Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Bahriye Üçok

2010-02-05T05:16:16Z

99.231.211.103: removed POV (many Muslims would disagree that she is interpreting the Qur'an faithfully)

'''Bahriye Üçok''' ([[1919]] - October 6, 1990) was a female [[Turkish people|Turkish]] academic of [[theology]], left-wing politician, writer, [[columnist]] and [[women's rights]] activist, who was assassinated by [[Islam]]ic militants.

==Biography==
Born in [[Trabzon]], Bahriye Üçok finished her primary education in [[Ordu]] and then graduated from Kandilli High School for Girls in [[Istanbul]]. She was educated in [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[Islam]]ic and Turkish History at the Faculty of Philology, History and Geography of [[Ankara University]]. At the same time, she attended the State Conservatory and completed the Opera section.

After eleven years, she worked as a high school teacher in [[Samsun]] and [[Ankara]], she entered 1953 Ankara University as an assistant in the Faculty of Theology,. She obtained her [[PhD]] in 1957, and became 1965 an [[associate professor]] with her thesis on "Female rulers in Islamic countries" and finally professor, being the ever first female university teacher in this faculty. Being fluent in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], she interpreted the [[Qur'an]] in a modern, realistic and tolerant way. She quit her post following increasing threats and her feeling of unsafe after 1960.

In 1971, she was elected contingency senator, and so her political career started. Bahriye Üçok joined 1977 the center-left [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP). After the [[Turkish military coup, 1980|military coup in 1980]], she co-founded the "Populist Party" (Halkçı Parti) and was elected 1983 deputy of [[Ordu]] into the [[Turkish Grand National Assembly|parliament]]. In 1986, she switched over to [[Social Democratic People's Party (Turkey)|Social Democratic People's Party]] (SHP).

She also wrote her opinions in her column in the newspaper ''[[Cumhuriyet]]''. After a TV forum, at which she declared that covered dressing in Islam ([[Hijab]]) is not obligatory, Bahriye Üçok received increasingly threads from the militant organization "Islamic Movement" ({{lang-tr|İslami Hareket}}). Not a long time later, on October 6, 1990, she was killed by a [[mail bomb|parcel bomb]] looking like a book package as she was trying to open it up in front of her house door. The assassination remained unsolved.

The "parcel-girl" Gülay Calap, who accepts the packet for delivery, had disappeared for a long period after the assassination. In January 16th, 1994 she arrested in İzmir as the İzmir responsible of "Türkiye Devrimci Halk Partisi" (Revolutionist Peoples Party of Turkey) which is a sub organization of PKK. The court sentenced her to prison for 22 years and 6 months. Parcel-girl stayed in Prison for 12 years and joined DTP in 2007. In November 2007, Calap became the vice president of DTP. (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/7755554.asp?gid=180&sz=3005)

==Bibliography==
* ''İslâm'dan Dönenler ve İlk Yalancı Peygamber'' (Renegers in Islam and the First Fake Prophet) (1967) Ankara
* ''İslâm Devletinde Kadın Hükümdarlar'' (Female Rulers in Islamic Countries)
* ''İslam Tarihi'' (History of Islam)
* ''Islam Tarihinde Emeviler - Abbasiler'' (Umayyads - Abbasids in the History of Islam)
* ''Atatürk'ün İzinde Bir Arpa Boyu'' (A Tiny Step in the Footsteps of Atatürk) 270p, (1985), Cem Publishing, Istanbul ISBN 978-975-406-467-4<ref>[http://www.yenisayfa.com/pgs/prda/prd_detail.asp?fr_prdSID=CYaYY Atatürk'ün İzinde Bir Arpa Boyu], Yeni Sayfa {{tr icon}}</ref>
* Aly Mazahéri, ''Ortaçağda Müslümanların Günlük Yaşayışları'' (translation) (Daily Life of Muslims in the Middle Age)

==See also==
* [[List of assassinated people from Turkey]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=2706 Who is who] {{tr icon}}
* [http://www.add.org.tr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=108&Itemid=77 Prof. Dr. Bahriye ÜÇOK], Atatürkçü Düşünce Derneği {{tr icon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ucok, Bahriye}}

[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish historians]]
[[Category:Turkish sociologists]]

[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:People from Trabzon]]
[[Category:Ankara University alumni]]
[[Category:Ankara University faculty]]
[[Category:Turkish academics]]
[[Category:Turkish politicians]]
[[Category:Turkish journalists]]
[[Category:Turkish writers]]
[[Category:Turkish activists]]
[[Category:Assassinated Turkish journalists]]
[[Category:Murdered Cumhuriyet columnists]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]

[[Category:Unsolved murders]]
[[Category:Burials at Cebeci Asri Cemetery]]
[[Category:Turkish terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Turkey]]
[[Category:Deaths by letter bomb]]
[[Category:People murdered in Turkey]]

[[az:Bahriyə Uçok]]
[[ko:바흐리예 위촉]]
[[tr:Bahriye Üçok]]

Jim Bell

2009-03-07T16:46:18Z

99.231.211.103: changing it to match the name of the article

{{Infobox Criminal
|subject_name = James Dalton Bell
|image_name =
|image_size =
|image_caption =
|date_of_birth =1958
|place_of_birth =[[Akron, Ohio]]<ref name=freedefense>{{cite news |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/04/42909?currentPage=2|title=Cypherpunk's Free Speech Defense |accessdate=2008-01-14 |date=[[2001-04-09]] |last=McCullagh |first=Declan |authorlink=Declan McCullagh |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref>
|date_of_death =
|place_of_death =
|alias =Jim Bell
|charge = Obstruction of government officers,<ref name=painter>Painter Jr., John. " [http://jya.com/jimbell2.htm IRS says suspect discussed sabotage]". ''[[The Oregonian]]'', [[1997-05-20]], Metro Section P-1.</ref> intimidation, fraud, [[tax evasion]],<ref name=recant/> violation of [[probation]] conditions,<ref name=westfall/> stalking a federal officer.
|conviction =
|penalty = 11 months imprisonment<br /> 10 years imprisonment
|status = Incarcerated
|occupation =
|spouse =
|parents =
|children =
}}
'''James Dalton Bell''' (born 1958) is an American [[Crypto-anarchism|crypto-anarchist]] who created the idea of arranging for anonymously-sponsored assassination payments via the Internet, which he called "[[Assassination market|assassination politics]]".<ref name=recant>{{cite news |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/04/35620 |title=Crypto-Convict Won't Recant |accessdate=2007-11-07 |date=[[2000-11-11]] |last=McCullagh |first=Declan |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref> Bell was targeted and identified by the [[Federal government of the United States]] as a "techno-[[terrorist]]". He was imprisoned on [[felony]] charges of tax evasion in 1997.<ref name=recant/> Bell was hailed by ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' in 2001 as {{nowrap|"[o]ne}} of the Internet's most famous essayists"<ref name=gaydeath>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title=Gay Site Halts Death 'Advice' |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/12/48779 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2001-12-01]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> and "the world's most notorious crypto-convict".<ref name=supremacy>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title=Assassinate this |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/06/44567|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2001-04-06]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref>

In 1996, Bell authored a notorious crypto-anarchist essay called "Assassination Politics", which detailed an elaborate [[assassination market]] in which anonymous benefactors could securely order hits of government officials. Following an investigation by the [[Internal Revenue Service]], he was arrested and subsequently jailed for 11 months on [[felony]] charges of harassment and using fraudulent [[Social Security number]]s. While he was serving his sentence, two of Bell's acolytes succeeded in partially implementing his assassination market scheme and were also swiftly charged and jailed. After his release, Bell was subjected to heavy surveillance and was rearrested for harassment and stalking of federal agents, charged with intimidation and stalking and again imprisoned, this time for a decade-long sentence. Bell protested vociferously against the conduct of the trial, going so far as to file [[civil lawsuit]]s against two judges, at least two prosecutors, his former probation officers and his defense attorneys, but ultimately to no avail.

==Background==
Bell was born in [[Akron, Ohio]] and attended the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] where he earned a degree in [[chemistry]].<ref name=freedefense/> After graduation, he worked for [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] before founding his own [[computer storage device]] company, SemiDisk Systems, in 1982.<ref name=freedefense/><ref name=destroyed>{{cite news |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2002/05/52781|title=Busy Year for Big Brother |accessdate=2008-01-14 |date=[[2002-05-25]] |last=McCullagh |first=Declan |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref> He was arrested in 1989 for illegally manufacturing [[methamphetamine]], but pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of failing to report receiving a controlled chemical,<ref name=kaplan/><ref name=judge/> for which he paid a fine of [[United States dollar|$]]2,500.<ref name=demons>Branton, John. "[http://web.archive.org/web/19970710061507/www.columbian.com/newsroom/jimbell/demons.html 'They're seeing demons in dark,' says Bell's mother]". ''[[The Columbian]]'', [[1997-05-20]]. Accessed [[2008-01-14]]</ref> When his company closed in 1992, Bell claimed to have developed a "[[phobia]]" of [[tax]]-related issues and became a [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] member, describing his political beliefs as [[anarchism|anarcho]]-[[Libertarianism|libertarian]].<ref name=freedefense/> He involved himself with the [[Militia movement (United States)|militia movement]] and with the Multnomah County Common Law Court in [[Portland, Oregon]], which put government officials on trial ''[[in absentia]]'' and awarded judgements against them.<ref name=demons/><ref name=judge/> Bell subsequently became involved in a tax dispute with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] who adjudged that he owed $30,000 to the federal government.<ref name=kaplan>[[David Kaplan (author)|Kaplan, David E.]], "[http://jya.com/next-wave.htm Terrorism's next wave]", [[U.S. News & World Report|''U.S. News'' Online]], November 17, 1997</ref>

=="Assassination Politics"==
In 1996, Bell authored an essay entitled "Assassination Politics" in which he developed the idea of using [[digital signatures]] through email to create an [[assassination market]], "predicting" the deaths of IRS agents and other government employees. In effect, the idea would create an [[incentive]] for assassination of these agents, offering a reward that could be claimed by someone willing to submit an entry predicting a given agent's death at a particular time. The person could then kill the agent at about that time, thus winning the pool money.<ref name=assassin>Bell, James Dalton. 1996. "Assassination Politics." In Winn Schwartau ed., ''Information Warfare'' (2nd ed., pp.420–425. [[New York]]: Thunder's Mouth Press.</ref> The purpose was to intimidate the IRS agents and others into no longer enforcing tax rulings and tax and other laws. Bell published his idea in a ten-part essay titled "Assassination Politics" on the alt.anarchism [[Usenet|USENET]] newsgroup.

Described by ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' as "an unholy mix of [[encryption]], [[anonymity]], and [[digital cash]] to bring about the ultimate annihilation of all forms of government", the essay was nominated for a [[Chrysler Award for Innovation in Design]] in 1998 as "an imaginative and sophisticated prospective for improving governmental accountability".<ref name=recant/> While the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] has ruled that advocating violence against government officials is protected by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], realistic threats can be punished,<ref name=stamper/> and "Assassination Politics" put Bell under the scrutiny of federal investigators in late 1996. The essay continued to attract interest from anarchist theorists long after its author's legal entanglements; [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] economist [[Robert P. Murphy|Bob Murphy]] criticised the assassination politics scheme in a pair of articles titled "The Politics of Destruction" in 2002.<ref name=murph>{{cite web |authorlink=Robert P. Murphy |last=Murphy |first=Bob |url=http://anti-state.com/article.php?article_id=266 |title=The Politics of Destruction |accessdate=2008-01-13 |date=[[2002-07-11]] |work=Anti-State.com }}<br />{{cite web |authorlink=Robert P. Murphy |last=Murphy |first=Bob |url=http://anti-state.com/article.php?article_id=289 |title=The Politics of Destruction |accessdate=2008-01-13 |date=[[2002-08-22]] |work=Anti-State.com }}</ref> Murphy claimed that assassination politics was both technically infeasible and ideologically undesirable – from an [[Anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalist]] perspective ([[crypto-anarchism]] being a form of anarcho-capitalism<ref>[[Vernor Vinge]], James Frankel. ''[[True Names|True Names: And the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier]]'' (2001), Tor Books, p.44</ref>).

==Investigation, prosecution and imprisonment==
In February 1997 the [[Internal Revenue Service]] acted on Bell's debt, docking his wages and seizing his 10-year old automobile.<ref name=kaplan/> Inside the car, investigators found bomb-making instructions, radical political literature and detailed information concerning [[cyanide]] and [[fertilizer]], the latter of which was a key ingredient in the [[Oklahoma City bombings]], a militia-linked attack perpetrated in 1995.<ref name=kaplan/> At the time, lack of evidence that Bell intended to harm anyone prevented investigators from bringing charges, but when, four weeks later, he [[stinkbomb]]ed their Vancouver offices with a [[propanethiol]]-soaked [[Mat|welcome mat]], the IRS resolved to act in anticipation that Bell might escalate his actions.<ref name=kaplan/>

IRS officers raided Bell's parents' home on April 1, 1997, and seized three [[Semi-automatic rifle|semi-automatic]] rifles, a [[handgun]], several computers containing indecipherable [[public-key cryptography|encrypted]] data, as well as dangerous chemicals including [[sodium cyanide]] and an alleged [[nerve-gas]] precursor<ref name=judge/> (Bell had previously boasted of producing [[sarin]] of the type used in the 1995 [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway|attack on the Tokyo subway]] ).<ref name=kaplan/> He was subsequently arrested in May of that year,<ref name=sentence>"[http://jya.com/jimbell6.htm Activist Bell Faces Sentencing Friday]", ''[[The Columbian]]'', [[1997-11-20]], Section B.</ref> and in July pleaded guilty to charges of obstruction of IRS agents and the use of a false [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] number (officials alleged that he had used four such numbers since 1984 in order to conceal his assets<ref name=fibers>Branton, John. "[http://web.archive.org/web/19970710061527/www.columbian.com/newsroom/jimbell/accuse.html Feds accuse Bell of using fibers to shut down computers]". ''[[The Columbian]]'', [[1997-05-20]]. Accessed [[2008-01-14]]</ref>).

During the trial, the government's lead investigator compared Bell with Oklahoma City bomber [[Timothy McVeigh]] and [[Anarcho-primitivism|anarcho-primitivist]] bomber [[Theodore Kaczynski]].<ref name=judge/> As part of his [[plea bargain]], Bell pled guilty in July 1997 to collecting the names and home addresses of IRS employees,<ref name=judge>"[http://jya.com/jimbell6.htm Judge Delays Bell's Sentencing]", ''[[The Columbian]]'', [[1997-11-21]], Section A</ref> and the home addresses of [[FBI]], [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] agents and police in [[Clark County, Washington]];<ref name=tacoma/> Bell also accepted responsibility for conducting the stinkbomb attack in the Vancouver IRS office and for the assassination market scheme.<ref name=kaplan/> He was convicted of the two low-level [[felony|felonies]]<ref name=tacoma>Painter Jr., John. "[http://jya.com/jimbell6.htm IRS Says Man From Tacoma Part of Plot ]", ''[[The Oregonian]]'', [[1997-11-20]], p. C02</ref> and sentenced in December 1997 to eleven months in prison followed by three years of [[probation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,40102,00.html?tw=wn_story_page_prev2 |title=IRS Raids Cypherpunk's House |accessdate=2007-11-07 |date=[[2000-11-11]] |last=McCullagh |first=Declan |work=Politics : Law |publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' }}</ref> As a condition of his sentence, Bell was compelled to pay, upon his release, $1,359 in [[restitution]] for the stinkbomb attack.<ref name=ap>[[Associated Press]], "[http://jya.com/jimbell7.htm Bell gets 11 months in prison, 3 years supervised release, fine]", ''[[The Oregonian]]'', [[1997-12-12]].</ref> He was also subjected to three years of supervised release, during which he was barred from accessing computers and from possessing chemicals.<ref name=westfall/>

==Acolytes==
Although Bell never attempted to put the assassination market concept into practice, other subscribers to the Cypherpunks mailing list developed the protocols to implement it online. Itinerant musician Carl Edward Johnson developed Dead Lucky, an "assassination bot" which promised to reward accurate dead pool predictions with untraceable and untaxable cash.<ref name=stamper>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Stamper |title=Guilty Verdict for Cypherpunk |url=http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,19239,00.html |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[1999-04-20]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Federal investigators issued a warrant for Johnson's arrest in August 1998.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ludlow |first=Peter |title=Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias |publisher=MIT |location=Cambridge |year=2001 |isbn=9780262621519 }}</ref> Johnson was convicted for sending threatening e-mail messages to federal judges and others.<ref name=seclist/> In spite of government attempts to link Johnson's case to his, then-incarcerated Bell asserted that Johnson was not a close friend, but "more of a vague Internet acquaintance than anything else".<ref name=stamper/> On October 11, 2001, [[Thomas C. Wales]], Assistant U.S. Attorney and a prosecutor in the case, was assassinated, succumbing to multiple gunshot wounds.<ref name=seclist>{{cite web |url=http://seclists.org/politech/2001/Oct/0070.html |title=Politech: FC: "Assassination Politics" federal prosecutor assassinated |accessdate=2008-07-29 |last=McCullagh |first=Declan |work=Politech |publisher=[[Insecure.org]] |date=[[2001-10-16]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asst. attorney for the Western District of Washington dies of gunshot wound. |work=Daily Record |publisher=Dolan Media Newswires |date=[[2001-10-24]] |accessdate=2008-07-29 }}</ref> The murder remains unsolved.
{{epigraph
|quote=I'm here out in the open…I'm putting forth the basic James Bell dream, which is that people can put forth freedom on the Internet. This is a tool that was lying on the ground and I picked it up.
|cite =Matt Taylor, quoted in ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''<ref name=cince/>
}}
[[Left anarchism|Left-anarchist]] Matt Taylor, another [[cypherpunk]] and acolyte of Bell's, declared in May 2001 that he was advancing assassination politics by taunting Ohio and California police online.<ref name=hardcore>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title=Ashcroft's Hard Line on Hardcore |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/06/44398?currentPage=2 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2001-06-09]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref>
He began an initiative called Operation Soft Drill — a term previously referred to by Bell — with the stated intention of intimidating police and corporate polluters into respecting [[human rights]].<ref name=cince>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title=Online Cincy Cop Threats Probed |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/05/43771 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2001-05-15]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Taylor was arrested and jailed by Australian police a month later on charges of vandalizing a [[McDonald's]] restaurant.<ref name=hardcore/>

==Release, harassment and conviction==
{{Quote box
|quote=I once believed it's too bad that there are a lot of people who work for government who are hard-working and honest people who will get hit (by Assassination Politics) and it's a shame…Well, I don't believe that any more. They are all either crooks or they tolerate crooks or they are aware of crooks among their numbers.
|source =Jim Bell in interview with ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'',<ref name=recant/> on [[2000-11-11]].
|width =30%
|align =right
}}
Bell served his prison sentence at a federal medium-security prison in [[Phoenix, Arizona]],<ref name=ap/> from which he was released in April 2000.<ref name=c-t/><ref name=stamper/> He was rearrested in June of the same year on the charge of violating several of his 36 probation conditions, and was returned in November to a federal detention center at [[SeaTac, Washington]].<ref name=westfall>Westfall, Bruce. "[http://jya.com/jdb-tc062398.htm Federal Marshals Arrest James Bell]", ''[[The Columbian]]''.</ref><ref name=c-t>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title='Cyber-Terrorist' Jailed Again |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/11/40300 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2000-11-21]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Bell had conducted [[sousveillance]] against [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] agents "to let them know that surveillance can be done in both directions", and compiled six months of evidence of what he alleged was illegal surveillance of him by a government agency.<ref name=c-t/> In the days leading up to his arrest he claimed that the agency had unlawfully installed a [[covert listening device]] in his home and a [[tracking device]] in his car,<ref name=c-t/> something the ATF admitted doing during the subsequent trial.<ref name=atf>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title=ATF Admits Tracking Jim Bell |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/04/42895 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2001-04-06]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref>

Bell was charged with violating 18 USC 2281, a law prohibiting the intimidation of family members of federal agents and some forms of [[stalking]].<ref name=c-t/> During the trial, the judge sealed the entire court file, forbid the defense from issuing [[subpoena]]s to witnesses, granted the prosecution significant latitude in making negative suggestions about Bell's character and refused requests for a [[Trial (law)|mistrial]].<ref name=doj>{{cite news |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |title=DOJ: Cypherpunk Threatened Feds|url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/04/42860|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=[[2001-04-05]] |accessdate=2008-01-14 }}</ref> Following his conviction, Bell renewed his attempts at firing his [[public defender|court-appointed lawyer]], appealing his case to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]],<ref name=supremacy/> and filing [[civil lawsuit]]s against those he alleges were involved in an orchestrated conspiracy to deny him a fair trial and an unbiased, court-appointed defense counsel; his targets included two judges, at least two prosecutors, and his former probation officers and defense attorneys.<ref name=gaydeath/> After being moved from SeaTac, he served a portion of his ten year sentence in the same federal prison in [[Lompoc, California]] that once held convicted "[[Black hat|cracker]]" [[Kevin Mitnick]].<ref name=gaydeath/> He is expecting release in September 2009.<ref name=release2009>"[http://cryptome.org/jimbell-job.htm Bell pens job request from prison]", [[2006-09-21]].</ref>

== See also ==
{{Anarchism portal}}
{{Cryptography portal}}
* [[Anarcho-capitalist revolution]]
* [[Dead pool]]
* [[Futarchy]]
* [[Hacker (computing)|Hacker]]
* [[Prediction market]]
* [[Propaganda of the deed]]
* [[Tontine]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://anti-state.com/series.html Assassination politics] series of articles from Anti-State.com, including essays by [[Robert P. Murphy]]
* [http://www.jya.com/jdbfiles.htm Jim Bell Files] - archive of news articles, essays, and other information on Jim Bell and his essays
{{Anarcho-capitalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Jim}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:American anarchists]]
[[Category:Americans convicted of tax crimes]]
[[Category:American terrorists]]
[[Category:Anarchism theorists]]
[[Category:Crypto-anarchists]]
[[Category:Cypherpunks]]
[[Category:Imprisoned anarchists]]
[[Category:Internet activists]]
[[Category:Internet personalities]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Libertarian Party (United States)]]
[[Category:Stalkers]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]

Dan Breen

2009-02-19T05:39:22Z

99.231.211.103: less awkward sounding imo

{{Infobox Politician
| name =Dan Breen
| nationality =[[Republic of Ireland|Irish]]
| image = Daniel Breen police notice.jpg
| office1 =[[Teachta Dála]]
| term_start1 =1923
| term_end1 =1927
|constituency1 =[[Tipperary (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Tipperary]]
| party1 =[[Anti-Treaty]]
| office2 =[[Teachta Dála]]
| term_start2 =1932
| term_end2 =1948
|constituency2 =[[Tipperary (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Tipperary]]
| party2 =[[Fianna Fáil]]
| office3 =[[Teachta Dála]]
| term_start3 =1948
| term_end3 =1965
|constituency3 =[[Tipperary South (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Tipperary South]]
| party3 =[[Fianna Fáil]]
| vicepresident =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date ={{birth date|1894|08|11|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[County Tipperary]]<br>[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|1969|12|27|1894|08|11|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
}}

'''Daniel Breen''' ({{lang-ga|Mícheál Dónall Ó Briaoin}};11 August 1894 – 27 December 1969) was a [[Volunteer (Irish republican)|volunteer]] in the [[Irish Republican Army]] and a [[Fianna Fáil]] politician.

==Background==
Dan Breen was born into a farming family in [[Grange]], [[Donohill]], [[County Tipperary]]. He was educated locally before becoming a [[plaster]]er, and later a linesman on the [[Great Southern Railways|Great Southern Railway]].

==Revolutionary==
Dan Breen joined the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] in 1912 and the [[Irish Volunteers]] in 1914. On 21 January 1919, the day the [[First Dáil]] met in [[Dublin]], Breen took part in an ambush at [[Soloheadbeg]]. The ambush party, led by [[Seán Treacy (Irish Republican)|Seán Treacy]], attacked a group of [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] men who were escorting explosives to a quarry and two policeman were shot dead during the engagement. The ambush is considered to be the first action taken in the [[Irish War of Independence]].

Breen later recalled: "''...we took the action deliberately, having thought over the matter and talked it over between us. Treacy had stated to me that the only way of starting a war was to kill someone, and we wanted to start a war, so we intended to kill some of the police whom we looked upon as the foremost and most important branch of the enemy forces ... The only regret that we had following the ambush was that there were only two policemen in it, instead of the six we had expected...''"<ref>History Ireland, May 2007, p.56.</ref>

During the [[Irish War of Independence]], Breen had a £10,000 price on his head, however, he quickly established himself as a leader within the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA). Numerous stories are known about his heroism, one of which details the rescuing of his comrade [[Seán Hogan]] at gunpoint from a heavily guarded train at Knocklong station in [[County Limerick]]. Another incident occurred in [[Dublin]] when he shot his way out through a British military cordon in the northern suburb of [[Drumcondra]] (Fernside) in which he and volunteer [[Seán Treacy (Irish Republican)|Sean Treacy]] escaped only for Treacy to be killed soon after. Breen was shot at least four times, twice of which were in the lung (the first being in the Knocklong rescue). He was present at the ambush in [[Ashtown]] on the Meath/Dublin border where [[Martin Savage]] was killed while trying to assassinate the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]], Sir [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres]].

In the June 1922 elections Breen was selected as a candidate for Waterford and Tipperary East by the pro- and anti-Treaty sides and was returned unopposed.

== Irish Civil War ==
Breen was elected to [[Dáil Éireann]] in 1923 as a Republican, anti-Treaty [[Teachta Dála]] (TD). Following the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]], Breen joined the [[Anti-Treaty IRA]] in the unsuccessful [[Irish Civil War|civil war]] against his former comrades. He was arrested by soldiers of the [[Irish Free State]] and interned at Limerick Prison. He spent two months here before going on Hunger strike for 6 days followed by going on thirst strike for six days. Dan Breen was then released.

==Politician==
Breen published an account of his guerrilla days, ''My Fight for Irish Freedom'' in 1924. He first represented Tipperary from the fourth Dáil in 1923 as a "Republican", along with [[Eamon De Valera]], [[Cathal Brugha]], [[Harry Boland]] and [[Frank Aiken]]. He became the first anti-Treaty TD to actually take his seat in 1927. He was defeated in the [[Irish general election, 1927 (June)|June 1927 general election]] and decided to travel to the [[United States]]. He returned to [[Ireland]] shortly afterwards and regained his seat as a member of Fianna Fáil in the Dáil at the [[Irish general election, 1932|1932 general election]]. He represented his Tipperary constituency without a break until his retirement at the [[Irish general election, 1965|1965 election]].

==Death==
He died in Dublin in 1969 and was buried in [[Donohill]], near the place of his birth. His funeral was the largest seen in West Tipperary since his close friend and comrade-in-arms, Seán Treacy was buried at Kilfeacle in October, 1920. An estimated attendance of 10,000 mourners assembled in the tiny hamlet, giving ample testimony to the esteem in which he was held. Breen was the subject of a 2006 biography, Dan Breen and the IRA ([[Mercier Press]]) by Joe Ambrose.

==Further reading==
*Ambrose J. ''Dan Breen and the IRA'' Mercier Press 2007. ISBN 9781856355063
*Breen D. ''My Fight for Irish Freedom '' Talbot Press 1924

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1430 Dan Breen's electoral history] (ElectionsIreland.org)
*[http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr8xNm1Pf70&feature=related Footage of an interview with Breen from the 1960s]

{{oireachtas-database}}

[[Category:1894 births|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:1969 deaths|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Fianna Fáil politicians|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Teachtaí Dála|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 7th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 9th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 13th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 14th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 15th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 16th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Members of the 17th Dáil|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:People from County Tipperary|Breen, Dan]]
[[Category:Irish Republican Army members 1917-1922|Breen]]
[[Category:Irish Republican Army members 1922-1969|Breen]]

[[ga:Dónall Ó Braoin]]
[[no:Dan Breen]]