Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Beteiligte am Ersten Weltkrieg

2008-08-25T08:21:46Z

87.195.12.169: /* Neutral states */

[[Image:Europe 1914.jpg|right|thumb|300px|European military alliances in 1915. The [[Central Powers]] are depicted in puce, the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in grey and neutral countries in yellow.]]

[[Image:WWI.png|thumb|300px|Map of the World with the Participants in World War I. The [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] are depicted in green, the [[Central Powers]] in yellow, and neutral countries in grey.]]

This is a list of countries that participated in [[World War I]], sorted by alphabetical order.

==The [[Triple Entente|Entente]] Forces==
Note: The '''Entente Forces''' are sometimes also referred to as the '''Entente Powers''' or [[Allies of World War I]].

* {{flagicon|Albania|1914}} [[Principality of Albania|Albania]]
* {{flag|Andorra}}
* {{flagicon|Armenia|1918}} [[Democratic Republic of Armenia]]
* {{flag|Belgium|state}}
* {{flag|Bolivia|state}}
* {{flag|Brazil|1889}}
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]{{ref|BritishEmpire}}
** {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Military history of Australia during World War I|Australia]]
** {{flagicon|Canada|1868}} [[Military History of Canada during WWI|Canada]]
** {{flagicon|India|British}} [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] (Now [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]])
** {{flag|Newfoundland}}
** {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
** {{flagicon|South Africa|1910}} [[Union of South Africa]]
** {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
** {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British overseas territories|British crown colonies]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of China|1912}} [[History of the Republic of China#World War I and Manchu Restoration|Republic of China]]
* {{flag|Costa Rica|state}}
* {{flagicon|Bohemia}} [[Czechoslovak Legions]]
* {{flag|Cuba}}
* {{flag|Ecuador}}
* {{flag|France}}
* {{flagicon|Greece|old}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]
* {{flag|Guatemala}}
* {{flag|Haiti}}
* {{flag|Honduras}}
* {{flagicon|Italy|1861}} [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Japan during World War I|Empire of Japan]]
* {{flag|Liberia}}
* {{flagicon|Montenegro|1910}} [[Kingdom of Montenegro]]
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}
* {{flag|Panama}}
* {{flag|Peru|1825}}
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal in the Great War|Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]]
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}
* {{flag|San Marino}}
* {{flagicon|Serbia|1882}} [[History of Modern Serbia#Serbia in World War I|Kingdom of Serbia]]
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[History of Thailand (1768-1932)#Vajiravhud and the ascent of elite nationalism|Siam]] (now [[Thailand]])
* {{flag|Uruguay}}
* {{flag|United States of America|1912}}

==The [[Central Powers]]==
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1878}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
* {{flag|German Empire}}
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}

==Neutral states==
* {{flag|Afghanistan|1901}} - Did not support or oppose any nation.
* {{flag|Argentina}}
* {{flag|Colombia}}
* {{flag|Denmark}} - Traded with both sides.
* {{flag|El Salvador}}
* {{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[German occupation of Luxembourg in World War I|Luxembourg]] - Never declared war on the Central Powers despite being invaded and occupied by Germany.
* {{flag|Mexico|1899}} - Declined an alliance with Germany (see [[Zimmermann Telegram]]).
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[History of the Netherlands: modern history (1900-present)#World War I|Netherlands]] - An Ally of the UK by treaty. Traded with both sides.
* {{flag|Norway}} - Gave naval assistance to the UK.
* {{flag|Paraguay}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1910).svg}} [[Qajar dynasty|Persia]] - Occupied by British and Russian troops.
* {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] - Also treaty bound ally to the UK.
* {{flag|Sweden}} - Financially supported Germany.
* {{flag|Switzerland}} - Switzerland did declare a "state of siege".
* {{flag|Tibet}}
* {{flag|Venezuela|1905}} - Supplied the Allies with oil.

==Declarations of War==
[[Image:World War I 1914 08 04.png|thumb|300px|Allies and Central Powers, early August 1914.]]
[[Image:World War I 1918 05.png|thumb|300px|Allies and Central Powers, mid 1918.]]
The following table shows the timeline of the several declarations of war {{ref|decwars}} among the belligerent powers.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Declarer
! On
|-
! colspan="3" | [[1914]]
|-
| [[July 28]]
| Austria-Hungary
| Serbia
|-
| [[August 1]]
| Germany
| Russia
|-
| [[August 3]]
| Germany
| France
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[August 4]]
| Germany
| Belgium
|-
| United Kingdom
| Germany
|-
| [[August 5]]
| Montenegro
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[August 6]]
| Austria-Hungary
| Russia
|-
| Serbia
| Germany
|-
| [[August 9]]
| Montenegro
| Germany
|-
| [[August 11]]
| France
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[August 12]]
| United Kingdom
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[August 22]]
| Austria-Hungary
| Belgium
|-
| [[August 23]]
| Japan
| Germany
|-
| [[August 25]]
| Japan
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[November 1]]
| Russia
| Ottoman Empire
|-
| [[November 2]]
| Serbia
| Ottoman Empire
|-
| [[November 3]]
| Montenegro
| Ottoman Empire
|-
| [[November 5]]
| United Kingdom France
| Ottoman Empire
|-
! colspan="3" | [[1915]]
|-
| [[May 23]]
| Italy
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[June 3]]
| San Marino
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[August 21]]
| Italy
| Ottoman Empire
|-
| [[October 14]]
| Bulgaria
| Serbia
|-
| [[October 15]]
| United Kingdom Montenegro
| Bulgaria
|-
| [[October 16]]
| France
| Bulgaria
|-
| [[October 19]]
| Italy Russia
| Bulgaria
|-
! colspan="3" | [[1916]]
|-
| [[March 9]]
| Germany
| Portugal
|-
| [[March 15]]
| Austria-Hungary
| Portugal
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[August 27]]
| Romania
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| Italy
| Germany
|-
| [[August 28]]
| Germany
| Romania
|-
| [[August 30]]
| Ottoman Empire
| Romania
|-
| [[November 1]]
| Bulgaria
| Romania
|-
! colspan="3" | [[1917]]
|-
| [[April 6]]
| United States
| Germany
|-
| [[April 7]]
| Cuba
| Germany
|- style="background:#f9f999"
| [[April 10]]
| Bulgaria
| United States
|- style="background:#f9f999"
| [[April 13]]
| Bolivia
| Germany
|- style="background:#f9f999"
| [[April 20]]
| Ottoman Empire
| United States
|-
| [[July 2]]
| Greece
| Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria
|-
| [[July 22]]
| Thailand
| Germany Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[August 4]]
| Liberia
| Germany
|-
| [[August 14]]
| China
| Germany Austria-Hungary
|- style="background:#f9f999"
| [[October 6]]
| Peru
| Germany
|- style="background:#f9f999"
| [[October 7]]
| Uruguay
| Germany
|-
| [[October 26]]
| Brazil
| Germany
|-
| [[December 7]]
| United States
| Austria-Hungary
|- style="background:#f9f999"
| [[December 7]]
| Ecuador
| Germany
|-
| [[December 10]]
| Panama
| Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[December 16]]
| Cuba
| Austria-Hungary
|-
! colspan="3" | [[1918]]
|-
| [[April 23]]
| Guatemala
| Germany
|-
| [[May 8]]
| Nicaragua
| Germany Austria-Hungary
|-
| [[May 23]]
| Costa Rica
| Germany
|-
| [[July 12]]
| Haiti
| Germany
|-
| [[July 19]]
| Honduras
| Germany
|-
| [[November 10]]
| Romania
| Germany
|}

==Notes==
#{{note|BritishEmpire}} The [[British Empire]] was the common term for the United Kingdom and its overseas possessions at this time. The term refers to the colonies it controlled, to the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], which, while not officially designated a colony, was functionally indistinguishable from one, and the British [[Dominions]] - former colonies which were self-governing in most respects but whose foreign policy was controlled by London; [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]].
#{{note|decwars}} Entries on a yellowish background refer to severed diplomatic relations only, not to actual declarations of war

== See also ==
* [[Allies of World War I]]
* [[Triple Entente]]
* [[Triple Alliance]]
* [[Central Powers]]
{{portal|World War I}}

[[Category:World War I by country]]

[[ja:第一次世界大戦の参戦国]]
[[sr:Учесници у Првом светском рату]]
[[tr:I. Dünya Savaşı'na katılan ülkeler]]

Belagerung von Bastogne

2008-04-08T13:38:50Z

87.195.12.169: /* Computer Games */

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Bastogne
|partof= [[Battle of the Bulge|Battle of the Ardennes]] ([[World War II]])
|image=[[Image:Bastogne resupply1944 sm.jpg|300px]]
|caption=101st Airborne Division troops watch as [[C-47 Skytrain|C-47]]s drop supplies over Bastogne.
|date= December [[1944]] – January [[1945]]
|casus=
|territory=
|place= [[Bastogne]], [[Belgium]]
|result= American victory
|combatant1={{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[101st Airborne Division|101st Airborne]] {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[U.S. 10th Armored Division|10th Armored]] (Combat Command B)
|combatant2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Fifth Panzer Army (Germany)|Fifth Panzer Army]]
|commander1={{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Anthony McAuliffe]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Hasso von Manteuffel]]
|strength1=11,000 (101st)
|strength2=15 German divisions (four armored)
|casualties1=1,000
|casualties2=Unknown}}

The '''Siege of Bastogne''' was a smaller battle in and around the [[Belgium|Belgian]] town of [[Bastogne]], during the larger [[Battle of the Bulge]]. Success of the German offensive, seizure of the harbor at [[Antwerp]] with encirclement and destruction of Allied armies, required the German Army mechanized forces to use the roadways in order to maintain the speed of the offensive. All seven main roads in the [[Ardennes]] mountain range converged on the small town of Bastogne. Control of the crossroads of Bastogne was vital to the Germans to speed up their advance and improve resupply of the German columns, as the poor weather conditions made cross country travel difficult. The battle lasted from mid-December [[1944]] to January [[1945]].

==Deployment==
As Allied command determined that the German army was attacking through the Ardennes into Belgium, they began a series of troop movements to reinforce key points. As part of the troop redeployments to blunt and stop the German attack, the [[United States|American]] [[101st Airborne Division]], Combat Command B of [[U.S. 10th Armored Division|10th Armored]] and the [[101st Airborne Division|463d Field Artillery Battalion]] were deployed to Bastogne.

==Retreat from Noville==
On December 19 and 20, the [[506th Parachute Infantry Regiment|1st Battalion of the 506th Regiment]], supported by Team Desobry of the [[U.S. 10th Armored Division|10th Armored]], engaged the [[2nd Panzer Division]] at Noville, northeast of [[Foy, Belgium|Foy]]. Together, they destroyed at least 30 enemy tanks and inflicted 500 to 1000 casualties. This delay gave the [[101st Airborne Division]] enough time to set up its defenses at [[Bastogne]]. By the time the battalion pulled out of Noville on the 20th, the town of Foy had been captured, forcing the 1st Battalion to then fight its way through Foy. 3rd Battalion was ordered forward in an attack to ease the pressure on 1st Battalion. By the time 1st Battalion made it to the safety of Allied lines, it had lost 13 officers and 199 enlisted men, out of about 600 troops.

==Battle==
The Allied forces were soon surrounded by elements of the German [[Fifth Panzer Army (Germany)|Fifth Panzer Army]]. The Allied soldiers were outnumbered and lacking in [[winter clothing|cold-weather gear]], ammunition, food, medical supplies, and leadership (as many officers, including the 101st's commander [[General Maxwell Taylor|Major General Maxwell Taylor]], were elsewhere). Due to some of the worst winter weather in years, the surrounded Allied forces could not be resupplied by air nor was tactical air support available. However, the Germans probed different points of the defensive perimeter in sequence, rather than attacking with a single large force (essentially violating the military principle of "[[Military_strategy#Principles_of_military_strategy_2|mass]]"). This played into the American advantage of interior lines of communication and tended to dissipate the Germans' superior numbers; the defenders were able to reposition artillery and machine gun positions to meet each successive assault.

Artillery from the 463rd Battalion consisted of [[M101 howitzer|105]] and [[155 mm Long Tom|155 mm howitzer]]s. These were active in the first few days of the siege. However, by December 23rd, ammunition had been almost completely exhausted. The remaining rounds were reserved for anti-tank purposes in the event of a German panzer attack. The battalion resumed shelling of German positions later that day, after a break in the weather allowed Allied supply drops and tactical air support.

Allied control of Bastogne was a major obstacle to the German armored advance and the morale of Allied forces elsewhere on the Western Front was boosted by news of the stubborn defense of the besieged town.

==Breaking of the Encirclement==
Elements of General [[George Patton]]'s [[Third United States Army|Third Army]], spearheaded by Lt. Col. [[Creighton Abrams]] of the [[US_37th_Armor_Regiment#Battle_of_the_Bulge|37th Armor Regiment]], succeeded in punching through to Bastogne, augmenting the defenders the day after Christmas. The 101st's ground communications with the American supply dumps were restored, and the wounded were evacuated to the rear.

With the encirclement broken, the men of the 101st expected to be relieved, but were given orders to resume the offensive, and were not taken off the front until Noville had been recaptured.

The most famous quote of the battle came from the 101st’s acting commander, [[Anthony McAuliffe|Brigadier General McAuliffe]]. When awakened by an enemy request for his [[Surrender (military)|surrender]], he replied “NUTS!” (his interpreter translated it as “Go to hell!”).
<gallery>
Image:P23(map).jpg|Map of troop movements during the battle of the Bulge. Bastogne is near the middle.
Image:McAuliffeBastogneChristmasLetter101Airborne.jpg|Letter from General McAuliffe on Christmas Day to the 101st Airborne troops defending Bastogne.
Image:Bastogne 101 troops.jpg|101st Airborne troops picking up air-dropped supplies during the siege.
Image:Infantry & Tanks near Bastogne.jpg|44th Armored Infantry and [[6th Armored Division (United States)|6th Armored Division]] tanks near Bastogne, 31 December, 1944
Image:Pattons-jeep-bastogne-1945.jpg|General [[George Patton|Patton]]'s jeep in Bastogne, 1 January 1945.
Image:9th Armored Engineer Battalion Bastogne memorial service2.jpg|Members of [[9th Engineer Battalion (United States)|C Company, 9th Engineers]], conduct a [[memorial service]] for those killed during the siege, January 22, 1945.
</gallery>

==''Band of Brothers''==
The legendary [[Easy Company (Band of Brothers)|Easy Company]] of the [[506th Parachute Infantry Regiment]], [[United States|U.S.]] [[101st Airborne Division]] was one of the units present at Bastogne. ''[[Band of Brothers]]'', an [[HBO]] miniseries based on a book of the same name by [[Stephen Ambrose]], dedicates two episodes ("Bastogne" and "The Breaking Point") to its experiences there. After the battle, newspapers called them the "battered bastards of Bastogne".

"The 101st Airborne still had a complaint. As the story of the Battle of the Bulge is told today, it is one of George Patton and his Third Army coming to the rescue of the encircled 101st, like the cavalry come to save the settlers in their wagon circle. No member of the 101st has ever agreed that the division needed to be rescued!" (Ambrose, 191)
==''Computer Games''==
The online game [http://towergames.com/lightning_war.jsp Lightning War] features a [http://towergames.com/tg/games/LWAR/preview/battle_of_bastogne.jsp Bastogne] scenario covering a period from the initial German advance to a few days after the arrival of the US 4th Armoured Division.

The 2003 game [[Call of Duty]] also contains the Siege of Bastogne. This time you play one of the soldiers of the 101st Airborne division. You must capture important papers in 2 bunkers and then take out 2 panzers who headed your direction.

In the [[Call of Duty: United Offensive]] expansion you are stationed some 2-3 miles in front of the city and you must repel the attack on the city. Then you have to make an offensive against the towns of Foy and Noville.

==See also==
*[[Battle of the Bulge]]
*[[101st Airborne Division]]
*[[Third United States Army]]

==References==
*Ambrose, Stephen E. Band of Brothers. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1992.
*[[Scott Turow|Turow, Scott]]. Ordinary Heroes. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (October 27, 2005)

==External links==
*[http://www.101airborneww2.com/warstories3.html Summary of the battle]
*[http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/bastogne.aspx The Battle of the Bulge - Fortunes of War]
*[http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3031921.html Battle of the Bulge - 4th Armored Division Help End the Siege of Bastogne]
*[http://www.army.mil/cmh/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-fm.htm]

{{wikisource|The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_XIX|THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. CHAPTER XIX: THE BATTLE OF BASTOGNE}}

{{coor title d|50.0|N|5.7214|E|type=city}}
[[Category:Ardennes Offensive]]
[[Category:Sieges|Bastogne]]

[[fr:Siège de Bastogne]]
[[nl:Slag om Bastenaken]]
[[pl:Obrona Bastogne]]
[[ru:Бастонское сражение]]