalambay]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Brabrook]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Bridges]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Carlton Cole]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Greaves]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Hollins]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Hudson]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Graeme Le Saux]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Osgood]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ken Shellito]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bobby Smith (footballer born 1933)|Bobby Smith]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bobby Tambling]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[John Terry]]'''
{{col-3}}

*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Terry Venables]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ray Wilkins]]
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mikael Forssell]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Robert Huth]]
*{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nick Colgan]]
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ben Sahar]]
*{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Frank Sinclair]]
*{{flagicon|MSR}} [[Junior Mendes]]
*{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Jeffrey Bruma]]'''
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Neil Etheridge]]
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[James Younghusband]]
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Phil Younghusband]]
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Craig Burley]]
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Warren Cummings]]
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Billy Dodds]]
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Tommy Law]]
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Miroslav Stoch]]
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Muzzy Izzet]]
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Gökhan Töre]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Gerry Baker]]
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Nathan Blake]]
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Andrew Crofts (footballer)|Andrew Crofts]]
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Gareth Hall]]
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Andy King (footballer born 1988)|Andy King]]
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Mbark Boussoufa]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chelsea F.C.}}
{{Premier Reserve League seasons}}
{{Premier Academy League seasons}}
{{Premier Reserve League South}}
{{Premier Academy League Group A}}

[[Category:Chelsea F.C.|Reserves & Academy]]
[[Category:English reserve football teams]]
[[Category:Association football academies]]
[[Category:Eastern Counties Football League]]
[[Category:Metropolitan League]]

[[es:Chelsea Football Club Reserves]]
[[fa:آکادمی و تیم دوم باشگاه فوتبال چلسی]]
[[ja:チェルシーFC.リザーブ]]
[[no:Chelsea FC (Reserve og Akademi)]]
[[ru:Резервисты и Академия ФК «Челси»]]

The X Factor (Vereinigte Staaten)

2011-07-23T21:50:20Z

AmandaNP: Adding {{pp-vandalism}} (TW)

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=August 23, 2011|small=yes}}
{{Dablink|For the upcoming first season, see [[The X Factor (U.S. season 1)]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = The X Factor
| image = [[File:XFactorUSlogo.png]]
| caption = ''The X Factor'' logo
| show_name_2 =
| genre = Reality
| format = Interactive [[reality television|reality]] [[talent show]]
| creator = [[Simon Cowell]]
| developer =
| presenter = [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]]
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| judges = Simon Cowell [[L.A. Reid]] [[Paula Abdul]] [[Nicole Scherzinger]] [[Cheryl Cole]]
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Simon Cowell Cecile Frot-Coutaz Siobhan Greene Richard Holloway Andrew Llinares Rob Wade<ref name="PR June">[http://www.fox.com/programming/_ugc/X_Factor_The_2011.pdf ''The X Factor'' Press Release] {Pdf} [[Fox Broadcasting Corporation]]. Retrieved June 24, 2011</ref>
| producer =
| editor =
| location = [[CBS Television City]] Hollywood, California
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Syco TV]] [[FremantleMedia North America]]
| distributor =
| channel = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| picture_format = [[480i]] ([[16:9]] [[SDTV]]) [[720p]] ([[16:9]] [[HDTV]])
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|9|21|}}
| last_aired =
| status = In production
| related = [[The X Factor (UK)|''The X Factor'' (UK)]]
| website = http://www.fox.com/xfactor/
| production_website =
}}

'''''The X Factor''''' is a [[reality television]] singing competition created by [[Simon Cowell]] and produced by [[Syco|Syco TV]],<ref name="syco2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a197592/sony-confirms-cowell-green-venture.html|title=Sony confirms Cowell, Green venture|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Alex|last=Wilkes|date=January 19, 2010|accessdate=January 21, 2010}}</ref> which is scheduled to premiere in September 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a197970/ntas-cowell-vid.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: Cowell confirms start date for US 'X Factor'|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Neil|last=Wilkes|coauthor=French, Dan|date=January 20, 2010|accessdate=January 20, 2010}}</ref> on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]].

As part of the [[The X Factor (TV series)|''The X Factor'' franchise]], the program's format has numerous differences from its rivals, including ''[[American Idol]]'', among others. The competition is open to both solo artists and groups and has no upper age limit. Each judge is assigned one of four categories—either girls between 12 and 25, boys between 12 and 25, individuals over 25, or groups (some of which may be formed from rejected soloists after the audition process).<ref name="pepsi1" /> Through the live shows, the judges act as mentors to their category, helping to decide song choices, styling and staging, while judging contestants from other categories; they also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning judge. The winner stands to receive a $5 million recording contract with Cowell's record label [[Syco#Syco Music|Syco Music]] ([[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]).

==History==
In April 2009, reports surfaced that Cowell was attempting to launch ''The X Factor'' in [[United States|America]] after his contract ended with ''[[American Idol]]'' with the [[American Idol (season 9)|ninth season]].<ref name="American1">{{cite web |author= Hurrel, Will |title= Cowell Hints at US X Factor |url= http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/cowell-hints-at-us-x-factor/2020988.article |publisher= |date=April 22, 2009 |accessdate=October 8, 2009}}</ref> Under his current contract at the time, Cowell was forbidden from launching ''The X Factor'' as a rival show to ''Idol''.<ref name="American1" /> In September of that year [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], the broadcaster of ''American Idol'', signed the deal to launch the American version.

On January 11, 2010, [[News Corporation]] (through [[Fox News]] in the U.S. and ''[[The Times]]'' in the UK) reported that Cowell would leave ''American Idol'' after [[American Idol (season 9)|season 9]] in order to bring ''The X Factor'' to America in September 2011. Cowell told the ''[[Television Critics Association]]'' that he was leaving ''American Idol'' so that he can judge and act as executive producer of the U.S. version of ''The X Factor'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.uk.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=151320909|title=Cowell quits American Idol|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|work=[[MSN]]|last=Cooper|first=Lorna|date=January 11, 2010}} Retrieved January 11, 2010.</ref>
Additionally, Cowell signed a long-term business deal with [[Sony Music Entertainment]], who already support [[Syco Music]] artists in the UK, and will now be involved with the artists on the U.S. version of the show as well as becoming involved in its production.<ref name="syco2010"/>

In November 2010, FOX began airing short commercials for the program which displayed the text "Coming to America Fall 2011".<ref name="pepsi2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2010/11/24/the-x-factor-fox-promo-simon-cowell/|title='The X Factor' exclusive: First look at Fox's promo!|last=Slezak|first=Michael|date=November 24, 2010|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=January 24, 2011}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the commercials as the network trying to set up "The X Factor" as a television event.<ref name="pepsi2" /> In February 2011, during the [[Super Bowl XLV]], FOX unveiled the official logo for the show in a promo starring Cowell.<ref name="UnXploding Simon - THE X FACTOR">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCnDO5N-t68]</ref> A second promo was shown during that night's episode of ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'', featuring [[Katy Perry]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Lady Gaga]], the [[Pussycat Dolls]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]. This promo started speculation on who would be joining Cowell on the ''X Factor'' judging panel.<ref name="Have You Got It? - THE X FACTOR">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FCVvZrmv3s]</ref>

==Season summary==
To date, one season is planned for broadcast, as summarised below.

{{colorbox|#CCCCFF}} Contestant in "Boys" category 
{{colorbox|#FFC0CB}} Contestant in "Girls" 
{{colorbox|#d0f0c0}} Contestant in "Over 25s"category 
{{colorbox|#FFE5B4}} Contestant in "Groups" category

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" |Season
! scope="col"|Start
! scope="col"|Finish
! scope="col"| Winner
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Runner-up}}
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Third place}}
! scope="col"| Winning Mentor
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Main host}}
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Sponsor}}
! scope="col"| Main judges
! scope="col"| Guest judges
|-
! scope="row"| [[The X Factor (U.S. season 1)|One]]
|September 21 2011
|2011
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
| [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]]
| [[PepsiCo|Pepsi]]
| {{nowrap|[[Simon Cowell]]}} {{nowrap|[[Paula Abdul]]}} {{nowrap|[[L.A. Reid]]}} {{nowrap|[[Nicole Scherzinger]]}}

| {{nowrap|[[Cheryl Cole]] (originally planned to be permanent judge)}}
|}

==Judges and hosts==


At the time of announcing the U.S. version, Cowell was the only confirmed judge for the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/americanidol/news/a195683/simon-cowell-quits-american-idol.html|title=Simon Cowell quits American Idol|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|last=Wilkes|first=Neil|date=January 11, 2010|accessdate=January 12, 2010}}</ref> He later said that he was taking the choices of who to join him on the show very seriously, saying, "It's pointless hiring judges who don't know anything about the music business. I'll probably go and find someone who did what I did for a living. I was an A&R guy for 20 years."<ref name="nypostjan15">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/what_cowell_gave_up_for_2MAHTVyZXbE9q2KUmbj2UP|title=What Simon Cowell gave up for 'X Factor'|publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc.|work=[[New York Post]]|date=January 15, 2010|accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, [[Grammy Award]]-winning [[Record industry|record executive]], [[songwriter]], and [[record producer]] [[L.A. Reid]],<ref name="lareid1">{{cite web |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/03/18/la-reid-x-factor/ |title=Official: L.A. Reid signed as 'X Factor' judge |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=Mar 18, 2011 |accessdate=Mar 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name="lareid2">{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/#!/notes/the-x-factor-usa/breaking-news-grammy-winning-music-mogul-antonio-la-reid-to-join-simon-cowell-as/133583453380296|title=Breaking News: Grammy-winning music mogul Antonio “L.A” Reid to join Simon Cowell as a judge on The X Factor!|date=March 18, 2011|work=The X Factor|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=March 18, 2011}}</ref> former [[The X Factor (UK)|British]] ''X Factor'' judge [[Cheryl Cole]],<ref name="Cheryl confirmed">{{cite news|last=Plunkett|first=John|title=Cheryl Cole confirmed as US X Factor judge.'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/may/05/cheryl-cole-us-x-factor-judge|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=May 5, 2011|location=London|date=May 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=|last=|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/2011/04/26/cheryl-cole-finally-confirmed-as-judge-on-us-x-factor-as-simon-cowell-gushes-she-s-special-86908-23087359/ |title=Cheryl Cole finally confirmed as judge on US X Factor as Simon Cowell gushes she's 'special'|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|The Daily Record]]|publisher=|date=|accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref> and Cowell's former ''[[American Idol]]'' colleague [[Paula Abdul]]<ref>http://thexfactor.blogs.fox.com/2011/05/08/paula-abdul-joins-cheryl-cole-l-a-reid-and-simon-cowell-on-the-x-factor-judges-panel/</ref> were confirmed to join Cowell in the judging panel. Other people who were in the running to join the judging panel included [[Nicole Scherzinger]], [[George Michael]],<ref name="Cina">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/simon-cowell-confirms-paula-abdul-163888|title=Simon Cowell Confirms Paula Abdul Is on ‘X-Factor’ Judges Shortlist|last=Cina|first=Mark|date=March 3, 2011|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=March 3, 2011|location=[[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> and [[Nicki Minaj]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dinh|first=James|date=March 25, 2011|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1660668/simon-cowell-nicki-minaj-x-factor.jhtml |title=Simon Cowell Addresses Nicki Minaj 'X Factor' Judging Rumors|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref> [[Katy Perry]], [[Elton John]], [[Mariah Carey]] and [[Jessica Simpson]] were also rumoured to be in the running, though Cowell denied that Perry and John were.<ref name="Cina"/>

Initially, Scherzinger was to host the series alongside Welsh presenter [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]]. Cowell had previously indicated that the show may have two hosts.<ref>McGonigle, Molly. (March 25, 2011) [http://wonderwall.msn.com/tv/simon-cowell-on-idol-i-would-have-gone-earlier-1611114.story Simon Cowell on 'Idol': 'I watched it once' | Story | Wonderwall]. Wonderwall.msn.com. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s141/the-x-factor-us/news/a318357/nicole-scherzinger-steve-jones-to-host-x-factor-usa.html|title=Nicole Scherzinger, Steve Jones to host 'X Factor' USA|last=Daniels|first=Colin|date=May 8, 2011|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|accessdate=May 8, 2011|location=[[London]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20110325/simon-cowell-could-hire-two-hosts-for-us-x-factor-110325/ Cowell may prefer having two hosts for 'X Factor' – CTV News]. Ctv.ca. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.stv.tv/tv/238708-steve-jones-insists-he-is-still-up-for-us-x-factor-job/ Steve Jones insists he is still up for US X Factor job | TV: Latest News | STV Entertainment]. Entertainment.stv.tv (March 25, 2011). Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref> Other people who were speculated to host the series were ''[[High School Musical]]'' star [[Corbin Bleu]] and the host of the [[The X Factor (UK)|British version]] of the show [[Dermot O'Leary]].<ref>Hibberd, James. (April 28, 2011) [http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/04/28/corbin-bleu-nicole-scherzinger-in-talks-to-host-x-factor/ 'The X Factor': Corbin Bleu in talks to co-host | Inside TV | EW.com]. Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref><ref name="Daily Mail 8 May 2011">{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1384954/Gary-Barlow-confirmed-new-UK-X-Factor-judge-Simon-Cowell-Cheryl-Cole-leave.html#ixzz1LoTVKTZT | location=London | work=Daily Mail | first1=Natalie | last1=Trombetta | first2=Chris | last2=Johnson | title=Simon Cowell confirms Gary Barlow as new UK X Factor judge | date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> At one point, American singer-songwriter [[Lady Gaga]] was rumored to have a non-judging role on the show.<ref>{{cite web|author=Thursday, January 28, 2010, 08:43 GMT |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/xfactor/news/a199850/cowell-wants-gaga-for-us-x-factor.html |title=TV – News – Cowell 'wants GaGa' for US 'X Factor' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=January 28, 2010 |accessdate=September 18, 2010}}</ref>

On May 26, it was reported that Cole had left the judging panel and was set to be replaced by Scherzinger. Reports varied over whether she was fired from the show because American audiences had trouble understanding her accent, because of a lack of chemistry between her and Abdul, or that she had stepped down herself due to homesickness.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13558288 |title=Cheryl Cole is 'dropped by US X Factor' |author= |date=26 May 2011 |work= |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Cheryl-Cole-Reports-Singer-Is-Replaced-By-Nicole-Scherzinger-As-US-X-Factor-Judge-Over-Thick-Accent/Article/201105415999828?DCMP=News-search-sslc&lid=ARTICLE_15999828_CherylCole:ReportsSingerIsReplacedByNicoleScherzingerAsUSXFactorJudgeOverThickAccent&lpos=searchresults |title=Singer Cheryl Cole 'Dropped By US X Factor' |author= |date=26 May 2011 |work= |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref> Cole's departure was officially announced on June 6 in a statement from Fox which also confirmed Scherzinger as her replacement. Jones will now serve as the sole presenter.<ref>http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/cheryl-coles-x-factor-exit-confirmed_1224230</ref>

==Format and prize==
The show is primarily concerned with identifying singing talent, though appearance, personality, stage presence and dance routines are also an important element of many performances. Each judge is assigned one of four categories—either girls between 12 and 25, boys between 12 and 25, individuals over 25, or groups (some of which may be formed from rejected soloists after the audition process).<ref name="pepsi1" /> Through the live shows, the judges act as mentors to their category, helping to decide song choices, styling and staging, while judging contestants from other categories. The winner of the competition is awarded a recording contract, stated to be worth $5 million, with [[Syco Music]] in association with [[Sony Music Entertainment]].<ref name="Feb711a" /><ref name="Feb711b" /> Cowell said that the recording contract was the "largest guaranteed prize in television history." In comparison to the UK version of the show, the cost of recording and marketing the winning artist will be paid for separately from the $5 million initial contract payment, paid in five annual installments of $1 million.<ref name="Feb711a" />

There are five stages to ''The X Factor'' competition:
* Stage 1: Producers' auditions (these auditions decide who will sing in front of the judges)
* Stage 2: Judges' auditions
* Stage 3: Bootcamp
* Stage 4: Visits to judges' houses
* Stage 5: Live shows (finals)

===Auditions===
The show is open to solo artists and vocal groups aged 12 and above, with no upper age limit.<ref name="Feb711a">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=12858831|title='The X Factor' Winner to Get $5 Million Contract|date=February 7, 2011|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=February 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Feb711b">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/07/us-thexfactor-idUSTRE7163SX20110207|title=U.S. X Factor to offer large record deal for winner|last=Kearney|first=Christine|coauthors=Patricia Reaney|date=February 7, 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=February 7, 2011}}</ref> The successful auditionees will audition in front of the judges.

===Bootcamp and visits to judges' houses===
The contestants selected at auditions are further refined through a series of performances at "bootcamp", and then at the "judges' houses", until a small number eventually progress to the live finals. They collectively choose 24 acts (six from each category) for the next round, and only then find out which category they are to mentor. During these stages, the producers allocate each of the judges a category to mentor. The judges then disband for the "visits to the judges' houses" round, where they reduce their six acts on location at one of their residences (often collectively spanning the globe) with a celebrity guest to three for the live shows.

===Live shows===
The finals consist of a series of two live shows, the first featuring the contestants' performances and the second revealing the results of the public voting, culminating in one or more acts being eliminated. Celebrity guest performers also feature regularly.

===Post ''The X Factor''===
The winner of the competition is awarded a recording contract, stated to be worth $5 million, with [[Syco Music]] in association with [[Sony Music Entertainment]].<ref name="Feb711a" /><ref name="Feb711b" /> Cowell said that the recording contract was the "largest guaranteed prize in television history." In comparison to the UK version of the show, the cost of recording and marketing the winning artist will be paid for separately from the $5 million initial contract payment, paid in five annual instalments of $1 million.<ref name="Feb711a" />

==Season 1 (2011)==
{{Main|The X Factor (U.S. season 1)}}
Auditions in front of the producers for the first season took place in Los Angeles, Miami, Newark/New York, Seattle, Chicago, and Dallas.<ref>[http://thexfactor.blogs.fox.com/2011/02/24/the-x-factor-unveils-dates-and-venues-for-the-5-million-auditions FOX Broadcasting Company – The X Factor USA – Simon Cowell's Brand New Singing Competition Comes To America Only On FOX]. Thexfactor.blogs.fox.com. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref> It was reported that ''The X Factor'' had broken the auditions record in [[Los Angeles]], on March 27.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s141/the-x-factor-us/news/a311337/x-factor-usa-breaks-audition-records-in-la.html 'X Factor' USA breaks audition records in LA – X Factor USA News – US TV]. Digital Spy (March 27, 2011). Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref> The last set of auditions that will take place in front of the judges and a live studio audience, and are scheduled to take place during May and June 2011.<ref>[http://www.on-camera-audiences.com/shows/show/337/The_X_Factor/ The X Factor]. On Camera Audiences. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref>

An early preview of the show aired during the 2011 MLB All Star Game on July 12th, 2011.

==International airing==
As the announcement of the show moving to America, Fox Network decided to host talks with several other broadcasters around the world about acquiring the rights to show the American version of the show in their country. As part of Cowell's contract, it was agreed that [[ITV2]] in the [[United Kingdom]] would have rights to show the season, on its sister channel to which the original version of the show airs, [[ITV]]. In [[Ireland]], the show will be broadcast on [[TV3 (Ireland)|TV3]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/yanks-a-million-tv3-to-show-both-us-and-uk-x-factor-2627831.html|title=Yanks a million -- TV3 to show both US and UK X Factor|date=April 23, 2011|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News & Media]]|accessdate=May 30, 2011|location=[[Dublin]]}}</ref> [[7Two]] in Australia will broadcast the season and others are to be announced.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Country / Region
! Channel
|-
| Australia
| [[7Two]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
|-
| Brazil
| [[Sony Entertainment Television (Latin America)|Sony Entertainment Television Brasil]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
|-
| Canada
| [[CTV Television Network|CTV]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
|-
| Finland
| [[Sub (TV channel)|Sub]]<ref>[http://stat.emtv.fi/4/0/2049/0/35554283/8026995e/html/ X Factor USA nähdään Subilla syksyllä! May 30, 2011]</ref>
|-
| Ireland
| [[TV3 (Ireland)|TV3]]
|-
| New Zealand
| [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
|-
| Philippines
| [[GMA News TV]]<ref>http://entertainment.inquirer.net/1135/when-charice-meets-bruno-mars</ref>
|-
| United Kingdom
| [[ITV2]]
|-
| United States (origin)
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
|}

==Media sponsorship==
On January 7, 2011, FOX, Syco Television, and FremantleMedia North America announced that [[Pepsi]] will be the official sponsor of ''The X Factor''.<ref name="pepsi1">{{cite web|url=http://xfactor.blogs.fox.com/2011/01/07/pepsi-is-announced-as-the-official-sponsor-of-the-x-factor/|title=PEPSI is Announced as the Official Sponsor of The X Factor!|date=January 7, 2011|work=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]]|accessdate=January 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name="pepsi2">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/business/media/04adco.html?_r=2|title=Pepsi to Sponsor 'American Idol' Rival|last=Stelter|first=Brian|date=January 4, 2011|work=The New York Times|page=3|accessdate=January 24, 2011}}</ref> The sponsorship includes an extensive multi-platform on and off-air marketing partnership.<ref name="pepsi1" /> On June 9, 2011, Fox, Syco Television and FremantleMedia North America announced that [[Chevrolet]] will be the second official sponsor of ''The X Factor'', and that the sponsorship will also include an extensive multi-platform on and off-air marketing partnership. <ref>http://www.newscorp.com/news/bunews_444.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fox.com/xfactor/ ''The X Factor'' Official WebSite] (owned by [[Fox Interactive Media]])
*[http://www.hulu.com/the-x-factor/ ''The X Factor''] on [[Hulu]]
*{{Facebook|TheXFactorUSA|''The X Factor''}}
*{{Twitter|TheXFactorUSA}}
*{{Youtube|u=TheXFactorUSA|title=''The X Factor''}}
*{{Myspace|TheXFactorUSA}}

{{The X Factor U.S.}}
{{The X Factor series}}
{{Syco}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:X Factor (U.S.)}}
[[Category:American television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Upcoming television series]]
[[Category:The X Factor|US]]
[[Category:Television series by FremantleMedia]]
[[fi:The X Factor (Yhdysvallat)]]

The X Factor (Vereinigte Staaten)

2011-07-23T21:50:08Z

AmandaNP: Protected The X Factor (U.S.): Persistent vandalism ([edit=autoconfirmed] (expires 21:50, 23 August 2011 (UTC)))

{{Dablink|For the upcoming first season, see [[The X Factor (U.S. season 1)]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = The X Factor
| image = [[File:XFactorUSlogo.png]]
| caption = ''The X Factor'' logo
| show_name_2 =
| genre = Reality
| format = Interactive [[reality television|reality]] [[talent show]]
| creator = [[Simon Cowell]]
| developer =
| presenter = [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]]
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| judges = Simon Cowell [[L.A. Reid]] [[Paula Abdul]] [[Nicole Scherzinger]] [[Cheryl Cole]]
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Simon Cowell Cecile Frot-Coutaz Siobhan Greene Richard Holloway Andrew Llinares Rob Wade<ref name="PR June">[http://www.fox.com/programming/_ugc/X_Factor_The_2011.pdf ''The X Factor'' Press Release] {Pdf} [[Fox Broadcasting Corporation]]. Retrieved June 24, 2011</ref>
| producer =
| editor =
| location = [[CBS Television City]] Hollywood, California
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Syco TV]] [[FremantleMedia North America]]
| distributor =
| channel = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| picture_format = [[480i]] ([[16:9]] [[SDTV]]) [[720p]] ([[16:9]] [[HDTV]])
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|9|21|}}
| last_aired =
| status = In production
| related = [[The X Factor (UK)|''The X Factor'' (UK)]]
| website = http://www.fox.com/xfactor/
| production_website =
}}

'''''The X Factor''''' is a [[reality television]] singing competition created by [[Simon Cowell]] and produced by [[Syco|Syco TV]],<ref name="syco2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a197592/sony-confirms-cowell-green-venture.html|title=Sony confirms Cowell, Green venture|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Alex|last=Wilkes|date=January 19, 2010|accessdate=January 21, 2010}}</ref> which is scheduled to premiere in September 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a197970/ntas-cowell-vid.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: Cowell confirms start date for US 'X Factor'|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Neil|last=Wilkes|coauthor=French, Dan|date=January 20, 2010|accessdate=January 20, 2010}}</ref> on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]].

As part of the [[The X Factor (TV series)|''The X Factor'' franchise]], the program's format has numerous differences from its rivals, including ''[[American Idol]]'', among others. The competition is open to both solo artists and groups and has no upper age limit. Each judge is assigned one of four categories—either girls between 12 and 25, boys between 12 and 25, individuals over 25, or groups (some of which may be formed from rejected soloists after the audition process).<ref name="pepsi1" /> Through the live shows, the judges act as mentors to their category, helping to decide song choices, styling and staging, while judging contestants from other categories; they also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning judge. The winner stands to receive a $5 million recording contract with Cowell's record label [[Syco#Syco Music|Syco Music]] ([[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]).

==History==
In April 2009, reports surfaced that Cowell was attempting to launch ''The X Factor'' in [[United States|America]] after his contract ended with ''[[American Idol]]'' with the [[American Idol (season 9)|ninth season]].<ref name="American1">{{cite web |author= Hurrel, Will |title= Cowell Hints at US X Factor |url= http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/cowell-hints-at-us-x-factor/2020988.article |publisher= |date=April 22, 2009 |accessdate=October 8, 2009}}</ref> Under his current contract at the time, Cowell was forbidden from launching ''The X Factor'' as a rival show to ''Idol''.<ref name="American1" /> In September of that year [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], the broadcaster of ''American Idol'', signed the deal to launch the American version.

On January 11, 2010, [[News Corporation]] (through [[Fox News]] in the U.S. and ''[[The Times]]'' in the UK) reported that Cowell would leave ''American Idol'' after [[American Idol (season 9)|season 9]] in order to bring ''The X Factor'' to America in September 2011. Cowell told the ''[[Television Critics Association]]'' that he was leaving ''American Idol'' so that he can judge and act as executive producer of the U.S. version of ''The X Factor'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.uk.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=151320909|title=Cowell quits American Idol|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|work=[[MSN]]|last=Cooper|first=Lorna|date=January 11, 2010}} Retrieved January 11, 2010.</ref>
Additionally, Cowell signed a long-term business deal with [[Sony Music Entertainment]], who already support [[Syco Music]] artists in the UK, and will now be involved with the artists on the U.S. version of the show as well as becoming involved in its production.<ref name="syco2010"/>

In November 2010, FOX began airing short commercials for the program which displayed the text "Coming to America Fall 2011".<ref name="pepsi2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2010/11/24/the-x-factor-fox-promo-simon-cowell/|title='The X Factor' exclusive: First look at Fox's promo!|last=Slezak|first=Michael|date=November 24, 2010|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=January 24, 2011}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the commercials as the network trying to set up "The X Factor" as a television event.<ref name="pepsi2" /> In February 2011, during the [[Super Bowl XLV]], FOX unveiled the official logo for the show in a promo starring Cowell.<ref name="UnXploding Simon - THE X FACTOR">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCnDO5N-t68]</ref> A second promo was shown during that night's episode of ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'', featuring [[Katy Perry]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Lady Gaga]], the [[Pussycat Dolls]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]. This promo started speculation on who would be joining Cowell on the ''X Factor'' judging panel.<ref name="Have You Got It? - THE X FACTOR">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FCVvZrmv3s]</ref>

==Season summary==
To date, one season is planned for broadcast, as summarised below.

{{colorbox|#CCCCFF}} Contestant in "Boys" category 
{{colorbox|#FFC0CB}} Contestant in "Girls" 
{{colorbox|#d0f0c0}} Contestant in "Over 25s"category 
{{colorbox|#FFE5B4}} Contestant in "Groups" category

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
! scope="col" |Season
! scope="col"|Start
! scope="col"|Finish
! scope="col"| Winner
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Runner-up}}
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Third place}}
! scope="col"| Winning Mentor
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Main host}}
! scope="col"| {{nowrap|Sponsor}}
! scope="col"| Main judges
! scope="col"| Guest judges
|-
! scope="row"| [[The X Factor (U.S. season 1)|One]]
|September 21 2011
|2011
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
| [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]]
| [[PepsiCo|Pepsi]]
| {{nowrap|[[Simon Cowell]]}} {{nowrap|[[Paula Abdul]]}} {{nowrap|[[L.A. Reid]]}} {{nowrap|[[Nicole Scherzinger]]}}

| {{nowrap|[[Cheryl Cole]] (originally planned to be permanent judge)}}
|}

==Judges and hosts==


At the time of announcing the U.S. version, Cowell was the only confirmed judge for the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/americanidol/news/a195683/simon-cowell-quits-american-idol.html|title=Simon Cowell quits American Idol|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|last=Wilkes|first=Neil|date=January 11, 2010|accessdate=January 12, 2010}}</ref> He later said that he was taking the choices of who to join him on the show very seriously, saying, "It's pointless hiring judges who don't know anything about the music business. I'll probably go and find someone who did what I did for a living. I was an A&R guy for 20 years."<ref name="nypostjan15">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/what_cowell_gave_up_for_2MAHTVyZXbE9q2KUmbj2UP|title=What Simon Cowell gave up for 'X Factor'|publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc.|work=[[New York Post]]|date=January 15, 2010|accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, [[Grammy Award]]-winning [[Record industry|record executive]], [[songwriter]], and [[record producer]] [[L.A. Reid]],<ref name="lareid1">{{cite web |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/03/18/la-reid-x-factor/ |title=Official: L.A. Reid signed as 'X Factor' judge |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=Mar 18, 2011 |accessdate=Mar 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name="lareid2">{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/#!/notes/the-x-factor-usa/breaking-news-grammy-winning-music-mogul-antonio-la-reid-to-join-simon-cowell-as/133583453380296|title=Breaking News: Grammy-winning music mogul Antonio “L.A” Reid to join Simon Cowell as a judge on The X Factor!|date=March 18, 2011|work=The X Factor|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=March 18, 2011}}</ref> former [[The X Factor (UK)|British]] ''X Factor'' judge [[Cheryl Cole]],<ref name="Cheryl confirmed">{{cite news|last=Plunkett|first=John|title=Cheryl Cole confirmed as US X Factor judge.'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/may/05/cheryl-cole-us-x-factor-judge|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=May 5, 2011|location=London|date=May 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=|last=|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/2011/04/26/cheryl-cole-finally-confirmed-as-judge-on-us-x-factor-as-simon-cowell-gushes-she-s-special-86908-23087359/ |title=Cheryl Cole finally confirmed as judge on US X Factor as Simon Cowell gushes she's 'special'|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|The Daily Record]]|publisher=|date=|accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref> and Cowell's former ''[[American Idol]]'' colleague [[Paula Abdul]]<ref>http://thexfactor.blogs.fox.com/2011/05/08/paula-abdul-joins-cheryl-cole-l-a-reid-and-simon-cowell-on-the-x-factor-judges-panel/</ref> were confirmed to join Cowell in the judging panel. Other people who were in the running to join the judging panel included [[Nicole Scherzinger]], [[George Michael]],<ref name="Cina">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/simon-cowell-confirms-paula-abdul-163888|title=Simon Cowell Confirms Paula Abdul Is on ‘X-Factor’ Judges Shortlist|last=Cina|first=Mark|date=March 3, 2011|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=March 3, 2011|location=[[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> and [[Nicki Minaj]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dinh|first=James|date=March 25, 2011|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1660668/simon-cowell-nicki-minaj-x-factor.jhtml |title=Simon Cowell Addresses Nicki Minaj 'X Factor' Judging Rumors|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref> [[Katy Perry]], [[Elton John]], [[Mariah Carey]] and [[Jessica Simpson]] were also rumoured to be in the running, though Cowell denied that Perry and John were.<ref name="Cina"/>

Initially, Scherzinger was to host the series alongside Welsh presenter [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]]. Cowell had previously indicated that the show may have two hosts.<ref>McGonigle, Molly. (March 25, 2011) [http://wonderwall.msn.com/tv/simon-cowell-on-idol-i-would-have-gone-earlier-1611114.story Simon Cowell on 'Idol': 'I watched it once' | Story | Wonderwall]. Wonderwall.msn.com. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s141/the-x-factor-us/news/a318357/nicole-scherzinger-steve-jones-to-host-x-factor-usa.html|title=Nicole Scherzinger, Steve Jones to host 'X Factor' USA|last=Daniels|first=Colin|date=May 8, 2011|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|accessdate=May 8, 2011|location=[[London]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20110325/simon-cowell-could-hire-two-hosts-for-us-x-factor-110325/ Cowell may prefer having two hosts for 'X Factor' – CTV News]. Ctv.ca. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.stv.tv/tv/238708-steve-jones-insists-he-is-still-up-for-us-x-factor-job/ Steve Jones insists he is still up for US X Factor job | TV: Latest News | STV Entertainment]. Entertainment.stv.tv (March 25, 2011). Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref> Other people who were speculated to host the series were ''[[High School Musical]]'' star [[Corbin Bleu]] and the host of the [[The X Factor (UK)|British version]] of the show [[Dermot O'Leary]].<ref>Hibberd, James. (April 28, 2011) [http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/04/28/corbin-bleu-nicole-scherzinger-in-talks-to-host-x-factor/ 'The X Factor': Corbin Bleu in talks to co-host | Inside TV | EW.com]. Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref><ref name="Daily Mail 8 May 2011">{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1384954/Gary-Barlow-confirmed-new-UK-X-Factor-judge-Simon-Cowell-Cheryl-Cole-leave.html#ixzz1LoTVKTZT | location=London | work=Daily Mail | first1=Natalie | last1=Trombetta | first2=Chris | last2=Johnson | title=Simon Cowell confirms Gary Barlow as new UK X Factor judge | date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> At one point, American singer-songwriter [[Lady Gaga]] was rumored to have a non-judging role on the show.<ref>{{cite web|author=Thursday, January 28, 2010, 08:43 GMT |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/xfactor/news/a199850/cowell-wants-gaga-for-us-x-factor.html |title=TV – News – Cowell 'wants GaGa' for US 'X Factor' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=January 28, 2010 |accessdate=September 18, 2010}}</ref>

On May 26, it was reported that Cole had left the judging panel and was set to be replaced by Scherzinger. Reports varied over whether she was fired from the show because American audiences had trouble understanding her accent, because of a lack of chemistry between her and Abdul, or that she had stepped down herself due to homesickness.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13558288 |title=Cheryl Cole is 'dropped by US X Factor' |author= |date=26 May 2011 |work= |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Cheryl-Cole-Reports-Singer-Is-Replaced-By-Nicole-Scherzinger-As-US-X-Factor-Judge-Over-Thick-Accent/Article/201105415999828?DCMP=News-search-sslc&lid=ARTICLE_15999828_CherylCole:ReportsSingerIsReplacedByNicoleScherzingerAsUSXFactorJudgeOverThickAccent&lpos=searchresults |title=Singer Cheryl Cole 'Dropped By US X Factor' |author= |date=26 May 2011 |work= |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref> Cole's departure was officially announced on June 6 in a statement from Fox which also confirmed Scherzinger as her replacement. Jones will now serve as the sole presenter.<ref>http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/cheryl-coles-x-factor-exit-confirmed_1224230</ref>

==Format and prize==
The show is primarily concerned with identifying singing talent, though appearance, personality, stage presence and dance routines are also an important element of many performances. Each judge is assigned one of four categories—either girls between 12 and 25, boys between 12 and 25, individuals over 25, or groups (some of which may be formed from rejected soloists after the audition process).<ref name="pepsi1" /> Through the live shows, the judges act as mentors to their category, helping to decide song choices, styling and staging, while judging contestants from other categories. The winner of the competition is awarded a recording contract, stated to be worth $5 million, with [[Syco Music]] in association with [[Sony Music Entertainment]].<ref name="Feb711a" /><ref name="Feb711b" /> Cowell said that the recording contract was the "largest guaranteed prize in television history." In comparison to the UK version of the show, the cost of recording and marketing the winning artist will be paid for separately from the $5 million initial contract payment, paid in five annual installments of $1 million.<ref name="Feb711a" />

There are five stages to ''The X Factor'' competition:
* Stage 1: Producers' auditions (these auditions decide who will sing in front of the judges)
* Stage 2: Judges' auditions
* Stage 3: Bootcamp
* Stage 4: Visits to judges' houses
* Stage 5: Live shows (finals)

===Auditions===
The show is open to solo artists and vocal groups aged 12 and above, with no upper age limit.<ref name="Feb711a">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=12858831|title='The X Factor' Winner to Get $5 Million Contract|date=February 7, 2011|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=February 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Feb711b">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/07/us-thexfactor-idUSTRE7163SX20110207|title=U.S. X Factor to offer large record deal for winner|last=Kearney|first=Christine|coauthors=Patricia Reaney|date=February 7, 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=February 7, 2011}}</ref> The successful auditionees will audition in front of the judges.

===Bootcamp and visits to judges' houses===
The contestants selected at auditions are further refined through a series of performances at "bootcamp", and then at the "judges' houses", until a small number eventually progress to the live finals. They collectively choose 24 acts (six from each category) for the next round, and only then find out which category they are to mentor. During these stages, the producers allocate each of the judges a category to mentor. The judges then disband for the "visits to the judges' houses" round, where they reduce their six acts on location at one of their residences (often collectively spanning the globe) with a celebrity guest to three for the live shows.

===Live shows===
The finals consist of a series of two live shows, the first featuring the contestants' performances and the second revealing the results of the public voting, culminating in one or more acts being eliminated. Celebrity guest performers also feature regularly.

===Post ''The X Factor''===
The winner of the competition is awarded a recording contract, stated to be worth $5 million, with [[Syco Music]] in association with [[Sony Music Entertainment]].<ref name="Feb711a" /><ref name="Feb711b" /> Cowell said that the recording contract was the "largest guaranteed prize in television history." In comparison to the UK version of the show, the cost of recording and marketing the winning artist will be paid for separately from the $5 million initial contract payment, paid in five annual instalments of $1 million.<ref name="Feb711a" />

==Season 1 (2011)==
{{Main|The X Factor (U.S. season 1)}}
Auditions in front of the producers for the first season took place in Los Angeles, Miami, Newark/New York, Seattle, Chicago, and Dallas.<ref>[http://thexfactor.blogs.fox.com/2011/02/24/the-x-factor-unveils-dates-and-venues-for-the-5-million-auditions FOX Broadcasting Company – The X Factor USA – Simon Cowell's Brand New Singing Competition Comes To America Only On FOX]. Thexfactor.blogs.fox.com. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref> It was reported that ''The X Factor'' had broken the auditions record in [[Los Angeles]], on March 27.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s141/the-x-factor-us/news/a311337/x-factor-usa-breaks-audition-records-in-la.html 'X Factor' USA breaks audition records in LA – X Factor USA News – US TV]. Digital Spy (March 27, 2011). Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref> The last set of auditions that will take place in front of the judges and a live studio audience, and are scheduled to take place during May and June 2011.<ref>[http://www.on-camera-audiences.com/shows/show/337/The_X_Factor/ The X Factor]. On Camera Audiences. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.</ref>

An early preview of the show aired during the 2011 MLB All Star Game on July 12th, 2011.

==International airing==
As the announcement of the show moving to America, Fox Network decided to host talks with several other broadcasters around the world about acquiring the rights to show the American version of the show in their country. As part of Cowell's contract, it was agreed that [[ITV2]] in the [[United Kingdom]] would have rights to show the season, on its sister channel to which the original version of the show airs, [[ITV]]. In [[Ireland]], the show will be broadcast on [[TV3 (Ireland)|TV3]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/yanks-a-million-tv3-to-show-both-us-and-uk-x-factor-2627831.html|title=Yanks a million -- TV3 to show both US and UK X Factor|date=April 23, 2011|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News & Media]]|accessdate=May 30, 2011|location=[[Dublin]]}}</ref> [[7Two]] in Australia will broadcast the season and others are to be announced.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Country / Region
! Channel
|-
| Australia
| [[7Two]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
|-
| Brazil
| [[Sony Entertainment Television (Latin America)|Sony Entertainment Television Brasil]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
|-
| Canada
| [[CTV Television Network|CTV]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
|-
| Finland
| [[Sub (TV channel)|Sub]]<ref>[http://stat.emtv.fi/4/0/2049/0/35554283/8026995e/html/ X Factor USA nähdään Subilla syksyllä! May 30, 2011]</ref>
|-
| Ireland
| [[TV3 (Ireland)|TV3]]
|-
| New Zealand
| [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
|-
| Philippines
| [[GMA News TV]]<ref>http://entertainment.inquirer.net/1135/when-charice-meets-bruno-mars</ref>
|-
| United Kingdom
| [[ITV2]]
|-
| United States (origin)
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
|}

==Media sponsorship==
On January 7, 2011, FOX, Syco Television, and FremantleMedia North America announced that [[Pepsi]] will be the official sponsor of ''The X Factor''.<ref name="pepsi1">{{cite web|url=http://xfactor.blogs.fox.com/2011/01/07/pepsi-is-announced-as-the-official-sponsor-of-the-x-factor/|title=PEPSI is Announced as the Official Sponsor of The X Factor!|date=January 7, 2011|work=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]]|accessdate=January 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name="pepsi2">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/business/media/04adco.html?_r=2|title=Pepsi to Sponsor 'American Idol' Rival|last=Stelter|first=Brian|date=January 4, 2011|work=The New York Times|page=3|accessdate=January 24, 2011}}</ref> The sponsorship includes an extensive multi-platform on and off-air marketing partnership.<ref name="pepsi1" /> On June 9, 2011, Fox, Syco Television and FremantleMedia North America announced that [[Chevrolet]] will be the second official sponsor of ''The X Factor'', and that the sponsorship will also include an extensive multi-platform on and off-air marketing partnership. <ref>http://www.newscorp.com/news/bunews_444.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fox.com/xfactor/ ''The X Factor'' Official WebSite] (owned by [[Fox Interactive Media]])
*[http://www.hulu.com/the-x-factor/ ''The X Factor''] on [[Hulu]]
*{{Facebook|TheXFactorUSA|''The X Factor''}}
*{{Twitter|TheXFactorUSA}}
*{{Youtube|u=TheXFactorUSA|title=''The X Factor''}}
*{{Myspace|TheXFactorUSA}}

{{The X Factor U.S.}}
{{The X Factor series}}
{{Syco}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:X Factor (U.S.)}}
[[Category:American television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Upcoming television series]]
[[Category:The X Factor|US]]
[[Category:Television series by FremantleMedia]]
[[fi:The X Factor (Yhdysvallat)]]

Rob Bell

2011-07-20T23:17:47Z

AmandaNP: Adding {{pp-semi-sock}} (TW)

{{pp-semi-sock|expiry=August 20, 2011|small=yes}}
{{Other people2|Robert Bell (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Rob Bell 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Bell at the 2011 [[Time 100]] gala]]'''Robert Holmes "Rob" Bell Jr.''' (born August 23, 1970 in [[Ingham County, Michigan]]) is an American [[author]] and [[pastor]]. He is the founder of [[Mars Hill Bible Church]] located in [[Grandville, Michigan]] and is also the featured speaker in a series of spiritual [[short film]]s called [[NOOMA]].

== Biography ==
===Education and ministry===

Bell is the son of Judge [[Robert Holmes Bell]], who was nominated by [[Ronald Reagan]] to the federal judiciary and publicly confirmed by the [[United States Senate]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=rjBUYGbUiQwC&pg=PA277&dq=robert+holmes+bell+reagan&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=robert%20holmes%20bell%20reagan&f=false The judicial branch of federal government: people, process, and politics By Charles L. Zelden] ABC-CLIO (July 12, 2007) ISBN 978-1851097029</ref><ref>[http://www.mlive.com/living/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/02/profile_us_district_court_judg.html Profile: U.S. District Court Judge Robert Holmes Bell]</ref> Bell grew up in a traditional Christian environment. In 2011, Bell was recognized as a member of the 2011 [[Time 100]] list.

Bell attended [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]]. While at Wheaton, he roomed with [[Ian Eskelin]] of [[All Star United]]. With friends Dave Houk, Brian Erickson, Steve Huber and Chris Fall, he formed the indie rock band, "_ton bundle", which was reminiscent of bands such as [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]] and [[Talking Heads]]. This is when _ton bundle wrote the song "Velvet Elvis", based upon the same [[Velvet Elvis]] painting that he used in his first book ''Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith''. Wheaton College was also where Bell met his wife, Kristen. The band _ton bundle started to gain some local fame and was even asked to perform at large events, but when Bell was struck with viral meningitis<ref>CNN Belief Blog [http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/13/my-faith-suffering-my-way-to-a-new-tomorrow/ My Faith: Suffering my way to a new tomorrow]</ref> these plans fell through.<ref>Jimmy Eat World's Blog [http://www.findingrhythm.com/blog/?s=rob+bell+interview Interview with Rob Bell]</ref>

Bell received his bachelor's degree in 1992 from Wheaton and taught water skiing in the summers at Wheaton College's Honey Rock Camp, making about thirty dollars a week. During this time, Bell offered to teach a Christian message to the camp counselors after no pastor could be found. He taught a message about "rest". He said that God led him to teaching at this moment.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Bell was later approached by several people, each of them telling him that he should pursue teaching as a career.

Bell moved to [[Pasadena, California]] to pursue this calling for teaching and received a [[M.Div.]] from [[Fuller Theological Seminary]]. According to Bell, he never received good grades in preaching class because he always tried innovative ways to communicate his ideas. During his time at Fuller he was a youth intern at Lake Avenue Church. He did, however, occasionally attend Christian Assembly in [[Eagle Rock, California]], which led to him and his wife asking questions in the direction of how a new style of church would appear.

Between 1995 and 1997, Bell formed a band called [[Big Fil]] which released two CDs; the first was a self-titled disk and the second was titled ''Via De La Shekel''. When asked what style of music they played, Bell would respond with "Northern Gospel!", which later became the name of a song on the second album. Even after Big Fil stopped performing, Bell continued with two more projects by the name of ''Uno Dos Tres Communications volume 1 and 2'', both of which had a similar musical sound to Big Fil.

In the January 2007 issue of the magazine ''TheChurchReport.com'', Bell was named No. 10 in their list of "The 50 Most Influential Christians in America" as chosen by their readers and online visitors.<ref>The Insider, [http://www.thechurchreport.com/mag_article.php?mid=875&mname=January Jan 07: The 50 Most Influential Christians in America]</ref>{{Citation broken|date=July 2009}}

In June 2011, Bell was named by [[Time Magazine]] as one of the "2011 [[Time 100]]", the magazines annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066460,00.html</ref>

===Mars Hill Bible Church===

Bell and his wife moved from California to Grand Rapids to be close to family and on invitation to study under pastor [[Ed Dobson]]. He handled many of the preaching duties for the Saturday Night service at Calvary Church. Bell announced that he would be branching out on his own to start a new kind of community and he would call it "Mars Hill" after the Greek site where the apostle Paul told a group, "For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you."<ref>New International Version [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2017:23;&version=31; Acts 17:23 ]</ref>

In February 1999, Bell founded [[Mars Hill Bible Church]], with the church originally meeting in a school gym in [[Wyoming, Michigan]]. Within a year the church was given a shopping mall in [[Grandville, Michigan]], and purchased the surrounding land. In July 2000 the 3,500 "grey chair" facility opened its doors. As of 2005, an estimated 11,000 people attend the two "gatherings" on Sundays at 9 and 11 AM.<ref>The Charleston Post and Courier [http://www.charleston.net/ASSETS/WEBPAGES/DEPARTMENTAL/NEWS/DEFAULT_PF.ASPX?NEWSID=98783&SECTION=FAITHVALUES Michigan pastor takes message to new places]</ref> As of March 2011, Sunday attendance numbers between 8,000 and 10,000.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/03/rob_bell_christian_rock_star_m.html Rob Bell, Christian rock star, meets Sammy Hagar, real rock star, on Good Morning America set]</ref> His teachings at Mars Hill inspired the popular "Love Wins" bumper sticker, and the congregation freely distributes these stickers after services.<ref name="myst">{{cite web | publisher=Christianity Today | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/011/12.36.html | title=The Emergent Mystique | date=2004-11-01 | accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref>

In order to maintain balance in his life, Bell maintains his Fridays as a personal sabbath, where he does not allow contact by electronic means, and has all pastoral duties transferred to other Mars Hill pastors.<ref>Grand Rapids Press [http://blog.mlive.com/grpress/2008/03/mars_hill_bible_church_pastor.html Profile: Mars Hill Bible Church pastor Rob Bell]</ref>

===Other projects===

Bell is the featured speaker in [[NOOMA]] – a series of short films created by a West Michigan-based non-profit film company called [[Flannel]]. The title of the video series, "NOOMA", is an English variation of the Greek word ''pneuma'' which means breath or spirit. All the videos feature the teachings of Bell accompanied by music written and sung by local independent artists with the exception of ''[[The Album Leaf]]'''s music being licensed for the Nooma DVD ''Lump''.

In August 2005, [[Zondervan Publishing]] published Bell's first book, ''Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith''. ''Velvet Elvis'' is for people who are, in Bell's words, "fascinated with [[Jesus]], but can't do the standard Christian package".{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Bell's ''Everything is Spiritual'' national speaking tour launched on June 30, 2006, in [[Chicago]], drawing sold-out crowds in cities across North America. The proceeds from ticket sales were used to support [[WaterAid]], an international non-profit organization dedicated to helping people escape the poverty and disease caused by living without safe water and sanitation.

Bell's second book, titled ''[[Sex God]]: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality'', was released in March 2007. In February and March 2007 Bell hosted a "Sex God" tour on six university campuses to promote his book. The tour functioned more as a time for engaging questions and conversation. Questions ranged from Old Testament codes to homosexuality to what should Christians do with the word "evangelical". Each night ended with the showing of NOOMA number 15 entitled "YOU".{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

In June 2007 Bell toured the United Kingdom and Ireland, ''calling all peacemakers''.<ref>[http://www.callingallpeacemakers.com/]</ref>

Bell launched another speaking tour on November 5, 2007, in [[Chicago]], ""The Gods Aren't Angry"" again drew sold-out crowds in cities across North America. The subject matter of this presentation was a narrative defense of [[justification (theology)|justification]] through faith and not works (sacrifice). Proceeds from this tour were used to support the Turame [[Microfinance]] program supporting the poor in [[Burundi]], a mission supported by Bell's church.

Bell's 2009 project, ''Drops Like Stars,'' explores the links between creativity and suffering. ''Drops Like Stars'' was an international tour and a book, initially handwritten by Bell, with photographs. The title of the project comes from a young child's view of raindrops on a window at night. Rather than focusing on the conundrum of why an all-powerful God would allow suffering, Bell instead looks at the creativity, empathy, new connections, and growth that can spring from suffering. When asked in an interview how he had become interested in suffering, Bell replied that as a pastor he had been given a front row seat in the most poignant moment's of people's lives. At the same time he was doing lectures on creativity and realized, "There was a connection between these two halves of my life – all these connections between suffering and art-making."<ref>Rob Bell on faith, suffering, and Christians by Michael Paulson September 26, 2009 [http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles_of_faith/2009/09/rob_bell.html]</ref>

== Beliefs ==

In his writings, Bell says "I affirm the truth anywhere in any religious system, in any worldview. If it's true, it belongs to God."<ref>Beliefnet [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/173/story_17301_2.html 'Velvet Elvis' Author Encourages Exploration of Doubts]</ref> However, he acknowledges Scripture as the authoritative source of truth by which to compare all other truths in the Mars Hill Bible Church statement of narrative theology.<ref>church statement of narrative theology [https://www.marshill.org/believe/theologyPop.php church statement of narrative theology] retrieved: 04/04/2010</ref>

Bell says, "This is not just the same old message with new methods. We're rediscovering Christianity as an Eastern religion, as a way of life. Legal metaphors for faith don't deliver a way of life. We grew up in churches where people knew the nine verses why we don't speak in tongues, but had never experienced the overwhelming presence of God."<ref name="myst"/>

In his most recent book, ''Love Wins'', Bell states that "It's been clearly communicated to many that this belief (in hell as conscious, eternal torment) is a central truth of the Christian faith and to reject it is, in essence, to reject Jesus. This is misguided and toxic and ultimately subverts the contagious spread of Jesus' message of love, peace, forgiveness and joy that our world desperately needs to hear." In this book, Bell outlines a number of views of hell, including [[universal reconciliation]] (UR), and though he does not choose any one view as his own, he states of the UR view, "Whatever objections a person may have of [the UR view], and there are many, one has to admit that it is fitting, proper, and Christian to long for it." At the time of the book's publication, some prominent [[Reformed churches|reformed church]] figures like Dr. R. [[Albert Mohler]] Jr. said Bell's book was "theologically disastrous"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2065080,00.html | title=Pastor Rob Bell: What if Hell Doesn't Exist? | accessdate=2011-05-05 | work=Time | first=Jon | last=Meacham | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> for not rejecting the UR view. Bell denies that he is a universalist.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/03/24/general-us-rel-hell-no_8372485.html }} {{Dead link|date=June 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> He does not embrace any particular view but argues that he wants to leave room for uncertainty. ''Love Wins'' presents his "case for living with mystery rather than demanding certitude."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2065080,00.html | work=Time | first=Jon | last=Meacham | title=Pastor Rob Bell: What if Hell Doesn't Exist? | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref>
Some evangelicals see this "uncertainty" as incompatible with scripture,<ref>http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/03/release_date_of_rob_bells_new.html</ref> while others say that the book is simply promoting overdue conversation about some traditional interpretations of scripture.<ref> {{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703818204576206470219029478.html?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=John | last=Wilson | title=What Happened to Heaven and Is Gandhi There? | date=March 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2011/03/18/alex_beam_provides_an_update_on_a_heck_of_a_theological_debate/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=A heck of a theological debate}}</ref>

== Publications ==
*''Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith'' (Zondervan, 2005) ISBN 0-310-26345-X
*''Sex God: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality'' (Zondervan, 2007) ISBN 0-310-26346-8
*''Everything is Spiritual (DVD)'' (Zondervan, 2007) ISBN 0-310-28556-9
*''The Gods Aren't Angry (DVD)'' (Flannel, 2008) ISBN 0-310-29074-0
*''Jesus Wants to Save Christians: A Manifesto for the Church in Exile'' (Zondervan, 2008) ISBN 0-310-27502-4
*''Drops Like Stars: A Few Thoughts on Creativity and Suffering'' (Zondervan, 2009) ISBN 0-310-32704-0
*''Love Wins'' (Harper One, 2011) ISBN 0-062-04964-3
*''[[NOOMA|NOOMA Videos]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.robbell.com Rob Bell official website]
*[http://www.premier.tv/lovewins Rob Bell debates "Love Wins" with Adrian Warnock on Premier.tv]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bell, Rob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 23, 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Rob}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American evangelicals]]
[[Category:Christian writers]]
[[Category:Missional Christianity]]
[[Category:People from Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
[[Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni]]
[[Category:American clergy]]

[[es:Rob Bell]]
[[pt:Rob Bell]]

Rob Bell

2011-07-20T23:17:35Z

AmandaNP: Protected Rob Bell: Persistent sock puppetry ([edit=autoconfirmed] (expires 23:17, 20 August 2011 (UTC)))

{{Other people2|Robert Bell (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Rob Bell 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Bell at the 2011 [[Time 100]] gala]]'''Robert Holmes "Rob" Bell Jr.''' (born August 23, 1970 in [[Ingham County, Michigan]]) is an American [[author]] and [[pastor]]. He is the founder of [[Mars Hill Bible Church]] located in [[Grandville, Michigan]] and is also the featured speaker in a series of spiritual [[short film]]s called [[NOOMA]].

== Biography ==
===Education and ministry===

Bell is the son of Judge [[Robert Holmes Bell]], who was nominated by [[Ronald Reagan]] to the federal judiciary and publicly confirmed by the [[United States Senate]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=rjBUYGbUiQwC&pg=PA277&dq=robert+holmes+bell+reagan&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=robert%20holmes%20bell%20reagan&f=false The judicial branch of federal government: people, process, and politics By Charles L. Zelden] ABC-CLIO (July 12, 2007) ISBN 978-1851097029</ref><ref>[http://www.mlive.com/living/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/02/profile_us_district_court_judg.html Profile: U.S. District Court Judge Robert Holmes Bell]</ref> Bell grew up in a traditional Christian environment. In 2011, Bell was recognized as a member of the 2011 [[Time 100]] list.

Bell attended [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]]. While at Wheaton, he roomed with [[Ian Eskelin]] of [[All Star United]]. With friends Dave Houk, Brian Erickson, Steve Huber and Chris Fall, he formed the indie rock band, "_ton bundle", which was reminiscent of bands such as [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]] and [[Talking Heads]]. This is when _ton bundle wrote the song "Velvet Elvis", based upon the same [[Velvet Elvis]] painting that he used in his first book ''Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith''. Wheaton College was also where Bell met his wife, Kristen. The band _ton bundle started to gain some local fame and was even asked to perform at large events, but when Bell was struck with viral meningitis<ref>CNN Belief Blog [http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/13/my-faith-suffering-my-way-to-a-new-tomorrow/ My Faith: Suffering my way to a new tomorrow]</ref> these plans fell through.<ref>Jimmy Eat World's Blog [http://www.findingrhythm.com/blog/?s=rob+bell+interview Interview with Rob Bell]</ref>

Bell received his bachelor's degree in 1992 from Wheaton and taught water skiing in the summers at Wheaton College's Honey Rock Camp, making about thirty dollars a week. During this time, Bell offered to teach a Christian message to the camp counselors after no pastor could be found. He taught a message about "rest". He said that God led him to teaching at this moment.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Bell was later approached by several people, each of them telling him that he should pursue teaching as a career.

Bell moved to [[Pasadena, California]] to pursue this calling for teaching and received a [[M.Div.]] from [[Fuller Theological Seminary]]. According to Bell, he never received good grades in preaching class because he always tried innovative ways to communicate his ideas. During his time at Fuller he was a youth intern at Lake Avenue Church. He did, however, occasionally attend Christian Assembly in [[Eagle Rock, California]], which led to him and his wife asking questions in the direction of how a new style of church would appear.

Between 1995 and 1997, Bell formed a band called [[Big Fil]] which released two CDs; the first was a self-titled disk and the second was titled ''Via De La Shekel''. When asked what style of music they played, Bell would respond with "Northern Gospel!", which later became the name of a song on the second album. Even after Big Fil stopped performing, Bell continued with two more projects by the name of ''Uno Dos Tres Communications volume 1 and 2'', both of which had a similar musical sound to Big Fil.

In the January 2007 issue of the magazine ''TheChurchReport.com'', Bell was named No. 10 in their list of "The 50 Most Influential Christians in America" as chosen by their readers and online visitors.<ref>The Insider, [http://www.thechurchreport.com/mag_article.php?mid=875&mname=January Jan 07: The 50 Most Influential Christians in America]</ref>{{Citation broken|date=July 2009}}

In June 2011, Bell was named by [[Time Magazine]] as one of the "2011 [[Time 100]]", the magazines annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066460,00.html</ref>

===Mars Hill Bible Church===

Bell and his wife moved from California to Grand Rapids to be close to family and on invitation to study under pastor [[Ed Dobson]]. He handled many of the preaching duties for the Saturday Night service at Calvary Church. Bell announced that he would be branching out on his own to start a new kind of community and he would call it "Mars Hill" after the Greek site where the apostle Paul told a group, "For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you."<ref>New International Version [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2017:23;&version=31; Acts 17:23 ]</ref>

In February 1999, Bell founded [[Mars Hill Bible Church]], with the church originally meeting in a school gym in [[Wyoming, Michigan]]. Within a year the church was given a shopping mall in [[Grandville, Michigan]], and purchased the surrounding land. In July 2000 the 3,500 "grey chair" facility opened its doors. As of 2005, an estimated 11,000 people attend the two "gatherings" on Sundays at 9 and 11 AM.<ref>The Charleston Post and Courier [http://www.charleston.net/ASSETS/WEBPAGES/DEPARTMENTAL/NEWS/DEFAULT_PF.ASPX?NEWSID=98783&SECTION=FAITHVALUES Michigan pastor takes message to new places]</ref> As of March 2011, Sunday attendance numbers between 8,000 and 10,000.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/03/rob_bell_christian_rock_star_m.html Rob Bell, Christian rock star, meets Sammy Hagar, real rock star, on Good Morning America set]</ref> His teachings at Mars Hill inspired the popular "Love Wins" bumper sticker, and the congregation freely distributes these stickers after services.<ref name="myst">{{cite web | publisher=Christianity Today | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/011/12.36.html | title=The Emergent Mystique | date=2004-11-01 | accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref>

In order to maintain balance in his life, Bell maintains his Fridays as a personal sabbath, where he does not allow contact by electronic means, and has all pastoral duties transferred to other Mars Hill pastors.<ref>Grand Rapids Press [http://blog.mlive.com/grpress/2008/03/mars_hill_bible_church_pastor.html Profile: Mars Hill Bible Church pastor Rob Bell]</ref>

===Other projects===

Bell is the featured speaker in [[NOOMA]] – a series of short films created by a West Michigan-based non-profit film company called [[Flannel]]. The title of the video series, "NOOMA", is an English variation of the Greek word ''pneuma'' which means breath or spirit. All the videos feature the teachings of Bell accompanied by music written and sung by local independent artists with the exception of ''[[The Album Leaf]]'''s music being licensed for the Nooma DVD ''Lump''.

In August 2005, [[Zondervan Publishing]] published Bell's first book, ''Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith''. ''Velvet Elvis'' is for people who are, in Bell's words, "fascinated with [[Jesus]], but can't do the standard Christian package".{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Bell's ''Everything is Spiritual'' national speaking tour launched on June 30, 2006, in [[Chicago]], drawing sold-out crowds in cities across North America. The proceeds from ticket sales were used to support [[WaterAid]], an international non-profit organization dedicated to helping people escape the poverty and disease caused by living without safe water and sanitation.

Bell's second book, titled ''[[Sex God]]: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality'', was released in March 2007. In February and March 2007 Bell hosted a "Sex God" tour on six university campuses to promote his book. The tour functioned more as a time for engaging questions and conversation. Questions ranged from Old Testament codes to homosexuality to what should Christians do with the word "evangelical". Each night ended with the showing of NOOMA number 15 entitled "YOU".{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

In June 2007 Bell toured the United Kingdom and Ireland, ''calling all peacemakers''.<ref>[http://www.callingallpeacemakers.com/]</ref>

Bell launched another speaking tour on November 5, 2007, in [[Chicago]], ""The Gods Aren't Angry"" again drew sold-out crowds in cities across North America. The subject matter of this presentation was a narrative defense of [[justification (theology)|justification]] through faith and not works (sacrifice). Proceeds from this tour were used to support the Turame [[Microfinance]] program supporting the poor in [[Burundi]], a mission supported by Bell's church.

Bell's 2009 project, ''Drops Like Stars,'' explores the links between creativity and suffering. ''Drops Like Stars'' was an international tour and a book, initially handwritten by Bell, with photographs. The title of the project comes from a young child's view of raindrops on a window at night. Rather than focusing on the conundrum of why an all-powerful God would allow suffering, Bell instead looks at the creativity, empathy, new connections, and growth that can spring from suffering. When asked in an interview how he had become interested in suffering, Bell replied that as a pastor he had been given a front row seat in the most poignant moment's of people's lives. At the same time he was doing lectures on creativity and realized, "There was a connection between these two halves of my life – all these connections between suffering and art-making."<ref>Rob Bell on faith, suffering, and Christians by Michael Paulson September 26, 2009 [http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles_of_faith/2009/09/rob_bell.html]</ref>

== Beliefs ==

In his writings, Bell says "I affirm the truth anywhere in any religious system, in any worldview. If it's true, it belongs to God."<ref>Beliefnet [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/173/story_17301_2.html 'Velvet Elvis' Author Encourages Exploration of Doubts]</ref> However, he acknowledges Scripture as the authoritative source of truth by which to compare all other truths in the Mars Hill Bible Church statement of narrative theology.<ref>church statement of narrative theology [https://www.marshill.org/believe/theologyPop.php church statement of narrative theology] retrieved: 04/04/2010</ref>

Bell says, "This is not just the same old message with new methods. We're rediscovering Christianity as an Eastern religion, as a way of life. Legal metaphors for faith don't deliver a way of life. We grew up in churches where people knew the nine verses why we don't speak in tongues, but had never experienced the overwhelming presence of God."<ref name="myst"/>

In his most recent book, ''Love Wins'', Bell states that "It's been clearly communicated to many that this belief (in hell as conscious, eternal torment) is a central truth of the Christian faith and to reject it is, in essence, to reject Jesus. This is misguided and toxic and ultimately subverts the contagious spread of Jesus' message of love, peace, forgiveness and joy that our world desperately needs to hear." In this book, Bell outlines a number of views of hell, including [[universal reconciliation]] (UR), and though he does not choose any one view as his own, he states of the UR view, "Whatever objections a person may have of [the UR view], and there are many, one has to admit that it is fitting, proper, and Christian to long for it." At the time of the book's publication, some prominent [[Reformed churches|reformed church]] figures like Dr. R. [[Albert Mohler]] Jr. said Bell's book was "theologically disastrous"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2065080,00.html | title=Pastor Rob Bell: What if Hell Doesn't Exist? | accessdate=2011-05-05 | work=Time | first=Jon | last=Meacham | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> for not rejecting the UR view. Bell denies that he is a universalist.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/03/24/general-us-rel-hell-no_8372485.html }} {{Dead link|date=June 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> He does not embrace any particular view but argues that he wants to leave room for uncertainty. ''Love Wins'' presents his "case for living with mystery rather than demanding certitude."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2065080,00.html | work=Time | first=Jon | last=Meacham | title=Pastor Rob Bell: What if Hell Doesn't Exist? | date=April 14, 2011}}</ref>
Some evangelicals see this "uncertainty" as incompatible with scripture,<ref>http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/03/release_date_of_rob_bells_new.html</ref> while others say that the book is simply promoting overdue conversation about some traditional interpretations of scripture.<ref> {{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703818204576206470219029478.html?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=John | last=Wilson | title=What Happened to Heaven and Is Gandhi There? | date=March 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2011/03/18/alex_beam_provides_an_update_on_a_heck_of_a_theological_debate/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=A heck of a theological debate}}</ref>

== Publications ==
*''Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith'' (Zondervan, 2005) ISBN 0-310-26345-X
*''Sex God: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality'' (Zondervan, 2007) ISBN 0-310-26346-8
*''Everything is Spiritual (DVD)'' (Zondervan, 2007) ISBN 0-310-28556-9
*''The Gods Aren't Angry (DVD)'' (Flannel, 2008) ISBN 0-310-29074-0
*''Jesus Wants to Save Christians: A Manifesto for the Church in Exile'' (Zondervan, 2008) ISBN 0-310-27502-4
*''Drops Like Stars: A Few Thoughts on Creativity and Suffering'' (Zondervan, 2009) ISBN 0-310-32704-0
*''Love Wins'' (Harper One, 2011) ISBN 0-062-04964-3
*''[[NOOMA|NOOMA Videos]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.robbell.com Rob Bell official website]
*[http://www.premier.tv/lovewins Rob Bell debates "Love Wins" with Adrian Warnock on Premier.tv]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bell, Rob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 23, 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Rob}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American evangelicals]]
[[Category:Christian writers]]
[[Category:Missional Christianity]]
[[Category:People from Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
[[Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni]]
[[Category:American clergy]]

[[es:Rob Bell]]
[[pt:Rob Bell]]

Lost Man Booker Prize

2010-05-20T15:25:22Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by 59.60.125.44 (talk) to last revision by 65.12.38.115 (HG)

{{Infobox award
| name = Lost Man Booker Prize
| current_awards =
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| description = Best full-length English [[novel]] from 1970
| presenter = [[Man Group]]
| country =
| location = [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], or [[Zimbabwe]]
| year = 2010
| year2 =
| website = [http://www.themanbookerprize.com/ themanbookerprize.com]
}}

The '''Lost Man Booker Prize''' was a special edition of the [[Man Booker Prize]] awarded by a public vote in 2010 to a novel from 1970, described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "an act of literary reparation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Rich, Motoko|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/books/26arts-SHORTLISTUNV_BRF.html|title=Shortlist Unveiled for 'Lost' Booker Prize|date=26 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Books published in 1970 were not eligible for the Man Booker Prize due to a rules alteration; until 1970 the prize was awarded to books published in the previous year, while from 1971 onwards it was awarded to books published the same year as the award. The prize was won by [[J. G. Farrell]] for ''[[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]''.

Literary agent and archivist Peter Straus has been credited with conceiving the idea of a Man Booker Prize for the missing year after wondering why [[Robertson Davies]]'s 1970 novel ''[[Fifth Business]]'' had not been included in the Man Booker Prize shortlist.<ref name=guardian /><ref name=Dame /> A longlist of 21 titles was drawn up by organisers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Goldsmith, Belinda|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62P3G720100326|title=Four dead authors on shortlist for lost "Booker"|date=26 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A shortlist of six was selected by [[Rachel Cooke]], [[Katie Derham]] and [[Tobias Hill]], and revealed in [[London]] on 25 March 2010 when voting commenced on the Man Booker Prize website.<ref name=guardian>{{cite web|author=Flood, Alison|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/mar/25/lost-booker-prize-shortlist|title=Lost Booker prize shortlist overlooks Iris Murdoch but plumps for Muriel Spark|date=25 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name=Australian /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/story/2010/03/25/lost-booker--prize.html|title=6 books from 1970 vie for lost Booker|date=25 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Voting closed on 23 April 2010.<ref name=Australian>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/australian-authors-shortlisted-for-lost-man-booker-prize-20100326-r0qr.html|title=Australian authors shortlisted for lost Man Booker Prize|date=26 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> The winner was announced on 19 May 2010.<ref name=guardian />

Four of the shortlisted authors were dead, with only [[Nina Bawden]] and [[Shirley Hazzard]] alive to give their reactions to being included.<ref name=waits /> Bawden called it "astonishing actually ... I thought I knew all my books backwards but I couldn't remember what this one was about".<ref name=waits>{{cite web|author=Hoyle, Ben|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article7076649.ece|title=Author waits to hear if she has won 'lost Booker' prize 40 years on|date=26 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Hazzard regretted that her husband, [[Francis Steegmuller]], was no longer alive to witness the occasion.<ref name=waits /> [[J. G. Farrell]] won the 1973 Man Booker Prize for ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]''.<ref name=Dame>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8586981.stm|title=Dame Muriel Spark shortlisted for 'lost' Booker Prize|date=25 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Bawden and [[Muriel Spark]] were previously shortlisted.<ref name=Dame /> Tobias Hill said [[Patrick White]], noted for requesting that his name be struck off the 1979 Man Booker prize shortlist and known for his general disapproval of receiving awards, would be "spinning in his grave" if he won the Lost Man Booker Prize for ''[[The Vivisector]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akbar, Arifa|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/posthumous-blow-to-the-author-who-hated-book-prizes-1928014.html|title=Posthumous blow to the author who hated book prizes|date=26 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> However, White's literary executor, Barbara Mobbs, said he had left behind "no written evidence" that he would disapprove of a posthumous award and that she was "not going to run around saying take him out".<ref>{{cite web|author=Sorensen, Rosemary|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/patrick-white-on-lost-booker-shortlist/story-e6frg8n6-1225846198615|title=Patrick White on 'Lost Booker' shortlist|date=27 March 2010|accessdate=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The Australian]]}}</ref>

==Shortlist==
The shortlist as announced on 25 March 2010:

* [[Nina Bawden]]—''[[The Birds on the Trees]]'' (Virago)
* [[J. G. Farrell]]—''[[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]'' (Phoenix)
* [[Shirley Hazzard]]—''[[The Bay of Noon]]'' (Virago)
* [[Mary Renault]]—''[[Fire From Heaven]]'' (Arrow)
* [[Muriel Spark]]—''[[The Driver's Seat (novel)|The Driver's Seat]]'' (Penguin)
* [[Patrick White]]—''[[The Vivisector]]'' (Vintage)

==Winner==

The prize was won by [[J. G. Farrell]]'s ''[[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]'', with 38 percent of the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/20/2904350.htm|title=JG Farrell's Troubles wins Lost Booker|date=20 May 2010|work=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> It received more than twice the number of votes for the second-placed entry.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/7741272/JG-Farrell-wins-Lost-Man-Booker-Prize-for-Troubles.html|title=JG Farrell wins Lost Man Booker Prize for Troubles|last=Adams|first=Stephen|date=20 May 2010|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> The prize came 40 years after the book's publication and 30 years after Farrell's death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/books/lsquolost-bookerrsquo-for-irish-writer-jg-farrell-14813021.html|title='Lost Booker' for Irish writer JG Farrell|date=20 May 2010|work=[[The Belfast Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Independent News and Media]]|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> The award of the prize was announced by [[Antonia Fraser]] and accepted by Farrell's brother Richard. If ''Troubles'' had won the Man Booker Prize in 1970 Farrell would have been the first author to win it twice, as he won it in 1973 for ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10127509.stm|title=Author JG Farrell wins 1970 'lost' Booker Prize|date=19 May 2010|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE64I66U20100519|title=J.G. Farrell wins "lost" Booker award for Troubles|date=19 May 2010|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> Farrell's literary agent claimed Farrell would have been "thrilled" to have won the prize.<ref name="telegraph"/>

==See also==
* [[List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.themanbookerprize.com/ The official website of the Man Booker Prize]

;Related articles
*{{cite news|author= Tonkin, Boyd |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/boyd-tonkin-casting-a-novel-light-on-a-supposed-dark-period-1928015.html |title= Casting a novel light on a supposed dark period |publisher= [[The Independent on Sunday]] |date= Friday, 26 March 2010 |accessdate=2010-05-20}}
*{{cite news|author= Cooke, Rachel |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/mar/28/lost-booker-prize-rachel-cooke |title= The Lost Booker: a judge tells all |publisher= [[The Observer]] |date= Sunday 28 March 2010 |accessdate=2010-05-20}}

[[Category:1970 books]]
[[Category:British literary awards]]
[[Category:Fiction awards]]

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2010-04-20T21:16:33Z

AmandaNP: Filling in 2 references using Reflinks

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}

[[Image:420Louis.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]], at [[San Rafael High School]].]]
'''420''', '''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') refers to consumption of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, by extension, a way to identify oneself with cannabis [[subculture]].<ref name="web.archive.org">[http://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday]</ref><ref name="indybay.org">[http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2009/04/21/18590556.php 420 at UCSC "Gets Bigger Every Year"]</ref>

The term was coined from a group of teenagers at [[San Rafael High School]] in [[San Rafael, California]], United States in 1971.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp snopes.com: 420]</ref><ref name=point>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html |quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using “420” as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have urged students to just say no. At the University of Colorado, Boulder, where thousands of students regularly use the day to light up in the quad, administrators sent an e-mail message this month pleading with students not to “participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your university and degree.” |work=[[New York Times]] |date=April 19, 2009 |accessdate=April 20, 2009 }}</ref> The teens would meet after school at 4:20 p.m. to smoke marijuana outside the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html |title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day' |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2009-04-20 |accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref>

According to an April 2009 article on the ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', the group called itself the Waldos because its members hung out by a wall after school. Writer [[Ryan Grim]], citing interviews with anonymous Waldos, claims that the group met by the statue at 4:20 p.m. to begin a search for a crop of abandoned cannabis growing near [[Point Reyes]] that they had heard about. They never found the stash, Grim writes, but smoked plenty of marijuana while looking for it.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number]. 04/20/09. ''[[The Huffington Post]]''</ref>

===Drug Term Meaning Origin===

According to Steven Hager, editor of High Times, the term 420 originated at San Rafael High School, in 1971, among a group of about a dozen pot-smoking wiseacres who called themselves the Waldos, who are now pushing 50. {{cn}} The term was shorthand for the time of day the group would meet, at the campus statue of Louis Pasteur, to smoke pot. Intent on developing their own discreet language, they made 420 code for a time to get high, and its use spread among members of an entire generation.

== April 20 observances ==

April 20 ("4/20" in U.S. [[Date and time notation by country#United States|date notation]]) has evolved into a [[counterculture]] holiday, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref name="indybay.org"/> In some locations this celebration coincides with [[Earth Day|Earth Week]].<ref>[http://www.guamepa.govguam.net/earthweek/ Earth Week in Guam]</ref><ref>[http://earthweek.ucsd.edu/index.html Earth Week in San Diego]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthwalkvictoria.ca/ Earth Week in Victoria, BC]</ref> Some events may have a political nature to them, advocating for the [[decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States]].

===American observance===
==== University of Colorado, Boulder ====

[[File:boulder4202009.jpg|thumb|2009's 420 celebration at [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]].]]

A large celebration is held every year on the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]], with attendance reaching more than 10,000 in 2008. It has been estimated that in 2009 the crowd surpassed the 10,000 attendee mark that was set in 2008. This would make CU Boulder's celebration of the hopeful legalization of marijuana one of the largest such celebrations in the United States.<ref name=point/><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref> University police have tried various methods to prevent the gathering, including photographing students participating in the event,<ref>[http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/434/colorado.shtml Marijuana: University of Colorado Posts Pics of Students at Pot Rally, Offers Reward for Naming Them].</ref> but the crowd has grown every year.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The university and police have taken a more hands-off approach since 2006, emphasizing event safety over possession citations. Recent growth of the medical marijuana industry in Colorado is expected to add momentum to future events.<ref>[http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu].</ref>

On April 15, 2009, the Office of the Chancellor sent an e-mail to all CU students regarding the 2009 celebration of 4/20 stating that the event would debase "the reputation of your university and degree." The CU student newspaper disagreed with the Chancellor's analysis.<ref>[http://www.coloradodaily.com/news/2009/apr/19/university-colorado-boulder-420-cu-email-apology/ Student Voice: CU owes students apology for 4/20 e-mail]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}.</ref>

No possession tickets were issued at the 2009 event.<ref>[http://www.truthalliance.net/Archive/News/tabid/67/ID/2579/CUs-420-smokeout-draws-10000-No-possession-tickets-issued.aspx No possession tickets issued during CU's 4/20 smokeout].</ref>

===Canadian observance ===

====Ottawa, Ontario====
Activists gather in the capital, on [[Parliament Hill]] to consume cannabis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |title=Pot activists to light up on Hill - Canada - Canoe.ca |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca |date= |accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref>

==== Vancouver, British Columbia ====

On April 20, 2009, an estimated nearly 10,000 people gathered around the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]] to celebrate "420". The police did not attempt to make arrests. This event has taken place in Vancouver annually for many years, and the police are generally tolerant of all marijuana use on April 20.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Thousands+marijuana+smokers+gather+Vancouver+celebrate/1515882/story.html |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |publisher=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref>

=== New Zealand observance ===
====Dunedin====
In [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, members of [[Otago NORML]] and some students at [[Otago University]] meet every Wednesday and Friday at 4:20 pm under a Walnut tree on the Otago University Union Lawn to smoke cannabis in defiance of New Zealand's cannabis laws. There was considerable media and police interest in the '420' group in 2008, resulting in the arrest of a student and the issuance of trespass notices to members of the public at one of the 4:20 pm meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> The group leader was arrested for cannabis possession at a university Market Day unrelated to the 4:20 meetings,<ref name="ODT_guilty">{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/42645/norml-leader-guilty|title=Norml leader guilty |date=February 10, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref> but was later discharged without conviction on all charges.<ref>{{cite journal | authorlink = Court Reporter
| title = Ex-Norml leader discharged
| journal = The Otago Daily Times
| date = 4 December 2009}}</ref> The group celebrated their 5th anniversary on September 11, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73731/fifth-anniversary-420-protests|title=Fifth anniversary of 4:20 protests|last=Gibb|first=John |date=September 12, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref>
====Auckland====
In [[Auckland]], New Zealand a 420 group meets regularly at the [[Daktory]].<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|publisher=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Spiritual use of cannabis]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Jack Herer]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Hash Bash]]
* [[420 (Family Guy)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number] by Ryan Grim, ''The Huffington Post'', April 20, 2009
* [http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719 Mom and Dad now know about '4/20'] by Gevevieve Bookwalter, ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'', April 7, 2009
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/30/image/ig-potculture30 Marijuana's New High Life] by ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''

{{drug use}}

{{Cannabis resources}}

{{use mdy dates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]

[[es:420 (cannabis)]]
[[fr:420 (cannabis)]]
[[ka:420 (მარიხუანა)]]
[[la:4/20]]
[[ja:420 (大麻)]]
[[ru:420 (культура употребления марихуаны)]]
[[fi:420 (kannabiskulttuuri)]]
[[sv:420 (cannabis)]]

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2010-04-20T21:15:35Z

AmandaNP: +sper done

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}

[[Image:420Louis.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]], at [[San Rafael High School]].]]
'''420''', '''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') refers to consumption of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, by extension, a way to identify oneself with cannabis [[subculture]].<ref name="web.archive.org">[http://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday]</ref><ref name="indybay.org">[http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2009/04/21/18590556.php 420 at UCSC "Gets Bigger Every Year"]</ref>

The term was coined from a group of teenagers at [[San Rafael High School]] in [[San Rafael, California]], United States in 1971.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp snopes.com: 420]</ref><ref name=point>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html |quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using “420” as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have urged students to just say no. At the University of Colorado, Boulder, where thousands of students regularly use the day to light up in the quad, administrators sent an e-mail message this month pleading with students not to “participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your university and degree.” |work=[[New York Times]] |date=April 19, 2009 |accessdate=April 20, 2009 }}</ref> The teens would meet after school at 4:20 p.m. to smoke marijuana outside the school.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html</ref>

According to an April 2009 article on the ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', the group called itself the Waldos because its members hung out by a wall after school. Writer [[Ryan Grim]], citing interviews with anonymous Waldos, claims that the group met by the statue at 4:20 p.m. to begin a search for a crop of abandoned cannabis growing near [[Point Reyes]] that they had heard about. They never found the stash, Grim writes, but smoked plenty of marijuana while looking for it.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number]. 04/20/09. ''[[The Huffington Post]]''</ref>

===Drug Term Meaning Origin===

According to Steven Hager, editor of High Times, the term 420 originated at San Rafael High School, in 1971, among a group of about a dozen pot-smoking wiseacres who called themselves the Waldos, who are now pushing 50. {{cn}} The term was shorthand for the time of day the group would meet, at the campus statue of Louis Pasteur, to smoke pot. Intent on developing their own discreet language, they made 420 code for a time to get high, and its use spread among members of an entire generation.

== April 20 observances ==

April 20 ("4/20" in U.S. [[Date and time notation by country#United States|date notation]]) has evolved into a [[counterculture]] holiday, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref name="indybay.org"/> In some locations this celebration coincides with [[Earth Day|Earth Week]].<ref>[http://www.guamepa.govguam.net/earthweek/ Earth Week in Guam]</ref><ref>[http://earthweek.ucsd.edu/index.html Earth Week in San Diego]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthwalkvictoria.ca/ Earth Week in Victoria, BC]</ref> Some events may have a political nature to them, advocating for the [[decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States]].

===American observance===
==== University of Colorado, Boulder ====

[[File:boulder4202009.jpg|thumb|2009's 420 celebration at [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]].]]

A large celebration is held every year on the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]], with attendance reaching more than 10,000 in 2008. It has been estimated that in 2009 the crowd surpassed the 10,000 attendee mark that was set in 2008. This would make CU Boulder's celebration of the hopeful legalization of marijuana one of the largest such celebrations in the United States.<ref name=point/><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref> University police have tried various methods to prevent the gathering, including photographing students participating in the event,<ref>[http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/434/colorado.shtml Marijuana: University of Colorado Posts Pics of Students at Pot Rally, Offers Reward for Naming Them].</ref> but the crowd has grown every year.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The university and police have taken a more hands-off approach since 2006, emphasizing event safety over possession citations. Recent growth of the medical marijuana industry in Colorado is expected to add momentum to future events.<ref>[http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu].</ref>

On April 15, 2009, the Office of the Chancellor sent an e-mail to all CU students regarding the 2009 celebration of 4/20 stating that the event would debase "the reputation of your university and degree." The CU student newspaper disagreed with the Chancellor's analysis.<ref>[http://www.coloradodaily.com/news/2009/apr/19/university-colorado-boulder-420-cu-email-apology/ Student Voice: CU owes students apology for 4/20 e-mail]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}.</ref>

No possession tickets were issued at the 2009 event.<ref>[http://www.truthalliance.net/Archive/News/tabid/67/ID/2579/CUs-420-smokeout-draws-10000-No-possession-tickets-issued.aspx No possession tickets issued during CU's 4/20 smokeout].</ref>

===Canadian observance ===

====Ottawa, Ontario====
Activists gather in the capital, on [[Parliament Hill]] to consume cannabis.<ref>http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html</ref>

==== Vancouver, British Columbia ====

On April 20, 2009, an estimated nearly 10,000 people gathered around the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]] to celebrate "420". The police did not attempt to make arrests. This event has taken place in Vancouver annually for many years, and the police are generally tolerant of all marijuana use on April 20.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Thousands+marijuana+smokers+gather+Vancouver+celebrate/1515882/story.html |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |publisher=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref>

=== New Zealand observance ===
====Dunedin====
In [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, members of [[Otago NORML]] and some students at [[Otago University]] meet every Wednesday and Friday at 4:20 pm under a Walnut tree on the Otago University Union Lawn to smoke cannabis in defiance of New Zealand's cannabis laws. There was considerable media and police interest in the '420' group in 2008, resulting in the arrest of a student and the issuance of trespass notices to members of the public at one of the 4:20 pm meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> The group leader was arrested for cannabis possession at a university Market Day unrelated to the 4:20 meetings,<ref name="ODT_guilty">{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/42645/norml-leader-guilty|title=Norml leader guilty |date=February 10, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref> but was later discharged without conviction on all charges.<ref>{{cite journal | authorlink = Court Reporter
| title = Ex-Norml leader discharged
| journal = The Otago Daily Times
| date = 4 December 2009}}</ref> The group celebrated their 5th anniversary on September 11, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73731/fifth-anniversary-420-protests|title=Fifth anniversary of 4:20 protests|last=Gibb|first=John |date=September 12, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref>
====Auckland====
In [[Auckland]], New Zealand a 420 group meets regularly at the [[Daktory]].<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|publisher=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Spiritual use of cannabis]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Jack Herer]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Hash Bash]]
* [[420 (Family Guy)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number] by Ryan Grim, ''The Huffington Post'', April 20, 2009
* [http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719 Mom and Dad now know about '4/20'] by Gevevieve Bookwalter, ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'', April 7, 2009
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/30/image/ig-potculture30 Marijuana's New High Life] by ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''

{{drug use}}

{{Cannabis resources}}

{{use mdy dates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]

[[es:420 (cannabis)]]
[[fr:420 (cannabis)]]
[[ka:420 (მარიხუანა)]]
[[la:4/20]]
[[ja:420 (大麻)]]
[[ru:420 (культура употребления марихуаны)]]
[[fi:420 (kannabiskulttuuri)]]
[[sv:420 (cannabis)]]

Always (Erasure-Lied)

2010-02-27T22:56:58Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by Shadowrunner56 to last revision by MWOAP (HG)

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox Single | 
| Name = Always
| Cover = Erasure single always.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Erasure]]
| from Album = [[I Say I Say I Say]]
| B-side = "Tragic"
| Released = April 11, 1994
| Format = [[12-inch single|12"]], [[7-inch single|7"]], [[Cassette single|cassette]], [[CD Single|CD]]
| Recorded = 1994
| Genre = [[Synthpop]]
| Length = 3:57
| Label = [[Mute Records|Mute]] (U.K.) [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] (U.S.)
| Writer = [[Vince Clarke]], [[Andy Bell (singer)|Andy Bell]]
| Producer = [[Martyn Ware]]
| Last single = "[[Who Needs Love Like That]]" (Hamburg Mix) (1992)
| This single = "'''Always'''" (1994)
| Next single = "[[Run to the Sun]]" (1994)
}}

"'''Always'''" is a [[synthpop]] [[ballad]] by British duo [[Erasure]]. It was released in [[1994 in music|1994]] as the first single from their sixth studio album ''[[I Say I Say I Say]]''. [[Mute Records]] issued the single in the UK, while [[Elektra Records]] released it in the U.S. "Always" was written by Erasure members [[Vince Clarke]] and [[Andy Bell (singer)|Andy Bell]], and is produced by [[Martyn Ware]].

The song is based around [[synthesizer|synthesized]] programming by Clarke and Bell's subdued vocals and love-inspired lyrics. The music video features Bell in a stylised [[Culture of China|Chinese]] folklore-inspired backdrop.

The song quickly became Erasure's 13th Top 10 on the [[UK singles chart]], peaking at number four. It topped the charts in [[Ireland]] and hit number five in [[Germany]]. In the [[United States]], the single became Erasure's third Top 20 hit on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], peaking at number 20, six years after their last major U.S. pop hit. On the U.S. [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] chart, "Always" climbed to number six. "Always~Microbots Trance Dance Mix" was used in Konami's Dance Dance Revolution: Hottest Party." game. The 2009 Remix was used in Adult Swim's online game "Robot Unicorn Attack".<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://games.adultswim.com/robot-unicorn-attack-twitchy-online-game.html
|title=Robot Unicorn Attack - A Free Online Flash Game From Adult Swim
|publisher=adultswim.com
|accessdate=2010-02-22
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

==Track listings==
===7" single (MUTE152) / Cassette single (CMUTE152)===
# "Always"
# "Tragic"
# "Robot unicorn attack"

===12" single (12MUTE152)===
# "Always"
# "Tragic"
# "Always" ([[Cappella]] Club Mix)
# "Always" (Microbots Trance Dance Mix)

===CD Single #1 (CDMUTE152)===
# "Always"
# "Always" (Extended Mix)
# "Tragic"

===CD Single #2 (LCDMUTE152)===
# "Always" (Cappella Club Mix)
# "Always" (Microbots Trance Dance Mix)
# "Always" (Microbots In Your Brain Mix)
# "Always" (Hey Mix)

===U.S. maxi-single (66225-2)===
# "Always" (7" Mix)
# "Always" (Cappella Club Mix)
# "Always" (Hey Mix)
# "Tragic"

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Erasure}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Always (Erasure Song)}}
[[Category:1994 singles]]
[[Category:Erasure songs]]
[[Category:Synthpop songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Vince Clarke]]
[[Category:Songs written by Andy Bell]]

Always (Erasure-Lied)

2010-02-27T22:42:12Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by 97.115.127.25 to last revision by MWOAP (HG)

Always (Erasure-Lied)

2010-02-27T22:41:11Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by 174.131.78.84 to last revision by Egmontaz (HG)

Alice Dunbar-Nelson

2010-02-23T01:53:58Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by 65.0.191.26 to last revision by 68.8.126.179 (HG)

{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{Infobox Person

| name = Alice Dunbar Nelson
| image = Alice Dunbar-Nelson.png
| birth_name = Alice Ruth Moore
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|07|19}}
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], [[USA]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|09|18|1875|07|19}}
| death_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[USA]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[Straight University]] (now [[Dillard University]])
| occupation = poet, journalist, political activist
| spouse = {{nowrap|[[Paul Laurence Dunbar]] (1898-1906)}} 
[[Henry A. Callis]] (1910-191_) Robert J. Nelson (1916-1935)
}}

'''Alice Ruth Moore Dunbar Nelson''' (July 19, 1875 - September 18, 1935) was an [[United States|American]] poet, journalist and political activist. Among the first generation born free in [[Southern United States|the South]] after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], she was one of the prominent African Americans involved in the artistic flourishing of the [[Harlem Renaissance]]. Her first husband was the poet [[Paul Laurence Dunbar]]; she then married physician [[Henry A. Callis]]; and last married [[Robert J. Nelson]], a poet and civil rights activist.

== Life==
Alice Ruth Moore was born in [[New Orleans]] to middle-class parents Patricia Wright, a seamstress and former slave, and Joseph Moore, a merchant marine, who were [[people of color]] and part of the traditional multiracial [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]] community of the city. At a time when fewer than 5% of any people went to college, Moore graduated from [[Straight University]] (now [[Dillard University]]) in 1892 and started work as a teacher in the public school system of New Orleans.

In 1895 her first collection of short stories and poems, ''Violets and Other Tales''<ref>[http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm977/@Generic__BookView ''Violets and Other Tales'', Monthly Review, 1895. Digital Schomburg.]</ref>, was published by ''The Monthly Review''. About that time, Moore moved to [[New York]]. She co-founded and taught at the White Rose Mission ([[White Rose Home for Girls]]) in [[Brooklyn]]. Beginning a correspondence with the poet and publisher Paul Dunbar, she ended up moving to [[Washington, DC]] to join him when they married in 1898.

She and Paul Dunbar separated in 1902 but were never divorced. He was reported to have been disturbed by her lesbian affairs.<ref>[[Lillian Faderman]], ''Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America'', Penguin Books, Ltd., 1991, page 98</ref> Paul Dunbar died in 1906.

Alice Dunbar then moved to [[Wilmington, Delaware]] and taught at [[Howard High School of Technology|Howard High School]] for more than a decade. In 1910 she married [[Henry A. Callis]], a prominent physician and professor at [[Howard University]], but this marriage ended in divorce.

From 1913 to 1914, Dunbar was coeditor and writer for the ''[[A.M.E. Review]]'', an influential church publication produced by the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] (AME Church). In 1916 she married the poet and civil rights activist [[Robert J. Nelson]]. She joined him in becoming active in politics in Wilmington and the region. They stayed together for the rest of their lives. From 1920, she coedited the ''[[Wilmington Advocate]]'', a progressive black newspaper. She also published ''[[The Dunbar Speaker and Entertainer]]'', a literary anthology for a black audience.<ref name="Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers">[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/dunbarne.html Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers], University of Delaware Library, accessed 20 Apr 2009</ref>

Alice Dunbar Nelson was an activist for African Americans' and women's rights, especially during the 1920s and 1930s. While she continued to write stories and poetry, she became more politically active in Wilmington, and put more effort into numerous articles and journalism on leading topics. In 1915 she was field organizer for the Middle Atlantic states for the woman's [[suffrage]] movement. In 1918 she was field representative for the Woman's Committee of the Council of Defense. In 1924 Dunbar-Nelson campaigned for the passage of the [[Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill]], but the Southern Democratic block in Congress defeated it.<ref name="Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers" />

From about 1920 on, she made a commitment to journalism and was a highly successful columnist, with articles, essays and reviews appearing as well in newspapers, magazines, and academic journals.<ref name="Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers" /> She was a popular speaker and had an active schedule of lectures through these years.

She moved from Delaware to [[Philadelphia]] in 1932, when her husband joined the Pennsylvania Athletic Commission. During this time her health was in decline and she died from a heart ailment on September 18, 1935, at the age of sixty.<ref name="Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers" /> She is interred at the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref>{{findagrave|9785651|Alice ''Moore Dunbar'' Nelson}}</ref>

She was made an honorary member of [[Delta Sigma Theta]] Sorority, Incorporated. Her papers were collected by the [[University of Delaware]].<ref name="Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers" />

== Works ==
* [http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm977/@Generic__BookView ''Violets and Other Tales'', Boston: Monthly Review , 1895. Short stories and poems, including "Titée", "A Carnival Jangle", and "Little Miss Sophie". Digital Schomburg.]
* ''The Goodness of St. Rocque and Other Stories'', 1899, including "Titée" (revised), "Little Miss Sophie", and "A Carnival Jangle".
* "Wordsworth's Use of Milton's Description of Pandemonium", 1909. in ''Modern Language Notes''.
* ''Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence'', 1914.
* "People of Color in Louisiana", 1917, ''[[Journal of Negro History]]''
* ''Mine Eyes Have Seen'', 1918, one-act play, in ''[[The Crisis]]''
* Poems were published in ''Crisis, Ebony and Topaz'', the journal of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP)
* Poems were published in ''Opportunity'', the journal of the [[Urban League]].
* ''Caroling Dusk - a collection of African-American poets'', 1927, including "I Sit and I Sew"
* "Snow in October", and "Sonnet", 1927
* "The Colored United States", 1924, ''[[The Messenger Magazine|The Messenger]]'', literary and political magazine in NY
* "From a Woman's Point of View" ("Une Femme Dit"), 1926, column for the ''[[Pittsburgh Courier]]''.
* "As in a Looking Glass", 1926-1930, column for the ''Washington Eagle'' newspaper
* "So It Seems to Alice Dunbar-Nelson", 1930, column for the ''Pittsburgh Courier''
* ''Give Us Each Day: The Diary of Alice Dunbar-Nelson''. ed. Gloria T. Hull, New York: Norton, 1984.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{gutenberg author|id=Dunbar_Nelson_Alice_Moore|name=Alice Dunbar-Nelson}}
*[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/dunbarne.html Alice Dunbar-Nelson Papers], University of Delaware Library

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunbar-Nelson, Alice}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:African American poets]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers]]
[[Category:LGBT African Americans]]
[[Category:Anthologists]]
[[Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Dillard University alumni]]
[[Category:Burials in Wilmington, Delaware]]

[[es:Alice Dunbar-Nelson]]
[[it:Alice Dunbar Nelson]]

Hallmark Channel

2010-02-18T02:56:25Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by 76.4.225.45 to last revision by GB fan (HG)

{{otheruses4|the U.S. channel|the channel outside of the U.S.|Hallmark Channel (International)}}

{{Infobox_TV_channel|
name= Hallmark Channel|
logofile=TV Land Logo.svg|
logofile= Hallmark Channel.svg|
logoalt= Hallmark Channel Logo|
launch=1984 (as ACTS) 1988 (as VISN) 1992 (merger of VISN/ACTS) 1993 (as the Faith & Values Channel) 1996 (as Odyssey Network) August 5, 2001 (as Hallmark Channel)
| owner= [[Crown Media|Crown Media Holdings]] ([[Hallmark cards]]/[[Discovery Communications]])|
| headquarters= [[Studio City, California]], [[United States of America|U.S.]]|
| web=[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/ Hallmark Channel] |
| cable serv 1 = Available on most cable systems
| cable chan 1 = Check Local Listings for channels
| sat serv 1 = [[DirecTV]]
| sat chan 1 = Channel 312
| sat serv 2 = [[Dish Network]]
| sat chan 2 = Channel 185
|}}

The '''Hallmark Channel''' is a [[cable television]] network that broadcasts across the United States. They specialize in re-broadcasting classic syndicated series and [[television movies]] that are appropriate for the whole family. It is owned by [[Crown Media|Crown Media Holdings]], in turn majority-owned by Hallmark Cards.

'''Hallmark Channel HD''', a [[High-definition television|high definition]] simulcast of Hallmark Channel, launched on February 1, 2010. <ref> [http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/12/16/hallmark-channel-goes-hd-just-in-the-nick-of-time/ Entertainment Weekly December 16, 2009 Hallmark Channel goes HD just in the nick of time]</ref>

== History ==
[[Image:Odyssey-1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The Odyssey Network logo]]

{{Main|Vision Interfaith Satellite Network|American Christian Television System}}

In the [[United States]], the network began as two separate religious cable channels, the [[American Christian Television System]] (ACTS) and the [[Vision Interfaith Satellite Network]] (VISN). These two networks shared time on the same channel beginning in 1992.<ref name="RBc24_9">{{cite journal |year=1992 |month=October |title=VISN, ACTS Sign Agreement To Share Single Cable Signal |journal=Religious Broadcasting |issn=0034-4079 |page=32 |publisher=[[National Religious Broadcasters]] |volume=24 |issue=9}}</ref> Under the original timeshare agreement, the network was believed to be called ''VISN/ACTS''. Each station was provided time for its programming blocks, and would use its own logo.

VISN began broadcast in 1988 aired about 16 hours a day and had religious programs from mainline Protestant denominations like the [[United Methodist Church]], the [[ELCA|Lutheran Church]], [[United Church Of Christ]], and others. [[Roman Catholic]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]] (Mormon Church), [[Jewish]] and [[Islamic]] faiths also provided programming.<ref name="CYTY_39_11">{{cite journal |last=Calian |first=Carnegie Samuel |title=Redeeming the wasteland? Christian TV increasingly uses entertainment to spread its message. |journal=[[Christianity Today]] |date=1995-10-02 |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=92–103 |issn=0009-5753}}</ref> VISN aired in mornings and evenings. ACTS commenced operations in 1984 and aired programming from [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] and [[fundamentalist]] non- [[charismatic]] Christian groups like [[Southern Baptist Convention]], [[Christian Reformed Church]], [[Association of Regular Baptist Churches]], as well as well known evangelists like [[Jerry Fawell]], [[Charles Stanley]], [[D James Kennedy]], among others. Both channels had several hours a week of religious children's programs, some of which overlapped. These shows included ''[[Sunshine Factory]]'', ''[[Joy Junction]]'', ''[[Davey and Goliath]]'', ''[[JOT (TV series)|Jot]]'', and others.

In [[1993]], the network was renamed "The Faith and Values Channel". It began to phase out religious programming in [[1994]], when a few [[secular]] shows were added, such as exercise shows, health and [[cooking shows]], and family-friendly dramas and movies. More secular programming was added in [[1996]]. At that time religious programming went down to about 10 hours a day. Faith And Values was then renamed the "Odyssey Channel", using the domain name Odysseyfamily.com for posting TV listings.

[[Crown Media]] Holdings and [[The Jim Henson Company]] bought stakes in Odyssey Channel in November 1998. At that point religious programs went down to four hours a day. Some classic sitcoms, children's programming, and more family movies were added. Henson sold its interest in the channel to Crown Media Holdings in 2000. Odyssey then dropped much of the children's programming and cut back the religious shows to a few hours on Sundays.

The channel was officially renamed ''The Hallmark Channel'' on August 5, 2001.<ref name=milestones>[http://www.hallmarkchannelpress.com/PageList/OneColTemplate.aspx?PageID=129 Hallmark Channel Press site: Company Milestones]</ref> The channel continued to focus on family and drama shows, drama movies, classic sitcoms, and other general entertainment. A remnant of the VISN network continues to own about 5% of the channel, and still produces some content for them.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Downey |first=Kevin |title=Spiritual Syndicator's Gamble |journal=[[Broadcasting & Cable]] |date=2008-02-11 |page=20}}</ref> The change meant that ''The Kermit Channel'' in Asia was also changed to ''The Hallmark Channel'' for no reason.

==Company milestones==
David Evans was CEO of the newly-developing network, until he resigned in May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|work=Encyclopedia.com: Daily Variety|title=Hallmark Exec folding cards|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-154815540.html}}</ref> The network was without a formal CEO until October 2006, when Henry Schleiff was appointed as the new [[CEO]], overseeing all of the networks’ divisions.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannelpress.com/publish/pr/home/corporate/executive_bios_/henry_s_schleiff.html Hallmark Channel Press site: Bio Page]</ref> Prior to this position, Schleiff was Chairman and CEO of [[Court TV]].<ref>[http://www.unicefusa.org/about/leadership/board/henry-schleiff.html Unicef contributor's profile]</ref>

In January 2007, Hallmark Channel dropped the Hallmark crown from its logo, but still uses it in certain places on-air, and in other countries. On May 27, 2007, Hallmark Channel launched “Watch With Me,” a new national public affairs initiative aimed to promote programming for families to watch together, and "to spend more time together."<ref name="milestones" />

In 2008, Hallmark Channel unveiled a new branding campaign with predominantly gold coloring, a stylized logo, and a new slogan: "Make Yourself At Home".

In February 2008, the [[Hillary Clinton]] campaign purchased an hour of Hallmark Channel's primetime under a [[informercial|paid programming]] arrangement on February 4, 2008, the day before the multi-state "[[Super Tuesday (2008)]]" primaries. <ref>[http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/cabletv/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003705031 Clinton Buys Block on Hallmark] [[Mediaweek]] 2008-01-31</ref>

On May 6, 2009, Henry Schlieff stepped down as CEO. William J. Abbott, Executive Vice President of Advertising Sales stepped in to the position the same day. Both parties said Schleiff's departure was amicable.<ref>{{cite web | work=Hallmark Channel Press Site | title=Crown Media Holdings President and CEO Henry Schleiff To Leave Hallmark Channel|date=5-6-09|url=http://www.hallmarkchannelpress.com/publish/pr/home/corporate/press_releases_1/press_release_050609.html}}</ref> Later that month it was announced that Crown Media Holdings had put the channel up for sale, which was burdened with over $1 billion in debt for the network. After over a month with no prospects for buying the network, it was taken off the block; the board blamed the large debt for the lack of interest. CEO William J. Abbott decided that Crown Media Holdings would take the network in a younger, "lighter" direction, while continuing to cater to baby boomers.<ref name=sale>{{cite web|work=Broadcasting Cable.com|title=Hallmark: Change is in the Cards|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/295389-Hallmark_Change_Is_in_the_Cards.php}}</ref>

==Programming==
[[Image:Hallmark Channel Headquarters.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Hallmark Channel Headquarters, Studio City, CA]]Hallmark Channel airs syndicated series, original movies, and past segments from their parent company's ''[[Hallmark Hall of Fame]]'' anthology series, which features made-for-television [[film|movies]] and [[miniseries]], most of them from the series' [[CBS]] run.

===Series===

''See: [[List of programs broadcast by Hallmark Channel|List of Programs]] broadcasting currently''

The channel is currently showing these syndicated series:
* ''[[7th Heaven]]''
* ''[[America's Funniest Home Videos]]''
* ''[[Cheers]]''
* ''[[The Golden Girls]]'' (bought the rights from [[Lifetime Television|Lifetime]] TV)
* ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]''
* ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]''
* ''[[Touched by an Angel]]''

The channel retains rights to air ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' and ''[[Matlock (TV series)|Matlock]]'', but does not air them currently. A variety of [[List of programs broadcast by Hallmark Channel|other shows]], such as ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'', ''[[Judging Amy]]'', ''[[Perry Mason]]'', and ''[[Hogan's Heroes]]'' have shown on Hallmark Channel, but the network no longer holds the rights to air them.

''[[The Martha Stewart Show]]'' will move from syndication and air exclusively on The Hallmark Channel starting in the fall of 2010. <ref> [http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/445917-_The_Martha_Stewart_Show_Leaving_Syndication_For_Cable.php Broadcasting & Cable January 26, 2010 ‘The Martha Stewart Show' Leaving Syndication For Cable - Will air exclusively on Hallmark Channel starting fall 2010; MSLO will also produce new series and specials for cabler]</ref>

===Original movies===
The network's made-for-TV movies are characterized as family-friendly and inspirational, ranging from holiday-themed films to westerns. In the early stages of the channel's development, the channel had a steady one-movie-a-month, or 12-a-year, production schedule and were mainly produced by [[RHI Entertainment]]. However, in 2008 the company had ramped up their production schedule to approximately 30 movies a year and opened up to other production companies.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannelpress.com/publish/pr/home/corporate/press_releases_1/press_release_0712075.html Hallmark Channel Press Release: 7/12/2007]</ref> In March 2009 the network unveiled an aggressive programming slate of 35 original movies for the 2009-2010 upfront season, marking the most ambitious line-up in the network’s history.<ref name="milestones" /><ref>{{cite web|work=Futon Critic|title=Hallmark Channel Increases Programming to 35 Original Movies for '09-'10 Upfront Season|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?date=03/24/09&id=20090324hallmark03}}</ref>

''See: [[:Category:Hallmark Channel original films|List of Hallmark Channel Original Films]]''

===''New Morning===
Hallmark Channel aired an original weekday morning show entitled "[[New Morning]]" in 2002 and added a Sunday morning version, hosted by [[Naomi Judd]], entitled "[[Naomi's New Morning]]" in 2005. The show was pulled from the schedule in early 2007.

===''Hallmark Heroes''===
On December 11, 2007 Hallmark Channel announced that it would launch “Hallmark Heroes with Regis Philbin,” a mini-series/special that recognizes ordinary Americans who make contributions to their communities and change the lives of others.<ref name="milestones" /> The two on-air specials were hosted by [[Regis Philbin]], and the first installment aired on [[Christmas]] Day 2008.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/heroes.html Hallmark Heroes Microsite]</ref> In the second edition, Philbin and Hallmark Channel honored [[Jane Seymour (actress)|Jane Seymour]], who was recognized for her extensive work on behalf of the [[American Red Cross]] and their [[Measles Initiative]].<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/about_us.html Hallmark Channel: About Us/Specials Section, acquired 2/9/2009] </ref>

===Holiday seasons===
''Home for the Holidays,'' Hallmark Channel's annual event highlighting the winter holidays, begins the day after [[Thanksgiving]]. During this time the channel airs holiday films, made-for-TV movies, and original Christmas movies, as well as changing the overall look of the channel to fit the holiday season.

Similarly, during February the network features ''Whole Lotta' Love Month'' with romantic movies, also changing the look of the channel graphically with a valentine heart theme.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/whole_lotta_love_month.html ''Whole Lotta Love Month'' microsite]</ref>

==Consumer website==
On November 19, 2007 the network refreshed its consumer website, [http://www.hallmarkchannel.com www.hallmarkchannel.com], offering users microsites dedicated to original programming and marketing initiatives<ref name="milestones" />, such as sweepstakes and special 'events' like "Crime Time Sunday"<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/crime_time_sunday.html ''Crime Time Sunday'' Microsite]</ref>. Some of the microsites have games centered around the movie's theme.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannelpress.com/publish/pr/home/corporate/press_releases_1/press_release_012809.html Hallmark Channel Press Release 1/28/09]</ref>

They also began to stream their award-winning original series, "Adoption"<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/adoption.html ''Adoption'' Microsite]</ref>, marking the first time the network has scheduled a full-length program online.<ref name="milestones" />
 
===''On Location''===
On July 21, 2008 the website launched its original online series called "On Location" that features an on-camera host who introduces interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from the filming of Hallmark Channel's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hallmark_Channel_original_films original movies]. The segments are featured on each movies' individual microsite.<ref name="milestones" /> The series had a soft launch in July 2007 with the title "Inside Story" and a different host for ''[[Avenging Angel (2007 TV film)|Avenging Angel]]'',<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/avenging_angel0.html ''Avenging Angel'' Microsite]</ref> ''[[Charlie & Me]]'',<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/charlie_and_me.html ''Charlie & Me'' Microsite]</ref> ''[[The Good Witch]]'',<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/the_good_witch.html ''The Good Witch'' Microsite]</ref> ''Daniel's Daughter'',<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/daniels_daughter.html ''Daniel's Daughter'' Microsite]</ref> and ''[[The Note (film)|The Note]]''.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/the_note.html ''The Note'' Microsite]</ref>

In 2009, the online show was revamped again, removing the on-camera host altogether. ''[[Love Takes Wing]]'' is the last title featured in an "On Location" with an on-camera host. All titles following do not have an on-camera host.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shows/love_takes_wing.html ''Love Takes Wing'' Microsite]</ref>

===Online Shop===
On January 29, 2009 the company announced the development of an online movie shop at both [http://www.hallmarkchannel.com www.hallmarkchannel.com] and [http://www.hallmarkmoviechannel.com www.hallmarkmoviechannel.com] featuring DVD movies and movie-related products from its library.<ref>[http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/publish/consumer/home/shop.html Hallmark Channel Online Shop]</ref> The shop is powered by the [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] Associates program. Since its soft launch in mid-2008, Hallmark Channel has already generated sales of over 10,000 items. The network earns a commission on each sale.<ref>{{cite web|work=Hallmark Channel press site|title=Hallmark Channel Press Release 1/29/09|url=http://www.hallmarkchannelpress.com/publish/pr/home/corporate/press_releases_1/press_release_012909.html}}</ref>

==Advertising==
In mid-June of 2009, the network announced it would sell individual ad breaks featuring a single advertiser. The so-called “Fast Breaks” will come with short bumpers announcing that the show will return in 30 seconds. The cost of such standalone spots is about double that of a regular 30-second commercial on the channel. Hallmark Channel signed insurance company [[Mutual of Omaha]] as the first buyer.<ref name="sale" />

== Hallmark Channel around the world ==
{{main|Hallmark Channel (International)}}
The name Hallmark is also used for various cable channels worldwide. Hallmark Channel across the world is owned by [[NBC Universal]] and is run by different entities that have access to the [[Hallmark cards|Hallmark]] name and brand. They also have different programming and standards than Hallmark Channel USA.

== See also ==
* [[Hallmark Movie Channel]]
* [[List of programs broadcast by Hallmark Channel]]
* [[:Category:Hallmark Channel original films|List of Hallmark Channel Original Films]]
* [[Hallmark Hall of Fame]]
* [[:Category:Hallmark Channel Mystery Wheel|Hallmark Channel Mystery Wheel]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hallmarkchannel.com Official Site]

{{Hallmark Cards}}
{{Hallmark Channel Mystery Wheel}}

[[Category:TV channels with British versions]]
[[Category:American television networks]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1988]]

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Our Last Night

2010-01-08T22:06:15Z

AmandaNP: Reverted edits by Locopunkie to last revision by Chubbles (HG)

{{Infobox musical artist 2
|Name = Our Last Night
|Img = Our Last Night eliot grange tuckerleary.jpg
|Img_capt = Our Last Night at the Eliot Grange Hall, Eliot, Maine. (pictured: Matt and Trevor Wentworth.)
|Background = group_or_band
|Birth_name =
|Born =
|Died =
|Origin = [[Hollis, New Hampshire|Hollis]], [[New Hampshire]], [[USA]]
|Instrument =
|Genre = [[Emo]]<ref>http://www.firstcoastnews.com/life/music/news-article.aspx?storyid=102739</ref> [[Screamo]]<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hpfqxzl5ldse~T1 Our Last Night] at [[Allmusic]]</ref>
|Years_active = [[2004]]-[[present]]
|Label = [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph]]
|Associated_acts = Dangerous Kid
[[The Devil Wears Prada (band)|The Devil Wears Prada]]
|Current_members = Trevor Wentworth Matt Wentworth Alex "Woody" Woodrow Colin Perry Tim Molloy
|Past_members =
}}

'''Our Last Night''' is a [[New Hampshire]]-based band, formed in [[2004]] by five members, consisting of Trevor Wentworth (screaming vocals), Matt Wentworth (guitar/melodic vocals), Alex "Woody" Woodrow, (bass), Colin Perry (also on guitar), Tim Molloy (drums), who were "fed up with merely jamming and playing cover songs".<ref name="blabbermouth">[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=78979 Our Last Night Signs With Epitaph Records], [[Blabbermouth.net]]. Obtained August 17, 2007.</ref> The band has received much attention from the fact that the vocalist Trevor Wentworth was only 11 years old when he joined the band.

In August of [[2007]], after having spent some time on the local club scene, Our Last Night was signed to [[Epitaph Records]] (a label owned by [[Bad Religion]]'s [[Brett Gurewitz]])<ref name="blabbermouth"/> and released their first album, entitled ''[[The Ghosts Among Us]]'', on March 4, 2008.<ref name="punknews">[http://www.punknews.org/article/26924 Our Last Night detail Epitaph debut, set release date]. Obtained December 13, 2007.</ref> It peaked at #6 on [[Billboard]]'s Top Heatseekers (Northeast) on March 22, 2008.<ref name="billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=299&cfgn=Albums&cfn=Top+Heatseekers+%28Northeast%29&ci=3092488&cdi=9699121&cid=03%2F22%2F2008 Top Music Charts - Hot 100 - Billboard 200]. [[Billboard magazine|Billboard.com]].</ref> The group then toured the United States through late 2008.<ref>Doug Wallen, "Our Last Night: Kinetic Fusion of Metal, Pop, Punk". ''[[Hartford Courant]]'', December 18, 2008.</ref> Recently Trevor Wentworth did perform guest vocals on [[The Devil Wears Prada (band)|The Devil Wears Prada]]'s 2009 album [[With Roots Above and Branches Below]] in the song [[Danger: Wildman]]. The band is currently writing a new album which will be recorded in December 2009 in Ocala, Florida. This will be their second release for Epitaph Records.

==Members==
* Trevor Wentworth - [[Screaming (music)|Screamed vocals]]
* Matt Wentworth - [[Guitar]],Synths,Keytar [[clean vocals]]
* Alex "Woody" Woodrow - [[Bass guitar|Bass]]
* Colin Perry - [[Guitar]]
* Tim Molloy - [[Drum kit|Drums]]

==Past members==
* Nick Perricone - Guitar
* Joey Perricone - Drums
* Matthew Valich - Drums
* Tim Valich - Guitar
* Jared Melville - Bass

==Discography==
===Full-lengths===
*2005: ''[[Building Cities From Scratch]]''
*2008: ''[[The Ghosts Among Us]]''
*2010: ''TBA

=== EPs ===
*2004: ''[[We've Been Holding Back]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/ourlastnight Our Last Night] at [[MySpace]]
* [http://www.epitaph.com/artists/artist/247 Our Last Night] at [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph.com]]
* [http://www.purevolume.com/ourlastnight Our Last Night] at [[Purevolume]]
* [http://public.fotki.com/KingKotz/rock__roll/2008-concerts/chiodos--the-sleepi/ Live Concert Pix]

[[Category:2000s music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]
[[Category:Musical groups from New Hampshire]]
[[Category:American screamo musical groups]]
[[Category:Epitaph Records artists]]

Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board

2009-12-19T02:52:57Z

AmandaNP: Reverted 2 edits by 82.18.164.15 identified as vandalism to last revision by AxG. (TW)

{{primary sources|date=February 2009}}
The '''Broadcasters' Audience Research Board''', or '''BARB''', is the organisation that compiles [[audience measurement|television ratings]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It was created to replace a previous system, where the [[BBC]] and [[ITV]] companies compiled their own ratings. It is owned by the BBC, the ITV companies, [[Channel 4]], [[Five (channel)|Five]], [[British Sky Broadcasting|BSkyB]] and the [[Institute of Practitioners in Advertising]]. Participating families have a box on top of their TV which tracks the programmes they watch.

[[Image:ITV digital channels viewing share.png|thumb|300px|left|ITV digital channels viewing share 2000-2008]]

Currently, BARB have approximately 5,100 homes (equating to approximately 11,500 individuals)1 participating in the panel. The box records exactly what programmes they watch, and the panellists indicate who is in the room watching by pressing a button on a remote control handset. The data is collected overnight and published as overnight ratings at around 9.30 the following morning for use by TV stations and the advertising industry. The following week, final figures are released which are a combination of the overnight figures with 'timeshift' figures (people recording a programme and watching it within a week). This means that with a total UK population of 58,789,194, according to the 2001 census, each viewer with a BARB reporting box represents over 5,000 people.

BARB numbers are extremely important to [[commercial television]] stations. The trading model that is used by television companies and advertising agencies depends on the number of people watching the shows and the commercial attractiveness of those people (simplistically young/well off very attractive and older/poorer less attractive). The advertising agency will pay the television station a certain amount of money based on the number of people watching a show. The BARB numbers are used to work this out. The higher the BARB numbers, the more money a television station will make.

This leads to some interesting situations on the smaller channels. Since there are many television stations, and many hours in the day, there can be situations where BARB will record zero viewers for certain programmes. As the TV advertising system is geared round BARB ratings all but the very smallest channels subscribe to BARB.

==See also==
* [[Audience measurement]]
* [[Nielsen Ratings]]

==External links==
* [http://www.barb.co.uk/ BARB website]

==References==
* Verified via phone by BARB PR (Brown Lloyd James) [http://www.barb.co.uk/home/press_enq.html]

{{BARB UK viewing figures}}

[[Category:Television in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mass media rivalries]]
[[Category:Audience measurement]]

{{UK-bcast-stub}}

Canadian Forces Base North Bay

2009-01-03T01:31:48Z

AmandaNP: wrong site entered

{{Unreferenced|date=November 2007}}
[[Image:CFB Entrance.JPG|thumb|300px|Entrance sign at main gate of CFB North Bay.]]

'''Canadian Forces Base North Bay''', also '''CFB North Bay''', is a [[Canadian Forces Base]] located in [[North Bay, Ontario]]. It is operated by [[Canadian Forces Air Command|Air Command]] (AIRCOM) and its primary lodger is 22 Wing, thus the base is sometimes identified as 22 Wing North Bay.

==RCAF Station North Bay==

The base was constructed by the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] and named '''RCAF Station North Bay''' in 1933. It was used as a [[logistics]] and construction coordination site for a series of RCAF bases being built across northern Ontario during the 1930s. During [[World War II]] it was used as a refueling and emergency diversion airbase for aircraft being ferried from Canada and the US to England. In particular it was one stop along the ferry route for [[Avro Lancaster]] [[bomber]]s built at [[Victory Aircraft]] in [[Toronto]], as well as US-built [[B-24 Liberator]]s. The base closed with the ending of the war.

It was re-activated in 1951 as a training base. The runways were improved, and with the rise of the [[Cold War]] the base became a logistics center once again when construction started on the [[Pinetree Line]], which ran quite close to the base. The runways were again extensively lengthened and the base became the primary air defense site for [[Toronto]] and southern [[Ontario]]. Typically two wings of [[night fighter]]s and a single wing of [[day fighter]]s were stationed there, originally the [[CF-100 Canuck]]/[[F-86 Sabre]], and later the [[CF-101 Voodoo]].

[[Image:CF 101 Voodoo.JPG|thumb|300px|Retired CF-101 Voodoo on pedestal at the main gate to CFB North Bay.]]

With the formation of [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|NORAD]] in the 1950s and the US's introduction of the [[Semi Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]] system, CFB North Bay was selected as the Canadian counterpart to the US's [[Cheyenne Mountain]] control center. A SAGE installation was set up at the base starting in 1959, but unlike their US counterparts which were at ground level, in North Bay the entire standard three story installation was buried underground in what became known as "the hole". Later the base was also used as the control center for the Ontario portion of the two-site [[BOMARC missile]] system installed in the 1960s.

==CFB North Bay==

RCAF Station North Bay was formally changed to its present name, '''Canadian Forces Base North Bay''' or '''CFB North Bay''' on [[1 April]] [[1966]] in advance of the unification of the RCAF, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and the [[Canadian Army]] to form the [[Canadian Forces]].

The BOMARC missiles were decommissioned in 1973 and the SAGE installation followed in 1983. Parts of the computers system from CFB North Bay's SAGE installation ended up in the [[Computer History Museum]] in California. Following defence cutbacks in 1972, only a single flying unit was stationed at the airfield, the 414 Electronic Warfare Squadron, before it too was redeployed.

CFB North Bay remains Canada's primary NORAD site, with responsibility for monitoring the Canadian NORAD sector, namely the [[Air Defense Identification Zone|ADIZ]] surrounding [[Canada]]. Tools used by 22 Wing include the [[North Warning System]] which stretches across the [[Canadian Arctic]], as well as coastal [[radar]]s on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada (primarily used by [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Maritime Command]], these radars reportedly have the dual ability to track small aircraft), and any [[Airborne Warning and Control System]] aircraft operated by the USAF or NATO in Canadian airspace. The personnel monitoring Canada's airspace are members of [[21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron]]. Any unidentified or suspicious aircraft are tasked for interception by [[CF-18]]s operating out of [[CFB Bagotville]] and [[CFB Cold Lake]] or any one of dozens of forward operating bases in coastal and Arctic regions.

With the general scaling-back of air defences at the end of the [[Cold War]], CFB North Bay was originally slated for closure and AIRCOM was rumoured to be planning to move 22 Wing's NORAD command centre to [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]]. The city of North Bay was worried about the loss of jobs and entered into a cost-sharing arrangement to service the base. Part of this arrangement is the proposal to replace the underground command center with a new one on the surface. Construction of the new above ground command center (dubbed the Above-Ground Complex or AGC during construction and testing) began in the spring of [[2004]] and was completed in the spring of [[2006]]. NORAD operations moved above ground officially in the fall of [[2006]], and the AGC was officially named the "Sergeant David L. Pitcher Building" on [[12 October]] [[2006]]. The new complex is named after an airman who gave his life serving Canada on a NORAD mission while on exchange with the United States Air Force at [[Elmendorf Air Force Base|Elmendorf AFB]]. Sgt. Pitcher was a crewmember onboard an [[E-3 Sentry]], Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft (flight Yukla 27) that crashed on 22 September 1995, killing the entire 24 person crew.

The Under-Ground Complex (UGC), or "the hole", remains mothballed but can be returned to operation if conditions should warrant. The opening of the Pitcher Building and transfer of operations to above ground marks the first time the UGC has been un-manned in 43 years of 24/7 operations.

CFB North Bay is also home to the [[22 Wing Military Concert Band]] which has played across Canada and around the world. Every year, they perform a [[military tattoo]]; that is, a year-end ceremony honouring soldiers and support staff at [[Memorial Gardens]], the local arena. They are considered the best volunteer military band in Canada.

While all regular-force flying units have moved away from the base, 22 Wing's now militarily dormant airfield still plays home to a [[Royal Canadian Air Cadets|cadet]] gliding operation, known as the Northern Ontario Gliding Centre.

==See also==

* [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]]

==External links==
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/22w-22e/index-eng.asp Department of National Defence Canada - CFB North Bay (22 Wing)]
{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}

{{coord|46|21|25.62|N|-79|24|54.21|E|region:CA_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Ontario|North Bay]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Bay, Ontario]]
[[Category:North American Aerospace Defense Command]]

Canadian Forces Base North Bay

2009-01-03T01:30:27Z

AmandaNP: website change

{{Unreferenced|date=November 2007}}
[[Image:CFB Entrance.JPG|thumb|300px|Entrance sign at main gate of CFB North Bay.]]

'''Canadian Forces Base North Bay''', also '''CFB North Bay''', is a [[Canadian Forces Base]] located in [[North Bay, Ontario]]. It is operated by [[Canadian Forces Air Command|Air Command]] (AIRCOM) and its primary lodger is 22 Wing, thus the base is sometimes identified as 22 Wing North Bay.

==RCAF Station North Bay==

The base was constructed by the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] and named '''RCAF Station North Bay''' in 1933. It was used as a [[logistics]] and construction coordination site for a series of RCAF bases being built across northern Ontario during the 1930s. During [[World War II]] it was used as a refueling and emergency diversion airbase for aircraft being ferried from Canada and the US to England. In particular it was one stop along the ferry route for [[Avro Lancaster]] [[bomber]]s built at [[Victory Aircraft]] in [[Toronto]], as well as US-built [[B-24 Liberator]]s. The base closed with the ending of the war.

It was re-activated in 1951 as a training base. The runways were improved, and with the rise of the [[Cold War]] the base became a logistics center once again when construction started on the [[Pinetree Line]], which ran quite close to the base. The runways were again extensively lengthened and the base became the primary air defense site for [[Toronto]] and southern [[Ontario]]. Typically two wings of [[night fighter]]s and a single wing of [[day fighter]]s were stationed there, originally the [[CF-100 Canuck]]/[[F-86 Sabre]], and later the [[CF-101 Voodoo]].

[[Image:CF 101 Voodoo.JPG|thumb|300px|Retired CF-101 Voodoo on pedestal at the main gate to CFB North Bay.]]

With the formation of [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|NORAD]] in the 1950s and the US's introduction of the [[Semi Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]] system, CFB North Bay was selected as the Canadian counterpart to the US's [[Cheyenne Mountain]] control center. A SAGE installation was set up at the base starting in 1959, but unlike their US counterparts which were at ground level, in North Bay the entire standard three story installation was buried underground in what became known as "the hole". Later the base was also used as the control center for the Ontario portion of the two-site [[BOMARC missile]] system installed in the 1960s.

==CFB North Bay==

RCAF Station North Bay was formally changed to its present name, '''Canadian Forces Base North Bay''' or '''CFB North Bay''' on [[1 April]] [[1966]] in advance of the unification of the RCAF, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and the [[Canadian Army]] to form the [[Canadian Forces]].

The BOMARC missiles were decommissioned in 1973 and the SAGE installation followed in 1983. Parts of the computers system from CFB North Bay's SAGE installation ended up in the [[Computer History Museum]] in California. Following defence cutbacks in 1972, only a single flying unit was stationed at the airfield, the 414 Electronic Warfare Squadron, before it too was redeployed.

CFB North Bay remains Canada's primary NORAD site, with responsibility for monitoring the Canadian NORAD sector, namely the [[Air Defense Identification Zone|ADIZ]] surrounding [[Canada]]. Tools used by 22 Wing include the [[North Warning System]] which stretches across the [[Canadian Arctic]], as well as coastal [[radar]]s on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada (primarily used by [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Maritime Command]], these radars reportedly have the dual ability to track small aircraft), and any [[Airborne Warning and Control System]] aircraft operated by the USAF or NATO in Canadian airspace. The personnel monitoring Canada's airspace are members of [[21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron]]. Any unidentified or suspicious aircraft are tasked for interception by [[CF-18]]s operating out of [[CFB Bagotville]] and [[CFB Cold Lake]] or any one of dozens of forward operating bases in coastal and Arctic regions.

With the general scaling-back of air defences at the end of the [[Cold War]], CFB North Bay was originally slated for closure and AIRCOM was rumoured to be planning to move 22 Wing's NORAD command centre to [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]]. The city of North Bay was worried about the loss of jobs and entered into a cost-sharing arrangement to service the base. Part of this arrangement is the proposal to replace the underground command center with a new one on the surface. Construction of the new above ground command center (dubbed the Above-Ground Complex or AGC during construction and testing) began in the spring of [[2004]] and was completed in the spring of [[2006]]. NORAD operations moved above ground officially in the fall of [[2006]], and the AGC was officially named the "Sergeant David L. Pitcher Building" on [[12 October]] [[2006]]. The new complex is named after an airman who gave his life serving Canada on a NORAD mission while on exchange with the United States Air Force at [[Elmendorf Air Force Base|Elmendorf AFB]]. Sgt. Pitcher was a crewmember onboard an [[E-3 Sentry]], Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft (flight Yukla 27) that crashed on 22 September 1995, killing the entire 24 person crew.

The Under-Ground Complex (UGC), or "the hole", remains mothballed but can be returned to operation if conditions should warrant. The opening of the Pitcher Building and transfer of operations to above ground marks the first time the UGC has been un-manned in 43 years of 24/7 operations.

CFB North Bay is also home to the [[22 Wing Military Concert Band]] which has played across Canada and around the world. Every year, they perform a [[military tattoo]]; that is, a year-end ceremony honouring soldiers and support staff at [[Memorial Gardens]], the local arena. They are considered the best volunteer military band in Canada.

While all regular-force flying units have moved away from the base, 22 Wing's now militarily dormant airfield still plays home to a [[Royal Canadian Air Cadets|cadet]] gliding operation, known as the Northern Ontario Gliding Centre.

==See also==

* [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]]

==External links==
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/19w-19e/index-eng.asp Department of National Defence Canada - CFB North Bay (22 Wing)]
{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}

{{coord|46|21|25.62|N|-79|24|54.21|E|region:CA_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Ontario|North Bay]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Bay, Ontario]]
[[Category:North American Aerospace Defense Command]]

Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg

2009-01-03T01:27:56Z

AmandaNP: /* External links */

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2008}}
'''Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg''' ('''CFB Winnipeg''') is a [[Canadian Forces Base]] located in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]].

Co-located at the [[Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport]], CFB Winnipeg is home to many flight operations support divisions, as well as several training schools. It is also the [[1 Canadian Air Division]]/Canadian [[NORAD]] Region Headquarters. The base is supported by over 3,000 military personnel and civilian employees. It is also home to the [[Billy Bishop]] Building, which houses 1 Canadian Air Division (1 Cdn Air Div).

== RCAF Station Winnipeg ==
Established in 1922 by the federal government's Canadian Air Board (the Canadian Air Force was disbanded in 1920), Winnipeg was opened as an aerodrome and became known as '''RCAF Station Winnipeg''' in 1925 after the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] was formed the previous year.

Initially, the base served as a winter home for units that operated across northern Manitoba. During [[World War II]], the base played an expanded role, participating in the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]]. RCAF Station Winnipeg also became an important supply and repair depot for the air force.

Following the war, RCAF Station Winnipeg continued to provide training for pilots and navigators from many allied countries, as well as base active RCAF squadrons. The air force has long had a reserve or auxiliary presence there: No. 112 Squadron from 1932-40 and then No.402 Squadron from 1946-present. This latter unit has used, successively, the P-51D Mustang, DH Vampire, Beech C-45 Expeditor, DH Otter and C-47 Dakota.

== CFB Winnipeg ==

The [[February 1]], [[1968]] unification of the RCAF with the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and [[Canadian Army]] formed the [[Canadian Forces]]. As a result, RCAF Station Winnipeg was renamed as '''Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg''' ('''CFB Winnipeg''').

CFB Winnipeg became home to several transport and utility squadrons, as well as headquarters for [[Canadian Forces Air Command|Air Command]], which was formed in 1975. A realignment of the Canadian Forces in the mid-1990s saw Air Command HQ move to [[National Defence Headquarters]]. As with other AIRCOM bases across Canada, CFB Winnipeg's squadrons were grouped under a wing system, in this case '''17 Wing Winnipeg''', which is the highest-level unit at the base.

As an AIRCOM training centre, CFB Winnipeg is currently home to 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, the Canadian Forces Air Navigation School (CFANS), the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Studies (CFSAS), the Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training (CFSSAT), as well as the Canadian Forces School of Meteorology (CFS Met).

For flight operations support, the base houses the following units:

* 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron (see: [[No. 402 Squadron RCAF]]), flying the [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|De Havilland CT-142 Dash 8]]
* 435 “Chinthe” Transport and Rescue Squadron, flying the [[C-130 Hercules|Lockheed CC-130 Hercules]], the only Canadian CC-130s equipped for aerial refuelling
* 1 Air Movements Squadron, which processes all military airlift traffic

== External links ==
*[http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/index-eng.asp 17 Wing - Winnipeg]
{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}

[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Manitoba|Winnipeg]]

Canadian Forces Base Shearwater

2009-01-03T01:18:54Z

AmandaNP: website change

{{Infobox Airport
| name = 12 Wing Shearwater
| nativename = Halifax/Shearwater Heliport
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = 12wing-esc 72.svg
| image-width = 100
| caption =
| IATA = YAW
| ICAO = CYAW
| type = [[Canadian Forces|Military]]
| owner = [[Government of Canada]]
| operator = [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|DND]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Shearwater, Nova Scotia]]
| elevation-f = 167
| elevation-m = 51
| coordinates = {{coord|44|38|14|N|063|30|08|W|type:airport|display=inline}}
| website = [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/12w-12e/index-eng.asp www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/12wing]
| h1-number = 16H/34H{{fn|1}}
| h1-length-f = 3,500
| h1-length-m = 1,067
| h1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| h2-number = 1{{fn|2}}
| h2-length-f = 150
| h2-length-m = 46
| h2-surface = [[Concrete]]
| h3-number = 2
| h3-length-f = 150
| h3-length-m = 46
| h3-surface = Concrete
| h4-number = 3
| h4-length-f = 150
| h4-length-m = 46
| h4-surface = Concrete
| h5-number = 4
| h5-length-f = 117
| h5-length-m = 36
| h5-surface = Asphalt
| h6-number = 5{{fn|2}}
| h6-length-f = 117
| h6-length-m = 36
| h6-surface = Asphalt
| h7-number = 6{{fn|2}}
| h7-length-f = 117
| h7-length-m = 36
| h7-surface = Asphalt
| footnotes = Source: [[Canada Flight Supplement]]<ref name=CFS>{{CFS}}</ref>
}}

'''12 Wing Shearwater''' {{Airport codes|YAW|CYAW}}, is located in [[Shearwater, Nova Scotia|Shearwater]], [[Nova Scotia]] on the eastern shore of [[Halifax Harbour]] in the [[Halifax Regional Municipality]].

12 Wing operates a heliport at the former CFB Shearwater site as part of [[Canadian Forces Air Command]], reporting to [[1 Canadian Air Division]].

==History==
12 Wing Shearwater is the second-oldest military [[aerodrome]] in Canada. In August 1918 the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] established [[Naval Air Station Halifax]] on the shores of Eastern Passage to support [[flying boat]] patrol aircraft. The land-based airfield was taken over by the [[Air Board (Canada)|Air Board]] in 1920 for [[Civil aviation|civil]] flying operations, and later developed by the Canadian Air Force and the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. The station became known as '''RCAF Station Dartmouth''' and later '''RCAF Station Shearwater''' through the [[Second World War]].

Post-war, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] took over the US Navy's flying boat facility, naming it '''HMCS Shearwater''', also known as '''Royal Canadian Naval Air Station Shearwater''' ('''RCNAS Shearwater''').

The combined land and sea-based aerodromes were used to station [[aircraft carrier|carrier]]-based maritime patrol and fighter aircraft. Shearwater was also the home to early experiments with ship-borne helicopters—something which was copied by navies around the world. During the 1960s, the aerodrome at the former [[RCAF Station Debert]] was attached to RCAF Station Shearwater as a training location for carrier landings.

The [[February 1]], [[1968]] unification of the three service branches into the [[Canadian Forces]] saw RCAF Station Shearwater (and RCNAS Shearwater) change its name to Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Shearwater. Upon the stand up of 12 Wing Shearwater in the 1990's it became a lodger unit of Formation [[CFB Halifax]], and CFB Shearwater officially ceased to exist.

Over the years the airport was scaled back with only runway 10/28 remaining open and surplus land being turned over to Canada Lands. In July 2007 runway 10H/28H was reduced in length to the east end only and 16H/34H was reopened, for helicopter operations only, to allow for operations (including instrument approaches) to continue during "existing runway and two taxiways will be reconstructed and resurfaced to provide a new landing area and taxiways"<ref>[http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=2314 Contract Awarded for the Heliport Conversion Project in 12 Wing Shearwater]</ref> and the construction of other facilities. These new facilities were open 31 July 2008, consisting of a new 16H/34H and various helipads, for helicopter operations only. The old 16/34 has been permanently closed and is now east of the main fenceline, as shown in the [[Canada Flight Supplement]]<ref name=CFS/> effective [[31 July]] [[2008]].

12 Wing Shearwater's primary mission remains as a heliport, used by the [[Canadian Navy]]'s east coast shipborne helicopter fleet. 12 Wing currently operates the CH124 Sea King but will transition to the CH148 Cyclone commencing in 2009. There are currently numerous construction projects ongoing, including the Maritime Helicopter Training Center where 406 Sqn will be located, a new 423 Squadron hangar facility, a new 12 AMS facility with 6 bays, and a new Operational Support Facility where HOTEF and various Wing functions will be located, and municipal services upgrades.

The [[Shearwater Aviation Museum]] is located on base and documents Canada's naval aviation heritage.

==Current operations==

Shearwater is the headquarters of 12 Wing, whose sole purpose is to support and operate shipborne helicopters for the [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command]].

12 Wing operates out of two locations with four squadrons:

* Shearwater
**[[No. 406 Squadron RCAF|406 Maritime Operational Training Squadron]]—an operational training squadron for all maritime helicopter aircrew in the Canadian Forces.
**423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron—an operational squadron based at Shearwater which provides [[CH-124 Sea King|CH-124 ''Sea King'']] helicopters for [[Maritime Forces Atlantic]] warships.
**12 Air Maintenance Squadron—provides aircraft maintenance and engineering support to the Wing
**Helicopter Operational Evaluation and Test Facility—is responsible for researching and testing state-of-the-art equipment for the Sea King, to enable crews to operate efficiently, ashore or while deployed.

* [[Patricia Bay, British Columbia]]
** 443 Maritime Helicopter Squadron—an operational squadron based at [[Victoria International Airport]] which provides CH-124 ''Sea King'' helicopters for [[Maritime Forces Pacific]] warships.

==See also==
*[[Halifax International Airport]]
*[[Swissair Flight 111]]

== Notes ==
<div class="references-small">
* {{fnb|1}} Elongated Final Approroach and Take Off Area<ref name=CFS/>
* {{fnb|2}} Currently unusable<ref name=CFS/>
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Larry Milberry|Milberry, Larry]], ed. ''Sixty Years—The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984''. Toronto: Canav Books, 1984. ISBN 0-9690703-4-9.

==External links==
* [http://maps.live.com/?v=2&sp=Point.rf5yrf9q7j7j_Shearwater___&encType=1 Live Maps (Microsoft) view of Shearwater.] Shows more recent activity at the base.
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/12w-12e/index-eng.asp 12 Wing Shearwater]
* [http://www.shearwateraviationmuseum.ns.ca/ Shearwater Aviation Museum website]
* [http://acam.ednet.ns.ca/ Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum website]
* {{ASN|YAW}}
{{Can-arpt-wx|CYAW|12 Wing Shearwater}}

{{List of airports in Canada}}
{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shearwater}}
[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Transportation in the Halifax Regional Municipality]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Halifax Regional Municipality]]
[[Category:Airports in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Heliports in Canada]]

Canadian Forces Base Bagotville

2009-01-02T17:03:49Z

AmandaNP: Website change

{{Infobox Airport
| name = CFB Bagotville
| nativename = Bagotville Airport
| image =
| IATA = YBG
| ICAO = CYBG
| type = [[Canadian Forces|Military]]
| owner = [[Government of Canada]]
| operator = [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|DND]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Bagotville, Quebec|Bagotville]], [[Quebec]]
| elevation-f = 522
| elevation-m = 159
| coordinates = {{coord|48|19|50|N|070|59|47|W|type:airport|display=inline}}
| website = [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/3w-3e/index-eng.asp www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/...]
| r1-number = 11/29
| r1-length-f = 10,000
| r1-length-m = 3,048
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| r2-number = 18/36
| r2-length-f = 6,000
| r2-length-m = 1,829
| r2-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| footnotes = Source: [[Canada Flight Supplement]]<ref name="CFS">{{CFS}}</ref>
}}

'''Canadian Forces Base Bagotville''' {{Airport codes|YBG|CYBG}}, commonly referred to as '''CFB Bagotville''', is a [[Canadian Forces Base]] located {{convert|4.5|NM|abbr=on|lk=in}} west of Bagotville in the city of [[Saguenay, Quebec|Saguenay]], [[Quebec]]. It is operated as an air force base by [[Canadian Forces Air Command]] and is one of two bases in the country using the ''[[CF-18 Hornet]]'' fighter/interceptor. Its primary lodger unit is 3 Wing.

CFB Bagotville's airfield is also used by civilian aircraft, with civilian operations at the base referring to the facility as '''Bagotville Airport'''. The airport is classified as an [[airport of entry]] by [[NAV CANADA]] and is staffed by the [[Canada Border Services Agency]]. CBSA officers at this airport currently can handle [[general aviation]] aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.<ref name="CFS"/>

==RCAF Station Bagotville==
At the height of the [[Second World War]], the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) selected a relatively level farming area at the head of navigable waters in the [[Saguenay River|Saguenay Fjord]] to be the site of several aerodromes during 1941. This area was considered useful for RCAF purposes, given the amount of cleared land in the region, its relative geographic isolation and proximity to the deepwater port of Port-Alfred, as well as access to the adjacent railway network. Construction began that summer and continued through the winter and following spring on [[Chicoutimi/St-Honore Airport|RCAF Station St-Honoré]] near Chicoutimi and RCAF Station Bagotville in La Baie.

The base at St-Honoré opened in June 1942, followed by Bagotville on 17 July 1942; St-Honoré being operated as a sub-base to Bagotville. RCAF Station Bagotville hosted the 1 Operational Training Unit (1 OTU) which trained pilots from commonwealth nations under the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] (BCATP), as well as the 130 Panthère Squadron, which was an operational RCAF air defence unit intended to protect the massive [[Alcan]] aluminum smelter in nearby [[Arvida, Quebec|Arvida]] (one of the largest industrial facilities in Canada at the time), and associated [[hydro-electricity|hydro-electric]] facilities in the Saguenay region. During 1942 Quebec's coastal regions along the lower [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] were witnessing the [[Battle of the St. Lawrence]] as [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[U-boat]]s were sinking Canadian shipping throughout the area. RCAF Station Bagotville was established, along with [[RCAF Station Mont-Joli]] to counter the U-boat menace to Canada's war effort and placate local fears.

[[Image:Canadian CF-18 2.jpg|thumb|left|C[[F-18]] Hornet, of the type now based at Bagotville]]Early training aircraft operating from RCAF Station Bagotville included ''[[Curtiss P-40|Curtiss Kittyhawk]]'', ''[[Westland Lysander]]'', ''[[North American Harvard]]'' and ''[[Hawker Hurricane]]''. The 130 Squadron, which was deployed at the base to provide regional air defence to key industrial facilities, used the motto "Défendez le Saguenay", which was later adopted by the entire base. On 1 August 1942 the 12 Radar Detachment was deployed to provide air traffic control. On 24 October 1943 the 129 Squadron took over from 130 Squadron as the regional air defence unit; 2 months later in December the 129 Squadron was redeployed from Saguenay and the 1 OTU was retasked with regional air defence duties.

Toward the end of the war, RCAF Station Bagotville began to decline in activity as the requirement for BCATP training decreased. On 28 October 1944 the 1 OTU ceased operations, followed by the 12 Radar Detachment. In 29 pilot training courses given by 1 OTU at RCAF Station Bagotville (and St-Honoré), 940 pilots successfully graduated and 41 were killed during training.

In November 1944 1 OTU was disbanded and the closure of RCAF Station Bagotville and its secondary facilities at RCAF Station St-Honoré was announced; they were officially closed and mothballed on 5 January 1945.

The escalating tensions brought about by the [[Cold War]] and the [[Korean War]] saw RCAF Station Bagotville reactivated on 1 July 1951 as a training base for air defence squadrons deploying in support of [[NATO]]'s defence of western [[Europe]] from the [[Warsaw Pact]]. [[No. 413 Squadron RCAF|413]] and [[No. 414 Squadron RCAF|414]] squadrons initially trained at Bagotville using ''[[De Havilland Vampire]]'' and ''[[Canadair Sabre|F-86 Sabre]]'' aircraft. On 7 March 1953 both squadrons deployed to Europe and the base was quiet through the rest of that year.

[[No. 431 Squadron RCAF|No. 431 (Fighter) Squadron]] re-formed at RCAF Station Bagotville on 18 January 1954 using the ''Sabre''. The squadron was formed on a temporary basis until there were enough new [[CF-100]]s available to fulfill RCAF squadron needs and was deactivated on 1 October 1954. Also in 1954 [[No. 432 Squadron RCAF|432]] and [[No. 440 Squadron RCAF|440]] squadrons were transferred to RCAF Station Bagotville flying the ''[[CF-100 Canuck]]'' all-weather fighter. In 1957 440 squadron deployed to [[RCAF Station Zweibrücken#RCAF Station Zweibrücken|West
Germany]] and on 1 May 1957 413 squadron returned to the base flying the ''Canuck''. That year also saw the ''[[T-33 Shooting Star|CT-133 Silver Star]]'' arrive at the base as a training aircraft.

In 1961 413 and 432 squadrons disbanded and [[No. 416 Squadron RCAf|416 squadron]] was formed at Bagotville flying the ''[[CF-101 Voodoo]]''. 416 squadron was moved to [[RCAF Station Chatham]] the following year in 1962. In summer of 1962 the [[No. 425 Squadron RCAF|425 Alouette squadron]] transferred to RCAF Station Bagotville flying the ''Voodoo''; its aircraft were modified to carry the [[AIR-2 Genie]] - a nuclear-tipped air-to-air missile, with nuclear warheads being stored at Bagotville until the weapon's decommissioning in the early 1980s.

==CFB Bagotville==
On 1 February 1968 the RCAF merged with the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and [[Canadian Army]] to form the [[Canadian Forces]]; RCAF Station Bagotville changed its name to '''Canadian Forces Base Bagotville'''.

Later that year [[No. 410 Squadron RCAF|410 squadron]] formed at CFB Bagotville to provide training. In September 1969 [[No. 433 Squadron RCAF|433 "Porc-Épic" squadron]] was transferred to Bagotville flying the ''[[F-5 Freedom Fighter|CF-116 Freedom Fighter]]''. In 1982 410 squadron moved to [[CFB Cold Lake]] and was replaced by [[No. 434 Squadron RCAF|434 "Bluenose" squadron]].

On 1 July, 1984 425 squadron changed from the ''CF-101 Voodoo'' to the ''[[CF-18 Hornet|CF-188 Hornet]]''. On 9 July 1985 434 squadron moved to [[CFB Chatham]]. In 1986 433 squadron ceased operations to restructure and reactivated in January [[1988]] equipped with the ''CF-188 Hornet''.

On 1 April 1993 CFB Bagotville became home to '''3 Wing''', which administers all Air Command units on base. The same day [[No. 439 Squadron RCAF|439 "Tiger" squadron]] was reformed from elements of the existing '''Base Flight Bagotville'''<ref name="RCAF.com">{{cite web |url = http://www.rcaf.com/aircraft/helicopters/huey/index.php?name=huey |title = Bell CH-118 IROQUOIS |date = undated |author = AEROWARE / RCAF.com |accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref>, flying the ''[[T-33 Shooting Star|CT-133 Silver Star]]'' and ''[[UH-1 Iroquois|CH-118 Huey]]''. The CT-133 fleet was retired in 2001<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip/historical/silverstarlst_e.asp |title = CT-133 Silver Star |date = 2007-06-28 |author = Air Force Public Affairs/Department of National Defence |accessdate = 2007-10-12 }}</ref> and in 1996 439 squadron's four CH-118s were replaced by three ''[[CH-146 Griffon]]s''.

On 1 March 1999 12 Radar Squadron was formed at CFB Bagotville to provide tactical control of fighter/interceptor aircraft; it replaced a radar station at [[RCAF Station Mont Apica]] which was closed.

433 Squadron disbanded in 2006 with its aircraft and personnel absorbed by 425 Squadron as a dual language Francophone/Anglophone unit.

Today CFB Bagotville has the following Squadrons and Units:

* 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron (CF-18)
* 439 Combat Support Squadron (search and rescue)
* 3 Air Maintenance Squadron
* 12 Radar Squadron

CFB Bagotville hosts the Bagotville Air Cadet Summer Training Centre. Air Cadets from across Canada attend the summer training centre to qualify in a variety of courses ranging from the 2-week basic air cadet course, to the 6-week survival instructors course.

[[Top Aces Consulting]]'s Alpha Jet are based here as part of the CF jet training program Contracted Airborne Training Services.

==Commercial Flights==
* [[Air Canada]]
** [[Air Canada Jazz]] (Montreal)
* [[Sunwing Airlines]] (Punta Cana, Santa Lucia, Varadero) [seasonal]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/3w-3e/index-eng.asp 3 Wing Bagotville Air force Page]
* {{ASN|YBG}}
{{Can-arpt-wx|CYBG|CFB Bagotville}}

 
{{List of airports in Canada}}
{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagotville}}
[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Quebec]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force stations]]
[[Category:Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]]
[[Category:Airports in Quebec]]
[[Category:Saguenay, Quebec]]

[[fr:Aéroport de Bagotville]]

Canadian Forces Base Bagotville

2009-01-02T16:57:39Z

AmandaNP: /* External links */

{{Infobox Airport
| name = CFB Bagotville
| nativename = Bagotville Airport
| image =
| IATA = YBG
| ICAO = CYBG
| type = [[Canadian Forces|Military]]
| owner = [[Government of Canada]]
| operator = [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|DND]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Bagotville, Quebec|Bagotville]], [[Quebec]]
| elevation-f = 522
| elevation-m = 159
| coordinates = {{coord|48|19|50|N|070|59|47|W|type:airport|display=inline}}
| website = [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/3wing/ www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/...]
| r1-number = 11/29
| r1-length-f = 10,000
| r1-length-m = 3,048
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| r2-number = 18/36
| r2-length-f = 6,000
| r2-length-m = 1,829
| r2-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| footnotes = Source: [[Canada Flight Supplement]]<ref name="CFS">{{CFS}}</ref>
}}

'''Canadian Forces Base Bagotville''' {{Airport codes|YBG|CYBG}}, commonly referred to as '''CFB Bagotville''', is a [[Canadian Forces Base]] located {{convert|4.5|NM|abbr=on|lk=in}} west of Bagotville in the city of [[Saguenay, Quebec|Saguenay]], [[Quebec]]. It is operated as an air force base by [[Canadian Forces Air Command]] and is one of two bases in the country using the ''[[CF-18 Hornet]]'' fighter/interceptor. Its primary lodger unit is 3 Wing.

CFB Bagotville's airfield is also used by civilian aircraft, with civilian operations at the base referring to the facility as '''Bagotville Airport'''. The airport is classified as an [[airport of entry]] by [[NAV CANADA]] and is staffed by the [[Canada Border Services Agency]]. CBSA officers at this airport currently can handle [[general aviation]] aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.<ref name="CFS"/>

==RCAF Station Bagotville==
At the height of the [[Second World War]], the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) selected a relatively level farming area at the head of navigable waters in the [[Saguenay River|Saguenay Fjord]] to be the site of several aerodromes during 1941. This area was considered useful for RCAF purposes, given the amount of cleared land in the region, its relative geographic isolation and proximity to the deepwater port of Port-Alfred, as well as access to the adjacent railway network. Construction began that summer and continued through the winter and following spring on [[Chicoutimi/St-Honore Airport|RCAF Station St-Honoré]] near Chicoutimi and RCAF Station Bagotville in La Baie.

The base at St-Honoré opened in June 1942, followed by Bagotville on 17 July 1942; St-Honoré being operated as a sub-base to Bagotville. RCAF Station Bagotville hosted the 1 Operational Training Unit (1 OTU) which trained pilots from commonwealth nations under the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] (BCATP), as well as the 130 Panthère Squadron, which was an operational RCAF air defence unit intended to protect the massive [[Alcan]] aluminum smelter in nearby [[Arvida, Quebec|Arvida]] (one of the largest industrial facilities in Canada at the time), and associated [[hydro-electricity|hydro-electric]] facilities in the Saguenay region. During 1942 Quebec's coastal regions along the lower [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] were witnessing the [[Battle of the St. Lawrence]] as [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[U-boat]]s were sinking Canadian shipping throughout the area. RCAF Station Bagotville was established, along with [[RCAF Station Mont-Joli]] to counter the U-boat menace to Canada's war effort and placate local fears.

[[Image:Canadian CF-18 2.jpg|thumb|left|C[[F-18]] Hornet, of the type now based at Bagotville]]Early training aircraft operating from RCAF Station Bagotville included ''[[Curtiss P-40|Curtiss Kittyhawk]]'', ''[[Westland Lysander]]'', ''[[North American Harvard]]'' and ''[[Hawker Hurricane]]''. The 130 Squadron, which was deployed at the base to provide regional air defence to key industrial facilities, used the motto "Défendez le Saguenay", which was later adopted by the entire base. On 1 August 1942 the 12 Radar Detachment was deployed to provide air traffic control. On 24 October 1943 the 129 Squadron took over from 130 Squadron as the regional air defence unit; 2 months later in December the 129 Squadron was redeployed from Saguenay and the 1 OTU was retasked with regional air defence duties.

Toward the end of the war, RCAF Station Bagotville began to decline in activity as the requirement for BCATP training decreased. On 28 October 1944 the 1 OTU ceased operations, followed by the 12 Radar Detachment. In 29 pilot training courses given by 1 OTU at RCAF Station Bagotville (and St-Honoré), 940 pilots successfully graduated and 41 were killed during training.

In November 1944 1 OTU was disbanded and the closure of RCAF Station Bagotville and its secondary facilities at RCAF Station St-Honoré was announced; they were officially closed and mothballed on 5 January 1945.

The escalating tensions brought about by the [[Cold War]] and the [[Korean War]] saw RCAF Station Bagotville reactivated on 1 July 1951 as a training base for air defence squadrons deploying in support of [[NATO]]'s defence of western [[Europe]] from the [[Warsaw Pact]]. [[No. 413 Squadron RCAF|413]] and [[No. 414 Squadron RCAF|414]] squadrons initially trained at Bagotville using ''[[De Havilland Vampire]]'' and ''[[Canadair Sabre|F-86 Sabre]]'' aircraft. On 7 March 1953 both squadrons deployed to Europe and the base was quiet through the rest of that year.

[[No. 431 Squadron RCAF|No. 431 (Fighter) Squadron]] re-formed at RCAF Station Bagotville on 18 January 1954 using the ''Sabre''. The squadron was formed on a temporary basis until there were enough new [[CF-100]]s available to fulfill RCAF squadron needs and was deactivated on 1 October 1954. Also in 1954 [[No. 432 Squadron RCAF|432]] and [[No. 440 Squadron RCAF|440]] squadrons were transferred to RCAF Station Bagotville flying the ''[[CF-100 Canuck]]'' all-weather fighter. In 1957 440 squadron deployed to [[RCAF Station Zweibrücken#RCAF Station Zweibrücken|West
Germany]] and on 1 May 1957 413 squadron returned to the base flying the ''Canuck''. That year also saw the ''[[T-33 Shooting Star|CT-133 Silver Star]]'' arrive at the base as a training aircraft.

In 1961 413 and 432 squadrons disbanded and [[No. 416 Squadron RCAf|416 squadron]] was formed at Bagotville flying the ''[[CF-101 Voodoo]]''. 416 squadron was moved to [[RCAF Station Chatham]] the following year in 1962. In summer of 1962 the [[No. 425 Squadron RCAF|425 Alouette squadron]] transferred to RCAF Station Bagotville flying the ''Voodoo''; its aircraft were modified to carry the [[AIR-2 Genie]] - a nuclear-tipped air-to-air missile, with nuclear warheads being stored at Bagotville until the weapon's decommissioning in the early 1980s.

==CFB Bagotville==
On 1 February 1968 the RCAF merged with the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and [[Canadian Army]] to form the [[Canadian Forces]]; RCAF Station Bagotville changed its name to '''Canadian Forces Base Bagotville'''.

Later that year [[No. 410 Squadron RCAF|410 squadron]] formed at CFB Bagotville to provide training. In September 1969 [[No. 433 Squadron RCAF|433 "Porc-Épic" squadron]] was transferred to Bagotville flying the ''[[F-5 Freedom Fighter|CF-116 Freedom Fighter]]''. In 1982 410 squadron moved to [[CFB Cold Lake]] and was replaced by [[No. 434 Squadron RCAF|434 "Bluenose" squadron]].

On 1 July, 1984 425 squadron changed from the ''CF-101 Voodoo'' to the ''[[CF-18 Hornet|CF-188 Hornet]]''. On 9 July 1985 434 squadron moved to [[CFB Chatham]]. In 1986 433 squadron ceased operations to restructure and reactivated in January [[1988]] equipped with the ''CF-188 Hornet''.

On 1 April 1993 CFB Bagotville became home to '''3 Wing''', which administers all Air Command units on base. The same day [[No. 439 Squadron RCAF|439 "Tiger" squadron]] was reformed from elements of the existing '''Base Flight Bagotville'''<ref name="RCAF.com">{{cite web |url = http://www.rcaf.com/aircraft/helicopters/huey/index.php?name=huey |title = Bell CH-118 IROQUOIS |date = undated |author = AEROWARE / RCAF.com |accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref>, flying the ''[[T-33 Shooting Star|CT-133 Silver Star]]'' and ''[[UH-1 Iroquois|CH-118 Huey]]''. The CT-133 fleet was retired in 2001<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip/historical/silverstarlst_e.asp |title = CT-133 Silver Star |date = 2007-06-28 |author = Air Force Public Affairs/Department of National Defence |accessdate = 2007-10-12 }}</ref> and in 1996 439 squadron's four CH-118s were replaced by three ''[[CH-146 Griffon]]s''.

On 1 March 1999 12 Radar Squadron was formed at CFB Bagotville to provide tactical control of fighter/interceptor aircraft; it replaced a radar station at [[RCAF Station Mont Apica]] which was closed.

433 Squadron disbanded in 2006 with its aircraft and personnel absorbed by 425 Squadron as a dual language Francophone/Anglophone unit.

Today CFB Bagotville has the following Squadrons and Units:

* 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron (CF-18)
* 439 Combat Support Squadron (search and rescue)
* 3 Air Maintenance Squadron
* 12 Radar Squadron

CFB Bagotville hosts the Bagotville Air Cadet Summer Training Centre. Air Cadets from across Canada attend the summer training centre to qualify in a variety of courses ranging from the 2-week basic air cadet course, to the 6-week survival instructors course.

[[Top Aces Consulting]]'s Alpha Jet are based here as part of the CF jet training program Contracted Airborne Training Services.

==Commercial Flights==
* [[Air Canada]]
** [[Air Canada Jazz]] (Montreal)
* [[Sunwing Airlines]] (Punta Cana, Santa Lucia, Varadero) [seasonal]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/3w-3e/index-eng.asp 3 Wing Bagotville Air force Page]
* {{ASN|YBG}}
{{Can-arpt-wx|CYBG|CFB Bagotville}}

 
{{List of airports in Canada}}
{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagotville}}
[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Quebec]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force stations]]
[[Category:Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]]
[[Category:Airports in Quebec]]
[[Category:Saguenay, Quebec]]

[[fr:Aéroport de Bagotville]]

CFB Kingston

2009-01-02T16:54:58Z

AmandaNP: /* External links */

{{coord|44.239896|N|76.448107|W|display=title}}
'''Canadian Forces Base Kingston''' (also '''CFB Kingston''') is a [[Canadian Forces Base]] located in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]].

CFB Kingston is home to the [[Communications and Electronics Branch]] of the [[Canadian Forces]]. The base also hosts the Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics (CFSCE). Other units headquartered on the base include the Land Force Doctrine and Training System (LFDTS), Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment, 1 Wing Headquarters (1 Wg HQ), Canadian Forces Joint Operations Group (CFJOG), and [[772 Electronic Warfare Squadron]].

The base is also the site of Canada's [[Military Communications and Electronics Museum]] and supports the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] located close by on Point Frederick.

What is now CFB Kingston was originally known as '''Camp Barriefield''' after an adjacent village. Areas north of Highway 2 are generally known as "McNaughton Barracks", and those south as "Vimy Barracks".

CFB Kingston should not be confused with the old [[RCAF Station Kingston]], which is in a completely different location and has a completely different history.

==Awards==
CFB Kingston received an award from the Ontario Power Authority’s Conservation Bureau for their leadership in pursuing energy efficiency. CFB Kingston and Direct Energy partnered in 2005 to create the largest Federal Building Initiative project ever conducted in Canada, resulting in a $21-million energy performance contract (EPC) expected to save the base more than $2 million annually in utility costs. At CFB Kingston, energy efficiency measures cover a number of base-wide initiatives, such as lighting upgrades, improved building controls and water conservation. <ref> CFB Kingston Energy Efficiency www.dcc-cdc.gc.ca/documents/publications/DCCatWork0207E.pdf </ref>

==See also==
* [[Canadian Forces Air Command]]

==External links==
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/index-eng.asp Canadian Airforce Page for 1 Wing Kingston]
* [http://www.cfbkingston.ca/ Department of National Defence Canada - CFB Kingston]
* [http://www.c-and-e-museum.org/ Military Communications and Electronics Museum]

{{Canadian Forces Air Command}}
{{Royal Military College of Canada}}
[[Category:Canadian Forces bases in Ontario|Kingston]]
[[Category:Kingston, Ontario]]

{{canada-mil-stub}}