Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Andrew Linzey

2011-06-19T22:19:39Z

Algorithme: /* Critics */

'''Andrew Linzey''' is an [[Anglican]] [[priest]], theologian, writer and [[Christian vegetarianism|Christian vegetarian]]. He is a member of the Faculty of Theology in the [[University of Oxford]] and held the world’s first academic post in Ethics, Theology and Animal Welfare — the Bede Jarret Senior Research Fellowship at [[Blackfriars Hall]], [[University of Oxford]].

==Career==
From 1987 to 1992, he was Director of Studies of the Centre for the Study of Theology in the [[University of Essex]], England, and from 1992 to 1996, he was Special Professor in Theology at the [[University of Nottingham]], England. In 1998, he was Visiting Professor at the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine at the [[Hebrew University]] of Jerusalem. He is currently Honorary Professor at the [[University of Birmingham]], England, and Special Professor at [[Saint Xavier University]], Chicago and an Honorary Research Fellow of [[St Stephen's House, Oxford]].

Andrew Linzey is the director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, opened in November 2006. The centre aims to encourage research into, and improve public debate on, the issues surrounding animal-related ethics. More than 100 academics in various fields currently act as advisers to the centre.

He has written more than 180 articles, and authored or edited twenty books on [[theology]] and [[ethics]]. He has lectured and broadcast extensively in Europe and the United States. His ''Animal Theology'' has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Japanese and French.

==Honours==
In 1990, he was awarded the Peaceable Kingdom Medal for outstanding work in the field of theology and animals.<ref>Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics: [http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/index.php?p=director Director]</ref> In June, 2001, he was awarded a DD (Doctor of Divinity) degree by [[George Carey]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], in recognition of his “unique and massive pioneering work in the area of the theology of creation with particular reference to the rights and welfare of God’s sentient creatures”. This is the highest award that the Archbishop can bestow on a theologian and the first time it has been awarded for work involving animals. In 2006, in recognition of his role in the creation of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, Linzey was named the [[Henry Bergh]] Professor of Animal Ethics at the Graduate Theological Foundation in the U.S., the first such professorship of its kind in the world.

==Critics==
Stephen Vantassel, a hunter, fisherman, trapper and lecturer at the [[King's Evangelical Divinity School]] and a trained animal controller<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icwdm.org/credits/svantassel.asp|publisher=Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management|title=Stephen Vantassel's Bio|year=2005|accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> contends that Linzey's position misrepresents Biblical teaching, and is fundamentally anti-environmental.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/45/|title=Should Wildlife Trapping Have a Place in a Christian Environmental Ethic?|work=Evangelical Review of Society and Politics 1, no. 2|year=2007|pages=20–41|author=Vantassel, Stephen}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=A Biblical Assessment of Andrew Linzey's View of Animal Rights|author=Vantassel, Stephen|work=Emmaus Journal 12|year=2003|pages=177–195}}</ref> Vantassel's book ''[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1606083430/ Dominion over Wildlife?]'', on which Linzey is mentioned eighty-tree times, has a foreword by the president of Christian Deer Hunters Association.

==Quotes==
"Animals are God's creatures, not human property, nor utilities, nor resources, nor commodities, but precious beings in God's sight. ... Christians whose eyes are fixed on the awfulness of crucifixion are in a special position to understand the awfulness of innocent suffering. The Cross of Christ is God's absolute identification with the weak, the powerless, and the vulnerable, but most of all with unprotected, undefended, innocent suffering."<ref>http://www.jesusveg.com/index2.html</ref>

==Works==
*co-editor, ''Gays and the Future of Anglicanism: Responses to the Windsor Report'' O Books, 2005, ISBN 1-905047-38-X
*editor of ''The Animal World Encyclopaedia'' Kingsley Media, 2005
*co-edited with Paul Barry Clarke ''Animal Rights: A Historical Anthology'' Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-13420-7
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Gospel: Christian Faith as If Animals Mattered'' (London: Hodder and Stougton, and Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1999 and 2000)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Rites: Liturgies of Animal Care'' (London: SCM Press and Cleveland: Ohio: The Pilgrim Press, 1999 and 2001)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Gospel: The Christian Defense of Animals'' Hodder & Stoughton Religious, 1998, ISBN 0-340-62150-8
*co-edited with Dorothy Yamamoto ''Animals on the Agenda: Questions about Animals for Theology and Ethics'' (London: SCM Press and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998 and 1999)
*co-authored with Dan Cohn-Sherbok ''After Noah: Animals and the Liberation of Theology'' (London: Mowbray, now Continuum, 1997)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Theology'' University of Illinois Press, 1995, ISBN 0-252-02170-3
*co-editor ''Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society'' Routledge, 1995
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Theology'' (London: SCM Press and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994 and 1996)
*co-edited with Peter Wexler ''Fundamentalism and Tolerance (Canterbury Papers)'' Bellew Publishing, 1991, ISBN 0-947792-74-0
*edited with P.A.B. Clarke ''Political Theory and Animal Rights'' (London: Pluto Press, 1990)
*edited with Tom Regan ''Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings'' (London: SPCK and New York: Crossroad, 1989 and 1990)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Christianity and the Rights of Animals'' (London: SPCK and New York: Crossroad, 1987 and 1989)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective'' (London: SCM Press, 1976)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Creatures of the Same God: Explorations in Animal Theology'' (New York: [[Lantern Books]], 2009). ISBN 978-1-59056-142-3
*''Why Animal Suffering Matters: Philosophy, Theology, and Practical Ethics'' (Oxford University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0195379778

==See also==
*[[Animal rights]]
*[[Animal welfare]]
*[[Christian vegetarianism]]
*[[Vegetarianism and religion]]
*[[Animal chaplains]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com The Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics]

{{alibend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linzey, Andrew}}
[[Category:British theologians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Essex]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English vegetarians]]
[[Category:Christian vegetarians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Animal rights advocates]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]

[[lt:Andrew Linzey]]

Andrew Linzey

2011-06-19T22:17:31Z

Algorithme: /* Critics */ The info is has a ref in itself.

'''Andrew Linzey''' is an [[Anglican]] [[priest]], theologian, writer and [[Christian vegetarianism|Christian vegetarian]]. He is a member of the Faculty of Theology in the [[University of Oxford]] and held the world’s first academic post in Ethics, Theology and Animal Welfare — the Bede Jarret Senior Research Fellowship at [[Blackfriars Hall]], [[University of Oxford]].

==Career==
From 1987 to 1992, he was Director of Studies of the Centre for the Study of Theology in the [[University of Essex]], England, and from 1992 to 1996, he was Special Professor in Theology at the [[University of Nottingham]], England. In 1998, he was Visiting Professor at the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine at the [[Hebrew University]] of Jerusalem. He is currently Honorary Professor at the [[University of Birmingham]], England, and Special Professor at [[Saint Xavier University]], Chicago and an Honorary Research Fellow of [[St Stephen's House, Oxford]].

Andrew Linzey is the director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, opened in November 2006. The centre aims to encourage research into, and improve public debate on, the issues surrounding animal-related ethics. More than 100 academics in various fields currently act as advisers to the centre.

He has written more than 180 articles, and authored or edited twenty books on [[theology]] and [[ethics]]. He has lectured and broadcast extensively in Europe and the United States. His ''Animal Theology'' has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Japanese and French.

==Honours==
In 1990, he was awarded the Peaceable Kingdom Medal for outstanding work in the field of theology and animals.<ref>Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics: [http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/index.php?p=director Director]</ref> In June, 2001, he was awarded a DD (Doctor of Divinity) degree by [[George Carey]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], in recognition of his “unique and massive pioneering work in the area of the theology of creation with particular reference to the rights and welfare of God’s sentient creatures”. This is the highest award that the Archbishop can bestow on a theologian and the first time it has been awarded for work involving animals. In 2006, in recognition of his role in the creation of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, Linzey was named the [[Henry Bergh]] Professor of Animal Ethics at the Graduate Theological Foundation in the U.S., the first such professorship of its kind in the world.

==Critics==
Stephen Vantassel, a hunter, fisherman, trapper and lecturer at the [[King's Evangelical Divinity School]] and a trained animal controller<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icwdm.org/credits/svantassel.asp|publisher=Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management|title=Stephen Vantassel's Bio|year=2005|accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> contends that Linzey's position misrepresents Biblical teaching, and is fundamentally anti-environmental.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/45/|title=Should Wildlife Trapping Have a Place in a Christian Environmental Ethic?|work=Evangelical Review of Society and Politics 1, no. 2|year=2007|pages=20–41|author=Vantassel, Stephen}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=A Biblical Assessment of Andrew Linzey's View of Animal Rights|author=Vantassel, Stephen|work=Emmaus Journal 12|year=2003|pages=177–195}}</ref> Vantassel's book ''[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1606083430/ Dominion over Wildlife?]'' has a foreword by the president of Christian Deer Hunters Association.

==Quotes==
"Animals are God's creatures, not human property, nor utilities, nor resources, nor commodities, but precious beings in God's sight. ... Christians whose eyes are fixed on the awfulness of crucifixion are in a special position to understand the awfulness of innocent suffering. The Cross of Christ is God's absolute identification with the weak, the powerless, and the vulnerable, but most of all with unprotected, undefended, innocent suffering."<ref>http://www.jesusveg.com/index2.html</ref>

==Works==
*co-editor, ''Gays and the Future of Anglicanism: Responses to the Windsor Report'' O Books, 2005, ISBN 1-905047-38-X
*editor of ''The Animal World Encyclopaedia'' Kingsley Media, 2005
*co-edited with Paul Barry Clarke ''Animal Rights: A Historical Anthology'' Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-13420-7
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Gospel: Christian Faith as If Animals Mattered'' (London: Hodder and Stougton, and Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1999 and 2000)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Rites: Liturgies of Animal Care'' (London: SCM Press and Cleveland: Ohio: The Pilgrim Press, 1999 and 2001)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Gospel: The Christian Defense of Animals'' Hodder & Stoughton Religious, 1998, ISBN 0-340-62150-8
*co-edited with Dorothy Yamamoto ''Animals on the Agenda: Questions about Animals for Theology and Ethics'' (London: SCM Press and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998 and 1999)
*co-authored with Dan Cohn-Sherbok ''After Noah: Animals and the Liberation of Theology'' (London: Mowbray, now Continuum, 1997)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Theology'' University of Illinois Press, 1995, ISBN 0-252-02170-3
*co-editor ''Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society'' Routledge, 1995
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Theology'' (London: SCM Press and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994 and 1996)
*co-edited with Peter Wexler ''Fundamentalism and Tolerance (Canterbury Papers)'' Bellew Publishing, 1991, ISBN 0-947792-74-0
*edited with P.A.B. Clarke ''Political Theory and Animal Rights'' (London: Pluto Press, 1990)
*edited with Tom Regan ''Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings'' (London: SPCK and New York: Crossroad, 1989 and 1990)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Christianity and the Rights of Animals'' (London: SPCK and New York: Crossroad, 1987 and 1989)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective'' (London: SCM Press, 1976)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Creatures of the Same God: Explorations in Animal Theology'' (New York: [[Lantern Books]], 2009). ISBN 978-1-59056-142-3
*''Why Animal Suffering Matters: Philosophy, Theology, and Practical Ethics'' (Oxford University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0195379778

==See also==
*[[Animal rights]]
*[[Animal welfare]]
*[[Christian vegetarianism]]
*[[Vegetarianism and religion]]
*[[Animal chaplains]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com The Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics]

{{alibend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linzey, Andrew}}
[[Category:British theologians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Essex]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English vegetarians]]
[[Category:Christian vegetarians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Animal rights advocates]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]

[[lt:Andrew Linzey]]

Andrew Linzey

2011-06-19T21:46:25Z

Algorithme: /* Critics */ Terms excluded per WP:PEACOCK and info.

'''Andrew Linzey''' is an [[Anglican]] [[priest]], theologian, writer and [[Christian vegetarianism|Christian vegetarian]]. He is a member of the Faculty of Theology in the [[University of Oxford]] and held the world’s first academic post in Ethics, Theology and Animal Welfare — the Bede Jarret Senior Research Fellowship at [[Blackfriars Hall]], [[University of Oxford]].

==Career==
From 1987 to 1992, he was Director of Studies of the Centre for the Study of Theology in the [[University of Essex]], England, and from 1992 to 1996, he was Special Professor in Theology at the [[University of Nottingham]], England. In 1998, he was Visiting Professor at the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine at the [[Hebrew University]] of Jerusalem. He is currently Honorary Professor at the [[University of Birmingham]], England, and Special Professor at [[Saint Xavier University]], Chicago and an Honorary Research Fellow of [[St Stephen's House, Oxford]].

Andrew Linzey is the director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, opened in November 2006. The centre aims to encourage research into, and improve public debate on, the issues surrounding animal-related ethics. More than 100 academics in various fields currently act as advisers to the centre.

He has written more than 180 articles, and authored or edited twenty books on [[theology]] and [[ethics]]. He has lectured and broadcast extensively in Europe and the United States. His ''Animal Theology'' has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Japanese and French.

==Honours==
In 1990, he was awarded the Peaceable Kingdom Medal for outstanding work in the field of theology and animals.<ref>Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics: [http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/index.php?p=director Director]</ref> In June, 2001, he was awarded a DD (Doctor of Divinity) degree by [[George Carey]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], in recognition of his “unique and massive pioneering work in the area of the theology of creation with particular reference to the rights and welfare of God’s sentient creatures”. This is the highest award that the Archbishop can bestow on a theologian and the first time it has been awarded for work involving animals. In 2006, in recognition of his role in the creation of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, Linzey was named the [[Henry Bergh]] Professor of Animal Ethics at the Graduate Theological Foundation in the U.S., the first such professorship of its kind in the world.

==Critics==
Stephen Vantassel, a hunter, fisherman, trapper and lecturer at the [[King's Evangelical Divinity School]] and a trained animal controller<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icwdm.org/credits/svantassel.asp|publisher=Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management|title=Stephen Vantassel's Bio|year=2005|accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> contends that Linzey's position misrepresents Biblical teaching, and is fundamentally anti-environmental.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/45/|title=Should Wildlife Trapping Have a Place in a Christian Environmental Ethic?|work=Evangelical Review of Society and Politics 1, no. 2|year=2007|pages=20–41|author=Vantassel, Stephen}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=A Biblical Assessment of Andrew Linzey's View of Animal Rights|author=Vantassel, Stephen|work=Emmaus Journal 12|year=2003|pages=177–195}}</ref>

==Quotes==
"Animals are God's creatures, not human property, nor utilities, nor resources, nor commodities, but precious beings in God's sight. ... Christians whose eyes are fixed on the awfulness of crucifixion are in a special position to understand the awfulness of innocent suffering. The Cross of Christ is God's absolute identification with the weak, the powerless, and the vulnerable, but most of all with unprotected, undefended, innocent suffering."<ref>http://www.jesusveg.com/index2.html</ref>

==Works==
*co-editor, ''Gays and the Future of Anglicanism: Responses to the Windsor Report'' O Books, 2005, ISBN 1-905047-38-X
*editor of ''The Animal World Encyclopaedia'' Kingsley Media, 2005
*co-edited with Paul Barry Clarke ''Animal Rights: A Historical Anthology'' Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-13420-7
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Gospel: Christian Faith as If Animals Mattered'' (London: Hodder and Stougton, and Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1999 and 2000)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Rites: Liturgies of Animal Care'' (London: SCM Press and Cleveland: Ohio: The Pilgrim Press, 1999 and 2001)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Gospel: The Christian Defense of Animals'' Hodder & Stoughton Religious, 1998, ISBN 0-340-62150-8
*co-edited with Dorothy Yamamoto ''Animals on the Agenda: Questions about Animals for Theology and Ethics'' (London: SCM Press and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998 and 1999)
*co-authored with Dan Cohn-Sherbok ''After Noah: Animals and the Liberation of Theology'' (London: Mowbray, now Continuum, 1997)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Theology'' University of Illinois Press, 1995, ISBN 0-252-02170-3
*co-editor ''Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society'' Routledge, 1995
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Theology'' (London: SCM Press and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994 and 1996)
*co-edited with Peter Wexler ''Fundamentalism and Tolerance (Canterbury Papers)'' Bellew Publishing, 1991, ISBN 0-947792-74-0
*edited with P.A.B. Clarke ''Political Theory and Animal Rights'' (London: Pluto Press, 1990)
*edited with Tom Regan ''Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings'' (London: SPCK and New York: Crossroad, 1989 and 1990)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Christianity and the Rights of Animals'' (London: SPCK and New York: Crossroad, 1987 and 1989)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective'' (London: SCM Press, 1976)
*Linzey, Andrew ''Creatures of the Same God: Explorations in Animal Theology'' (New York: [[Lantern Books]], 2009). ISBN 978-1-59056-142-3
*''Why Animal Suffering Matters: Philosophy, Theology, and Practical Ethics'' (Oxford University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0195379778

==See also==
*[[Animal rights]]
*[[Animal welfare]]
*[[Christian vegetarianism]]
*[[Vegetarianism and religion]]
*[[Animal chaplains]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oxfordanimalethics.com The Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics]

{{alibend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linzey, Andrew}}
[[Category:British theologians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Essex]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English vegetarians]]
[[Category:Christian vegetarians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Animal rights advocates]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]

[[lt:Andrew Linzey]]

Beth Sarim

2010-04-24T13:52:03Z

Algorithme: /* Rutherford's burial */ "the immediately adjoining graveyard" to what? "or anything" (exactly like the caretaker said) implies that there is nothing visible at the place identifying it as Watch Tower's.

{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=title}}
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophet]]s such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE | work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes", who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404–407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216 | isbn=9781931232302}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes".<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1 | isbn=9781430301004}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75 | isbn=9780802079732}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's burial==
Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on January 8, 1942 at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11, 1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim, which he had previously expressed to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Speculation that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim has been called "private rumor", 'frequently disproven', and "myth".<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1 | isbn=9780738547145}}</ref> The May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]] noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref> The right location, nevertheless, cannot be ascertained; in 2002, a caretaker at the immediately adjoining graveyard to the [[Woodrow Methodist Church|Woodrow United Methodist Church and Cemetery]] answered an inquiry about Watch Tower's plot by noting "I couldn't tell you who is buried on it because it has absolutely no markers or headstones or anything".<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Amburgh|first=W. E. |others=An enlarged replica of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book|title=The way to paradise|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2005|pages=45, 46|isbn=1-4116-5971-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9FkQjyYfsZAC&pg=RA1-PA45&lpg=RA1-PA45&dq=%22Joseph+Franklin+Rutherford%22+buried+Woodrow&source=bl&ots=2yc2j1FHAa&sig=Jy5UEhrtj4h47QcoTHNuBZir5vs&hl=en&ei=tOxZStajF8WntgewpqndCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:1929 architecture]]
[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Zahnreliquie des Buddha

2009-11-14T13:54:36Z

Algorithme: /* The relic in Sri Lanka */ Secondary; at least, for a while.

{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
[[Image:Buddha tooth pilgrims.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Hemamali and her husband secretly transporting the relic in her hair from India to Sri Lanka.]]

The '''Sacred Relic of the tooth of Buddha''' (Buddh-dantya) is venerated in [[Sri Lanka]] as a relic of the founder of [[Buddhism]].

==History==
===The relic in India===

According to Sri Lankan legends, when the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] died, his body was cremated in a sandalwood pyre at [[Kusinara]] in [[India]] and his left canine tooth was retrieved from the funeral pyre by Arahat [[Khema]]. Khema then gave it to [[King Brahmadatte]] for veneration. It became a royal possession in Brahmadatte's country and
was kept in the city of Dantapuri (present day [[Puri]] in [[Orissa]]).

A belief grew that whoever possessed the Sacred Tooth Relic had a divine right to rule that land. Wars were fought to take possession of the relic. 800 years after the Buddha's death, in the 4th century CE, the tooth came into the possession of King Guhaseeva of [[Kalinga (India)|Kalinga]], which roughly corresponds to the present day state of Orissa.

Kalinga had become a Buddhist and begun to worship the Sacred Tooth relic. This caused discontent among some of the citizens, who went to King Paandu and said that King Guhaseeva had stopped believing in god and that he had started to worship a tooth.

King Paandu decided to destroy the relic, and ordered to it brought to the city. It is said that, as the tooth arrived at the city, a miracle occurred, and King Paandu converted to Buddhism.

When King Ksheeradara heard, he went with his army to attack Paandu in the city of Palalus. The invaders were defeated before reaching the city, and King Ksheeradara died.

A prince from the city of Udeni who had become a Buddhist came to worship the sacred tooth. King Guhaseeva was pleased with him, and let him marry his daughter. The prince was known as Dantha and the princess as Hemamala.

When they heard that King Ksheeradara had died in the war, his sons raised a large army to attack King Guhaseeva and destroy the relic. They entered the city, but King Guhaseeva secretly sent Dantha and Hemamala out of the city, with the relic.

=== The relic in Sri Lanka ===
[[Image:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy, Sri Lanka]]
[[Image:SL51tooth.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The tooth sanctuary]]

According to legend, Hemamali hid the relic in her hair ornament and the royal couple disguised themselves as [[Brahmin]]s in order to avoid discovery. They set sail from Tamralipti, a port at the mouth of the river Ganges, and landed in Sri Lanka at the port of Lankapattana (now [[Ilankeiturei]]). <ref>[http://www.sridaladamaligawa.lk/english/tooth_relic_in1.html Preamble]</ref>

It is said that Sri Lanka was chosen as the new home for the tooth relic because the Lord Buddha had declared that his religion would be safe in Sri Lanka for 2,500 years.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

At the time of Dantha's and Hemamali's arrival on the island, King [[Kirti Sri Megavanna]] or Kithsirimevan ruled Sri Lanka. The King was overjoyed when he heard the news and warmly welcomed the royal couple and received the Sacred Tooth Relic with great veneration. He built a beautiful palace within the Royal Palace Complex itself and enshrined the Relic in it. Thereafter, he ordered that an annual ''perahera'' be held in honour of the Sacred Relic.

As time went on, as the land was threatened with foreign invasions (at one of which{{when}} the king of [[Pegu]] offered the Portuguese £50 000 as a ransom of the tooth<ref>{{cite journal|date=16 January 1881|title=Silly relic-worship|journal=The New York Times|pages=10|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E4DE1730EE3ABC4E52DFB766838A699FDE|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>), the seat of the kingdom was moved from [[Anuradhapura]] to [[Polonnaruwa]], then to [[Dambadeniya]] and other cities. Upon each change of capital, a new palace was built to enshrine the Relic. Finally, it was brought to [[Kandy]] where it is at present, in the [[Temple of the Tooth]].

The Sacred Tooth Relic came to be regarded as a symbolic representation of the living Buddha and it is on this basis that there grew up a series of offerings, rituals, and ceremonies. These are conducted under the supervision of the two Mahanayake Theros of Malwatte, Asgiriya Chapters, and Diyawadana Nilame of the Maligawa. These have a hierarchy of officials and temple functionaries to perform the services and rituals.

==Other tooth relics==
Aside from this specific tooth relic, another relic of the tooth of the Buddha is currently in Lingguang Temple in [[Badachu]], [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/31172.htm The Eight Great Temples in the Western Hills (Badachu): The Temple of Divine Light (Lingguangsi)] at www.china.org.cn</ref> [[Fo Guang Shan]] monastery in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]],<ref>[http://www.fgs.org.tw/english/organization/templetour/templetour/buddharelic.htm Buddha Tooth Relic Shrine] at [http://www.fgs.org.tw/english/index/index.htm Fo Guang Shan Monastery] website</ref> the reliquary hall (''shariden'') of [[Engaku-ji]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Japan]],<ref>[http://zen.rinnou.net/head_temples/06engaku.html Engaku-ji] at Rinzai-Obaku zen: The Official Site of the Joint Council for Japanese Rinzai and Obaku Zen</ref> and the Buddha Relic Tooth Temple in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], [[Singapore]]<ref>[http://www.btrts.org.sg/Index_About_Us_The_Origin.html The Origin] at Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum website</ref> are all also reputed to each contain a tooth of the Buddha.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhism2}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Kandy}}

[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage]]
[[Category:Theravada Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Famous body parts]]
[[Category:Relics]]

Zahnreliquie des Buddha

2009-11-14T13:51:12Z

Algorithme: /* The relic in Sri Lanka */ When?

{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
[[Image:Buddha tooth pilgrims.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Hemamali and her husband secretly transporting the relic in her hair from India to Sri Lanka.]]

The '''Sacred Relic of the tooth of Buddha''' (Buddh-dantya) is venerated in [[Sri Lanka]] as a relic of the founder of [[Buddhism]].

==History==
===The relic in India===

According to Sri Lankan legends, when the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] died, his body was cremated in a sandalwood pyre at [[Kusinara]] in [[India]] and his left canine tooth was retrieved from the funeral pyre by Arahat [[Khema]]. Khema then gave it to [[King Brahmadatte]] for veneration. It became a royal possession in Brahmadatte's country and
was kept in the city of Dantapuri (present day [[Puri]] in [[Orissa]]).

A belief grew that whoever possessed the Sacred Tooth Relic had a divine right to rule that land. Wars were fought to take possession of the relic. 800 years after the Buddha's death, in the 4th century CE, the tooth came into the possession of King Guhaseeva of [[Kalinga (India)|Kalinga]], which roughly corresponds to the present day state of Orissa.

Kalinga had become a Buddhist and begun to worship the Sacred Tooth relic. This caused discontent among some of the citizens, who went to King Paandu and said that King Guhaseeva had stopped believing in god and that he had started to worship a tooth.

King Paandu decided to destroy the relic, and ordered to it brought to the city. It is said that, as the tooth arrived at the city, a miracle occurred, and King Paandu converted to Buddhism.

When King Ksheeradara heard, he went with his army to attack Paandu in the city of Palalus. The invaders were defeated before reaching the city, and King Ksheeradara died.

A prince from the city of Udeni who had become a Buddhist came to worship the sacred tooth. King Guhaseeva was pleased with him, and let him marry his daughter. The prince was known as Dantha and the princess as Hemamala.

When they heard that King Ksheeradara had died in the war, his sons raised a large army to attack King Guhaseeva and destroy the relic. They entered the city, but King Guhaseeva secretly sent Dantha and Hemamala out of the city, with the relic.

=== The relic in Sri Lanka ===
[[Image:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy, Sri Lanka]]
[[Image:SL51tooth.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The tooth sanctuary]]

According to legend, Hemamali hid the relic in her hair ornament and the royal couple disguised themselves as [[Brahmin]]s in order to avoid discovery. They set sail from Tamralipti, a port at the mouth of the river Ganges, and landed in Sri Lanka at the port of Lankapattana (now [[Ilankeiturei]]). <ref>[http://www.sridaladamaligawa.lk/english/tooth_relic_in1.html Preamble]</ref>

It is said that Sri Lanka was chosen as the new home for the tooth relic because the Lord Buddha had declared that his religion would be safe in Sri Lanka for 2,500 years.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

At the time of Dantha's and Hemamali's arrival on the island, King [[Kirti Sri Megavanna]] or Kithsirimevan ruled Sri Lanka. The King was overjoyed when he heard the news and warmly welcomed the royal couple and received the Sacred Tooth Relic with great veneration. He built a beautiful palace within the Royal Palace Complex itself and enshrined the Relic in it. Thereafter, he ordered that an annual ''perahera'' be held in honour of the Sacred Relic.

As time went on, as the land was threatened with foreign invasions, at one of which{{when}} the king of [[Pegu]] offered the Portuguese £50 000 as a ransom of the tooth,<ref>{{cite journal|date=16 January 1881|title=Silly relic-worship|journal=The New York Times|pages=10|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E4DE1730EE3ABC4E52DFB766838A699FDE|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref> the seat of the kingdom was moved from [[Anuradhapura]] to [[Polonnaruwa]], then to [[Dambadeniya]] and other cities. Upon each change of capital, a new palace was built to enshrine the Relic. Finally, it was brought to [[Kandy]] where it is at present, in the [[Temple of the Tooth]].

The Sacred Tooth Relic came to be regarded as a symbolic representation of the living Buddha and it is on this basis that there grew up a series of offerings, rituals, and ceremonies. These are conducted under the supervision of the two Mahanayake Theros of Malwatte, Asgiriya Chapters, and Diyawadana Nilame of the Maligawa. These have a hierarchy of officials and temple functionaries to perform the services and rituals.

==Other tooth relics==
Aside from this specific tooth relic, another relic of the tooth of the Buddha is currently in Lingguang Temple in [[Badachu]], [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/31172.htm The Eight Great Temples in the Western Hills (Badachu): The Temple of Divine Light (Lingguangsi)] at www.china.org.cn</ref> [[Fo Guang Shan]] monastery in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]],<ref>[http://www.fgs.org.tw/english/organization/templetour/templetour/buddharelic.htm Buddha Tooth Relic Shrine] at [http://www.fgs.org.tw/english/index/index.htm Fo Guang Shan Monastery] website</ref> the reliquary hall (''shariden'') of [[Engaku-ji]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Japan]],<ref>[http://zen.rinnou.net/head_temples/06engaku.html Engaku-ji] at Rinzai-Obaku zen: The Official Site of the Joint Council for Japanese Rinzai and Obaku Zen</ref> and the Buddha Relic Tooth Temple in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], [[Singapore]]<ref>[http://www.btrts.org.sg/Index_About_Us_The_Origin.html The Origin] at Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum website</ref> are all also reputed to each contain a tooth of the Buddha.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhism2}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Kandy}}

[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage]]
[[Category:Theravada Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Famous body parts]]
[[Category:Relics]]

Zahnreliquie des Buddha

2009-11-14T13:47:26Z

Algorithme: /* The relic in Sri Lanka */ Possession by the Portuguese.

{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
[[Image:Buddha tooth pilgrims.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Hemamali and her husband secretly transporting the relic in her hair from India to Sri Lanka.]]

The '''Sacred Relic of the tooth of Buddha''' (Buddh-dantya) is venerated in [[Sri Lanka]] as a relic of the founder of [[Buddhism]].

==History==
===The relic in India===

According to Sri Lankan legends, when the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] died, his body was cremated in a sandalwood pyre at [[Kusinara]] in [[India]] and his left canine tooth was retrieved from the funeral pyre by Arahat [[Khema]]. Khema then gave it to [[King Brahmadatte]] for veneration. It became a royal possession in Brahmadatte's country and
was kept in the city of Dantapuri (present day [[Puri]] in [[Orissa]]).

A belief grew that whoever possessed the Sacred Tooth Relic had a divine right to rule that land. Wars were fought to take possession of the relic. 800 years after the Buddha's death, in the 4th century CE, the tooth came into the possession of King Guhaseeva of [[Kalinga (India)|Kalinga]], which roughly corresponds to the present day state of Orissa.

Kalinga had become a Buddhist and begun to worship the Sacred Tooth relic. This caused discontent among some of the citizens, who went to King Paandu and said that King Guhaseeva had stopped believing in god and that he had started to worship a tooth.

King Paandu decided to destroy the relic, and ordered to it brought to the city. It is said that, as the tooth arrived at the city, a miracle occurred, and King Paandu converted to Buddhism.

When King Ksheeradara heard, he went with his army to attack Paandu in the city of Palalus. The invaders were defeated before reaching the city, and King Ksheeradara died.

A prince from the city of Udeni who had become a Buddhist came to worship the sacred tooth. King Guhaseeva was pleased with him, and let him marry his daughter. The prince was known as Dantha and the princess as Hemamala.

When they heard that King Ksheeradara had died in the war, his sons raised a large army to attack King Guhaseeva and destroy the relic. They entered the city, but King Guhaseeva secretly sent Dantha and Hemamala out of the city, with the relic.

=== The relic in Sri Lanka ===
[[Image:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy, Sri Lanka]]
[[Image:SL51tooth.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The tooth sanctuary]]

According to legend, Hemamali hid the relic in her hair ornament and the royal couple disguised themselves as [[Brahmin]]s in order to avoid discovery. They set sail from Tamralipti, a port at the mouth of the river Ganges, and landed in Sri Lanka at the port of Lankapattana (now [[Ilankeiturei]]). <ref>[http://www.sridaladamaligawa.lk/english/tooth_relic_in1.html Preamble]</ref>

It is said that Sri Lanka was chosen as the new home for the tooth relic because the Lord Buddha had declared that his religion would be safe in Sri Lanka for 2,500 years.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

At the time of Dantha's and Hemamali's arrival on the island, King [[Kirti Sri Megavanna]] or Kithsirimevan ruled Sri Lanka. The King was overjoyed when he heard the news and warmly welcomed the royal couple and received the Sacred Tooth Relic with great veneration. He built a beautiful palace within the Royal Palace Complex itself and enshrined the Relic in it. Thereafter, he ordered that an annual ''perahera'' be held in honour of the Sacred Relic.

As time went on, as the land was threatened with foreign invasions, at one of which the king of [[Pegu]] offered the Portuguese £50 000 as a ransom of the tooth,<ref>{{cite journal|date=16 January 1881|title=Silly relic-worship|journal=The New York Times|pages=10|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E4DE1730EE3ABC4E52DFB766838A699FDE|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref> the seat of the kingdom was moved from [[Anuradhapura]] to [[Polonnaruwa]], then to [[Dambadeniya]] and other cities. Upon each change of capital, a new palace was built to enshrine the Relic. Finally, it was brought to [[Kandy]] where it is at present, in the [[Temple of the Tooth]].

The Sacred Tooth Relic came to be regarded as a symbolic representation of the living Buddha and it is on this basis that there grew up a series of offerings, rituals, and ceremonies. These are conducted under the supervision of the two Mahanayake Theros of Malwatte, Asgiriya Chapters, and Diyawadana Nilame of the Maligawa. These have a hierarchy of officials and temple functionaries to perform the services and rituals.

==Other tooth relics==
Aside from this specific tooth relic, another relic of the tooth of the Buddha is currently in Lingguang Temple in [[Badachu]], [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/31172.htm The Eight Great Temples in the Western Hills (Badachu): The Temple of Divine Light (Lingguangsi)] at www.china.org.cn</ref> [[Fo Guang Shan]] monastery in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]],<ref>[http://www.fgs.org.tw/english/organization/templetour/templetour/buddharelic.htm Buddha Tooth Relic Shrine] at [http://www.fgs.org.tw/english/index/index.htm Fo Guang Shan Monastery] website</ref> the reliquary hall (''shariden'') of [[Engaku-ji]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Japan]],<ref>[http://zen.rinnou.net/head_temples/06engaku.html Engaku-ji] at Rinzai-Obaku zen: The Official Site of the Joint Council for Japanese Rinzai and Obaku Zen</ref> and the Buddha Relic Tooth Temple in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], [[Singapore]]<ref>[http://www.btrts.org.sg/Index_About_Us_The_Origin.html The Origin] at Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum website</ref> are all also reputed to each contain a tooth of the Buddha.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhism2}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Kandy}}

[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage]]
[[Category:Theravada Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Famous body parts]]
[[Category:Relics]]

Sukyo Mahikari

2009-09-10T13:08:13Z

Algorithme: Looks better.

{{tocleft}}
[[Image:Sukyo Mahikari HQ.jpg|thumb|200px|Sukyo Mahikari headquarters in Takayama, Gifu, Japan]]
'''Sukyo Mahikari''' (崇教真光 ''Sūkyō Mahikari'') is a [[new religious movement]] ([[Shinshūkyō]]) that was established in [[Japan]] in 1978. It uses the term "the art of True Light ([[Mahikari]])" to describe its practice of giving what it calls [[energy (spirituality)|spiritual energy]] to its adherents, through a [[deity]] they consider as the [[creator God]], ''Mioya Motosu Mahikari Omikami'' (御親元主真光御み神, Original Parent, Lord, God of True Light).

==History==
In 1947, [[Yoshikazu Okada]] became a minister of [[Church of World Messianity|Sekai Kyūsei Kyō]] (世界救世教), a [[Shinshūkyō]] which had been founded by [[Mokichi Okada]] (1882-1955). After leaving ''Sekai Kyūsei Kyō'' in 1953, Okada established the [[Mahikari]] organization in 1959. In 1963 the organization became known as ''Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan'', and Okada assumed the name ''Kōtama'' (Jewel of Light).<ref>[http://www.mahikari.org The Mahikari website]</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornille|1991|p=266}}</ref>

When Mr. Okada died in 1974, there was a dispute about who was to succeed him as spiritual leader. After court hearings over several years, control of ''Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan'' was awarded to [[Sakae Sekiguchi]]. In 1978, Mr. Okada's adopted daughter, [[Sachiko Okada]], assumed the name "Keishu" and claimed that, due to a divine [[revelation]], she was the next spiritual leader of the Mahikari movement, registered the name ''Sukyo Mahikari'' and formed another organization based on Mr. Okada's teachings.<ref>{{harvnb|Knecht|1995|p=322}}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
The stated aim of the organisation is to create a spiritually [[heaven]]-like civilization on earth.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sukyo-mahikari.org
|title=Sukyo Mahikari
|publisher=Sukyo Mahikari North America
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref> Sukyo Mahikari is a breakaway from the [[Mahikari]] movement. Its [[cosmology]], values, and [[rituals]] were borrowed by largely from another new Japanese religion, [[Church of World Messianity|Sekai Kyūsei Kyõ]] (which in turn was strongly influenced by [[Oomoto]]), [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]] and Japanese [[folk religion]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cornille|1991|p=266}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Religions of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{Citation
|url=http://www.mahikari.org/
|title=World Divine Light Organization web site
|format=webpage
|pages=holy master-history
|accessdate=2007-10-21}}

* {{Citation
|title=Japanese New Religions in the West
|first=Peter Bernard
|last=Clarke|year=1994
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=1873410247
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}

* {{Citation
|url=http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/345.pdf
|title=The Phoenix Flies West: The Dynamics of the Inculturation of Mahikari in Western Europe
|last=Cornille
|first=Catherine
|format=pdf
|journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
|year=1991
|volume=18
|issue=2-3
|pages=265–285
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}

* {{Citation
|title=Daiseishu, Great and Holy Master
|year=1993
|first=Sukyo
|last=Mahikari
|publisher=L.H. Yoko Shuppan Co.Ltd}}

* {{Citation
|title=Spirit, Selves and Subjectivity in a Japanese new Religion
|first=Brian J.
|last=McVeigh
|isbn=0-7734-8430-2
|year=1997
|publisher=Mellen
|location=Lewiston, NY}}

* {{Citation
|title=Is the Future in Our Hands? My Experiences with Sukyo Mahikari
|first=Andris K.
|last=Tebecis
|publisher=Sunrise Press
|location=Canberra, Australia
|year=2004
|isbn=0959367748}}

* {{Citation
|first=T
|last=Yasaka
|title=Hope for a Troubled Age
|publisher=L H Yoko Publishers Tokyo
|year=1999}}

==Further reading==
* [http://uk.geocities.com/peterbernardclarke Clarke, Peter B.] (ed.). ''A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements: With Annotations'', Surrey, Japan Library, 1999 ISBN 1-873410-80-8
* [http://uk.geocities.com/peterbernardclarke Clarke, Peter B.] (ed.). ''Japanese New Religions: In Global Perspective'', Surrey, Curzon Press, 2000 ISBN 0-7007-1185-6
*{{Citation
|title=Dojo: Magic and Exorcism in Modern Japan
|first=Winston
|last=Davis|year=1982
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|isbn=0804711313
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}
* Greenwood, Garry A [http://emperorsmen.bravehost.com/freecopy.htm] All The Emperor's Men: An Inside View Of The Imperial Cult - MAHIKARI. Revised Edition January 2005. ISBN 0 9585279 0 3
* Hexham, Irving & Karla Poewe. ''New Religion...es.'', Boulderstview Press, 1997.
* Hurbon, Laennec. ''Mahikari in the Caribbean'', Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 18/2-3: 1991, 243-64.
* Knecht, Peter. ''Aspects of Shamanism: An Introduction'', 2003.
* {{Citation
|title=The Rush Hour of the Gods: A Study of the New Religious Movements in Japan
|first=Horace Neill
|last=McFarland
|year=1967
|publisher=Macmillan
|isbn=002583200X}}
* Mc Veigh, Brian J. ''The M...sm of Australia...hikas'', ...17/2 (1992): 98-125.
* Murakami, Shigeyosu and Paul L. Swanson, ''Religion and Society in Modern Japan:..'', Asian Humanities Press, 1991, 239-256.
*{{Citation
|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~asian/jsr/Table%20of%20Cont%202002.pdf
|title=Transcultural Possessions in/of Mahikari: Religious Syncretism in Martinique
|author=Weston, Erin Leigh
|format=pdf
|journal=Japanese Studies Review
|year=2002
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=45–62
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sukyomahikari.or.jp/ Sukyo Mahikari Japan]
* [http://www.sukyo-mahikari.org/ Sukyo Mahikari North America]
* [http://www.sukyomahikarieurope.org/ Sukyo Mahikari Europe and Africa]

[[Category:Religion in Japan]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:Shinshukyo]]

[[ar:سوكيو ماهيكاري]]
[[es:Sūkyō Mahikari]]
[[fr:Sūkyō Mahikari]]
[[ja:崇教真光]]
[[pt:Sukyo Mahikari]]

Sukyo Mahikari

2009-09-07T21:40:40Z

Algorithme: Reverted 1 edit by 98.164.216.133 identified as vandalism to last revision by Christopher Kraus. (TW)

[[Image:Sukyo Mahikari HQ.jpg|thumb|200px|Sukyo Mahikari headquarters in Takayama, Gifu, Japan]]
'''Sukyo Mahikari''' (崇教真光 ''Sūkyō Mahikari'') is a [[new religious movement]] ([[Shinshūkyō]]) that was established in [[Japan]] in 1978. It uses the term "the art of True Light ([[Mahikari]])" to describe its practice of giving what it calls [[energy (spirituality)|spiritual energy]] to its adherents, through a [[deity]] they consider as the [[creator God]], ''Mioya Motosu Mahikari Omikami'' (御親元主真光御み神, Original Parent, Lord, God of True Light).

==History==
In 1947, [[Yoshikazu Okada]] became a minister of [[Church of World Messianity|Sekai Kyūsei Kyō]] (世界救世教), a [[Shinshūkyō]] which had been founded by [[Mokichi Okada]] (1882-1955). After leaving ''Sekai Kyūsei Kyō'' in 1953, Okada established the [[Mahikari]] organization in 1959. In 1963 the organization became known as ''Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan'', and Okada assumed the name ''Kōtama'' (Jewel of Light).<ref>[http://www.mahikari.org The Mahikari website]</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornille|1991|p=266}}</ref>

When Mr. Okada died in 1974, there was a dispute about who was to succeed him as spiritual leader. After court hearings over several years, control of ''Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan'' was awarded to [[Sakae Sekiguchi]]. In 1978, Mr. Okada's adopted daughter, [[Sachiko Okada]], assumed the name "Keishu" and claimed that, due to a divine [[revelation]], she was the next spiritual leader of the Mahikari movement, registered the name ''Sukyo Mahikari'' and formed another organization based on Mr. Okada's teachings.<ref>{{harvnb|Knecht|1995|p=322}}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
The stated aim of the organisation is to create a spiritually [[heaven]]-like civilization on earth.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sukyo-mahikari.org
|title=Sukyo Mahikari
|publisher=Sukyo Mahikari North America
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref> Sukyo Mahikari is a breakaway from the [[Mahikari]] movement. Its [[cosmology]], values, and [[rituals]] were borrowed by largely from another new Japanese religion, [[Church of World Messianity|Sekai Kyūsei Kyõ]] (which in turn was strongly influenced by [[Oomoto]]), [[Shintoism]], [[Buddhism]] and Japanese [[folk religion]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cornille|1991|p=266}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Religions of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation
|url=http://www.mahikari.org/
|title=World Divine Light Organization web site
|format=webpage
|pages=holy master-history
|accessdate=2007-10-21}}

* {{Citation
|title=Japanese New Religions in the West
|first=Peter Bernard
|last=Clarke|year=1994
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=1873410247
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}

* {{Citation
|url=http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/345.pdf
|title=The Phoenix Flies West: The Dynamics of the Inculturation of Mahikari in Western Europe
|last=Cornille
|first=Catherine
|format=pdf
|journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
|year=1991
|volume=18
|issue=2-3
|pages=265–285
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}

* {{Citation
|title=Daiseishu, Great and Holy Master
|year=1993
|first=Sukyo
|last=Mahikari
|publisher=L.H. Yoko Shuppan Co.Ltd}}

* {{Citation
|title=Spirit, Selves and Subjectivity in a Japanese new Religion
|first=Brian J.
|last=McVeigh
|isbn=0-7734-8430-2
|year=1997
|publisher=Mellen
|location=Lewiston, NY}}

* {{Citation
|title=Is the Future in Our Hands? My Experiences with Sukyo Mahikari
|first=Andris K.
|last=Tebecis
|publisher=Sunrise Press
|location=Canberra, Australia
|year=2004
|isbn=0959367748}}

* {{Citation
|first=T
|last=Yasaka
|title=Hope for a Troubled Age
|publisher=L H Yoko Publishers Tokyo
|year=1999}}

==Further reading==
* [http://uk.geocities.com/peterbernardclarke Clarke, Peter B.] (ed.). ''A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements: With Annotations'', Surrey, Japan Library, 1999 ISBN 1-873410-80-8
* [http://uk.geocities.com/peterbernardclarke Clarke, Peter B.] (ed.). ''Japanese New Religions: In Global Perspective'', Surrey, Curzon Press, 2000 ISBN 0-7007-1185-6
*{{Citation
|title=Dojo: Magic and Exorcism in Modern Japan
|first=Winston
|last=Davis|year=1982
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|isbn=0804711313
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}
* Greenwood, Garry A [http://emperorsmen.bravehost.com/freecopy.htm] All The Emperor's Men: An Inside View Of The Imperial Cult - MAHIKARI. Revised Edition January 2005. ISBN 0 9585279 0 3
* Hexham, Irving & Karla Poewe. ''New Religion...es.'', Boulderstview Press, 1997.
* Hurbon, Laennec. ''Mahikari in the Caribbean'', Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 18/2-3: 1991, 243-64.
* Knecht, Peter. ''Aspects of Shamanism: An Introduction'', 2003.
* {{Citation
|title=The Rush Hour of the Gods: A Study of the New Religious Movements in Japan
|first=Horace Neill
|last=McFarland
|year=1967
|publisher=Macmillan
|isbn=002583200X}}
* Mc Veigh, Brian J. ''The M...sm of Australia...hikas'', ...17/2 (1992): 98-125.
* Murakami, Shigeyosu and Paul L. Swanson, ''Religion and Society in Modern Japan:..'', Asian Humanities Press, 1991, 239-256.
*{{Citation
|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~asian/jsr/Table%20of%20Cont%202002.pdf
|title=Transcultural Possessions in/of Mahikari: Religious Syncretism in Martinique
|author=Weston, Erin Leigh
|format=pdf
|journal=Japanese Studies Review
|year=2002
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=45–62
|accessdate=2007-09-23}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sukyomahikari.or.jp/ Sukyo Mahikari Japan]
* [http://www.sukyo-mahikari.org/ Sukyo Mahikari North America]
* [http://www.sukyomahikarieurope.org/ Sukyo Mahikari Europe and Africa]

[[Category:Religion in Japan]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:Shinshukyo]]

[[ar:سوكيو ماهيكاري]]
[[es:Sūkyō Mahikari]]
[[fr:Sūkyō Mahikari]]
[[ja:崇教真光]]
[[pt:Sukyo Mahikari]]

Jachin und Boas

2009-07-26T14:52:22Z

Algorithme: Forgive me expressing me in English. (This is an international problem.) The page in Frech is not about Boaz and Jachin.

'''Jachin und Boas''' waren die Namen, die den beiden Säulen am Tor zum Eingang vom [[Tempel in Jerusalem]] gegeben wurden. König [[Salomo]] hatte sie nach biblischer Überlieferung von [[Hiram Abif]], dem aus [[Tyros]] stammenden Architekten des Tempels anfertigen lassen.

== Fakten ==

* Rechte Säule: Jachin (Heb.: יָכִין ) (Bedeutung: „''Ich'' (Gott) ''werde aufstehen!''“ oder „''Ich werde aufrichten!''“, Grundverb: „kum“, Kof, Waw, Mem))
* Linke Säule: Boas (Heb.: בועז) (Bedeutung: „''In ihm'' (Gott) ''ist Stärke!''“)

* Erbauung: ca. 950 vor Chr.
* Zerstörung: 587 vor Chr. durch [[Babylonier]] nach Babylon gebracht

* Material: Bronze

* Höhe: je 18 Ellen (ca. 27 Fuß, 8,2 Meter)
* Umfang: je 12 Ellen (ca 18 Fuß, 5,47 Meter)
* Wandstärke: 4 Fingerbreit (ca 7,6 cm)
* Innen hohl

== Bibelstelle ==
{{Zitat|'''13''' Und der König Salomo sandte hin und ließ Hiram von Tyrus holen.
'''14''' Der war der Sohn einer Witwe aus dem Stamm [[Naftali]], sein Vater aber war ein Tyrer, ein Bronzeschmied. Er war voller Weisheit und Einsicht und Kenntnis, um jegliche Arbeit in Bronze auszuführen. Und er kam zu dem König Salomo und führte [ihm] alle seine Arbeit aus.
'''15''' Und er formte die beiden Säulen aus Bronze: achtzehn Ellen [betrug] die Höhe der einen Säule, und ein Faden von zwölf Ellen umspannte sie; ihre [Wand]stärke war vier Finger [breit, und innen war sie] hohl; ebenso war die andere Säule.
....
'''21''' Und er stellte die Säulen an der Vorhalle des Tempelraums auf. Er stellte die rechte Säule auf und gab ihr den Namen Jachin, und er stellte die linke Säule auf und gab ihr den Namen Boas.
'''22''' Und oben auf den Säulen war Lilienarbeit. So wurde das Werk der Säulen vollendet.|1.Könige 7|[[Elberfelder]] Übersetzung}}

== Freimaurerei ==
Die beiden Säulen Jachin (rechts) und Boas (links) sind [[Symbol]]e in der [[Freimaurerei]] und repräsentieren die Grundpfeiler der Humanität.
Boas war der Urgroßvater Davids, dem König von Israel.
Jachin war ein Hohenpriester, der einen Teil des '''Tempels''' geweiht hatte.
Die erste Säule, Boas soll Stärke repräsentieren oder Kraft verleihen, die zweite Säule, Jachin gibt festen Stand, und beide zusammen verleihen '''Stabilität'''.

== Sonstiges ==
Außerdem trugen folgende biblische Personen diese Namen:

'''Jachin:'''
* Sohn Simeons ''1. Mose 46,10''
* Ein Priester ''1. Chronik 9,10'' (eventuell gleiche Person?)

'''Boas'''
* "Löser" Ruths: [[Boas (biblische Person)]]; Vorfahre Jesu ''Mathäus 1,5''

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.wissenschaftliches-bildarchiv.de/Graphik/D006/001/D006-001-G001.htm Abbildung von Jachin und Boas des Wissenschaftlichen Bildarchiv für Architektur]

[[Kategorie:Altes Testament]]
[[Kategorie:Freimaurerei und Religion]]
[[Kategorie:Freimaurerisches Symbol]]

[[en:Boaz and Jachin]]
[[it:Boaz e Jachin]]

Jachin und Boas

2009-07-26T14:45:04Z

Algorithme: Forgive me expressing me in English. The Biblical Colums were not Masonic. See the summary about the image.

'''Jachin und Boas''' waren die Namen, die den beiden Säulen am Tor zum Eingang vom [[Tempel in Jerusalem]] gegeben wurden. König [[Salomo]] hatte sie nach biblischer Überlieferung von [[Hiram Abif]], dem aus [[Tyros]] stammenden Architekten des Tempels anfertigen lassen.

== Fakten ==
* Rechte Säule: Jachin (Heb.: יָכִין ) (Bedeutung: „''Ich'' (Gott) ''werde aufstehen!''“ oder „''Ich werde aufrichten!''“, Grundverb: „kum“, Kof, Waw, Mem))
* Linke Säule: Boas (Heb.: בועז) (Bedeutung: „''In ihm'' (Gott) ''ist Stärke!''“)

* Erbauung: ca. 950 vor Chr.
* Zerstörung: 587 vor Chr. durch [[Babylonier]] nach Babylon gebracht

* Material: Bronze

* Höhe: je 18 Ellen (ca. 27 Fuß, 8,2 Meter)
* Umfang: je 12 Ellen (ca 18 Fuß, 5,47 Meter)
* Wandstärke: 4 Fingerbreit (ca 7,6 cm)
* Innen hohl

== Bibelstelle ==
{{Zitat|'''13''' Und der König Salomo sandte hin und ließ Hiram von Tyrus holen.
'''14''' Der war der Sohn einer Witwe aus dem Stamm [[Naftali]], sein Vater aber war ein Tyrer, ein Bronzeschmied. Er war voller Weisheit und Einsicht und Kenntnis, um jegliche Arbeit in Bronze auszuführen. Und er kam zu dem König Salomo und führte [ihm] alle seine Arbeit aus.
'''15''' Und er formte die beiden Säulen aus Bronze: achtzehn Ellen [betrug] die Höhe der einen Säule, und ein Faden von zwölf Ellen umspannte sie; ihre [Wand]stärke war vier Finger [breit, und innen war sie] hohl; ebenso war die andere Säule.
....
'''21''' Und er stellte die Säulen an der Vorhalle des Tempelraums auf. Er stellte die rechte Säule auf und gab ihr den Namen Jachin, und er stellte die linke Säule auf und gab ihr den Namen Boas.
'''22''' Und oben auf den Säulen war Lilienarbeit. So wurde das Werk der Säulen vollendet.|1.Könige 7|[[Elberfelder]] Übersetzung}}

== Freimaurerei ==
Die beiden Säulen Jachin (rechts) und Boas (links) sind [[Symbol]]e in der [[Freimaurerei]] und repräsentieren die Grundpfeiler der Humanität.
Boas war der Urgroßvater Davids, dem König von Israel.
Jachin war ein Hohenpriester, der einen Teil des '''Tempels''' geweiht hatte.
Die erste Säule, Boas soll Stärke repräsentieren oder Kraft verleihen, die zweite Säule, Jachin gibt festen Stand, und beide zusammen verleihen '''Stabilität'''.

== Sonstiges ==
Außerdem trugen folgende biblische Personen diese Namen:

'''Jachin:'''
* Sohn Simeons ''1. Mose 46,10''
* Ein Priester ''1. Chronik 9,10'' (eventuell gleiche Person?)

'''Boas'''
* "Löser" Ruths: [[Boas (biblische Person)]]; Vorfahre Jesu ''Mathäus 1,5''

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.wissenschaftliches-bildarchiv.de/Graphik/D006/001/D006-001-G001.htm Abbildung von Jachin und Boas des Wissenschaftlichen Bildarchiv für Architektur]

[[Kategorie:Altes Testament]]
[[Kategorie:Freimaurerei und Religion]]
[[Kategorie:Freimaurerisches Symbol]]

[[en:Boaz and Jachin]]
[[fr:Jakin]]
[[it:Boaz e Jachin]]

Umarmung

2009-07-24T19:11:40Z

Algorithme: /* See also */

{{otheruses4|affection|people named Hug|Hug (surname)}}

[[Image:Lebr03.jpg|Hug in art|thumb|210px]]

A '''hug''' is a form of [[physical intimacy]] that usually involves closing or holding the [[arm]]s around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of [[love]] and [[affection]], along with [[kiss]]ing.<ref>{{citebook|title=The Hug Therapy Book |author=Kathleen Keating|year= 1994|publisher=Hazelden PES|isbn=1568380941}}</ref> Unlike some other forms of physical intimacy, it is practiced publicly and privately without [[social stigma|stigma]] in many countries, religions and cultures, within families, and also across age and gender lines.

Sometimes, hugs are a romantic exchange. Hugs may also be exchanged as a sign of support and comfort. A hug can be a demonstration of affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising out of [[joy]] or [[happiness]] at meeting someone.

Brief in most cases, it is used to show many levels of affection. It is not particular to [[human being]]s alone, as there are many species of animals that engage in similar exchanges of warmth.

Hugging has been proven to have health benefits. One study has shown that hugs increase levels of [[oxytocin]], and reduce [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4131508.stm| title = How hugs can aid women's hearts| accessdate = 2008-11-28| date = [[August 8]], [[2005]]| publisher = ''BBC News''}}</ref>

There are different variations of hugs. Prolonged hugging in a cozy, comfortable position is called '''cuddling'''<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cuddle "Cuddle"], WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Accessed 10 March 2008. </ref>. Spooning is a cuddling [[human positions|position]], a kind of hugging when both the hugger and the hugged persons face the same direction, i.e., the front of one person is in contact with the back of the second one.<ref>Jim Grace, Lisa Goldblatt Grace (1998) "The Art of Spooning: A Cuddler's Handbook" ISBN 0762402709 </ref>

The [[New York Times]] has reported that "the hug has become the favorite social greeting when [[teenagers]] meet or part these days" in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/style/28hugs.html?_r=1&em|title=For Teenagers, Hello Means 'How About a Hug?'|date=2009-05-27|first=Sarah|last=Kershaw|accessdate=2009-05-29|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4">
* [[Bear hug]]
* [[Pound hug]]
* [[Hugs and Kisses]]
* [[Free Hugs Campaign]]
* [[Kiss]]
* [[Grope]]
* [[Tree hugging]]
</div>

==References==
{{commonscat|Hugging}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Intimate relationships]]

[[br:Pecherig]]
[[es:Abrazo]]
[[eo:Brakumo]]
[[fr:Câlin]]
[[id:Peluk]]
[[he:חיבוק]]
[[it:Abbraccio]]
[[lt:Apkabinimas]]
[[nl:Knuffelen]]
[[ja:ハグ]]
[[pt:Abraço]]
[[ru:Объятие]]
[[scn:Abbrazzu]]
[[simple:Hug]]
[[fi:Halaaminen]]
[[sv:Kram]]
[[te:కౌగిలి]]
[[yi:האלדזן]]
[[zh:擁抱]]

{{socio-stub}}

Liste der Poets Laureate im Vereinigten Königreich

2009-07-14T11:40:00Z

Algorithme: Looks better.

The '''Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', frequently referred to as the '''Poet Laureate''', is the [[Poet Laureate]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. Originally, laureates were of the [[Kingdom of England]] (to 1707), then of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain]] (1707-1801), then of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1801-1922); and since 1922 of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].

The post was traditionally held for life, with the exception of [[John Dryden]], who was removed from the post in 1688 because he refused to swear an [[oath of allegiance]] to the new king [[William III of England|William III]]. However, starting with [[Andrew Motion]] in 1999, the appointment is now made for a fixed term of 10 years.<ref name=PS>[http://www.poetrysociety.org.uk/content/duffy09/ Carol Ann Duffy is the new Poet Laureate] at The Poetry Society</ref> The post of Poet Laureate is traditionally rewarded with "a [[Butt (volume)|butt]] of [[Sack (wine)|sack]]", which in the modern day is approximately equivalent to 480 litres of [[sherry]].<ref>http://www.theherald.co.uk/search/display.var.2505500.0.scottish_writer_duffy_is_first_female_poet_laureate.php</ref> The Poet Laureate also receives an annual honorarium, currently set at GB£5,750.<ref name=PS/>

It is the first time in three centuries of existence that the "royal bard" is a woman, [[Carol Ann Duffy]], designated in May{{update after|2009}} official poetess of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espanol.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090711/tecnologia/gb_realeza_internet|title=La monarquía británica se apunta a Twitter|date=July 11, 2009, 11:23 AM|publisher=Yahoo News|language=Castilian|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>

==Mediaeval England==
Under the title ''versificator regis'':
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
* [[Richard Canonicus]] employed by [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] (reigned 1189–99)
* [[Gulielmus Peregrinus]] (d. c. 1207) employed by Richard I
* [[Master Henry]] employed by [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] (reigned 1216–72) (according to [[Thomas Warton]])
* [[Andrew Baston]]<ref>http://www.electricscotland.com/history/stirlingshire/chap10.htm</ref>
* [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (c. 1343–1400)
* [[John Kay (poet)|John Kay]] in the reign of [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]], [[1461]]–[[1483|83]]
</div>

==Tudor England==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
* [[Bernard André of Toulouse]] (1450–1522), author of ''Vita regis Henrici Septimi'' called himself Poet Laureate under [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]
* [[John Skelton]] was the Poet Laureate under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
* [[Edmund Spenser]], died in 1599
</div>

==1599 to present==

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=15% | Poet Laureate !! width=105px | Portrait !!width=15% | Birth !! width=15% | Alma mater !! width=15% | Appointed !! width=20% | Notable poetry!! width=15% | Death
|-
| '''[[Samuel Daniel]]''' || || 1562 Near [[Taunton]], [[Somerset]]|| [[Hertford College|Magdalen Hall]], [[Oxford University]]|| [[1599 in poetry|1599]] by [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]|| "[[Musophilus]]" "The Complaint of Rosamond" ''Epistles to Distinguished Persons'' || October 14, 1619 [[Beckington]], [[Somerset]]
|-
| '''[[Ben Jonson]]'''|| [[File:Benjamin Jonson by Abraham van Blyenberch.jpg|105px]]|| c. 11 June 1572 [[Westminster]], [[London]]|| [[Westminster School]] ''(Did not attend university)''|| [[1616 in poetry|1616]] by [[James I of England| James I]]||"Epigrams" "On My First Son" "To Penshurst" "To Celia" ''[[Underwoods]]''|| 6 August, 1637 [[Westminster]], [[London]]
|-
|'''[[William Davenant]]''' (also ''D'Avenant'')|| [[File:William Davenant.jpg|90px]]|| late February, 1606 [[Oxford]]|| [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]], Oxford University ''(Did not graduate)''|| [[1638 in poetry|1638]] by [[James II of England|James II]]||"A Discourse upon Gondibert, an heroick poem" "A Panegyric to his Excellency the Lord General Monck" "Poem, Upon His Sacred Majesties Most Happy Return to His Dominions" || April 7, 1668 [[London]]
|-
|'''[[John Dryden]]'''|| [[File:John Dryden portrait.jpg|105px]]|| 9 August, 1631 [[Aldwincle]], [[Northamptonshire]] || [[Trinity College, Cambridge| Trinity College]], [[University of Cambridge]]|| [[1668 in poetry|1668]] by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] ''Dismissed by [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] in 1688''||"[[Astraea Redux]]" "[[Annus Mirabilis (poem)|Annus Mirabilis]]" "[[Absalom and Achitophel]]" || 12 May, 1700 
|-
|'''[[Thomas Shadwell]]'''|| [[File:ShadwellT.jpg|80px]]|| c. 1642 Stanton Hall, [[Norfolk]]|| [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1689 in poetry|1689]] by [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]|| || 19 November, 1692 [[Chelsea]], [[London]]
|-
|'''[[Nahum Tate]]'''|| || 1652 [[Dublin]]|| [[Trinity College, Dublin]] || [[1692 in poetry|1692]] by [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]|| || July 30, 1715 [[Southwark]], [[London]]
|-
|'''[[Nicholas Rowe (dramatist)|Nicholas Rowe]]'''|| [[File:Nicholas Rowe from NPG.jpg|105px]]|| June 20, 1674 [[Little Barford]], [[Bedfordshire]]|| [[Middle Temple]]|| [[1715 in poetry|1715]] by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]|| || December 6, 1718 
|-
|'''[[Laurence Eusden]]'''|| [[File:Eusden.JPG|105px]]|| September 6, 1688 [[Spofforth, North Yorkshire|Spofforth]], [[North Yorkshire]]|| [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1718 in poetry|1718]] by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]|| || September 27, 1730 [[Coningsby]], [[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|'''[[Colley Cibber]]'''|| [[File:Colley Cibber.jpg|90px]]|| 11 June, 1671 [[London]]|| ''No formal education''|| [[1730 in poetry|1730]] by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]|| || 12 November, 1757
|-
|'''[[William Whitehead]]'''|| [[Image:Whitehead.jpg|105px]]
|| early February, 1715|| [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1757 in poetry|1757]] by [[George II of the United Kingdom|George II]] ''(on the refusal of [[Thomas Gray]])''|| || 14 April, 1785 
|-
|'''[[Thomas Warton]]'''|| [[File:Thomaswarton.JPG|105px]]|| January 9, 1728 [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire]]|| [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], Oxford University|| [[1785 in poetry|1785]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ''(on the refusal of [[William Mason (poet)|William Mason]])''|| || May 21, 1790 
|-
|'''[[Henry James Pye]]'''|| [[File:Henry James Pye by Samuel James Arnold.jpg|105px]]|| February 20, 1745 [[London]]|| [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], Oxford University|| [[1790 in poetry|1790]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]|| || August 11, 1813 [[Pinner]], [[Middlesex]]
|-
|'''[[Robert Southey]]'''|| [[File:Robert Southey - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg|105px]]|| 12 August, 1774 [[Bristol]] || [[Balliol College]], Oxford University|| [[1813 in poetry|1813]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ''(on the refusal of [[Walter Scott]])''|| || 21 March, 1843
|-
|'''[[William Wordsworth]]'''|| [[File:William Wordsworth - Project Gutenberg eText 12933.jpg|105px]] || 7 April, 1770 [[Cockermouth]], [[Cumberland]]|| [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1843 in poetry|1843]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]|| ||23 April, 1850 [[Grasmere]], [[Cumberland]]
|-
|'''[[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson]]'''|| [[File:Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson by George Frederic Watts.jpg|105px]] || 6 August, 1809 [[Somersby]], [[Lincolnshire]]|| [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1850 in poetry|1850]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] ''(on the refusal of [[Samuel Russell]])''|| || 6 October, 1892 [[Haslemere]], [[Surrey]]
|-
|'''[[Alfred Austin]]''' || [[File:Alfredaustin.jpg|105px]]|| May 30, 1835 [[Headingley]], [[Leeds]]||[[University of London]] || [[1896 in poetry|1896]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] ''(on the refusal of [[William Morris]])'' || || June 2, 1913 [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]], [[Kent]]
|-
|'''[[Robert Bridges]]'''|| || 23 October, 1844 [[Walmer]], [[Kent]]|| [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]], Oxford University|| [[1913 in poetry|1913]] by [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]|| || 21 April, 1930 
|-
|'''[[John Masefield]]'''|| [[File:John Masefield.jpg|60px]]|| 1 June, 1878 [[Ledbury]], [[Herefordshire]]|| [[Warwick School|King's School]], [[Warwick]] ''(Did not attend university)''|| [[1930 in poetry|1930]] by [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]|| || 12 May, 1967 
|-
|'''[[Cecil Day-Lewis]]'''|| || April 27, 1904 [[Ballintubber|Ballintubbert]], [[County Laois|Queen's County]], [[Ireland]]|| [[Wadham College]], Oxford University|| [[1968 in poetry|1968]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] || || May 22, 1972 [[Hadley Wood]], [[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|'''[[John Betjeman]]'''|| [[File:John Betjeman statue.jpg|105px]]|| 28 August, 1906 [[Hampstead]], [[London]]|| [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], Oxford University|| [[1972 in poetry|1972]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]|| || 19 May 1984 [[Trebetherick]], [[Cornwall]]
|-
|'''[[Ted Hughes]]'''|| [[File:Ted-Hughes-March1993.jpg|105px]]|| 17 August, 1930 [[Mytholmroyd]], [[West Yorkshire]]|| [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1984 in poetry|1984]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] ''(on the refusal of [[Philip Larkin]])''|| || 28 October, 1998 [[Devon]]
|-
|'''[[Andrew Motion]]'''|| || 26 October, 1952 [[London]]|| [[University College, Oxford|University College]], Oxford University|| 1 May [[1999 in poetry|1999]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] ''Retired on 1 May, 2009''|| ||
''Still alive''
|-
|'''[[Carol Ann Duffy]]'''|| || 23 December, 1955 [[Glasgow]]|| [[University of Liverpool]]||1 May, [[2009 in poetry|2009]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]|| ''[[The World's Wife]]'' || ''Still alive''
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:English Poets Laureate| ]]
[[Category:Poetry awards]]

Liste der Poets Laureate im Vereinigten Königreich

2009-07-14T11:29:14Z

Algorithme: Data incrementation.

The '''Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', frequently referred to as the '''Poet Laureate''', is the [[Poet Laureate]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. Originally, laureates were of the [[Kingdom of England]] (to 1707), then of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain]] (1707-1801), then of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1801-1922); and since 1922 of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].

The post was traditionally held for life, with the exception of [[John Dryden]], who was removed from the post in 1688 because he refused to swear an [[oath of allegiance]] to the new king [[William III of England|William III]]. However, starting with [[Andrew Motion]] in 1999, the appointment is now made for a fixed term of 10 years.<ref name=PS>[http://www.poetrysociety.org.uk/content/duffy09/ Carol Ann Duffy is the new Poet Laureate] at The Poetry Society</ref> The post of Poet Laureate is traditionally rewarded with "a [[Butt (volume)|butt]] of [[Sack (wine)|sack]]", which in the modern day is approximately equivalent to 480 litres of [[sherry]].<ref>http://www.theherald.co.uk/search/display.var.2505500.0.scottish_writer_duffy_is_first_female_poet_laureate.php</ref> The Poet Laureate also receives an annual honorarium, currently set at GB£5,750.<ref name=PS/>

It is the first time in three centuries of existence that the "royal bard" is a woman, [[Carol Ann Duffy]], designated in May{{update after|2009}} official poetess of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espanol.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/090711/tecnologia/gb_realeza_internet|title=La monarquía británica se apunta a Twitter|date=July 11, 2009, 11:23 AM|publisher=Yahoo News|language=Castilian|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>

==Mediaeval England==
Under the title ''versificator regis'':

* [[Richard Canonicus]] employed by [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] (reigned 1189–99)
* [[Gulielmus Peregrinus]] (d. c. 1207) employed by Richard I
* [[Master Henry]] employed by [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] (reigned 1216–72) (according to [[Thomas Warton]])
* [[Andrew Baston]]<ref>http://www.electricscotland.com/history/stirlingshire/chap10.htm</ref>
* [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (c. 1343–1400)
* [[John Kay (poet)|John Kay]] in the reign of [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]], [[1461]]–[[1483|83]]

==Tudor England==
* [[Bernard André of Toulouse]] (1450–1522), author of ''Vita regis Henrici Septimi'' called himself Poet Laureate under [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]
* [[John Skelton]] was the Poet Laureate under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
* [[Edmund Spenser]], died in 1599

==1599 to present==

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=15% | Poet Laureate !! width=105px | Portrait !!width=15% | Birth !! width=15% | Alma mater !! width=15% | Appointed !! width=20% | Notable poetry!! width=15% | Death
|-
| '''[[Samuel Daniel]]''' || || 1562 Near [[Taunton]], [[Somerset]]|| [[Hertford College|Magdalen Hall]], [[Oxford University]]|| [[1599 in poetry|1599]] by [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]|| "[[Musophilus]]" "The Complaint of Rosamond" ''Epistles to Distinguished Persons'' || October 14, 1619 [[Beckington]], [[Somerset]]
|-
| '''[[Ben Jonson]]'''|| [[File:Benjamin Jonson by Abraham van Blyenberch.jpg|105px]]|| c. 11 June 1572 [[Westminster]], [[London]]|| [[Westminster School]] ''(Did not attend university)''|| [[1616 in poetry|1616]] by [[James I of England| James I]]||"Epigrams" "On My First Son" "To Penshurst" "To Celia" ''[[Underwoods]]''|| 6 August, 1637 [[Westminster]], [[London]]
|-
|'''[[William Davenant]]''' (also ''D'Avenant'')|| [[File:William Davenant.jpg|90px]]|| late February, 1606 [[Oxford]]|| [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]], Oxford University ''(Did not graduate)''|| [[1638 in poetry|1638]] by [[James II of England|James II]]||"A Discourse upon Gondibert, an heroick poem" "A Panegyric to his Excellency the Lord General Monck" "Poem, Upon His Sacred Majesties Most Happy Return to His Dominions" || April 7, 1668 [[London]]
|-
|'''[[John Dryden]]'''|| [[File:John Dryden portrait.jpg|105px]]|| 9 August, 1631 [[Aldwincle]], [[Northamptonshire]] || [[Trinity College, Cambridge| Trinity College]], [[University of Cambridge]]|| [[1668 in poetry|1668]] by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] ''Dismissed by [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] in 1688''||"[[Astraea Redux]]" "[[Annus Mirabilis (poem)|Annus Mirabilis]]" "[[Absalom and Achitophel]]" || 12 May, 1700 
|-
|'''[[Thomas Shadwell]]'''|| [[File:ShadwellT.jpg|80px]]|| c. 1642 Stanton Hall, [[Norfolk]]|| [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1689 in poetry|1689]] by [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]|| || 19 November, 1692 [[Chelsea]], [[London]]
|-
|'''[[Nahum Tate]]'''|| || 1652 [[Dublin]]|| [[Trinity College, Dublin]] || [[1692 in poetry|1692]] by [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]]|| || July 30, 1715 [[Southwark]], [[London]]
|-
|'''[[Nicholas Rowe (dramatist)|Nicholas Rowe]]'''|| [[File:Nicholas Rowe from NPG.jpg|105px]]|| June 20, 1674 [[Little Barford]], [[Bedfordshire]]|| [[Middle Temple]]|| [[1715 in poetry|1715]] by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]|| || December 6, 1718 
|-
|'''[[Laurence Eusden]]'''|| [[File:Eusden.JPG|105px]]|| September 6, 1688 [[Spofforth, North Yorkshire|Spofforth]], [[North Yorkshire]]|| [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1718 in poetry|1718]] by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]|| || September 27, 1730 [[Coningsby]], [[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|'''[[Colley Cibber]]'''|| [[File:Colley Cibber.jpg|90px]]|| 11 June, 1671 [[London]]|| ''No formal education''|| [[1730 in poetry|1730]] by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]|| || 12 November, 1757
|-
|'''[[William Whitehead]]'''|| [[Image:Whitehead.jpg|105px]]
|| early February, 1715|| [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1757 in poetry|1757]] by [[George II of the United Kingdom|George II]] ''(on the refusal of [[Thomas Gray]])''|| || 14 April, 1785 
|-
|'''[[Thomas Warton]]'''|| [[File:Thomaswarton.JPG|105px]]|| January 9, 1728 [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire]]|| [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], Oxford University|| [[1785 in poetry|1785]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ''(on the refusal of [[William Mason (poet)|William Mason]])''|| || May 21, 1790 
|-
|'''[[Henry James Pye]]'''|| [[File:Henry James Pye by Samuel James Arnold.jpg|105px]]|| February 20, 1745 [[London]]|| [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], Oxford University|| [[1790 in poetry|1790]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]|| || August 11, 1813 [[Pinner]], [[Middlesex]]
|-
|'''[[Robert Southey]]'''|| [[File:Robert Southey - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg|105px]]|| 12 August, 1774 [[Bristol]] || [[Balliol College]], Oxford University|| [[1813 in poetry|1813]] by [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ''(on the refusal of [[Walter Scott]])''|| || 21 March, 1843
|-
|'''[[William Wordsworth]]'''|| [[File:William Wordsworth - Project Gutenberg eText 12933.jpg|105px]] || 7 April, 1770 [[Cockermouth]], [[Cumberland]]|| [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1843 in poetry|1843]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]|| ||23 April, 1850 [[Grasmere]], [[Cumberland]]
|-
|'''[[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson]]'''|| [[File:Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson by George Frederic Watts.jpg|105px]] || 6 August, 1809 [[Somersby]], [[Lincolnshire]]|| [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1850 in poetry|1850]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] ''(on the refusal of [[Samuel Russell]])''|| || 6 October, 1892 [[Haslemere]], [[Surrey]]
|-
|'''[[Alfred Austin]]''' || [[File:Alfredaustin.jpg|105px]]|| May 30, 1835 [[Headingley]], [[Leeds]]||[[University of London]] || [[1896 in poetry|1896]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] ''(on the refusal of [[William Morris]])'' || || June 2, 1913 [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]], [[Kent]]
|-
|'''[[Robert Bridges]]'''|| || 23 October, 1844 [[Walmer]], [[Kent]]|| [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]], Oxford University|| [[1913 in poetry|1913]] by [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]|| || 21 April, 1930 
|-
|'''[[John Masefield]]'''|| [[File:John Masefield.jpg|60px]]|| 1 June, 1878 [[Ledbury]], [[Herefordshire]]|| [[Warwick School|King's School]], [[Warwick]] ''(Did not attend university)''|| [[1930 in poetry|1930]] by [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]|| || 12 May, 1967 
|-
|'''[[Cecil Day-Lewis]]'''|| || April 27, 1904 [[Ballintubber|Ballintubbert]], [[County Laois|Queen's County]], [[Ireland]]|| [[Wadham College]], Oxford University|| [[1968 in poetry|1968]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] || || May 22, 1972 [[Hadley Wood]], [[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|'''[[John Betjeman]]'''|| [[File:John Betjeman statue.jpg|105px]]|| 28 August, 1906 [[Hampstead]], [[London]]|| [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], Oxford University|| [[1972 in poetry|1972]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]|| || 19 May 1984 [[Trebetherick]], [[Cornwall]]
|-
|'''[[Ted Hughes]]'''|| [[File:Ted-Hughes-March1993.jpg|105px]]|| 17 August, 1930 [[Mytholmroyd]], [[West Yorkshire]]|| [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]], University of Cambridge|| [[1984 in poetry|1984]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] ''(on the refusal of [[Philip Larkin]])''|| || 28 October, 1998 [[Devon]]
|-
|'''[[Andrew Motion]]'''|| || 26 October, 1952 [[London]]|| [[University College, Oxford|University College]], Oxford University|| 1 May [[1999 in poetry|1999]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] ''Retired on 1 May, 2009''|| ||
''Still alive''
|-
|'''[[Carol Ann Duffy]]'''|| || 23 December, 1955 [[Glasgow]]|| [[University of Liverpool]]||1 May, [[2009 in poetry|2009]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]|| ''[[The World's Wife]]'' || ''Still alive''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:English Poets Laureate| ]]
[[Category:Poetry awards]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T18:23:05Z

Algorithme: /* Rutherford's death and burial */

{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=title}}
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> The May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]], however, noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref> The right location, nevertheless, cannot be ascertained; because, according to the person himself who took care of the graveyard of the Woodrow United Methodist Church and Cemetery at the time of the supposed burial, the plot for the Watch Tower "has absolutely no markers or headstones or anything".<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Amburgh|first=W. E. |others=An enlarged replica of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book|title=The way to paradise|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2005|pages=45, 46|isbn=1-4116-5971-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9FkQjyYfsZAC&pg=RA1-PA45&lpg=RA1-PA45&dq=%22Joseph+Franklin+Rutherford%22+buried+Woodrow&source=bl&ots=2yc2j1FHAa&sig=Jy5UEhrtj4h47QcoTHNuBZir5vs&hl=en&ei=tOxZStajF8WntgewpqndCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfmin.com/wpthoughts/?p=445|title=Timeline and history of Rutherford|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T18:12:05Z

Algorithme: /* Rutherford's death and burial */

{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=title}}
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> The May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]], however, noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref> The right location, nevertheless, cannot be ascertained; because, according to the person himself who took care of the Woodrow United Methodist Church and Cemetery at the time of the supposed burial, the plot for the Watch Tower "has absolutely no markers or headstones or anything".<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Amburgh|first=W. E. |others=An enlarged replica of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book|title=The way to paradise|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2005|pages=45, 46|isbn=1-4116-5971-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9FkQjyYfsZAC&pg=RA1-PA45&lpg=RA1-PA45&dq=%22Joseph+Franklin+Rutherford%22+buried+Woodrow&source=bl&ots=2yc2j1FHAa&sig=Jy5UEhrtj4h47QcoTHNuBZir5vs&hl=en&ei=tOxZStajF8WntgewpqndCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfmin.com/wpthoughts/?p=445|title=Timeline and history of Rutherford|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T18:09:58Z

Algorithme: /* Rutherford's death and burial */

{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=title}}
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> The May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]], however, noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref> The right location, nevertheless, cannot be ascertained; because, according to the person himself who took care of the Woodrow United Methodist Church and Cemetery at the time of the supposed burial, the plot for the Watch Tower "has absolutely no markers or headstones or anything".<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Amburgh|first=W. E. |others=A reprint of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book|title=The way to paradise|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2005|pages=45, 46|isbn=1-4116-5971-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9FkQjyYfsZAC&pg=RA1-PA45&lpg=RA1-PA45&dq=%22Joseph+Franklin+Rutherford%22+buried+Woodrow&source=bl&ots=2yc2j1FHAa&sig=Jy5UEhrtj4h47QcoTHNuBZir5vs&hl=en&ei=tOxZStajF8WntgewpqndCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfmin.com/wpthoughts/?p=445|title=Timeline and history of Rutherford|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T18:07:15Z

Algorithme: /* Rutherford's death and burial */ Data incrementation.

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{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> The May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]], however, noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref> The right location, nevertheless, cannot be ascertained; because, according to the person himself who took care of the Woodrow Methodist Church and Cemetery at the time of the supposed burial, the plot for the Watch Tower "has absolutely no markers or headstones or anything".<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Amburgh|first=W. E. |others=A reprint of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book.|title=The way to paradise|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2005|pages=45, 46|isbn=1-4116-5971-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9FkQjyYfsZAC&pg=RA1-PA45&lpg=RA1-PA45&dq=%22Joseph+Franklin+Rutherford%22+buried+Woodrow&source=bl&ots=2yc2j1FHAa&sig=Jy5UEhrtj4h47QcoTHNuBZir5vs&hl=en&ei=tOxZStajF8WntgewpqndCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfmin.com/wpthoughts/?p=445|title=Timeline and history of Rutherford|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T17:04:23Z

Algorithme: /* External links */ Looks better.

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{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> However, the May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]] noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

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==External links==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]
</div>

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

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{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> However, the May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]] noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2">
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T16:20:00Z

Algorithme: Better place, and for Google Earth detection.

{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=title}}
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> However, the May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]] noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
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Beth Sarim

2009-07-12T13:29:45Z

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{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref> However, the May 4, 1942 issue of [[Time magazine]] noted Rutherford's burial at [[Rossville, New York]], on [[Staten Island]];<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref> a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.<ref>"Announcements", ''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1966, page 608</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T16:34:20Z

Algorithme:

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The one [referring to the 'princes'] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T16:34:14Z

Algorithme:

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The one [referring to the 'princes'] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T16:32:11Z

Algorithme: /* Background, construction and purpose */ It was ellipsis as a figure of syntax.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

rince==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The one [referring to the 'princes'] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T16:23:14Z

Algorithme: /* Sale of property */ Content recovered.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T16:07:16Z

Algorithme: /* Background, construction and purpose */ Accurate quote.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf|quote=The one [ellipsis for 'prince'] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth.}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10|quote=This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth.}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf|quote=[Beth-Sarim was built] to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref><ref>Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":<ref>{{cite book|Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{quote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm|title=The San Diego Sun|date=March 15, 1930, January 9, 1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf|quote=To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf|title=W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford}}</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>
{{quote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{quote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html|title=Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf|title=Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes}}</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{quote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/|title=San Diego Reader|date=June 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76|quote=At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf|title=Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.}}</ref>
{{quote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T14:37:47Z

Algorithme: Content recovered. It is not a matter of 'restating' references, but of highlighting useful passages or content in the them connected to what is being claimed.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}} {{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]. {{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}} {{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}. {{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>"The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth." {{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>"This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth." {{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>[[Edmond C. Gruss]] states that Beth-Sarim was built "to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost." {{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf}}</ref><ref>Pictures and a rationale for its construction: {{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}.</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}} Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif page 2].</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{cquote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>[http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm The San Diego Sun - March 15, 1930 and January 9, 1931.]</ref><ref>"To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style." {{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:
{{cquote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{cquote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs. {{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"], [http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes]</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{cquote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}} [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008] {{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>"At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon." {{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:

{{cquote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.<ref>[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.] , p. 120</ref>}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T13:44:02Z

Algorithme:

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for ''''House of the Princes'''') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}} {{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]. {{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}} {{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}. {{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property ''Beth Sarim'' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}.</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{cquote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>[http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm The San Diego Sun - March 15, 1930 and January 9, 1931.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:
{{cquote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{cquote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"][http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes]</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{cquote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}} [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008] {{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:

{{cquote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.<ref>[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.] , p. 120</ref>}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T13:41:30Z

Algorithme: /* Background, construction and purpose */ Redundant.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for 'House of the Princes') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}} {{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]. {{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}} {{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}. {{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property '''Beth Sarim''' and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}.</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{cquote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>[http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm The San Diego Sun - March 15, 1930 and January 9, 1931.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:
{{cquote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{cquote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"][http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes]</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{cquote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}} [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008] {{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:

{{cquote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.<ref>[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.] , p. 120</ref>}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Beth Sarim

2009-07-11T13:39:36Z

Algorithme: One haves enough evidence in the article.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for 'House of the Princes') was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation of various resurrected [[Old Testament]] biblical patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford").

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
In 1918, [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] publications began predicting, under the direction of Rutherford, that [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. It was taught that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}} {{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]. {{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}} {{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}. {{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> (It had previously been taught that these individuals were to be raised shortly after 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>) These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property '''Beth Sarim''', meaning '''House of the Princes''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}.</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beth Sarim Deed|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf|journal=The Golden Age|date=March 19, 1930|pages=404-407}}</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of San Diego over an area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, and was purposely landscaped with [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{cquote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}</ref>}}

==Occupation==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes". Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>[http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm The San Diego Sun - March 15, 1930 and January 9, 1931.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> The residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:
{{cquote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>}}
The magazine ''Consolation'' (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

==Rutherford's death and burial==
After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref> Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained:
{{cquote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"][http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes]</ref> also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{cquote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}} [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008] {{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>

==Sale of property==
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained Beth Sarim for a few years,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref> before selling the property in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}}</ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, when asked at a trial in Scotland why the property was sold, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained:

{{cquote|Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.<ref>[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.] , p. 120</ref>}}

The house is now under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Umarmung

2009-07-11T11:54:55Z

Algorithme: Undid revision 301259522 by Willy turner (talk) Removed without any explanation.

{{otheruses4|affection|people named Hug|Hug (surname)}}

[[Image:Lebr03.jpg|Hug in art|thumb|210px]]

A '''hug''' is a form of [[physical intimacy]] that usually involves closing or holding the [[arm]]s around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of [[love]] and [[affection]], along with [[kiss]]ing.<ref>{{citebook|title=The Hug Therapy Book |author=Kathleen Keating|year= 1994|publisher=Hazelden PES|isbn=1568380941}}</ref> Unlike some other forms of physical intimacy, it is practiced publicly and privately without [[social stigma|stigma]] in many countries, religions and cultures, within families, and also across age and gender lines.

Sometimes, hugs are a romantic exchange. Hugs may also be exchanged as a sign of support and comfort. A hug can be a demonstration of affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising out of [[joy]] or [[happiness]] at meeting someone.

Brief in most cases, it is used to show many levels of affection. It is not particular to [[human being]]s alone, as there are many species of animals that engage in similar exchanges of warmth.

Hugging has been proven to have health benefits. One study has shown that hugs increase levels of [[oxytocin]], and reduce [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4131508.stm| title = How hugs can aid women's hearts| accessdate = 2008-11-28| date = [[August 8]], [[2005]]| publisher = ''BBC News''}}</ref>

There are different variations of hugs. Prolonged hugging in a cozy, comfortable position is called '''cuddling'''<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cuddle "Cuddle"], WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Accessed 10 March 2008. </ref>. [[Spooning]] is a cuddling [[human positions|position]], a kind of hugging when both the hugger and the hugged persons face the same direction, i.e., the front of one person is in contact with the back of the second one.<ref>Jim Grace, Lisa Goldblatt Grace (1998) "The Art of Spooning: A Cuddler's Handbook" ISBN 0762402709 </ref>

The [[New York Times]] has reported that "the hug has become the favorite social greeting when [[teenagers]] meet or part these days" in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/style/28hugs.html?_r=1&em|title=For Teenagers, Hello Means 'How About a Hug?'|date=2009-05-27|first=Sarah|last=Kershaw|accessdate=2009-05-29|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3">
* [[Bear hug]]
* [[Pound hug]]
* [[Hugs and Kisses]]
* [[Free Hugs Campaign]]
* [[Kiss]]
* [[Grope]]
* [[Tree hugging]]
</div>

==References==
{{commonscat|Hugging}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Intimate relationships]]

[[br:Pecherig]]
[[es:Abrazo]]
[[eo:Brakumo]]
[[fr:Câlin]]
[[id:Peluk]]
[[he:חיבוק]]
[[it:Abbraccio]]
[[lt:Apkabinimas]]
[[nl:Knuffelen]]
[[ja:ハグ]]
[[pt:Abraço]]
[[ru:Объятие]]
[[scn:Abbrazzu]]
[[simple:Hug]]
[[fi:Halaaminen]]
[[sv:Kram]]
[[te:కౌగిలి]]
[[yi:האלדזן]]
[[zh:擁抱]]

{{socio-stub}}

Beth Sarim

2009-06-26T18:01:00Z

Algorithme: /* References */ Looks better.

{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Beth Sarim as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''The Messenger'' in 1931]]
'''Beth Sarim''', [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for 'House of the Princes', was a ten-bedroom mansion in [[San Diego]], [[California]], constructed in 1929 in anticipation to be used as the residence of various expected resurrected Old Testament patriarchs or [[prophets]] such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[David]], [[Isaiah]] and [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]]. It was maintained by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]], the parent organization used by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and was also used as a winter home and executive office for Watch Tower president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]].

==Background, construction and purpose==
{{coord|32|46|16.36|N|117|05|56.70|W|display=inline}}
[[Image:Beth Sarim Outside Stairs.jpg|thumb|left|Rutherford standing on outside stairs at Beth Sarim shortly after its construction]]
Beginning in the year 1918<ref>Originally, the Bible Students had expected "that the resurrection of the Ancient Worthies will occur about 1914, or shortly thereafter." ("Ancient Worthies" was another name used for the Old Testament "princes.") {{cite journal|journal=Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence|title=The Rank of the Ancient Worthies|date=October 15, 1904|pages=313|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1904/WTOct04.PDF}} "The Scriptures indicate that in the year 1915...Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, David, Isaiah, Daniel, and all the holy prophets and patriarchs from Abel to John the Baptist, will have been raised from the dead and will be in charge of the earthly phase of the Lord's Kingdom, with headquarters at Jerusalem." {{cite journal|journal=Watch Tower|title=A Father's Letter to His Son|date=September 1, 1908|pages=264|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1908_Sept_1_Zion's_Watch_Tower.pdf}}</ref>, the [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]] who accepted the leadership of [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower]] president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]] (also known as "Judge Rutherford") began predicting that the [[Old Testament]] patriarchs or "princes" would be resurrected back to earthly life in 1925. They believed that these "princes" would become earth's new leaders and that their resurrection would be a prelude to the inauguration of a new earthly society and the abolition of death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Watchtower|title=Questions Concerning Ezekiel's Temple|date=June 15, 1918|pages=6279}} {{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1920|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/millions/millions.html|pages=89–90}} [http://jehovah.net.au/books/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die-Small.pdf PDF version]. {{cite book|title=The Way to Paradise|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/waytoparadise/1924_The_Way_To_Paradise.pdf|year=1924|pages=215–224}} {{cite journal|journal=Golden Age|title=A Bible For the Scientist|author=W.E. Van Amburgh|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=220–222}}{{cite book|title=Comfort For the People|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1925|pages=1,9,39|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1925_Comfort_for_the_People.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E6DE1F39E13ABC4A53DFB0668382609EDE}}. {{cite journal|journal=Argus (Melbourne, Australia)|title="End of the World" Prophesied for 1925|date=October 30, 1920|url=http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/4574450}}[http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)]</ref> These "princes" would use [[Jerusalem]] as their capital, with some of the "princes" being located in other "principal parts of the earth."<ref>"The [prince] in authority at Jerusalem will give direction as to the carrying out of governmental affairs in different parts of the earth. With great improved broadcasting stations we can expect Abraham from Mount Zion to direct the affairs of the whole earth." {{cite book|title=A Desirable Government|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1924|pages=30|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1924_Desirable_Government.pdf}}</ref> Despite the failure of this prediction, Rutherford still continued to preach their imminent return.<ref>"This prophecy shows, therefore, that Christ the King will make those faithful men the princes or visible rulers in all the earth. That means that soon you may expect to see Abraham, Enoch, Moses, David and all of these other faithful men back on earth."{{cite book|title=What You Need|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1932|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1932_What_You_Need.pdf|pages=8–10}}</ref>

During this time, Rutherford spent the winters in [[San Diego, California]], for health reasons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|publisher=Watchtower|year=1993|pages=76}}</ref> and "in time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for brother Rutherford's use."<ref>{{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=194}}</ref> The property was purchased in 1926 and the house was built in 1929. Rutherford named the property '''Beth Sarim''', meaning '''House of the Princes''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and dedicated it for the use of the expected Old Testament "princes," who were now expected to be headquartered in San Diego instead of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>[[Edmond C. Gruss]] states that Beth-Sarim was built "to give sagging hopes for the princes' return a boost." {{cite book|title=Apostles of Denial|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Presbyterian & Reformed|year=1970|pages=226|url=http://jwfacts.com/images/1970_Apostles_Of_Denial.pdf}}</ref><ref>Pictures and a rationale for its construction were published by the Watch Tower Society in the article {{cite journal|journal=The Messenger|title=Beth-Sarim -- Much Talked About House|publisher=Watchtower|date=July 25, 1931|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|pages=6,8}}.</ref> The deed for Beth Sarim, written by Rutherford, said that the property was to be held "perpetually in trust" for the Old Testament "princes" and was to be surrendered to them once they arrived. <ref>The deed for Beth Sarim was published in the March 19, 1930 ''Golden Age'', pp. 404-407 and can be read at [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1930_Beth_Sarim_Deed.pdf] Scan of deed from ''Golden Age'': [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif Page 1], [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif Page 2]</ref> It was located in the Kensington Heights section of [[San Diego, California]] and had a surface area of about {{convert|100|acre|km2}} and was purposely landscaped with several [[olive]], [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]], and [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] so that the "princes" would "feel at home."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=California Cults|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html|date=March 31, 1930|pages=60}} [http://web.archive.org/web/2006021812472/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of original ''Time'' article]</ref> The residence, designed by noted San Diego architect Richard S. Requa, was a ten-bedroom Spanish mansion with over {{convert|5100|sqft|m2}} and an adjacent two-car garage.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The American|title=Peddlars of Paradise|author=Jerome Beatty|date=November, 1940|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1940_Peddlers_of_Paradise.pdf|pages=54}}{{cite journal|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|title=Armageddon, Inc.|author=Stanley High|date=September 14, 1940|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1940_Armageddon_Inc.pdf|pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Sarim: A Monument to a False Prophet and to False Prophecy|author=Gruss & Chretien|url=http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ564.pdf}} See [http://www.sdhaciendas.com/Richard%20S%20Requa.html] for Requa's contribution to architecture in California.</ref> The building costs at the time were about $25,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes and Prophetic Speculation|author=Edmond C. Gruss|publisher=Xulon Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSZL8BWc9KcC&pg=PA215&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U3eSVde57RPFNwOB5Iupi5s821Y9w|year=2001|pages=216}}</ref> Writing in the book ''Salvation'' in 1939, Rutherford explained that Beth Sarim would forever be used by the resurrected "princes":
[[Image:Beth Sarim Salvation.jpg|thumb|right|Beth Sarim, as pictured in the Watchtower publication ''Salvation'' (1939)]]
{{cquote|The purpose of acquiring this property and building the house is that there are those on earth today who fully believe in God and Christ Jesus and in His Kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be forever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. To be sure, everything then on the earth will belong to the Lord, and neither the Lord nor the princes need others to build houses for them; but it was thought well and pleasing to God that the aforementioned house be built as a testimony to the name of Jehovah and showing faith in his announced purposes. The house has served as a testimony to many persons throughout the earth, and while the unbelievers have mocked concerning it and spoken contemptuously of it, yet it stands there as a testimony to Jehovah's name; and when the princes do return, and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Salvation|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/salvation/salvation6.html|year=1939|pages=311–312}}. See also {{cite book|title=The New World|publisher=Watchtower|year=1942|url=http://205.134.162.24/downloads/1942_The_New_World.pdf|pages=104–105}}: "those faithful men of old may be expected back from the dead any day now. The Scriptures give good reason to believe that it shall be shortly before Armageddon breaks. In this expectation the house at San Diego, California, which house has been much publicized with malicious intent by the religious enemy, was built, in 1930, and named "Beth-Sarim", meaning "House of the Princes". It is now held in trust for the occupancy of those princes on their return."</ref>}}

==Occupation, Rutherford's death and sale==
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim Fireplace.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|J.F. Rutherford]] in Beth Sarim]]
[[Image:Rutherford Beth Sarim.jpg|thumb|right|Rutherford with [[Cadillac]] coupe in front of Beth Sarim]]
Rutherford moved into Beth Sarim in early 1930 and served as caretaker of the property awaiting the resurrection of the "princes." Newspapers of the time reported on Rutherford's lavish lifestyle, which included a 16-cylinder ''Fisher Fleetwood'' [[Cadillac]] coupe.<ref>[http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/engels/beth-sarim/sunartc.htm The San Diego Sun - March 15, 1930 and January 9, 1931.]</ref><ref>"To place the value of this automobile in perspective, a new Ford in 1931 cost approximately 600 dollars. A 16-cylinder Cadillac cost between 5400 and 9200 dollars, depending on style." {{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=45|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Syracuse Herald Journal|title=Judge Awaits Next Coming of King David|date=March 23, 1930|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/members/popestleo/News_Clippings_Judge_Rutherford.pdf}}</ref> This residence was cited by [[Olin R. Moyle]], former legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses, in a letter to Rutherford in 1939, as one of the examples of "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and
your personal attendants, compared with those
furnished to some of your brethren."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1939%20Olin%20Moyles%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf Olin R. Moyle's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|author=Tony Wills|pages=202–204|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U0F2GGjNJwRVqrN3VdyNIO6Z2uhhQ#PPA202,M1}}</ref> Walter F. Salter, former manager of the Canadian branch of the Watch Tower Society, also criticized Rutherford's use of Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=M. James Penton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U31RITFlJEWopfrQdxNJ8kxFoKuog#PPA73,M1|pages=73–75}}</ref><ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1937%20W.F.%20Salter%20letter%20to%20Rutherford.pdf W.F. Salter's Letter to J.F. Rutherford]</ref> A reply to Salter's criticisms of Rutherford was published in the May 2, 1937 [[Awake!|''Golden Age'']], with a photocopy of a letter from W.E. Van Amburgh, Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Society, stating:
{{cquote|Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into the construction of the home in San Diego where Judge Rutherford does his winter work. It was the gift of friends. I did not know of the existence of the house until I read of it in The Golden Age. Not one cent of the funds of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society went into either of the Cadillac cars used by Rutherford at San Diego and Brooklyn. They were the gift of friends.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Golden Age|title=Why Salter Lost His Job|date=May 2, 1937|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/GA/Golden%20Age%205%20May%201937.pdf|pages=499|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>}}
The magazine [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] (successor to ''The Golden Age'') explained how Beth Sarim served as Rutherford's winter headquarters:
"For twelve winters Judge Rutherford and his office force occupied Beth Sarim. It was not used as a place of ease or vacationing, but was used as a winter workshop; the books from ''Vindication, Book One'' down to and including ''Children'' were written there, as well as many ''Watchtower'' articles and booklets. The executive instructions for branches all over the earth also were transmitted from Beth-Sarim during the Judge's presence there. At Beth Sarim, Judge Rutherford completed the 1942 ''Yearbook'' material as his last work before his death. He dictated this material from his dying bed."<ref>
{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=5–6|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>

After giving final instructions to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters, Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on [[January 8]], [[1942]] at the age of 72. <ref>{{cite book|title=Let Your Name Be Sanctified|author=Watchtower|year=1961|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/sanctified/sanctified18.html|pages=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=St Petersburg Times|title=Witness Sect Founder Dies|date=January 11,1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upsKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5478%2C2259984}}</ref> After his death, Rutherford's burial was delayed for three and a half months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida)|date=January 26, 1942|title=Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2083%2C1777860|page=18}}</ref><ref>Watchtower attorney [[Hayden C. Covington]] explained his role in the lawsuit: "I filed a lawsuit then in the courts out there in San Diego to force them to let us bury him out there on that property. Judge Mundo, who was the judge of the Superior Court, heard it and passed the buck, jumping from one thing to another, from one technicality to another, and finally after looking at the matter in a reasonable way Bill, Bonnie, and Nathan and all of us decided that we have fought enough on this and it looks like its the Lord's will that we take his body back to Brooklyn, and have him buried in Staten Island, which we did." [http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1978_Hayden_Covington_Interviewed_By_Jerry_Murray.mp3 Mp3 of Interview with Hayden C. Covington on November 19, 1978] [http://www.freeminds.org/history/covington.htm Text of Interview]</ref> Witnesses collected over 14,000 signatures on a petition that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. The May 27, 1942 [[Awake!|''Consolation'']] explained that:
{{cquote|As early as 1920 Judge Rutherford pointed out that the ancient witnesses or princes were promised an earthly resurrection by the Lord. In that year he delivered a public address at Los Angeles, California, entitled 'Millions Now Living Will Never Die,' in which he called attention to the expectations of the return of the men above mentioned. All the publications since emphasize the same fact. It therefore appears that the return of the princes is a fundamental teaching of the Scriptures. It is as certain as the truth of God's Word. Judge Rutherford gave much of his life in endeavoring to bring this vital matter to the people's attention. What, then, could be more fitting and appropriate before God and before men that his bones should rest on the land held in trust for the men whose coming he was privileged to announce.}}
''Consolation'' condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at Beth Sarim or on a neighboring property named Beth Shan<ref>Beth Shan was a 200 acre estate owned by the Watchtower Society about a mile and a half due east of Beth Sarim across the canyon in which Fairmont Avenue runs.{{cite journal|journal=San Diego Union|title=No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary|date=February 18, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/boyd-20001.jpg|page=B-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/bethshan.html Beth Shan -- The Watchtower's "House of Security"][http://www.equipresources.org/atf/cf/%7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BD-F8E70A3B0215%7D/DJ566.pdf Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes]</ref>, which was also owned by the Watchtower Society:
{{cquote|It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord....So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan.}}
After all appeals were exhausted, ''Consolation'' stated that Rutherford's remains were shipped to New York and he was buried there on April 25, 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Consolation|title=San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes|date=May 27, 1942|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/consolation/Consolation%20May%2027%201942.pdf|pages=9,14–16|publisher=Watchtower}}{{cite journal|journal=Time|title=Buried|date=May 4, 1942|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777771,00.html}}</ref>

Despite official denials by the Watchtower Society, some have speculated, however, that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Witnesses of Jehovah|author=Leonard & Marjorie Chretien|publisher=Harvest House|year=1988|pages=49|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1988_Witnesses_of_Jehovah_Searchable.pdf}} [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jun/28/famous-dead-neighbors-in-san-diego-plus-my-brunch-/ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008] {{cite book|title=Cemeteries of San Diego|author=Mallios et al.|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|pages=112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-hNx2HsGxxgC&pg=PA103&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=ACfU3U1gfJf6Y8vONJwp6s2o0ElLXSa3cQ#PPA112,M1}}</ref>
[[Image:BethSarim 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Beth Sarim today]]
After Rutherford's death, the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watchtower Society]] maintained the property for a few years<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Colliers|title=Jehovah's Traveling Salesmen|author=Bill Davidson|date=November 22, 1946|pages=75|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/doc/1946_Jehovah's_Traveling_Salesmen.pdf}}</ref>, but then sold Beth Sarim in 1948.<ref>[http://www.jwfacts.com/index_files/bethsarim.htm Beth-Sarim, House of Princes]</ref> The belief that the "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>"At the time, it was believed that faithful men of old times, such as Abraham, Joseph, and David, would be resurrected before the end of this system of things and would serve as 'princes in all the earth,' in fulfillment of Psalm 45:16. This view was adjusted in 1950, when further study of the Scriptures indicated that those earthly forefathers of Jesus Christ would be resurrected after Armageddon."{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993|publisher=Watchtower|pages=76}} See also {{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959|publisher=Watchtower|pages=252–253|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/divinepurpose/1959_Jehovah's_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf}}</ref><ref>For reactions to the announcement of the change of belief, see "The 'Princes' Are Here" in {{cite book|title=1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watchtower|year=1974|pages=213–214}} {{cite book|title=Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=180–181, 269–270|year=1978|url=http://www.exjws.net/vg.htm}}</ref> In 1954, Watch Tower spokesman [[Frederick William Franz]] explained the reason for the sale of Beth Sarim under questioning at a trial in Scotland:

{{cquote|Q.- What has become of the mansion?
A.- It has been sold.

Q.- Why?

A.- Because it was there, and the prophets had not yet come back to occupy it, to make use of it, and the Society had no use for it at the time, it was in charge of a caretaker, and it was causing expense, and our understanding of the Scriptures opened up more, and more concerning the Princes, which will include those prophets, and so the property was sold as serving no present purpose.<ref>[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Walsh_Trial.pdf Douglas Walsh vs. The Right Honorable James Latham Clyde, M. P. C.] , p. 120</ref>}}

The house still stands today, under private ownership and has been designated Historical Landmark number 474 by the City of San Diego.<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/register.pdf Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board]</ref>

==See slso==
*[[Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[History of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Beth+Sarim+San+Diego&ie=UTF8&t=p&layer=c&cbll=32.771054,-117.099355&panoid=u-B-4alETsdUkPHw8IC2nw&cbp=2,57.54316059199738,,0,-11.833187963102405&ll=32.806755,-117.091599&spn=0.056558,0.16737&z=13 Google Maps Street View of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.seanet.com/~raines/crypt.html Rutherford's Unfinished Burial Crypt at Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/JwBethSarim95.htm The Story of Beth Sarim]
*[http://www.freeminds.org/women/barb_bethsarim.htm 1993 Visit to Beth Sarim--Audio and Pictures]
*[http://www.geocities.com/paulblizard/deed.html Rutherford's Lavish Lifestyle]--Critical Interpretation of Beth Sarim
*[http://www.witnessinc.com/beth_sarim.html Beth Sarim and the Other House]

[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses]]

[[ca:Beth Sarim]]
[[es:Beth Sarim]]

Umarmung

2009-06-03T16:56:17Z

Algorithme: /* See also */ Looks better.

{{otheruses4|affection|people named Hug|Hug (surname)}}

[[Image:Lebr03.jpg|Hug in art|thumb|210px]]

A '''hug''' is a form of [[physical intimacy]] that usually involves closing or holding the [[arm]]s around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of [[love]] and [[affection]], along with [[kiss]]ing.<ref>{{citebook|title=The Hug Therapy Book |author=Kathleen Keating|year= 1994|publisher=Hazelden PES|isbn=1568380941}}</ref> Unlike some other forms of physical intimacy, it is practiced publicly and privately without [[social stigma|stigma]] in many nations, religions and cultures, within families, and also across age and gender lines.

Sometimes, hugs are a romantic exchange. Hugs may also be exchanged as a sign of support and comfort. A hug can be a demonstration of affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising out of [[joy]] or [[happiness]] at meeting someone.

Brief in most cases, it is used to show many levels of affection. It is not particular to [[human being]]s alone, as there are many species of animals that engage in similar exchanges of warmth.

Hugging has been proven to have health benefits. One study has shown that hugs increase levels of [[oxytocin]], and reduce [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4131508.stm| title = How hugs can aid women's hearts| accessdate = 2008-11-28| date = [[August 8]], [[2005]]| publisher = ''BBC News''}}</ref>

There are different variations of hugs. Prolonged hugging in a cozy, comfortable position is called '''cuddling'''<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cuddle "Cuddle"], WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Accessed 10 March 2008. </ref>. '''Spooning''' is a cuddling [[human positions|position]], a kind of hugging when both the hugger and the hugged persons face the same direction, i.e., the front of one person is in contact with the back of the second one.<ref>Jim Grace, Lisa Goldblatt Grace (1998) "The Art of Spooning: A Cuddler's Handbook" ISBN 0762402709 </ref>

The [[New York Times]] has reported that "the hug has become the favorite social greeting when [[teenagers]] meet or part these days" in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/style/28hugs.html?_r=1&em|title=For Teenagers, Hello Means 'How About a Hug?'|date=2009-05-27|first=Sarah|last=Kershaw|accessdate=2009-05-29|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3">
* [[Bear hug]]
* [[Pound hug]]
* [[Hugs and Kisses]]
* [[Free Hugs Campaign]]
* [[Kiss]]
* [[Grope]]
* [[Tree hugging]]
</div>

==References==
{{commonscat|Hugging}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Intimate relationships]]

[[br:Pecherig]]
[[es:Abrazo]]
[[eo:Brakumo]]
[[fr:Câlin]]
[[id:Peluk]]
[[he:חיבוק]]
[[it:Abbraccio]]
[[lt:Apkabinimas]]
[[nl:Knuffelen]]
[[ja:ハグ]]
[[pt:Abraço]]
[[ru:Объятие]]
[[scn:Abbrazzu]]
[[simple:Hug]]
[[fi:Halaaminen]]
[[sv:Kram]]
[[te:కౌగిలి]]
[[yi:האלדזן]]
[[zh:擁抱]]

{{socio-stub}}

Umarmung

2009-05-03T18:40:48Z

Algorithme:

{{otheruses4|affection|people named Hug|Hug (surname)}}

[[Image:Lebr03.jpg|Hug in art|thumb|210px]]

A '''hug''' is a form of [[physical intimacy]] that usually involves closing or holding the [[arm]]s around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of [[love]] and [[affection]], along with [[kiss]]ing.<ref>{{citebook|title=The Hug Therapy Book |author=Kathleen Keating|year= 1994|publisher=Hazelden PES|isbn=1568380941}}</ref> Unlike some other forms of physical intimacy, it is practiced publicly and privately without [[social stigma|stigma]] in many nations, religions and cultures, within families, and also across age and gender lines.

Sometimes, hugs are a romantic exchange. Hugs may also be exchanged as a sign of support and comfort. A hug can be a demonstration of affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising out of [[joy]] or [[happiness]] at meeting someone.

Brief in most cases, it is used to show many levels of affection. It is not particular to [[human being]]s alone, as there are many species of animals that engage in similar exchanges of warmth.

Hugging has been proven to have health benefits. One study has shown that hugs increase levels of [[oxytocin]], and reduce [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4131508.stm| title = How hugs can aid women's hearts| accessdate = 2008-11-28| date = [[August 8]], [[2005]]| publisher = ''BBC News''}}</ref>

There are different variations of hugs. Prolonged hugging in a cozy, comfortable position is called '''cuddling'''<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cuddle "Cuddle"], WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Accessed 10 March 2008. </ref>. '''Spooning''' is a cuddling [[human positions|position]], a kind of hugging when both the hugger and the hugged persons face the same direction, i.e., the front of one person is in contact with the back of the second one.<ref>Jim Grace, Lisa Goldblatt Grace (1998) "The Art of Spooning: A Cuddler's Handbook" ISBN 0762402709 </ref>

==See also==

* [[Bear hug]]
* [[Pound hug]]
* [[Hugs and Kisses]]
* [[Free Hugs Campaign]]
* [[Kiss]]
* [[Grope]]
* [[Tree hugging]]

==References==
{{commonscat|Hugging}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Intimate relationships]]

[[br:Pecherig]]
[[es:Abrazo]]
[[eo:Brakumo]]
[[fr:Câlin]]
[[id:Peluk]]
[[he:חיבוק]]
[[it:Abbraccio]]
[[lt:Apkabinimas]]
[[nl:Knuffelen]]
[[ja:ハグ]]
[[pt:Abraço]]
[[ru:Объятие]]
[[scn:Abbrazzu]]
[[simple:Hug]]
[[fi:Halaaminen]]
[[sv:Kram]]
[[te:కౌగిలి]]
[[yi:האלדזן]]
[[zh:擁抱]]

{{stub}}

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia

2009-03-22T14:23:36Z

Algorithme: Quote request.

The '''Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia''', or '''{{smallcaps|{{smallcaps|bhs}}}}''', is an edition of the [[Masoretic Text]] of the [[Hebrew Bible]] as preserved in the [[Leningrad Codex]], and supplemented by masoretic and text-critical notes. It is published by the [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] ([[Germany|German]] [[Bible Society]]) in [[Stuttgart]].

==Authority==

{{smallcaps|{{smallcaps|bhs}}}} is widely regarded (by Christians and Jews alike) as an accurate edition of the Hebrew scriptures, and a useful text-critical tool. It is the most widely used edition among biblical scholars.

For masoretic details, however, Israeli and Jewish scholars have shown a marked preference for alternative editions based upon the [[Aleppo Codex]].

==Publishing history==

{{smallcaps|bhs}} is a revision of the third edition of the ''[[Biblia Hebraica]]'' edited by [[Rudolf Kittel]], the first printed Bible based on the [[Leningrad Codex]]. The footnotes are completely revised. It originally appeared in instalments, from 1968 to 1976, with the first one-volume edition in 1977; it has been reprinted many times since.

==Contents==

The text of {{smallcaps|bhs}} is an exact copy of the [[masoretic text]] as recorded in the [[Leningrad Codex]]. However, [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] has been moved to the end as it appears in common Hebrew bibles, even though it precedes [[Psalms]] in the codex.

In the margin are [[Masoretic_text#Masorah|Masoretic notes]]. These are based on the codex, but have been heavily edited to make them more consistent and easier to understand. Even so, whole books have been written to explain these notes. Some of the notes are marked ''Sub loco'', meaning that there seems to be some problem{{fact}}, often that they contradict the text. The editors never published any explanation of what the problems were or how they might be resolved{{fact}}.

One should not be fooled to think that the ''Sub loco'' notes explain interesting text variants; they are in the vast majority only notes on wrong word countings/frequencies. See Mynatt, Daniel S: The Sub Loco Notes in the Torah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Bibal Press, 1994

Footnotes record possible corrections to the Hebrew text. Many are based on the [[Samaritan Pentateuch]], the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] and on early Bible translations such as the [[Septuagint]], [[Vulgate]] and [[Peshitta]]. Others are [[conjectural emendation]]s.

Work is now under way to produce a revision, to be known as the [[Biblia Hebraica Quinta]] or Fifth Hebrew Bible, being a revision of the existing fifth edition of {{smallcaps|bhs}}.

==Book Order==

The order of the biblical books generally follows the codex, even for the [[Ketuvim]], where that order differs from most common printed Hebrew bibles. Thus the [[Book of Job]] comes after Psalms and before Proverbs, and the [[Five Scrolls|Megilloth]] are in the order Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations and Esther. The only difference is with [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]].

The [[Torah]]:
: 1. [[Genesis]] [בראשית / Breishit]
: 2. [[Exodus]] [שמות / Shmot]
: 3. [[Leviticus]] [ויקרא / Vayikra]
: 4. [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] [במדבר / Bamidbar]
: 5. [[Deuteronomy]] [דברים / D'varim]
 
The ''[[Nevi'im]]'':
: 6. [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] [יהושע / Y'hoshua]
: 7. [[Book of Judges|Judges]] [שופטים / Shophtim]
: 8. [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]] (I & II) [שמואל / Sh'muel]
: 9. [[Books of Kings|Kings]] (I & II) [מלכים / M'lakhim]
: 10. [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] [ישעיה / Y'shayahu]
: 11. [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] [ירמיה / Yir'mi'yahu]
: 12. [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] [יחזקאל / Y'khezqel]
: 13. The Twelve Prophets [תרי עשר]
:: a. [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]] [הושע / Hoshea]
:: b. [[Book of Joel|Joel]] [יואל / Yo'el]
:: c. [[Book of Amos|Amos]] [עמוס / Amos]
:: d. [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]] [עובדיה / Ovadyah]
:: e. [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] [יונה / Yonah]
:: f. [[Book of Micah|Micah]] [מיכה / Mikhah]
:: g. [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]] [נחום / Nakhum]
:: h. [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]] [חבקוק /Havakuk]
:: i. [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]] [צפניה / Ts'phanyah]
:: j. [[Book of Haggai|Haggai]] [חגי / Khagai]
:: k. [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] [זכריה / Z'kharyah]
:: l. [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]] [מלאכי / Mal'akhi]
 
The ''[[Ketuvim]]''
:: The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth":
: 14. [[Psalms]] [תהלים / Tehilim]
: 15. [[Book of Job|Job]] [איוב / Iyov]
: 16. [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] [משלי / Mishlei]
 
:: The "Five Megilot" or "Five Scrolls":
: 17. [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]] [רות / Rut]
: 18. [[Song of Songs]] [שיר השירים / Shir Hashirim]
: 19. [[Ecclesiastes]] [קהלת / Kohelet]
: 20. [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] [איכה / Eikhah]
: 21. [[Book of Esther|Esther]] [אסתר / Esther]
 
:: The rest of the "Writings":
: 22. [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] [דניאל / Dani'el]
: 23. [[Ezra]]-[[Nehemiah]] [עזרא ונחמיה / Ezra v'Nekhemia]
: 24. [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] (I & II) [דברי הימים / Divrei Hayamim]

== Literature ==
{{smallcaps|bhs}} editions
* Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Hardcover: ISBN 3-438-05218-0, Paperback: ISBN 3-438-05222-9

About the {{smallcaps|bhs}}
* Kelley, Page H, Mynatt, Daniel S and Crawford, Timothy G: The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Eerdmans, 1998
* Mynatt, Daniel S: The Sub Loco Notes in the Torah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Bibal Press, 1994
* Wonneberger, R: Understanding {{smallcaps|bhs}}: Biblical Institute Press, 1984
* Würthwein, Ernst: The Text of the Old Testament, an Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (2nd edition): SCM Press, 1995
* Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible by C.D. Ginsburg

[[Category:1977 books]]
[[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible]]

{{Tanakh-stub}}

[[de:Biblia Hebraica]]
[[el:Μπίμπλια Χεμπράικα Στουτγκαρτένσια]]
[[es:Stuttgartensia]]
[[fr:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[id:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[it:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[nl:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[ja:ビブリア・ヘブライカ・シュトゥットガルテンシア]]
[[pt:Bíblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia

2009-03-22T14:15:18Z

Algorithme: Copy editing.

The '''Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia''', or '''{{smallcaps|{{smallcaps|bhs}}}}''', is an edition of the [[Masoretic Text]] of the [[Hebrew Bible]] as preserved in the [[Leningrad Codex]], and supplemented by masoretic and text-critical notes. It is published by the [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] ([[Germany|German]] [[Bible Society]]) in [[Stuttgart]].

==Authority==

{{smallcaps|{{smallcaps|bhs}}}} is widely regarded (by Christians and Jews alike) as an accurate edition of the Hebrew scriptures, and a useful text-critical tool. It is the most widely used edition among biblical scholars.

For masoretic details, however, Israeli and Jewish scholars have shown a marked preference for alternative editions based upon the [[Aleppo Codex]].

==Publishing history==

{{smallcaps|bhs}} is a revision of the third edition of the ''[[Biblia Hebraica]]'' edited by [[Rudolf Kittel]], the first printed Bible based on the [[Leningrad Codex]]. The footnotes are completely revised. It originally appeared in instalments, from 1968 to 1976, with the first one-volume edition in 1977; it has been reprinted many times since.

==Contents==

The text of {{smallcaps|bhs}} is an exact copy of the [[masoretic text]] as recorded in the [[Leningrad Codex]]. However, [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] has been moved to the end as it appears in common Hebrew bibles, even though it precedes [[Psalms]] in the codex.

In the margin are [[Masoretic_text#Masorah|Masoretic notes]]. These are based on the codex, but have been heavily edited to make them more consistent and easier to understand. Even so, whole books have been written to explain these notes. Some of the notes are marked ''Sub loco'', meaning that there seems to be some problem, often that they contradict the text. The editors never published any explanation of what the problems were or how they might be resolved.

One should not be fooled to think that the ''Sub loco'' notes explain interesting text variants; they are in the vast majority only notes on wrong word countings/frequencies. See Mynatt, Daniel S: The Sub Loco Notes in the Torah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Bibal Press, 1994

Footnotes record possible corrections to the Hebrew text. Many are based on the [[Samaritan Pentateuch]], the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] and on early Bible translations such as the [[Septuagint]], [[Vulgate]] and [[Peshitta]]. Others are [[conjectural emendation]]s.

Work is now under way to produce a revision, to be known as the [[Biblia Hebraica Quinta]] or Fifth Hebrew Bible, being a revision of the existing fifth edition of {{smallcaps|bhs}}.

==Book Order==

The order of the biblical books generally follows the codex, even for the [[Ketuvim]], where that order differs from most common printed Hebrew bibles. Thus the [[Book of Job]] comes after Psalms and before Proverbs, and the [[Five Scrolls|Megilloth]] are in the order Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations and Esther. The only difference is with [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]].

The [[Torah]]:
: 1. [[Genesis]] [בראשית / Breishit]
: 2. [[Exodus]] [שמות / Shmot]
: 3. [[Leviticus]] [ויקרא / Vayikra]
: 4. [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] [במדבר / Bamidbar]
: 5. [[Deuteronomy]] [דברים / D'varim]
 
The ''[[Nevi'im]]'':
: 6. [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] [יהושע / Y'hoshua]
: 7. [[Book of Judges|Judges]] [שופטים / Shophtim]
: 8. [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]] (I & II) [שמואל / Sh'muel]
: 9. [[Books of Kings|Kings]] (I & II) [מלכים / M'lakhim]
: 10. [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] [ישעיה / Y'shayahu]
: 11. [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] [ירמיה / Yir'mi'yahu]
: 12. [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] [יחזקאל / Y'khezqel]
: 13. The Twelve Prophets [תרי עשר]
:: a. [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]] [הושע / Hoshea]
:: b. [[Book of Joel|Joel]] [יואל / Yo'el]
:: c. [[Book of Amos|Amos]] [עמוס / Amos]
:: d. [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]] [עובדיה / Ovadyah]
:: e. [[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] [יונה / Yonah]
:: f. [[Book of Micah|Micah]] [מיכה / Mikhah]
:: g. [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]] [נחום / Nakhum]
:: h. [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]] [חבקוק /Havakuk]
:: i. [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]] [צפניה / Ts'phanyah]
:: j. [[Book of Haggai|Haggai]] [חגי / Khagai]
:: k. [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] [זכריה / Z'kharyah]
:: l. [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]] [מלאכי / Mal'akhi]
 
The ''[[Ketuvim]]''
:: The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth":
: 14. [[Psalms]] [תהלים / Tehilim]
: 15. [[Book of Job|Job]] [איוב / Iyov]
: 16. [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] [משלי / Mishlei]
 
:: The "Five Megilot" or "Five Scrolls":
: 17. [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]] [רות / Rut]
: 18. [[Song of Songs]] [שיר השירים / Shir Hashirim]
: 19. [[Ecclesiastes]] [קהלת / Kohelet]
: 20. [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] [איכה / Eikhah]
: 21. [[Book of Esther|Esther]] [אסתר / Esther]
 
:: The rest of the "Writings":
: 22. [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] [דניאל / Dani'el]
: 23. [[Ezra]]-[[Nehemiah]] [עזרא ונחמיה / Ezra v'Nekhemia]
: 24. [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] (I & II) [דברי הימים / Divrei Hayamim]

== Literature ==
{{smallcaps|bhs}} editions
* Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Hardcover: ISBN 3-438-05218-0, Paperback: ISBN 3-438-05222-9

About the {{smallcaps|bhs}}
* Kelley, Page H, Mynatt, Daniel S and Crawford, Timothy G: The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Eerdmans, 1998
* Mynatt, Daniel S: The Sub Loco Notes in the Torah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Bibal Press, 1994
* Wonneberger, R: Understanding {{smallcaps|bhs}}: Biblical Institute Press, 1984
* Würthwein, Ernst: The Text of the Old Testament, an Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (2nd edition): SCM Press, 1995
* Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible by C.D. Ginsburg

[[Category:1977 books]]
[[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible]]

{{Tanakh-stub}}

[[de:Biblia Hebraica]]
[[el:Μπίμπλια Χεμπράικα Στουτγκαρτένσια]]
[[es:Stuttgartensia]]
[[fr:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[id:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[it:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[nl:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]
[[ja:ビブリア・ヘブライカ・シュトゥットガルテンシア]]
[[pt:Bíblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]]