Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2013-10-24T02:12:30Z

Abebenjoe: /* Provincial politics */ Fixed citation formatting.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = June 11, 1959
| term_end = April 6, 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = September 1964
| term_end3 = November 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]]
| office4 = [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]
| term_start4 = April 6, 1967
| term_end4 = March 28, 1998
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref name="Happy Warrior 1966 health issues">
{{cite book
| last = MacDonald
| first = Donald C.
| title = The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs
| year = 1998
| publisher = Dundurn Press
| location = Toronto
| page = 139
| edition = 2
| url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false
| isbn = 978-1-55002-307-7

}}
</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown as a result of his involvement in an automobile accident in which two elderly women were seriously injured.<ref name="Happy Warrior 1966 health issues"/> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile but was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator.<ref name="Globe 19971120">{{cite news|last=Oziewicz|first=Estanislao|title=Absentee senator ousted from Liberal caucus:worst attendance record prompts move by Prime Minister|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1997-11-20|location=Toronto|pages=A1, A15}}</ref> Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2013-10-24T02:03:22Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 578043041 by 202.220.160.194 (talk)Improperly formatted citation with little relevance to that paragraph.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = June 11, 1959
| term_end = April 6, 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = September 1964
| term_end3 = November 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]]
| office4 = [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]
| term_start4 = April 6, 1967
| term_end4 = March 28, 1998
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown as a result of his involvement in an automobile accident in which two elderly women were seriously injured.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon (politician)|Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile but was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator.<ref name="Globe 19971120">{{cite news|last=Oziewicz|first=Estanislao|title=Absentee senator ousted from Liberal caucus:worst attendance record prompts move by Prime Minister|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1997-11-20|location=Toronto|pages=A1, A15}}</ref> Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Thoroe

2012-04-27T05:56:37Z

Abebenjoe: Sorry for the incorrect page formatting, I'm not a member of German Wiki.

{{Archiv-Tabelle|1|}}

== [[:Datei:Logo Projekt Flussverlaufskarten.png ]] ==

<nowiki>:o)</nowiki> Viele Grüße, [[Benutzer:NordNordWest|NNW]] 14:47, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)
:Danke für das fröhliche Gesicht. Und Gruß zurück. -- [[Benutzer:Thoroe|Thoroe]] 14:54, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)

==Barnstar for Expo 67 map==
{{subst:barnstar|image=Original_Barnstar.png|text=I hereby award this barnstar for such great work on that [[Expo 67]]. Your map makes the article clearer and bypasses Archives Canada's parochial copyright rules.(since I'm not a member of the German wiki, the formatting is less than optimal, sorry about that.}} [[Benutzer:Abebenjoe|Abebenjoe]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Abebenjoe|Diskussion]]) 07:52, 27. Apr. 2012 (CEST)}}

Benutzer Diskussion:Thoroe

2012-04-27T05:53:37Z

Abebenjoe:

{{Archiv-Tabelle|1|}}

== [[:Datei:Logo Projekt Flussverlaufskarten.png ]] ==

<nowiki>:o)</nowiki> Viele Grüße, [[Benutzer:NordNordWest|NNW]] 14:47, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)
:Danke für das fröhliche Gesicht. Und Gruß zurück. -- [[Benutzer:Thoroe|Thoroe]] 14:54, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)

==Barnstar for Expo 67 map==
{{subst:barnstar|image=Original_Barnstar.png|text=I hereby award this barnstar for such great work on that [[Expo 67]]. Your map makes the article clearer and bypasses Archives Canada's parochial copyright rules. [[Benutzer:Abebenjoe|Abebenjoe]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Abebenjoe|Diskussion]]) 07:52, 27. Apr. 2012 (CEST)}}

Benutzer Diskussion:Thoroe

2012-04-27T05:53:23Z

Abebenjoe:

{{Archiv-Tabelle|1|}}

== [[:Datei:Logo Projekt Flussverlaufskarten.png ]] ==

<nowiki>:o)</nowiki> Viele Grüße, [[Benutzer:NordNordWest|NNW]] 14:47, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)
:Danke für das fröhliche Gesicht. Und Gruß zurück. -- [[Benutzer:Thoroe|Thoroe]] 14:54, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)

==Barnstar for Expo 67 map==
{{subst:barnstar|image=Original_Barnstar.png|text=I hereby award this barnstar for such great work on that [[Expo 67]]. Your map makes the article clearer and bypasses Archives Canada's parochial copyright rules. [[Benutzer:Abebenjoe|Abebenjoe]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Abebenjoe|Diskussion]]) 07:52, 27. Apr. 2012 (CEST)}}

Benutzer Diskussion:Thoroe

2012-04-27T05:52:38Z

Abebenjoe: Barnstar for Expo 67 Map

{{Archiv-Tabelle|1|}}

== [[:Datei:Logo Projekt Flussverlaufskarten.png ]] ==

<nowiki>:o)</nowiki> Viele Grüße, [[Benutzer:NordNordWest|NNW]] 14:47, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)
:Danke für das fröhliche Gesicht. Und Gruß zurück. -- [[Benutzer:Thoroe|Thoroe]] 14:54, 22. Okt. 2011 (CEST)
==Barnstar for Expo 67 map==
{{subst:barnstar|image=Original_Barnstar.png|text=I hereby award this barnstar for such great work on that [[Expo 67]]. Your map makes the article clearer and bypasses Archives Canada's parochial copyright rules. [[Benutzer:Abebenjoe|Abebenjoe]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Abebenjoe|Diskussion]]) 07:52, 27. Apr. 2012 (CEST)}}

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T20:16:35Z

Abebenjoe: Added columns to the reference section

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = June 11, 1959
| term_end = April 6, 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = September 1964
| term_end3 = November 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office4 = [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]
| term_start4 = April 6, 1967
| term_end4 = March 28, 1998
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile but was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator.<ref name="Globe 19971120">{{cite news|last=Oziewicz|first=Estanislao|title=Absentee senator ousted from Liberal caucus:worst attendance record prompts move by Prime Minister|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1997-11-20|location=Toronto|pages=A1, A15}}</ref> Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T20:11:28Z

Abebenjoe: /* References */

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = June 11, 1959
| term_end = April 6, 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = September 1964
| term_end3 = November 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office4 = [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]
| term_start4 = April 6, 1967
| term_end4 = March 28, 1998
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile but was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator.<ref name="Globe 19971120">{{cite news|last=Oziewicz|first=Estanislao|title=Absentee senator ousted from Liberal caucus:worst attendance record prompts move by Prime Minister|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1997-11-20|location=Toronto|pages=A1, A15}}</ref> Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist|col width=40}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T20:09:55Z

Abebenjoe: /* Senator */ Added more citations, copy-edited section about the investigative reporter, as it had no citations, so generalized it, and added supporting citations for that information.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = June 11, 1959
| term_end = April 6, 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = September 1964
| term_end3 = November 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office4 = [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]
| term_start4 = April 6, 1967
| term_end4 = March 28, 1998
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile but was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator.<ref name="Globe 19971120">{{cite news|last=Oziewicz|first=Estanislao|title=Absentee senator ousted from Liberal caucus:worst attendance record prompts move by Prime Minister|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1997-11-20|location=Toronto|pages=A1, A15}}</ref> Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997.<ref name="Globe 19971120"/> The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T20:02:22Z

Abebenjoe: Added his senate career to the infobox

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = June 11, 1959
| term_end = April 6, 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = September 1964
| term_end3 = November 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office4 = [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]
| term_start4 = April 6, 1967
| term_end4 = March 28, 1998
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T19:50:12Z

Abebenjoe: Formatting and other copy-edits

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]

| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end [[Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (provincial electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T19:45:19Z

Abebenjoe: Added new citation about his health issues as they related to his stepping down as the Ontario Liberal leader in 1966.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]
| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = David McMaster Kerr
| successor = Dante Matthew De Monte
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]]. He was elected as the [[Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) for the west-end {Old Toronto|Toronto]] [[Dovercourt (provincial electoral district)|Dovercourt]] electoral district in 1959. He was elected the [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal]]'s leader in 1964. His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate 1967, forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]. He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate. His health issues never really went away, and gave that as his explanation for his truancy. He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff, salary and expense account for truancy, in 1998. A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]].<ref name="Parl Info" /> Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill". The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election.<ref name="Globe 19670916">{{cite news|last=Brydon|first=Aurthor|title=Thompson: a figure on the sideline|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=1967-09-16|location=Toronto|page=7}}</ref> He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].<ref name="Globe 19670916"/>

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] on April 6, 1967.<ref name="Parl Info" /> His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T19:26:59Z

Abebenjoe: /* Senator */ Added citation about when he resigned, and that he was immediately entitled to his $48 k a year salary.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]
| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[David McMaster Kerr]]
| successor = [[Dante Matthew De Monte]]
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]].

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]. Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill".<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 17</ref> The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election. He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] in April 1967. His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219"/><ref name="Parl Info">{{cite web|title=THOMPSON, The Hon. Andrew, B.A., M.S.W.|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c&Language=E&Section=ALL|work=Parliamentary File, Parliament of Canada|publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFzeA3z|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Ottawa|year=2012}}</ref>

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T19:20:34Z

Abebenjoe: /* Senator */ Added citation about the Reform Party's media stunt with Mexican bands, used to highlight Thompson's Mexican home address.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]
| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[David McMaster Kerr]]
| successor = [[Dante Matthew De Monte]]
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]].

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]. Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill".<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 17</ref> The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election. He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] in April 1967. His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]].<ref name="CBCNews 19980210">{{cite news|title=Missing senator ordered to show up for work|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/10/senate980210b.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-10|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QFccNs1|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.<ref name="CBCNews 19980210"/>

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T19:12:05Z

Abebenjoe: /* Senator */ cu

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]
| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[David McMaster Kerr]]
| successor = [[Dante Matthew De Monte]]
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]].

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]. Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill".<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 17</ref> The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election. He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] in April 1967. His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]]. Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"/> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Andy Thompson (Politiker)

2012-01-03T19:10:29Z

Abebenjoe: /* Senator */ Archived and formatted citation, corrected date in article that stated he lost his office privileges in December 2007, ten-years after he lost them.

{{Other people2|Andrew Thompson (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox MLA
| name = Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]
| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[David McMaster Kerr]]
| successor = [[Dante Matthew De Monte]]
| office2 = 21st [[Ontario Liberal Party|Ontario Liberal Party Leader]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = [[John Wintermeyer]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| office3 = 19th [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Ontario Opposition Leader]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Farquhar Oliver]]
| successor3 = [[Robert Nixon]]
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| residence =
| spouse =
| religion =
| occupation = Social worker
}}
'''Andrew Ernest Joseph "Andy" Thompson''' (born December 14, 1924) is a former [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. Thompson was leader of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] and later served as a [[Canadian Senate|Senator]].

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], he was educated at [[Monkton Combe School]] in [[England]] and [[Oakwood Collegiate]] in [[Toronto]]. He attended the [[University of Toronto]] from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] during [[World War II]]. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant. He completed his education at [[Queen's University]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1947. He received a [[Master of Social Work]] from the [[University of British Columbia]] in 1949.

==Provincial politics==
Thompson was first elected as a [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] in the [[Ontario general election, 1959|1959 Ontario election]] as a candidate of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in the [[Toronto]] riding of [[Dovercourt (electoral district)|Dovercourt]]. Thompson was close to federal Liberal cabinet minister [[Walter Gordon]] having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompson's Dovercourt constituency.<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 139</ref>

He made his name in the [[Ontario legislature]] in March 1964 when he assailed [[Attorney-General of Ontario|Attorney-General]] [[Fred Cass]] over Bill 99, which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the "Police State Bill".<ref>''The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', [[Donald C. MacDonald]], page 17</ref> The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompson's reputation considerably. He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated [[Charles Templeton]] on the sixth ballot.

Thompson suffered a physical breakdown.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Andy+Thompson+breakdown+Robert+Nixon&source=bl&ots=-IDpZYsK1S&sig=2Ko50hmnME3-ROKw-mxcRfEDdd8&hl=en&ei=TXAqS5zdKo-1lAeYo_CkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Andy%20Thompson%20breakdown%20Robert%20Nixon&f=false]</ref> He also had health problems, specifically a [[heart murmur]], combined with exhaustion, high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza. On the advice of doctors, Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election. He was succeeded as Liberal leader by [[Robert Nixon]].

==Senator==
Thompson was named to the [[Canadian Senate]] in April 1967. His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful. He kept a low profile until his woeful attendance was revealed in a series of investigative reports by journalist Jack Aubry of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Thompson told the reporter he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness, but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session. Thompson had technically not violated any Senate rules, as he has not yet missed two complete consecutive sittings and produced medical certificates for his absence.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend truant without pay|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QEwOQv9|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/18/thompson980218f.html]</ref>

With growing media attention on Thompson's lengthy absences from the red chamber, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] made Thompson's absence a ''cause celebre'', repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in [[Mexico]]. Reform [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] hired a [[Mariachi]] band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue. Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed.

The resulting furor resulted in Thompson being expelled from the Liberal [[caucus]] on November 19, 1997. The Senate first voted to strip him of his privileges and other perks. Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record, resulting in his suspension of his $64,400 salary and $10,100 tax-free expense allowance.<ref name="CBCnews 19980218"> In December 1997, Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges. Some Senators disagree with the suspension, arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead.<ref name="CBCNews 19980219">{{cite news|title=Senate votes to suspend Andrew Thompson|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html|accessdate=2012-01-03|newspaper=CBCNews|date=1998-02-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64QDz8DP6|archivedate=2012-01-03|location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1998/02/19/thompson980219e.html]</ref> He resigned on March 23, 1998, 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement, and was entitled to a pension of $48,000.

The media's exposure of Thompson's attendance and his colleagues' tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{CanParlbio|ID=24c3606a-5698-46c2-81e3-e15b82c0447c}}
*{{OntarioMPPbio|ID=1912}}

{{Ontario Liberal Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thompson, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 14, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Andrew}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Canada from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Weltraumzeitalter

2011-11-18T20:01:19Z

Abebenjoe: /* Chronology */ Added hidden note that the Space Shuttle wasn't the first resusable spaceship, that was the sub-orbital X-15. The shuttle was the first reusable orbital spaceship.

{{about|the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|The launch of [[Sputnik 1]] marked the start of the Space Age.<ref name="test">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/shooting-moon Walter A. McDougall] "Shooting the Moon," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2010.</ref>]]
[[File:Sputnik.ogg|thumb|The signals of ''Sputnik 1'' continued for 22 days.]]
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle]] lifts off on a manned mission to space.]]

The '''Space Age''' is a time period encompassing the activities related to the [[Space Race]], [[space exploration]], space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with [[Sputnik]] (1957). Furthermore it is argued that this age brought a new dimension to the [[Cold War]].

==Beginning==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
The first man made rocket to breach the [[boundary of space]] was a German [[V-2 rocket|V-2 rocket]] (also known as A4) in 1942. Because of its destructive use during [[World War II|World War II]] it did not gain scientific acknowledgment at the time. Its chief developer [[Wernher von Braun]] later became involved with [[NASA]].<ref name="Space Chronology 1940's">[http://spacechronology.com/1940s.html#1942 Space Chronology | 1940's] "SpaceChronology.com" 2010.</ref>

The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957, with the launch of [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. This was the known world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the US and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in [[rocket]]ry, [[materials science]], [[computer]]s and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been [[Government spin-off|spun off]] and found other uses.

The Space Age reached its peak with the [[Apollo program]], that captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of [[Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas. Public perception of the dangers and cost of [[space exploration]] in the US was greatly affected by the [[Challenger disaster]] in 1986. Public interest in space exploration further faded when the space race came to an end due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition.

Since then participation in space launches has increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, the current period has more often been referred to as the [[Information Age]] rather than the Space Age, since space exploration and space-related technologies gained a perception by many people of being commonplace.

==Current period==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
In the early 21st century, the [[Ansari X Prize]] competition was set up to help jump start [[private spaceflight]], which was won by [[Space Ship One]] in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full fledged space programs with launch facilities. There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with a total of hundreds of [[satellite]]s in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.

==Chronology==
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date
! First ...
! Mission
! Person(s)
! Country
|-
| October 4, 1957
| [[artificial satellite]]
| [[Sputnik 1]]
| -
| Soviet Union
|-
| January 2, 1959 || Lunar flyby, and first spacecraft to achieve a [[heliocentric orbit]] || [[Luna 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| September 12, 1959 || Impacted on the Lunar surface; thereby becoming the first human object to reach another world || [[Luna 2]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| October 7, 1959 || Pictures of the [[far side of the moon]] || [[Luna 3]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| April 12, 1961 || Human in space || [[Vostok 1]] || [[Yuri Gagarin]] || Soviet Union
|-
| March 18, 1965 || [[Extra-vehicular activity|Spacewalk]] || [[Voskhod 2]] || [[Alexey Leonov]] || Soviet Union
|-
| December 15, 1965 || [[Space rendezvous]] || [[Gemini 6A]] & [[Gemini 7]] || [[Wally Schirra|Schirra]], [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Stafford]], [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]] || United States
|-
| April 3, 1966 || Artificial satellite of another [[celestial body]] || [[Luna 10]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| December 21–27, 1968 || Humans to leave the Earth's influence, orbiting the [[Moon]] || [[Apollo 8]] || [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[William Anders|Anders]]|| United States 
|-
| July 20, 1969 || Human to walk on the Moon || [[Apollo 11]] || [[Neil Armstrong]] || United States
|-
| April 19, 1971 || [[Space station]] || [[Salyut 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| July 20, 1976 || Pictures from the surface of [[Mars]] || [[Viking 1]] || - || United States
|-
| April 12, 1981 || Reusable orbital spaceship || [[Space Shuttle]] || [[John Young (astronaut) |Young]], [[Robert Crippen|Crippen]] || United States
|-
| February 19, 1986 || Long-duration [[space station]] || [[Mir]] || - || Soviet Union 
|-
| November 2, 2000 || Resident crew || [[Expedition 1]] ([[International Space Station]]) || - || International
|}

==Earlier spaceflights==
The Space Age might also be considered to have begun much earlier than October 4, 1957, because on October 3, 1942, a German [[Aggregate series|A4]] rocket, a prototype version of the [[V-2 rocket]] program, reached space. It thus became the first man-made object to enter [[outer space|space]], albeit only briefly. Since this flight was undertaken in secrecy, it wasn't public knowledge for many years afterwards. Further, the German launch, as well as the subsequent [[sounding rocket]] tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an [[inter-continental ballistic missile]]. The fact that after such a development nowhere on the planet was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbit standard is used to define when the space age started.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Schefter
| first = James
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 1999
| location =[[New York, New York]]
| pages = 3–49
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Space probe]]
*[[Information Age]]
*[[Atomic Age]]
*[[Googie architecture]] (space age design movement)

==External sources==
*[http://www.spacechronology.com Space Chronology]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Interactive media==
*[http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive media]

[[Category:Spaceflight]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:1957 introductions]]

[[ar:عصر الفضاء]]
[[ca:Era espacial]]
[[da:Rumalderen]]
[[es:Era espacial]]
[[fr:Ère spatiale]]
[[it:Era spaziale]]
[[ka:კოსმოსის ეპოქა]]
[[hu:Űrtörténelem]]
[[pt:Era espacial]]
[[sv:Rymdåldern]]

Weltraumzeitalter

2011-11-18T19:55:52Z

Abebenjoe: /* Chronology */ Removed the word "First" since the column header already states that, making it redundant in the body

{{about|the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|The launch of [[Sputnik 1]] marked the start of the Space Age.<ref name="test">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/shooting-moon Walter A. McDougall] "Shooting the Moon," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2010.</ref>]]
[[File:Sputnik.ogg|thumb|The signals of ''Sputnik 1'' continued for 22 days.]]
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle]] lifts off on a manned mission to space.]]

The '''Space Age''' is a time period encompassing the activities related to the [[Space Race]], [[space exploration]], space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with [[Sputnik]] (1957). Furthermore it is argued that this age brought a new dimension to the [[Cold War]].

==Beginning==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
The first man made rocket to breach the [[boundary of space]] was a German [[V-2 rocket|V-2 rocket]] (also known as A4) in 1942. Because of its destructive use during [[World War II|World War II]] it did not gain scientific acknowledgment at the time. Its chief developer [[Wernher von Braun]] later became involved with [[NASA]].<ref name="Space Chronology 1940's">[http://spacechronology.com/1940s.html#1942 Space Chronology | 1940's] "SpaceChronology.com" 2010.</ref>

The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957, with the launch of [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. This was the known world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the US and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in [[rocket]]ry, [[materials science]], [[computer]]s and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been [[Government spin-off|spun off]] and found other uses.

The Space Age reached its peak with the [[Apollo program]], that captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of [[Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas. Public perception of the dangers and cost of [[space exploration]] in the US was greatly affected by the [[Challenger disaster]] in 1986. Public interest in space exploration further faded when the space race came to an end due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition.

Since then participation in space launches has increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, the current period has more often been referred to as the [[Information Age]] rather than the Space Age, since space exploration and space-related technologies gained a perception by many people of being commonplace.

==Current period==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
In the early 21st century, the [[Ansari X Prize]] competition was set up to help jump start [[private spaceflight]], which was won by [[Space Ship One]] in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full fledged space programs with launch facilities. There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with a total of hundreds of [[satellite]]s in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.

==Chronology==
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date
! First ...
! Mission
! Person(s)
! Country
|-
| October 4, 1957
| [[artificial satellite]]
| [[Sputnik 1]]
| -
| Soviet Union
|-
| January 2, 1959 || Lunar flyby, and first spacecraft to achieve a [[heliocentric orbit]] || [[Luna 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| September 12, 1959 || Impacted on the Lunar surface; thereby becoming the first human object to reach another world || [[Luna 2]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| October 7, 1959 || Pictures of the [[far side of the moon]] || [[Luna 3]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| April 12, 1961 || Human in space || [[Vostok 1]] || [[Yuri Gagarin]] || Soviet Union
|-
| March 18, 1965 || [[Extra-vehicular activity|Spacewalk]] || [[Voskhod 2]] || [[Alexey Leonov]] || Soviet Union
|-
| December 15, 1965 || [[Space rendezvous]] || [[Gemini 6A]] & [[Gemini 7]] || [[Wally Schirra|Schirra]], [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Stafford]], [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]] || United States
|-
| April 3, 1966 || Artificial satellite of another [[celestial body]] || [[Luna 10]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| December 21–27, 1968 || Humans to leave the Earth's influence, orbiting the [[Moon]] || [[Apollo 8]] || [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[William Anders|Anders]]|| United States 
|-
| July 20, 1969 || Human to walk on the Moon || [[Apollo 11]] || [[Neil Armstrong]] || United States
|-
| April 19, 1971 || [[Space station]] || [[Salyut 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| July 20, 1976 || Pictures from the surface of [[Mars]] || [[Viking 1]] || - || United States
|-
| April 12, 1981 || Reusable orbital spaceship || [[Space Shuttle]] || [[John Young (astronaut) |Young]], [[Robert Crippen|Crippen]] || United States
|-
| February 19, 1986 || Long-duration [[space station]] || [[Mir]] || - || Soviet Union 
|-
| November 2, 2000 || Resident crew || [[Expedition 1]] ([[International Space Station]]) || - || International
|}

==Earlier spaceflights==
The Space Age might also be considered to have begun much earlier than October 4, 1957, because on October 3, 1942, a German [[Aggregate series|A4]] rocket, a prototype version of the [[V-2 rocket]] program, reached space. It thus became the first man-made object to enter [[outer space|space]], albeit only briefly. Since this flight was undertaken in secrecy, it wasn't public knowledge for many years afterwards. Further, the German launch, as well as the subsequent [[sounding rocket]] tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an [[inter-continental ballistic missile]]. The fact that after such a development nowhere on the planet was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbit standard is used to define when the space age started.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Schefter
| first = James
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 1999
| location =[[New York, New York]]
| pages = 3–49
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Space probe]]
*[[Information Age]]
*[[Atomic Age]]
*[[Googie architecture]] (space age design movement)

==External sources==
*[http://www.spacechronology.com Space Chronology]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Interactive media==
*[http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive media]

[[Category:Spaceflight]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:1957 introductions]]

[[ar:عصر الفضاء]]
[[ca:Era espacial]]
[[da:Rumalderen]]
[[es:Era espacial]]
[[fr:Ère spatiale]]
[[it:Era spaziale]]
[[ka:კოსმოსის ეპოქა]]
[[hu:Űrtörténelem]]
[[pt:Era espacial]]
[[sv:Rymdåldern]]

Weltraumzeitalter

2011-11-18T19:52:41Z

Abebenjoe: /* Chronology */ Added crew members to the first rendezvous, and the STS1 crew

{{about|the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|The launch of [[Sputnik 1]] marked the start of the Space Age.<ref name="test">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/shooting-moon Walter A. McDougall] "Shooting the Moon," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2010.</ref>]]
[[File:Sputnik.ogg|thumb|The signals of ''Sputnik 1'' continued for 22 days.]]
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle]] lifts off on a manned mission to space.]]

The '''Space Age''' is a time period encompassing the activities related to the [[Space Race]], [[space exploration]], space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with [[Sputnik]] (1957). Furthermore it is argued that this age brought a new dimension to the [[Cold War]].

==Beginning==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
The first man made rocket to breach the [[boundary of space]] was a German [[V-2 rocket|V-2 rocket]] (also known as A4) in 1942. Because of its destructive use during [[World War II|World War II]] it did not gain scientific acknowledgment at the time. Its chief developer [[Wernher von Braun]] later became involved with [[NASA]].<ref name="Space Chronology 1940's">[http://spacechronology.com/1940s.html#1942 Space Chronology | 1940's] "SpaceChronology.com" 2010.</ref>

The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957, with the launch of [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. This was the known world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the US and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in [[rocket]]ry, [[materials science]], [[computer]]s and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been [[Government spin-off|spun off]] and found other uses.

The Space Age reached its peak with the [[Apollo program]], that captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of [[Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas. Public perception of the dangers and cost of [[space exploration]] in the US was greatly affected by the [[Challenger disaster]] in 1986. Public interest in space exploration further faded when the space race came to an end due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition.

Since then participation in space launches has increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, the current period has more often been referred to as the [[Information Age]] rather than the Space Age, since space exploration and space-related technologies gained a perception by many people of being commonplace.

==Current period==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
In the early 21st century, the [[Ansari X Prize]] competition was set up to help jump start [[private spaceflight]], which was won by [[Space Ship One]] in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full fledged space programs with launch facilities. There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with a total of hundreds of [[satellite]]s in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.

==Chronology==
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date
! First ...
! Mission
! Person(s)
! Country
|-
| October 4, 1957
| [[artificial satellite]]
| [[Sputnik 1]]
| -
| Soviet Union
|-
| January 2, 1959 || Lunar flyby, and first spacecraft to achieve a [[heliocentric orbit]] || [[Luna 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| September 12, 1959 || Impacted on the Lunar surface; thereby becoming the first human object to reach another world || [[Luna 2]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| October 7, 1959 || Pictures of the [[far side of the moon]] || [[Luna 3]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| April 12, 1961 || Human in space || [[Vostok 1]] || [[Yuri Gagarin]] || Soviet Union
|-
| March 18, 1965 || [[Extra-vehicular activity|Spacewalk]] || [[Voskhod 2]] || [[Alexey Leonov]] || Soviet Union
|-
| December 15, 1965 || [[Space rendezvous]] || [[Gemini 6A]] & [[Gemini 7]] || [[Wally Schirra|Schirra]], [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Stafford]], [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]] || United States
|-
| April 3, 1966 || Artificial satellite of another [[celestial body]] || [[Luna 10]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| December 21–27, 1968 || Humans to leave the Earth's influence, orbiting the [[Moon]] || [[Apollo 8]] || [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[William Anders|Anders]]|| United States 
|-
| July 20, 1969 || Human to walk on the Moon || [[Apollo 11]] || [[Neil Armstrong]] || United States
|-
| April 19, 1971 || [[Space station]] || [[Salyut 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| July 20, 1976 || First pictures from the surface of [[Mars]] || [[Viking 1]] || - || United States
|-
| April 12, 1981 || First reusable orbital spaceship || [[Space Shuttle]] || [[John Young (astronaut) |Young]], [[Robert Crippen|Crippen]] || United States
|-
| February 19, 1986 || Long-duration [[space station]] || [[Mir]] || - || Soviet Union 
|-
| November 2, 2000 || Resident crew || [[Expedition 1]] ([[International Space Station]]) || - || International
|}

==Earlier spaceflights==
The Space Age might also be considered to have begun much earlier than October 4, 1957, because on October 3, 1942, a German [[Aggregate series|A4]] rocket, a prototype version of the [[V-2 rocket]] program, reached space. It thus became the first man-made object to enter [[outer space|space]], albeit only briefly. Since this flight was undertaken in secrecy, it wasn't public knowledge for many years afterwards. Further, the German launch, as well as the subsequent [[sounding rocket]] tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an [[inter-continental ballistic missile]]. The fact that after such a development nowhere on the planet was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbit standard is used to define when the space age started.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Schefter
| first = James
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 1999
| location =[[New York, New York]]
| pages = 3–49
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Space probe]]
*[[Information Age]]
*[[Atomic Age]]
*[[Googie architecture]] (space age design movement)

==External sources==
*[http://www.spacechronology.com Space Chronology]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Interactive media==
*[http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive media]

[[Category:Spaceflight]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:1957 introductions]]

[[ar:عصر الفضاء]]
[[ca:Era espacial]]
[[da:Rumalderen]]
[[es:Era espacial]]
[[fr:Ère spatiale]]
[[it:Era spaziale]]
[[ka:კოსმოსის ეპოქა]]
[[hu:Űrtörténelem]]
[[pt:Era espacial]]
[[sv:Rymdåldern]]

Weltraumzeitalter

2011-11-18T19:44:44Z

Abebenjoe: /* Chronology */ Changed the column heading from Person to Person(s)

{{about|the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|The launch of [[Sputnik 1]] marked the start of the Space Age.<ref name="test">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/shooting-moon Walter A. McDougall] "Shooting the Moon," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2010.</ref>]]
[[File:Sputnik.ogg|thumb|The signals of ''Sputnik 1'' continued for 22 days.]]
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle]] lifts off on a manned mission to space.]]

The '''Space Age''' is a time period encompassing the activities related to the [[Space Race]], [[space exploration]], space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with [[Sputnik]] (1957). Furthermore it is argued that this age brought a new dimension to the [[Cold War]].

==Beginning==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
The first man made rocket to breach the [[boundary of space]] was a German [[V-2 rocket|V-2 rocket]] (also known as A4) in 1942. Because of its destructive use during [[World War II|World War II]] it did not gain scientific acknowledgment at the time. Its chief developer [[Wernher von Braun]] later became involved with [[NASA]].<ref name="Space Chronology 1940's">[http://spacechronology.com/1940s.html#1942 Space Chronology | 1940's] "SpaceChronology.com" 2010.</ref>

The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957, with the launch of [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. This was the known world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the US and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in [[rocket]]ry, [[materials science]], [[computer]]s and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been [[Government spin-off|spun off]] and found other uses.

The Space Age reached its peak with the [[Apollo program]], that captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of [[Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas. Public perception of the dangers and cost of [[space exploration]] in the US was greatly affected by the [[Challenger disaster]] in 1986. Public interest in space exploration further faded when the space race came to an end due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition.

Since then participation in space launches has increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, the current period has more often been referred to as the [[Information Age]] rather than the Space Age, since space exploration and space-related technologies gained a perception by many people of being commonplace.

==Current period==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
In the early 21st century, the [[Ansari X Prize]] competition was set up to help jump start [[private spaceflight]], which was won by [[Space Ship One]] in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full fledged space programs with launch facilities. There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with a total of hundreds of [[satellite]]s in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.

==Chronology==
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date
! First ...
! Mission
! Person(s)
! Country
|-
| October 4, 1957
| [[artificial satellite]]
| [[Sputnik 1]]
| -
| Soviet Union
|-
| January 2, 1959 || Lunar flyby, and first spacecraft to achieve a [[heliocentric orbit]] || [[Luna 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| September 12, 1959 || Impacted on the Lunar surface; thereby becoming the first human object to reach another world || [[Luna 2]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| October 7, 1959 || Pictures of the [[far side of the moon]] || [[Luna 3]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| April 12, 1961 || Human in space || [[Vostok 1]] || [[Yuri Gagarin]] || Soviet Union
|-
| March 18, 1965 || [[Extra-vehicular activity|Spacewalk]] || [[Voskhod 2]] || [[Alexey Leonov]] || Soviet Union
|-
| December 15, 1965 || [[Space rendezvous]] || [[Gemini 6A]] & [[Gemini 7]] || - || United States
|-
| April 3, 1966 || Artificial satellite of another [[celestial body]] || [[Luna 10]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| December 21–27, 1968 || Humans to leave the Earth's influence, orbiting the [[Moon]] || [[Apollo 8]] || [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[William Anders|Anders]]|| United States 
|-
| July 20, 1969 || Human to walk on the Moon || [[Apollo 11]] || [[Neil Armstrong]] || United States
|-
| April 19, 1971 || [[Space station]] || [[Salyut 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| July 20, 1976 || First pictures from the surface of [[Mars]] || [[Viking 1]] || - || United States
|-
| April 12, 1981 || First reusable orbital space ship || [[Space Shuttle]] || - || United States
|-
| February 19, 1986 || Long-duration [[space station]] || [[Mir]] || - || Soviet Union 
|-
| November 2, 2000 || Resident crew || [[Expedition 1]] ([[International Space Station]]) || - || International
|}

==Earlier spaceflights==
The Space Age might also be considered to have begun much earlier than October 4, 1957, because on October 3, 1942, a German [[Aggregate series|A4]] rocket, a prototype version of the [[V-2 rocket]] program, reached space. It thus became the first man-made object to enter [[outer space|space]], albeit only briefly. Since this flight was undertaken in secrecy, it wasn't public knowledge for many years afterwards. Further, the German launch, as well as the subsequent [[sounding rocket]] tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an [[inter-continental ballistic missile]]. The fact that after such a development nowhere on the planet was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbit standard is used to define when the space age started.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Schefter
| first = James
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 1999
| location =[[New York, New York]]
| pages = 3–49
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Space probe]]
*[[Information Age]]
*[[Atomic Age]]
*[[Googie architecture]] (space age design movement)

==External sources==
*[http://www.spacechronology.com Space Chronology]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Interactive media==
*[http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive media]

[[Category:Spaceflight]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:1957 introductions]]

[[ar:عصر الفضاء]]
[[ca:Era espacial]]
[[da:Rumalderen]]
[[es:Era espacial]]
[[fr:Ère spatiale]]
[[it:Era spaziale]]
[[ka:კოსმოსის ეპოქა]]
[[hu:Űrtörténelem]]
[[pt:Era espacial]]
[[sv:Rymdåldern]]

Weltraumzeitalter

2011-11-18T19:43:57Z

Abebenjoe: /* Chronology */ Capitalized all first words in firsts column, added the names of the Apollo 8 crew, changed TLI to TEI, as several spacecraft performed TLI, but Apollo 8 was the very first spacecraft of any kind to perform TEI.

{{about|the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|The launch of [[Sputnik 1]] marked the start of the Space Age.<ref name="test">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/shooting-moon Walter A. McDougall] "Shooting the Moon," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2010.</ref>]]
[[File:Sputnik.ogg|thumb|The signals of ''Sputnik 1'' continued for 22 days.]]
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle]] lifts off on a manned mission to space.]]

The '''Space Age''' is a time period encompassing the activities related to the [[Space Race]], [[space exploration]], space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with [[Sputnik]] (1957). Furthermore it is argued that this age brought a new dimension to the [[Cold War]].

==Beginning==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
The first man made rocket to breach the [[boundary of space]] was a German [[V-2 rocket|V-2 rocket]] (also known as A4) in 1942. Because of its destructive use during [[World War II|World War II]] it did not gain scientific acknowledgment at the time. Its chief developer [[Wernher von Braun]] later became involved with [[NASA]].<ref name="Space Chronology 1940's">[http://spacechronology.com/1940s.html#1942 Space Chronology | 1940's] "SpaceChronology.com" 2010.</ref>

The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957, with the launch of [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. This was the known world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the US and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in [[rocket]]ry, [[materials science]], [[computer]]s and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been [[Government spin-off|spun off]] and found other uses.

The Space Age reached its peak with the [[Apollo program]], that captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of [[Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas. Public perception of the dangers and cost of [[space exploration]] in the US was greatly affected by the [[Challenger disaster]] in 1986. Public interest in space exploration further faded when the space race came to an end due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition.

Since then participation in space launches has increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, the current period has more often been referred to as the [[Information Age]] rather than the Space Age, since space exploration and space-related technologies gained a perception by many people of being commonplace.

==Current period==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
In the early 21st century, the [[Ansari X Prize]] competition was set up to help jump start [[private spaceflight]], which was won by [[Space Ship One]] in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full fledged space programs with launch facilities. There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with a total of hundreds of [[satellite]]s in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.

==Chronology==
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date
! First ...
! Mission
! Person
! Country
|-
| October 4, 1957
| [[artificial satellite]]
| [[Sputnik 1]]
| -
| Soviet Union
|-
| January 2, 1959 || Lunar flyby, and first spacecraft to achieve a [[heliocentric orbit]] || [[Luna 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| September 12, 1959 || Impacted on the Lunar surface; thereby becoming the first human object to reach another world || [[Luna 2]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| October 7, 1959 || Pictures of the [[far side of the moon]] || [[Luna 3]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| April 12, 1961 || Human in space || [[Vostok 1]] || [[Yuri Gagarin]] || Soviet Union
|-
| March 18, 1965 || [[Extra-vehicular activity|Spacewalk]] || [[Voskhod 2]] || [[Alexey Leonov]] || Soviet Union
|-
| December 15, 1965 || [[Space rendezvous]] || [[Gemini 6A]] & [[Gemini 7]] || - || United States
|-
| April 3, 1966 || Artificial satellite of another [[celestial body]] || [[Luna 10]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| December 21–27, 1968 || Humans to leave the Earth's influence, orbiting the [[Moon]] || [[Apollo 8]] || [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[William Anders|Anders]]|| United States 
|-
| July 20, 1969 || Human to walk on the Moon || [[Apollo 11]] || [[Neil Armstrong]] || United States
|-
| April 19, 1971 || [[Space station]] || [[Salyut 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| July 20, 1976 || First pictures from the surface of [[Mars]] || [[Viking 1]] || - || United States
|-
| April 12, 1981 || First reusable orbital space ship || [[Space Shuttle]] || - || United States
|-
| February 19, 1986 || Long-duration [[space station]] || [[Mir]] || - || Soviet Union 
|-
| November 2, 2000 || Resident crew || [[Expedition 1]] ([[International Space Station]]) || - || International
|}

==Earlier spaceflights==
The Space Age might also be considered to have begun much earlier than October 4, 1957, because on October 3, 1942, a German [[Aggregate series|A4]] rocket, a prototype version of the [[V-2 rocket]] program, reached space. It thus became the first man-made object to enter [[outer space|space]], albeit only briefly. Since this flight was undertaken in secrecy, it wasn't public knowledge for many years afterwards. Further, the German launch, as well as the subsequent [[sounding rocket]] tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an [[inter-continental ballistic missile]]. The fact that after such a development nowhere on the planet was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbit standard is used to define when the space age started.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Schefter
| first = James
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 1999
| location =[[New York, New York]]
| pages = 3–49
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Space probe]]
*[[Information Age]]
*[[Atomic Age]]
*[[Googie architecture]] (space age design movement)

==External sources==
*[http://www.spacechronology.com Space Chronology]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Interactive media==
*[http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive media]

[[Category:Spaceflight]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:1957 introductions]]

[[ar:عصر الفضاء]]
[[ca:Era espacial]]
[[da:Rumalderen]]
[[es:Era espacial]]
[[fr:Ère spatiale]]
[[it:Era spaziale]]
[[ka:კოსმოსის ეპოქა]]
[[hu:Űrtörténelem]]
[[pt:Era espacial]]
[[sv:Rymdåldern]]

Expo 67

2010-02-07T07:25:48Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 342411576 by 70.232.40.254 (talk)

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the general exhibition, category one [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group became known as ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> ''Les Durs'' consisted of: Jean-Claude Delorme, Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation; Dale Rediker, Director of Finances; Colonel Edward Churchill, Director of Installations; Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, Director of Operations, dubbed "The Mayor of Expo"; Pierre de Bellefeuille, Director of Exhibitors; and Yves Jasmin, Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations.<ref>Yves Jasmin on Wikipedia</ref>

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers — including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]; novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]]; [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner — met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = 3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
|date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://www.westland.net/expo67 Photos of 140 pavillions at Expo 67]
*[http://www.westland.net/expo67/map-docs/architecture.htm Architecture at Expo 67]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
*[http://www.dchillier.com/ Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

{{Montreal Expos}}
{{monhist}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[nl:Expo '67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Weltraumzeitalter

2010-01-18T06:17:47Z

Abebenjoe: /* Chronology */ First Rendezvous in space Gemini 6A and Gemini 7

{{otheruses4|the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}
[[File:Sputnik.ogg|thumb|The signals of [[Sputnik 1]] continued for 22 days.]]
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle]] lifts off on a manned mission to space.]]

The '''Space Age''' is a contemporary period encompassing the activities related to the [[Space Race]], [[space exploration]], space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with [[Sputnik]] (1957).

==Beginning==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957, with the launch of [[Sputnik 1]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the [[USA]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Rapid advances were made in [[rocket]]ry, [[materials science]], [[computer]]s and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been [[Government spin-off|spun off]] and found other uses.

The Space Age reached its peak with the [[Apollo program]] which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of [[Apollo 11]] was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], public attention has largely moved to other areas.

During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the Soviet Union disintegrated and [[NASA]] no longer had any direct competition. Also, public perception of the dangers and cost of space exploration in the USA was greatly affected by the [[Challenger disaster]] in 1986.

Since then participation in space launches have increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, the current period has more often been referred to as the [[Information Age]] rather than the Space Age, since space exploration and space-related technologies are no longer felt to be commonplace by significant portions of the public.

==Current period==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
In the early 21st century, the [[Ansari X Prize]] competition was set up to help jump start [[private spaceflight]], which was won by [[Space Ship One]] in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full fledge space programs with launch facilities. There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with a total of hundreds of [[satellite]]s in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.

==Chronology==
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date
! First ...
! Mission
! Person
! Country
|-
| October 4, 1957
| [[artificial satellite]]
| [[Sputnik 1]]
| -
| Soviet Union
|-
| October 7, 1959 || pictures of the [[far side of the moon]] || [[Luna 3]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| April 12, 1961 || man in space || [[Vostok 1]] || [[Yuri Gagarin]] || Soviet Union
|-
| March 18, 1965 || [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]] || [[Voskhod 2]] || [[Alexey Leonov]] || Soviet Union
|-
| December 15, 1965 || [[Space rendezvous]] || [[Gemini 6A]] & [[Gemini 7]] || - || USA
|-
| April 3, 1966 || artificial satellite of another [[celestial body]] || [[Luna 10]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| December 21-27, 1968 || humans to leave the Earth's influence, orbiting the [[Moon]] || [[Apollo 8]] || - || USA 
|-
| July 20, 1969 || first human to walk on the Moon || [[Apollo 11]] || [[Neil Armstrong]] || USA
|-
| April 19, 1971 || [[space station]] || [[Salyut 1]] || - || Soviet Union
|-
| July 20, 1976 || [[Mars]] landing || [[Viking 1]] || - || USA
|-
| April 12, 1981 || reusable space ship || [[Space Shuttle]] || - || USA
|-
| February 19, 1986 || long duration [[space station]] || [[Mir]] || - || Soviet Union 
|-
| November 2, 2000 || resident crew || [[Expedition 1]] ([[International Space Station]]) || - || international
|}

==Earlier spaceflights==
The Space Age might also be considered to have begun much earlier than October 4, 1957, because on October 3, 1942, a German [[Aggregate series|A4]] rocket, a prototype version of the [[V-2 rocket]] program, reached space. It thus became the first man-made object to enter [[outer space|space]], albeit only briefly. Since this flight was undertaken in secrecy, it wasn't public knowledge for many years afterwards. Further, the German launch, as well as the subsequent [[sounding rocket]] tests performed in both the USA and USSR during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an [[inter-continental ballistic missile]]. The fact that after such a development nowhere on the planet was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbit standard is used to define when the space age started.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Schefter
| first = James
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 1999
| location =[[New York, New York]]
| pages = 3–49
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Space Exploration]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Space probe]]
*[[Information Age]]
*[[Atomic Age]]
*[[Populuxe]] (space age design movement)

==Interactive media==
*[http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik - Interactive media]

[[Category:Space exploration]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:1957 introductions]]

[[ar:عصر الفضاء]]
[[ca:Era espacial]]
[[da:Rumalderen]]
[[es:Era espacial]]
[[fr:Ère spatiale]]
[[it:Era spaziale]]
[[ka:კოსმოსის ეპოქა]]
[[hu:Űrtörténelem]]
[[sv:Rymdåldern]]

Expo 67

2009-12-16T17:41:07Z

Abebenjoe: /* Key people */Thanks to Yves Jasmin for filling out the list of ''Les Durs''. Fixed some punctuation.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly know, was the general exhibition, category one [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group became known as ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> ''Les Durs'' consisted of: Jean-Claude Delorme, Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation; Dale Rediker, Director of Finances; Colonel Edward Churchill, Director of Installations; Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, Director of Operations, dubbed "The Mayor of Expo"; Pierre de Bellefeuille, Director of Exhibitors; and Yves Jasmin, Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations.<ref>Yves Jasmin on Wikipedia</ref>

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers — including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]; novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]]; [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner — met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = 3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
|date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
*[http://www.dchillier.com/ Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[nl:Expo '67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-12-16T17:26:48Z

Abebenjoe: /* Montebello conference produces theme */ cu

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly know, was the general exhibition, category one [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers — including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]; novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]]; [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner — met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = 3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
|date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
*[http://www.dchillier.com/ Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[nl:Expo '67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-12-16T17:24:33Z

Abebenjoe: /* Montebello conference produces theme */ cu

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly know, was the general exhibition, category one [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including — Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]; novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]]; [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner — met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = 3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
|date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
*[http://www.dchillier.com/ Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[nl:Expo '67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-12-16T17:22:18Z

Abebenjoe: Cleaned up opening paragraph

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly know, was the general exhibition, category one [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = 3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
|date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
*[http://www.dchillier.com/ Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links]
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{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[nl:Expo '67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
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[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-12-16T17:06:35Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 324988222 by NeonMerlin (talk)

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.
The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = 3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
|date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
*[http://www.dchillier.com/ Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[nl:Expo '67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
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[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-11-08T21:49:03Z

Abebenjoe: /* Expo ends */ fixed some kind of typo introduced in a re-edit over the last two months.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.
The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}


Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos culture and lore]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-10-15T01:30:13Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 319327196 by J Milburn (talk) undoing an honest mistake by Milburn. Wrong copyright tag was on the image. It is public domain.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.
The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''[[Habitat 67]]'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = 1967-10-30
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = 2007-04-21
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-08-24T15:36:59Z

Abebenjoe: Added more citations

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.
The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there. Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Ex
po did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>
ÀÀ
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= TU THANH HA| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = A3| accessdate = 2009-08-24| language =EN}}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-08-24T15:24:04Z

Abebenjoe: Formatting. Looks like a lot references were improperly edited out, will try to fix over the coming days.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

-

The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.
The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.

Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Ex
po did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>
ÀÀ
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Île Sainte-Hélène to Île Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-08-24T15:20:20Z

Abebenjoe: Edited the summary opening section, added citations, or more correctly, put them back.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

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The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.
The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.

Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Ex
po did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>
ÀÀ
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}</ref> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-08-24T14:59:37Z

Abebenjoe: Removed unsourced additions or irrelvent additions

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 Universal and International Exhibition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967 and was Canada's main celebration during the Canadian Centennial year.

Expo 67 was managed by the "Canadian Corporation for World Exhibition" (CCWE) a [[crown corporation]] bringing together the three sponsoring governments, Canada, Quebec and Montreal.

It is considered to be the most successful World Exhibition of the 20th century, with 62 nations participating and over 50 million visitors. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world exhibition with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

The [[USSR]] was originally granted the 1967 exhibition year to mark the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 but the Soviets decided to cancel, and it was awarded to Canada on November 13, 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.

Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref> Yves Jasmin, O.C. who was Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations for Expo 67, from 1964 to 1968 and who is the author of La Petite Histoire d'Expo 67 (Les Éditions Québec-Amérique 1997)
| accessdate = 2009-07-21
}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Ex
po did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>
ÀÀ
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-08-24T14:42:15Z

Abebenjoe: CU

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 Universal and International Exhibition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967 and was Canada's main celebration during the Canadian Centennial year.

Expo 67 was managed by the "Canadian Corporation for World Exhibition" (CCWE) a [[crown corporation]] bringing together the three sponsoring governments, Canada, Quebec and Montreal.

It is considered to be the most successful World Exhibition of the 20th century, with 62 nations participating and over 50 million visitors. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world exhibition with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

The [[USSR]] was originally granted the 1967 exhibition year to mark the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 but the Soviets decided to cancel, and it was awarded to Canada on November 13, 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.

Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref> Yves Jasmin, O.C. who was Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations for Expo 67, from 1964 to 1968 and who is the author of La Petite Histoire d'Expo 67 (Les Éditions Québec-Amérique 1997)
| accessdate = 2009-07-21
}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Ex
po did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>
ÀÀ
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811. Expo gave an immense contribution to Canada's tourism industry which went from a 600 million figure for 1966 to over one billion in 1967. According to Bank of Canada's inflation calculator, the "deficit" equates to roughly $1.3 billion Canadian dollars (2008).<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>
Ottawa, Canada's capital also has plans to host the World Fair in 2017. <ref>[http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=1cf9b944-2149-42d5-be0b-a1f7c9afa591&k=3435 (Aug. 2007) Mayor Wants World's Fair in Ottawa 2017]</ref>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-08-24T14:39:24Z

Abebenjoe: No citations are needed in the introduction, the facts are supported with citations in the body of the article.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates. The Expo symbol was created by Julien Hébert in 1963.]]

The '''1967 Universal and International Exhibition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the first First Category exhibition approved by the Bureau of International Exhibition in the Americas. It was held in [[Montreal]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Canada]], from April 28 to October 29, 1967 and was Canada's main celebration during the Canadian Centennial year.

Expo 67 was managed by the "Canadian Corporation for World Exhibition" (CCWE) a [[crown corporation]] bringing together the three sponsoring governments, Canada, Quebec and Montreal.

It is considered to be the most successful World Exhibition of the 20th century, with 62 nations participating and over 50 million visitors. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world exhibition with 569,000 visitors on its third day.{

The [[USSR]] was originally granted the 1967 exhibition year to mark the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 but the Soviets decided to cancel, and it was awarded to Canada on November 13, 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings, which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition, had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.

Many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref> Yves Jasmin, O.C. who was Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations for Expo 67, from 1964 to 1968 and who is the author of La Petite Histoire d'Expo 67 (Les Éditions Québec-Amérique 1997)
| accessdate = 2009-07-21
}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed the idea of hosting a World Exhibition to celebrate Canada's centennial during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group was called ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> They were Jean-Claude Delorme, legal counsel and secretary of the Corporation, Dale Rediker, director of finances, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of Installations, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of Operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo, Pierre de Bellefeuille, director of Exhibitors and Yves Jasmin, director of Information, Advertising and Publir Relations. ref Yves Jasmin.

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Ex
po did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>
ÀÀ
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not quite completed by opening day, and was displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Ambassador Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

Expo's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811. Expo gave an immense contribution to Canada's tourism industry which went from a 600 million figure for 1966 to over one billion in 1967. According to Bank of Canada's inflation calculator, the "deficit" equates to roughly $1.3 billion Canadian dollars (2008).<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion was recently rebuilt, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[Montreal Metro]] subway still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>
Ottawa, Canada's capital also has plans to host the World Fair in 2017. <ref>[http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=1cf9b944-2149-42d5-be0b-a1f7c9afa591&k=3435 (Aug. 2007) Mayor Wants World's Fair in Ottawa 2017]</ref>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 ''Impressions of Expo 67''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2009-04-18T05:39:37Z

Abebenjoe: Citation not needed in the article summary. Source though was Burton, pages 260-265.

[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]
The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It is considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world fair are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref name="GlobeandMail">{{cite news
| first=
| last=
| coauthors=
| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion'
| date= 2007-04-26
| publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]
| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home
| work=
| pages =
| accessdate = 2008-05-14
}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[French Canadian]] [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of the Fair," and [[English Canadian]] Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref name="Berton, p. 262"/>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref name="Berton, p. 272">Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Berton, p. 272"/> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =August 15, 1966
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811. According to Bank of Canada's inflation calculator, the deficit equates to roughly $1.3 billion Canadian dollars (2008).<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =

| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*Spain
*South Africa
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], a short-take off airport for several years.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that was used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 5, 1963
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = November 13, 1962
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
*[[67 X]]
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Everything you want to know about the Expo 67]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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{{Montreal Expos}}

[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Exposição Universal de 1967]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2008-09-17T14:22:09Z

Abebenjoe: /* Background */ copyedit

[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]], [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref name="GlobeandMail">{{cite news
| first=
| last=
| coauthors=
| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion'
| date= 2007-04-26
| publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]
| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home
| work=
| pages =
| accessdate = 2008-05-14
| language = English}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref>, the BIE changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2008 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[French Canadian]] [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of the Fair," and [[English Canadian]] Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on [[August 13]], [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]], [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]], [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*[[Spain]]
*[[South Africa]]
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of [[South America]].

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
*[http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures]
*[http://www.westland.net/expo67 Expo 67 (Articles, Click-on Maps to photos of all 140 pavilions)]
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
*[http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2008-09-17T14:20:22Z

Abebenjoe: /* Background */ copyedit

[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]], [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the [[20th century]], with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, many Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref name="GlobeandMail">{{cite news
| first=
| last=
| coauthors=
| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion'
| date= 2007-04-26
| publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]
| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home
| work=
| pages =
| accessdate = 2008-05-14
| language = English}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| year= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the BIE changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada..<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref> Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[French Canadian]] [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of the Fair," and [[English Canadian]] Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
*'''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
*'''Habitat 67'''
*'''Labyrinth'''
*'''Man and his Health'''
*'''Man in the Community'''
*'''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
*'''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
*'''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
*'''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]
Construction started on [[August 13]], [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| month= June | year= 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]], [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]], [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
*'''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
*'''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
*'''Australia'''
*'''Caribbean:''' Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
*'''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
*'''Latin America:''' Guyana, Venezuela
*'''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
'''Absent countries included:'''
*[[Spain]]
*[[South Africa]]
*[[The People's Republic of China]]
*many countries of [[South America]].

==Legacy==
[[Image:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Biosphère (US Pavilion) as it appears today.]]
After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavilion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref> Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'" In the Simpson's episode "She used to be my Girl" (2004), when Homer is trying to convince Marge she led a good life, one of the things he mentions is that she has a "TV tray from Expo 67."

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common. <ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964-65 [[New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| year= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| year= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| year= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| year= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
*''[[A Centennial Song]]''
*''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''*[[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
*Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
*[[1967 in Canada]]
*[[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
*[[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
*[[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
*[[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
*[[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.

==External links==
===Multimedia===
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
*[http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.

===Other Websites===
*[http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
*[http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures]
*[http://www.westland.net/expo67 Expo 67 (Articles, Click-on Maps to photos of all 140 pavilions)]
*[http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
*[http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
*[http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
*[http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=2007-04-26 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
*[http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]
[[Category:Expo 67]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[he:אקספו 67']]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2008-05-15T01:04:33Z

Abebenjoe: Added citation

[[Image:expopass.jpg|right|thumb|250 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', or '''Expo 67''' as it was commonly known, was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]], [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.<ref name="GlobeandMail">{{cite news
| first=
| last=
| coauthors=
| title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion'
| date= 2007-04-26
| publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]
| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home
| work=
| pages =
| accessdate = 2008-05-14
| language = English}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Background ===
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]

The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE). At the BIE's [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the BIE changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the Expo 67 went on to become was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[French Canadian]] [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[English Canadian]] Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the [[Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, '''Man and His World''', was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:

[[Image:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]

{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|left|The Canadian Pavilion complex, under construction in 1966. Only the white flat building remains today, now serving as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date= June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|left|Opening Ceremonies (left to right: Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr.]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]])]]

Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]], [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]], [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]

Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...[[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Additionally, the former Tunisian Pavilion exists as a City of Montreal/Parc Jean Drapeau administration and logistics center. It is within the vicinity of the Cosmos Bridge, which connects Ile-St-Helene to Ile-Notre-Dame. The bridge linked the two islands and at either end were the American and Soviet Pavilions respectively. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
[[Image:USSR Pavilion Expo67 Day.jpg|thumb|Soviet pavilion was one of the most popular. It was dismantled and re-erected at [[VDNKh]] in [[Moscow]] after Expo 67 ended.]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="GlobeandMail"/> As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> [[Expo 17]] hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Accueil'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/labour_unions/clip/14921/ CBC Archives] A look at the transit labour strike (audio)

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
*[http://www.westland.net/expo67 Expo 67 (Articles, Click-on Maps to photos of all 140 pavilions)]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]
* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960-1981)]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Exposition universelle de 1967]]
[[ka:ექსპო-67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[fi:Montréalin maailmannäyttely]]
[[tr:Expo '67]]

Expo 67

2007-11-28T22:18:12Z

Abebenjoe: Removed clean-up tag, as it does not detail anything to clean-up on the talk page. This article has been rated a GA class article.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
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}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===

The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date= 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date= June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype, which was designed by Montreal graphic artist Brian Patterson, is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted out 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]](2017).<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date= 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date= 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date= 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date= 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos; the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
*[http://www.westland.net/expo67 Expo 67 (Articles, Click-on Maps to photos of all 140 pavilions)]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum]
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо-67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]
[[tr:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-10-02T16:13:39Z

Abebenjoe: /* Expo ends */ cu

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-30T03:26:18Z

Abebenjoe: /* Montebello conference produces theme */ cu

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
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{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-30T03:25:12Z

Abebenjoe: /* Montebello conference produces theme */ Added a description why the Du Pont Auditorium was part of the Theme section.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''' The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 hall.<ref> Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-30T02:48:35Z

Abebenjoe: /* Background */ Marsil Caron Barkes & Assoc as the artist that created the posters for Expo 67.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).
[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Expo 67 poster designed by Marsil Caron Barkes & Associates.]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-30T02:39:42Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 161223690 by 131.111.213.37 (talk)

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|250px|Expo 67 poster]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-30T02:30:10Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 160952630 by The Placebo Effect (talk)

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.

Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|250px|Expo 67 poster]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building.]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67{{fact}}. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The music for "Ca-na-da" was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67.]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-16T16:55:30Z

Abebenjoe: Undid revision 158301888 by 134.117.137.85 (talk)

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]
Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|250px|Expo 67 poster, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa (Accession No. 1990-552-1)]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building. [[National Archives of Canada]]]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The musical score of the song was arranged by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''. Source: the National Archives of Canada.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-13T23:03:18Z

Abebenjoe: These were not key people. However, I've moved this over to the talk page. To include this, it must be sourced, and wikified.

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]
Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|250px|Expo 67 poster, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa (Accession No. 1990-552-1)]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building. [[National Archives of Canada]]]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who wrote the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The musical score of the song was composed by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''. Source: the National Archives of Canada.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of world expositions|World Expositions]]|before=''[[Century 21 Exposition]]''|after=[[HemisFair '68]]|years=1967}}
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

[[es:Expo 67]]
[[fr:Expo 67]]
[[ja:モントリオール万国博覧会]]
[[pt:Expo 67]]
[[ru:Экспо 67]]
[[sq:Expo 67]]

Expo 67

2007-09-13T16:23:52Z

Abebenjoe: /* Construction begins */ cu

{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| company_logo = [[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif]]
| company_type = Government [[Crown Corporation]]
| genre = General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
| foundation = [[1962]]
| founder = Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]
| location_city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| location_country = [[Canada]]
| location = 
| origins = Canada's Centennial Year Activities
| key_people = [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], Andrew Kniewasser, [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Colonel Edward Churchill, M. Edouard Fiset
| area_served = the world
| industry = Expositions
| revenue = $221,239,872 (in 1967 dollars)<ref name="BIE">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Exhibitions Information (1931-2005)
| work = Previous Exhibitions
| publisher =[[Bureau International des Expositions]]
| date =
| url = http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140
| format =HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| owner =
| company_slogan = Terre des hommes/Man and his World
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply '''Expo 67''', was the General Exhibition Category 1 [[World's Fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] from [[April 27]] to [[October 29]] [[1967]]. It was considered to be the most successful World's Fair of the 20th century, with over 50 million visitors and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair with 569,000 visitors on its third day.
[[Image:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Habitat 67]] one of the theme pavilions at Expo 67.]]
Expo 67 coincided with [[Canadian Centennial|the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation]] and was the country's main centennial event. The 1967 fair was originally intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the 50th anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] but, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in the fall of 1962.

The project was not originally overwhelmingly supported in Canada. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, and a new team of managers, to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying even a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.

After October 1967, Expo 67 lived on as an exhibition called ''Man and His World'' during the summer months, from 1968 until 1981. By that time, most of the buildings had fallen into disrepair and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the fair was held there. To this day, most Canadians from that time still regard it as one of the country's finest cultural achievements.

== History ==
=== Background ===
The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially it was offered to [[Toronto]] but politicians there rejected the idea. However, [[Montreal]]'s mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (B.I.E.). At the B.I.E.'s [[May 5]], [[1960]] meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = BID TO HOLD THE WORLD'S FAIR IN MONTREAL
| work = Expo 67 Man and His World
| publisher =[[Library and Archives Canada]]
| date = 2007
| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html
| format = HTML/Flash
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.<ref>Berton, p. 267</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On [[November 13]], [[1962]]<ref>Berton, p.257</ref> the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's Fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 was the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]], as of 2007 (after [[Expo '70|Osaka]] and [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris]]).[[Image:Event expo 67 poster 1990-552-1.jpg|right|250px|Expo 67 poster, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa (Accession No. 1990-552-1)]]

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core <ref>Simms, 1962-11-13</ref>. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with enlarging [[Île Sainte-Hélène]]. The choice also prevented land speculation, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref>

===Key people===
Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.<ref>Brown, 1963-11-05</ref> Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on [[April 22]], [[1963]], the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government appointees on the ''' Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition''' board of directors were likely forced to resign.<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

[[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]], a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263"/> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.<ref name="p.264"/> He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.<ref name="p.264"/> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.<ref name="p.264"/> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves ''Les Durs'' - the tough guys - and they were in charge of building Expo.<ref name="p.264"/> The two main people that were in charge of organizing the fair were: [[Quebec]] Francophone [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo", and [[Winnipeg]] Anglophone Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.<ref>Berton, p.265</ref> As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the '[[Two Solitudes]].'<ref>Berton, pp.269-270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]], novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]], [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner, met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref> The theme, "'''Man and His World'''" was based on the 1939 book entitled: ''"Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as [[Wind, Sand and Stars]])"'' by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme: 

[[Image:Aerial view of Canada & Quebec pavillions Expo 67 e000990837.jpg|360px|left|thumb|The [[Expo 67]] site on Île Notre-Dame with the Canada, Quebec and Ontario pavilions in view.]]
{{quotation|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."
...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy, G., pp. 20-22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy G., Table of contents</ref>
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Provider'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Habitat 67'''
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada'''

===Construction begins===
[[Image:Building the Canadian Pavilion e000756920.jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]] administration building. [[National Archives of Canada]]]]

Construction started on [[August 13]] [[1963]], when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]''.<ref>Berton, p. 259</ref> The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the [[Montreal metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Île Notre-Dame]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on [[June 20]], [[1964]].<ref name="p.263"/> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal
| last = Moore
| first = Christopher
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = AN EXPO 67 KALEIDOSCOPE: Ten Scenes from Terre des Hommes
| journal = The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine
| volume = 87
| issue = No.3 June/July 2007
| pages =
| publisher = History Society of Canada
| date = June 2007
| url = http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06}}</ref> On [[April 28]], [[1967]], opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress. <ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263"/> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on [[December 23]], [[1963]].<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
[[Image:Expo67 Logo.gif|thumb|right|Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert]]

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The logotype is lower-case bold-face, [[Optima]] font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>Berton, p. 262</ref>

===Theme songs===
[[Image:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Record album cover for the official theme song]]
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stephane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who wrote the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (song)|Ca-na-da]]", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper]] of Canada". The musical score of the song was composed by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to [[Scouts Canada|the Boy Scouts of Canada]].

The theme song ''[[Something to Sing About]]'', used for the Canadian pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become the unofficial theme song for the province.

===Expo opens===
{{main|Expo 67 (opening week)}}
[[Image:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg|thumb|right|Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]], Governor General [[Roland Michener]], Quebec Premier [[Daniel Johnson, Sr]], and Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]]]]
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, [[April 27]] [[1967]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. [[Governor General]] of Canada [[Roland Michener]] proclaimed the fair open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.<ref>''Back to the Future'', opening ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.</ref>

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, [[April 28]] [[1967]], with a [[space age]] style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp.272-273</ref>

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, introduced in the previous year by [[Mary Quant]]. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the [[miniskirt]].

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
[[Image:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ed Sullivan]] on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67]]
A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Art and Entertainment, featuring art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2"> {{cite press release
| title =expovoyages
| publisher =Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date =[[August 15]], [[1966]]
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows. Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts|La Place des Arts]]; Expo Theatre; Place des Nations; [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

The [[La Ronde]] amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair. Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00 p.m., visitors could still be entertained at La Ronde, which closed at 2:30 a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2"/>

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on [[May 7]] and [[May 21]] from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[The Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[The Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s leader [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]]. Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.

===Problems===
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[FLQ]] terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The Cuba pavilion attracted threats that it would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces that never materialized.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news
| last = Jackman
| first = Peter
| coauthors =
| title = Expo -- It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = The Ottawa Journal
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-04}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman"/> The president of [[France]], [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on [[July 24]] when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head of state, despite his diplomatic [[faux pas]]. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.
[[Image:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|right|French President, [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on [[July 25]], [[1967]].]]
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates that the fair would exceed 60 million visitors were predicted, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as it was cruising along to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman"/> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Logexpo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments. But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman"/>

===Expo ends===
The fair closed on Sunday afternoon, [[October 29]] [[1967]]. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (50,306,648) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Fair attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE"/>
[[Image:Queen Elizabeth II Expo 67 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Expo 67 on [[July 3]], [[1967]].]]
Starting at 2:00 p.m., Expo Commissioner General [[Pierre Dupuy (Canadian diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, as well as the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman"/> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General Michener closed the fair at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman"/> The final crowds started to depart. All rides and the minirail were shutdown by 3:50 p.m., and the fairgrounds closed at 4:00 p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman"/> A fireworks display went on for an hour.<ref name="Jackman"/>

The fair's financial fortunes did better than expected. Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government. Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the fair's debt to well below the original estimates. The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were : '''Revenues''' of $221,239,872; '''Costs''' were $431,904,683; '''Deficit''' of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE"/>

==Pavilions==
{{main|Expo 67 (pavilions)}}
[[Image:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg|thumb|350px|left|April 1967 aerial view of ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' on the left and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'' on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except [[Habitat 67]] and the rest of the pavilions on ''la Cité du Havre''. Source: the National Archives of Canada.]]Expo featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, from nations, corporations and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which is still occupied.

The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions
| work =
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher = [[Canadian Press]]
| date = [[1967-10-30]]
| url =
| accessdate = 2007-06-05}}</ref> Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: Canada 11 million visitors, the United States 9 million, France 8.5 million, and Czechoslovakia 8 million.<ref name="ussr"/>

'''Participating Countries:'''
** '''Africa:''' Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
** '''Asia:''' Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
** '''Australia'''
** '''Europe:''' Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
** '''Latin America:''' Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
** '''North America:''' Canada, Mexico, and the United States
** Absent countries included [[The People's Republic of China]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and many countries of South America.
 
 
 

==Legacy==
[[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|right|thumb|Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.]]

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new [[Sport rowing|rowing]] basin for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 1970s, scenes for [[Robert Altman]]'s post-apocalyptic ice age film ''[[Quintet (film)|Quintet]]'' were shot on site, as was the "[[Greetings from Earth]]" episode of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song ''Ghost Town'' by [[Cheap Trick]] was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers]]''. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.
[[Image:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|right|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.]]
After the ''Man and his World'' exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on ''[[Île Sainte-Hélène]]'' and ''[[Île Notre-Dame]]'', has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.<ref name = "parc"> {{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = History
| work = Parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}} </ref> In the year 2000, the park was renamed from ''Parc des Îles'' to ''[[Parc Jean-Drapeau]]'', after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name = "parc"/> Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called [[Biosphère]]) and the [[Habitat 67]] residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the [[Montreal Casino]]. La Toundra Hall<ref name = "toundra">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Room Rental La Toundra Hall
| work = parc Jean-Drapeau
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}} </ref>is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.<ref name = "toundra"/> Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]].<ref name = "admin">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Canadian pavillion
| work = Buildings with a tale to tell
| publisher = City of [[Montreal]]
| date =
| url = http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp
| format = HTML
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-29}}</ref>Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican pavilion is still standing, and Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. A part of the Korean pavilion remains as a shelter for the bus route that connects with the metro station. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The [[rapid transit]] subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold to the New York amusement park company [[Six Flags]].<ref name = "parc"/>
The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.
[[Image:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg|thumb|right|The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered [[Montreal Casino]].]]
Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Olympic basin is used today by many local rowing clubs. A recently built beach on the shores of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular during the summer months. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the [[Montreal Star]] described it: ''"the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway"''. In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]], was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on [[July 24]], addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!"'' (See [[Vive le Québec libre speech]]). De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: ''"Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity"''. In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue. As a contemporary homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003. Also, the song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line "I shouted 'Free the Expo 67!'"

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec Sovereignism|Quebec sovereigntism]] (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364</ref> In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's [[Sesquicentennial]].<ref name="expo17">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Expo 17 Proposal
| work =
| publisher = Expo 17
| date = [[2007-04-21]]
| url = http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17"/>

==References and notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
*{{cite book
| last = Berton
| first = Pierre
| authorlink = Pierre Berton
| coauthors =
| title = [[1967: The Last Good Year]]
| publisher = Doubleday Canada Limited
| date = 1997
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-385-25662-0}}
*{{cite web
| last = Brown
| first = Kingsley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Building the World's Fair
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 5]], [[1963]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-527/life_society/expo_67/clip2
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}
*{{cite video
| people =
| title = Expo 67: Back to the Future...
| medium = DVD Video
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| location = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/
| date = 2004}}
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Official Expo 1967 Guide Book
| publisher = [[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd.
| date = 1967
| location = [[Toronto]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Gabrielle
| authorlink = Gabrielle Roy
| coauthors = Guy Robert
| title = Terres des Hommes/Man and His World
| publisher = Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
| date = 1967
| location = [[Ottawa]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}
*{{cite web
| last = Simms
| first = Don
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Stanley Burke, Alan Yates
| title = Montreal gets the call
| work = Did You Know
| publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date = [[November 13]], [[1962]]
| url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-100-526/life_society/expo_67/clip1
| format = HTML/Windows Media Format
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-04-26}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Expo 1967}}
* [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
*[[Montreal Expo Express]], a mass transit rail system built exclusively to service Expo 67 from ''Place d'Acceul'' on ''la Cité du Havre'' to'' Île Notre-Dame''.
* ''[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]''
* ''[[A Centennial Song]]''
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]], also held in Montreal, using part of the Expo 67 site.
* [[Expo '86]], held in Vancouver
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto park created in the 1970s to mimic Expo 67.
* Annual Canadian expos the [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and [[Pacific National Exhibition]]

==External links==
===Multimedia===
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=xjiIvGpbYX8&mode=related&search= Youtube] 1985 CBC Television clip looking back at the [[Canada (song)|"Ca-na-da"]] song, and the 'ruins' of the Expo site.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-100/life_society/expo_67/ CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67: Montreal Welcomes the World]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/053301_e.html Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience], from the website of [[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10228 Historica Minutes TV Commercial] Canadian Heritage

===Other Websites===
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an_expo67/ "THE" site on the Expo 67] A lot of documentation and a slideshow with over 70 photos
* [http://www.space1999.net/~sorellarium13/expo-67.htm Expo 67 - In pictures], from the website of [[SORELLARIUM : 13]]
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal]
* [http://www.alamedainfo.com/Expo_67_Montreal.htm Expo 67 postcard gallery]

* [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/ Expo 67 in photos - www.worldsfairphotos.com]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/59708e/59708e05.htm Usage of wood at Expo 67]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899606-2,00.html The Films of Expo 67, from ''Time'' magazine]
* [http://www.filmreferencelibrary.ca/index.asp?navid=91&csid1=6&layid=62&fid3=999 Canadian Film Encyclopedia: ''Films at Expo 67'']
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/australia_at_expo_67/ Australia at Expo 67 Montreal]
* {{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Expo 67 saw ‘the world coming to us, in a joyous fashion' | date=April 26 2007 | publisher= [[Globe and Mail]]| url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home| work= | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
* [http://www.expo17.ca/english/home/ Group trying to bring Expo back to Montreal for Canada's Sesquicentennial in 2017]
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[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:World's Fairs|Expo '67]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]

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