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Verfassungsreferendum in St. Vincent und den Grenadinen 2009

2010-11-06T00:11:32Z

84.92.117.93: /* Campaign */ minor

{{Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
A constitutional [[referendum]] was held in [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] on 25 November 2009,<ref name=Caribnn>{{cite news| title=CARICOM Secretariat team to observe St Vincent and the Grenadines referendum| url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-19839--15-15--.html| publisher=Caribbean Net News|vdate=12 November 2009| accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref> which would have replaced the constitution in force since independence in 1979.<ref name=Tandte>{{cite news| last=Browne| first=Juhel| title=Gonsalves: No executive president for St. Vincent| url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161555837| newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express| date=11 November 2009| accessdate=14 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=Const>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| publication-date=26 July 1979| title=Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines| series=50.1| publication-place=Kingstown| publisher=Queen's Printer| url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Vincent/stvincent79.html| accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> The proposal was supported by only 43.13% of voters in the referendum, well short of the required two-thirds threshold. If approved, the proposed constitution would have abolished the [[monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], headed by Queen [[Elizabeth II]],<ref name=Const /> and would have given more power to the opposition.<ref name=Tandte /> The referendum was the first of its kind to be held by a member of the [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States]].<ref name=Caribnn />

==Campaign==
[[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Prime Minister]] [[Ralph Gonsalves]] and his [[Unity Labour Party]] (ULP) campaigned heavily for the "Yes" vote,<ref name=Caribbean360>{{cite news| title=CARICOM observers for St Vincent Constitution referendum| url=http://www.caribbean360.com/News/Caribbean/Stories/2009/11/13/NEWS0000009461.html| publisher=Caribbean 360| date=13 November 2009| accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref> Gonsalves advocating that, though he had nothing personally against Queen Elizabeth II, he believed it was time for Saint Vincent to stop having a monarch as its head of state; he offered the opinion: "I find it a bit of [[Anansi|a Nancy story]] that the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of England]] {{sic}} can really be the [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]."<ref name=Tandte /> Though he had earlier shown affinity towards [[executive presidency|executive presidents]] [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{Citation| last=Johnson| first=Andy| title=St Vincent leader's constitutional reform in danger| newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express| date=26 November 2009| url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161562550| accessdate=26 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Gonsalves asserted that the proposed constitution for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines would not have created such a presidential post; the Prime Minister argued that an executive presidency would give the office holder too much power in the small country. In an interview with the ''[[Trinidad and Tobago Express]]'', he stated that type of presidency "may well make perfect sense" for the neighbouring country of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], but such a government would not work in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, saying further: "it is our assessment that to conjoin the power of a prime minister with the power of a [[head of state]], [[head of government]], or head of state in our circumstances, that is a matter which will end up making that office holder more powerful than the current situation."<ref name=Tandte />

Opposition to the constitutional changes was led by the [[New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|New Democratic Party]] (NDP), which held the position that the proposed constitution would neither reduce the power of the Prime Minister nor strengthen the country's [[democracy]].<ref name=Caribbean360 /> The NDP's leader, [[Arnhim Eustace]], opined that the Gonsalves government and opposition parties had not come to an agreement on a number of fundamental issues, including the Integrity Commission, the [[Human Rights Commission]], the [[Ombudsman]], and the Electoral and Boundaries Commission.<ref name=Caribbean360 />

The [[CARICOM]] [[Secretariat]] announced that it would, at the request of the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, officially observe the referendum, with the support of the [[Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development]] (AECID), an agency of the government of [[Spain]].<ref name=Caribnn /><ref name=Caribbean360 />

==Vote==
Voting took place in heavy rain on 25 November 2009; 52,156 of the 98,000 eligible Vincentiens cast ballots at 225 polling stations. The Supervisor of Elections opined that this was a good turn-out given the inclement weather.<ref>{{Citation| last=Trotman| first=Jeff| title=NO... NO...NO!!!| newspaper=The Vincentian| date=26 November 2009| url=http://www.thevincentian.com/dcmain.aspx?p=0&i=3712&skin=64&tID=198| accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Referendum
| title = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines constitutional referendum, 2009
| yes = 22,493
| yespct = 43.13
| no = 29,020
| nopct = 55.64
| valid = 51,343
| validpct = 98.81
| invalid = 620
| invalidpct = 1.19
| total = 52,177
| turnoutpct = 54
| source = [http://www.gov.vc/govt/Referendum/referendum_election.html SVG Government– Referendum Results]
}}

==See also==
* [[Australian republic referendum, 1999]]
* [[Tuvaluan constitutional referendum, 2008]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Saint Vincent and the Grenadines elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Vincent And The Grenadines Constitutional Referendum, 2009}}
[[Category:2009 elections in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:2009 referendums]]
[[Category:Elections in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Monarchy in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Republicanism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]

[[pl:Referendum na Saint Vincent i Grenadynach w 2009 roku]]
[[pt:Referendo constitucional em São Vicente e Granadinas em 2009]]

Wiedergabe des Nahostkonflikts in den Medien

2010-06-21T20:58:28Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Quotefarm|date=March 2009}}
{{Arab-Israeli conflict}}
'''Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict''' refers to the reporting of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] by [[journalist]]s in international [[news media]].

Media coverage of the conflict has been dogged by allegations of bias on both side. These perceptions of bias, possibly exacerbated by the [[hostile media effect]],<ref>Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/965/hwang.pdf The hostile media phenomenon: Biased Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the "Beirut Massacre".] ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', '''49''', 577–585. [http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/soc_psych/vallone_beirut.html summary].</ref> have generated more complaints of partisan reporting than any other news topic and have led to a proliferation of [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]] on both sides.<ref name="theotherwar">[http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/3/bias.asp The Other War: A Debate] by [[Columbia Journalism Review]]</ref>

==Types of bias==
Bias in print and broadcast media may manifest itself in varying ways, including:

* '''[[#Diction|Diction]]''': The use of [[Emotive (sociology)|emotive words]] or [[euphemism|euphemistic terminology]] as well as [[double-speak]] may prejudice the audience one way or another.
* '''[[#Omission|Omission]]''': The presentation of some facts but not all the facts may lead to false and biased conclusions.
* '''[[#Selective reporting|Selective reporting]]''': Over time, the news presented through a media organization may emphasize one side of the story at the expense of the other.
* '''[[#Decontextualization|Decontextualization]]''': News may appear without sufficient explanation of the circumstances of the events being reported.
* '''[[#Placement|Placement]]''': The consistent placement of one viewpoint in preferential locations of an article (e.g. in the headline or in the first paragraph) may increase reader exposure to one side of the story.
* '''[[#FactualErrors|Factual errors]]''': Errors in content may mislead the reader.

Print and broadcast media may be biased for varying reasons, including:

* '''[[#Coercion or censorship|Coercion or censorship]]''': Journalists may be pressured into distorting their reporting for fear of losing access or their lives.
* '''[[#Lack of verification|Lack of verification]]''': News outlets may "parrot" as objective fact the unverified or disputed claims of one side.
* '''[[#Exaggeration or sensationalism|Exaggeration or sensationalism]]''': In order to increase a publication or broadcasts's consumption, reporters may exaggerate events for the maximum emotional response.
* '''[[#Prejudiced journalists|Prejudiced journalists]]''': Journalists may intentionally or unintentionally distort reports due to political ideology, national affiliation, [[anti-Semitism]], [[anti-Arabism]], or [[Islamophobia]].
* '''[[#Forgery or falsification|Forgery or falsification]]''': Video footage, quotes, and other items may be fabricated to bias the presentation. See [[#Pallywood|Pallywood]] for such allegations.
* '''[[#Prejudiced fixers|Prejudiced fixers]]''': Journalists may distort reports due to [[Fixer (Media)|fixer]] ideology, national affiliation, or [[for-profit]] motives.

===Diction===
[[Image:MediaCoverageOfTheArabIsraeliConflict wallorfence.png|thumb|right|300px|   ''Main article:'' [[Israeli West Bank Barrier]] The structure shown above, described by Wikipedia as the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]], is officially termed the Israeli "security fence" by [[Israel]] and is officially termed the Israeli "apartheid wall" by the [[Palestinian National Authority]].<ref name="comingtoterms">[http://www.govcom.org/publications/full_list/ben-david_rogers_coming_to_terms_2oct.pdf Coming to Terms: A conflict analysis of the usage, in official and unofficial sources, of 'security fence,' 'apartheid wall,' and other terms for the structure between Israel and the Palestinian Territories] by [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Anat Ben-David]]</ref> Alternative Israeli terms include the "anti-terrorist fence" and the "separation barrier", while alternative Palestinian terms include the "annexation wall", the "colonization wall", and the "expansionist wall".<ref name="comingtoterms" /> There is no single, agreed upon term across media sources, and news outlets tend to combine one of the nouns "fence", "wall", or "barrier" with one of the adjectives "security", "separation", "anti-terrorist", "apartheid", "West Bank", or one of a few others.<ref name="comingtoterms" /> Israeli sources argue that it is a "fence" on the basis that more than 97% of the structure is fenced whereas less than 3% of the structure consists of concrete walls.<ref name="jvl_barrier">[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/fence.html Israel's Security Fence] by [[Jewish Virtual Library]]</ref><ref name="mfa_barrier">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w587gNnuGLU Israel's Security Fence] by [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|MFA]] on [[YouTube]]</ref> Israeli sources argue that the structure's purpose is security, citing the rise in Palestinian suicide bombing attacks in Israel during the [[Second Intifada]] and citing a more than 90% decrease in such attacks following the construction of the structure.<ref name="jvl_barrier" /><ref name="mfa_barrier" /> Palestinian sources argue that it is a "wall" on the basis that the structure contains concrete wall near key areas such as [[Jerusalem]], [[Bethlehem]], and [[Qalqiliya]].<ref name="ei_barrier">[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2472.shtml Israel's West Bank Barrier: Semantics on the Internet] by [[Nigel Parry]] on [[Electronic Intifada]]</ref><ref name="aawc_barrier">[http://stopthewall.org/FAQs/33.shtml Frequently Asked Questions about the Apartheid Wall] by [[Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign]]</ref> Palestinian sources argue that the purpose of the structure is not just security but also to take Palestinian land on the basis that the structure has been built within the West Bank, with 50% of the West Bank placed on the structure's Israeli side.<ref name="ei_barrier" /><ref name="aawc_barrier" />]]
{{see also|Euphemism|Connotation|Framing (social sciences)}}
Diction, or word choice, affects the interpretation of the same set of entities or events. There is an emotional and semantic difference between the verbs ''died'' and ''killed,'' and similarly between ''kill'' and ''murder''; ''murder'' evokes stronger negative emotions and connotes intent. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], various terminological issues arise. The terms "disputed territories" versus "occupied territories" reflect different positions on the legal status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The terms "security fence" and "apartheid wall," "neighbourhood" and "settlement," and "militant," "freedom fighter," and "terrorist," while used to describe the same entities, present them in a different light and suggest a different narrative. Similarly, describing an attack or bombing as a "response" or "retaliation" again places the events in a different light.

====Retaliation====
A study by the American organisation Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting monitored the use of the term "retaliation" in the nightly news broadcasts of the three main American networks CBS, ABC, and NBC between September 2000 through March 17, 2002. It found that of the 150 occasions when "retaliate" and its variants were used to describe attacks in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, 79 percent were references to Israel "retaliating" and only 9 percent were references to Palestinians "retaliating".<ref>[http://www.fair.org/activism/network-retaliation.html] In U.S. Media, Palestinians Attack, Israel Retaliates</ref> This could possibly be attributed to the intended purpose of independent and larger groups of Palestinian militants.

====Emotive Language====
In a study of BBC television news coverage, the Glasgow Media Group documented differences in the language used by journalists for Israelis and Palestinians. The study found that words such as 'atrocity', 'brutal murder', 'mass murder', 'savage cold blooded killing', 'lynching' and 'slaughter' were used for Israeli but not for Palestinian deaths. The word 'terrorist' was used to describe Palestinians, but in reports of an Israeli group attempting to bomb a Palestinian school, they were referred to as 'extremists' or 'vigilantes'.<ref>Greg Philo and Mike Berry, Bad News From Israel</ref>

===Omission===
In the context of [[News media|media]], an omission refers to the failure to include information. This selective inclusion of information, which results from omitting other information, may distort the presentation of events in favor of one side or the other. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider the difference in overall impact between:
*An article mentioning both a Palestinian suicide bombing in Israel and an Israeli offensive in the West Bank.
*An article mentioning only the Palestinian suicide bombing.
*An article mentioning only the Israeli offensive.

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Critical Thinking: Can You Trust Everything You Read?" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] explains:<ref name="camera_canyoutrusteverythingyouread">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=165 Critical Thinking: Can You Trust Everything You Read?] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Factual errors can be errors of omission or commission. Omission means that something important was not said, and as a result, readers are misled. In errors of commission, the reporter gives information which is not true."</blockquote>
In its "Understanding Bias" article, [[Honest Reporting]] asks the following questions pertaining to omission:<ref name="honestreporting_understandingbias">[http://www.honestreporting.com/a/understandBias.asp Understanding Bias] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>
#"Was the reporting one-sided and imbalanced?"
#"Was key information missing (selective omission)?"

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In a 2001 study done by [[Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting|FAIR]], only 4% of the US media mentioned that an [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation by Israel]] is occurring.<ref name="Uprising Without Explanation">[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1055 Uprising Without Explanation] Extra! January/February 2001</ref> In an update to the study, the number has reportedly gone down to only 2% of the media mentioning an occupation.<ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3714 FAIR challenges CBC Ombud's Report]</ref> The 2001 figure is also seen in the documentary ''[[Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land|Peace, Propaganda and the Promised Land]]''.<ref name="Uprising Without Explanation"/>

In its "Media critique quick sheet", [[Palestine Media Watch]] asks the following questions pertaining to omission:<ref name="palestinemediawatch_mediacritiquequicksheet">[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/tools/T_Critique.asp Media critique quick sheet] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
#"How many times were UN reports/findings/resolutions mentioned?"
#"How many times were Human Rights reports/findings/statements mentioned?"
#"Did the story describe official Palestinian denials/pleas of ignorance and innocence in violent acts?"
#"Did the story describe official Israelis denials/pleas of ignorance and innocence in violent acts?"

===Lack of verification===
{{see also|Journalism ethics and standards|Media ethics|Journalistic scandal}}

In an article for Muslim World Today, the Pakistani-American author, Tashbih Sayyed, said that the "bad press" "chooses to ignore all rules of ethical journalism when it comes to Israel".<ref name=Israel>{{cite web|last=Tashbih|first=Sayyed|title=A Muslim in a Jewish Land|url=http://www.muslimworldtoday.com/land30.htm|publisher=Muslim World Today |accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref>

The [[Journalism ethics and standards|ethics and standards of Journalism]] requires [[Journalism|journalists]] to verify the factual accuracy of the information they report. "Factual verification is a hallmark of good journalism"<ref name="internews">[http://www.internews.org/about/ethguidelines.shtm Ethics Guidelines] by [[InterNews]]</ref> and "is what separates journalism from other modes of communication, such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment".<ref name="pej">[http://www.journalism.org/resources/principles Principles of Journalism] by [[Project for Excellence in Journalism|PEJ]]</ref> Lack of verification refers to a failure to perform factual verification, involves the publication of potentially unreliable information prior to or without independent confirmation of the facts, and have resulted in various [[Journalistic scandal|scandals]]. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider:
*The [[Battle of Jenin]], after which early media reports claimed that Israel "massacred" hundreds of Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{cite news| title= Hundreds of victims 'were buried by bulldozer in mass grave| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/04/13/wmid213.xml| publisher=[[Telegraph]]| date=April 13, 2002 | location=London | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=April 18, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Ben Wedeman: Access to Jenin difficult| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/11/wedeman.otsc/index.html| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=April 11, 2002}}</ref> Later investigations by the [[United Nations]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] estimated the total Palestinian death toll at 52 (with estimates of civilian deaths ranging from 22 to 26) and contradicted previous claims that a massacre had taken place.<ref>[http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin] by the [[United Nations]]</ref><ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-05.htm#P234_38516 CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND UNLAWFUL KILLINGS IN JENIN] by [[Human Rights Watch]]</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| title=UN says no massacre in Jenin| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2165272.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=August 1, 2002}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news| title=U.N. report: No massacre in Jenin| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm| publisher=[[USA Today]]| date=August 1, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= DEATH ON THE CAMPUS: JENIN; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E6DD1E3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=August 2, 2002 | first=James | last=Bennet | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref>
*The [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] shooting attack on [[Kiryat Arba]] in November 2002, which Western media reports described as an attack on "worshipers," resulting in international condemnations.<ref name="SalonManu">{{cite news| url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/11/19/hebron/| title=Manufacturing a Massacre| publisher = [[Salon.com|Salon]]| date=November 19, 2002}}</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8498.doc.htm UN Press Release: Secretary-General condemns 'despicable' Hebron terrorist attack]</ref> According to the [[Jerusalem Post]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] "opened fire at a [sic] security forces safeguarding Jewish worshipers," and according to both [[Haaretz]] and the [[Jerusalem Post]], the twelve Israelis killed all belonged to the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], the [[Israeli Border Police]], or the Hebron security force.<ref>{{cite news| title=Victims of the Hebron shooting attack| url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=231197&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y| publisher=[[Haaretz]]| date=November 17, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=12 killed in Hebron Shabbat eve ambush| url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2002_11_15.html| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=November 15, 2002}}</ref>

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups

In its "Atrocities of the British Press" article, [[Honest Reporting]] writes that many media outlets devoted huge amounts of ink to "unverified Palestinian tales of conspiracies, mass murders, common graves, and war crimes." <ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/critiques/Atrocities_of_the_British_Press.asp Atrocities of the British Press] by
[[Honest Reporting]]</ref>

In its "Edward Said's Documented Deceptions" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] said that when dealing with vilification of Israel, facts remain unchecked, accusations remain unverified, and journalistic responsibility is replaced by disclaimers. <ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=8&x_nameinnews=118&x_article=198 Edward Said's Documented Deceptions] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Coverage of the Middle East Crisis In the Opinion Pages and News Coverage Of the Charlotte Observer" article, [[Palestine Media Watch]] writes the following with regard to lack of verification:<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/reports/cob/cob040102_053102.html Coverage of the Middle East Crisis In the Opinion Pages and News Coverage Of the Charlotte Observer] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
<blockquote>"PMW found that more and more, facts are being verified by independent and Palestinian sources and witnesses rather than relying on Israeli government, Israeli military, or Israeli sources solely. PMW believes this should be a consistent practice, but is encouraged to find it happening increasingly. ... When Israelis targeted a Palestinian girls’ school and hospital, they were described as 'Jewish extremists'. Also, when Israeli military or Jewish settlers kill civilians, their death is reported as a 'mistake' or as accidental due to 'crossfire'. These Israeli statements are rarely if ever challenged or reported as verified."</blockquote>

===Selective reporting===
[[Image:MediaCoverageArabIsraeliConflictSelectivityGiladShalit.jpg|frame|right|A pro-Palestinian webcomic – in reference to the capture of [[Gilad Shalit|Israeli Cpl. Gilad Shalit]] and subsequent news reports – alleges that the media favors Israel, by allegedly devoting more attention to Israelis captured by Palestinians than to [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|Palestinians captured by Israel]].]]
Selective reporting involves devoting more resources, such as news articles or air time, to the coverage of one side of the story over another. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider the overall impression given by:
*A broadcast which spends eight hours interviewing Palestinian victims and only three hours interviewing Israeli victims.
*A broadcast which spends eight hours interviewing Israeli victims and only three hours interviewing Palestinian victims.

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Understanding Bias" article, [[Honest Reporting]] asks the following question regarding selective reporting:<ref name="honestreporting_understandingbias" />
<blockquote>"Is 'equal time' granted to both sides of the conflict, or is one side given preferential treatment – hence lending more weight and credibility to that side's position?"</blockquote>
In its criticism of [[National Public Radio]], [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=4&x_outlet=28&x_article=70 NPR Distorts Even Its Bias] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"...CAMERA identified 350 speakers and found a gaping disparity in the time afforded to Israeli and pro-Israeli speakers compared to that provided the Arab and pro-Arab speakers. The pro-Arab speakers received 77% more time. ... More dramatic still was the disproportionate number of segments that included only pro-Arab speakers and excluded entirely any pro-Israel voices as compared to the many fewer reports that omitted altogether Arab speakers. The Arab-speakers-only segments were almost twice as numerous (41 to 24) and four times as long (18,321 words spoken on the air versus 4,934)."</blockquote>

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Killings of dozens once again called 'period of calm' by US media" article, [[Electronic Intifada]] writes the following regarding selective reporting:<ref>[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article691.shtml Killings of dozens once again called "period of calm" by US media ] by [[Electronic Intifada]]</ref>
<blockquote>"...there is a widespread tendency in the US media to simply ignore or severely underplay violence when its victims are Palestinians, while focusing intensely on incidents when the victims are Israeli. One of the reasons for the disturbing and persistent phenomenon of devaluing Palestinian life and death, is a structural geographic bias – most US news organizations who have reporters on the ground base them in Tel Aviv or west Jerusalem, very far from the places where Palestinians are being killed and bombarded on a daily basis."</blockquote>

In its criticism of [[National Public Radio]], [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]], writes:<ref>[http://www.fair.org/activism/npr-israel-quiet.html For NPR, Violence Is Calm if It’s Violence Against Palestinians] by [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]]</ref>
<blockquote>"The unequal treatment of Israeli and Palestinian deaths is a long-standing pattern at NPR; a FAIR study of six months of the network’s coverage (Extra!, 11-12/01) found that 81 percent of Israeli conflict-related deaths were reported, but only 34 percent of Palestinian deaths. Strikingly, NPR was even less likely to report the deaths of Palestinian minors killed; only 20 percent of these deaths were reported, as compared to 89 percent of Israeli minors’ deaths. While NPR was more likely to cover Israeli civilian deaths than those of Israeli security personnel (84 percent vs. 69 percent), the reverse was true with Palestinians (20 percent vs. 72 percent)."</blockquote>

===Decontextualization===
Decontextualization is a type of [[#Omission|omission]] in which the omitted information is essential to understanding a decision, action, or event, its underlying motivations or key events leading up to it. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider the effect of the following:
*An article discussing the [[West Bank Barrier]], which does not mention the suicide bombings of the [[Second Intifada]].
*An article discussing the [[2006 Hamas Election Victory]], which does not mention the corruption of [[Fatah]].

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Objectivity & The Media: 7 Principles of Media Objectivity" article, [[Honest Reporting]] writes the following with regard to decontextualization:<ref name="honestreporting_objectivityandthemedia">[http://www.honestreporting.com/a/media_objectivity.asp Objectivity & The Media: 7 Principles of Media Objectivity] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>"By failing to provide proper context and full background information, journalists can dramatically distort the true picture."</blockquote>
In its "How to Recognize Unfair Reporting" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes the following regarding to decontextualization:<ref name="camera_howtorecognizeunfairreporting">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=385 How to Recognize Unfair Reporting] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Does the article or broadcast omit essential context and information? This tends to be a frequent problem when reporting about the Middle East. Write a letter to the editor or directly to the journalist and/or media outlet to provide the missing context."</blockquote>

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Media critique quick sheet" article, [[Palestine Media Watch]] asks the following questions pertaining to decontextualization:<ref name="palestinemediawatch_mediacritiquequicksheet" />
#"Were Palestinian actions described in context (e.g., 'Palestinians launched a mortar attack after Israelis bulldozed a row of houses')?"
#"Were Israeli actions described in context (e.g., 'Israelis bulldozed a row of houses after Palestinians launched a mortar attack')?"

According to [[Kaminer Ray]] of the online [[Z Communications|Z Magazine]]:<ref name=Z_Omission_versus_Repetition>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10697 Omission vs. Repitition: Cause and Effect in Israel's Wars] by [[Kaminer Ray]] on [[Z Communications|ZMag.org]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Instigation and retaliation, while both violent, are naturally judged differently. Violence is wrong, but motives are relevant. This is not 'moral equivalence,' as many like to claim without elaborating on what this term means, but rather a simple quality that infects all moral considerations, from courtroom sentencings to parental groundings. If we can state that [one side] started it, then we can do away with overtly stated moral judgments in favor of the implication that [the other side] is acting defensively, and conventional wisdom is, thus, born."</blockquote>

===Coercion or censorship===
[[Image:MediaCoverageArabIsraeliConflict CoercionCensorship DryBones.jpg|frame|right|A comic from the Israeli blog [[DryBonesBlog|DryBones]] – in reference to the [[Kidnapping of Alan Johnston|kidnapping]] of [[BBC]] reporter [[Alan Johnston]] and to a decision by the [[National Union of Journalists|NUJ]] to boycott Israeli goods – alleges that the [[BBC]] favors the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] side as a result of intimidation.]]
{{see main|Media of Israel}}
Coercion or censorship refers to the use of intimidation or force to promote favorable reports and to confiscate unfavorable reports. In the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, both sides accuse each other of coercion or censorship as an explanation of alleged bias in favor of the other side. In support of these claims, Israeli advocates point to kidnappings of foreign reporters by Palestinians, while Palestinian advocates point to [[media blackout]]s and confiscation of reports by Israelis. Additionally, both sides point to reports by both governmental and non-governmental organizations, which assess the degree of journalistic freedom in the region. See [[Media of Israel]] and [[Human rights in Israel#Freedom of speech and the media]].

===Forgery or falsification===
{{see also|Journalistic fraud|Forgery|Fraud}}
Forgery or falsification involves the intentional misrepresentation, alteration, or invention of reported information. Due to the severity of these actions, which violate the [[Journalism ethics and standards|ethics and standards of journalism]], instances of forgery and/or falsification are [[#Frequently cited incidents|frequently cited]] by Israelis and their advocates and/or by Palestinians and their advocates—depending on the nature of the forgery and/or falsification—in order to support claims that the media favors the other side.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Anti-Israel Venom at University of Illinois Paper" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] criticized the student paper for using fabricated quotes:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=651 Anti-Israel Venom at University of Illinois Paper] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"The University of Illinois newspaper, the Daily Illini, is making a dubious name for itself as one of America’s more recklessly anti-Israel student publications. Flouting journalistic norms that mandate accuracy, ethics and responsible sourcing it has repeatedly run false, anti-Israel and even anti-Semitic commentaries."
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"'Stop turning a blind eye' (Dec 11, 2003) is on this unfortunate list. Written by Mariam Sobh, a journalism student and regular Illini columnist, the op-ed contained a grotesque, invented quote attributed to Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon as well as a spurious reference to another non-existent quote, by another Israeli official, supposedly from the New York Times. This is a pattern with the Illini columnist. In her zeal to vilify Israel, Sobh consistently turns to unreliable sources to prove her point. Both the extreme invective against Israel and the permissive editorial policy allowing student and community writers to use the pages of the newspaper for propaganda are apparently habitual. A year ago, on Jan 22, 2003, for example, the paper ran a virulent letter to the editor entitled 'Jews manipulate America' offering crude anti-Semitic allegations authored by one Ariel Sinovsky from Seattle, Wash. Although an editor claimed to have confirmation of the writer’s identity, university alumnus Jeff Kamen told CAMERA that students and community members searched all available databases and directories, but did not find an Ariel Sinovsky in Seattle or anywhere."
</blockquote>
In its "Bold Distortions and Outright Lies" article, [[HonestReporting]] commented on the [[#2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies]]:<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Bold_Distortions_and_Outright_Lies.asp Bold Distortions and Outright Lies] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"A Reuters photo turns out to be an outright lie, manipulated to make damage in Beirut appear much worse than reality."
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"The conflict between Israel and the Iranian-backed terror group Hezbollah has produced some of the most distorted and biased reporting we have seen in years. Despite evidence that Israel is taking unprecedented steps to avoid civilian casualties, some in the media have accused the IDF of using disproportionate force against a harmless civilian population. With little evidence to back up this claim, some are even resorting to outright fraud...."
</blockquote>
For additional claims of forgery and/or falsification made by Israelis and their advocates, please see [[#Pallywood|Pallywood]] and the [[#2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies]].
; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Please counter the Israeli PR machine" letter, [[Palestine Media Watch]] criticized the media for fabricating information or for reporting fabricated information:<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/mediocrity/displayCall.asp?essayID=195 Please counter the Israeli PR machine] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"Basic facts will not only be ignored, but will be fabricated, outright, bald-faced lies will be told, and the intelligence of the American people will be shamelessly and repeatedly insulted and violated. And all along, the US media will not only simply roll over and play half-dead, as usual, but will cheerfully accept the easy, comfortable way out, never bothering to ask the obvious questions, never pointing to the decades-old record of rejection from Ariel Sharon, his open refusal to accept a viable Palestinian state, his brutality, his war crimes, and his relentless sabotaging of all chances, minor or major, at advancing political dialog. The media will again fail to connect the simple dots, will fail to look for or detect obvious patterns, never daring to stare reality right in the face, let alone break free from the mindless narrative sandbox in which they have decided to confine themselves."
</blockquote>
In a letter to the [[Washington Post]] by [[Omar Barghouti]], an activist of [[Palestine Media Watch]], Barghouti criticized the Post for repeating allegedly fabricated information:<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/db/gadflies/display_message.asp?mid=87 Assassination Disguised] by [[Omar Barghouti]] on [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"By relying largely on Israeli Army sources, Mr. Keith Richburg and Mr. Lee Hockstader portrayed an inaccurate picture for the Israeli operation on Thursday, November 9th, against Mr. Hussein Abayat. The Israeli army wants us to believe that Mr. Abayat was a 'terror' mastermind, who 'deserved' to be killed by Israel. The Washington Post article only helps promote this distorted image."
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"From the very beginning, the article calls the operation a 'targeted slaying', which in any other context would be immediately and intuitively be called assassination. The reader, as always, is given a very foggy account of the victim, Mr. Abayat, and only the Israeli-provided biographic information is highlighted. I have always complained about the convenience with which some Post journalists rely on Israeli sources, despite the fact that they were proven over and over again to be grossly inaccurate, if not altogether fabricated. A quick look at the reports by Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights will attest to what I am saying."
</blockquote>

===Placement===
{{see also|Headline|Serial position effect|Primacy effect|Recency effect}}
Where text appears in a news article affects the frequency with which it is read and the likelihood that a reader will recall that information. Headlines, for example, are more frequently read than any other part of a news article.<ref>[http://www.adcopywriting.com/Tutorial_4_Headlines.htm AdCopyWriting.com]</ref><ref>[http://lorelle.wordpress.com/2006/09/20/writing-effective-attention-getting-headlines-and-titles-on-your-blog/ Writing Effective, Attention-Getting Headlines and Titles on Your Blog]</ref><ref>[http://www.copyblogger.com/magnetic-headlines/ How to Write Magnetic Headlines]</ref> The first paragraph is read more frequently than the rest of the article, but less frequently than the headline.<ref>[http://misscopy.com/blog/?p=57 How To Write Your First Paragraph]</ref> If an article is read in its entirety, the reader will most strongly recall the last paragraph, due to the [[recency effect]], followed by the headline and first paragraph, due to the [[primacy effect]]; whereas, the reader is unlikely to recall information in the middle of the article as strongly as information placed closer to the beginning or end of the article. Along this vein, "placement" refers to allegations, by both sides, that the consistent preferential placement of the opposing point of view biases the media's presentation of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in favor of the other side.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its page on "Headlines & Graphics", [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes the following regarding placement:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=13 Headlines & Graphics] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Headlines are the first, and sometimes only, news items seen by readers and should provide the essence of a news story. While they must capture the reader's attention, headlines should always be accurate and specific. The size of a headline signals the importance of the story and its relationship to other stories, and the use of the active versus passive voice also shapes reader perceptions."</blockquote>
In its "New York Times Skews Israeli-Palestinian Crisis" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] criticized the [[New York Times]] for the placement of news stories about the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], writing:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=35&x_article=25 New York Times Skews Israeli-Palestinian Crisis] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"In a key period in late March and early April, as Israel suffered a wave of unprecedented Palestinian terrorism prompting the Israel Defense Forces to respond with incursions into areas under Palestinian Authority control, the New York Times presented a decidedly skewed picture of events. Reporting focused heavily on Palestinian suffering while continually minimizing the personal toll on Israelis. The number and prominence (judged by placement and size) of news stories and photographs regularly cast Palestinians as blameless victims of Israeli aggression. Israeli victims were rarely even named, much less profiled. Guest Op-Ed’s were overwhelmingly tilted toward condemnation of Israel."</blockquote>
; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its report "Off the Charts: New York Times coverage of Israeli and Palestinian deaths," [[If Americans Knew]] writes the following regarding placement:<ref>[http://www.ifamericansknew.org/media/nyt-report.html Off the Charts: New York Times coverage of Israeli and Palestinian deaths] by [[If Americans Knew]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Every death mentioned solely in the last two paragraphs of an article was Palestinian. There were five Palestinian deaths mentioned for the first time in the second to last paragraph, including that of a 16-year-old girl shot through the chest by the Israeli army. Also, there were five Palestinian deaths mentioned for the first time in the last paragraph. [...] Since readership diminishes the further down an article one goes, such patterns reduce readers’ awareness of Palestinian deaths."</blockquote>

===Exaggeration or sensationalism===
{{see also|Exaggeration|Sensationalism|Media circus}}
[[Sensationalism]], in general, is a form of being extremely controversial, loud, or attention grabbing. In the context of the media, sensationalism refers to claims that the media chooses to report on shocking events or to exaggerate, at the expense of accuracy and objectivity, in order to improve viewer, listener or readership ratings. This criticism, also known as [[media circus]], is proffered by both Israelis and Palestinians as a possible explanation for alleged bias.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "'New Rules' For Mideast Reporting" media critique, [[Honest Reporting]] writes the following regarding sensationalism:<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/reports/-New_Rules-_For_Mideast_Reporting.asp "New Rules" For Mideast Reporting] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"Every media outlet has its own stylebook, designed to be as fair and impartial as possible. These days, however, it often seems like the Palestinian Minister of Information is publishing and distributing his stylebook to dozens of newspapers and media outlets. Since September 2000, a new de facto "stylebook" has emerged for reporters covering the Palestinian violence against Israel. In some cases, the "new rules for reporting" are based on actual policies promulgated by news organizations and editors. Though elements of "pack journalism" are evident, there are probably no conspiratorial hands behind the emergence of this stylebook. For the most part, reporters and correspondents have informally, perhaps even subconsciously, adopted these guidelines. Invariably, the new rules are biased against Israel. While not a "conspiracy," an anti-Israel press "convention" has emerged, and clear biases are evident. For now, the bias appears to have had little impact on American public opinion regarding Israel. In Europe, the stronger, more strident anti-Israel tone of much of the media may be having a different impact. Following are eight new "rules" for reporters covering the Middle East, as distilled from hundreds of articles covering the recent violence:"
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"'''Rule 1. Sensationalize the intensity and scope of Israeli military actions.''' 
Call the Israeli actions 'aggressive,' 'devastating' or 'intensive.' Refer to Israeli incursions into Palestinian territory as 'deep,' even when they involve only {{convert|300|yd|m}}. [The New York Times, April 14, 2001] On the other hand, refer to Palestinian mortar attacks as 'ineffective' or 'falling harmlessly,' even though the intent of the mortar teams is malevolent."</blockquote>
In its "Selective Quotes Distort Intent of Sharon's Gaza Withdrawal" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] criticized [[Haaretz]] for using a sensational headline:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=31&x_article=783 Selective Quotes Distort Intent of Sharon's Gaza Withdrawal]</ref>
<blockquote>"The 'teaser' revealed a few selected quotes, and carried the sensational headline, 'Top PM aide: Gaza plan aims to freeze the peace process.' ... By valuing sensationalism over accuracy in its teaser, Haaretz practiced irresponsible journalism."</blockquote>
; According to Pro-Palestinian Watchdog Groups
In its "Canada's Nearly 400,000 Muslims Concerned about Media Stereotypes" article, the [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] writes the following regarding sensationalism:<ref>[http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0993/9309054.htm Canada's Nearly 400,000 Muslims Concerned about Media Stereotypes] by the [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Sensationalist coverage has cultivated fear of Muslims, Islam and Arabs, says Ausma Khan, a third-year law student at the University of Ottawa, and one of the estimated 150,000 Canadian Muslims with roots in the Indian subcontinent.... the [tenets] of responsible journalism are increasingly being disregarded in the pursuit of sensationalism."</blockquote>
In its "Issue Area: Sensationalism" webpage, [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] writes the following regarding sensationalism:<ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=49 Issue Area: Sensationalism] by [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Profit-driven news organizations are under great pressure to boost ratings by sensationalizing the news: focusing attention on lurid, highly emotional stories, often featuring a bizarre cast of characters and a gripping plot but devoid of significance to most people's lives. From Tonya Harding to O.J. Simpson to Elian Gonzalez, major news outlets have become more and more dependent on these kind of tabloid soap operas to keep profits high."</blockquote>

===Prejudiced journalists===
Journalists may intentionally or unintentionally distort reports due to political ideology, national affiliation, anti-Semitism, anti-Arabism, or Islamophobia. Both Israelis and their advocates along with Palestinians and their advocates have pointed to these qualities—political ideology, national affiliation, anti-Semitism, anti-Arabism, or Islamophobia—as a potential explanation for the alleged bias of certain prominent journalists.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Amanpour's Troubling Journalism" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] attributed [[Christiane Amanpour]]'s allegedly biased news coverage to her political ideology:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=3&x_outlet=14&x_article=1370 Amanpour's Troubling Journalism] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"Known for parachuting in to cover the latest global hotspot, CNN’s Christiane Amanpour is one of the most famous journalists in the world. But there have long been questions about her habit of skewing coverage to suit her own political biases."
</blockquote>
[[Ira Stoll]] of the [[New York Sun]], and formerly of the [[Jerusalem Post]], attributes alleged anti-Israel media bias in part to reporters of Jewish background:<ref name="theotherwar" />
<blockquote>
"Most deficiencies of fairness and balance, alas, aren't the result of editors deliberately placing their papers on the side of freedom, democracy, and the West and against murderous, repressive tyrants. I suspect they are instead the result of four factors: 1. Self-hatred and bending over backward by Jewish or once-Jewish reporters, editors, and owners; 2. Ordinary, innocent carelessness and mistakes that can creep in on any stories that are constructed by tired human beings working on deadline; 3. The structural imbalance that comes from journalists being able to work mostly free and uninhibited in Israel but being subject to severe restrictions in countries like Syria or Iran; 4. Lack of understanding of the underlying historical and political background."
</blockquote>

==Frequently cited incidents==
{{see also|Journalistic scandal}}
In order to substantiate claims that the media favors the other side, participants in the conflict on each side frequently cite a number of illustrative and extreme examples of controversial reporting. This section lists incidents of controversial reporting frequently cited by only Israelis and Israel advocates, by only Palestinians and Palestinian advocates, or by both sides. The list of incidents appear chronologically, according to when the incident took place. Where events took place on the same date, the incidents appear sorted alphabetically.
{{collapse top|Inclusion Criteria}}
Though there have been a number of controversial news reports regarding the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], reports listed in the [[#Frequently cited incidents|frequently cited incidents]] section must meet the following criteria:
#The reported information was refuted by one or more prominent governmental or non-governmental organizations, or
#The reported information was admitted to be false by the publisher, or
#The reported information was called into question by a high contracting party or by notable persons (e.g. a high-ranking government official of Israel or the Palestinian Authority)
:AND
#At least one pro-Israel/pro-Palestinian media watchdog group has referred to the incident on more than one occasion, or
#Several pro-Israel/pro-Palestinian media watchdog groups have referred to the incident.
{{collapse bottom}}

===Shooting of Muhammad al-Durrah===
{{main|Muhammad al-Durrah}}
On September 30, 2000, the 11–12 year-old boy, [[Muhammad al-Durrah]], was shot in Palestinian-[[Israel]]i crossfire at the [[Netzarim junction]].<ref>{{cite news|title=12-year-old boy among dead in Israeli-Palestinian cross fire| url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/30/israel.palestinian.victims.ap/index.html| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=October 1, 2000}}</ref> [[France 2]], which caught the incident on tape, claimed that [[Israel]] had fatally shot the boy.<ref>{{cite news| title=French Public TV and the Perpetuation of a Scandal| url=http://www.nysun.com/article/5385| publisher=[[The New York Sun]]| date=November 26, 2004}}</ref> After an official, internal investigation, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] conceded that it was probably responsible and apologized for the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel 'sorry' for killing boy| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/954703.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=October 3, 2000}}</ref> [[Muhammed al-Durrah|Al-Durrah]] became a symbol of the [[Second Intifada]] and of Palestinian martyrdom.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/909972.html Mohammed al-Dura lives on] by [[Gideon Levy]] on [[Haaretz]]</ref>

External investigations suggested that the IDF could not have shot the boy and that the tape had been staged.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/fallows Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura?] by [[James Fallows]]</ref><ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=46&x_article=855 BACKGROUNDER: Mohammed Al Dura] by [[Commitee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref> In 2001, following a non-military investigation, conducted by Israeli Southern Command Maj.-Gen. Yom Tov Samia, the Israeli Prime Minister's Foreign Media Advisor, [[Raanan Gissin|Dr. Ra'anan Gissin]], along with [[Daniel Seaman]] of the Israeli Government Press Office (GPO) publicly challenged the accuracy of the [[France 2]] report.<ref name="jpost_wedidnotabandonkarsenty">{{cite news|title=We did not abandon Philippe Karsenty|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1214132686919|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=June 25, 2008}}</ref> In 2005, the head of the Israeli National Security Agency, Major-General (res.) Giora Eiland publicly retracted the IDF's initial admittance of responsibility.<ref name="jpost_wedidnotabandonkarsenty" /> In order to avoid negative publicity and a resulting backlash, the IDF did not conduct its own official, military investigation until 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=IDF demands uncut al-Dura tape| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1189411415051| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=September 17, 2007}}</ref> On October 1, 2007, [[Israel]] officially denied responsibility for the shooting and claimed that the [[France 2]] footage had been staged,<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel officially denies responsibility for death of al-Dura in 2000| url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455496,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=October 1, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=GPO head: Sept. 2000 death of Gaza child Al-Dura was staged| url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/908848.html| publisher=[[Haaretz]]| date=October 1, 2007}}</ref> prompting criticism from [[Muhammed al-Durrah|Al-Durrah]]'s father.<ref>{{cite news| title=Al-Dura's father: Israel's claims ridiculous|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455539,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=October 2, 2007}}</ref>

Both [[Palestinians]] and [[Israelis]] cite the [[Muhammed al-Durrah]] case in order to further claims that the media favors the other side. [[Israelis]] and their advocates cite the case because [[France 2]] attributed the shooting to [[Israel]] when either side could have shot the boy. [[Palestinians]] and their advocates cite the case because of the attention the media has given to [[Israel]]i allegations that the video tape was staged.

===Photo of Tuvia Grossman===
{{main|Tuvia Grossman}}
[[Image:grossmanattack.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The caption of the [[Associated Press]] photograph, which also appeared in the [[New York Times]], misidentified [[Tuvia Grossman]]'s nationality, misidentified the photograph's location, and implied police brutality by [[Tuvia Grossman|Grossman]]'s [[Israel]]i rescuer. [[Tuvia Grossman]] has since become an icon of alleged anti-Israel media bias.]]
On September 30, 2000, the [[New York Times]], the [[Associated Press]], and other media outlets published a photograph of a club-wielding [[Israel]]i police officer standing over a battered and bleeding young man.<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall">[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/reports/The_Photo_that_Started_it_All.asp The Photo That Started It All] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref> The photograph's caption identified the young man as a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and the location as the [[Temple Mount]].<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall" /> The young man in the picture was 20-year old [[Tuvia Grossman]], a [[Jewish]] American student from Chicago who had been studying at a [[Yeshiva]] in [[Israel]]; the [[Israel]]i police officer in the photograph, who appears to have beaten [[Tuvia Grossman|Grossman]], actually came to his rescue by threatening his [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] assailants.<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall" /><ref name="nytimes_aldura_oct7_correction">{{cite news|title=Corrections| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02EEDD123CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=October 7, 2000}}</ref>

On October 2, 2000, [[Tuvia Grossman|Tuvia Grossman's]] father sent the following email to the [[New York Times]]:<ref name="fraudfactor_grossman">[http://www.fraudfactor.com/ffmediafraud9001.html New York Times Media Fraud, Incompetence, and Bias] by [[Fraud Factor]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Regarding your picture on page A5 (Sept. 30) of the Israeli soldier and the Palestinian on the Temple Mount – that Palestinian is actually my son, Tuvia Grossman, a Jewish student from Chicago. He, and two of his friends, were pulled from their taxicab while travelling in Jerusalem, by a mob of Palestinian Arabs and were severely beaten and stabbed. That picture could not have been taken on the Temple Mount because there are no gas stations on the Temple Mount and certainly none with Hebrew lettering, like the one clearly seen behind the Israeli soldier attempting to protect my son from the mob."</blockquote>
On October 4, 2000, the [[New York Times]] issued the following incomplete correction, which incorrectly identified the location of the incident:<ref>{{cite news|title=Corrections| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DF1E3DF937A35753C1A9669C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=October 4, 2000}}</ref>
<blockquote>"A picture caption on Saturday about fighting between Israelis and Palestinians in Jerusalem included an erroneous identification from The Associated Press for a wounded man shown with an Israeli policeman. He was Tuvia Grossman of Chicago, an American student in Israel, not an unidentified Palestinian. In some copies the caption also misidentified the site where Mr. Grossman was wounded. It was in Jerusalem's Old City, but not on the Temple Mount."</blockquote>
On October 7, 2000, the [[New York Times]] published an article about the incident and printed the following, more complete, correction:<ref name="nytimes_aldura_oct7_correction" /><ref>{{cite news| title=Abruptly, a U.S. Student In Mideast Turmoil's Grip| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E5DB153CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=October 7, 2000 | first=Robert D. | last=McFadden | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref>
<blockquote>" A picture caption on Page A6 last Saturday about fighting in Jerusalem gave an erroneous identification from The Associated Press for a wounded man shown with an Israeli policeman. He was Tuvia Grossman of Chicago, an American studying at a Jewish seminary in Jerusalem, not an unidentified Palestinian. In some copies the caption also included the news agency's erroneous reference to the site. The incident occurred in an Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem, not on the Temple Mount or elsewhere in the Old City."</blockquote>
<blockquote>"A correction in this space on Wednesday cited the errors incompletely and omitted an explanation of the scene. The officer was waving a nightstick at Palestinians, telling them to stay away from Mr. Grossman. He was not beating Mr. Grossman."</blockquote>
<blockquote>"An article about the incident and the photograph appears today, on Page A4. "</blockquote>
The Tuvia Grossman Photo appears frequently in [[Israel]]i criticisms of the media, because the photograph implied that the [[Israel]]i police officer who rescued [[Tuvia Grossman]] had beat him, it implied an Israeli perpetrator, it implied a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] victim, and it conveyed the opposite of what had transpired.<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall" /><ref name="fraudfactor_grossman" /><ref>[http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/israeldiary/Victim_of_the_Media_War.asp Victim of the Media War] bu [[Tuvia Grossman]] on [[Aish HaTorah]]</ref><ref>[http://world.std.com/~camera/docs/alert/tuvia-up.html Photo Falsehood and the Rosh Hashanah Riots] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref> According to [[Honest Reporting]]'s promotional videos, the pro-Israel [[Watchdog journalism|watchdog]] was established in 2000 in response to this incident, which it describes as "the photo that started it all".<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=qtvLCzpCT9w Seven Years on the Front Lines] by [[Honest Reporting]] on [[YouTube]]</ref><ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=bnrX5_ADCEk Five Years of Anti-Israel Media Bias] by [[Honest Reporting]] on [[YouTube]]</ref> [[Seth Ackerman]] of [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] described the attention given to the photo, as well as the three [[New York Times|NYT]] corrections, as disproportionate to a "plausible, though careless" assumption resulting from "garbled information from the Israeli photographer".<ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1060 Those Aren't Stones, They're Rocks]</ref>

===Battle of Jenin===
{{main|Battle of Jenin}}
{{see also|Passover massacre|Operation Defensive Shield}}
On April 3, 2002, following a [[Passover massacre|devastating suicide bombing]] on March 27 <ref>{{cite news|title='Passover massacre' at Israeli hotel kills 19|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/03/27/mideast/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=March 27, 2002}}</ref> which killed 30 Israeli civilians and wounded as many as 143,<ref>{{cite news|title=Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=March 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Israel Passover bomb suspect held|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7315168.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 26, 2008}}</ref> the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] began a [[Battle of Jenin|major military operation]] in the [[Jenin|Jenin refugee camp]], a city which, according to [[Israel]], had "served as a launching site for numerous terrorist attacks against both Israeli civilians and Israeli towns and villages in the area".<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/4/Jenin-s%20Terrorist%20Infrastructure%20-%204-Apr-2002 Jenin's Terrorist Infrastructure] by [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|MFA]]</ref> The fighting, which lasted eight days and resulted in the deaths of 52 [[Palestinians]] (including 14 civilians, according to the IDF, and 22 civilians, according to [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]) and 23 Israeli soldiers, has been interpreted quite differently by [[Israelis]] and Palestinians.<ref name="un_jenin">[http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin] by [[United Nations|UN]]</ref><ref name="hrw_jenin_summary">[http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm Jenin: IDF Military Operations – Summary] by [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]</ref><ref name="time_jenin">[http://www.time.com/time/2002/jenin/story.html Inside the Battle of Jenin] by [[Time (magazine)|Time]]</ref><ref name="nyt_jenin_television">{{cite news|title=New Battle Over Jenin, on Television|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E6D9103BF936A25757C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=April 13, 2003 | first=Greg | last=Myre | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> In the aftermath of the fighting, chief Palestinian negotiator [[Saeb Erekat]] claimed that the IDF had killed 500 Palestinians and accused Israel of committing a "massacre".<ref>{{cite news|title=Powell postpones meeting with Arafat|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/12/mideast.diplomacy/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=April 12, 2002}}</ref> Early news publications, following both IDF estimates of 200 Palestinians killed and Palestinian estimates of 500 Palestinians killed, reported hundreds of Palestinian deaths and repeated claims that a massacre had taken place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=April 18, 2002}}</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0204/12/lt.01.html Conflict in the Middle East: Fierce Fighting Continues in Jenin] by [[CNN]]</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] later found that a massacre had not taken place, although both organizations charged the IDF with war crimes and human rights violations.<ref name="hrw_jenin">[http://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/ Jenin: IDF Military Operations] by [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]</ref><ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/143/2002 Israel and the Occupied Territories: Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus] by [[Amnesty International]]</ref> The [[United Nations]] similarly dismissed claims that hundreds of Palestinians had been killed as unsubstantiated, a finding which was widely interpreted and reported as rejecting claims of a "massacre".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="usatoday.com"/><ref name="un_jenin" /><ref>{{cite news| title= DEATH ON THE CAMPUS: JENIN; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E6DD1E3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=August 2, 2002 | first=James | last=Bennet | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> The [[Battle of Jenin]] is still largely called the "Jenin Massacre" ({{lang-ar|مجزرة جنين}}) by [[Arab]] and Palestinian sources.

The reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin has been frequently criticized by both Israelis and their advocates and by Palestinians and their advocates. Israelis and their advocates frequently cite the reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin, because "the Arab and European media hastily reported",<ref name="arielcohen_jenin" /> without [[#Lack of verification|proper verification]], Palestinian allegations that a massacre had taken place, a claim broken by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, and described by many pro-Israel sources as "The Big Jenin Lie" and by [[HonestReporting]] as "Jeningrad".<ref name="arielcohen_jenin">[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-cohen041602.asp Jenin: The Big Lie] by [[Ariel Cohen]] on [[National Review Online|NRO]]</ref><ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/001/218vnicq.asp The Big Jenin Lie] by [[Richard Starr]] on the [[Weekly Standard]]</ref><ref>[http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/mediaobjectivity/Jenin_Massacring_Truth.asp Jenin: Massacring Truth] on [[Aish HaTorah]]</ref><ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/reports/Jeningrad_What_the_British_Media_Said.asp Jeningrad: What the British Media Said] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref><ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/art/brief1-22.htm What Really Happened in Jenin?] by [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|JCPA]]</ref><ref>[http://www.adl.org/israel/jenin/ Anatomy of Anti-Israel Incitement: Jenin, World Opinion and the Massacre That Wasn't] by [[The Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]</ref> Palestinians and their advocates, many of whom view a massacre as having taken place, frequently cite the reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin for later rejecting Palestinian claims of a massacre and for [[#Omission|ignoring claims]] by Amnesty International and by Human Rights Watch that the IDF had committed war crimes.<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/cast/jenindistortions.asp Gross distortions of UN Jenin report by US media] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref><ref>[http://www.mediamonitors.net/gowans59.html No Massacre at Jenin: Says Who?] by [[Stephen Gowans]]</ref>

===Gaza beach blast===
{{main|Gaza beach blast (2006)}}
On June 9, 2006, an explosion on a beach in the [[Gaza Strip]] killed seven [[Palestinians]], including three children.<ref name="bbc_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=Hamas militants vow to end truce| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5065982.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=June 10, 2006}}</ref> Palestinian sources claimed that the explosion resulted from [[Israel]]i shelling.<ref name="bbc_gazabeachblast" /> After a three-day investigation, [[Israel]] concluded that the blast could not have resulted from an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] artillery shell.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peretz: Friday's Gaza beach shelling 'not our doing'| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150191574202&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=June 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IDF not responsible for Gaza blast| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150035838991&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=June 13, 2006}}</ref> This IDF investigation was criticized by both [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[The Guardian]] for ignoring evidence.<ref name="hrw_gazabeachblast">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/20/israb13595.htm Israel: Gaza Beach Investigation Ignores Evidence] by [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]</ref><ref name="guardian_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=The battle of Huda Ghalia – who really killed girl's family on Gaza beach?|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1799825,00.html|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 17, 2006 | location=London | first=Chris | last=McGreal | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> The IDF later conceded that the report was flawed for failing to mention two gunboat shells fired at about the time of the deaths but insisted that these shells had landed too far away from the area to be the cause of the explosion and that this omission, therefore, did not impact the report's overall conclusion that Israel had not been responsible for the blast.<ref name="timesonline_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=Israel admits shell report flaws|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2230076,00.html|publisher=[[Times Online]]|date=June 17, 2006 | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Farrell | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> According to [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]], "many in the press [have presumed] that Israel is responsible".<ref name="camera_gazabeachblast">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=35&x_article=1129 Israel Should Not Be Presumed Guilty of Gaza Beach Deaths] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref> This incident is often cited by [[Israel]] advocates who claim that the media favors the Palestinian side, because of reports which attributed the blast to the IDF prior to the conclusion of the IDF investigation.<ref name="camera_gazabeachblast" /><ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Gaza_Beach_Libel.asp Gaza Beach Libel] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>

===2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies===
{{main|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies}}
{{see also|Adnan Hajj|Salam Daher}}
On August 5, 2006 blogger [[Charles Foster Johnson|Charles Johnson]] of [[Little Green Footballs]] accused [[Reuters]] of inappropriately manipulating images of destruction to [[Beirut]] caused by [[Israel]] during the [[Second Lebanon War]].<ref>[http://littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=21956_Reuters_Doctoring_Photos_from_Beirut&only Reuters Doctoring Photos from Beirut?] on [[Little Green Footballs]]</ref> This accusation marked the first of many accusations against media outlets for inappropriate [[photo manipulation]]. Media outlets were also accused of incorrectly captioning photos and of staging photographs through the inappropriate use of props. These accusations, which initially appeared in the [[blogosphere]], were amplified by [[Aish HaTorah]] through an online video entitled "Photo Fraud in Lebanon".<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=Wm6fA-Yfb1I Photo Fraud in Lebanon] by [[Aish HaTorah]] on [[YouTube]]</ref> In response to these allegations, [[Reuters]] toughened its photo editing policy and admitted to inappropriate [[photo manipulation]] on the part of [[Adnan Hajj]], a freelance photographer whom [[Reuters]] subsequently fired.<ref name="reuters_adnanhajj">{{cite news|title=Reuters toughens rules after altered photo affair|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL18678707|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=January 18, 2007}}</ref> Additionally, [[BBC]], the [[New York Times]], and the [[Associated Press]] recalled photos or corrected captions in response to some of the accusations.<ref name="jpost_reutersgate">{{cite news|title=Reutersgate strikes other news outlets|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154525850241&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[Jerusalem Post|JPost]]|date=August 11, 2006}}</ref> This [[journalistic scandal]], dubbed "[[Reutersgate]]" by the [[blogosphere]] in reference to the [[Watergate scandal]] and dubbed "fauxtography" by [[Honest Reporting]] and others, is frequently cited by Israelis and by Israel advocates in order to demonstrate alleged anti-Israel bias, this time in the form of an [[#Forgery or falsification|outright forgery]] created by a biased local freelance photographer.<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/a/dishonest.asp?p=1 The Dishonest Reporter 'Award' 2006] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref><ref name="Fauxtography">{{cite web|url=http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol9/summer/articles/fauxtography.html|title=A Concise History of the Fauxtography Blogstorm in the 2006 Lebanon War|accessdate=2008-07-11|publisher=American Communication Journal|year=2007|author=Stephen D. Cooper, Marshall University|language=en}}</ref>

===The Independent's "Mystery of Israel's Secret Uranium Bomb"===
On October 28, 2006, [[The Independent]] published an article, by [[Robert Fisk]], which speculated, based on information from the [[European Committee on Radiation Risk]], that [[Israel]] may have used [[depleted Uranium]] weapons during the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref name="independent_mystery">{{cite news|title=Robert Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fisk/robert-fisk-mystery-of-israels-secret-uranium-bomb-421960.html| publisher=[[The Independent]]| date=October 28, 2006 | location=London | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> The article prompted criticism by [[HonestReporting]] for coming to conclusions prematurely,<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/Indies_Uranium_Charges.asp Indie's Uranium Charges] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref> and resulted in an investigation by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] ([[UNEP]]).<ref name="independent_investigates">{{cite news| title=UN investigates Israel's 'uranium weapons'| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/un-investigates-israels-uranium-weapons-422210.html| publisher=[[The Independent]]| date=October 30, 2006 | location=London | first=Eric | last=Silver | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> On November 8, 2006, [[UNEP]] concluded that [[Israel]] had not used any form of [[Uranium]]-based weapons.<ref name="un_nouranium">{{cite news| title=Israel did not use depleted uranium during conflict with Hizbollah, UN agency finds| url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20532&Cr=leban&Cr1| publisher=[[UN News Centre]]| date=November 8, 2006}}</ref><ref name="ynet_nouranium">{{cite news| title=UN: No IDF uranium bomb use in Lebanon| url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3325254,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=November 8, 2006}}</ref> [[Israelis]] and [[Israel]] advocates cite the article as an instance of "shoddy journalism", arising allegedly as a result of [[#Exaggeration or sensationalism|media sensationalism]].<ref name="honestreporting_noretractionforindiesfalseuraniumlibel">[http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/No_Retraction_For_Indies_False_Uranium_Libel.asp No Retraction For Indie's False Uranium Libel] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>

==Films==
This section discusses films with media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict as its main topic. The films presented in this section appear in alphabetical order.

===Décryptage===
{{main|Décryptage}}
[[Décryptage]] is a 2003 documentary written by [[Jacques Tarnero]] and directed by [[Philippe Bensoussan]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348596/ Décryptage (2003)] on [[Internet Movie Database|IMDB]]</ref> The French film (with English [[subtitles]]) examines media coverage of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in [[French media]], and concludes that the [[News media|media's]] presentation of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]] in France is consistently skewed against [[Israel]] and may be responsible for exacerbating [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>[http://www.sundancechannel.com/films/500063974 Décryptage] on [[Sundance Channel (United States)|Sundance Channel]]</ref>

===Pallywood===
{{main|Pallywood}}
[[Pallywood|Pallywood: According to Palestinian sources...]] is an 18-minute online documentary by [[Richard Landes]].<ref>[http://www.seconddraft.org/movies.php Movies] on [http://www.seconddraft.org/ The Second Draft]</ref><ref name="pallywood">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_B1H-1opys Pallywood] on [[YouTube]]</ref> The film, with its title derived from the words [[Palestine|Palestinian]] and [[Hollywood]], claims that the Western media uncritically accepts and reports the stories of [[freelance]] [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] videographers who record staged scenes, often involving faked or exaggerated injuries, in order to elicit sympathy and support.<ref name="pallywood" />

===Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land===
{{main|Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land}}
[[Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land]] is a 2004 documentary by [[Sut Jhally]] and [[Bathsheba Ratzkoff]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0428959/ Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] on [[IMDB]]</ref> The movie claims that the influence of pro-Israel [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]], such as [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] and [[Honest Reporting]], leads to distorted and pro-Israel media reports.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6604775898578139565&q=Peace%2C+Propaganda+%26+the+Promised+Land Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] on [[Google Video]]</ref> In its response to the movie, the pro-Israel [[JCRC]] criticizes the film for not discussing the influence of "the numerous pro‐Palestinian media watchdog groups, including, ironically, FAIR (Fair and Accuracy in the Media, which describes itself as 'A National Media Watch Group'), whose spokesperson played a prominent role in the film".<ref>[http://www.jcrc.org/israel/p3l/P3L-Review.pdf Refutation of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] ([http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:VNpVMfdBQacJ:www.jcrc.org/israel/p3l/P3L-Review.pdf+%22Peace,+Propaganda+and+the+Promised+Land%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us HTML]) by [[JCRC]]</ref> According to the pro-Palestinian [[LiP Magazine]], the movie "offers a great starting point for thinking about media misrepresentation of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, and useful analysis of how language is used to manipulate public opinion," but is short on "solid statistics and facts to back up some of its blanket statements".<ref>[http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revicontent_peaceprop.htm Review of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] by [[LiP Magazine]]</ref> A review in the [[New York Times]] by [[Ned Martel]] found that the film "largely ignores Palestinian leadership, which has surely played a part in the conflict’s broken vows and broken hearts. And such a lack of dispassion weakens the one-sided film’s bold and detailed argument".<ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/295440/Peace-Propaganda-The-Promised-Land-American-Media-The-Subversion-of-Peace/overview Peace, Propaganda and the Promised Land (2003)] by [[Ned Martel]] on the [[New York Times]]</ref>

==Other criticisms==
Some media criticisms appear less frequently than those listed in the [[#Common claims|common claims section above]] or are made by only one side. Such criticisms are documented and explained here.
; False compromise
{{see also|False compromise|Middle ground|Moral equivalence|Moral relativism}}
False compromise refers to the claim, made by some Israeli advocates and by some Palestinian advocates, that their side of the conflict is morally right and the other side is morally wrong and, therefore, attempts to balance the presentation of both viewpoints wrongfully suggests that both sides are morally equivalent. For example, Palestinian advocate [[Kathleen Christison]] writes that "a balanced position in an unbalanced situation inevitably is a miscarriage of justice. In Palestine-Israel, it is a profoundly immoral stance to maintain neutrality between powerless Palestinians (who have the ability occasionally to murder innocent Israelis but no power to regulate or save their own lives) and an overpowering, overbearing Israel possessing all the military power, controlling all the land".<ref>[http://www.counterpunch.org/christison07102004.html The Problem with Neutrality Between Palestinians and Israel] by [[Kathleen Christison]] on [[CounterPunch]]</ref> Similarly, in the words of Israel advocate [[Bret Stevens]], "Moral clarity is a term that doesn't get much traction these days, least of all among journalists, who prefer 'objectivity' and 'balance.' Yet good journalism is more than about separating fact from opinion and being fair. Good journalism is about fine analysis and making distinctions, and this applies as much to moral distinctions as to any others. Because too many reporters today refuse to make moral distinctions, we are left with a journalism whose narrative and analytical failings have become ever more glaring".<ref>''Eye on the Media: Depending on your 'point of view' '' by [[Bret Stevens]] on [[Jerusalem Post]], quoted from [http://watch.windsofchange.net/themes_16.htm Watch – "Immoral equivalency"]</ref>
; Structural geographic bias
{{see also|Electronic Intifada|ZNet|Michael Brown|Ali Abunimah}}
Structural geographic bias refers to the claim, made by some Palestinian advocates, that the Western media favors Israel, allegedly as a result of Western reporters living in Israel.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/weekinreview/24okrent.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&oref=slogin The Hottest Button: How The Times Covers Israel and Palestine] by the [[New York Times]]</ref><ref>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=2364 Killings Of Dozens Once Again Called Period Of Calm By US Media] by [[Michael Brown]]{{dn}} and [[Ali Abunimah]] on [[ZNet]]</ref>

==New Media and Internet==
{{see also|New media|Internet}}
This section documents how the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] is both portrayed and played-out on the web.

===The Internet===
{{see also|The Internet|List of countries by number of Internet users}}
In the words of [[Jerusalem Post]] writer [[Megan Jacobs]], "War in the Middle East is being waged not only on the ground, but also in cyberspace."<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate">{{cite news|title=Facebook sparks 'Palestine' debate|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1191257264690&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=October 10, 2007}}</ref> While Israeli and Palestinian advocacy websites promote their respective points of view, fierce debate over the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] has embroiled [[social networking]] websites and applications with [[user-generated content]], such as [[Facebook]], [[Google Earth]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /><ref name="jpost_facebook_dilemna">{{cite news|title=Facing up to the 'Facebook' dilemma|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1202211059878|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=February 5, 2008}}</ref><ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface">{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125595|title=Facebook Makes an About-Face|publisher=[[Arutz 7]]|date=March 18, 2008}}</ref><ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_jewishactivist">{{cite news|title=Jewish Activist Battles For Israel on Facebook|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125783|publisher=[[Arutz 7]]|date=April 3, 2008}}</ref><ref name="iht_googleearth">{{cite news|title=Northern Israeli town files complaint over Google claim it was built on Arab village|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/11/africa/ME-GEN-Israel-Google-Earth.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune|IHT]]|date=February 11, 2008}}</ref><ref name="jpost_wikipedia">{{cite news|title=Wiki-Warfare: Battle for the on-line encyclopedia|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1210668627359&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=May 13, 2008}}</ref><ref name="honestreporting_wikipedia">[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Exposed_-_Anti-Israeli_Subversion_on_Wikipedia.asp Exposed: Anti-Israel Subversion on Wikipedia] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref><ref name="ei_wikipedia">[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article9474.shtml EI exclusive: a pro-Israel group's plan to rewrite history on Wikipedia] by [[Electronic Intifada]]</ref><ref name="camera_wikipedia">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=118&x_article=1485 How and Why to Edit Wikipedia] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref><ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c39_a9469/News/International.html Latest Front In Mideast Wars: Wikipedia] by [[Tamar Snyder]] in [[The Jewish Week]]</ref>

===Facebook===
{{see also|Facebook|Criticism of Facebook}}
[[Facebook]] is a [[social networking website]], which allows users to connect and interact with other people online, both directly by "friending" people and indirectly through the creation of groups. Because the website allows users to join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region, Facebook has become embroiled in a number of regional conflicts. [[Facebook groups]] such as "'Palestine' Is not a country... De-list it from Facebook as a country!" and "Israel is not a country! ... Delist it from Facebook as a country!", among others reflecting the mutual non-recognition of the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], have protested Facebook's listing of Israel and Palestine, respectively, as countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Playing politics on Facebook|url=http://www.thestar.com/News/article/209925|publisher=[[TheStar]]|date=May 3, 2007 | location=Toronto | first=Antonia | last=Zerbisias | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> This controversy became particularly heated when, in response to protests over Palestine being listed as a country, Facebook delisted it. The move infuriated Palestinian users and prompted the creation of numerous Facebook groups such as "The Official Petition to get Palestine listed as a Country", "Against delisting Palestine from Facebook", and "If Palestine is removed from Facebook ... I'm closing my account".<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /> Facebook, in response to user complaints, ultimately reinstated Palestine as a country network.<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /> A similar controversy took place regarding the status of [[Israeli settlements]]. When Israeli settlements were moved from being listed under the Israel network to the Palestine network, thousands of Israelis living in the area protested Facebook's decision.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface" /> In response to the protest, Facebook has allowed users living in the area to select either Israel or Palestine as their home country.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface" />

Another controversy over [[Facebook]] regarding the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] concerns [[Facebook groups]] which, against Facebook's [[terms of use]], promote hatred and violence. According to former [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Shimon Peres]], Facebook has been used to promote [[New antisemitism|anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism]].<ref name="jpost_facebook_dilemna" /> A proliferation of Facebook groups praising the perpetrator of the [[Mercaz HaRav massacre]] in 2008 prompted the creation of the Facebook group "FACEBOOK: Why do you support Anti-Semitism and Islamic Terrorism", which succeeded in deleting over 100 pro-Palestinian Facebook groups with violent content, by reporting the groups to Facebook.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_jewishactivist" /><ref name="jidf_responsetowikipedia">[http://www.thejidf.org/2008/08/current-response-to-wikipedia.html Response to Wikipedia] by [[The Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]]</ref> The group, which since evolved into the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force (JIDF)]], took over the Facebook group "Israel is not a country! Delist it from Facebook as a country" when, according to the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]], Facebook stopped removing such groups.<ref name="jpost_jidf">{{cite news|title=Jewish Internet Defense Force 'seizes control' of anti-Israel Facebook group|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331137728&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=July 29, 2008}}</ref><ref name="telegraph_jidf">{{cite news|title=Facebook: 'Anti-Semitic' group hijacked by Jewish force|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2478773/Facebook-Anti-semitic-group-destroyed-by-Israeli-hackers.html|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=July 31, 2008 | location=London | first=Matthew | last=Moore | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref> The [[Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]] described the "Israel is not a country!" group as "one of the most vile, antisemitic, pro-terrorist sites on the internet" and stated that it "was the most active hate group of all----promoting hatred, violence, murder, and genocide..."<ref name="jidf_responsetowikipedia" /><ref name="jpost_jidf" /> After taking over the group, the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]] began to remove its more than 48,000 members and replaced the group's graphic with a picture of an [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] jet with the [[flag of Israel]] in the background. This sparked controversy. The JIDF were clearly abusing their power, because the opposing group, "Palestine is not a country! Delist it from Facebook as a country" was allowed to be joined. <ref name="telegraph_jidf" />

===Wikipedia===
{{see also|Wikipedia|Wikipedia:About|Criticism of Wikipedia|WP:WikiProject Israel|WP:WikiProject Palestine|WP:WikiProject Israel Palestine Collaboration}}
[[Wikipedia]] is an online, [[Collaborative writing|collaborately written]] encyclopedia which anyone can edit. [[Wikipedia]] contains articles on a wide variety of subjects, and users may create new articles. The writing of articles is organized into Wikipedia projects, called "[[WP:Wikiproject|WikiProject]]s". Articles pertaining to [[Israel]] are managed by [[WP:WikiProject Israel|WikiProject Israel]], while articles pertaining to [[Palestine]] are maintained by [[WP:WikiProject Palestine|WikiProject Palestine]] (this article is under the auspices of both WikiProjects). Articles on controversial subjects, such as the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], may be the subject of [[WP:Dispute|editing disputes]], [[WP:Edit war|edit wars]], or [[WP:NPOV Dispute|neutral point-of-view disputes]]. The WikiProject [[WP:IPCOLL|Israel-Palestine Collaboration]] was established for the purpose of reducing such disputes on topics related to the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]. The WikiProject maintains a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Israel Palestine Collaboration/I-P editing battleground statistics|list of ongoing disputes and editing conflicts]] on articles pertaining to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

[[WP:Policy|Wikipedia policy]] requires, among other things, that all articles adhere to [[WP:NPOV|neutrality]], [[WP:VERIFIABILITY|verifiability]], and [[WP:RS|reliable sourcing]]; however, since Wikipedia articles are written collaboratively, there is no guarantee that articles will adhere to these principles, unless editors involved with the page adhere to these rules or, if necessary, seek [[WP:Mediation|mediation]] or [[WP:ArbCom|arbitration]] in order to ensure that other editors adhere to these principles.

While editing conflicts occur frequently, one particular conflict, involving [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] and [[Electronic Intifada]], made headlines in the [[Jerusalem Post]] and the [[International Herald Tribune]].<ref name="jpost_wikipedia"/><ref name="iht_wikipedia">{{cite news|title=Wiki-war in the Middle East|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/opinion/edbeam.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune|IHT]]|date=May 6, 2008}}</ref> When CAMERA encouraged individuals sympathetic to Israel to participate in editing Wikipedia in order to "lead to more accuracy and fairness on Wikipedia",<ref name="camera_wikipedia"/> [[Electronic Intifada]] accused CAMERA of "orchestrating a secret, long-term campaign to infiltrate the popular online encyclopedia Wikipedia to rewrite Palestinian history, pass off crude propaganda as fact, and take over Wikipedia administrative structures to ensure these changes go either undetected or unchallenged."<ref name="ei_wikipedia"/> The accusations led to various administrative actions on [[Wikipedia]]—including the banning of certain editors. [[HonestReporting]] subsequently responded to the incident with its own article, entitled "Exposed – Anti-Israeli Subversion on Wikipedia" which complained of "anti-Israel bias on Wikipedia" and described Wikipedia's [[WP:NPOV|NPOV]] policy as a "noble goal not always applied equally by Wikipedia users.<ref name="honestreporting_wikipedia"/> CAMERA similarly responded to the incident with a letter entitled "The failure of Wikipedia", appearing in [[International Herald Tribune|IHT]], which described Wikipedia's Middle East articles as "often-unreliable".<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=5&x_outlet=196&x_article=1490 CAMERA Letter About Wikipedia in International Herald Tribune] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The failure of Wikipedia|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/11/opinion/edletmon.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=May 11, 2008}}</ref> In a separate article entitled "The Wild West of Wikipedia", which appeared in [[The Jewish Chronicle]] and [[Independent Media Review Analysis|IMRA]], [[Gilead Ini]] of CAMERA decried "Wikipedia's often-skewed entries about the Middle East", described Wikipedia's rules as "shoddily-enforced", and wrote that, following the incident, "many editors who hoped to ensure accuracy and balance ... are now banned" while "partisan editors ... continue to freely manipulate Wikipedia articles to their liking".<ref>[http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/16372/ The Wild West of Wikipedia] by [[Gilead Ini]] of CAMERA.</ref>

==Watchdog groups==
This is an alphabetically sorted list of [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]] which monitor coverage of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in Western news media. While academics debate the [[Media influence|impact of the media]] on public opinion,<ref>[http://psweb.sbs.ohio-state.edu/grads/ntoronto/papers/ISPP2004.pdf Empathy with Palestinians vs. Israelis: Examining U.S. Media Representations, Coverage, and Attitudes] by [[Donald A. Sylvan]] and [[Nathan Toronto]], pg. 3</ref> lobbying organisations view the media as essential in influencing public perceptions of the conflict and, therefore, as paramount in influencing and securing favorable public policy in relation to the conflict.<ref>[http://camera.org/index.asp?x_context=24 About CAMERA] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref><ref>[http://imeu.net/news/about-imeu.shtml About IMEU] by [[Institute for Middle East Understanding|IMEU]]</ref>

{{collapse top|Inclusion Criteria}}
While there are countless organizations which monitor media pertaining to the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], the following criteria have been applied to organizations for inclusion in the [[#Watchdog groups|media watchdog groups]] list:
#The organization must monitor Western media coverage of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]. Organizations which monitor Middle Eastern coverage of the conflict have been excluded, for the purposes of limiting the length of this list.
#The organization must monitor news for the purpose of revealing biases, with the intent of effecting change in reporting. [[Palestinian Media Watch|PMW]] and [[Middle East Media Research Institute|MEMRI]] which monitor for the purpose of revealing incitement to Western audiences have, thus, been excluded.
#The organization may focus on the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] or the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], specifically; however, the organization may monitor media coverage of a wide variety of topics, so long as the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] is one such topic.
{{collapse bottom}}
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Official Homepage
! Affiliation
|-
| [[Accuracy in Media]]
| http://www.aim.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Arab Media Watch]]
| http://www.arabmediawatch.com/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[BBC Watch]]
| http://www.bbcwatch.co.uk/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Beyond Images]]
| http://www.beyondimages.info/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA)]]
| http://www.camera.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| Eye on the Post (Referring to ''[[The Washington Post]]'')
| http://www.eyeonthepost.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR)]]
| http://www.fair.org/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Fraud Factor]]
| http://www.fraudfactor.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Honest Reporting]]
| http://www.honestreporting.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[If Americans Knew]]
| http://www.ifamericansknew.org/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Institute for Middle East Understanding]]
| http://imeu.net/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Just Journalism]]
| http://www.justjournalism.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[MediaChannel]]
| http://www.mediachannel.org/
| Unaffiliated
|-
| [[Media Watch International]]
| http://www.mwio.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Middle East Media Research Institute]]
| http://www.memri.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[NPR Bias]]
| http://www.nprbias.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Palestine Media Watch]]
| http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/index.asp
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Palestine National Authority International Press Centre Media Watch]]
| http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/ipc-e_Media.html
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Promoting Responsibility in Middle East Reporting (PRIMER)]]
| http://www.tampabayprimer.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Take A Pen]]
| http://www.take-a-pen.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]
| http://www.washington-report.org/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|}
</center>

==See also==
*[[Media bias]]
*[[Spin (public relations)|Spin]]
*[[Propaganda]]
*[[Hasbara]]
*[[Pallywood]]
*[[Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land]]
*[[Muhammad al-Durrah]]
*[[Tuvia Grossman]]
*[[2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies]]
*[[2006 Fox journalists kidnapping]]
*[[Kidnapping of Alan Johnston]]
*[[Fadel Shana'a]]
*[[James Miller (filmmaker)|James Miller]]
*[[Jewish Internet Defense Force]]
*[[Media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict]]
* [[Alleged Ouze Merham interview of Ariel Sharon]]
*[[Adnan Hajj photographs controversy]]
*[[Israeli-Palestinian history denial]]
*[[A land without a people for a people without a land]]
*[[Bogus Moshe Ya'alon quotation]]

==Further reading==
The following is a list of relevant publications sorted alphabetically by title (ignoring leading "The"s) and then by author:
*''[http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/mediagroup/badnews.htm Bad News from Israel]'', [[Greg Philo]] and [[Mike Berry]] Pluto Press, (2004)
*''Caught in the Middle'' by [[Steve Mcnally]]; [[Columbia Journalism Review]], Vol. 40, January–February 2002
*''Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World'', by [[Edward W. Said]] (1997)
*''Covering the Intifada: A Hazardous Beat; Photographers and Journalists Come under Gunfire While Reporting on the Conflict'', by [[Joel Campagna]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=137 Covering the Intifada: How the Media Reported the Palestinian Uprising]'', by [[Joshua Muravchik]]; [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 2003 ISBN 0-944029-85-X
*''Days of Rage: News Organizations Have Been Besieged by Outraged Critics Accusing Them of Unfair Coverage of the Violence in the Middle East. Are They Guilty as Charged?'', by [[Sharyn Vane]]; [[American Journalism Review]], Vol. 24, July–August 2002
*''Do Words and Pictures from the Middle East Matter? A Journalist from the Region Argues That U.S. Policy Is Not Affected by the Way News Is Reported'', by [[Rami G. Khouri]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[[Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict]]'', New and Revised Edition, by [[Norman G. Finkelstein]] (2003)
*''Images Lead to Varying Perceptions: 'In Photographs in Which We, as Journalists, Saw Danger, Some Readers Saw Deception'', by [[Debbie Kornmiller]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East'' by [[Richard A. Falk]] and [[Howard Friel]] London: [[Verso]] (2007) ISBN 1-84467-109-7.
*[http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP07-012/$File/rwp_07_012_kalb.pdf The Israeli-Hezbollah War of 2006: The Media as a Weapon in Asymmetrical Conflict] by [[Marvin Kalb]] [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], [[Harvard University]], February 2007
* ''The Minefield of Language in Middle East Coverage: Journalists Rarely Have the Time or Space to Navigate through the War of Words'', by [[Beverly Wall]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_3_23/ai_78804223 Missing: The Bias Implicit in the Absent]'', by [[Marda Dunsky]]; [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 23, 2001
*''The Other War: A Debate: Questions of Balance in the Middle East'' by [[Adeel Hassan]]; [[Columbia Journalism Review]], Vol. 42, May–June 2003
*''The Other War: Israelis, Palestinians and the Struggle for Media Supremacy'', by [[Stephanie Gutmann]], [[Encounter Books]] 2005 (ISBN 1-893554-94-5)
*''Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict'', by [[Charles D. Smith]] (2004)
*''Pens and Swords: How the American Mainstream Media Report the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,'' [[Marda Dunsky]], [[Columbia University Press]], 2008 (ISBN 978-0-231-13349-4)
*''Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy'', [[Kathleen Christison]] (2001)
*''Racism and the North American Media Following 11 September: The Canadian Setting'', by [[T.Y. Ismael]] and [[John Measor]]; [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 25, 2003
*''Reporting the Arab Israeli Conflict: How Hegemony Works'' by [[Tamar Liebes]] (1997)
*''Understanding the Arab-Israeli Conflict: What the Headlines Haven't Told You'', by [[Michael Rydelnik]]; [[Moody Publishers]] (June 1, 2004) ISBN 0-8024-2640-9

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DE1F3EF932A35754C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 CNN Navigates Raw Emotions In Its Coverage From Israel] by the [[New York Times]]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/weekinreview/24okrent.html The Hottest Button: How The Times Covers Israel and Palestine] by the [[New York Times]]
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DE1E38F930A15756C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Some U.S. Backers of Israel Boycott Dailies Over Mideast Coverage That They Deplore] by the [[New York Times]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1021166.stm Journalists caught in the middle] by the [[BBC]]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/apr/19/nationalunionofjournalists.mediaunions NUJ under fire for Israel boycott] by [[The Guardian]]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,988767,00.html Israel cuts links with BBC] by [[The Guardian]]
*[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/963582.html Israel to boycott Al-Jazeera TV, claiming incitement to terror] by [[Haaretz]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7292676.stm Israel accuses al-Jazeera of bias] by [[BBC]]
*[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/18438/edition_id/369/format/html/displaystory.html NPR reacts to charges of anti-Israel bias in coverage] by [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]
*[http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-gerstenfeld-f04.htm Watching the Pro-Israeli Media Watchers] by [[Manfred Gerstenfeld]] and Ben Green on [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|JCPA]]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=qtvLCzpCT9w Seven Years on the Front Lines] by [[Honest Reporting]] on [[YouTube]]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=nSvVZ9BuKPU CAMERA 2007] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] on [[YouTube]]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=HCdhCmnQtEA Are There Two Sides to Every Story?] by [[HonestReporting]] on [[YouTube]]

{{Arab-Israeli Conflict|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media Coverage Of The Arab–Israeli Conflict}}
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Media bias controversies]]
[[Category:Palestinian media]]
[[Category:Media coverage and representation|Arab-Israeli conflict]]

[[fr:Guerre des mots dans le conflit israélo-palestinien]]

Wiedergabe des Nahostkonflikts in den Medien

2010-04-08T14:18:50Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Quotefarm|date=March 2009}}
{{Arab-Israeli conflict}}
'''Media coverage of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]''' has existed since the beginning of the conflict, with [[Arab culture#Arab media|Arab]], [[Media of Israel|Israeli]] and international [[news media]] reporting developments in the conflict though a number of different outlets, including [[Printing|print media]] such as [[newspaper]]s, [[broadcasting]] and [[electronic media]].

Media coverage of the conflict has been dogged by allegations of bias on both side. These perceptions of bias, possibly exacerbated by the [[hostile media effect]],<ref>Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/965/hwang.pdf The hostile media phenomenon: Biased Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the "Beirut Massacre".] ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', '''49''', 577-585. [http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/soc_psych/vallone_beirut.html summary].</ref> have generated more complaints of partisan reporting than any other news topic and have led to a proliferation of [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]] on both sides.<ref name="theotherwar">[http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/3/bias.asp The Other War: A Debate] by [[Columbia Journalism Review]]</ref>

==Types of bias==
Bias in print and broadcast media may manifest itself in varying ways, including:

* '''[[#Diction|Diction]]''': The use of [[Emotive (sociology)|emotive words]] or [[euphemism|euphemistic terminology]] as well as [[double-speak]] may prejudice the audience one way or another.
* '''[[#Omission|Omission]]''': The presentation of some facts but not all the facts may lead to false and biased conclusions.
* '''[[#Selective reporting|Selective reporting]]''': Over time, the news presented through a media organization may emphasize one side of the story at the expense of the other.
* '''[[#Decontextualization|Decontextualization]]''': News may appear without sufficient explanation of the circumstances of the events being reported.
* '''[[#Placement|Placement]]''': The consistent placement of one viewpoint in preferential locations of an article (e.g. in the headline or in the first paragraph) may increase reader exposure to one side of the story.
* '''[[#FactualErrors|Factual errors]]''': Errors in content may mislead the reader.

Print and broadcast media may be biased for varying reasons, including:

* '''[[#Coercion or censorship|Coercion or censorship]]''': Journalists may be pressured into distorting their reporting for fear of losing access or their lives.
* '''[[#Lack of verification|Lack of verification]]''': News outlets may "parrot" as objective fact the unverified or disputed claims of one side.
* '''[[#Exaggeration or sensationalism|Exaggeration or sensationalism]]''': In order to increase a publication or broadcasts's consumption, reporters may exaggerate events for the maximum emotional response.
* '''[[#Prejudiced journalists|Prejudiced journalists]]''': Journalists may intentionally or unintentionally distort reports due to political ideology, national affiliation, [[anti-Semitism]], [[anti-Arabism]], or [[Islamophobia]].
* '''[[#Forgery or falsification|Forgery or falsification]]''': Video footage, quotes, and other items may be fabricated to bias the presentation. See [[#Pallywood|Pallywood]] for such allegations.
* '''[[#Prejudiced fixers|Prejudiced fixers]]''': Journalists may distort reports due to [[Fixer (Media)|fixer]] ideology, national affiliation, or [[for-profit]] motives.

===Diction===
[[Image:MediaCoverageOfTheArabIsraeliConflict wallorfence.png|thumb|right|300px|   ''Main article:'' [[Israeli West Bank Barrier]] The structure shown above, described by Wikipedia as the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]], is officially termed the Israeli "security fence" by [[Israel]] and is officially termed the Israeli "apartheid wall" by the [[Palestinian National Authority]].<ref name="comingtoterms">[http://www.govcom.org/publications/full_list/ben-david_rogers_coming_to_terms_2oct.pdf Coming to Terms: A conflict analysis of the usage, in official and unofficial sources, of 'security fence,' 'apartheid wall,' and other terms for the structure between Israel and the Palestinian Territories] by [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Anat Ben-David]]</ref> Alternative Israeli terms include the "anti-terrorist fence" and the "separation barrier", while alternative Palestinian terms include the "annexation wall", the "colonization wall", and the "expansionist wall".<ref name="comingtoterms" /> There is no single, agreed upon term across media sources, and news outlets tend to combine one of the nouns "fence", "wall", or "barrier" with one of the adjectives "security", "separation", "anti-terrorist", "apartheid", "West Bank", or one of a few others.<ref name="comingtoterms" /> Israeli sources argue that it is a "fence" on the basis that more than 97% of the structure is fenced whereas less than 3% of the structure consists of concrete walls.<ref name="jvl_barrier">[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/fence.html Israel's Security Fence] by [[Jewish Virtual Library]]</ref><ref name="mfa_barrier">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w587gNnuGLU Israel's Security Fence] by [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|MFA]] on [[YouTube]]</ref> Israeli sources argue that the structure's purpose is security, citing the rise in Palestinian suicide bombing attacks in Israel during the [[Second Intifada]] and citing a more than 90% decrease in such attacks following the construction of the structure.<ref name="jvl_barrier" /><ref name="mfa_barrier" /> Palestinian sources argue that it is a "wall" on the basis that the structure contains concrete wall near key areas such as [[Jerusalem]], [[Bethlehem]], and [[Qalqiliya]].<ref name="ei_barrier">[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2472.shtml Israel's West Bank Barrier: Semantics on the Internet] by [[Nigel Parry]] on [[Electronic Intifada]]</ref><ref name="aawc_barrier">[http://stopthewall.org/FAQs/33.shtml Frequently Asked Questions about the Apartheid Wall] by [[Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign]]</ref> Palestinian sources argue that the purpose of the structure is not just security but also to take Palestinian land on the basis that the structure has been built within the West Bank, with 50% of the West Bank placed on the structure's Israeli side.<ref name="ei_barrier" /><ref name="aawc_barrier" />]]
{{see also|Euphemism|Connotation|Framing (social sciences)}}
Diction, or word choice, affects the interpretation of the same set of entities or events. There is an emotional and semantic difference between the verbs ''died'' and ''killed,'' and similarly between ''kill'' and ''murder''; ''murder'' evokes stronger negative emotions and connotes intent. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], various terminological issues arise. The terms "disputed territories" versus "occupied territories" reflect different positions on the legal status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The terms "security fence" and "apartheid wall," "neighbourhood" and "settlement," and "militant," "freedom fighter," and "terrorist," while used to describe the same entities, present them in a different light and suggest a different narrative. Similarly, describing an attack or bombing as a "response" or "retaliation" again places the events in a different light.

====Retaliation====
A study by the American organisation Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting monitored the use of the term "retaliation" in the nightly news broadcasts of the three main American networks CBS, ABC, and NBC between September 2000 through March 17, 2002. It found that of the 150 occasions when "retaliate" and its variants were used to describe attacks in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, 79 percent were references to Israel "retaliating" and only 9 percent were references to Palestinians "retaliating".<ref>[http://www.fair.org/activism/network-retaliation.html] In U.S. Media, Palestinians Attack, Israel Retaliates</ref>

====Emotive Language====
In a study of BBC television news coverage, the Glasgow Media Group documented differences in the language used by journalists for Israelis and Palestinians. The study found that words such as 'atrocity', 'brutal murder', 'mass murder', 'savage cold blooded killing', 'lynching' and 'slaughter' were used for Israeli but not for Palestinian deaths. The word 'terrorist' was used to describe Palestinians, but in reports of an Israeli group attempting to bomb a Palestinian school, they were referred to as 'extremists' or 'vigilantes'.<ref>Greg Philo and Mike Berry, Bad News From Israel</ref>

===Omission===
In the context of [[News media|media]], an omission refers to the failure to include information. This selective inclusion of information, which results from omitting other information, may distort the presentation of events in favor of one side or the other. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider the difference in overall impact between:
*An article mentioning both a Palestinian suicide bombing in Israel and an Israeli offensive in the West Bank.
*An article mentioning only the Palestinian suicide bombing.
*An article mentioning only the Israeli offensive.

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Critical Thinking: Can You Trust Everything You Read?" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] explains:<ref name="camera_canyoutrusteverythingyouread">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=165 Critical Thinking: Can You Trust Everything You Read?] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Factual errors can be errors of omission or commission. Omission means that something important was not said, and as a result, readers are misled. In errors of commission, the reporter gives information which is not true."</blockquote>
In its "Understanding Bias" article, [[Honest Reporting]] asks the following questions pertaining to omission:<ref name="honestreporting_understandingbias">[http://www.honestreporting.com/a/understandBias.asp Understanding Bias] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>
#"Was the reporting one-sided and imbalanced?"
#"Was key information missing (selective omission)?"

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Media critique quick sheet", [[Palestine Media Watch]] asks the following questions pertaining to omission:<ref name="palestinemediawatch_mediacritiquequicksheet">[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/tools/T_Critique.asp Media critique quick sheet] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
#"How many times were UN reports/findings/resolutions mentioned?"
#"How many times were Human Rights reports/findings/statements mentioned?"
#"Did the story describe official Palestinian denials/pleas of ignorance and innocence in violent acts?"
#"Did the story describe official Israelis denials/pleas of ignorance and innocence in violent acts?"

===Lack of verification===
{{see also|Journalism ethics and standards|Media ethics|Journalistic scandal}}
The [[Journalism ethics and standards|ethics and standards of Journalism]] requires [[Journalism|journalists]] to verify the factual accuracy of the information they report. "Factual verification is a hallmark of good journalism"<ref name="internews">[http://www.internews.org/about/ethguidelines.shtm Ethics Guidelines] by [[InterNews]]</ref> and "is what separates journalism from other modes of communication, such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment".<ref name="pej">[http://www.journalism.org/resources/principles Principles of Journalism] by [[Project for Excellence in Journalism|PEJ]]</ref> Lack of verification refers to a failure to perform factual verification, involves the publication of potentially unreliable information prior to or without independent confirmation of the facts, and have resulted in various [[Journalistic scandal|scandals]]. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider:
*The [[Battle of Jenin]], after which early media reports claimed that Israel "massacred" hundreds of Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{cite news| title= Hundreds of victims 'were buried by bulldozer in mass grave| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/04/13/wmid213.xml| publisher=[[Telegraph]]| date=April 13, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=April 18, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Ben Wedeman: Access to Jenin difficult| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/11/wedeman.otsc/index.html| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=April 11, 2002}}</ref> Later investigations by the [[United Nations]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] estimated the total Palestinian death toll at 52 (with estimates of civilian deaths ranging from 22 to 26) and contradicted previous claims that a massacre had taken place.<ref>[http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin] by the [[United Nations]]</ref><ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-05.htm#P234_38516 CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND UNLAWFUL KILLINGS IN JENIN] by [[Human Rights Watch]]</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| title=UN says no massacre in Jenin| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2165272.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=August 1, 2002}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news| title=U.N. report: No massacre in Jenin| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm| publisher=[[USA Today]]| date=August 1, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= DEATH ON THE CAMPUS: JENIN; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E6DD1E3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=August 2, 2002}}</ref>
*The [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] shooting attack on [[Kiryat Arba]] in November 2002, which Western media reports described as an attack on "worshipers," resulting in international condemnations.<ref name="SalonManu">{{cite news| url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/11/19/hebron/| title=Manufacturing a Massacre| publisher = [[Salon.com|Salon]]| date=November 19, 2002}}</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8498.doc.htm UN Press Release: Secretary-General condemns 'despicable' Hebron terrorist attack]</ref> According to the [[Jerusalem Post]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] "opened fire at a [sic] security forces safeguarding Jewish worshipers," and according to both [[Haaretz]] and the [[Jerusalem Post]], the twelve Israelis killed all belonged to the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], the [[Israeli Border Police]], or the Hebron security force.<ref>{{cite news| title=Victims of the Hebron shooting attack| url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=231197&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y| publisher=[[Haaretz]]| date=November 17, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=12 killed in Hebron Shabbat eve ambush| url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2002_11_15.html| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=November 15, 2002}}</ref>

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups

In its "Atrocities of the British Press" article, [[Honest Reporting]] writes the following with regard to lack of verification:<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/critiques/Atrocities_of_the_British_Press.asp Atrocities of the British Press] by
[[Honest Reporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>"One of the hallmarks of journalism is to independently verify info before printing a 'fact.' Otherwise, readers are only being treated to rumors, accusations and even propaganda. ...
Though not independently verified, many media outlets devoted huge amounts of ink to unverified Palestinian tales of conspiracies, mass murders, common graves, and war crimes."</blockquote>
In its "Edward Said's Documented Deceptions" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes the following with regard to lack of verification:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=8&x_nameinnews=118&x_article=198 Edward Said's Documented Deceptions] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"It is unfortunate that when dealing with vilification of Israel, facts remain unchecked, accusations remain unverified, and journalistic responsibility is replaced by formulaic disclaimers."</blockquote>

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Coverage of the Middle East Crisis In the Opinion Pages and News Coverage Of the Charlotte Observer" article, [[Palestine Media Watch]] writes the following with regard to lack of verification:<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/reports/cob/cob040102_053102.html Coverage of the Middle East Crisis In the Opinion Pages and News Coverage Of the Charlotte Observer] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
<blockquote>"PMW found that more and more, facts are being verified by independent and Palestinian sources and witnesses rather than relying on Israeli government, Israeli military, or Israeli sources solely. PMW believes this should be a consistent practice, but is encouraged to find it happening increasingly. ... When Israelis targeted a Palestinian girls’ school and hospital, they were described as 'Jewish extremists'. Also, when Israeli military or Jewish settlers kill civilians, their death is reported as a 'mistake' or as accidental due to 'crossfire'. These Israeli statements are rarely if ever challenged or reported as verified."</blockquote>

===Selective reporting===
[[Image:MediaCoverageArabIsraeliConflictSelectivityGiladShalit.jpg|frame|right|A pro-Palestinian webcomic -- in reference to the capture of [[Gilad Shalit|Israeli Cpl. Gilad Shalit]] and subsequent news reports -- alleges that the media favors Israel, by allegedly devoting more attention to Israelis captured by Palestinians than to [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|Palestinians captured by Israel]].]]
Selective reporting involves devoting more resources, such as news articles or air time, to the coverage of one side of the story over another. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider the overall impression given by:
*A broadcast which spends eight hours interviewing Palestinian victims and only three hours interviewing Israeli victims.
*A broadcast which spends eight hours interviewing Israeli victims and only three hours interviewing Palestinian victims.

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Understanding Bias" article, [[Honest Reporting]] asks the following question regarding selective reporting:<ref name="honestreporting_understandingbias" />
<blockquote>"Is 'equal time' granted to both sides of the conflict, or is one side given preferential treatment -- hence lending more weight and credibility to that side's position?"</blockquote>
In its criticism of [[National Public Radio]], [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=4&x_outlet=28&x_article=70 NPR Distorts Even Its Bias] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"...CAMERA identified 350 speakers and found a gaping disparity in the time afforded to Israeli and pro-Israeli speakers compared to that provided the Arab and pro-Arab speakers. The pro-Arab speakers received 77% more time. ... More dramatic still was the disproportionate number of segments that included only pro-Arab speakers and excluded entirely any pro-Israel voices as compared to the many fewer reports that omitted altogether Arab speakers. The Arab-speakers-only segments were almost twice as numerous (41 to 24) and four times as long (18,321 words spoken on the air versus 4,934)."</blockquote>

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Killings of dozens once again called 'period of calm' by US media" article, [[Electronic Intifada]] writes the following regarding selective reporting:<ref>[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article691.shtml Killings of dozens once again called "period of calm" by US media ] by [[Electronic Intifada]]</ref>
<blockquote>"...there is a widespread tendency in the US media to simply ignore or severely underplay violence when its victims are Palestinians, while focusing intensely on incidents when the victims are Israeli. One of the reasons for the disturbing and persistent phenomenon of devaluing Palestinian life and death, is a structural geographic bias - most US news organizations who have reporters on the ground base them in Tel Aviv or west Jerusalem, very far from the places where Palestinians are being killed and bombarded on a daily basis."</blockquote>

In its criticism of [[National Public Radio]], [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]], writes:<ref>[http://www.fair.org/activism/npr-israel-quiet.html For NPR, Violence Is Calm if It’s Violence Against Palestinians] by [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]]</ref>
<blockquote>"The unequal treatment of Israeli and Palestinian deaths is a long-standing pattern at NPR; a FAIR study of six months of the network’s coverage (Extra!, 11-12/01) found that 81 percent of Israeli conflict-related deaths were reported, but only 34 percent of Palestinian deaths. Strikingly, NPR was even less likely to report the deaths of Palestinian minors killed; only 20 percent of these deaths were reported, as compared to 89 percent of Israeli minors’ deaths. While NPR was more likely to cover Israeli civilian deaths than those of Israeli security personnel (84 percent vs. 69 percent), the reverse was true with Palestinians (20 percent vs. 72 percent)."</blockquote>

===Decontextualization===
Decontextualization is a type of [[#Omission|omission]] in which the omitted information is essential to understanding a decision, action, or event, its underlying motivations or key events leading up to it. In the context of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]], for example, consider the effect of the following:
*An article discussing the [[West Bank Barrier]], which does not mention the suicide bombings of the [[Second Intifada]].
*An article discussing the [[2006 Hamas Election Victory]], which does not mention the corruption of [[Fatah]].

; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Objectivity & The Media: 7 Principles of Media Objectivity" article, [[Honest Reporting]] writes the following with regard to decontextualization:<ref name="honestreporting_objectivityandthemedia">[http://www.honestreporting.com/a/media_objectivity.asp Objectivity & The Media: 7 Principles of Media Objectivity] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>"By failing to provide proper context and full background information, journalists can dramatically distort the true picture."</blockquote>
In its "How to Recognize Unfair Reporting" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes the following regarding to decontextualization:<ref name="camera_howtorecognizeunfairreporting">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=385 How to Recognize Unfair Reporting] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Does the article or broadcast omit essential context and information? This tends to be a frequent problem when reporting about the Middle East. Write a letter to the editor or directly to the journalist and/or media outlet to provide the missing context."</blockquote>

; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Media critique quick sheet" article, [[Palestine Media Watch]] asks the following questions pertaining to decontextualization:<ref name="palestinemediawatch_mediacritiquequicksheet" />
#"Were Palestinian actions described in context (e.g., 'Palestinians launched a mortar attack after Israelis bulldozed a row of houses')?"
#"Were Israeli actions described in context (e.g., 'Israelis bulldozed a row of houses after Palestinians launched a mortar attack')?"

According to [[Kaminer Ray]] of the online [[Z Communications|Z Magazine]]:<ref name=Z_Omission_versus_Repetition>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10697 Omission vs. Repitition: Cause and Effect in Israel's Wars] by [[Kaminer Ray]] on [[Z Communications|ZMag.org]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Instigation and retaliation, while both violent, are naturally judged differently. Violence is wrong, but motives are relevant. This is not 'moral equivalence,' as many like to claim without elaborating on what this term means, but rather a simple quality that infects all moral considerations, from courtroom sentencings to parental groundings. If we can state that [one side] started it, then we can do away with overtly stated moral judgments in favor of the implication that [the other side] is acting defensively, and conventional wisdom is, thus, born."</blockquote>

===Coercion or censorship===
[[Image:MediaCoverageArabIsraeliConflict CoercionCensorship DryBones.jpg|frame|right|A comic from the Israeli blog [[DryBonesBlog|DryBones]] -- in reference to the [[Kidnapping of Alan Johnston|kidnapping]] of [[BBC]] reporter [[Alan Johnston]] and to a decision by the [[National Union of Journalists|NUJ]] to boycott Israeli goods -- alleges that the [[BBC]] favors the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] side as a result of intimidation.]]
{{see main|Media of Israel}}
Coercion or censorship refers to the use of intimidation or force to promote favorable reports and to confiscate unfavorable reports. In the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, both sides accuse each other of coercion or censorship as an explanation of alleged bias in favor of the other side. In support of these claims, Israeli advocates point to kidnappings of foreign reporters by Palestinians, while Palestinian advocates point to [[media blackout]]s and confiscation of reports by Israelis. Additionally, both sides point to reports by both governmental and non-governmental organizations, which assess the degree of journalistic freedom in the region. See [[Media of Israel]] and [[Human rights in Israel#Freedom of speech]].

===Forgery or falsification===
{{see also|Journalistic fraud|Forgery|Fraud}}
Forgery or falsification involves the intentional misrepresentation, alteration, or invention of reported information. Due to the severity of these actions, which violate the [[Journalism ethics and standards|ethics and standards of journalism]], instances of forgery and/or falsification are [[#Frequently cited incidents|frequently cited]] by Israelis and their advocates and/or by Palestinians and their advocates—depending on the nature of the forgery and/or falsification—in order to support claims that the media favors the other side.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Anti-Israel Venom at University of Illinois Paper" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] criticized the student paper for using fabricated quotes:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=22&x_article=651 Anti-Israel Venom at University of Illinois Paper] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"The University of Illinois newspaper, the Daily Illini, is making a dubious name for itself as one of America’s more recklessly anti-Israel student publications. Flouting journalistic norms that mandate accuracy, ethics and responsible sourcing it has repeatedly run false, anti-Israel and even anti-Semitic commentaries."
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"'Stop turning a blind eye' (Dec 11, 2003) is on this unfortunate list. Written by Mariam Sobh, a journalism student and regular Illini columnist, the op-ed contained a grotesque, invented quote attributed to Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon as well as a spurious reference to another non-existent quote, by another Israeli official, supposedly from the New York Times. This is a pattern with the Illini columnist. In her zeal to vilify Israel, Sobh consistently turns to unreliable sources to prove her point. Both the extreme invective against Israel and the permissive editorial policy allowing student and community writers to use the pages of the newspaper for propaganda are apparently habitual. A year ago, on Jan 22, 2003, for example, the paper ran a virulent letter to the editor entitled 'Jews manipulate America' offering crude anti-Semitic allegations authored by one Ariel Sinovsky from Seattle, Wash. Although an editor claimed to have confirmation of the writer’s identity, university alumnus Jeff Kamen told CAMERA that students and community members searched all available databases and directories, but did not find an Ariel Sinovsky in Seattle or anywhere."
</blockquote>
In its "Bold Distortions and Outright Lies" article, [[HonestReporting]] commented on the [[#2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies]]:<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Bold_Distortions_and_Outright_Lies.asp Bold Distortions and Outright Lies] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"A Reuters photo turns out to be an outright lie, manipulated to make damage in Beirut appear much worse than reality."
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"The conflict between Israel and the Iranian-backed terror group Hezbollah has produced some of the most distorted and biased reporting we have seen in years. Despite evidence that Israel is taking unprecedented steps to avoid civilian casualties, some in the media have accused the IDF of using disproportionate force against a harmless civilian population. With little evidence to back up this claim, some are even resorting to outright fraud...."
</blockquote>
For additional claims of forgery and/or falsification made by Israelis and their advocates, please see [[#Pallywood|Pallywood]] and the [[#2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies]].
; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its "Please counter the Israeli PR machine" letter, [[Palestine Media Watch]] criticized the media for fabricating information or for reporting fabricated information:<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/mediocrity/displayCall.asp?essayID=195 Please counter the Israeli PR machine] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"Basic facts will not only be ignored, but will be fabricated, outright, bald-faced lies will be told, and the intelligence of the American people will be shamelessly and repeatedly insulted and violated. And all along, the US media will not only simply roll over and play half-dead, as usual, but will cheerfully accept the easy, comfortable way out, never bothering to ask the obvious questions, never pointing to the decades-old record of rejection from Ariel Sharon, his open refusal to accept a viable Palestinian state, his brutality, his war crimes, and his relentless sabotaging of all chances, minor or major, at advancing political dialog. The media will again fail to connect the simple dots, will fail to look for or detect obvious patterns, never daring to stare reality right in the face, let alone break free from the mindless narrative sandbox in which they have decided to confine themselves."
</blockquote>
In a letter to the [[Washington Post]] by [[Omar Barghouti]], an activist of [[Palestine Media Watch]], Barghouti criticized the Post for repeating allegedly fabricated information:<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/db/gadflies/display_message.asp?mid=87 Assassination Disguised] by [[Omar Barghouti]] on [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"By relying largely on Israeli Army sources, Mr. Keith Richburg and Mr. Lee Hockstader portrayed an inaccurate picture for the Israeli operation on Thursday, November 9th, against Mr. Hussein Abayat. The Israeli army wants us to believe that Mr. Abayat was a 'terror' mastermind, who 'deserved' to be killed by Israel. The Washington Post article only helps promote this distorted image."
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"From the very beginning, the article calls the operation a 'targeted slaying', which in any other context would be immediately and intuitively be called assassination. The reader, as always, is given a very foggy account of the victim, Mr. Abayat, and only the Israeli-provided biographic information is highlighted. I have always complained about the convenience with which some Post journalists rely on Israeli sources, despite the fact that they were proven over and over again to be grossly inaccurate, if not altogether fabricated. A quick look at the reports by Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights will attest to what I am saying."
</blockquote>

===Placement===
{{see also|Headline|Serial position effect|Primacy effect|Recency effect}}
Where text appears in a news article affects the frequency with which it is read and the likelihood that a reader will recall that information. Headlines, for example, are more frequently read than any other part of a news article.<ref>[http://www.adcopywriting.com/Tutorial_4_Headlines.htm AdCopyWriting.com]</ref><ref>[http://lorelle.wordpress.com/2006/09/20/writing-effective-attention-getting-headlines-and-titles-on-your-blog/ Writing Effective, Attention-Getting Headlines and Titles on Your Blog]</ref><ref>[http://www.copyblogger.com/magnetic-headlines/ How to Write Magnetic Headlines]</ref> The first paragraph is read more frequently than the rest of the article, but less frequently than the headline.<ref>[http://misscopy.com/blog/?p=57 How To Write Your First Paragraph]</ref> If an article is read in its entirety, the reader will most strongly recall the last paragraph, due to the [[recency effect]], followed by the headline and first paragraph, due to the [[primacy effect]]; whereas, the reader is unlikely to recall information in the middle of the article as strongly as information placed closer to the beginning or end of the article. Along this vein, "placement" refers to allegations, by both sides, that the consistent preferential placement of the opposing point of view biases the media's presentation of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in favor of the other side.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its page on "Headlines & Graphics", [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] writes the following regarding placement:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=13 Headlines & Graphics] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Headlines are the first, and sometimes only, news items seen by readers and should provide the essence of a news story. While they must capture the reader's attention, headlines should always be accurate and specific. The size of a headline signals the importance of the story and its relationship to other stories, and the use of the active versus passive voice also shapes reader perceptions."</blockquote>
In its "New York Times Skews Israeli-Palestinian Crisis" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] criticized the [[New York Times]] for the placement of news stories about the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], writing:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=35&x_article=25 New York Times Skews Israeli-Palestinian Crisis] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>"In a key period in late March and early April, as Israel suffered a wave of unprecedented Palestinian terrorism prompting the Israel Defense Forces to respond with incursions into areas under Palestinian Authority control, the New York Times presented a decidedly skewed picture of events. Reporting focused heavily on Palestinian suffering while continually minimizing the personal toll on Israelis. The number and prominence (judged by placement and size) of news stories and photographs regularly cast Palestinians as blameless victims of Israeli aggression. Israeli victims were rarely even named, much less profiled. Guest Op-Ed’s were overwhelmingly tilted toward condemnation of Israel."</blockquote>
; According to pro-Palestinian watchdog groups
In its report "Off the Charts: New York Times coverage of Israeli and Palestinian deaths," [[If Americans Knew]] writes the following regarding placement:<ref>[http://www.ifamericansknew.org/media/nyt-report.html Off the Charts: New York Times coverage of Israeli and Palestinian deaths] by [[If Americans Knew]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Every death mentioned solely in the last two paragraphs of an article was Palestinian. There were five Palestinian deaths mentioned for the first time in the second to last paragraph, including that of a 16-year-old girl shot through the chest by the Israeli army. Also, there were five Palestinian deaths mentioned for the first time in the last paragraph. [...] Since readership diminishes the further down an article one goes, such patterns reduce readers’ awareness of Palestinian deaths."</blockquote>

===Exaggeration or sensationalism===
{{see also|Exaggeration|Sensationalism|Media circus}}
[[Sensationalism]], in general, is a form of being extremely controversial, loud, or attention grabbing. In the context of the media, sensationalism refers to claims that the media chooses to report on shocking events or to exaggerate, at the expense of accuracy and objectivity, in order to improve viewer, listener or readership ratings. This criticism, also known as [[media circus]], is proffered by both Israelis and Palestinians as a possible explanation for alleged bias.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "'New Rules' For Mideast Reporting" media critique, [[Honest Reporting]] writes the following regarding sensationalism:<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/reports/-New_Rules-_For_Mideast_Reporting.asp "New Rules" For Mideast Reporting] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"Every media outlet has its own stylebook, designed to be as fair and impartial as possible. These days, however, it often seems like the Palestinian Minister of Information is publishing and distributing his stylebook to dozens of newspapers and media outlets. Since September 2000, a new de facto "stylebook" has emerged for reporters covering the Palestinian violence against Israel. In some cases, the "new rules for reporting" are based on actual policies promulgated by news organizations and editors. Though elements of "pack journalism" are evident, there are probably no conspiratorial hands behind the emergence of this stylebook. For the most part, reporters and correspondents have informally, perhaps even subconsciously, adopted these guidelines. Invariably, the new rules are biased against Israel. While not a "conspiracy," an anti-Israel press "convention" has emerged, and clear biases are evident. For now, the bias appears to have had little impact on American public opinion regarding Israel. In Europe, the stronger, more strident anti-Israel tone of much of the media may be having a different impact. Following are eight new "rules" for reporters covering the Middle East, as distilled from hundreds of articles covering the recent violence:"
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"'''Rule 1. Sensationalize the intensity and scope of Israeli military actions.''' 
Call the Israeli actions 'aggressive,' 'devastating' or 'intensive.' Refer to Israeli incursions into Palestinian territory as 'deep,' even when they involve only 300 yards. [The New York Times, April 14, 2001] On the other hand, refer to Palestinian mortar attacks as 'ineffective' or 'falling harmlessly,' even though the intent of the mortar teams is malevolent."</blockquote>
In its "Selective Quotes Distort Intent of Sharon's Gaza Withdrawal" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] criticized [[Haaretz]] for using a sensational headline:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=31&x_article=783 Selective Quotes Distort Intent of Sharon's Gaza Withdrawal]</ref>
<blockquote>"The 'teaser' revealed a few selected quotes, and carried the sensational headline, 'Top PM aide: Gaza plan aims to freeze the peace process.' ... By valuing sensationalism over accuracy in its teaser, Haaretz practiced irresponsible journalism."</blockquote>
; According to Pro-Palestinian Watchdog Groups
In its "Canada's Nearly 400,000 Muslims Concerned about Media Stereotypes" article, the [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] writes the following regarding sensationalism:<ref>[http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0993/9309054.htm Canada's Nearly 400,000 Muslims Concerned about Media Stereotypes] by the [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Sensationalist coverage has cultivated fear of Muslims, Islam and Arabs, says Ausma Khan, a third-year law student at the University of Ottawa, and one of the estimated 150,000 Canadian Muslims with roots in the Indian subcontinent.... the [tenets] of responsible journalism are increasingly being disregarded in the pursuit of sensationalism."</blockquote>
In its "Issue Area: Sensationalism" webpage, [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] writes the following regarding sensationalism:<ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=49 Issue Area: Sensationalism] by [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Profit-driven news organizations are under great pressure to boost ratings by sensationalizing the news: focusing attention on lurid, highly emotional stories, often featuring a bizarre cast of characters and a gripping plot but devoid of significance to most people's lives. From Tonya Harding to O.J. Simpson to Elian Gonzalez, major news outlets have become more and more dependent on these kind of tabloid soap operas to keep profits high."</blockquote>

===Prejudiced journalists===
Journalists may intentionally or unintentionally distort reports due to political ideology, national affiliation, anti-Semitism, anti-Arabism, or Islamophobia. Both Israelis and their advocates along with Palestinians and their advocates have pointed to these qualities—political ideology, national affiliation, anti-Semitism, anti-Arabism, or Islamophobia—as a potential explanation for the alleged bias of certain prominent journalists.
; According to pro-Israel watchdog groups
In its "Amanpour's Troubling Journalism" article, [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] attributed [[Christiane Amanpour]]'s allegedly biased news coverage to her political ideology:<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=3&x_outlet=14&x_article=1370 Amanpour's Troubling Journalism] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>
<blockquote>
"Known for parachuting in to cover the latest global hotspot, CNN’s Christiane Amanpour is one of the most famous journalists in the world. But there have long been questions about her habit of skewing coverage to suit her own political biases."
</blockquote>
[[Ira Stoll]] of the [[New York Sun]], and formerly of the [[Jerusalem Post]], attributes alleged anti-Israel media bias in part to reporters of Jewish background:<ref name="theotherwar" />
<blockquote>
"Most deficiencies of fairness and balance, alas, aren't the result of editors deliberately placing their papers on the side of freedom, democracy, and the West and against murderous, repressive tyrants. I suspect they are instead the result of four factors: 1. Self-hatred and bending over backward by Jewish or once-Jewish reporters, editors, and owners; 2. Ordinary, innocent carelessness and mistakes that can creep in on any stories that are constructed by tired human beings working on deadline; 3. The structural imbalance that comes from journalists being able to work mostly free and uninhibited in Israel but being subject to severe restrictions in countries like Syria or Iran; 4. Lack of understanding of the underlying historical and political background."
</blockquote>

==Frequently cited incidents==
{{see also|Journalistic scandal}}
In order to substantiate claims that the media favors the other side, participants in the conflict on each side frequently cite a number of illustrative and extreme examples of controversial reporting. This section lists incidents of controversial reporting frequently cited by only Israelis and Israel advocates, by only Palestinians and Palestinian advocates, or by both sides. The list of incidents appear chronologically, according to when the incident took place. Where events took place on the same date, the incidents appear sorted alphabetically.
{{collapse top|Inclusion Criteria}}
Though there have been a number of controversial news reports regarding the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], reports listed in the [[#Frequently cited incidents|frequently cited incidents]] section must meet the following criteria:
#The reported information was refuted by one or more prominent governmental or non-governmental organizations, or
#The reported information was admitted to be false by the publisher, or
#The reported information was called into question by a high contracting party or by notable persons (e.g. a high-ranking government official of Israel or the Palestinian Authority)
:AND
#At least one pro-Israel/pro-Palestinian media watchdog group has referred to the incident on more than one occasion, or
#Several pro-Israel/pro-Palestinian media watchdog groups have referred to the incident.
{{collapse bottom}}

===Shooting of Muhammad al-Durrah===
{{main|Muhammad al-Durrah}}
On September 30, 2000, the 11-12 year-old boy, [[Muhammad al-Durrah]], was shot in Palestinian-[[Israel]]i crossfire at the [[Netzarim junction]].<ref>{{cite news|title=12-year-old boy among dead in Israeli-Palestinian cross fire| url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/30/israel.palestinian.victims.ap/index.html| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=October 1, 2000}}</ref> [[France 2]], which caught the incident on tape, claimed that [[Israel]] had fatally shot the boy.<ref>{{cite news| title=French Public TV and the Perpetuation of a Scandal| url=http://www.nysun.com/article/5385| publisher=[[The New York Sun]]| date=November 26, 2004}}</ref> After an official, internal investigation, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] conceded that it was probably responsible and apologized for the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel 'sorry' for killing boy| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/954703.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=October 3, 2000}}</ref> [[Muhammed al-Durrah|Al-Durrah]] became a symbol of the [[Second Intifada]] and of Palestinian martyrdom.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/909972.html Mohammed al-Dura lives on] by [[Gideon Levy]] on [[Haaretz]]</ref>

External investigations suggested that the IDF could not have shot the boy and that the tape had been staged.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/fallows Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura?] by [[James Fallows]]</ref><ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=46&x_article=855 BACKGROUNDER: Mohammed Al Dura] by [[Commitee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref> In 2001, following a non-military investigation, conducted by Israeli Southern Command Maj.-Gen. Yom Tov Samia, the Israeli Prime Minister's Foreign Media Advisor, [[Raanan Gissin|Dr. Ra'anan Gissin]], along with [[Daniel Seaman]] of the Israeli Government Press Office (GPO) publicly challenged the accuracy of the [[France 2]] report.<ref name="jpost_wedidnotabandonkarsenty">{{cite news|title=We did not abandon Philippe Karsenty|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1214132686919|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=June 25, 2008}}</ref> In 2005, the head of the Israeli National Security Agency, Major-General (res.) Giora Eiland publicly retracted the IDF's initial admittance of responsibility.<ref name="jpost_wedidnotabandonkarsenty" /> In order to avoid negative publicity and a resulting backlash, the IDF did not conduct its own official, military investigation until 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=IDF demands uncut al-Dura tape| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1189411415051| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=September 17, 2007}}</ref> On October 1, 2007, [[Israel]] officially denied responsibility for the shooting and claimed that the [[France 2]] footage had been staged,<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel officially denies responsibility for death of al-Dura in 2000| url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455496,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=October 1, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=GPO head: Sept. 2000 death of Gaza child Al-Dura was staged| url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/908848.html| publisher=[[Haaretz]]| date=October 1, 2007}}</ref> prompting criticism from [[Muhammed al-Durrah|Al-Durrah]]'s father.<ref>{{cite news| title=Al-Dura's father: Israel's claims ridiculous|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455539,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=October 2, 2007}}</ref>

Both [[Palestinians]] and [[Israelis]] cite the [[Muhammed al-Durrah]] case in order to further claims that the media favors the other side. [[Israelis]] and their advocates cite the case because [[France 2]] attributed the shooting to [[Israel]] when either side could have shot the boy. [[Palestinians]] and their advocates cite the case because of the attention the media has given to [[Israel]]i allegations that the video tape was staged.

===Photo of Tuvia Grossman===
{{main|Tuvia Grossman}}
[[Image:grossmanattack.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The caption of the [[Associated Press]] photograph, which also appeared in the [[New York Times]], misidentified [[Tuvia Grossman]]'s nationality, misidentified the photograph's location, and implied police brutality by [[Tuvia Grossman|Grossman]]'s [[Israel]]i rescuer. [[Tuvia Grossman]] has since become an icon of alleged anti-Israel media bias.]]
On September 30, 2000, the [[New York Times]], the [[Associated Press]], and other media outlets published a photograph of a club-wielding [[Israel]]i police officer standing over a battered and bleeding young man.<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall">[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/reports/The_Photo_that_Started_it_All.asp The Photo That Started It All] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref> The photograph's caption identified the young man as a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and the location as the [[Temple Mount]].<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall" /> The young man in the picture was 20-year old [[Tuvia Grossman]], a [[Jewish]] [[United States|American]] student from [[Chicago]] who had been studying at a [[Yeshiva]] in [[Israel]]; the [[Israel]]i police officer in the photograph, who appears to have beaten [[Tuvia Grossman|Grossman]], actually came to his rescue by threatening his [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] assailants.<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall" /><ref name="nytimes_aldura_oct7_correction">{{cite news|title=Corrections| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02EEDD123CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=October 7, 2000}}</ref>

On October 2, 2000, [[Tuvia Grossman|Tuvia Grossman's]] father sent the following email to the [[New York Times]]:<ref name="fraudfactor_grossman">[http://www.fraudfactor.com/ffmediafraud9001.html New York Times Media Fraud, Incompetence, and Bias] by [[Fraud Factor]]</ref>
<blockquote>"Regarding your picture on page A5 (Sept. 30) of the Israeli soldier and the Palestinian on the Temple Mount - that Palestinian is actually my son, Tuvia Grossman, a Jewish student from Chicago. He, and two of his friends, were pulled from their taxicab while travelling in Jerusalem, by a mob of Palestinian Arabs and were severely beaten and stabbed. That picture could not have been taken on the Temple Mount because there are no gas stations on the Temple Mount and certainly none with Hebrew lettering, like the one clearly seen behind the Israeli soldier attempting to protect my son from the mob."</blockquote>
On October 4, 2000, the [[New York Times]] issued the following incomplete correction, which incorrectly identified the location of the incident:<ref>{{cite news|title=Corrections| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DF1E3DF937A35753C1A9669C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=October 4, 2000}}</ref>
<blockquote>"A picture caption on Saturday about fighting between Israelis and Palestinians in Jerusalem included an erroneous identification from The Associated Press for a wounded man shown with an Israeli policeman. He was Tuvia Grossman of Chicago, an American student in Israel, not an unidentified Palestinian. In some copies the caption also misidentified the site where Mr. Grossman was wounded. It was in Jerusalem's Old City, but not on the Temple Mount."</blockquote>
On October 7, 2000, the [[New York Times]] published an article about the incident and printed the following, more complete, correction:<ref name="nytimes_aldura_oct7_correction" /><ref>{{cite news| title=Abruptly, a U.S. Student In Mideast Turmoil's Grip| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E5DB153CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=October 7, 2000}}</ref>
<blockquote>" A picture caption on Page A6 last Saturday about fighting in Jerusalem gave an erroneous identification from The Associated Press for a wounded man shown with an Israeli policeman. He was Tuvia Grossman of Chicago, an American studying at a Jewish seminary in Jerusalem, not an unidentified Palestinian. In some copies the caption also included the news agency's erroneous reference to the site. The incident occurred in an Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem, not on the Temple Mount or elsewhere in the Old City."</blockquote>
<blockquote>"A correction in this space on Wednesday cited the errors incompletely and omitted an explanation of the scene. The officer was waving a nightstick at Palestinians, telling them to stay away from Mr. Grossman. He was not beating Mr. Grossman."</blockquote>
<blockquote>"An article about the incident and the photograph appears today, on Page A4. "</blockquote>
The Tuvia Grossman Photo appears frequently in [[Israel]]i criticisms of the media, because the photograph implied that the [[Israel]]i police officer who rescued [[Tuvia Grossman]] had beat him, it implied an Israeli perpetrator, it implied a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] victim, and it conveyed the opposite of what had transpired.<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall" /><ref name="fraudfactor_grossman" /><ref>[http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/israeldiary/Victim_of_the_Media_War.asp Victim of the Media War] bu [[Tuvia Grossman]] on [[Aish HaTorah]]</ref><ref>[http://world.std.com/~camera/docs/alert/tuvia-up.html Photo Falsehood and the Rosh Hashanah Riots] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref> According to [[Honest Reporting]]'s promotional videos, the pro-Israel [[Watchdog journalism|watchdog]] was established in 2000 in response to this incident, which it describes as "the photo that started it all".<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=qtvLCzpCT9w Seven Years on the Front Lines] by [[Honest Reporting]] on [[YouTube]]</ref><ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=bnrX5_ADCEk Five Years of Anti-Israel Media Bias] by [[Honest Reporting]] on [[YouTube]]</ref> [[Seth Ackerman]] of [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] described the attention given to the photo, as well as the three [[New York Times|NYT]] corrections, as disproportionate to a "plausible, though careless" assumption resulting from "garbled information from the Israeli photographer".<ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1060 Those Aren't Stones, They're Rocks]</ref>

===Battle of Jenin===
{{main|Battle of Jenin}}
{{see also|Passover massacre|Operation Defensive Shield}}
On April 3, 2002, following a [[Passover massacre|devastating suicide bombing]] on March 27 <ref>{{cite news|title='Passover massacre' at Israeli hotel kills 19|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/03/27/mideast/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=March 27, 2002}}</ref> which killed 30 Israeli civilians and wounded as many as 143,<ref>{{cite news|title=Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=March 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Israel Passover bomb suspect held|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7315168.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 26, 2008}}</ref> the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] began a [[Battle of Jenin|major military operation]] in the [[Jenin|Jenin refugee camp]], a city which, according to [[Israel]], had "served as a launching site for numerous terrorist attacks against both Israeli civilians and Israeli towns and villages in the area".<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/4/Jenin-s%20Terrorist%20Infrastructure%20-%204-Apr-2002 Jenin's Terrorist Infrastructure] by [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|MFA]]</ref> The fighting, which lasted eight days and resulted in the deaths of 52 [[Palestinians]] (including 14 civilians, according to the IDF, and 22 civilians, according to [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]) and 23 Israeli soldiers, has been interpreted quite differently by [[Israelis]] and Palestinians.<ref name="un_jenin">[http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin] by [[United Nations|UN]]</ref><ref name="hrw_jenin_summary">[http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm Jenin: IDF Military Operations - Summary] by [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]</ref><ref name="time_jenin">[http://www.time.com/time/2002/jenin/story.html Inside the Battle of Jenin] by [[Time]]</ref><ref name="nyt_jenin_television">{{cite news|title=New Battle Over Jenin, on Television|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E6D9103BF936A25757C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=April 13, 2003}}</ref> In the aftermath of the fighting, chief Palestinian negotiator [[Saeb Erekat]] claimed that the IDF had killed 500 Palestinians and accused Israel of committing a "massacre".<ref>{{cite news|title=Powell postpones meeting with Arafat|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/12/mideast.diplomacy/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=April 12, 2002}}</ref> Early news publications, following both IDF estimates of 200 Palestinians killed and Palestinian estimates of 500 Palestinians killed, reported hundreds of Palestinian deaths and repeated claims that a massacre had taken place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=April 18, 2002}}</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0204/12/lt.01.html Conflict in the Middle East: Fierce Fighting Continues in Jenin] by [[CNN]]</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] later found that a massacre had not taken place, although both organizations charged the IDF with war crimes and human rights violations.<ref name="hrw_jenin">[http://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/ Jenin: IDF Military Operations] by [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]</ref><ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/143/2002 Israel and the Occupied Territories: Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus] by [[Amnesty International]]</ref> The [[United Nations]] similarly dismissed claims that hundreds of Palestinians had been killed as unsubstantiated, a finding which was widely interpreted and reported as rejecting claims of a "massacre".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="usatoday.com"/><ref name="un_jenin" /><ref>{{cite news| title= DEATH ON THE CAMPUS: JENIN; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E6DD1E3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink| publisher=[[New York Times]]| date=August 2, 2002}}</ref> The [[Battle of Jenin]] is still largely called the "Jenin Massacre" ({{lang-ar|مجزرة جنين}}) by [[Arab]] and Palestinian sources.

The reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin has been frequently criticized by both Israelis and their advocates and by Palestinians and their advocates. Israelis and their advocates frequently cite the reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin, because "the Arab and European media hastily reported",<ref name="arielcohen_jenin" /> without [[#Lack of verification|proper verification]], Palestinian allegations that a massacre had taken place, a claim broken by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, and described by many pro-Israel sources as "The Big Jenin Lie" and by [[HonestReporting]] as "Jeningrad".<ref name="arielcohen_jenin">[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-cohen041602.asp Jenin: The Big Lie] by [[Ariel Cohen]] on [[National Review Online|NRO]]</ref><ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/001/218vnicq.asp The Big Jenin Lie] by [[Richard Starr]] on the [[Weekly Standard]]</ref><ref>[http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/mediaobjectivity/Jenin_Massacring_Truth.asp Jenin: Massacring Truth] on [[Aish HaTorah]]</ref><ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/reports/Jeningrad_What_the_British_Media_Said.asp Jeningrad: What the British Media Said] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref><ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/art/brief1-22.htm What Really Happened in Jenin?] by [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|JCPA]]</ref><ref>[http://www.adl.org/israel/jenin/ Anatomy of Anti-Israel Incitement: Jenin, World Opinion and the Massacre That Wasn't] by [[The Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]</ref> Palestinians and their advocates, many of whom view a massacre as having taken place, frequently cite the reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin for later rejecting Palestinian claims of a massacre and for [[#Omission|ignoring claims]] by Amnesty International and by Human Rights Watch that the IDF had committed war crimes.<ref>[http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/cast/jenindistortions.asp Gross distortions of UN Jenin report by US media] by [[Palestine Media Watch]]</ref><ref>[http://www.mediamonitors.net/gowans59.html No Massacre at Jenin: Says Who?] by [[Stephen Gowans]]</ref>

===Gaza beach blast===
{{main|Gaza beach blast (2006)}}
On June 9, 2006, an explosion on a beach in the [[Gaza Strip]] killed seven [[Palestinians]], including three children.<ref name="bbc_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=Hamas militants vow to end truce| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5065982.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=June 10, 2006}}</ref> Palestinian sources claimed that the explosion resulted from [[Israel]]i shelling.<ref name="bbc_gazabeachblast" /> After a three-day investigation, [[Israel]] concluded that the blast could not have resulted from an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] artillery shell.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peretz: Friday's Gaza beach shelling 'not our doing'| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150191574202&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=June 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IDF not responsible for Gaza blast| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150035838991&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]| date=June 13, 2006}}</ref> This IDF investigation was criticized by both [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[The Guardian]] for ignoring evidence.<ref name="hrw_gazabeachblast">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/20/israb13595.htm Israel: Gaza Beach Investigation Ignores Evidence] by [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]</ref><ref name="guardian_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=The battle of Huda Ghalia - who really killed girl's family on Gaza beach?|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1799825,00.html|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> The IDF later conceded that the report was flawed for failing to mention two gunboat shells fired at about the time of the deaths but insisted that these shells had landed too far away from the area to be the cause of the explosion and that this omission, therefore, did not impact the report's overall conclusion that Israel had not been responsible for the blast.<ref name="timesonline_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=Israel admits shell report flaws|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2230076,00.html|publisher=[[Times Online]]|date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> According to [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]], "many in the press [have presumed] that Israel is responsible".<ref name="camera_gazabeachblast">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=35&x_article=1129 Israel Should Not Be Presumed Guilty of Gaza Beach Deaths] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref> This incident is often cited by [[Israel]] advocates who claim that the media favors the Palestinian side, because of reports which attributed the blast to the IDF prior to the conclusion of the IDF investigation.<ref name="camera_gazabeachblast" /><ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Gaza_Beach_Libel.asp Gaza Beach Libel] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>

===2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies===
{{main|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies}}
{{see also|Adnan Hajj|Salam Daher}}
On August 5, 2006 blogger [[Charles Foster Johnson|Charles Johnson]] of [[Little Green Footballs]] accused [[Reuters]] of inappropriately manipulating images of destruction to [[Beirut]] caused by [[Israel]] during the [[Second Lebanon War]].<ref>[http://littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=21956_Reuters_Doctoring_Photos_from_Beirut&only Reuters Doctoring Photos from Beirut?] on [[Little Green Footballs]]</ref> This accusation marked the first of many accusations against media outlets for inappropriate [[photo manipulation]]. Media outlets were also accused of incorrectly captioning photos and of staging photographs through the inappropriate use of props. These accusations, which initially appeared in the [[blogosphere]], were amplified by [[Aish HaTorah]] through an online video entitled "Photo Fraud in Lebanon".<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=Wm6fA-Yfb1I Photo Fraud in Lebanon] by [[Aish HaTorah]] on [[YouTube]]</ref> In response to these allegations, [[Reuters]] toughened its photo editing policy and admitted to inappropriate [[photo manipulation]] on the part of [[Adnan Hajj]], a freelance photographer whom [[Reuters]] subsequently fired.<ref name="reuters_adnanhajj">{{cite news|title=Reuters toughens rules after altered photo affair|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL18678707|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=January 18, 2007}}</ref> Additionally, [[BBC]], the [[New York Times]], and the [[Associated Press]] recalled photos or corrected captions in response to some of the accusations.<ref name="jpost_reutersgate">{{cite news|title=Reutersgate strikes other news outlets|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154525850241&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[Jerusalem Post|JPost]]|date=August 11, 2006}}</ref> This [[journalistic scandal]], dubbed "[[Reutersgate]]" by the [[blogosphere]] in reference to the [[Watergate scandal]] and dubbed "fauxtography" by [[Honest Reporting]] and others, is frequently cited by Israelis and by Israel advocates in order to demonstrate alleged anti-Israel bias, this time in the form of an [[#Forgery or falsification|outright forgery]] created by a biased local freelance photographer.<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.com/a/dishonest.asp?p=1 The Dishonest Reporter 'Award' 2006] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref><ref name="Fauxtography">{{cite web|url=http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol9/summer/articles/fauxtography.html|title=A Concise History of the Fauxtography Blogstorm in the 2006 Lebanon War|accessdate=2008-07-11|publisher=American Communication Journal|year=2007|author=Stephen D. Cooper, Marshall University|language=en}}</ref>

===The Independent's "Mystery of Israel's Secret Uranium Bomb"===
On October 28, 2006, [[The Independent]] published an article, by [[Robert Fisk]], which speculated, based on information from the [[European Committee on Radiation Risk]], that [[Israel]] may have used [[depleted Uranium]] weapons during the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref name="independent_mystery">{{cite news|title=Robert Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fisk/robert-fisk-mystery-of-israels-secret-uranium-bomb-421960.html| publisher=[[The Independent]]| date=October 28, 2006}}</ref> The article prompted criticism by [[HonestReporting]] for coming to conclusions prematurely,<ref>[http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/Indies_Uranium_Charges.asp Indie's Uranium Charges] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref> and resulted in an investigation by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] ([[UNEP]]).<ref name="independent_investigates">{{cite news| title=UN investigates Israel's 'uranium weapons'| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/un-investigates-israels-uranium-weapons-422210.html| publisher=[[The Independent]]| date=October 30, 2006}}</ref> On November 8, 2006, [[UNEP]] concluded that [[Israel]] had not used any form of [[Uranium]]-based weapons.<ref name="un_nouranium">{{cite news| title=Israel did not use depleted uranium during conflict with Hizbollah, UN agency finds| url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20532&Cr=leban&Cr1| publisher=[[UN News Centre]]| date=November 8, 2006}}</ref><ref name="ynet_nouranium">{{cite news| title=UN: No IDF uranium bomb use in Lebanon| url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3325254,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=November 8, 2006}}</ref> [[Israelis]] and [[Israel]] advocates cite the article as an instance of "shoddy journalism", arising allegedly as a result of [[#Exaggeration or sensationalism|media sensationalism]].<ref name="honestreporting_noretractionforindiesfalseuraniumlibel">[http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/No_Retraction_For_Indies_False_Uranium_Libel.asp No Retraction For Indie's False Uranium Libel] by [[Honest Reporting]]</ref>

==Films==
This section discusses films with media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict as its main topic. The films presented in this section appear in alphabetical order.

===Décryptage===
{{main|Décryptage}}
[[Décryptage]] is a 2003 documentary written by [[Jacques Tarnero]] and directed by [[Philippe Bensoussan]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348596/ Décryptage (2003)] on [[Internet Movie Database|IMDB]]</ref> The [[France|French]] film (with [[English language|English]] [[subtitles]]) examines media coverage of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in [[French media]], and concludes that the [[News media|media's]] presentation of the [[Palestinian-Israeli conflict]] in [[France]] is consistently skewed against [[Israel]] and may be responsible for exacerbating [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>[http://www.sundancechannel.com/films/500063974 Décryptage] on [[Sundance Channel (United States)|Sundance Channel]]</ref>

===Pallywood===
{{main|Pallywood}}
[[Pallywood|Pallywood: According to Palestinian sources...]] is an 18-minute online documentary by [[Richard Landes]].<ref>[http://www.seconddraft.org/movies.php Movies] on [http://www.seconddraft.org/ The Second Draft]</ref><ref name="pallywood">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_B1H-1opys Pallywood] on [[YouTube]]</ref> The film, with its title derived from the words [[Palestine|Palestinian]] and [[Hollywood]], claims that the Western media uncritically accepts and reports the stories of [[freelance]] [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] videographers who record staged scenes, often involving faked or exaggerated injuries, in order to elicit sympathy and support.<ref name="pallywood" />

===Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land===
{{main|Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land}}
[[Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land]] is a 2004 documentary by [[Sut Jhally]] and [[Bathsheba Ratzkoff]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0428959/ Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] on [[IMDB]]</ref> The movie claims that the influence of pro-Israel [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]], such as [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] and [[Honest Reporting]], leads to distorted and pro-Israel media reports.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6604775898578139565&q=Peace%2C+Propaganda+%26+the+Promised+Land Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] on [[Google Video]]</ref> In its response to the movie, the pro-Israel [[JCRC]] criticizes the film for not discussing the influence of "the numerous pro‐Palestinian media watchdog groups, including, ironically, FAIR (Fair and Accuracy in the Media, which describes itself as 'A National Media Watch Group'), whose spokesperson played a prominent role in the film".<ref>[http://www.jcrc.org/israel/p3l/P3L-Review.pdf Refutation of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] ([http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:VNpVMfdBQacJ:www.jcrc.org/israel/p3l/P3L-Review.pdf+%22Peace,+Propaganda+and+the+Promised+Land%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us HTML]) by [[JCRC]]</ref> According to the pro-Palestinian [[LiP Magazine]], the movie "offers a great starting point for thinking about media misrepresentation of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, and useful analysis of how language is used to manipulate public opinion," but is short on "solid statistics and facts to back up some of its blanket statements".<ref>[http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revicontent_peaceprop.htm Review of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] by [[LiP Magazine]]</ref> A review in the [[New York Times]] by [[Ned Martel]] found that the film "largely ignores Palestinian leadership, which has surely played a part in the conflict’s broken vows and broken hearts. And such a lack of dispassion weakens the one-sided film’s bold and detailed argument".<ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/295440/Peace-Propaganda-The-Promised-Land-American-Media-The-Subversion-of-Peace/overview Peace, Propaganda and the Promised Land (2003)] by [[Ned Martel]] on the [[New York Times]]</ref>

==Other criticisms==
Some media criticisms appear less frequently than those listed in the [[#Common claims|common claims section above]] or are made by only one side. Such criticisms are documented and explained here.
; False compromise
{{see also|False compromise|Middle ground|Moral equivalence|Moral relativism}}
False compromise refers to the claim, made by some Israeli advocates and by some Palestinian advocates, that their side of the conflict is morally right and the other side is morally wrong and, therefore, attempts to balance the presentation of both viewpoints wrongfully suggests that both sides are morally equivalent. For example, Palestinian advocate [[Kathleen Christison]] writes that "a balanced position in an unbalanced situation inevitably is a miscarriage of justice. In Palestine-Israel, it is a profoundly immoral stance to maintain neutrality between powerless Palestinians (who have the ability occasionally to murder innocent Israelis but no power to regulate or save their own lives) and an overpowering, overbearing Israel possessing all the military power, controlling all the land".<ref>[http://www.counterpunch.org/christison07102004.html The Problem with Neutrality Between Palestinians and Israel] by [[Kathleen Christison]] on [[CounterPunch]]</ref> Similarly, in the words of Israel advocate [[Bret Stevens]], "Moral clarity is a term that doesn't get much traction these days, least of all among journalists, who prefer 'objectivity' and 'balance.' Yet good journalism is more than about separating fact from opinion and being fair. Good journalism is about fine analysis and making distinctions, and this applies as much to moral distinctions as to any others. Because too many reporters today refuse to make moral distinctions, we are left with a journalism whose narrative and analytical failings have become ever more glaring".<ref>''Eye on the Media: Depending on your 'point of view' '' by [[Bret Stevens]] on [[Jerusalem Post]], quoted from [http://watch.windsofchange.net/themes_16.htm Watch - "Immoral equivalency"]</ref>
; Structural geographic bias
{{see also|Electronic Intifada|ZNet|Michael Brown|Ali Abunimah}}
Structural geographic bias refers to the claim, made by some Palestinian advocates, that the Western media favors Israel, allegedly as a result of Western reporters living in Israel.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/weekinreview/24okrent.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&oref=slogin The Hottest Button: How The Times Covers Israel and Palestine] by the [[New York Times]]</ref><ref>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=2364 Killings Of Dozens Once Again Called Period Of Calm By US Media] by [[Michael Brown]] and [[Ali Abunimah]] on [[ZNet]]</ref>

==New Media and Internet==
{{see also|New media|Internet}}
This section documents how the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] is both portrayed and played-out on the web.

===The Internet===
{{see also|The Internet|List of countries by number of Internet users}}
In the words of [[Jerusalem Post]] writer [[Megan Jacobs]], "War in the Middle East is being waged not only on the ground, but also in cyberspace."<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate">{{cite news|title=Facebook sparks 'Palestine' debate|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1191257264690&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=October 10, 2007}}</ref> While Israeli and Palestinian advocacy websites promote their respective points of view, fierce debate over the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] has embroiled [[social networking]] websites and applications with [[user-generated content]], such as [[Facebook]], [[Google Earth]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /><ref name="jpost_facebook_dilemna">{{cite news|title=Facing up to the 'Facebook' dilemma|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1202211059878|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=February 5, 2008}}</ref><ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface">{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125595|title=Facebook Makes an About-Face|publisher=[[Arutz 7]]|date=March 18, 2008}}</ref><ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_jewishactivist">{{cite news|title=Jewish Activist Battles For Israel on Facebook|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125783|publisher=[[Arutz 7]]|date=April 3, 2008}}</ref><ref name="iht_googleearth">{{cite news|title=Northern Israeli town files complaint over Google claim it was built on Arab village|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/11/africa/ME-GEN-Israel-Google-Earth.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune|IHT]]|date=February 11, 2008}}</ref><ref name="jpost_wikipedia">{{cite news|title=Wiki-Warfare: Battle for the on-line encyclopedia|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1210668627359&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=May 13, 2008}}</ref><ref name="honestreporting_wikipedia">[http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Exposed_-_Anti-Israeli_Subversion_on_Wikipedia.asp Exposed: Anti-Israel Subversion on Wikipedia] by [[HonestReporting]]</ref><ref name="ei_wikipedia">[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article9474.shtml EI exclusive: a pro-Israel group's plan to rewrite history on Wikipedia] by [[Electronic Intifada]]</ref><ref name="camera_wikipedia">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=118&x_article=1485 How and Why to Edit Wikipedia] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref><ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c39_a9469/News/International.html Latest Front In Mideast Wars: Wikipedia] by [[Tamar Snyder]] in [[The Jewish Week]]</ref>

===Facebook===
{{see also|Facebook|Criticism of Facebook}}
[[Facebook]] is a [[social networking website]], which allows users to connect and interact with other people online, both directly by "friending" people and indirectly through the creation of groups. Because the website allows users to join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region, Facebook has become embroiled in a number of regional conflicts. [[Facebook groups]] such as "'Palestine' Is not a country... De-list it from Facebook as a country!" and "Israel is not a country! ... Delist it from Facebook as a country!", among others reflecting the mutual non-recognition of the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], have protested Facebook's listing of Israel and Palestine, respectively, as countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Playing politics on Facebook|url=http://www.thestar.com/News/article/209925|publisher=[[TheStar]]|date=May 3, 2007}}</ref> This controversy became particularly heated when, in response to protests over Palestine being listed as a country, Facebook delisted it. The move infuriated Palestinian users and prompted the creation of numerous Facebook groups such as "The Official Petition to get Palestine listed as a Country", "Against delisting Palestine from Facebook", and "If Palestine is removed from Facebook ... I'm closing my account".<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /> Facebook, in response to user complaints, ultimately reinstated Palestine as a country network.<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /> A similar controversy took place regarding the status of [[Israeli settlements]]. When Israeli settlements were moved from being listed under the Israel network to the Palestine network, thousands of Israelis living in the area protested Facebook's decision.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface" /> In response to the protest, Facebook has allowed users living in the area to select either Israel or Palestine as their home country.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface" />

Another controversy over [[Facebook]] regarding the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] concerns [[Facebook groups]] which, against Facebook's [[terms of use]], promote hatred and violence. According to former [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Shimon Peres]], Facebook has been used to promote [[New antisemitism|anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism]].<ref name="jpost_facebook_dilemna" /> A proliferation of Facebook groups praising the perpetrator of the [[Mercaz HaRav massacre]] in 2008 prompted the creation of the Facebook group "FACEBOOK: Why do you support Anti-Semitism and Islamic Terrorism", which succeeded in deleting over 100 pro-Palestinian Facebook groups with violent content, by reporting the groups to Facebook.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_jewishactivist" /><ref name="jidf_responsetowikipedia">[http://www.thejidf.org/2008/08/current-response-to-wikipedia.html Response to Wikipedia] by [[The Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]]</ref> The group, which since evolved into the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force (JIDF)]], took over the Facebook group "Israel is not a country! Delist it from Facebook as a country" when, according to the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]], Facebook stopped removing such groups.<ref name="jpost_jidf">{{cite news|title=Jewish Internet Defense Force 'seizes control' of anti-Israel Facebook group|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331137728&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|publisher=[[JPost]]|date=July 29, 2008}}</ref><ref name="telegraph_jidf">{{cite news|title=Facebook: 'Anti-Semitic' group hijacked by Jewish force|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2478773/Facebook-Anti-semitic-group-destroyed-by-Israeli-hackers.html|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> The [[Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]] described the "Israel is not a country!" group as "one of the most vile, antisemitic, pro-terrorist sites on the internet" and stated that it "was the most active hate group of all----promoting hatred, violence, murder, and genocide..."<ref name="jidf_responsetowikipedia" /><ref name="jpost_jidf" /> After taking over the group, the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force|JIDF]] began to remove its more than 48,000 members and replaced the group's graphic with a picture of an [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] jet with the [[flag of Israel]] in the background.<ref name="telegraph_jidf" />

===Wikipedia===
{{see also|Wikipedia|Wikipedia:About|Criticism of Wikipedia|WP:WikiProject Israel|WP:WikiProject Palestine|WP:WikiProject Israel Palestine Collaboration}}
[[Wikipedia]] is an online, [[Collaborative writing|collaborately written]] encyclopedia which anyone can edit. [[Wikipedia]] contains articles on a wide variety of subjects, and users may create new articles. The writing of articles is organized into Wikipedia projects, called "[[WP:Wikiproject|WikiProject]]s". Articles pertaining to [[Israel]] are managed by [[WP:WikiProject Israel|WikiProject Israel]], while articles pertaining to [[Palestine]] are maintained by [[WP:WikiProject Palestine|WikiProject Palestine]] (this article is under the auspices of both WikiProjects). Articles on controversial subjects, such as the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], may be the subject of [[WP:Dispute|editing disputes]], [[WP:Edit war|edit wars]], or [[WP:NPOV Dispute|neutral point-of-view disputes]]. The WikiProject [[WP:IPCOLL|Israel-Palestine Collaboration]] was established for the purpose of reducing such disputes on topics related to the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]. The WikiProject maintains a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Israel Palestine Collaboration/I-P editing battleground statistics|list of ongoing disputes and editing conflicts]] on articles pertaining to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

[[WP:Policy|Wikipedia policy]] requires, among other things, that all articles adhere to [[WP:NPOV|neutrality]], [[WP:VERIFIABILITY|verifiability]], and [[WP:RS|reliable sourcing]]; however, since Wikipedia articles are written collaboratively, there is no guarantee that articles will adhere to these principles, unless editors involved with the page adhere to these rules or, if necessary, seek [[WP:Mediation|mediation]] or [[WP:ArbCom|arbitration]] in order to ensure that other editors adhere to these principles.

While editing conflicts occur frequently, one particular conflict, involving [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] and
[[Electronic Intifada]], made headlines in the [[Jerusalem Post]] and the [[International Herald Tribune]].<ref name="jpost_wikipedia" /><ref name="iht_wikipedia">{{cite news|title=Wiki-war in the Middle East|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/opinion/edbeam.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune|IHT]]|date=May 6, 2008}}</ref> When [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] encouraged individuals sympathetic to Israel to participate in editing Wikipedia in order to "lead to more accuracy and fairness on Wikipedia",<ref name="camera_wikipedia" /> [[Electronic Intifada]] accused [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] of "orchestrating a secret, long-term campaign to infiltrate the popular online encyclopedia Wikipedia to rewrite Palestinian history, pass off crude propaganda as fact, and take over Wikipedia administrative structures to ensure these changes go either undetected or unchallenged."<ref name="ei_wikipedia" /> The accusations led to various administrative actions on [[Wikipedia]]—including the banning of certain editors. [[HonestReporting]] subsequently responded to the incident with its own article, entitled "Exposed - Anti-Israeli Subversion on Wikipedia" which complained of "anti-Israel bias on Wikipedia" and described Wikipedia's [[WP:NPOV|NPOV]] policy as a "noble goal not always applied equally by Wikipedia users.<ref name="honestreporting_wikipedia" /> [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] similarly responded to the incident with a letter entitled "The failure of Wikipedia", appearing in [[International Herald Tribune|IHT]] , which described Wikipedia's Middle East articles as "often-unreliable".<ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=5&x_outlet=196&x_article=1490 CAMERA Letter About Wikipedia in International Herald Tribune] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The failure of Wikipedia|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/11/opinion/edletmon.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=May 11, 2008}}</ref> In a separate article entitled "The Wild West of Wikipedia", which appeared in [[The Jewish Chronicle]] and [[Independent Media Review Analysis|IMRA]], [[Gilead Ini]] of [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] decried "Wikipedia's often-skewed entries about the Middle East", described Wikipedia's rules as "shoddily-enforced", and wrote that, following the incident, "many editors who hoped to ensure accuracy and balance ... are now banned" while "partisan editors ... continue to freely manipulate Wikipedia articles to their liking".<ref>[http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/16372/ The Wild West of Wikipedia] by [[Gilead Ini]] of [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref>

==Watchdog groups==
This is an alphabetically sorted list of [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]] which monitor coverage of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] in Western news media. While academics debate the [[Media influence|impact of the media]] on public opinion,<ref>[http://psweb.sbs.ohio-state.edu/grads/ntoronto/papers/ISPP2004.pdf Empathy with Palestinians vs. Israelis: Examining U.S. Media Representations, Coverage, and Attitudes] by [[Donald A. Sylvan]] and [[Nathan Toronto]], pg. 3</ref> lobbying organisations view the media as essential in influencing public perceptions of the conflict and, therefore, as paramount in influencing and securing favorable public policy in relation to the conflict.<ref>[http://camera.org/index.asp?x_context=24 About CAMERA] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]]</ref><ref>[http://imeu.net/news/about-imeu.shtml About IMEU] by [[Institute for Middle East Understanding|IMEU]]</ref>

{{collapse top|Inclusion Criteria}}
While there are countless organizations which monitor media pertaining to the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], the following criteria have been applied to organizations for inclusion in the [[#Watchdog groups|media watchdog groups]] list:
#The organization must monitor Western media coverage of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]. Organizations which monitor [[Middle East]]ern coverage of the conflict have been excluded, for the purposes of limiting the length of this list.
#The organization must monitor news for the purpose of revealing biases, with the intent of effecting change in reporting. [[Palestinian Media Watch|PMW]] and [[Middle East Media Research Institute|MEMRI]] which monitor for the purpose of revealing incitement to Western audiences have, thus, been excluded.
#The organization may focus on the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] or the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], specifically; however, the organization may monitor media coverage of a wide variety of topics, so long as the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] is one such topic.
{{collapse bottom}}
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Official Homepage
! Affiliation
|-
| [[Accuracy in Media]]
| http://www.aim.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Arab Media Watch]]
| http://www.arabmediawatch.com/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[BBC Watch]]
| http://www.bbcwatch.co.uk/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Beyond Images]]
| http://www.beyondimages.info/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA)]]
| http://www.camera.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| Eye on the Post (Referring to ''[[The Washington Post]]'')
| http://www.eyeonthepost.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR)]]
| http://www.fair.org/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Fraud Factor]]
| http://www.fraudfactor.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Honest Reporting]]
| http://www.honestreporting.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[If Americans Knew]]
| http://www.ifamericansknew.org/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Institute for Middle East Understanding]]
| http://imeu.net/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Just Journalism]]
| http://www.justjournalism.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[MediaChannel]]
| http://www.mediachannel.org/
| Unaffiliated
|-
| [[Media Watch International]]
| http://www.mwio.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Middle East Media Research Institute]]
| http://www.memri.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[NPR Bias]]
| http://www.nprbias.com/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Palestine Media Watch]]
| http://www.pmwatch.org/pmw/index.asp
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Palestine National Authority International Press Centre Media Watch]]
| http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/ipc-e_Media.html
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|-
| [[Promoting Responsibility in Middle East Reporting (PRIMER)]]
| http://www.tampabayprimer.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Take A Pen]]
| http://www.take-a-pen.org/
|style="background: LightBlue;"| Pro-Israel
|-
| [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]
| http://www.washington-report.org/
|style="background: LightGreen;"| Pro-Palestinian
|}
</center>

==See also==
*[[Media bias]]
*[[Spin (public relations)|Spin]]
*[[Propaganda]]
*[[Hasbara]]
*[[Pallywood]]
*[[Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land]]
*[[Muhammad al-Durrah]]
*[[Tuvia Grossman]]
*[[2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies]]
*[[2006 Fox journalists kidnapping]]
*[[Kidnapping of Alan Johnston]]
*[[Fadel Shana'a]]
*[[James Miller (filmmaker)|James Miller]]
*[[Jewish Internet Defense Force]]
*[[Media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict]]
* [[Alleged Ouze Merham interview of Ariel Sharon]]
*[[Adnan Hajj photographs controversy]]
*[[Israeli-Palestinian history denial]]
*[[A land without a people for a people without a land]]
*[[Bogus Moshe Ya'alon quotation]]

==Further reading==
The following is a list of relevant publications sorted alphabetically by title (ignoring leading "The"s) and then by author:
*''[http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/mediagroup/badnews.htm Bad News from Israel]'', [[Greg Philo]] and [[Mike Berry]] Pluto Press, (2004)
*''Caught in the Middle'' by [[Steve Mcnally]]; [[Columbia Journalism Review]], Vol. 40, January-February 2002
*''Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World'', by [[Edward W. Said]] (1997)
*''Covering the Intifada: A Hazardous Beat; Photographers and Journalists Come under Gunfire While Reporting on the Conflict'', by [[Joel Campagna]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=137 Covering the Intifada: How the Media Reported the Palestinian Uprising]'', by [[Joshua Muravchik]]; [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 2003 ISBN 0-944029-85-X
*''Days of Rage: News Organizations Have Been Besieged by Outraged Critics Accusing Them of Unfair Coverage of the Violence in the Middle East. Are They Guilty as Charged?'', by [[Sharyn Vane]]; [[American Journalism Review]], Vol. 24, July-August 2002
*''Do Words and Pictures from the Middle East Matter? A Journalist from the Region Argues That U.S. Policy Is Not Affected by the Way News Is Reported'', by [[Rami G. Khouri]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[[Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict]]'', New and Revised Edition, by [[Norman G. Finkelstein]] (2003)
*''Images Lead to Varying Perceptions: 'In Photographs in Which We, as Journalists, Saw Danger, Some Readers Saw Deception'', by [[Debbie Kornmiller]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East'' by [[Richard A. Falk]] and [[Howard Friel]] London: [[Verso]] (2007) ISBN 1-84467-109-7.
*[http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP07-012/$File/rwp_07_012_kalb.pdf The Israeli-Hezbollah War of 2006: The Media as a Weapon in Asymmetrical Conflict] by [[Marvin Kalb]] [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], [[Harvard University]], February 2007
* ''The Minefield of Language in Middle East Coverage: Journalists Rarely Have the Time or Space to Navigate through the War of Words'', by [[Beverly Wall]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_3_23/ai_78804223 Missing: The Bias Implicit in the Absent]'', by [[Marda Dunsky]]; [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 23, 2001
*''The Other War: A Debate: Questions of Balance in the Middle East'' by [[Adeel Hassan]]; [[Columbia Journalism Review]], Vol. 42, May-June 2003
*''The Other War: Israelis, Palestinians and the Struggle for Media Supremacy'', by [[Stephanie Gutmann]], [[Encounter Books]] 2005 (ISBN 1-893554-94-5)
*''Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict'', by [[Charles D. Smith]] (2004)
*''Pens and Swords: How the American Mainstream Media Report the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,'' [[Marda Dunsky]], [[Columbia University Press]], 2008 (ISBN 978-0-231-13349-4)
*''Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy'', [[Kathleen Christison]] (2001)
*''Racism and the North American Media Following 11 September: The Canadian Setting'', by [[T.Y. Ismael]] and [[John Measor]]; [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 25, 2003
*''Reporting the Arab Israeli Conflict: How Hegemony Works'' by [[Tamar Liebes]] (1997)
*''Understanding the Arab-Israeli Conflict: What the Headlines Haven't Told You'', by [[Michael Rydelnik]]; [[Moody Publishers]] (June 1, 2004) ISBN 0802426409

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DE1F3EF932A35754C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 CNN Navigates Raw Emotions In Its Coverage From Israel] by the [[New York Times]]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/weekinreview/24okrent.html The Hottest Button: How The Times Covers Israel and Palestine] by the [[New York Times]]
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DE1E38F930A15756C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Some U.S. Backers of Israel Boycott Dailies Over Mideast Coverage That They Deplore] by the [[New York Times]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1021166.stm Journalists caught in the middle] by the [[BBC]]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/apr/19/nationalunionofjournalists.mediaunions NUJ under fire for Israel boycott] by [[The Guardian]]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,988767,00.html Israel cuts links with BBC] by [[The Guardian]]
*[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/963582.html Israel to boycott Al-Jazeera TV, claiming incitement to terror] by [[Haaretz]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7292676.stm Israel accuses al-Jazeera of bias] by [[BBC]]
*[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/18438/edition_id/369/format/html/displaystory.html NPR reacts to charges of anti-Israel bias in coverage] by [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]
*[http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-gerstenfeld-f04.htm Watching the Pro-Israeli Media Watchers] by [[Manfred Gerstenfeld]] and [[Ben Green]] on [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|JCPA]]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=qtvLCzpCT9w Seven Years on the Front Lines] by [[Honest Reporting]] on [[YouTube]]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=nSvVZ9BuKPU CAMERA 2007] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] on [[YouTube]]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=HCdhCmnQtEA Are There Two Sides to Every Story?] by [[HonestReporting]] on [[YouTube]]

{{Arab-Israeli Conflict|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media Coverage Of The Arab–Israeli Conflict}}
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Media bias controversies]]
[[Category:Palestinian media]]
[[Category:Media coverage and representation|Arab-Israeli conflict]]

[[fr:Guerre des mots dans le conflit israélo-palestinien]]

Arabia Felix

2010-04-03T15:12:34Z

84.92.117.93: Undid revision 353737096 by 84.92.117.93 (talk)

'''''Arabia Felix''''' (lit. ''Happy Arabia''; also [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Eudaimon Arabia'') was the [[Latin]] name previously used by geographers to describe [[Yemen]], a country with an [[History of Yemen|extensive history]] located on the southern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>''Webster's New Geographical Dictionary'' (Springfield, Mass., 1972), p. 63.</ref>

==Name==

The term "Happy Arabia" is a translation of the Latin "Arabia felix." It was only in later, classical Latin that ''felix'' meant "happy." Originally it meant "fertile or productive," and it was in this sense that the term was employed.

==Explanation==

The southwestern corner of the peninsula, enjoying more rainfall, is much greener than the rest of the peninsula and has long enjoyed more productive fields. The high peaks and slopes are capable of supporting significant vegetation and river beds called [[wadis]] help make other soil fertile.

In [[26 BC]] [[Aelius Gallus]] under [[Augustus]]'s order led a [[Wars of Augustus#Chronology|military expedition]] to Arabia Felix which ended in the utter defeat of Roman troops.

Part of what lead to Arabia Felix's supposed wealth and importance to the Roman world was its near monopoly of the [[incense]] trade to what is now [[Jordan]]. <ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Harding
| first = G Lankester
| authorlink = G. Lankester Harding
| title = Inside Arabia Felix
| journal = Saudi Aramco World
| volume = 16
| issue = 1
| pages = 24–27
| location = Houston, TX
| date = [[January/February 1965]]
| year = 1965
| url = http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196501/inside.arabia.felix.htm
| format = [[Hypertext Markup Language|HTML]]
| accessdate = 2009-07-06 }}
</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Yemen}}

[[Category:Arabian Peninsula]]

{{Yemen-geo-stub}}

[[es:Arabia Felix]]
[[fr:Arabie heureuse]]
[[it:Arabia Felix]]
[[la:Arabia Felix]]
[[nl:Arabia Felix]]
[[no:Arabia Felix]]
[[pl:Arabia Felix]]
[[pt:Arábia Feliz]]
[[sv:Arabia Felix]]

Arabia Felix

2010-04-03T15:12:15Z

84.92.117.93:

'''''Arabia Felix''''' (lit. ''Happy Arabia''; also [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Eudaimon Arabia'') was the [[Latin]] name previously used by geographers to describe [[Yemen]], a country with an [[History of Yemen|extensive history]] located on the southern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>''Webster's New Geographical Dictionary'' (Springfield, Mass., 1972), p. 63.</ref>

==Eptymology==

The term "Happy Arabia" is a translation of the Latin "Arabia felix." It was only in later, classical Latin that ''felix'' meant "happy." Originally it meant "fertile or productive," and it was in this sense that the term was employed.

==Explanation==

The southwestern corner of the peninsula, enjoying more rainfall, is much greener than the rest of the peninsula and has long enjoyed more productive fields. The high peaks and slopes are capable of supporting significant vegetation and river beds called [[wadis]] help make other soil fertile.

In [[26 BC]] [[Aelius Gallus]] under [[Augustus]]'s order led a [[Wars of Augustus#Chronology|military expedition]] to Arabia Felix which ended in the utter defeat of Roman troops.

Part of what lead to Arabia Felix's supposed wealth and importance to the Roman world was its near monopoly of the [[incense]] trade to what is now [[Jordan]]. <ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Harding
| first = G Lankester
| authorlink = G. Lankester Harding
| title = Inside Arabia Felix
| journal = Saudi Aramco World
| volume = 16
| issue = 1
| pages = 24–27
| location = Houston, TX
| date = [[January/February 1965]]
| year = 1965
| url = http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196501/inside.arabia.felix.htm
| format = [[Hypertext Markup Language|HTML]]
| accessdate = 2009-07-06 }}
</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Yemen}}

[[Category:Arabian Peninsula]]

{{Yemen-geo-stub}}

[[es:Arabia Felix]]
[[fr:Arabie heureuse]]
[[it:Arabia Felix]]
[[la:Arabia Felix]]
[[nl:Arabia Felix]]
[[no:Arabia Felix]]
[[pl:Arabia Felix]]
[[pt:Arábia Feliz]]
[[sv:Arabia Felix]]

Arabia Felix

2010-04-03T15:11:10Z

84.92.117.93:

Arabia Felix

2010-04-03T15:07:38Z

84.92.117.93:

'''''Arabia Felix''''' (lit. ''Happy Arabia''; also [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Eudaimon Arabia'') was the [[Latin]] name previously used by geographers to describe [[Yemen]].<ref>''Webster's New Geographical Dictionary'' (Springfield, Mass., 1972), p. 63.</ref>

The southwestern corner of the peninsula, enjoying more rainfall, is much greener than the rest of the peninsula and has long enjoyed more productive fields. The high peaks and slopes are capable of supporting significant vegetation and river beds called [[wadis]] help make other soil fertile.

The term "Happy Arabia" is a translation of the Latin "Arabia felix." It was only in later, classical Latin that ''felix'' meant "happy." Originally it meant "fertile or productive," and it was in this sense that the term was employed.

In [[26 BC]] [[Aelius Gallus]] under [[Augustus]]'s order led a [[Wars of Augustus#Chronology|military expedition]] to Arabia Felix which ended in the utter defeat of Roman troops.

Part of what lead to Arabia Felix's supposed wealth and importance to the Roman world was its near monopoly of the [[incense]] trade to what is now Jordan. <ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Harding
| first = G Lankester
| authorlink = G. Lankester Harding
| title = Inside Arabia Felix
| journal = Saudi Aramco World
| volume = 16
| issue = 1
| pages = 24–27
| location = Houston, TX
| date = [[January/February 1965]]
| year = 1965
| url = http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196501/inside.arabia.felix.htm
| format = [[Hypertext Markup Language|HTML]]
| accessdate = 2009-07-06 }}
</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Yemen}}

[[Category:Arabian Peninsula]]

{{Yemen-geo-stub}}

[[es:Arabia Felix]]
[[fr:Arabie heureuse]]
[[it:Arabia Felix]]
[[la:Arabia Felix]]
[[nl:Arabia Felix]]
[[no:Arabia Felix]]
[[pl:Arabia Felix]]
[[pt:Arábia Feliz]]
[[sv:Arabia Felix]]

Das Mädchen im Kamin

2010-01-14T16:44:46Z

84.92.117.93: /* Reception */

{{Infobox Doctor Who episode|
|number = 171
|serial_name= The Girl in the Fireplace
|show=DW
|image=[[Image:Thegirlinthefireplace.jpg|275px]]
|caption= The Doctor searches Madame de Pompadour's mind.
|type=episode
|doctor=[[David Tennant]] ([[Tenth Doctor]])
|companion=[[Billie Piper]] ([[Rose Tyler]])
|companion2=[[Noel Clarke]] ([[Mickey Smith]])
|guests=
* [[Sophia Myles]] – [[Madame de Pompadour|Reinette]]
* [[Ben Turner (actor)|Ben Turner]] – [[Louis XV of France|King Louis]]
* Jessica Atkins – Young Reinette
* [[Angel Coulby]] – Katherine
* Gareth Wyn Griffiths – Manservant
* [[Paul Kasey]] – Clockwork Man
* [[Ellen Thomas (actress)|Ellen Thomas]] – Clockwork Woman
|writer=[[Steven Moffat]]
|director=[[Euros Lyn]]
|script_editor=[[Helen Raynor]]
|producer=[[Phil Collinson]]
|executive_producer=[[Russell T Davies]] [[Julie Gardner]]
|production_code=2.4
|length= 45 minutes
|date=6 May 2006
|preceding="[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]"
|following="[[Rise of the Cybermen]]"
|imdb_id=0562998
|series=[[Doctor Who (series 2)|Series 2]]
|series_link=Series 2 (2006)
|}}
"'''The Girl in the Fireplace'''" is the fourth episode of the [[list of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|second series]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction on television|science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. It was first broadcast on 6 May 2006, and is the only episode in the 2006 series written by [[Steven Moffat]]. [[Sophia Myles]] guest-starred as the historical figure [[Madame de Pompadour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=2006-04|title=Episode Guide: The Girl in the Fireplace|work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]]|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref>

The episode takes place in multiple time periods as the [[Tenth Doctor]] and characters [[Rose Tyler|Rose]] and [[Mickey Smith|Mickey]] find time windows leading to [[Early Modern France#France in the 17th and 18th centuries|18th century France]] and a group of clockwork androids using them to stalk Madame de Pompadour throughout her life. ''Doctor Who'' writer [[Russell T Davies]] described the episode as a love story for the Doctor.<ref name=love/> Overall, "The Girl in the Fireplace" was well-received by most critics despite the time constraints imposed on the plot; the episode was nominated for a [[Nebula Award]]<ref name=nebula/> and won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo/>

==Plot==
The [[TARDIS]] arrives in a derelict spaceship, which is fully functional yet motionless and without a crew. The travellers —the [[Tenth Doctor|Doctor]], [[Rose Tyler]], and [[Mickey Smith]]— are further baffled to find an 18th century French fireplace. Looking through the fireplace, the Doctor sees a young girl. He asks who she is, and she replies that her name is Reinette, and that she lives in [[Paris]] in the year 1727. The fireplace is a "time window", allowing direct access to another time and place; passing through the window, the Doctor arrives in Reinette's bedroom, although months have passed here, rather than mere seconds in the Doctor's time. Examining the room, the Doctor discovers a ticking humanoid under Reinette's bed. The Doctor tricks the creature back through the time window to the spacecraft, where he and his companions learn that it is actually an android made of intricate, beautiful clockwork. Returning to Reinette's bedroom, the Doctor finds that she is now a young woman. She remembers him, and her charm and intelligence entrances the Doctor; they kiss, but she runs off to answer a summons for "Mademoiselle Poisson". The Doctor realises she is [[Madame de Pompadour]] (the mistress of [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]]), a historic figure he admires greatly.


Returning to the ship, the Doctor and his companions find several additional time windows at various locations throughout the ship, each leading to a different moment from the life of Madame de Pompadour. In one of them, the Doctor sees another clockwork creature menacing her. Stepping through the time window, he defends Reinette. Obeying her orders to explain itself, the clockwork creature tells her that the spaceship was damaged in an [[Solar wind#Variability and space weather|ion storm]]; the maintenance androids did not have the parts necessary to repair the ship, and killed the crew to use their organs for parts. One more part is required for the ship to be fully functional: Reinette's brain. Seeking more information on the motivation of the clockwork androids, the Doctor reads Reinette's mind, but is startled to find that she can read his as well, and has enormous empathy for his loneliness. Rose and Mickey are taken captive by the androids, but rescued by the Doctor (who returns pretending to be blind-drunk from a party Reinette took him to, claiming to have invented the banana [[daquiri]]), who has discovered that the creatures are trying to open a time window into Reinette's life at the age of 37. At that age, the literal-minded androids believe Reinette's brain will be compatible with the ship's 37-year-old systems. The clockwork androids appear at a costume ball, forcing Reinette and the rest of the guests into the ballroom. At one end of the room is an enormous mirror, which is actually a time window; the Doctor and his companions can see through it, but cannot pass through without smashing the window; this would break the connection.

The creatures threaten to decapitate Reinette, but the Doctor crashes through the mirror on horseback to save her, although he believes he has stranded himself in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] in the year 1758. The clockwork androids give up and shut down when the Doctor tells them that they have no way to return to the ship to carry out their mission. Reinette reveals that she had her fireplace moved to Versailles, hoping that the Doctor would return; the Doctor uses the window to return to the ship, and tells Reinette to pack a bag and choose a constellation to visit with him. When the Doctor returns to the fireplace, however, he finds Reinette is not there to meet him, having died in the six years since the Doctor's last visit. [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] gives the Doctor a parting letter from Reinette, and the Doctor returns alone to the TARDIS. In the letter, Reinette expresses her hopes that the Doctor will return quickly, asking him to hurry as her days grow short, referring to him as "my love" and her "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|lonely angel]]". The Doctor returns the letter to his pocket, watching on the TARDIS screen as the fireplace goes dark and the time window is closed forever. The TARDIS vanishes from the derelict spaceship with the companions perplexed as to why the ship wanted the brain of Madame de Pompadour over anyone else's to complete its repairs; the Doctor puts this down to damaged and garbled memory banks. However, as the now-lifeless ship drifts through space, the camera reveals that the ship's name is the ''SS Madame de Pompadour''.

==Continuity==
While the episode appears to follow immediately from the previous episode "[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]", Moffat notes in the audio commentary that when he wrote the episode he had not yet read the end of "School Reunion", hence the lack of continuing animosity shown towards Mickey by Rose after he joins the TARDIS crew.<ref name=commentary/> After reading the Doctor's mind, Reinette says "Doctor who?", a reference both to the series' title and to the long-running mystery about the Doctor's actual name. She also says that it is "more than just a secret", but does not elaborate further. Moffat explains that he added the dialogue because he believes that, as the Doctor does not tell even his closest companions his name, there must be a "dreadful secret" about it.<ref name=commentary/> Moffat also explains that he did not include the word "Torchwood" (an "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|arc word]]" in the second series) in the script because Davies did not ask him to do so.<ref name=commentary/>

==Production==
In an interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', [[Russell T Davies]] described the episode as "practically a love story for the Doctor ... It's very understated, very beautifully done, but it's nonetheless a [[Time Lord]] falling in love and Rose's reaction to him falling in love with someone else."<ref name=love>{{cite news |author=Byrne, Clar |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article356806.ece |title=Russell T Davies: The saviour of Saturday night drama |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2006-04-10 |accessdate=2006-04-11}}</ref> The scenes of Versailles were all filmed elsewhere, with [[Ragley Hall]] in Warwickshire standing in for the ballroom and [[Dyffryn Gardens]] near [[Cardiff]] standing in for the gardens at the palace.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s2e4.shtml |title=The Girl In The Fireplace locations guide |work =[[bbc.co.uk]] |accessdate =2006-05-08}}</ref> Two horses were used in the episode: one named [[Bolero]] was used for the scenes in close quarters on the spaceship, and another, named Arthur, for jumps. As seen in ''Doctor Who Confidential'', the horse was not allowed to set foot in the ballroom in the climactic scene. The various elements of the Doctor riding Arthur through the mirror (the horse, the mirror breaking and the reactions of the extras in the ballroom) all had to be filmed at separate times and then composited together; Tennant's head was superimposed upon that of the stunt rider in post-production.<ref name=commentary/> Steven Moffat states on the ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' episode "Script to Screen" that the clockwork people were inspired by [[The Turk]], a clockwork man who played chess around the same period (and which was later revealed to be a [[hoax]]).<ref name=commentary>{{cite video |people= Clarke, Noel; Moffat, Steven|date= |title= The Girl In the Fireplace Audio Commentary|url= http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3|format=[[MP3]]|publisher=[[BBC]] |location= |accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref> Much of the episode takes place in pre-revolutionary France and features characters of the period, including [[Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson]]. There are some historical inaccuracies; for example, Poisson calls herself "Reinette" in 1727, whereas in reality the nickname (meaning "Little Queen") was not given to her until 1730.<ref>{{cite web| author=Kren, Emil; Marx, Daniel| title=DROUAIS, François-Hubert |work=Web Gallery of Art| url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/drouais/francois/mme_pomp.html |accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref>

[[Sophia Myles]] stated in an interview on ''Doctor Who Confidential'' that she didn't have to audition for the role of Madame De Pompadour, she was just offered it.

==Reception==
[[File:2008 09 09 Doctor Who cosplay clock robot.jpg|thumb|right|Fan wearing a costume based on that worn by the clockwork androids at the [[San Diego Comic-Con International]] in 2008.]]
Reception of the episode was generally positive. A reviewer for ''BlogCritics Magazine'' lauded Moffat's writing, noting the dialogue was "honest and passionate";<ref name=bc>{{cite web |url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2006/05/07/132037.php|title=TV Review: BBC's Doctor Who - "The Girl In The Fireplace" |work=BlogCritics.org |author=Milam, Matthew |date=2006-05-06]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> other reviewers agreed that the script was excellent.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Lang, Stephen |url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/review.php?id=2006-04&page=3|title=The Girl in the Fireplace Reviews (Pg 3) |work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> Other reviewers noted that the forty-five minute time constraints caused the episode to suffer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brenna |first=Shane |date=2006-05-11 |url=http://www.pagefillers.com/dwrg/fireplace.htm |title=The Girl in the Fireplace |work=PageFillers.com |accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>

The final rating for the episode was 7.90 million, making it the thirteenth most watched programme of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/2006d.html|title=A Brief History of Time (Travel):The Girl in the Fireplace |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref> The script for this episode was nominated for the 2006 [[Nebula Award]].<ref name=nebula>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfwa.org/awards/2007/NebFinal2006.html |title=2006 Final Nebula Award Ballot |publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc. |work=sfwa.org |accessdate =2007-04-12}}</ref> "The Girl in the Fireplace" also won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/index.php?page_id=127 |title=2007 Hugo Awards |publisher=World Science Fiction Society |work=thehugoawards.org |date=2007-09-01 |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

In Issue 413 of Doctor Who Magazine (dated 14 October 2009) The Girl in the Fireplace was voted number 11 in their Mighty 200 poll. Readers were asked to score from 1 to 10 all 200 televised stories to date (1963's An Unearthly Child to 2009's Planet of the Dead).

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Tenth Doctor}}
{{TardisIndexFile}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/doctorwho/ram/tardisode4?size=16x9&bgc=CC0000&nbram=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1 TARDISODE 4]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/doctorwho/ram/4preview?size=16x9&bgc=CC0000&nbram=1&bbram=1&nbwm=1&bbwm=1 Episode trailer]
*[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3 Episode commentary by Phil Collinson, Helen Raynor and Eugene Washington] (MP3)
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2006/flash/homepages/index-girl.shtml "The Girl in the Fireplace" episode homepage]
*{{BBCDWnew | year=2006 | id=girlinthefireplace | title= The Girl in the Fireplace}}
*{{Brief| id=2006d | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{Doctor Who RG| id=who_tv15 | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{OG|2006-04|The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{Tv.com episode|id=452182|title=The Girl in the Fireplace}}
===Reviews===
*{{OG review| id=2006-04 | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{DWRG| id=fireplace| title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before="[[The Empty Child]]"/"[[The Doctor Dances]]"([[Doctor Who]]) |
title=[[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]] |
years=2007 |
after="[[Blink (Doctor Who)|Blink]]"([[Doctor Who]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form}}
{{Doctor Who (series 2)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girl In The Fireplace}}
[[Category:Hugo Award Winner for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]]
[[Category:Tenth Doctor episodes]]
[[Category:Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials]]
[[Category:2006 television episodes]]
[[Category:Steampunk television episodes]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Steven Moffat]]

[[ca:La noia de la llar de foc]]
[[fr:La Cheminée des temps]]
[[ru:Девушка в камине (Доктор Кто)]]
[[vo:Jicil in Filetatopafön]]

Das Mädchen im Kamin

2010-01-14T16:43:16Z

84.92.117.93: /* Reception */

{{Infobox Doctor Who episode|
|number = 171
|serial_name= The Girl in the Fireplace
|show=DW
|image=[[Image:Thegirlinthefireplace.jpg|275px]]
|caption= The Doctor searches Madame de Pompadour's mind.
|type=episode
|doctor=[[David Tennant]] ([[Tenth Doctor]])
|companion=[[Billie Piper]] ([[Rose Tyler]])
|companion2=[[Noel Clarke]] ([[Mickey Smith]])
|guests=
* [[Sophia Myles]] – [[Madame de Pompadour|Reinette]]
* [[Ben Turner (actor)|Ben Turner]] – [[Louis XV of France|King Louis]]
* Jessica Atkins – Young Reinette
* [[Angel Coulby]] – Katherine
* Gareth Wyn Griffiths – Manservant
* [[Paul Kasey]] – Clockwork Man
* [[Ellen Thomas (actress)|Ellen Thomas]] – Clockwork Woman
|writer=[[Steven Moffat]]
|director=[[Euros Lyn]]
|script_editor=[[Helen Raynor]]
|producer=[[Phil Collinson]]
|executive_producer=[[Russell T Davies]] [[Julie Gardner]]
|production_code=2.4
|length= 45 minutes
|date=6 May 2006
|preceding="[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]"
|following="[[Rise of the Cybermen]]"
|imdb_id=0562998
|series=[[Doctor Who (series 2)|Series 2]]
|series_link=Series 2 (2006)
|}}
"'''The Girl in the Fireplace'''" is the fourth episode of the [[list of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|second series]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction on television|science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. It was first broadcast on 6 May 2006, and is the only episode in the 2006 series written by [[Steven Moffat]]. [[Sophia Myles]] guest-starred as the historical figure [[Madame de Pompadour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=2006-04|title=Episode Guide: The Girl in the Fireplace|work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]]|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref>

The episode takes place in multiple time periods as the [[Tenth Doctor]] and characters [[Rose Tyler|Rose]] and [[Mickey Smith|Mickey]] find time windows leading to [[Early Modern France#France in the 17th and 18th centuries|18th century France]] and a group of clockwork androids using them to stalk Madame de Pompadour throughout her life. ''Doctor Who'' writer [[Russell T Davies]] described the episode as a love story for the Doctor.<ref name=love/> Overall, "The Girl in the Fireplace" was well-received by most critics despite the time constraints imposed on the plot; the episode was nominated for a [[Nebula Award]]<ref name=nebula/> and won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo/>

==Plot==
The [[TARDIS]] arrives in a derelict spaceship, which is fully functional yet motionless and without a crew. The travellers —the [[Tenth Doctor|Doctor]], [[Rose Tyler]], and [[Mickey Smith]]— are further baffled to find an 18th century French fireplace. Looking through the fireplace, the Doctor sees a young girl. He asks who she is, and she replies that her name is Reinette, and that she lives in [[Paris]] in the year 1727. The fireplace is a "time window", allowing direct access to another time and place; passing through the window, the Doctor arrives in Reinette's bedroom, although months have passed here, rather than mere seconds in the Doctor's time. Examining the room, the Doctor discovers a ticking humanoid under Reinette's bed. The Doctor tricks the creature back through the time window to the spacecraft, where he and his companions learn that it is actually an android made of intricate, beautiful clockwork. Returning to Reinette's bedroom, the Doctor finds that she is now a young woman. She remembers him, and her charm and intelligence entrances the Doctor; they kiss, but she runs off to answer a summons for "Mademoiselle Poisson". The Doctor realises she is [[Madame de Pompadour]] (the mistress of [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]]), a historic figure he admires greatly.


Returning to the ship, the Doctor and his companions find several additional time windows at various locations throughout the ship, each leading to a different moment from the life of Madame de Pompadour. In one of them, the Doctor sees another clockwork creature menacing her. Stepping through the time window, he defends Reinette. Obeying her orders to explain itself, the clockwork creature tells her that the spaceship was damaged in an [[Solar wind#Variability and space weather|ion storm]]; the maintenance androids did not have the parts necessary to repair the ship, and killed the crew to use their organs for parts. One more part is required for the ship to be fully functional: Reinette's brain. Seeking more information on the motivation of the clockwork androids, the Doctor reads Reinette's mind, but is startled to find that she can read his as well, and has enormous empathy for his loneliness. Rose and Mickey are taken captive by the androids, but rescued by the Doctor (who returns pretending to be blind-drunk from a party Reinette took him to, claiming to have invented the banana [[daquiri]]), who has discovered that the creatures are trying to open a time window into Reinette's life at the age of 37. At that age, the literal-minded androids believe Reinette's brain will be compatible with the ship's 37-year-old systems. The clockwork androids appear at a costume ball, forcing Reinette and the rest of the guests into the ballroom. At one end of the room is an enormous mirror, which is actually a time window; the Doctor and his companions can see through it, but cannot pass through without smashing the window; this would break the connection.

The creatures threaten to decapitate Reinette, but the Doctor crashes through the mirror on horseback to save her, although he believes he has stranded himself in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] in the year 1758. The clockwork androids give up and shut down when the Doctor tells them that they have no way to return to the ship to carry out their mission. Reinette reveals that she had her fireplace moved to Versailles, hoping that the Doctor would return; the Doctor uses the window to return to the ship, and tells Reinette to pack a bag and choose a constellation to visit with him. When the Doctor returns to the fireplace, however, he finds Reinette is not there to meet him, having died in the six years since the Doctor's last visit. [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] gives the Doctor a parting letter from Reinette, and the Doctor returns alone to the TARDIS. In the letter, Reinette expresses her hopes that the Doctor will return quickly, asking him to hurry as her days grow short, referring to him as "my love" and her "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|lonely angel]]". The Doctor returns the letter to his pocket, watching on the TARDIS screen as the fireplace goes dark and the time window is closed forever. The TARDIS vanishes from the derelict spaceship with the companions perplexed as to why the ship wanted the brain of Madame de Pompadour over anyone else's to complete its repairs; the Doctor puts this down to damaged and garbled memory banks. However, as the now-lifeless ship drifts through space, the camera reveals that the ship's name is the ''SS Madame de Pompadour''.

==Continuity==
While the episode appears to follow immediately from the previous episode "[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]", Moffat notes in the audio commentary that when he wrote the episode he had not yet read the end of "School Reunion", hence the lack of continuing animosity shown towards Mickey by Rose after he joins the TARDIS crew.<ref name=commentary/> After reading the Doctor's mind, Reinette says "Doctor who?", a reference both to the series' title and to the long-running mystery about the Doctor's actual name. She also says that it is "more than just a secret", but does not elaborate further. Moffat explains that he added the dialogue because he believes that, as the Doctor does not tell even his closest companions his name, there must be a "dreadful secret" about it.<ref name=commentary/> Moffat also explains that he did not include the word "Torchwood" (an "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|arc word]]" in the second series) in the script because Davies did not ask him to do so.<ref name=commentary/>

==Production==
In an interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', [[Russell T Davies]] described the episode as "practically a love story for the Doctor ... It's very understated, very beautifully done, but it's nonetheless a [[Time Lord]] falling in love and Rose's reaction to him falling in love with someone else."<ref name=love>{{cite news |author=Byrne, Clar |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article356806.ece |title=Russell T Davies: The saviour of Saturday night drama |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2006-04-10 |accessdate=2006-04-11}}</ref> The scenes of Versailles were all filmed elsewhere, with [[Ragley Hall]] in Warwickshire standing in for the ballroom and [[Dyffryn Gardens]] near [[Cardiff]] standing in for the gardens at the palace.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s2e4.shtml |title=The Girl In The Fireplace locations guide |work =[[bbc.co.uk]] |accessdate =2006-05-08}}</ref> Two horses were used in the episode: one named [[Bolero]] was used for the scenes in close quarters on the spaceship, and another, named Arthur, for jumps. As seen in ''Doctor Who Confidential'', the horse was not allowed to set foot in the ballroom in the climactic scene. The various elements of the Doctor riding Arthur through the mirror (the horse, the mirror breaking and the reactions of the extras in the ballroom) all had to be filmed at separate times and then composited together; Tennant's head was superimposed upon that of the stunt rider in post-production.<ref name=commentary/> Steven Moffat states on the ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' episode "Script to Screen" that the clockwork people were inspired by [[The Turk]], a clockwork man who played chess around the same period (and which was later revealed to be a [[hoax]]).<ref name=commentary>{{cite video |people= Clarke, Noel; Moffat, Steven|date= |title= The Girl In the Fireplace Audio Commentary|url= http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3|format=[[MP3]]|publisher=[[BBC]] |location= |accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref> Much of the episode takes place in pre-revolutionary France and features characters of the period, including [[Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson]]. There are some historical inaccuracies; for example, Poisson calls herself "Reinette" in 1727, whereas in reality the nickname (meaning "Little Queen") was not given to her until 1730.<ref>{{cite web| author=Kren, Emil; Marx, Daniel| title=DROUAIS, François-Hubert |work=Web Gallery of Art| url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/drouais/francois/mme_pomp.html |accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref>

[[Sophia Myles]] stated in an interview on ''Doctor Who Confidential'' that she didn't have to audition for the role of Madame De Pompadour, she was just offered it.

==Reception==
[[File:2008 09 09 Doctor Who cosplay clock robot.jpg|thumb|right|Fan wearing a costume based on that worn by the clockwork androids, at the [[San Diego Comic-Con International]] in 2008.]]
Reception of the episode was generally positive. A reviewer for ''BlogCritics Magazine'' lauded Moffat's writing, noting the dialogue was "honest and passionate";<ref name=bc>{{cite web |url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2006/05/07/132037.php|title=TV Review: BBC's Doctor Who - "The Girl In The Fireplace" |work=BlogCritics.org |author=Milam, Matthew |date=2006-05-06]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> other reviewers agreed that the script was excellent.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Lang, Stephen |url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/review.php?id=2006-04&page=3|title=The Girl in the Fireplace Reviews (Pg 3) |work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> Other reviewers noted that the forty-five minute time constraints caused the episode to suffer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brenna |first=Shane |date=2006-05-11 |url=http://www.pagefillers.com/dwrg/fireplace.htm |title=The Girl in the Fireplace |work=PageFillers.com |accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>

The final rating for the episode was 7.90 million, making it the thirteenth most watched programme of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/2006d.html|title=A Brief History of Time (Travel):The Girl in the Fireplace |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref> The script for this episode was nominated for the 2006 [[Nebula Award]].<ref name=nebula>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfwa.org/awards/2007/NebFinal2006.html |title=2006 Final Nebula Award Ballot |publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc. |work=sfwa.org |accessdate =2007-04-12}}</ref> "The Girl in the Fireplace" also won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/index.php?page_id=127 |title=2007 Hugo Awards |publisher=World Science Fiction Society |work=thehugoawards.org |date=2007-09-01 |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref>

In Issue 413 of Doctor Who Magazine (dated 14 October 2009) The Girl in the Fireplace was voted number 11 in their Mighty 200 poll. Readers were asked to score from 1 to 10 all 200 televised stories to date (1963's An Unearthly Child to 2009's Planet of the Dead).

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Tenth Doctor}}
{{TardisIndexFile}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/doctorwho/ram/tardisode4?size=16x9&bgc=CC0000&nbram=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1 TARDISODE 4]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/doctorwho/ram/4preview?size=16x9&bgc=CC0000&nbram=1&bbram=1&nbwm=1&bbwm=1 Episode trailer]
*[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3 Episode commentary by Phil Collinson, Helen Raynor and Eugene Washington] (MP3)
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2006/flash/homepages/index-girl.shtml "The Girl in the Fireplace" episode homepage]
*{{BBCDWnew | year=2006 | id=girlinthefireplace | title= The Girl in the Fireplace}}
*{{Brief| id=2006d | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{Doctor Who RG| id=who_tv15 | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{OG|2006-04|The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{Tv.com episode|id=452182|title=The Girl in the Fireplace}}
===Reviews===
*{{OG review| id=2006-04 | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{DWRG| id=fireplace| title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before="[[The Empty Child]]"/"[[The Doctor Dances]]"([[Doctor Who]]) |
title=[[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]] |
years=2007 |
after="[[Blink (Doctor Who)|Blink]]"([[Doctor Who]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form}}
{{Doctor Who (series 2)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girl In The Fireplace}}
[[Category:Hugo Award Winner for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]]
[[Category:Tenth Doctor episodes]]
[[Category:Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials]]
[[Category:2006 television episodes]]
[[Category:Steampunk television episodes]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Steven Moffat]]

[[ca:La noia de la llar de foc]]
[[fr:La Cheminée des temps]]
[[ru:Девушка в камине (Доктор Кто)]]
[[vo:Jicil in Filetatopafön]]

Rewa (Provinz)

2010-01-13T21:19:00Z

84.92.117.93:

[[Image:Engraving of Rewa.jpg|thumb|Rewa as seen during the [[United States Exploring Expedition]]]]
'''Rewa''' is a [[Local government in Fiji|province]] of [[Fiji]]. With a land area of 272 square kilometers (the smallest of Fiji's Provinces), it includes the [[capital (political)|capital]] city of [[Suva]] (but not most of Suva's suburbs) and is in two parts - one including part of Suva's hinterland to the west, and a noncontiguous area to the east, separated from the rest of Rewa by [[Naitasiri]] Province. The Province had a population of 100,787 at the 2007 census, making it Fiji's third most populous Province.

For both political and traditional reasons, Rewa is a powerful Province. It is not only the hinterland of the national capital, but also the heart of the [[Burebasaga Confederacy]], one of three traditional chiefly hierarchies. The ''[[Roko Tui Dreketi]],'' or Paramount Chief of Rewa, is also the head Burebasaga. The last two holders of the title have been women: [[Lala Mara|Ro Lady Lala Mara]] (1931-2004), the wife of Fiji's longtime [[List of Prime Ministers of Fiji|Prime Minister]] and [[List of Presidents of Fiji|President]] [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara]], and her sister and successor, [[Teimumu Kepa|Ro Teimumu Kepa]], who is also [[Cabinet (Fiji)|Minister]] of Education in the [[Laisenia Qarase|Qarase]] government.

Rewa is governed by a [[Rewa Provincial Council|Provincial Council]]. The Chairmanship of the Council is currently vacant, and the Council has decided not to fill it until the [[Constitution of Fiji|Constitution]] is changed to allow [[Parliament (Fiji)|parliamentarians]] to hold national and provincial office simultaneously - thereby allowing their Paramount Chief, Ro Teimumu Kepa, to take the position. In the interim, [[Pita Tagi Cakiverata]] is Acting Chairman.

{{Fiji}}

{{coord|18|05|S|178|20|E|display=title|region:FJ_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rewa, Fiji|*]]
[[Category:Provinces of Fiji|Rewa]]
[[Category:Viti Levu|Rewa]]

[[hif:Rewa]]
[[it:Provincia di Rewa]]
[[nl:Rewa (Fiji)]]
[[pt:Rewa (Fiji)]]

IsraAID

2010-01-13T18:57:33Z

84.92.117.93:

'''The Israel Forum for International Humanitarian Aid''' ('''IsraAID''') is an [[Israel]]i-based humanitarian organization. It is an umbrella organization consisting of [[Jewish]] and Israeli [[search and rescue]], medical and relief groups that provide worldwide aid to people in need, regardless of race, religion, nationality or disability. IsraAid was founded in 2001 and consists of over 35 [[humanitarian aid]] organizations, youth movements, solidarity movements, friendship societies and more. The organization seeks to "improve and expand international humanitarian assistance activities provided from Israel through cooperation between Israeli aid organizations." <ref>[http://israaid.org.il/mission.asp Mission statement]</ref><ref name="JW">[http://www.jewishwinnipeg.org/page.aspx?id=111716 Jewish Winnipeg]</ref>

According to one of the founding members, [[Alan Schneider]], IsraAid is a "constitutional body" of Israeli and [[diaspora]] organizations committed to the Jewish tradition of helping others (''"[[Tikkun Olam]]"''). <ref name ="bb60">[http://www.bnaibrith.org/israel60th/IsraAID.cfm ''B'nai B'rith and IsraAID: Traveling the World for Tikkun Olam'']</ref> IsraAid coordinates the activities, and provides financial aid to the Israeli and Jewish [[non governmental organizations]] under its umbrella. The group is chaired by Shachar Zahavi <ref>[http://www.israaid.org.il/story_page.asp?id=1139 IsraAID Activities], IsraAID</ref>

==Member organizations==
* [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee |The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Israel]] (AJJDC),
* [[The Humanitarian Fund of the Kibbutz Movement]]
* [[Aid Without Borders]]
* [[Jerusalem AIDS Project]]
* [[Israeli Friends of Tibet]]
* [[B'nai B'rith]] World Center
* [[Save a Child's Heart]]
* [[The American Jewish Committee]] (AJC)
* [[United Jewish Communities]] (UJC)
* [[Magen David Adom]]
* [[Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team]] (F.I.R.S.T.)
* [[American Jewish Committee]]
* [[United Jewish Communities]], and more. <ref name="JW" /> <ref>[http://www.israaid.org.il/background.asp What Is IsraAID], IsraAID</ref>

==Projects ==
'''2004''' -- In 2004 Israel mobilized to send 150 army doctors and search and resue teams to [[tsunami]] victims in [[Sri Lanka]], but since Sri Lanka declined that offer, Israel instead sent a smaller number of [[Israeli Defense Forces|IDF personnel]] along with an 82 ton planeload of relief supplies, including blankets, food, water, baby food and over nine tons of medicine. The relief effort was coordinated by IsraAid. <ref>[http://www.uja.org/page.aspx?id=75515 Jewish Federation of North America, '' Israel Sends Doctors, Supplies To Aid Tsunami Victims'']</ref>

'''2005''' -- Israel provided tsunami crisis relief for Sri Lanka "spearheaded" by IsraAID. A humanitarian team of 14 medical and logistical personnel was sent to Sri Lanka to help those affected by the tsunami. <ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Tsunami+Crisis+Relief+for+Sri+Lanka+-+January+2005.htm ''Tsunami Crisis Relief for Sri Lanka'']</ref>

'''2007''' -- IsraAID sent a team of six doctors and nurses to [[Peru]] to assist in rescue efforts and provide medical care after a major [[earthquake]]. <ref>[http://www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=13823 Israel Today, ''Israeli medical team aids Peru earthquake victims''] </ref>

'''2007'''-- Israeli volunteers went to a refugee camp on the [[Kenya|Kenyan]] border to provide relief for [[Muslim]] refugees in [[Somalia]]. ''The Jerusalem AIDS Project'', an Israeli organization under the umbrella of IsraAid which promotes [[HIV/AIDS]] education and prevention, began by assessing the situation, then distributed clothes for infants and toddlers. Later they would meet with IsraAid in order to purchase basic medical equipment. <ref> [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3371682,00.html YNET News]</ref>

'''2008''' -- B'nai B'rith International, one of the founding members of IsraAid and in partnership with IsraAid, provided thousands of meals to an estimated 35,000 [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] war refugees. <ref>[http://www.bnaibrith.org/latest_news/09_05_2008_Georgia_IsraAID.cfm B'nai Brith World Center an IsraAid feed Georgian Refugees]</ref>

'''2008''' -- Israeli aid teams went to [[Myanmar]] to help with recovery after a major [[cyclone]]. According to the [[Jerusalem Post]]:

<blockquote>The IsraAid organization, which sends help to foreign countries in need, will be sending to Myanmar a highly trained search-and-rescue team and a 10-member team of doctors and nurses. The teams will bring with them crucial supplies, including plastic sheeting, food, household appliances and water filters. <ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1209627025646&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull Israeli aid teams head to a devastated country]</ref></blockquote>

'''2009''' -- IsraAid sent six volunteer doctors, nurses and paramedics to the Philippines to assist [[Operation Blessing International]] after two devastating typhoons. <ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MUMA-7WS4PG?OpenDocument Israeli doctors aid Philippines]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.israaid.org.il}}

[[category:Israel]][[category:humanitarian aid organizations]]

IsraAID

2010-01-13T18:57:13Z

84.92.117.93:

'''The Israel Forum for International Humanitarian Aid''' ('''IsraAID''') is an [[Israeli]]-based humanitarian organization. It is an umbrella organization consisting of [[Jewish]] and Israeli [[search and rescue]], medical and relief groups that provide worldwide aid to people in need, regardless of race, religion, nationality or disability. IsraAid was founded in 2001 and consists of over 35 [[humanitarian aid]] organizations, youth movements, solidarity movements, friendship societies and more. The organization seeks to "improve and expand international humanitarian assistance activities provided from Israel through cooperation between Israeli aid organizations." <ref>[http://israaid.org.il/mission.asp Mission statement]</ref><ref name="JW">[http://www.jewishwinnipeg.org/page.aspx?id=111716 Jewish Winnipeg]</ref>

According to one of the founding members, [[Alan Schneider]], IsraAid is a "constitutional body" of Israeli and [[diaspora]] organizations committed to the Jewish tradition of helping others (''"[[Tikkun Olam]]"''). <ref name ="bb60">[http://www.bnaibrith.org/israel60th/IsraAID.cfm ''B'nai B'rith and IsraAID: Traveling the World for Tikkun Olam'']</ref> IsraAid coordinates the activities, and provides financial aid to the Israeli and Jewish [[non governmental organizations]] under its umbrella. The group is chaired by Shachar Zahavi <ref>[http://www.israaid.org.il/story_page.asp?id=1139 IsraAID Activities], IsraAID</ref>

==Member organizations==
* [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee |The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Israel]] (AJJDC),
* [[The Humanitarian Fund of the Kibbutz Movement]]
* [[Aid Without Borders]]
* [[Jerusalem AIDS Project]]
* [[Israeli Friends of Tibet]]
* [[B'nai B'rith]] World Center
* [[Save a Child's Heart]]
* [[The American Jewish Committee]] (AJC)
* [[United Jewish Communities]] (UJC)
* [[Magen David Adom]]
* [[Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team]] (F.I.R.S.T.)
* [[American Jewish Committee]]
* [[United Jewish Communities]], and more. <ref name="JW" /> <ref>[http://www.israaid.org.il/background.asp What Is IsraAID], IsraAID</ref>

==Projects ==
'''2004''' -- In 2004 Israel mobilized to send 150 army doctors and search and resue teams to [[tsunami]] victims in [[Sri Lanka]], but since Sri Lanka declined that offer, Israel instead sent a smaller number of [[Israeli Defense Forces|IDF personnel]] along with an 82 ton planeload of relief supplies, including blankets, food, water, baby food and over nine tons of medicine. The relief effort was coordinated by IsraAid. <ref>[http://www.uja.org/page.aspx?id=75515 Jewish Federation of North America, '' Israel Sends Doctors, Supplies To Aid Tsunami Victims'']</ref>

'''2005''' -- Israel provided tsunami crisis relief for Sri Lanka "spearheaded" by IsraAID. A humanitarian team of 14 medical and logistical personnel was sent to Sri Lanka to help those affected by the tsunami. <ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Tsunami+Crisis+Relief+for+Sri+Lanka+-+January+2005.htm ''Tsunami Crisis Relief for Sri Lanka'']</ref>

'''2007''' -- IsraAID sent a team of six doctors and nurses to [[Peru]] to assist in rescue efforts and provide medical care after a major [[earthquake]]. <ref>[http://www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=13823 Israel Today, ''Israeli medical team aids Peru earthquake victims''] </ref>

'''2007'''-- Israeli volunteers went to a refugee camp on the [[Kenya|Kenyan]] border to provide relief for [[Muslim]] refugees in [[Somalia]]. ''The Jerusalem AIDS Project'', an Israeli organization under the umbrella of IsraAid which promotes [[HIV/AIDS]] education and prevention, began by assessing the situation, then distributed clothes for infants and toddlers. Later they would meet with IsraAid in order to purchase basic medical equipment. <ref> [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3371682,00.html YNET News]</ref>

'''2008''' -- B'nai B'rith International, one of the founding members of IsraAid and in partnership with IsraAid, provided thousands of meals to an estimated 35,000 [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] war refugees. <ref>[http://www.bnaibrith.org/latest_news/09_05_2008_Georgia_IsraAID.cfm B'nai Brith World Center an IsraAid feed Georgian Refugees]</ref>

'''2008''' -- Israeli aid teams went to [[Myanmar]] to help with recovery after a major [[cyclone]]. According to the [[Jerusalem Post]]:

<blockquote>The IsraAid organization, which sends help to foreign countries in need, will be sending to Myanmar a highly trained search-and-rescue team and a 10-member team of doctors and nurses. The teams will bring with them crucial supplies, including plastic sheeting, food, household appliances and water filters. <ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1209627025646&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull Israeli aid teams head to a devastated country]</ref></blockquote>

'''2009''' -- IsraAid sent six volunteer doctors, nurses and paramedics to the Philippines to assist [[Operation Blessing International]] after two devastating typhoons. <ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MUMA-7WS4PG?OpenDocument Israeli doctors aid Philippines]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.israaid.org.il}}

[[category:Israel]][[category:humanitarian aid organizations]]

Tovia Singer

2010-01-10T17:58:14Z

84.92.117.93:

{{redirect|Outreach Judaism|Jewish outreach in general|Jewish outreach}}
Rabbi '''Tovia Singer''' (born 1960) is the Founder and Director of Outreach Judaism, an international organization dedicated to countering the efforts of Christian evangelical groups that specifically target Jews for conversion. His program aims to provide educational resources to individuals targeted by organizations such as [[Jews for Jesus]]. Singer addresses more than 200 audiences a year. He is the author of ''[[Let's Get Biblical]]'', a book and audioseries.

Singer is also the host of the ''[[The Tovia Singer Show]]'', a radio show launched in 2002 on [[Arutz Sheva]]'s Israel National Radio.

==External links==
*[http://www.toviasingershow.com The Tovia Singer Show] Official website.
*[http://www.outreachjudaism.org/index.html Outreach Judaism]
*[http://outreachjudaism.org/evangelize1.html EVANGELIZING THE JEWS by Rabbi Tovia Singer]
*[http://www.rickross.com/reference/jews_for_jesus/jews_for_jesus24.html Rabbi cautions against fundamentalist groups]
*[http://www.israelnationalradio.com/ Arutz Sheva - Israel National Radio]
*[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/author.php?id=27 Author Archive] From Arutz Sheva.
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2308707023159306512&hl=en Rabbi Tovia Singer debates Jews for Jesus LIVE on air!] - VIDEO
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4215529095800141913&q=tovia+singer&total=15&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=2 Rabbi Tovia Singer delivers powerful message to Syria regarding the Golan Heights] - VIDEO
*[http://www.messiahtruth.com/singer_cancelled.html Christian station cancels]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singer, Tovia}}
[[Category:Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:American Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:People from New York]]
[[Category:Jewish radio]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Christian and Jewish interfaith topics]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:21st-century rabbis]]

{{rabbi-stub}}
{{radio-bio-stub}}

[[yi:טוביה זינגער]]

Bestattung von Diana, Princess of Wales

2010-01-07T20:55:36Z

84.92.117.93: /* The funeral */

{{Infobox Historical Event
|Event_Name = Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
|Image_Name = Princess Diana Funeral St James Park 1997.jpg
|Image_Caption = The funeral procession passing [[St. James Park]]
|AKA =
|Participants = [[Elton John]], [[British Royal Family]], [[Tony Blair]], [[Lady Sarah McCorquodale]], [[Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes|Lady Jane Fellowes]], [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]]
|Location = [[Westminister Abbey]], [[London]] (official ceremony) [[Althorp]] (resting place)
|Date = Saturday, 6 September 1997 9:08-15:32
|Result =
|URL =
}}
The '''public funeral of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' started on 6 September 1997 at 9:08 [[12-hour clock|a.m.]] in [[London]], when the tenor bell sounded to signal the departure of the cortege from [[Kensington Palace]]. The coffin was carried from the palace on a [[gun carriage]], along beside [[Hyde Park]] to [[St. James' Palace]], where Diana's body had [[lying in state|lain in state]] for five days before being taken to Kensington Palace. The [[Union Jack]] on top of the palace was lowered to half mast. The official ceremony was held at [[Westminster Abbey]] in London and finished at the resting place in [[Althorp]].

2,000 people attended the ceremony in Westminster Abbey<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,290815,00.html Princess Diana] ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''</ref> while the British television audience peaked at 32.78 million, one of the United Kingdom's [[List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts#Most-watched_episodes|highest viewing figures ever]]<ref>''Screen Digest'', Wednesday, October 1 1997</ref>. 2.5 billion people traced the event worldwide,<ref>John Urry. ''Global complexity'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2003 p. 134</ref> making it the most watched event ever.

==Death==
{{main|Death of Diana, Princess of Wales}}
Diana died on 31 August 1997 in a [[car accident]] inside the [[Pont de l'Alma]] [[road tunnel]] of [[Paris]]. That afternoon, the Royal Squadron flew Diana's ex-husband Prince Charles and two older sisters to Paris to bring the remains back to Great Britain.

==The funeral==
[[File:Diana funeral.jpg|thumb|200px|The coffin passing through one of the streets.]]
The event was not a [[state funeral]] in the strict sense, but a national public funeral that included royal pageantry and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] funeral liturgy.<ref>Paul D. L. Avis. ''A church drawing near: spirituality and mission in a post-Christian culture'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003</ref> A large pile of flowers was installed at the gates of Kensington Palace. Eight members of the [[Welsh Guards]] accompanied Diana's body, draped in the royal standard, on the one-hour-forty-seven-minute ride through London streets. At [[St. James' Palace]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]], [[Prince William of Wales|Prince William]] and [[Prince Harry|Prince Harry]], and [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Earl Spencer]] joined to walk behind.

The ceremony at the Westminster Abbey opened at 11:00 [[British Summer Time|BST]] and lasted one hour and ten minutes. The royal family placed wreaths alongside Diana's coffin in the presence of [[Princess Michael of Kent]], former [[Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom|UK Prime Ministers]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Edward Heath]], and former Conservative MP [[Winston Churchill (born 1940)|Winston Churchill]], the grandon of [[World War II]]-era Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]].<ref name="TI">[http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/timeline/augsept97/6.html SPECIAL REPORT: PRINCESS DIANA, 1961-1997] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> The honorable guests included [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[William Crowe]], [[Bernadette Chirac]], Queen [[Noor of Jordan]].<ref name="TI"/> The Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] had read an excerpt from the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]: "And now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love".<ref>Brian MacArthur. ''Requiem: Diana, Princess of Wales 1961-1997 - Memories and Tributes'', Arcade Publishing, 1998, p. 165</ref> Among other invitees were [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], Princess [[Margriet of the Netherlands]], [[Constantine II of Greece]], [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]] with [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Crown Princess Masako]] and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/tickets0905.htm A Hot Ticket for a Sad Occasion] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref>

The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[George Carey]] and the [[Dean of Westminster]] [[Wesley Carr]] were also present in the abbey. The Anglican service opened with the traditional singing of "[[God Save the Queen]]". The pieces from [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Antonin Dvorak]], [[Camille Saint-Saens]] and other composers were played throughout the ceremony. Diana was to have been interred in the hamlet of [[Great Brington]] at the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, along with her ancestors, but the [[Spencer family]] shifted the place to [[Althorp]] for private reasons.

London's Foreign Press Association said it had received more than five hundred requests for credentials to cover the event.<ref name="TI"/>

==Related articles==
*[[List of funerals|List of notable funerals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/diana/order.html Details of the funeral service]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86MQSbZo28Y Funeral's highlights]
==Further reading==
*Nigel Dacre. ''The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales''. Court Historian, 8:1 (2003), 85-90
*Adrian Kear, Deborah Lynn Steinberg. ''Mourning Diana: nation, culture, and the performance of grief'', Routledge, 1999
*Tony Walter. ''The mourning for Diana'', Berg Publishers, 1999
{{Diana, Princess of Wales}}

[[Category:Deaths by person]]
[[Category:1997 in the United Kingdom]]

[[pt:Funeral de Diana, Princesa de Gales]]

Bestattung von Diana, Princess of Wales

2010-01-07T20:55:00Z

84.92.117.93: /* The funeral */

{{Infobox Historical Event
|Event_Name = Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
|Image_Name = Princess Diana Funeral St James Park 1997.jpg
|Image_Caption = The funeral procession passing [[St. James Park]]
|AKA =
|Participants = [[Elton John]], [[British Royal Family]], [[Tony Blair]], [[Lady Sarah McCorquodale]], [[Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes|Lady Jane Fellowes]], [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]]
|Location = [[Westminister Abbey]], [[London]] (official ceremony) [[Althorp]] (resting place)
|Date = Saturday, 6 September 1997 9:08-15:32
|Result =
|URL =
}}
The '''public funeral of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' started on 6 September 1997 at 9:08 [[12-hour clock|a.m.]] in [[London]], when the tenor bell sounded to signal the departure of the cortege from [[Kensington Palace]]. The coffin was carried from the palace on a [[gun carriage]], along beside [[Hyde Park]] to [[St. James' Palace]], where Diana's body had [[lying in state|lain in state]] for five days before being taken to Kensington Palace. The [[Union Jack]] on top of the palace was lowered to half mast. The official ceremony was held at [[Westminster Abbey]] in London and finished at the resting place in [[Althorp]].

2,000 people attended the ceremony in Westminster Abbey<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,290815,00.html Princess Diana] ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''</ref> while the British television audience peaked at 32.78 million, one of the United Kingdom's [[List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts#Most-watched_episodes|highest viewing figures ever]]<ref>''Screen Digest'', Wednesday, October 1 1997</ref>. 2.5 billion people traced the event worldwide,<ref>John Urry. ''Global complexity'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2003 p. 134</ref> making it the most watched event ever.

==Death==
{{main|Death of Diana, Princess of Wales}}
Diana died on 31 August 1997 in a [[car accident]] inside the [[Pont de l'Alma]] [[road tunnel]] of [[Paris]]. That afternoon, the Royal Squadron flew Diana's ex-husband Prince Charles and two older sisters to Paris to bring the remains back to Great Britain.

==The funeral==
[[File:Diana funeral.jpg|thumb|200px|The coffin passing through one of the streets.]]
The event was not a [[state funeral]] in the strict sense, but a national public funeral that included royal pageantry and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] funeral liturgy.<ref>Paul D. L. Avis. ''A church drawing near: spirituality and mission in a post-Christian culture'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003</ref> A large pile of flowers was installed at the gates of Kensington Palace. Eight members of the [[Welsh Guards]] accompanied Diana's body, draped in the royal standard, on the one-hour-forty-seven-minute ride through London streets. At [[St. James' Palace]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]], [[Prince William of Wales|Prince William]] and [[Prince Harry|Prince Harry]], and [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Earl Spencer]] joined to walk behind.

The ceremony at the Westminster Abbey opened at 11:00 [[British Summer Time|BST]] and lasted one hour and ten minutes. The royal family placed wreaths alongside Diana's coffin in the presence of [[Princess Michael of Kent]], former [[Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom|UK Prime Ministers]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Edward Heath]], and former Conservative MP [[Winston Churchill (born 1940)|Winston Churchill]], the grandon of [[World War Two]]-era Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]].<ref name="TI">[http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/timeline/augsept97/6.html SPECIAL REPORT: PRINCESS DIANA, 1961-1997] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> The honorable guests included [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[William Crowe]], [[Bernadette Chirac]], Queen [[Noor of Jordan]].<ref name="TI"/> The Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] had read an excerpt from the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]: "And now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love".<ref>Brian MacArthur. ''Requiem: Diana, Princess of Wales 1961-1997 - Memories and Tributes'', Arcade Publishing, 1998, p. 165</ref> Among other invitees were [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], Princess [[Margriet of the Netherlands]], [[Constantine II of Greece]], [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]] with [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Crown Princess Masako]] and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/tickets0905.htm A Hot Ticket for a Sad Occasion] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref>

The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[George Carey]] and the [[Dean of Westminster]] [[Wesley Carr]] were also present in the abbey. The Anglican service opened with the traditional singing of "[[God Save the Queen]]". The pieces from [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Antonin Dvorak]], [[Camille Saint-Saens]] and other composers were played throughout the ceremony. Diana was to have been interred in the hamlet of [[Great Brington]] at the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, along with her ancestors, but the [[Spencer family]] shifted the place to [[Althorp]] for private reasons.

London's Foreign Press Association said it had received more than five hundred requests for credentials to cover the event.<ref name="TI"/>

==Related articles==
*[[List of funerals|List of notable funerals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/diana/order.html Details of the funeral service]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86MQSbZo28Y Funeral's highlights]
==Further reading==
*Nigel Dacre. ''The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales''. Court Historian, 8:1 (2003), 85-90
*Adrian Kear, Deborah Lynn Steinberg. ''Mourning Diana: nation, culture, and the performance of grief'', Routledge, 1999
*Tony Walter. ''The mourning for Diana'', Berg Publishers, 1999
{{Diana, Princess of Wales}}

[[Category:Deaths by person]]
[[Category:1997 in the United Kingdom]]

[[pt:Funeral de Diana, Princesa de Gales]]

Bestattung von Diana, Princess of Wales

2010-01-07T20:54:38Z

84.92.117.93: /* The funeral */

{{Infobox Historical Event
|Event_Name = Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
|Image_Name = Princess Diana Funeral St James Park 1997.jpg
|Image_Caption = The funeral procession passing [[St. James Park]]
|AKA =
|Participants = [[Elton John]], [[British Royal Family]], [[Tony Blair]], [[Lady Sarah McCorquodale]], [[Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes|Lady Jane Fellowes]], [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]]
|Location = [[Westminister Abbey]], [[London]] (official ceremony) [[Althorp]] (resting place)
|Date = Saturday, 6 September 1997 9:08-15:32
|Result =
|URL =
}}
The '''public funeral of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' started on 6 September 1997 at 9:08 [[12-hour clock|a.m.]] in [[London]], when the tenor bell sounded to signal the departure of the cortege from [[Kensington Palace]]. The coffin was carried from the palace on a [[gun carriage]], along beside [[Hyde Park]] to [[St. James' Palace]], where Diana's body had [[lying in state|lain in state]] for five days before being taken to Kensington Palace. The [[Union Jack]] on top of the palace was lowered to half mast. The official ceremony was held at [[Westminster Abbey]] in London and finished at the resting place in [[Althorp]].

2,000 people attended the ceremony in Westminster Abbey<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,290815,00.html Princess Diana] ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''</ref> while the British television audience peaked at 32.78 million, one of the United Kingdom's [[List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts#Most-watched_episodes|highest viewing figures ever]]<ref>''Screen Digest'', Wednesday, October 1 1997</ref>. 2.5 billion people traced the event worldwide,<ref>John Urry. ''Global complexity'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2003 p. 134</ref> making it the most watched event ever.

==Death==
{{main|Death of Diana, Princess of Wales}}
Diana died on 31 August 1997 in a [[car accident]] inside the [[Pont de l'Alma]] [[road tunnel]] of [[Paris]]. That afternoon, the Royal Squadron flew Diana's ex-husband Prince Charles and two older sisters to Paris to bring the remains back to Great Britain.

==The funeral==
[[File:Diana funeral.jpg|thumb|200px|The coffin passing through one of the streets.]]
The event was not a [[state funeral]] in the strict sense, but a national public funeral that included royal pageantry and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] funeral liturgy.<ref>Paul D. L. Avis. ''A church drawing near: spirituality and mission in a post-Christian culture'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003</ref> A large pile of flowers was installed at the gates of Kensington Palace. Eight members of the [[Welsh Guards]] accompanied Diana's body, draped in the royal standard, on the one-hour-forty-seven-minute ride through London streets. At [[St. James' Palace]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]], [[Prince William of Wales|Prince William]] and [[Prince Harry|Prince Harry]], and [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Earl Spencer]] joined to walk behind.

The ceremony at the Westminster Abbey opened at 11:00 [[British Summer Time|BST]] and lasted one hour and ten minutes. The royal family placed wreaths alongside Diana's coffin in the presence of [[Princess Michael of Kent]], former [[Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom|UK Prime Ministers]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Edward Heath]], and former Conservative MP [[Winston Churchill (born 1940)|Winston Churchill]]the grandon of [[World War Two]]-era Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]].<ref name="TI">[http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/timeline/augsept97/6.html SPECIAL REPORT: PRINCESS DIANA, 1961-1997] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> The honorable guests included [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[William Crowe]], [[Bernadette Chirac]], Queen [[Noor of Jordan]].<ref name="TI"/> The Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] had read an excerpt from the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]: "And now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love".<ref>Brian MacArthur. ''Requiem: Diana, Princess of Wales 1961-1997 - Memories and Tributes'', Arcade Publishing, 1998, p. 165</ref> Among other invitees were [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], Princess [[Margriet of the Netherlands]], [[Constantine II of Greece]], [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]] with [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Crown Princess Masako]] and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/tickets0905.htm A Hot Ticket for a Sad Occasion] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref>

The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[George Carey]] and the [[Dean of Westminster]] [[Wesley Carr]] were also present in the abbey. The Anglican service opened with the traditional singing of "[[God Save the Queen]]". The pieces from [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Antonin Dvorak]], [[Camille Saint-Saens]] and other composers were played throughout the ceremony. Diana was to have been interred in the hamlet of [[Great Brington]] at the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, along with her ancestors, but the [[Spencer family]] shifted the place to [[Althorp]] for private reasons.

London's Foreign Press Association said it had received more than five hundred requests for credentials to cover the event.<ref name="TI"/>

==Related articles==
*[[List of funerals|List of notable funerals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/diana/order.html Details of the funeral service]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86MQSbZo28Y Funeral's highlights]
==Further reading==
*Nigel Dacre. ''The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales''. Court Historian, 8:1 (2003), 85-90
*Adrian Kear, Deborah Lynn Steinberg. ''Mourning Diana: nation, culture, and the performance of grief'', Routledge, 1999
*Tony Walter. ''The mourning for Diana'', Berg Publishers, 1999
{{Diana, Princess of Wales}}

[[Category:Deaths by person]]
[[Category:1997 in the United Kingdom]]

[[pt:Funeral de Diana, Princesa de Gales]]

Bestattung von Diana, Princess of Wales

2010-01-07T20:51:33Z

84.92.117.93: /* The funeral */

{{Infobox Historical Event
|Event_Name = Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
|Image_Name = Princess Diana Funeral St James Park 1997.jpg
|Image_Caption = The funeral procession passing [[St. James Park]]
|AKA =
|Participants = [[Elton John]], [[British Royal Family]], [[Tony Blair]], [[Lady Sarah McCorquodale]], [[Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes|Lady Jane Fellowes]], [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]]
|Location = [[Westminister Abbey]], [[London]] (official ceremony) [[Althorp]] (resting place)
|Date = Saturday, 6 September 1997 9:08-15:32
|Result =
|URL =
}}
The '''public funeral of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' started on 6 September 1997 at 9:08 [[12-hour clock|a.m.]] in [[London]], when the tenor bell sounded to signal the departure of the cortege from [[Kensington Palace]]. The coffin was carried from the palace on a [[gun carriage]], along beside [[Hyde Park]] to [[St. James' Palace]], where Diana's body had [[lying in state|lain in state]] for five days before being taken to Kensington Palace. The [[Union Jack]] on top of the palace was lowered to half mast. The official ceremony was held at [[Westminster Abbey]] in London and finished at the resting place in [[Althorp]].

2,000 people attended the ceremony in Westminster Abbey<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,290815,00.html Princess Diana] ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''</ref> while the British television audience peaked at 32.78 million, one of the United Kingdom's [[List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts#Most-watched_episodes|highest viewing figures ever]]<ref>''Screen Digest'', Wednesday, October 1 1997</ref>. 2.5 billion people traced the event worldwide,<ref>John Urry. ''Global complexity'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2003 p. 134</ref> making it the most watched event ever.

==Death==
{{main|Death of Diana, Princess of Wales}}
Diana died on 31 August 1997 in a [[car accident]] inside the [[Pont de l'Alma]] [[road tunnel]] of [[Paris]]. That afternoon, the Royal Squadron flew Diana's ex-husband Prince Charles and two older sisters to Paris to bring the remains back to Great Britain.

==The funeral==
[[File:Diana funeral.jpg|thumb|200px|The coffin passing through one of the streets.]]
The event was not a [[state funeral]] in the strict sense, but a national public funeral that included royal pageantry and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] funeral liturgy.<ref>Paul D. L. Avis. ''A church drawing near: spirituality and mission in a post-Christian culture'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003</ref> A large pile of flowers was installed at the gates of Kensington Palace. Eight members of the [[Welsh Guards]] accompanied Diana's body, draped in the royal standard, on the one-hour-forty-seven-minute ride through London streets. At [[St. James' Palace]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]], [[Prince William of Wales|Prince William]] and [[Prince Harry|Prince Harry]], and [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Earl Spencer]] joined to walk behind.

The ceremony at the Westminster Abbey opened at 11:00 [[British Summer Time|BST]] and lasted one hour and ten minutes. The royal family placed wreaths alongside Diana's coffin in the presence of [[Princess Michael of Kent]], former [[Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom|UK Prime Ministers]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Edward Heath]], and the grandson of former wartime Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], also called [[Winston Churchill (born 1940)|Winston Churchill]].<ref name="TI">[http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/timeline/augsept97/6.html SPECIAL REPORT: PRINCESS DIANA, 1961-1997] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> The honorable guests included [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[William Crowe]], [[Bernadette Chirac]], Queen [[Noor of Jordan]].<ref name="TI"/> The Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] had read an excerpt from the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]: "And now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love".<ref>Brian MacArthur. ''Requiem: Diana, Princess of Wales 1961-1997 - Memories and Tributes'', Arcade Publishing, 1998, p. 165</ref> Among other invitees were [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], Princess [[Margriet of the Netherlands]], [[Constantine II of Greece]], [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]] with [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Crown Princess Masako]] and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/tickets0905.htm A Hot Ticket for a Sad Occasion] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref>

The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[George Carey]] and the [[Dean of Westminster]] [[Wesley Carr]] were also present in the abbey. The Anglican service opened with the traditional singing of "[[God Save the Queen]]". The pieces from [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Antonin Dvorak]], [[Camille Saint-Saens]] and other composers were played throughout the ceremony. Diana was to have been interred in the hamlet of [[Great Brington]] at the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, along with her ancestors, but the [[Spencer family]] shifted the place to [[Althorp]] for private reasons.

London's Foreign Press Association said it had received more than five hundred requests for credentials to cover the event.<ref name="TI"/>

==Related articles==
*[[List of funerals|List of notable funerals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/diana/order.html Details of the funeral service]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86MQSbZo28Y Funeral's highlights]
==Further reading==
*Nigel Dacre. ''The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales''. Court Historian, 8:1 (2003), 85-90
*Adrian Kear, Deborah Lynn Steinberg. ''Mourning Diana: nation, culture, and the performance of grief'', Routledge, 1999
*Tony Walter. ''The mourning for Diana'', Berg Publishers, 1999
{{Diana, Princess of Wales}}

[[Category:Deaths by person]]
[[Category:1997 in the United Kingdom]]

[[pt:Funeral de Diana, Princesa de Gales]]

Akmal Shaikh

2009-12-29T13:13:18Z

84.92.117.93:

{{recently deceased}}
{{Infobox criminal
| subject_name = Akmal Shaikh
| image_name = Akmal Shaikh-port.png
| image_size = 180px
| image_alt = Portrait of a man of Indo-Pakistan race in white suit
| image_caption = Akmal Shaikh
| birth_name =
| date_of_birth = {{birth date|df=yes|1956|4|5}}<ref>http://reprieve.org.uk/2009_12_18_akmal_shaikh_new_evidence</ref>
| place_of_birth = [[Pakistan]]
| date_of_death = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|12|29|1956|4|5}}<ref name=executed/>
| place_of_death = [[People's Republic of China]]
| cause = Lethal injection<ref name=injection/>
| alias =
| motive =
| charge = [[Drug trafficking]]
| conviction = Guilty
| penalty = [[Capital Punishment|Death]]
| status = Executed<ref name=executed/>
| occupation = Taxi driver
| spouse =
| parents =
| children = Three sons, two daughters
}}

'''Akmal Shaikh''' (5 April 1956 – 29 December 2009<ref name=executed>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/29/akmal-shaikh-execution-china |title=Fury as China executes British drug smuggler |first=Alexandra |last=Topping |coauthor= Watt, Nicholas; Watts, Jonathan| work=The Guardian |date=29 December 2009 }}</ref>) was a [[United Kingdom national|British national]], born in [[Pakistan]], who was convicted and executed in the [[People's Republic of China]] for [[drug trafficking]]. Opponents of his execution claim he suffered from [[mental illness]] and was tricked into carrying drugs.<ref name="unaware1"/> The anti-death-penalty organisation [[Reprieve (organisation) | Reprieve]] claims that Shaikh was the first national of a European country to be executed in China in over 50 years.<ref name="Contrast"/>

==Background==
{{NPOV}}
Shaikh migrated with his parents during his childhood. He married a [[Hindu]] who converted to Islam. They had two sons and a daughter together. They lived in the United States in the 1980s, where Shaikh was an estate agent. They moved back to the United Kingdom when the business failed. He subsequently moved to Poland.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1238829/Akmal-Shaikh-Is-late-save-Briton-death-Chinese-firing-squad.html Is it too late to save Briton Akmal Shaikh from death by Chinese firing squad?]</ref>

Shaikh reportedly had ambitions to become a [[pop star]] and travelled widely.<ref name=bbcpo/> According to information published by campaigning groups and media reports, Shaikh travelled to Poland, where he wrote a song which recorded with the help of two British musicians, Paul Newberry and Gareth Saunders. In interviews with the media, the musicians claimed that Shaikh had no musical talent and appeared to entertain delusional ideas about stardom.<ref name="mail_29dec">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1238454/Akmal-Shaikh-Briton-executed-Chinese-firing-squad-body-returned.html|title=Akmal Shaikh: Briton executed by lethal injection in China - and his body will not be returned|date=29 December 2009|publisher=Daily Mail|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> He also reportedly became involved with a person named Carlos who led Shaikh to believe that he had contacts in the music industry and could help make Shaikh famous. Shaikh travelled to [[Kyrgyzstan]], where a man purporting to be the owner of a nightclub in China promised Shaikh an opportunity to perform at the club. In Tajikistan, the putative nightclub owner arranged accommodation for both of them in a five-star hotel, which reinforced Shaikh's impression that he was living a celebrity lifestyle.<ref name="reprieve1">{{cite web|url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/akmalshaikh|title=Cases - Akmal Shaikh|publisher=Reprieve (campaigning organisation)|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/dec/28/akmal-shaikh-execution-china-mental-illness|title=Akmal Shaikh's harebrained business schemes and dreams of pop stardom|last=Pidd|first=Helen|date=28 December 2009|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>

According to the Chinese Supreme Court, Shaikh presented no evidence of previous mental illness<ref name="embassy_statement_29dec">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/sghd/t648674.htm|title=Statement of the Chinese Embassy on the Case of Akmal Shaikh |date=29 December 2009|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> and medical records provided by the British Embassy contained no documentary evidence to support claims of his condition. Thus, according to PRC law, the court has the right to reject requests to examine the defendant's mental condition, and it did.<ref name="china_daily_29dec">{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-12/29/content_9243734.htm|title=British drug smuggler executed|date=29 December 2009|publisher=China Daily|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="mentalexamreject">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2009-12/29/content_12721404.htm|publisher=Xinhuanet|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>

In 2007, Akmal Shaikh flew from [[Dushanbe]], in [[Tajikistan]], to [[Ürümqi]], in [[Xinjiang]], [[Northwest China]], in order to launch his pop career.<ref name=bbcpo>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8433285.stm|title=British man said to be mentally ill executed in China|date=29th December 2009|publisher=BBC|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>

==Arrest and trial ==
Shaikh was arrested in September 2007 at [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi Airport]] when a baggage search revealed he was carrying {{convert|4|kg|0}} of [[heroin]]. The [[Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China|Chinese criminal code]] provides the death penalty for smuggling heroin in quantities more than {{convert|50|g|0}}, and Shaikh was sentenced to death.

Shaikh denied all knowledge of the heroin, and claimed that he was duped into carrying the drugs as an unwitting [[Mule (smuggling)|mule]] after falling for a [[confidence trick]] in which a gang of fraudsters pretended they would help Shaikh become a pop star.<ref name="guardian-22dec09">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/22/akmal-shaikh-china-execution|title=Family plead for life of mentally ill Briton facing execution in China|last=Dodd|first=Vikran|date=22 December 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>

An appeal to the [[Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Supreme Court]] failed on 21 December 2009.<ref name="guardian-appeal">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/21/briton-death-sentence-confirmed-china|title=Briton's death sentence upheld by China's supreme court|last=Dodd|first=Vikram|date=21 December 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> Relatives of Shaikh claimed that he was unaware of his impending execution throughout this time<ref name="unaware1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8431750.stm|title= Condemned Briton Akmal Shaikh 'not told execution date'|date=27 December 2009|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref> and was informed that he was to be executed 24 hours in advance of the scheduled execution.<ref name="unaware2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8432351.stm|title= Akmal Shaikh told of execution for drug smuggling|date=28 December 2009|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref> His visiting cousins said he was "obviously very upset" at the news.

==Clemency campaign==
Campaigners for the release of Shaikh say that there was evidence that he suffered from a form of [[bipolar disorder]], and that his [[delusion]]s of pop stardom were symptomatic of his condition. The disorder is also said to have made him especially susceptible to confidence tricks such as the one which led him to carry heroin.<ref name="reprieve1"/> The case attracted support from the [[United Nations]],<ref name="cnn-un">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/12/24/china.british.smuggler/index.html|title=U.N. official urges China not to execute Briton|date=24 December 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> various [[human rights]] organisations (including [[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]] and [[Amnesty International]]) and [[mental health]] charities, as well as from notable individuals such as [[actor]] [[Stephen Fry]]<ref name="fry1">{{cite web|url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/stephenfryappeal|title=Stephen Fry pleads for the life of fellow bipolar sufferer Akmal Shaikh |publisher=Reprieve|accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> (himself a sufferer of bipolar disorder).<ref name="indep-oct09">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mentally-ill-briton-could-be-executed-within-days-1806568.html|title=Mentally ill Briton 'could be executed within days'|last=Llewellyn|first=Gareth|date=21 October 2009|work=The Independent|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="fry2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1219618/Stephen-Fry-begs-China-spare-life-mentally-ill-Briton-facing-death-firing-squad.html|title=Stephen Fry begs China to spare life of mentally ill Briton facing death by firing squad|date=12 October 2009|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> Two of Shaikh's cousins flew to Ürümqi on 27 December 2009 to join British Embassy officials in delivering pleas for clemency to the [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]], [[Hu Jintao]].<ref name="visit">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/28/briton-akmal-shaikh-family-visit|title=Family visit death row Briton in China|last=Batty|first=David|date=28 December 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref>

Britain made 27 official representations to the Chinese government about the case; Gordon Brown has reportedly written several times to Hu Jintao, and pleaded the case personally to [[Wen Jiabao]] during the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Copenhagen summit]].<ref name=executed/> The Chinese Embassy in London issued a statement about the case, citing the obligations of the People's Republic of China to [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances|United Nations Conventions against Illicit Drug Trafficking]] and the need to punish the "grave crime" of drug smuggling, while going against the [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21134&Cr=Iraq&Cr1 UN's stated rejection of the death penalty]. The embassy statement asserted that Shaikh's rights and interests under Chinese law "are properly respected and guaranteed" but made no mention of his mental condition.<ref name="embassy-statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/sghd/t647792.htm|title=Statement of the Spokesman of Chinese Embassy on the Case of Akmal Shaikh |date=24 December 2009|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>

The Chinese Supreme Court confirmed the death sentence on 29 December 2009, paving the way for an immediate execution.<ref name="confirm">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=afjuXCGN4NzI&pos=9|title=China’s Supreme Court Approves Execution of Briton, Xinhua Says |last=Richardson|first=Ben|date=29 December 2009|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>

Akmal Shaikh had never been diagnosed of mental disorder by a psychiatrist before the arrest.<ref name="No Diagnose">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/dec/28/akmal-shaikh-execution-china-mental-illness|title=Akmal Shaikh's harebrained business schemes and dreams of pop stardom |date=29 December 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> According to Chinese law, sufficient evidence must be provided in order to qualify a mental assessment; while in this case, the Supreme Court decreed that the material provided by the British government did not qualify such a process, and Shaikh himself provided no such evidence; the case itself provided no reason to question his mental state, and therefore the request for an assessment of his mental state did not meet the necessary conditions.<ref name="Death Sentence Approval">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2009-12/29/content_12721404.htm|title=China’s Supreme Court Approves Death Sentence on the Case of Akmal Shaikh |date=29 December 2009|publisher=Xinhua News|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref>http://www.smh.com.au/world/we-dont-know-if-firing-squad-has-killed-him-britons-cousin-20091229-li6r.html</ref> Media commentators have contrasted this case with a previous trial of an American national,{{who}} who successfully reduced his sentence on a murder case because the court accepted that he is a [[paranoid schizophrenic]].<ref name="Contrast">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/28/akmal-shaikh-china-execution-background|title=Capital punishment in China |date=28 December 2009|work=Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>

Shaikh was executed by [[lethal injection#Procedure in China executions|lethal injection]] at 10:30 [[China standard time]] (02:30 [[GMT]]) on 29 December 2009 in Ürümqi.<ref name=executed/><ref name=injection>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2009-12/29/content_12722978.htm|title=阿克毛被注射执行死刑|date=29 December 2009|publisher=Xinhuanet|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> According to Reprieve, Shaikh was the first national of a [[European]] country to be executed in China in over 50 years.<ref name="Contrast"/>

==Reaction to execution==
===United Kingdom===
[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] released a statement following the execution saying: "I condemn the execution of Akmal Shaikh in the strongest terms, and am appalled and disappointed that our persistent requests for clemency have not been granted. I am particularly concerned that no mental health assessment was undertaken."<ref name="BBC reaction">{{cite news |title=China execution: International reaction |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=29 December 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8433300.stm |accessdate=29 December 2009 }}</ref>

[[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[David Miliband]] said: "The UK is completely opposed to the use of the death penalty in all circumstances. However I also deeply regret the fact that our specific concerns about the individual in this case were not taken into consideration despite repeated calls by the Prime Minister, ministerial colleagues and me. These included mental health issues, and inadequate professional interpretation during the trial."<ref>{{cite news |title=PM slams man's execution in China |newspaper=Journal Live |date=29 December 2009 |url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/uk-news-world/2009/12/29/pm-slams-man-s-execution-in-china-84229-25484934/ |accessdate=29 December 2009 }}</ref>

Media reactions in the UK were mixed; while some editorial comments were critical of the execution,<ref name="guardian-comment">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/dec/29/china-akmal-shaikh-death-penalty|title=China has made a mockery of justice|date=29 December 2009|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> others expressed support for putting Shaikh to death as a suitable punishment for drug trafficking.<ref name="mail-comment">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1239051/LEO-McKINSTRY-Sorry-join-liberal-wailing-heroin-traffickers-deserve-die.html|title=LEO McKINSTRY: Sorry not to join the liberal wailing: heroin traffickers deserve to die|last=McKinstry|first=Leo|date=29 December 2009|publisher=Daily Mail|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>

===People's Republic of China===
Foreign Ministry Spokesperson [[Jiang Yu]] said, "Nobody has the right to speak ill of China's judicial sovereignty. We express our strong dissatisfaction and resolute opposition over the groundless British accusations."<ref name="BBC reaction"/>

The Chinese Embassy in London issued a statement saying, "The legal structures of China and UK may be different, but it should not stand in the way of enhancing our bilateral relations on the basis of mutual respect."<ref name="BBC reaction"/> They also stated that Shaikh had no previous medical record for mental illness.<ref name="embassy_statement_29dec"/>

===International reaction===
[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Carl Bildt]] said: "The European Union is firmly opposed to the use of the death penalty in any case, whatever the reason for it. If anyone should be convicted for drug smuggling, they should be convicted for it and they should be given a prison sentence. That could be a long one - that's up to the individual countries to decide - but the death penalty is unacceptable in each and every case."<ref name="BBC reaction"/>

[[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] [[Philip Alston]] said: "We are informed that the initial conviction was based on a 30-minute hearing which would not seem to indicate due process or effective defence or presentation of evidence. We are then told that in the appeal requests to present medical evidence, requests to the court that it should appoint an expert to assess Mr Shaikh were all rejected. So, it's not very encouraging in fact that the Chinese courts were so dismissive of what appears to be at least a strong initial case."<ref name="BBC reaction"/>

==See also==
*[[Antonio Riva]], an Italian executed in China in 1951
*[[Wo Weihan]], a Chinese man whose daughters are of Austrian nationality, executed in 2008 for spying for Taiwan and the U.S. intelligence agencies
*[[Illegal drug trade in the People's Republic of China]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{use dmy dates}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Shaikh, Akmal
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Taxi driver
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1956-4-5
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Pakistan]]
|DATE OF DEATH= 2009-12-29
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[People's Republic of China]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh,Akmal}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century executions by the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:British businesspeople]]
[[Category:British drug traffickers]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Poland]]
[[Category:British expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:British Muslims]]
[[Category:British people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Pakistani immigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Kentish Town]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]

[[fr:Akmal Shaikh]]
[[simple:Akmal Shaikh]]
[[fi:Akmal Shaikh]]
[[sv:Akmal Shaikh]]
[[zh:什肯·阿克毛]]

Republik Afghanistan

2009-12-22T23:15:46Z

84.92.117.93:

{{for|the present Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan}}
{{history of Afghanistan}}
'''Republic of Afghanistan''' ({{lang-fa| جمهوری افغانستان}}) was the official [[state government]] of [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] from 1973 to 1978. Daoud Khan became [[Afghanistan]]'s first [[President of Afghanistan|President]] in 1973 after he desposed [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] in a non-violent coup. Daoud is known for his [[progressive politics]] and attempts to [[Modernization|modernise]] the country with help from the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]], among others.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rubin |first=Barnett |editor=[[Ehsan Yarshater]] |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |title=DĀWŪD KHAN |url= http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v7f2/v7f246.html |accessdate=January 2008 |edition=Online Edition |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=United States }}</ref>

In 1978, a military coup known as [[Saur Revolution|The Saur Revolution]] took place with help from the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]. Daoud and his entire family were [[assassinated]] during the coup in 1978. The Daoud Republic gave birth to the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (1978-1992).<ref name="daoud">{{cite web|author=|url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/28.htm |title=Daoud's Republic, July 1973 - April 1978 |publisher=''Country Studies'' | language=| accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Formation ===
In 1973, while [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] was in [[Italy]] undergoing eye surgery as well as therapy for [[lumbago]], his cousin and former [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] staged a [[coup d'état]] and established a [[republican government]]. As a former prime minister, Daoud Khan had been forced to resign by Zahir Shah a decade earlier.<ref name = tntimes/> In the August following this coup, Zahir Shah abdicated rather than risk an all-out civil war.<ref name="tntimes">{{cite web|author=Barry Bearak|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/world/asia/23cnd-shah.html |title=Former King of Afghanistan Dies at 92 |publisher=''The New York Times'' | date=23 July 2007 | accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref>

=== Political reforms ===
The same year former [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]], [[Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal]] was arrested for plotting a coup against Daoud's new established government. It is unclear if the coup was made to seize the power from Daoud or from former king, [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]]. Maiwandwal was arrested and committed suicide in jail before his trial, widespread belief says he was tortured to death.<ref name="daoud"/>

After the coup President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] established his own [[political party]], the [[National Revolutionary Party]]. This party became the sole focus of political activity in the country. The [[Loya jirga]] approved Daoud's new constitution establishing a presidential [[One party system|one party system of government]] in January, 1977. Any resistance or rebellion against the new regime was crushed or suppressed by the government.<ref name="daoud"/>

=== Rise of communism ===
{{main|People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan}}
During Daoud's presidency, relations with the communist countries abroad, especially the [[Soviet Union]] and the Afghan communists in the country deteriorated. The Soviet Union saw Daoud's shift to a more western-friendly leadership as dangerous, since Daoud was trying to distance himself and Afghanistan from the Soviet Union. He removed and kicked out Soviet military and economic advisers. The Soviets saw Daoud as an "[[Anti-communism|anti-communist]]" concept because of his new approach towards the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)]] and critizising [[Cuba|Communist Cuba]]'s role in the [[Non-aligned Movement]].<ref name="daoud"/>

In 1976 Daoud established a seven year [[economic plan]] for the country. He started military training programs with [[India]] for example and started [[economic development]] talks with [[Iran]]. Daoud also turned his attention to the oil rich [[Middle East]]ern nations such as [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]] and [[Kuwait]] among others for financial assistance.<ref name="daoud"/>

Daoud had achieved little of what he had set out to accomplish in 1978. The [[Afghan economy]] hadn't made any real progess and the Afghan standard of living had not risen. Daoud had also garnered much criticism for his single party constitution in 1977 which alienated him from his political supporters. By this time the [[Parcham]] and [[Khalq]] faction in the PDPA had reached a fragile agreement on reunification. At this time Communist army officials were planning a [[military coup]] against Daoud's government. According to second President of the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], [[Hafizullah Amin]], the PDPA had started plotting the coup in 1976 two years before the [[Saur Revolution]].<ref name="daoud"/>

=== The Saur Revolution ===
{{main|The Saur Revolution}}
[[File:Day after Saur revolution.JPG|thumb|Day after Saur revolution in [[Kabul]].]]
On April 27, 1978 the [[Afghan National Army|military-communist]] coup started. The coup started with military troops from the [[military base]] at [[Kabul]] [[International Airport]] starting to move towards the center of the city. It took only 24 hours to consolidate power in the capitol. Daoud and most of his family was [[executed]] in the presidential palace in Kabul the following day.<ref name="Garthoff, Raymond L. 1994. p. 986">Garthoff, Raymond L. ''Détente and Confrontation.'' Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1994. p. 986.</ref>

The PDPA seized power in a [[military coup]] in 1978 which is best known as the [[Saur Revolution]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|author=|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/83854.stm |title=World: Analysis Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed |publisher=''BBC News'' | language=| accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]], [[Secretary General]] of the PDPA, became [[President]] of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]].<ref name="Garthoff, Raymond L. 1994. p. 986"/> After the military coup, Taraki assumed the position as [[President of Afghanistan]] and [[Hafizullah Amin]] assuming the position as [[Deputy Prime Minister|Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan]].<ref name="cvcc">{{cite web|author= |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0087) |title=The April 1978 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan |publisher=''Library of Congress Country Studies'' | date=| accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/28.htm Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan]

{{Heads of state of Afghanistan since 1919}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Republic Of Afghanistan}}
[[Category:Short-lived states]]
[[Category:1978 disestablishments]]
[[Category:History of Afghanistan]]

[[fa:خلاصه تاریخ افغانستان]]
[[ru:Республика Афганистан (Диктатура Дауда)]]

Skull Island (fiktive Insel)

2009-12-20T23:57:51Z

84.92.117.93:

{{this|the fictional Skull Island of ''King Kong''}}
'''Skull Island''' is a [[fiction]]al [[island]] first appearing in the [[1933 in film|1933]] film ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' and later appearing in its sequels and in the two remakes. It is the home of the eponymous [[King Kong]] and several other species of creatures, mostly prehistoric and in some cases species that should have been extinct long before the rise of mammalian creatures such as gorillas, along with a primitive society of humans. In the 1962 film ''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]]'' and the 1967 film ''[[King Kong Escapes]]'', the equivalents of Skull Island are called Farou Island and Mondo Island, respectively. Kong plays a similar role on these islands as the godlike being of the land, a role he plays in all versions of the King Kong story. Skull Island's origins are unknown, however Kong appears to be the only giant gorilla known to exist on the island. However, the 2005 remake depicts a skeleton of another Kong-sized gorilla, indicating that there was once a group of such creatures of an unknown number once living on the island.

==Appearance in the 1933 film==
[[Image:Skull island 1933.JPG|250px|thumb|Denham's map to Skull Island, as seen in the original 1933 ''King Kong''.]]
In ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'', Skull Island is located at approximately {{coord|12|S|78|E}} — somewhere off the coast of [[Sumatra]]. There is a distinctive rocky [[knoll]] in the center of the island which is shaped like a human skull, hence its foreboding name.

At first, it is thought of as deserted, but upon further examination by the protagonists of the picture, it is filled to the brim with superstitious natives, [[Prehistoric life|prehistoric creatures]] of all sorts, and one extremely large [[gorilla]], known by those on the island as "[[King Kong|Kong]]"{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}.

The ancestry of the natives is never really explained, although the setting suggests they are a South East Asian group. Their barbaric portrayal in the film has provoked complaints and controversy ever since the movie's release. In the sequel film, ''[[Son of Kong]]'', we last see Skull Island as it sinks into the sea. Kong's son drowns while holding [[Carl Denham]] above the water. Denham survives unscathed.

Skull Island is never referred to by name on film. In the original film, only ''Skull Mountain'' is named, while in the sequel ''[[Son of Kong]]'', its simply referred to as "Kong's Island". In the novelization of [[King Kong (1933)]] by Delos Lovelace its called ''Skull Mountain Island''. But RKO referred to it as Skull Island in their publicity materials.

''Kong: King of Skull Island'', a 2004 sequel-novel which ignores ''Son of Kong'', makes an attempt to reveal the history of Skull Island before the events of the 1933 film's story.

== Appearance in the 1976 remake ==
Though not called by name in the film (it is simply referred to as the ''Beach of the Skull'' by Jack Prescott), and lacking the distinctive Skull outcropping, the island featured in the [[King Kong (1976 film)|1976 remake]] is referenced as Skull Island within the film's soundtrack. The [[infrared]] satellite photo of the island featured in the shipboard briefing demonstrates that it is the island's '''outline''', rather than its features, that is the cause of its being referred to as skull-like. This incarnation is located in the Pacific and is discovered by an oil drilling expedition. As in the original, the ancestry of the natives is never really explained and most seem to be West African. In this film's sequel ''[[King Kong Lives]]'' (1986), the island is mistakenly referred to by Hank Mitchell as ''Kong Island''.

== Appearance in the 2005 remake ==
[[Image:Skullisland.jpg|right|250px|thumbnail|Denham's map to Skull Island, as seen in [[King Kong (2005 film)|''King Kong'' (2005)]].]]
The Skull Island of 2005's ''King Kong'' is very similar to that of the 1933 film. It is once again a long-forgotten place, noted as being "far west of [[Sumatra]]", until a mysterious map leads a group of adventurers to it. It appears to be in a region that affects magnets, and is frequently shrouded in fog. The island is slowly sinking beneath the sea.

The island is shaped like a large hand with long, skeletal fingers. It is surrounded by carved stone reefs, made to resemble faces crying out in anger and pain, and is criss-crossed by an enormous stone wall and covered with jungle-swallowed ruins that are countless generations old, which are all that remain of an unknown, ancient human civilization that somehow once existed and thrived on Skull Island.

It is filled with all manner of monstrous creatures, but these beings have evolved past their primitive ancestors. Due to Skull Island's unstable ecosystem, there are many more carnivores than herbivores. Aside from [[dinosaur]]s and other large animals, the island is also home to [[insect]]oid and worm-like creatures, most of them giants. There are strange creatures like [[Arachno-Claw]], Scorpio-Pede, and ''Celocimex''. See the main link above for details.

The island can be broken down into several smaller ecosystems, all shifting and changing as the animals fight amongst each other. These ecosystems are the '''Crumbling Coastal Region and the Village''', the '''Shrinking Lowlands''', the '''Swamp and River System''', the ''' Steaming Jungle''', the '''Pits and Chasms''' and the '''Uplands'''. Each has its own unique collection of species that continuously fight with each other.

The current native people of this Skull Island appear to be of a mixed [[Melanesian]] descent, although director [[Peter Jackson]] has stated that they are supposed to look like no other people on [[Earth]]. They were largely portrayed by a number of different [[Pacific Island]] people, but also by natives of Africa and Asia. The actors and extras were sprayed with a brown paint to make all of their skin tones coincide. Many wear pieces of bone in some form (such as a necklace) and some even have smaller pieces of bone embedded or pierced in their flesh, such as through the nose. Artistic scarification is evident on a large number of Skull Islanders. Bright red eyes are a seemingly derived trait.

The island is further explored in the later series of expeditions called [[Project Legacy]]. In 1948, the island sinks and is forever lost due to a huge earthquake, measuring 9.2 on the [[Richter Scale]], with all of its unique animals and strange people. The fate of the flying animals are unknown.

The Weta Workshop book ''[[The World of Kong]]'' documents many of the inhabitants, locations and details of Skull island, as of ''[[King Kong (2005 film)]]''.

==Skull Island inhabitants==
===''King Kong'' and ''Son of Kong''===
* Stegosaurus: Appears in a sequence in which it is disturbed by Carl Denham's crew. Like an angry rhinoceros, it charges the men and they fell it with a gas-bomb. As they walk by, it starts to get up again and is shot. [[Orville Goldner]], who worked on the film, described the film's stegosaur as a combination of two [[genus|genera]]: ''Stegosaurus ungulatus'' and the less well-known ''[[Kentrosaurus]]''.<ref name=Goldner>Orville Goldner, George E Turner (1975). ''Making of King Kong: The Story Behind a Film Classic''. ISBN 0498015106. See also ''Spawn of Skull Island'' (2002). ISBN 1887664459</ref>
* A long-necked ''[[Apatosaurus]]'': The dinosaur is disturbed by the rescue party's raft as it crosses a swamp and capsizes it, attacking the men in the water. Several of them are chased onto land, and one fellow is cornered while climbing a tree and maimed to death by the animal. A common misconception is that the [[sauropod]] actually eats the sailor, but it is stated in the script and observed in the film that the dinosaur kills and then abandons the body of a sailor identified as "Tim." The creature reappears in ''Son of Kong'', crying out as the island is sinking.
* A large 2-legged [[lizard]]-like creature: This creature climbs up a vine from the [[crevasse]] to attack [[Jack Driscoll]]. It falls back into the pit when Jack cuts the vine it is climbing. Other than the two limbs, the other distinct feature of this creature is the [[iguana]]-like ridge of spikes down its back. Orville Goldner said it was loosely based on the features of the ''[[Desmatosuchus]]''.<ref name=Goldner/>
* A large [[theropod]] which has been identified as both ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' and ''[[Allosaurus]]'': The dinosaur was modeled after [[Charles R. Knight]]'s depiction of a ''Tyrannosaurus''.<ref name=Goldner/> However, it possesses three fingers per hand, unlike ''Tyrannosaurus'' which had only two (it should be noted that the number of fingers in ''Tyrannosaurus'' was disputed at the time, as a complete ''manus'' would not be uncovered until the mid-90s). In the documentary ''I'm King Kong! The Exploits of Merian C. Cooper'', included on the 2 disk DVD release of ''King Kong'', Cooper refers to this beast as an ''Allosaurus'', not a ''Tyrannosaurus'', which would help explain the number of fingers. However, the creature was originally intended to be a ''Tyrannosaurus'' designed for the canceled [[Willis O'Brien]] film ''Creation'' (1931). It may also be worth noting that the ''Tyrannosaurus'' present in Willis O'Brien's earlier project [[The Lost World (1925 film)|''The Lost World'']] (1925) also had a third finger. The 1932 ''King Kong'' screenplay refers to the dinosaur only as a "Meat Eater." The creature appears in the iconic scene where Kong defends Anne from its attack, killing it after a protracted fight.
* An ''[[Elasmosaurus]]''-like creature: a highly stylized, serpentine aquatic reptile with a long neck and tail as well as two pairs of flippers. It inhabits the bubbling swamp area inside Kong's cave. Goldner describes the ''Elasmosaurus'' as "being designed as more slender then the ones known to science, and its swimming limbs are less prominent. In those respects, it more closely resembles the polydactyl nothosaur Ceresiosaurus. "<ref name=Goldner/> It battles Kong in the style of a giant, constricting [[snake]].
* A ''[[Pteranodon]]''-like [[pterosaur]] menaces Anne and is the last major creature to appear on Skull Island. It is slain by Kong.
* ''[[Teratornis]]'': These birds can be seen flying around the dead ''Tyrannosaurus''. One is seen eating the dead tyrannosaur and is frightened off by the approaching Jack Driscoll.
* ''[[Rhamphorhynchus (animal)|Rhamphorhynchus]]'': The tiny ''Rhamphorhynchus'' are seen flying around Skull Mountain. A few are flying around the large cave at the base of Skull Mountain, while others are seen at Kong's lair near the top of Skull Mountain.
* ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'': The tiny ''Archaeopteryx'' are seen flying around in the jungle. Most notably a few fly by when the ''Stegosaurus'' enters the clearing, and one flies out of the dead tree that Kong puts Ann in before he goes to fight the sailors on the log bridge. According to Goldner, they "were made to flit among the trees on invisible wires."
* ''[[Arsinotherium]]'': This huge prehistoric mammal was to chase the men onto the log bridge and corner them between itself and the enraged Kong. in the test reel. According to Goldner, Cooper had second thoughts about the ''Arsinotherium'' and "ordered the action to be refilmed using a ''Styracosaurus''. Both versions were eventually thrown out because they captured too much audience attention." This can be attested to by the fact that the sailors didn't just run back across the log when Kong appeared.
* ''[[Gigantophis garstini]]'': According to Goldner, "This huge serpent that appeared in one scene and later cut out of the film, had its living prototype in Egypt." This giant snake frightens Ann at the base of the dead tree that Kong puts her in before he battles the sailors on the log bridge. It was in the test reel, but later cut. However, you can still see Ann Darrow's reactions to it below her just before the ''T. rex'' shows up in the clearing.
* ''[[Cynognathus]]'': created and then re-created for the "spider-pit sequence" and portrayed as a stout reptilian predator. Goldner stated that a was loosely adapted, as many of the creatures of the pit were imaginative.<ref name=Goldner/>
* A giant crab, spider and tentacled "bug": all appear in the original notes, script, and re-created "spider-pit sequence," eating the surviving crewmen in the crevasse.
* ''[[Triceratops]]'': In the original script only, encountered by Kong on volcanic flats; he hurls boulders at a herd of them and drives them into a stampede, impaling one of the crew of the Venture.
* Giant Bear: A gigantic bear that attacks Denham and Hilda, but is driven off by the son of Kong.
* ''[[Styracosaurus]]'': Corners Hellstrom, Englehorn and Charlie into a cave in ''Son of Kong'', destroying one of their guns. Originally slated to appear in '''King Kong''', chasing the crew onto the log bridge and keeping them trapped there.
* ''Cave Serpent'': A [[dragon]]-like creature that threatens Denham and Hilda, but is fended off and killed by Kiko. ''King Kong: A History of a Movie Icon'' calls the creature 'The Dragon' all through its review of ''Son of Kong''. In some respects it resembles a very large [[Protorosaurus]].
* Second unknown, [[dragon]]-like [[plesiosaur]]: A very stylized incarnation of this [[marine reptile]] eats Hellstrom as he attempts to flee at the end of ''Son of Kong''. The 'snapping' version that grabbed Hellstrom was actually the revamped brontosaur from the original film; same holds for the armature version seen briefly snarling in predatory glee.

===1976 Remake===
* Aside from Kong and the island natives, the only other creature that appears in this incarnation of the island is a giant snake very similar to the ''[[Gigantophis garstini]]''. It battles with Kong after it tries to eat ann dwan and, unlike the original film's T.rex finisher (a simple jaw-break), the snake's jaw is ripped off entirely.

===2005 Remake===
* ''[[Megaprimatus Kong (species)|Megaprimatus kong]]'': A huge species of gorilla, they were the largest primates to have ever lived, even bigger than ''[[Gigantopithecus]]'', the previous record holder. The average ''M. Kong'' could stand up to 6-8 metres (18–25 feet tall) and possibly weighed 6 tons. By 1933, there was only one of them left. This specimen, an old male, was captured and brought back to [[New York City]] by [[Carl Denham]], but escaped and was shot down off the top of the [[Empire State Building]], rendering the species of ''Megaprimatus kong'' extinct.
* ''[[Vastatosaurus rex]]'': A giant [[tyrannosaur]], which grew up to 15 metres (50 feet long), the ''V-Rex'' was portrayed with the same general attitude, but was considerably larger (in proportions) than the ''T-Rex'' and had an additional finger. They can kill larger animals by themselves easily, but will also live in loose packs to defend their young.
* ''[[Venatosaurus|Venatosaurus saevidicus]]'': A large [[dromaeosaur]]. Size is 5-7 metres (16–24 feet) long. Distinguished by its sickle-like claw, in [[King Kong (2005 film)]] they killed Denham's cameraman, hunted in packs, and caused a ''[[Apatosaurus|Brontosaurus]]'' stampede. Another species is the smaller ''Venatosaurus impavidus''. ''[[Venatosaurus saevidicus]]'' is the only small predator on Skull Island that preys on adult ''Brontosaurus''.
* ''[[Ferrucutus|Ferrucutus cerates]]'': [[Ceratopsian]] seen briefly by the foot of the stairway to Kong's lair. Similar to a ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]'' only much larger. In the extended edition, a ''Ferrucutus'' attacks the crew, but is gunned down. (Like the ''Stegosaurus'' in the original, it does not die instantly) It is about 8-10m (26–34 feet) long.
* ''[[Apatosaurus|Brontosaurus baxteri]]'': A large sauropod that the Venatosaurus attack and cause a stampede. They trample several of the crew and crush a few unwary Venatosaurus (and sent one flying hilariously) during the stampede. It grew from 80-120 feet long (24–36 m).
* ''[[Terapusmordax obscenus]]'': Giant bat-like creatures descended from rodents that were found in the cave where Kong lived in the 2005 film. They had long, bare tails, unlike real [[bat]]s, which have only vestigial, webbed tails.
* ''[[Ligocristus|Ligocristus innocens]]'': A [[hadrosaur]]. A confirmed sighting is in the 2005 version, but it was the carcass that the ''[[Foetodon]]'' are feeding on. It looked like (and possibly was descended from) ''[[Saurolophus]]'' (it also looks amazingly similar to the newly discovered Olorotitan) and grew from 9–12m (30–40 feet) long.
* ''Decarnocimex'' (Flesh-removing bug): According to ''The World of Kong'', these are "oversized relatives of crickets with bladed forelimbs for tearing apart carcasses." Carl Denham fights these when he falls into the pit. Oddly for insects, these huge horrors appeared to know rudimentary hand-to-hand combat skills, as seen when Carl defended himself with an unloaded rifle.
* Weta-Rex; ''Deinacrida rex'' (Terrible-cricket king): Dog-sized Wetas which attacked Jack Driscoll and Carl Denham.
* Arachno-Claw; ''Arachnocidis'' ("spider-claw"): The only remake of the original pit beasts, the Arachno-Claw is what the name implies — a mix of a spider and a crab.
* ''Deplector'' (Reaper): Giant crabs that live in crevasses lining the chasm walls. They reach out of their crevices to grab prey. Females are much, much larger than males. Blind, ''Deplectors'' are tethered to their holes by excretions that are elastic. This monster is the owner of the gigantic claw that launches from a cave in the chasms and snags an unfortunate sailor.
* ''Carnitis sordicus'' (Vile Meat-Weasel): One of the beasts that is most memorable, ''Carnictus'' is a large worm with a sphinter-maw at one end. It undulates inside-out and exposes the mouth to its prey, allowing it to eat. These monsters end up eating Lumpy the cook in the remake.
* ''Piranhadon'': In the extended cut, this gigantic fish attacks the Venture crew as they pass through a swamp, devouring several crewmen.
* ''Scorpiopede'': In the extended cut, several of these [[eurypterid]]-like creatures attack the venture crew, but flee as the ''Piranhadon'' approaches.
* ''Brutornis'': In the extended cut, Lumpy shoots this 2.1m (7 ft) tall carnivorous bird as it approaches the crew unseen, but heard. Driscoll believes it is Anne, but is relieved to see the bird instead, dying on the ground. Lumpy then ends the bird's suffering. It is the only creature in the film to be portrayed by a puppet rather than CGI.
* ''Foetodon'': A large, crocodillian reptile that was eating a presumed Ligocristus carcass that chases Ann and later falls prey to an adolescent V.rex.
* ''Megapede'': A 5 foot long cetipede, one of the largest centipedes ever. The many species have a venomous bite, and appeared in the scene where Anne attempts to escape a Foetodon by hiding in a rotten log. A pair, represented by two species, attempt to investigate her, but she is understandably frightened and manages to escape.
* ''Moonspider'': A large spider that feeds on animals such as dinosaur young. Appeared incredibly briefly when one pops out from under its rock and scares Ann when she crawls too close to the rock while attempting to sneak away from Kong.
* ''Vultusaur'': Small flock travelling bat like pterosaurs that are seen flying through the ravine before the log sequence and during the V-Rex battle.

==Other uses==
[[Image:SkyCap5.jpg|thumb|right|220px|From [[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow|''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow'' (2004)]]: ''Skull Island?'']]
*The video game ''[[The Curse of Monkey Island]]'' features a [[Skull Island (The Curse of Monkey Island)|Skull Island]], which is actually shaped like a duck.
*The Peter Jackson-directed 1992 film [[Braindead (1992 film)|Braindead]], released in North America as ''Dead Alive'' also features a [[Skull Island (Braindead)|Skull Island]].
*In the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] game ''[[Donkey Kong Country]]'', the native island of [[Donkey Kong]] features a mountain relief shaped similar to the skull portrayal in movies, but is instead [[Donkey Kong]]'s entire face. This is repeated in the game ''[[Donkey Kong 64]]''. And in the game ''[[Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest]]'', there is one island with the skull of a [[kremling]] (the common enemy of Donkey Kong).
*A skull-shaped island is seen in the original teaser trailer for [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]'s 2003 [[film]] ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]''.
*''[[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow]]'' (2004) includes an island called ''Totenkopf Island'' (Totenkopf is German for "Skull") (see image). This movie takes place in an alternate universe where WWII is being averted and Kong never climbs the Empire State Building, but the island can be determined as Skull Island - as evidenced by the wreck of Captain Englehorn's tramp steamer "Venture" on the sea floor. In this film, the island is also meant to be Nemo's Mysterious Island, as evidenced by the underwater ruins in the same montage, as well as possbily one of Harryhausen's Sinbad locations.
*Skull Island was one of the original attractions at [[Six Flags Over Texas]] on opening day in 1961.
*A puzzle from the first game in the [[Simon the Sorcerer series]] involves retrieving a herb from a place called Skull Island, in this case an actual [[gigantism|giant]]'s skull half-submerged in a swamp.
*A section of the [[video game]] ''[[Broken Sword|Broken Sword 2: The Smoking Mirror]]'' takes place in the [[Caribbean]] and features a skull-shaped island called ''Zombie Island''.
*Skull Island appears in the television series ''[[The Simpsons]]'' in its [[parody]] of ''King Kong'' in the episode "[[Treehouse of Horror III]]," but the island is jokingly renamed "Ape Island." Carl states his wish that they were going to "Candy Apple Island", which is also infested with apes, albeit of a smaller size than those on "Ape Island".
*Skull Island was a name given to an island in the anime and manga ''[[One Piece]]''.
*The scientific name for the giant ape King Kong, according only to supplemental material created for the 2005 film, is ''Megaprimatus kong''. This species was said to have evolved from ''[[Gigantopithecus]]''. King Kong was the last of the ''Megaprimatus''.
*In the film ''[[The Devil's Rejects]]'', the bounty hunter portrayed by [[Diamond Dallas Page]] says of his targets, "They're going to think King Kong came down from Skull Island!"
*In Disney's ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'', there is a tiny skull-shaped island off the coast of [[Neverland]] called "Skull rock".
*[[Skull Island (Australia)|Skull Island]] is a small island found in the [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]].
*In ''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'' Season 3, Episode 20, Commander Porter brings Majors Nelson and Healey to Skull Island to "Live off the Land" as part of a diet program.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{KingKong}}

[[Category:Fictional islands]]
[[Category:King Kong]]

[[es:Isla Calavera]]
[[it:Isola del Teschio]]
[[hu:Koponya-sziget]]
[[ja:キングコング#スカルアイランド]]
[[ru:Остров Черепа]]

Bua (Provinz)

2009-12-18T22:55:15Z

84.92.117.93:

{{distinguish|Bau}}
{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''Bua''' is one of [[Fiji]]'s fourteen [[Local government of Fiji|Provinces]]. Located in the west of the northern island of [[Vanua Levu]], it is one of three northern Provinces, and has a land area of 1,379 square kilometers. Its population at the 2007 [[census]], the most recent to date, was 14,176, making it the fourth least-populous Province.

Bua is governed by a [[Bua Provincial Council|Provincial Council]], chaired by [[Filimone Ralogaivau|Ratu Filimone Ralogaivau]].

{{Fiji}}

{{Coord missing|Fiji}}

[[Category:Bua|*]]
[[Category:Provinces of Fiji|Bua]]
[[Category:Vanua Levu|Bua]]

{{Fiji-geo-stub}}

[[it:Provincia di Bua]]
[[nl:Bua (Fiji)]]
[[pt:Bua]]
[[zh:布阿省]]

Bua (Provinz)

2009-12-18T22:55:05Z

84.92.117.93:

{distinguish|Bau}}
{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''Bua''' is one of [[Fiji]]'s fourteen [[Local government of Fiji|Provinces]]. Located in the west of the northern island of [[Vanua Levu]], it is one of three northern Provinces, and has a land area of 1,379 square kilometers. Its population at the 2007 [[census]], the most recent to date, was 14,176, making it the fourth least-populous Province.

Bua is governed by a [[Bua Provincial Council|Provincial Council]], chaired by [[Filimone Ralogaivau|Ratu Filimone Ralogaivau]].

{{Fiji}}

{{Coord missing|Fiji}}

[[Category:Bua|*]]
[[Category:Provinces of Fiji|Bua]]
[[Category:Vanua Levu|Bua]]

{{Fiji-geo-stub}}

[[it:Provincia di Bua]]
[[nl:Bua (Fiji)]]
[[pt:Bua]]
[[zh:布阿省]]

Sandringham-Zeit

2009-12-17T02:38:42Z

84.92.117.93:

'''Sandringham time''' is the name given to the idiosyncratic alterations that King [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] made to the timekeeping at the royal estate of [[Sandringham House|Sandringham]]. Contrary to rumour, it was not begun to assist [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]], who was constantly late,<ref>Vickers, Hugo, ''Elizabeth: The Queen Mother'' (Arrow Books/Random House, 2006) p.129</ref> but to "create" more evening daylight for [[hunting]] in the winter. If a person was constantly late, '''Sandringham time''' would only have made that person later.

The King ordered that all the clocks on the estate be set half an hour ahead of [[Greenwich Mean Time]]. In later years the practice was also observed at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] and [[Balmoral Castle]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Prerau|url=http://www.seizethedaylight.com/|title=Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time|publisher=Thunder’s Mouth Press|date=2005|isbn=1-56025-655-9}} The British version, focusing on the UK, is {{cite book|url=http://savingthedaylight.com/|title=Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward|publisher=Granta Books|isbn=1-86207-796-7}}</ref> The custom of Sandringham time continued after the death of Edward, through the reign of his son [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]. However, due to the confusions that the time difference caused, which were heightened during George's final hours, [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] abolished the tradition during his brief reign.

This time corresponds to [[UTC+0:30]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Time zones]]
[[Category:British monarchy]]
[[Category:Time in the United Kingdom]]

{{measurement-stub}}
{{royalty-stub}}

[[fr:Heure de Sandringham]]
[[pt:Horário de Sandringham]]

Sandringham-Zeit

2009-12-17T02:38:21Z

84.92.117.93:

'''Sandringham time''' is the name given to the idiosyncratic alterations that King [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] made to the timekeeping at the royal estate of [[Sandringham House|Sandringham]]. Contrary to rumour, it was not begun to assist [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]], who was constantly late,<ref>Vickers, Hugo, ''Elizabeth: The Queen Mother'' (Arrow Books/Random House, 2006) p.129</ref> but to "create" more evening daylight for [[hunting]] in the winter. If a person was constantly late, '''Sandringham time''' would only have made that person later.

The King ordered that all the clocks on the estate be set half an hour ahead of [[Greenwich Mean Time]]. In later years the practice was also observed at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] and [[Balmoral Castle]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Prerau|url=http://www.seizethedaylight.com/|title=Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time|publisher=Thunder’s Mouth Press|date=2005|isbn=1-56025-655-9}} The British version, focusing on the UK, is {{cite book|url=http://savingthedaylight.com/|title=Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward|publisher=Granta Books|isbn=1-86207-796-7}}</ref> The custom of Sandringham time continued after the death of Edward, through the reign of his son [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]. However, due to the confusions that the time difference caused, which were heightened during George's final hours, [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] abolished the tradition during his brief reign.

This time corresponds to [[UTC+0:30]], which was also used historically in Switzerland as [[Bern]] Time.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Time zones]]
[[Category:British monarchy]]
[[Category:Time in the United Kingdom]]

{{measurement-stub}}
{{royalty-stub}}

[[fr:Heure de Sandringham]]
[[pt:Horário de Sandringham]]

Herrscher von Niue

2009-12-11T22:02:54Z

84.92.117.93: /* Imperial rule and free association */

This is a list of [[monarchy|monarchs]] who have reigned over the Pacific island of [[Niue]]. The island today is a self-governing territory in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], and recognises the [[Queen of New Zealand]] as monarch. Before this, however, the island previously had an indigenous monarchy, established around the beginning of the [[eighteenth century]].

Before that time, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue. Chiefs and heads of family exercised authority over segments of the population. Around [[1700]], the concept and practice of [[kingship]] appears to have been introduced through contact with Samoa or Tonga. From then on, a succession of ''[[patu-iki]]'' (kings) ruled the island, the first of whom was Puni-mata. The function of monarch was non-hereditary; ''patu-iki'' were reportedly elected by the Niuean population, with the candidates being issued from influential families. As described by [[Stephenson Percy Smith]] in [[1903]], Niue appears therefore to have been a [[democracy|democratic]] [[elective monarchy]].

==List of ''patu-iki''==
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=150|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
! width=300|Notes
|-
|'''Puni-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|c. 1700
|?
|He was the first ''patu-iki''. His death, of old age, was followed by an [[interregnum]] of significant but indeterminate length.
|-
|'''Patua-valu'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|He was nominated for kingship by the population's elected choice, Tage-lagi, who declined the position and opted instead to be Patua-valu's lifelong bodyguard. Patua-valu died of old age.
|-
|'''Galiga''', also known as '''Galiaga-a-Iki''' and '''Galiaga of Palūki'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|This ''patu-iki'' was murdered by a person called Tikomata. Following his death, Fakana-iki and Hetalaga vied to replace him, but failed to secure the approval of the population. Foki-mata eventually became the fourth ''patu-iki'' instead. He was the last king elected in times of peace.
|-
|'''Foki-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1874?
|?
|1874?
|
|-
|'''Pakieto'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1875?
|1874?
|1875?
|He was ''patu-iki'' for only a year. Following his death, a war of succession occurred. He was one of the Tama-lagau people.
|-
|'''Tui-toga''', also known as '''Ta-tagata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|June 13 1887
|March 2 1885
|June 13 1887
|The first [[Christianity|Christian]] King of Niue.
|-
|'''[[Fata-a-iki]]'''
|[[File:Fata-a-iki.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1896
|1887 (''de facto'') November 21 1888 (''de jure'')
|1896
|The second Christian Niuean monarch. One of his first acts as ''patu-iki'' in 1877 was to send a letter to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], requesting that Niue be made a protectorate of the [[British Empire]], to protect the island from other imperial powers, although his letter (and another sent in 1895) received no replies.
|-
|'''[[Togia-Pulu-toaki]]'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|1896 (''de facto'') June 30 1898 (''de jure'')
|?
|He was the king who finally ceded Niue to the British Empire on [[April 21]], [[1900]], and who welcomed a Resident representative of the imperial government on Niue on [[September 11]], [[1901]]. Togia-Pulu-toaki remained ''patu-iki'' in 1903, when ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People'' was published and the date of his death, and whether or not he was succeeded, remains unclear.
|}

==Imperial rule and free association==

From 1900 to 1901, Niue was ruled by the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1901, the island was annexed by [[New Zealand]], which administered it in the name of the British Empire. On 26 September 1907, New Zealand attained the status of [[dominion]], becoming the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the British monarch from then on reigned over Niue in his or her capacity as monarch of New Zealand. [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] was the first monarch to be explicity titled [[Queen of New Zealand]], however, in 1952. Today, Nieu is part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]], the successor political entity to the dominion.

===List of British monarchs ruling over Niue===
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]'''
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|100px]]
|24 May 1819
|22 January 1901
|April 21 1900 (''de facto'')
|22 January 1901
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|}

===List of New Zealand monarchs ruling over Niue===
{{See also|List of New Zealand monarchs}}
{{See also|Monarchy of New Zealand}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|26 September 1907
||6 May 1910
|-
|'''[[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]'''
|[[File:George V of the united Kingdom.jpg|100px]]
|3 June 1865
|20 January 1936
|6 May 1910
|20 January 1936
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]'''
|[[File:A030596.jpg|100px]]
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|20 January 1936
|11 December 1936
|-
|'''[[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]'''
|[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|100px]]
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|11 December 1936
|6 February 1952
|-
|'''[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]'''
|[[File:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|100px]]
|21 April 1926
|''Living''
|6 February 1952
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Source==
*S. Percy Smith, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiNiu.html ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People''], 1903, pp.36-44

[[Category:History of Niue]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Oceania]]
[[Category:Politics of Niue]]
[[Category:Niue-related lists]]

[[it:Lista di monarchi di Niue]]

Herrscher von Niue

2009-12-11T22:02:01Z

84.92.117.93:

This is a list of [[monarchy|monarchs]] who have reigned over the Pacific island of [[Niue]]. The island today is a self-governing territory in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], and recognises the [[Queen of New Zealand]] as monarch. Before this, however, the island previously had an indigenous monarchy, established around the beginning of the [[eighteenth century]].

Before that time, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue. Chiefs and heads of family exercised authority over segments of the population. Around [[1700]], the concept and practice of [[kingship]] appears to have been introduced through contact with Samoa or Tonga. From then on, a succession of ''[[patu-iki]]'' (kings) ruled the island, the first of whom was Puni-mata. The function of monarch was non-hereditary; ''patu-iki'' were reportedly elected by the Niuean population, with the candidates being issued from influential families. As described by [[Stephenson Percy Smith]] in [[1903]], Niue appears therefore to have been a [[democracy|democratic]] [[elective monarchy]].

==List of ''patu-iki''==
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=150|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
! width=300|Notes
|-
|'''Puni-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|c. 1700
|?
|He was the first ''patu-iki''. His death, of old age, was followed by an [[interregnum]] of significant but indeterminate length.
|-
|'''Patua-valu'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|He was nominated for kingship by the population's elected choice, Tage-lagi, who declined the position and opted instead to be Patua-valu's lifelong bodyguard. Patua-valu died of old age.
|-
|'''Galiga''', also known as '''Galiaga-a-Iki''' and '''Galiaga of Palūki'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|This ''patu-iki'' was murdered by a person called Tikomata. Following his death, Fakana-iki and Hetalaga vied to replace him, but failed to secure the approval of the population. Foki-mata eventually became the fourth ''patu-iki'' instead. He was the last king elected in times of peace.
|-
|'''Foki-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1874?
|?
|1874?
|
|-
|'''Pakieto'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1875?
|1874?
|1875?
|He was ''patu-iki'' for only a year. Following his death, a war of succession occurred. He was one of the Tama-lagau people.
|-
|'''Tui-toga''', also known as '''Ta-tagata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|June 13 1887
|March 2 1885
|June 13 1887
|The first [[Christianity|Christian]] King of Niue.
|-
|'''[[Fata-a-iki]]'''
|[[File:Fata-a-iki.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1896
|1887 (''de facto'') November 21 1888 (''de jure'')
|1896
|The second Christian Niuean monarch. One of his first acts as ''patu-iki'' in 1877 was to send a letter to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], requesting that Niue be made a protectorate of the [[British Empire]], to protect the island from other imperial powers, although his letter (and another sent in 1895) received no replies.
|-
|'''[[Togia-Pulu-toaki]]'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|1896 (''de facto'') June 30 1898 (''de jure'')
|?
|He was the king who finally ceded Niue to the British Empire on [[April 21]], [[1900]], and who welcomed a Resident representative of the imperial government on Niue on [[September 11]], [[1901]]. Togia-Pulu-toaki remained ''patu-iki'' in 1903, when ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People'' was published and the date of his death, and whether or not he was succeeded, remains unclear.
|}

==Imperial rule and free association==

From 1900 to 1901, Niue was ruled by the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1901, the island was annexed by [[New Zealand]], which administered it in the name of the British Empire. On 26 September 1907, New Zealand attained the status of [[dominion]], becoming the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the British monarch from then on reigned over Niue in his or her capacity as monarch of New Zealand. [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Elizabeth II]] was the first monarch to be explicity titled [[Queen of New Zealand]], however, in 1952. Today, Nieu is part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]], the successor political entity to the dominion.

===List of British monarchs ruling over Niue===
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]'''
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|100px]]
|24 May 1819
|22 January 1901
|April 21 1900 (''de facto'')
|22 January 1901
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|}

===List of New Zealand monarchs ruling over Niue===
{{See also|List of New Zealand monarchs}}
{{See also|Monarchy of New Zealand}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|26 September 1907
||6 May 1910
|-
|'''[[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]'''
|[[File:George V of the united Kingdom.jpg|100px]]
|3 June 1865
|20 January 1936
|6 May 1910
|20 January 1936
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]'''
|[[File:A030596.jpg|100px]]
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|20 January 1936
|11 December 1936
|-
|'''[[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]'''
|[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|100px]]
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|11 December 1936
|6 February 1952
|-
|'''[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]'''
|[[File:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|100px]]
|21 April 1926
|''Living''
|6 February 1952
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Source==
*S. Percy Smith, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiNiu.html ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People''], 1903, pp.36-44

[[Category:History of Niue]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Oceania]]
[[Category:Politics of Niue]]
[[Category:Niue-related lists]]

[[it:Lista di monarchi di Niue]]

Herrscher von Niue

2009-12-11T21:59:56Z

84.92.117.93:

This is a list of [[monarchy|monarchs]] who have reigned over the Pacific island of [[Niue]]. The island today is a self-governing territory in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], and recognises the [[Queen of New Zealand]] as monarch. Before this, however, the island previously had an indigenous monarchy, established around the beginning of the [[eighteenth century]].

Before that time, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue. Chiefs and heads of family exercised authority over segments of the population. Around [[1700]], the concept and practice of [[kingship]] appears to have been introduced through contact with Samoa or Tonga. From then on, a succession of ''[[patu-iki]]'' (kings) ruled the island, the first of whom was Puni-mata. The function of monarch was non-hereditary; ''patu-iki'' were reportedly elected by the Niuean population, with the candidates being issued from influential families. As described by [[Stephenson Percy Smith]] in [[1903]], Niue appears therefore to have been a [[democracy|democratic]] [[elective monarchy]].

==List==
===List of ''patu-iki''===
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=150|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
! width=300|Notes
|-
|'''Puni-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|c. 1700
|?
|He was the first ''patu-iki''. His death, of old age, was followed by an [[interregnum]] of significant but indeterminate length.
|-
|'''Patua-valu'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|He was nominated for kingship by the population's elected choice, Tage-lagi, who declined the position and opted instead to be Patua-valu's lifelong bodyguard. Patua-valu died of old age.
|-
|'''Galiga''', also known as '''Galiaga-a-Iki''' and '''Galiaga of Palūki'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|This ''patu-iki'' was murdered by a person called Tikomata. Following his death, Fakana-iki and Hetalaga vied to replace him, but failed to secure the approval of the population. Foki-mata eventually became the fourth ''patu-iki'' instead. He was the last king elected in times of peace.
|-
|'''Foki-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1874?
|?
|1874?
|
|-
|'''Pakieto'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1875?
|1874?
|1875?
|He was ''patu-iki'' for only a year. Following his death, a war of succession occurred. He was one of the Tama-lagau people.
|-
|'''Tui-toga''', also known as '''Ta-tagata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|June 13 1887
|March 2 1885
|June 13 1887
|The first [[Christianity|Christian]] King of Niue.
|-
|'''[[Fata-a-iki]]'''
|[[File:Fata-a-iki.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1896
|1887 (''de facto'') November 21 1888 (''de jure'')
|1896
|The second Christian Niuean monarch. One of his first acts as ''patu-iki'' in 1877 was to send a letter to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], requesting that Niue be made a protectorate of the [[British Empire]], to protect the island from other imperial powers, although his letter (and another sent in 1895) received no replies.
|-
|'''[[Togia-Pulu-toaki]]'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|1896 (''de facto'') June 30 1898 (''de jure'')
|?
|He was the king who finally ceded Niue to the British Empire on [[April 21]], [[1900]], and who welcomed a Resident representative of the imperial government on Niue on [[September 11]], [[1901]]. Togia-Pulu-toaki remained ''patu-iki'' in 1903, when ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People'' was published and the date of his death, and whether or not he was succeeded, remains unclear.
|}

===Imperial rule and free association===

From 1900 to 1901, Niue was ruled by the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1901, the island was annexed by [[New Zealand]], which administered it in the name of the British Empire. On 26 September 1907, New Zealand attained the status of [[dominion]], becoming the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the British monarch from then on reigned over Niue in his or her capacity as monarch of New Zealand. [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Elizabeth II]] was the first monarch to be explicity titled [[Queen of New Zealand]], however, in 1952. Today, Nieu is part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]], the successor political entity to the dominion.

====List of British monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]'''
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|100px]]
|24 May 1819
|22 January 1901
|April 21 1900 (''de facto'')
|22 January 1901
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|}

====List of New Zealand monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of New Zealand monarchs}}
{{See also|Monarchy of New Zealand}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|26 September 1907
||6 May 1910
|-
|'''[[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]'''
|[[File:George V of the united Kingdom.jpg|100px]]
|3 June 1865
|20 January 1936
|6 May 1910
|20 January 1936
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]'''
|[[File:A030596.jpg|100px]]
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|20 January 1936
|11 December 1936
|-
|'''[[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]'''
|[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|100px]]
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|11 December 1936
|6 February 1952
|-
|'''[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]'''
|[[File:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|100px]]
|21 April 1926
|''Living''
|6 February 1952
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Source==
*S. Percy Smith, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiNiu.html ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People''], 1903, pp.36-44

[[Category:History of Niue]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Oceania]]
[[Category:Politics of Niue]]
[[Category:Niue-related lists]]

[[it:Lista di monarchi di Niue]]

Herrscher von Niue

2009-12-11T21:59:19Z

84.92.117.93:

This is a list of [[monarchy|monarchs]] who have reigned over the Pacific island of [[Niue]]. The island today is a self-governing territory in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], and recognises the [[Queen of New Zealand]] as monarch. However, the island previously had an indigenous monarchy, established around the beginning of the [[eighteenth century]].

Before that time, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue. Chiefs and heads of family exercised authority over segments of the population. Around [[1700]], the concept and practice of [[kingship]] appears to have been introduced through contact with Samoa or Tonga. From then on, a succession of ''[[patu-iki]]'' (kings) ruled the island, the first of whom was Puni-mata. The function of monarch was non-hereditary; ''patu-iki'' were reportedly elected by the Niuean population, with the candidates being issued from influential families. As described by [[Stephenson Percy Smith]] in [[1903]], Niue appears therefore to have been a [[democracy|democratic]] [[elective monarchy]].

==List==
===List of ''patu-iki''===
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=150|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
! width=300|Notes
|-
|'''Puni-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|c. 1700
|?
|He was the first ''patu-iki''. His death, of old age, was followed by an [[interregnum]] of significant but indeterminate length.
|-
|'''Patua-valu'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|He was nominated for kingship by the population's elected choice, Tage-lagi, who declined the position and opted instead to be Patua-valu's lifelong bodyguard. Patua-valu died of old age.
|-
|'''Galiga''', also known as '''Galiaga-a-Iki''' and '''Galiaga of Palūki'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|This ''patu-iki'' was murdered by a person called Tikomata. Following his death, Fakana-iki and Hetalaga vied to replace him, but failed to secure the approval of the population. Foki-mata eventually became the fourth ''patu-iki'' instead. He was the last king elected in times of peace.
|-
|'''Foki-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1874?
|?
|1874?
|
|-
|'''Pakieto'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1875?
|1874?
|1875?
|He was ''patu-iki'' for only a year. Following his death, a war of succession occurred. He was one of the Tama-lagau people.
|-
|'''Tui-toga''', also known as '''Ta-tagata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|June 13 1887
|March 2 1885
|June 13 1887
|The first [[Christianity|Christian]] King of Niue.
|-
|'''[[Fata-a-iki]]'''
|[[File:Fata-a-iki.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1896
|1887 (''de facto'') November 21 1888 (''de jure'')
|1896
|The second Christian Niuean monarch. One of his first acts as ''patu-iki'' in 1877 was to send a letter to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], requesting that Niue be made a protectorate of the [[British Empire]], to protect the island from other imperial powers, although his letter (and another sent in 1895) received no replies.
|-
|'''[[Togia-Pulu-toaki]]'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|1896 (''de facto'') June 30 1898 (''de jure'')
|?
|He was the king who finally ceded Niue to the British Empire on [[April 21]], [[1900]], and who welcomed a Resident representative of the imperial government on Niue on [[September 11]], [[1901]]. Togia-Pulu-toaki remained ''patu-iki'' in 1903, when ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People'' was published and the date of his death, and whether or not he was succeeded, remains unclear.
|}

===Imperial rule and free association===

From 1900 to 1901, Niue was ruled by the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1901, the island was annexed by [[New Zealand]], which administered it in the name of the British Empire. On 26 September 1907, New Zealand attained the status of [[dominion]], becoming the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the British monarch from then on reigned over Niue in his or her capacity as monarch of New Zealand. [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Elizabeth II]] was the first monarch to be explicity titled [[Queen of New Zealand]], however, in 1952. Today, Nieu is part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]], the successor political entity to the dominion.

====List of British monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]'''
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|100px]]
|24 May 1819
|22 January 1901
|April 21 1900 (''de facto'')
|22 January 1901
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|}

====List of New Zealand monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of New Zealand monarchs}}
{{See also|Monarchy of New Zealand}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|26 September 1907
||6 May 1910
|-
|'''[[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]'''
|[[File:George V of the united Kingdom.jpg|100px]]
|3 June 1865
|20 January 1936
|6 May 1910
|20 January 1936
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]'''
|[[File:A030596.jpg|100px]]
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|20 January 1936
|11 December 1936
|-
|'''[[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]'''
|[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|100px]]
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|11 December 1936
|6 February 1952
|-
|'''[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]'''
|[[File:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|100px]]
|21 April 1926
|''Living''
|6 February 1952
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Source==
*S. Percy Smith, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiNiu.html ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People''], 1903, pp.36-44

[[Category:History of Niue]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Oceania]]
[[Category:Politics of Niue]]
[[Category:Niue-related lists]]

[[it:Lista di monarchi di Niue]]

Herrscher von Niue

2009-12-11T21:51:53Z

84.92.117.93:

This is a list of monarchs who have reigned over the Pacific island of [[Niue]]. The island today is a self-governing territory in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], and recognises the [[Queen of New Zealand]] as monarch. However, the island previously had an indigenous monarchy, established around the beginning of the [[eighteenth century]].

Before that time, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue. Chiefs and heads of family exercised authority over segments of the population. Around [[1700]], the concept and practice of [[kingship]] appears to have been introduced through contact with Samoa or Tonga. From then on, a succession of ''[[patu-iki]]'' (kings) ruled the island, the first of whom was Puni-mata. The function of monarch was non-hereditary; ''patu-iki'' were reportedly elected by the Niuean population, with the candidates being issued from influential families. As described by [[Stephenson Percy Smith]] in [[1903]], Niue appears therefore to have been a [[democracy|democratic]] [[elective monarchy]].

==List==
===List of ''patu-iki''===
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=150|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
! width=300|Notes
|-
|'''Puni-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|c. 1700
|?
|He was the first ''patu-iki''. His death, of old age, was followed by an [[interregnum]] of significant but indeterminate length.
|-
|'''Patua-valu'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|He was nominated for kingship by the population's elected choice, Tage-lagi, who declined the position and opted instead to be Patua-valu's lifelong bodyguard. Patua-valu died of old age.
|-
|'''Galiga''', also known as '''Galiaga-a-Iki''' and '''Galiaga of Palūki'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|This ''patu-iki'' was murdered by a person called Tikomata. Following his death, Fakana-iki and Hetalaga vied to replace him, but failed to secure the approval of the population. Foki-mata eventually became the fourth ''patu-iki'' instead. He was the last king elected in times of peace.
|-
|'''Foki-mata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1874?
|?
|1874?
|
|-
|'''Pakieto'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1875?
|1874?
|1875?
|He was ''patu-iki'' for only a year. Following his death, a war of succession occurred. He was one of the Tama-lagau people.
|-
|'''Tui-toga''', also known as '''Ta-tagata'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|June 13 1887
|March 2 1885
|June 13 1887
|The first [[Christianity|Christian]] King of Niue.
|-
|'''[[Fata-a-iki]]'''
|[[File:Fata-a-iki.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1896
|1887 (''de facto'') November 21 1888 (''de jure'')
|1896
|The second Christian Niuean monarch. One of his first acts as ''patu-iki'' in 1877 was to send a letter to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], requesting that Niue be made a protectorate of the [[British Empire]], to protect the island from other imperial powers, although his letter (and another sent in 1895) received no replies.
|-
|'''[[Togia-Pulu-toaki]]'''
|[[File:No-photo.jpg|100px]]
|?
|?
|1896 (''de facto'') June 30 1898 (''de jure'')
|?
|He was the king who finally ceded Niue to the British Empire on [[April 21]], [[1900]], and who welcomed a Resident representative of the imperial government on Niue on [[September 11]], [[1901]]. Togia-Pulu-toaki remained ''patu-iki'' in 1903, when ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People'' was published and the date of his death, and whether or not he was succeeded, remains unclear.
|}

===Imperial rule and free association===

From 1900 to 1901, Niue was ruled by the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1901, the island was annexed by [[New Zealand]], which administered it in the name of the British Empire. On 26 September 1907, New Zealand attained the status of [[dominion]], becoming the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the British monarch from then on reigned over Niue in his or her capacity as monarch of New Zealand. [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Elizabeth II]] was the first monarch to be explicity titled [[Queen of New Zealand]], however, in 1952. Today, Nieu is part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]], the successor political entity to the dominion.

====List of British monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]'''
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|100px]]
|24 May 1819
|22 January 1901
|April 21 1900 (''de facto'')
|22 January 1901
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|}

====List of New Zealand monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of New Zealand monarchs}}
{{See also|Monarchy of New Zealand}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|26 September 1907
||6 May 1910
|-
|'''[[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]'''
|[[File:George V of the united Kingdom.jpg|100px]]
|3 June 1865
|20 January 1936
|6 May 1910
|20 January 1936
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]'''
|[[File:A030596.jpg|100px]]
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|20 January 1936
|11 December 1936
|-
|'''[[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]'''
|[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|100px]]
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|11 December 1936
|6 February 1952
|-
|'''[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]'''
|[[File:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|100px]]
|21 April 1926
|''Living''
|6 February 1952
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Source==
*S. Percy Smith, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiNiu.html ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People''], 1903, pp.36-44

[[Category:History of Niue]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Oceania]]
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Speaker of the House of Commons

2009-12-02T20:57:54Z

84.92.117.93:

{{For|the speaker of the House of Lords|Lord Speaker}}

{{Infobox Political post
|post = Speaker of the House of Commons
|body = the United Kingdom
|insignia = House of Commons logo.PNG
|insigniasize = 100px
|insigniacaption = The Crowned Portcullis
|nativename =
|image = John Bercow.JPG
|incumbent = [[John Bercow]]
|incumbentsince = 22 June 2009
|style = The [[Right Honourable]]
|residence = [[Palace of Westminster]]
|appointer = [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
|termlength = Elected at start of each Parliament (maximum length of which is 5 years)
|formation = 1377
|succession =
|inaugural = [[Thomas Hungerford]]
|website = }}
{{PoliticsUK}}
In the [[United Kingdom]], the '''Speaker of the House of Commons''' is the [[Speaker (politics)|presiding officer]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], and is seen historically as the ''First Commoner of the Land''. The present Speaker is [[John Bercow]], who was elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of [[Michael Martin (politician)|Michael Martin]].

The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Conventionally, the Speaker remains non-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with his former political party when taking office. The Speaker does not take part in debate nor vote (except to break ties, and even then, subject to conventions that maintain his or her non-partisan status), although the Speaker is still able to speak. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a constituency [[Member of Parliament]] (MP). The Speaker has the right and obligation to reside in the Parliamentary estate, near to [[Big Ben]]. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8112582.stm | title=What does the Speaker actually do? | publisher=BBC News | accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref>

==History==
The continuous history of the office is held to date from 1376 (see definitive studies by the late Professor JS Roskell) when Sir [[Peter de la Mare]] spoke for the commons in the '[[Good Parliament]]' as they joined leading magnates in purging the chief ministers of the Crown and the most unpopular members of the king's household. [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] was frail and in seclusion, his prestigious eldest son, [[Edward, the Black Prince|Edward the Black Prince]], terminally ill. It was left to the next son, a furious [[John of Gaunt]], to fight back. He arrested De la Mare and disgraced other leading critics. In the next, '[[Bad Parliament]],' in 1377, a cowed commons put forward Gaunt's steward, [[Thomas Hungerford]], as their spokesman in retracting their predecessors' mis-actions of the previous year. Gaunt evidently wanted a 'mirror-image' as his form of counter-coup. Although there had been occasional designated spokesmen for the commons, at least on specific issues, right back into the mid-13C, this notion, born in crisis, of one 'speaker', who quickly also became 'chairman' and organiser of the commons' business, was recognised as valuable and took immediate root after 1376-7.

On 6 October 1399 [[John Cheyne (Speaker of the House)|Sir John Cheyne]] of Beckford (Gloucs.) was elected speaker. The powerful [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Thomas Arundel]] is said to have voiced his fears of Cheyne's reputation as a critic of the Church. Eight days later, Cheyne resigned on grounds of ill-health, although he remained in favour with the king and active in public life for a further fourteen years. He may well, then, have been forced out of office.

Although the officer was elected by the commons at the start of each parliament, with at least one contested election known, in 1420 ([[Roger Hunt (speaker)|Roger Hunt]] prevailing by a majority of just four votes), in practice the Crown was usually able to get whom it wanted, indicating that the famous 'defence of the commons' privilege' should not be seen in isolation as the principal thread in the office's evolution. Whilst the idea of giving this spokesman personal immunity from recrimination as only being the voice of the whole body was quickly adopted and did enhance the commons' role, the Crown found it useful to have one person with the authority to select and lead the lower house's business and responses to the Crown's agenda, much more often than not in the way the Crown wanted. Thus, Whig ideas of the commons growing in authority as against royal power are somewhat simplistic - the Crown used the commons as and when it found it advantageous to do so, and the speakership was part of the process of making the commons a more cohesive, defined and effective instrument of the king's government.

Throughout the medieval and early modern period, every speaker was an MP for a county, reflecting the implicit situation that such shire representatives were of greater standing in the house than the more numerous burgess MPs. Although evidence is almost non-existent, it has been surmised that any vote was by count of head, but by the same token perhaps the fact so very little is said about actual votes suggests that most decisions, at least of a general kind, were reached more through persuasion and the weight by status of the county MPs. In such a situation, the influence of the speaker should not be underestimated. Sir [[Thomas More]] was the first speaker to go on to become [[Lord Chancellor]].

Until the 17th century, members of the House of Commons often continued to view their Speaker (correctly) as an agent of [[the Crown]]. As Parliament evolved, however, the Speaker's position grew into one that involved more duties to the House than to the Crown; such was definitely the case by the time of the [[English Civil War]]. This change is sometimes said to be reflected by an incident in 1642, when [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] entered the House in order to search for and arrest five members for [[high treason]]. When the King asked him if he knew of the location of these members, the Speaker, [[William Lenthall]], famously replied: "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here."

The development of [[Cabinet government]] under [[William III of England|King William III]] in the late 17th century caused further change in the nature of the Speakership. Speakers were generally associated with the ministry, and often held other government offices. For example, [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Robert Harley]] served simultaneously as Speaker and as a [[Secretary of State]] between 1704 and 1705. The Speaker between 1728 and 1761, [[Arthur Onslow]], reduced ties with the government, though the office did remain to a large degree political. The Speakership evolved into its modern form—in which the holder is an impartial and apolitical officer who does not belong to any party—only during the middle of the 19th century.

Over 150 individuals have served as Speaker of the House of Commons. Their names are inscribed in gold leaf around the upper walls of Room C of the [[House of Commons Library]]. The three most recent Speakers have been notable for a series of "firsts", as [[Betty Boothroyd]], elected in 1992 and served until 2000, was the first woman to fill the position. Her successor, Michael Martin, was the first [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] to serve as Speaker since the reign of [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]], while John Bercow, elected in 2009, is the first Jewish person to be chosen for the role.

By convention Speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as Mr Speaker (or Mr Deputy Speaker for their deputies). When Betty Boothroyd, the first female speaker, presided, she was, at her request, addressed as Madam Speaker. When [[Betty Harvie Anderson]] had served in the 1970s as a Deputy Speaker, on the other hand, she had been addressed as "Mr Deputy Speaker".

==Election==
{{See also|Speaker of the UK House of Commons election, 2009}}
MPs elect the Speaker from amongst their own ranks.<ref name=speakerelection>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/M02.pdf |pages=4-5 |title=The Speaker |format=PDF |location=Westminster, United Kingdom |publisher=House of Commons Information Office |month=September |year=2003}}</ref>The House must elect a Speaker at the beginning of each new parliamentary term after a [[general election]], or after the death or resignation of the incumbent.<ref name=speakerelection/> Once elected, a Speaker continues in office until the dissolution of Parliament, unless he or she resigns prior to this. Customarily, the House re-elects Speakers who desire to continue in office for more than one term. Theoretically, the House could vote against re-electing a Speaker, but such an event is extremely unlikely.

The procedure for electing a Speaker has changed in recent years. Until 1971, the [[Clerk of the House of Commons]] became temporary Chairman of the House. As the Clerk is never a Member, and therefore is not permitted to speak, he would silently stand and point at the Member who was to speak. However, this procedure broke down at the election of a new Speaker in 1971 (see below) and had to be changed. Since that time, as recommended by a [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select Committee]], the [[Father of the House]] (the member of the House with the longest period of unbroken service) becomes the presiding officer.<ref name=speakerelection/>

Until 2001, the election of a Speaker was conducted as a routine matter of House of Commons business. A member would move "That Mr(s) [X] do take the Chair of this House as Speaker", and following debate (which may have included an amendment to replace the name of the member on whom the Speakership was to be conferred), a routine Division of the House would resolve in favour of one candidate. There was, however, a considerable amount of behind-the-scenes lobbying before suitable candidates were agreed upon, and so it was very rare for a new Speaker to be opposed. However, this system broke down in 2000 when 12 rival candidates declared for the job and the debate occupied an entire Parliamentary day.<ref name=speakerelection/> The House of Commons Procedure Committee then re-examined the means of electing a Speaker and recommended a new system which came into effect in 2007 and was first used in June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin.

Under the new system, candidates must be nominated by at least twelve members, of whom at least three must be of a different party from the candidate. Each member may nominate no more than one candidate. The House then votes by [[secret ballot]]; an [[absolute majority]] (in the U.K. sense, i.e. more than 50% of the votes cast) is required for victory. If no candidate wins a majority, then the individual with the fewest votes is eliminated, as are any candidates who receive less than five percent of the votes cast. The House continues to vote, for several rounds if necessary, until one member receives the requisite majority. Then, the House votes on a formal motion to appoint the member in question to the Speakership. (In the unlikely event that this motion fails, the House must hold a fresh series of ballots on all of the nominees.)

If only one candidate is nominated, then no ballot is held, and the House proceeds directly to the motion to appoint the candidate to the Speakership. A similar procedure is used if a Speaker seeks a further term after a General Election: no ballot is held, and the House immediately votes on a motion to re-elect the Speaker. If the motion to re-elect the Speaker fails, candidates are nominated, and the House proceeds with voting (as described above).

Upon the passage of the motion, the Speaker-elect is expected to show reluctance at being chosen; he or she is customarily "dragged" by colleagues to the Chair.<ref name="bbcjun09">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8111887.stm|title=Tory MP Bercow is elected Speaker |date=2009-06-22|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref>

The Speaker-elect must receive the Sovereign's approval, or the "approbation," before he or she may take office. On the day of the election, the Speaker-elect leads the Commons to the Chamber of the House of Lords, where [[Lords Commissioners]] appointed by the Crown confirm him or her in the monarch's name. Thereafter, the Speaker symbolically requests "in the name and on behalf of the Commons of the United Kingdom, to lay claim, by humble petition to Her Majesty, to all their ancient and undoubted rights and privileges, especially to freedom of speech in debate, to freedom from arrest, and to free access to Her Majesty whenever occasion shall require." After the Lords Commissioners, on the behalf of the Sovereign, confirm the Commons' rights and privileges, the Commons return to their Chamber. If a Speaker is chosen in the middle of a Parliament due to a vacancy in the office, he or she must receive the royal approbation as described above, but does not again lay claim to the Commons' rights and privileges.

After election, however, the Speaker ceases to be associated with his or her former party. In 2000, Michael Martin was the second consecutive ex-Labour Speaker, breaking a pattern of alternation between Labour and Conservative members which had occurred from the 1965 through to the 1992 elections of Speakers.{{Clarify me|date=June 2009}}

===The General Election===
At a General Election (if the current Speaker contests that election) the major political parties normally do not contest the Speaker's seat and he is entitled to describe himself on the ballot as "The Speaker seeking re-election", under the [[Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000#Registration_of_Parties|Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act]].

This convention was not respected during the 1987 General Election, when both the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] fielded candidates against the Conservative Speaker, [[Bernard Weatherill]], who was MP for [[Croydon North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Croydon North East]]. Nor was the convention adhered to by the [[Scottish National Party]] during the election of [[Michael Martin (politician)|Michael Martin]] to the office for the constituencies of [[Glasgow Springburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Springburn]] in 2001 and [[Glasgow North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North East]] in 2005.

==Notable elections==
[[Image:WilliamCourtGully.jpg|left|thumb|William Court Gully]]
Though the election of a Speaker is normally non-partisan, there have been several controversial elections in history. For example, in 1895, the sudden retirement of [[Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel|Arthur Peel]] came at a time when partisan feelings were running high. The Conservatives and [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionists]] put forward [[Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley|Sir Matthew White Ridley]], a well-respected MP who had many years of experience, and hoped for a unanimous election as the previous Speaker had been a Liberal. However, the Liberals decided to oppose him and nominated [[William Court Gully, 1st Viscount Selby|William Court Gully]] who had been an MP for only nine years and had been a relatively quiet presence. On a party-line vote Gully was chosen by 285 to 274. Although Gully proved his impartiality to the satisfaction of most of his opponents, and was unanimously re-elected after the [[United Kingdom general election, 1895|1895 general election]], the episode left many Unionists bitter. During that year's general election Gully became one of the few Speakers to be opposed in his own constituency, a sign of the bitterness of the time. It was not until the mid-1930s that it became common for a Speaker to face some form of opposition for re-election.

The 1951 election was similarly controversial. After the incumbent Speaker, [[Douglas Clifton Brown]], retired at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1951|1951 general election]], there was a great demand from the Labour Party for [[James Milner, 1st Baron Milner of Leeds|Major James Milner]] to become the first Labour Speaker after he had served as Deputy Speaker for eight years. However, the Conservatives (who had just regained power) nominated [[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|William Shepherd Morrison]] against him. The vote again went down party lines, and Morrison was elected. Milner received a [[Peerage]] as compensation.

In 1971, having had early warning that [[Horace King]] would be retiring, the Conservatives took the lead in offering to the Labour Party either [[Selwyn Lloyd]] or [[John Boyd-Carpenter]] as potential Speakers. The Labour Party chose Selwyn Lloyd partly because he was perceived as a weak figure. However, when the House of Commons debated the new Speaker, Conservative MP [[Robin Maxwell-Hyslop]] and Labour MP [[Willie Hamilton]] nominated [[Geoffrey de Freitas]], a senior and respected backbench Labour MP. De Freitas was taken aback by the sudden nomination and urged the House not to support him (a genuine feeling, unlike the feigned reluctance which all Speakers traditionally show). Lloyd was elected but there was a feeling among all parties that the system of election needed to be overhauled. Now, a candidate's consent is required before he or she can be nominated.

The last three instances of the election of a new Speaker (1992, 2000 and 2009) have all been relatively controversial. [[Bernard Weatherill]] had announced his impending retirement a long time before the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 general election]], leading to a long but suppressed campaign for support. [[Betty Boothroyd]], a Labour MP who had been Deputy Speaker, was known to be extremely interested in becoming the first woman Speaker (and in doing so, finished the chances of fellow Labour MP [[Harold Walker, Baron Walker of Doncaster|Harold Walker]] who had also been Deputy Speaker). The Conservative former Cabinet member [[Peter Brooke]] was put forward at a late stage as a candidate. Unlike previous elections, there was an active campaign among Conservative MPs to support Boothroyd and about seventy of them did so, ensuring her election. She was the only speaker elected in the 20th century not to be a member of the governing party.

Betty Boothroyd announced her retirement shortly before the summer recess in 2000, which left a long time for would-be Speakers to declare their candidature but little opportunity for Members of Parliament to negotiate and decide on who should be chosen. Many backbench Labour MPs, especially from [[Scotland]], advanced the claims of [[Michael Martin (politician)|Michael Martin]] as a long-serving Deputy Speaker. Most Conservatives felt strongly that the recent alternation between the main parties ought to be maintained and a Conservative Speaker chosen. The most prominent Conservative choices were [[Sir George Young, 6th Baronet|Sir George Young]] and Deputy Speaker [[Alan Haselhurst|Sir Alan Haselhurst]]. With several maverick candidates announcing themselves, the total number of Members seeking the Speakership was 14, none of whom would withdraw. A lengthy sitting of the House saw Michael Martin first proposed, then each of the candidates proposed as an amendment which was voted down. In points of order before the debate, many members demanded a secret ballot.

==Non-partisanship==
Unlike the [[Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]], upon election, the Speaker, by convention, breaks all ties with his or her political party, as it is considered essential that the Speaker be seen as an impartial presiding officer.<ref name="bbcjun09" /> In many cases, individuals have served in ministerial or other political positions before being elected Speaker. For example, [[Selwyn Lloyd]] and [[George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy|George Thomas]] (Speakers during the 1970s and early 1980s) had both previously served as high-ranking Cabinet members, whilst [[Bernard Weatherill]] (Speaker from 1983 to 1992) was previously a party [[Whip (politics)|whip]].

In General Elections, it is customary for the Speaker to stand without party affiliation. Since [[political party|parties]] began being listed on ballot papers, the Speaker's affiliation is shown as "Speaker seeking re-election". In the past few decades, the Conservatives have not stood against Speakers seeking re-election, regardless of their previous political affiliation. Labour and the Liberal Democrats have stood against ex-Conservative Speakers, but not against ex-Labour ones. [[Plaid Cymru]] also stood against the Speaker in 1979. Most recently, in 2001 and 2005, the only major party to oppose the ex-Labour Speaker Michael Martin was the [[Scottish National Party]]. In the House, the Speaker does not vote on any motion, except in order to resolve ties. After leaving office, the Speaker normally takes no part in party politics; if elevated to the [[House of Lords]], he or she would normally sit as a [[crossbencher]].

==Presiding officer==
The Speaker's primary function is to preside over the House of Commons.<ref name=thespeaker>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/M02.pdf |title=The Speaker |format=PDF |location=Westminster, United Kingdom |publisher=House of CommonsInformation Office |month=September |year=2003}}</ref> Whilst "in the Chair" (that is, presiding), the Speaker wears a uniform consisting of a black court suit and black robe with a train. On important ceremonial occasions, the black robe is replaced with a long black and gold robe with lace frills and lace jabot. Formerly, the Speaker also wore a full-bottomed wig when presiding and on other occasions; in 1992, however, [[Betty Boothroyd]] decided to end this practice. Her successor, [[Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn|Michael Martin]], also eschewed the wig; moreover, he chose to simplify other aspects of the uniform, doing away with the once customary buckled court shoes and silk stockings. His successor [[John Bercow]] drastically eliminated almost all of the traditional court dress, leaving only a simple black gown over his business suit when presiding.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6565099.ece |work=The Times |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd. |date=2009-06-24 |accessdate=2009-06-25 |title=Farewell to tights as new Speaker John Bercow presides over Commons |author=Philip Webster}}</ref>

Whilst presiding, the Speaker sits in a chair at the front of the House. Traditionally, members supporting the Government sit on his or her right, and those supporting the Opposition on his or her left. The Speaker's powers are extensive, and are much more extensive than those of his or her [[House of Lords|Lords]] counterpart, the [[Lord Speaker]]. Most importantly, the Speaker calls on members to speak;<ref name=thespeaker/> no member may make a speech without the Speaker's prior permission. By custom, the Speaker alternates between members supporting the Government and supporting the Opposition. Members direct their speeches not to the whole House, but to the Speaker, using the words "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker." Members must refer to each other in the third person by their parliamentary titles (not their names); they may not directly address anyone other than the Speaker (who does call them by name). In order to maintain his or her impartiality, the Speaker generally refrains from making speeches, although there is nothing to prevent him or her from doing so. For example, on Wednesday 3 December 2008, Speaker Martin addressed the House on the subject of the arrest of [[Damien Green]] MP and the subsequent searching of his office within the precincts of the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite hansard |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm081203/debtext/81203-0001.htm#08120351000001 |house=House of Commons |date=2008-12-03 |column_start=1 |column_end=3}}</ref>

During debate, the Speaker is responsible for maintaining discipline and order.<ref name=discipline>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g06.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=House of Commons Information Office |title=Disciplinary and Penal Powers of the House |location=Westminster, United Kingdom |month=March |year=2003 |accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> He or she rules on all points of order (objections made by members asserting that a rule of the House has been broken); the decisions may not be appealed. The Speaker bases decisions on the rules of the House and on precedent; if necessary, he or she may consult with the [[Parliamentary Clerk]]s before issuing a ruling.<ref name=thespeaker/> In addition, the Speaker has other powers that he may use to maintain orderly debate. Usually, the Speaker attempts to end a disruption, or "calls members to order," by repeating "Order! Order!" If members do not follow his or her instructions, the Speaker may punish them by demanding that they leave the House for the remainder of the day's sitting. For grave disobedience, the Speaker may "[[naming (parliamentary procedure)|name]]" a member, by saying "I name [Mr X]." (deliberately breaching the convention that members are only referred to by reference to their constituency, "The [Right] Honourable Member for [Y]"). The House may then vote to suspend the member "named" by the Speaker.<ref name=thespeaker/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g06.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=House of Commons Information Office |location=Westminster, United Kingdom |month=March |year=2003 |title=Disciplinary and Penal Powers of the House |accessdate=2009-06-23 |page=2 |quote=If a Member has disregarded the authority of the Chair, or has persistently and wilfully obstructed the House by abusing its rules, he or she (after generally being given every opportunity to set matters to rights) may be named. That is, the Speaker says "I name Mr William White (or whoever)". Thereupon, usually the Leader of the House, the Government Chief Whip, or the senior minister present, moves "that Mr William White be suspended from the service of the House". If the motion is agreed to, if necessary after a division, the Member is directed to withdraw, and suspension (for five sitting days for a first offence), follows. A second offence in the same Session will lead to suspension for 20 sitting days, and a third, to suspension for a period the House shall decide. Should a Member refuse to withdraw, and then resist removal by the Serjeant at Arms, suspension for the remainder of the Session ensues. Where the Member has been suspended from the service of the House under Standing Order No 44, salary is now forfeited during the period of suspension.}}</ref> In case of "grave disorder," the Speaker may immediately adjourn the entire sitting.<ref name=discipline/>

In addition to maintaining discipline, the Speaker must ensure that debate proceeds smoothly. If the Speaker finds that a member is making irrelevant remarks, is tediously repetitive, or is otherwise attempting to delay proceedings, he or she may order the member to end the speech. Furthermore, before debate begins, the Speaker may invoke the "Short Speech" rule, under which he or she may set a time limit (at least eight minutes) which will apply to every speech. At the same time, however, the Speaker is charged with protecting the interests of the minority by ensuring sufficient debate before a vote. Thus, the Speaker may disallow a [[cloture|closure]], which seeks to end debate and immediately put the question to a vote, if he or she finds that the motion constitutes an abuse of the rules or breaches the rights of the minority.

Before the House votes on any issue, the Speaker "puts the question"; that is, he or she verbally states the motion on which the members are to vote. He or she then assesses the result of a voice vote, but any member may demand a [[division (vote)|division]] (a recorded vote). The Speaker may overrule a request for a division and maintain the original ruling; this power, however, is used only rarely, usually when members make frivolous requests for divisions in order to delay proceedings.

The Speaker does not vote in the division, except when the Ayes and Noes are tied, in which case he or she must use the [[casting vote]]. In exercising the casting vote, the Speaker may theoretically vote as he or she pleases, but, in practice, always votes in accordance with certain unwritten conventions, such as [[Speaker Denison's Rule]]. Firstly, the Speaker votes to give the House further opportunity to debate a bill or motion before reaching a final decision. (For example, the Speaker would be obliged to vote against a closure motion.) Secondly, any final decision should be approved by the majority. (Thus, for instance, the Speaker would vote against the final passage of a bill.) Finally, the Speaker should vote to leave a bill or motion in its existing form; in other words, the Speaker would vote against an amendment.

Since the House of Commons is a very large body (with over 600 members), Speakers are rarely called upon to use the casting vote. Since 1801, there have been only forty-nine instances of tied divisions. The last tied votes were in 1980, when the House divided 201-201 on a motion to grant leave to bring the Televising of Parliament Bill (the Speaker voted Aye) and on 21 June 1990, 197-197 on an amendment to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill (the Deputy Speaker voted No). There was believed to be a 317-317 vote on an amendment to a motion concerning the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1993, but it was quickly discovered that one extra "Aye" vote had been erroneously counted. Prior to the counting error having been noted, Speaker [[Betty Boothroyd]] did give a Casting Vote of No, although this was later expunged when the error became clear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/ties.html |title=House of Commons: Tied Divisions |publisher=David Boothroyd |work=United Kingdom Election Results |accessdate=2009-06-23 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080105071019/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/ties.html |archivedate=2008-01-05}}</ref>

==Other functions==
In addition to his or her role as presiding officer, the Speaker performs several other functions on the behalf of the House of Commons. He or she represents the body in relations with the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and non-parliamentary bodies. On important occasions of state (such as [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s [[Golden Jubilee]] in 2002), the Speaker presents Addresses to the Crown on behalf of the House.

The Speaker performs various procedural functions. He or she may recall the House from recess during a national emergency, or when otherwise requested by the Government. When vacancies arise, the Speaker authorises the issuance of [[writ of election|writs of election]]. Furthermore, the Speaker is responsible for certifying bills that relate solely to national taxation as "[[money bill]]s" under the [[Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949]]. The House of Lords has no power to block or substantially delay a [[money bill]]; even if the Lords fail to pass the bill, it becomes law within a month of passage by the Commons. The Speaker's decision on the matter is final, and cannot be challenged by the Upper House.

The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the administration of the House. He or she chairs the House of Commons Commission, a body that appoints staff, determines their salaries, and supervises the general administration of those who serve the House. Furthermore, the Speaker controls the parts of the [[Palace of Westminster]] used by the House of Commons. Also, the Speaker is the ''ex officio'' Chairman of the four [[Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)|Boundary Commission]]s (for [[England]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]], and [[Northern Ireland]]), which are charged with redrawing the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies to reflect population changes. However, the Speaker normally does not attend meetings of the Boundary Commissions; instead, the Deputy Chairman of the Commission (usually a judge) normally presides.

Finally, the Speaker continues to represent his or her constituency in Parliament. Like any other Member of Parliament, he or she responds to letters from constituents and attempts to address their concerns.

==Deputies==
The Speaker is assisted by three deputies, all of whom are elected by the House. The most senior deputy is known as the [[Chairman of Ways and Means]]; the title derives from the now defunct Ways and Means Committee which formerly considered taxation-related bills. The remaining deputies are known as the First Deputy and Second Deputy Chairmen of Ways and Means. Typically, the Speaker presides for only three hours each day; for the remainder of the time, one of the deputies takes the Chair. During the [[Budget Day#In the United Kingdom|annual Budget]], when the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] reads out the government's spending proposal, the Chairman of Ways and Means, rather than the Speaker, presides. Moreover, the Speaker never presides over the [[Committee of the Whole House]], which, as its name suggests, consists of all the members, but operates under more flexible rules of debate. (This device was used so that members could debate independently of the Speaker, whom they suspected acted as an agent or spy of the monarch. Now, the procedure is used to take advantage of the more flexible rules of debate.)

Deputies have the same powers as the Speaker when presiding. Akin to the Speaker, they do not take part in partisan politics, and remain completely impartial in the House. However, they are entitled to take part in constituency politics, and to make their views known on these matters. In General Elections, they stand as party politicians. If a Deputy Speaker is presiding, then he or she holds the casting vote instead of the Speaker.

==Precedence and privileges==
The Speaker is one of the highest-ranking officials in the United Kingdom. By an [[Order-in-Council]] issued in 1919, the Speaker ranks in the [[United Kingdom order of precedence|order of precedence]] above all non-royal individuals except the Prime Minister, the Lord Chancellor, and the [[Lord President of the Council]]. In England and Wales, he also [[order of precedence in England and Wales|ranks]] below the two [[archbishop]]s of the [[Church of England]], in Scotland, he also [[order of precedence in Scotland|ranks]] below the [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]], and in Northern Ireland, he also ranks below the [[Church of Ireland]] and [[Roman Catholic]] [[archbishop]]s of Ireland, and the [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland|Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church]].

{{As of|2008}}, the Speaker receives a salary of £78,575, in addition to his or her salary as a Member of Parliament.<ref name=salary>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/M06.pdf |title=Ministerial Salaries |format=PDF |month=December |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-06-25 |publisher=House of Commons Information Office |location=Westminster, United Kingdom}}</ref> The Speaker's salary is equal to that of a Cabinet Minister.<ref name=salary/> The Speaker is also provided with official apartments in the Palace of Westminster, the home of both Houses of Parliament. Each day, prior to the sitting of the House of Commons, the Speaker and other officials travel in procession from the apartments to the Chamber. The procession includes the [[Doorkeeper]], the [[Serjeant-at-Arms]], the Speaker, a trainbearer, the Chaplain, and the Speaker's Private Secretary. The Serjeant-at-Arms attends the Speaker on other occasions, and in the House; he or she bears a [[ceremonial mace]] that symbolises the royal authority under which the House meets, as well as the authority of the House of Commons itself.

Customarily, Speakers are appointed to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] upon election. Thus, the present and former Speakers are entitled to the style "The Right Honourable." Upon retirement, Speakers were traditionally elevated to the House of Lords as [[viscount]]s. The last Speaker to receive a viscountcy was [[George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy|George Thomas]], who became Viscount Tonypandy upon his retirement in 1983. Since that year, it has instead been normal to grant only life baronies to retiring Speakers.

==Current Speaker and Deputy Speakers==
{{wikinews|UK MPs elect John Bercow as new Speaker of the House of Commons}}
*Speaker: The Right Hon. [[John Bercow]]
*Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker): The Right Hon. Sir [[Alan Haselhurst]]
*First Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker): The Right Hon. [[Sylvia Heal]]
*Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker): The Right Hon. [[Sir Michael Lord]]

==See also==
*[[List of Speakers of the British House of Commons]]
*[[Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales]]
*[[Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament]]
*[[Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly]]
*[[Speaker (politics)]]

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=May 2009}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Dasent, Arthur Irwin. (1911). ''[http://www.archive.org/details/speakersofhouseo00daseuoft The Speakers of the House of Commons.]'' London: John Lane.
*[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m02.pdf House of Commons Information Office. (2003). "The Speaker."]
*McKay, Sir William. (2004). ''Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice,'' 23rd ed. London: Butterworths Tolley.
*Roskell, John Smith, The Commons and their Speakers in English Parliaments, 1376-1523, Manchester, 1965.
*Roskell, John Smith, Parliament and Politics in Late Medieval England, 3 vols., London, 1983: contains individual essays on many medieval Speakers, plus one on origins of the office.

==External links==
*[http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/speaker.cfm The Speaker of the House of Commons] (from http://www.parliament.uk)
*[http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Parliament/index.htm Parliament] (from http://www.direct.gov.uk)
{{Speaker of the British House of Commons}}
{{Officers of the Lords and Commons}}

[[Category:Speakers of the British House of Commons| ]]
[[Category:Speakers of the House of Commons of England| ]]
[[Category:Speakers of the House of Commons of Great Britain| ]]
[[Category:Speakers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Legislative speakers|British House of Commons, Speakers of the]]
[[Category:Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Westminster system]]

[[fr:Président de la Chambre des Communes (Royaume-Uni)]]
[[he:יושב ראש בית הנבחרים הבריטי]]
[[hu:A brit Képviselőház elnöke]]
[[nl:Speaker van het Britse Lagerhuis]]

Verfassungsreferendum in St. Vincent und den Grenadinen 2009

2009-11-29T20:56:18Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
A constitutional referendum was held in [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] on 25 November 2009,<ref name=Caribnn>{{cite news| title=CARICOM Secretariat team to observe St Vincent and the Grenadines referendum| url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-19839--15-15--.html| publisher=Caribbean Net News|vdate=12 November 2009| accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref> which would have replaced the constitution in force since independence in 1979.<ref name=Tandte>{{cite news| last=Browne| first=Juhel| title=Gonsalves: No executive president for St. Vincent| url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161555837| newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express| date=11 November 2009| accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref><ref name=Const>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| publication-date=26 July 1979| title=Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines| series=50.1| publication-place=Kingstown| publisher=Queen's Printer| url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Vincent/stvincent79.html| accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> The proposal was supported by only 43.13% of voters in the referendum, well short of the required two-thirds threshold. If approved, the proposed constitution would have abolished the [[monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], headed by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]],<ref name=Const /> and would have given more power to the opposition.<ref name=Tandte /> The referendum was the first of its kind to be held by a member of the [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States]].<ref name=Caribnn />

==Campaign==
[[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Prime Minister]] [[Ralph Gonsalves]] and his [[Unity Labour Party]] (ULP) campaigned heavily for the "Yes" vote,<ref name=Caribbean360>{{cite news| title=CARICOM observers for St Vincent Constitution referendum| url=http://www.caribbean360.com/News/Caribbean/Stories/2009/11/13/NEWS0000009461.html| publisher=Caribbean 360| date=13 November 2009| accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref> Gonsalves advocating that, though he had nothing personally against Queen Elizabeth II, he believed it was time for Saint Vincent to stop having a monarch as its head of state; he offered the opinion: "I find it a bit of a Nancy story that the [[Queen of England]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> can really be the [[Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]."<ref name=Tandte /> Though he had earlier shown affinity towards [[executive presidency|executive presidents]] [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{Citation| last=Johnson| first=Andy| title=St Vincent leader's constitutional reform in danger| newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express| date=26 November 2009| url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161562550| accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> Gonsalves asserted that the proposed constitution for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines would not have created such a presidential post; the Prime Minister argued that an executive presidency would give the office holder too much power in the small country. In an interview with the ''[[Trinidad and Tobago Express]]'', he stated that type of presidency "may well make perfect sense" for the neighbouring country of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], but such a government would not work in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, saying further: "it is our assessment that to conjoin the power of a prime minister with the power of a [[head of state]], [[head of government]], or head of state in our circumstances, that is a matter which will end up making that office holder more powerful than the current situation."<ref name=Tandte />

Opposition to the constitutional changes was led by the [[New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|New Democratic Party]] (NDP), which held the position that the proposed constitution would neither reduce the power of the Prime Minister nor strengthen the country's [[democracy]].<ref name=Caribbean360 /> The NDP's leader, [[Arnhim Eustace]], opined that the Gonsalves government and opposition parties had not come to an agreement on a number of fundamental issues, including the Integrity Commission, the [[Human Rights Commission]], the [[Ombudsman]], and the Electoral and Boundaries Commission.<ref name=Caribbean360 />

The [[CARICOM]] [[Secretariat]] announced that it would, at the request of the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, officially observe the referendum, with the support of the [[Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development]] (AECID), an agency of the government of [[Spain]].<ref name=Caribnn /><ref name=Caribbean360 />

==Vote==
Voting took place in heavy rain on 25 November 2009; 52,156 of the 98,000 eligible Vincentiens cast ballots at 225 polling stations. The Supervisor of Elections opined that this was a good turn-out given the inclement weather.<ref>{{Citation| last=Trotman| first=Jeff| title=NO… NO...NO!!!| newspaper=The Vincentian| date=26 November 2009| url=http://www.thevincentian.com/dcmain.aspx?p=0&i=3712&skin=64&tID=198| accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Referendum
| title = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines constitutional referendum, 2009
| yes = 22,493
| yespct = 43.13
| no = 29,020
| nopct = 55.64
| valid = 51,343
| validpct = 98.81
| invalid = 620
| invalidpct = 1.16
| total = 52,177
| turnoutpct = 54
| source = [http://www.gov.vc/govt/Referendum/referendum_election.html SVG Government – Referendum Results]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Saint Vincent and the Grenadines elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Vincent And The Grenadines Constitutional Referendum, 2009}}
[[Category:2009 elections in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:2009 referendums]]
[[Category:Elections in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]

[[pl:Referendum na Saint Vincent i Grenadynach w 2009 roku]]
[[pt:Referendo constitucional em São Vicente e Granadinas em 2009]]

ǀXam

2009-11-14T18:50:22Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Infobox Language
|name={{unicode|ǀXam}}
|extinct=19??
|region=South Africa
|familycolor=Khoisan
|fam1=[[Tuu languages|Tuu]]
|fam2=ǃKwi
|iso3=xam
}}
'''{{unicode|ǀXam}}''', or '''{{unicode|ǀXam Kaǃkʼe}}''', is an [[List of extinct languages|extinct]] [[Khoisan language]] of [[South Africa]], part of the [[Tuu languages|ǃKwi language]] group. It is closely related to the [[Nǀu language]], which still has a few speakers.

The bar symbol in the name "ǀXam" represents a [[dental click]] like the [[English language|English]] [[interjection]] ''tsk, tsk!'' used to express pity or shame. The "x" represents the ''ch'' sound of [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''[[loch]]'', [[German language|German]] ''[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'', or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''[[Hanukkah|Chanukkah]]''.

ǀXam words were used for the South African motto adopted on [[27 April]], [[2000]],
:''ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke'',
which is supposed to mean ''diverse people unite'' or, on a collective scale, ''Unity in Diversity''. However, it's not known if that phrase would have been [[idiom]]atic in ǀXam. ǀXam is not one of the eleven official languages of South Africa because it's extinct and has no more speakers (mother or second tongue).

Much of the scholarly work on the ǀXam language was performed by [[Wilhelm Bleek]], a [[German people|German]] [[linguistics|linguist]] of the 19th century.

==External links==
*[http://ling.cornell.edu/khoisan/xam.htm A description of ǀXam at Cornell University]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xam The Ethnologue Report for ǀXam]
*[http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm South African coat of arms]
*[http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/lintonpanel.htm The ǀXam people and their language]
*[http://www.lloydbleekcollection.uct.ac.za Bleek and Lloyd Archive of ǀXam and ǃKun texts online]

{{khoisan}}

[[Category:Khoisan languages|Xam language]]
[[Category:Languages of South Africa|Xam language]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Africa]]
[[Category:Karoo]]

{{lang-stub|X}}

[[hr:ǀXam jezik]]
[[pt:Língua !Xam]]

ǀXam

2009-11-14T18:49:41Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Infobox Language
|name={{unicode|ǀXam}}
|extinct=19??
|region=South Africa
|familycolor=Khoisan
|fam1=[[Tuu languages|Tuu]]
|fam2=ǃKwi
|iso3=xam
}}
'''{{unicode|ǀXam}}''', or '''{{unicode|ǀXam Kaǃkʼe}}''', is an [[List of extinct languages|extinct]] [[Khoisan language]] of [[South Africa]], part of the [[Tuu languages|ǃKwi language]] group. It is closely related to the [[Nǀu language]], which still has a few speakers.

The bar symbol in the name "ǀXam" represents a [[dental click]] like the [[English language|English]] [[interjection]] ''tsk, tsk!'' used to express pity or shame. The "x" represents the ''ch'' sound of [[Scottish Gaelic|Scottish]] ''[[loch]]'', [[German language|German]] ''[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'', or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''[[Hanukkah|Chanukkah]]''.

ǀXam words were used for the South African motto adopted on [[27 April]], [[2000]],
:''ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke'',
which is supposed to mean ''diverse people unite'' or, on a collective scale, ''Unity in Diversity''. However, it's not known if that phrase would have been [[idiom]]atic in ǀXam. ǀXam is not one of the eleven official languages of South Africa because it's extinct and has no more speakers (mother or second tongue).

Much of the scholarly work on the ǀXam language was performed by [[Wilhelm Bleek]], a [[German people|German]] [[linguistics|linguist]] of the 19th century.

==External links==
*[http://ling.cornell.edu/khoisan/xam.htm A description of ǀXam at Cornell University]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xam The Ethnologue Report for ǀXam]
*[http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm South African coat of arms]
*[http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/lintonpanel.htm The ǀXam people and their language]
*[http://www.lloydbleekcollection.uct.ac.za Bleek and Lloyd Archive of ǀXam and ǃKun texts online]

{{khoisan}}

[[Category:Khoisan languages|Xam language]]
[[Category:Languages of South Africa|Xam language]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Africa]]
[[Category:Karoo]]

{{lang-stub|X}}

[[hr:ǀXam jezik]]
[[pt:Língua !Xam]]

Operation Verbrannte Erde

2009-11-06T21:31:40Z

84.92.117.93:

{{for|the military strategy|Scorched earth}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Operation ''Scorched Earth''
|partof=the [[Sa'dah insurgency]]
|image=[[Image:Yemen-Sadah.png]]
|caption=Location of Sa'dah Governorate inside Yemen
|date=August 11, 2009 –
|place=[[Sa'dah Governorate]], [[Yemen]] and [[Jabal al-Dukhan]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
|casus=
|territory=
|result=Ongoing
|combatant1={{flag|Yemen}}<ref name="Novak-22563">{{cite news |first=Jane |last=Novak |title=Yemen's Internal Shia Jihad |url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22563-yemen |work=[[Global Politician]] |date=2007-03-21 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> 
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Shabab al-Muomineen]]
'''Alleged:''' 
{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran.svg}} [[Iran]]

[[Image:Flag of Hezbollah.svg|22px]] [[Hezbollah]]<ref>http://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1391</ref>
|commander1= [[Image:Flag of Yemen.svg|20px]] President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] [[Image:Flag of Yemen.svg|20px]] General [[Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar]]<ref name="Novak-22563"/> General [[Amr Ali Mousa Al-Uuzali]] †<ref>http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=109606&sectionid=351020206</ref>
|commander2= {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Yahia Badreddin al Houthi|Yahia Badreddin al-Houthi]]
|strength1=30,000 in-[[theater (warfare)|theatre]]<ref name="Arrabyee-2007">
{{cite news
| first = Nasser
| last = Arrabyee
| title = Yemen's rebels undefeated
| url = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/838/re8.htm
| publisher = [[Al-Ahram Weekly]]
| date = 2007-04-04
| accessdate = 2007-04-11 }}</ref>
|strength2=3,000<ref name="Arrabyee-2007"/>
|casualties1='''Yemen:''' Unknown 2 fighter jets lost 
'''Saudi Arabia:''' 2 killed<ref>http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Saudi_air_force_hits_Yemen_rebels_after_border_raid.html?siteSect=143&sid=11454037&ty=ti</ref>
|casualties2=Unknown
}}

'''Operation ''Scorched Earth''''' is the code-name of an ongoing military offensive in the [[Sa'dah Governorate]] in northern [[Yemen]] that began in August 2009. In November 2009 fighting spread to neighboring [[Saudi Arabia]] as well.

== Background ==
Skirmishes and the clashes between the two sides during 2009 began in June. Nine foreigners were abducted in June while apparently on a picnic in Saada Province. The bodies of three of them, a South Korean teacher and two German nurses were discovered. Five Germans, including three children, and a Briton are still missing and their status is unknown. It is still unclear who is behind the kidnapping. Initial official statements said the group was apparently seized by Houthi rebels. However, Yemen's news agency later reported Houthi rebels accused drug cartels of abducting the group and killing the three. In addition, a spokesman for the rebels accused regional tribes of being behind the kidnappings and slayings.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/08/13/yemen.truce/index.html</ref>

A government committee criticised the fighters for not abiding by an agreement to end hostilities announced by the Yemeni president in July 2008. During July and early August 2009, local officials said the fighters have taken control of more of Saada province from government forces. They seized an important army post near Saada's provincial capital on a strategic highway linking the capital Sana with Saudi Arabia after 12 hours of intense combat.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/08/200981262048170260.html</ref>

== The operation ==

=== August–October 2009 ===

Yemeni troops, backed by tanks and fighter aircraft, launched a major offensive, code-named Operation Scorched Earth,<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/10/2009102103834822778.html</ref> on the stronghold of the rebels in northern Yemen on [[August 11]], [[2009]], after the government promised an "iron fist" against the rebels. Government forces fired missiles on the headquarters of Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the rebel leader. The army also launched air, artillery and missile attacks on the Malaheedh, Mahadher, Khafji and Hasama districts.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/08/200981262048170260.html</ref> On August 13, Yemen's government laid out ceasefire terms to the rebels. The government's demands include removing check points, ending banditry and destructive acts, handing over all military equipment and weapons and offering information on the fate of six kidnapped Europeans who disappeared in June.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/08/13/yemen.truce/index.html</ref> The rebels rejected those terms and fighting continued. Airstrikes and artillery fire were used by the military in battles on August 16, with 17 Houthi fighters and six government troops killed.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/08/200981520850450543.html</ref>

On September 5, Yemen suspended its military campaign to allow humanitarian aid to reach the war-affected areas.<ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/05/content_11998711.htm</ref>

On September 17, more than 80 people were killed in an air raid on a camp for displaced people in northern [[Yemen]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8260414.stm</ref>

On September 19, the government allowed a ceasefire to be enacted, for the Islamic holiday [[Eid ul-fitr]]<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C0qWknPCHo</ref>

On September 20, the rebels massed and [[Battle of Saada|attacked the city of Saada]] before being repulsed by heavy opposition. Nearly 70 vehicles<ref name=Saba>{{cite news |title=Many rebels killed in 'repelled attack' |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news194060.htm |publisher=''Yemen News Agency'' |date=2009-09-20 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> and hundreds of fighters assaulted checkpoints in the city while attempting to storm the palace. The fighters attacked three checkpoints in a pre-dawn strike, but were met by fierce opposition from government troops.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert F. |last=Worth |title=Yemen’s North Hit by Bloodiest Fighting in Years |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/world/middleeast/21yemen.html |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=2009-09-20 |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> The attack was repelled once air support was called in. 153 rebels were reported as killed with an additional 70 being taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite news |title=State-run media: Yemeni military kills 150 rebels |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/09/20/yemen.violence/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2009-09-20 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> In contrast the government forces took comparatively light casualties with only two killed and 20 wounded.<ref name=Saba/>

The official Yemen News Agency reported more heavy fighting in Sa'dah on October 9, describing a Houthi suicide attack that managed some penetrations before government forces gained the upper hand, killing 100 and wounding more than 280.<ref>{{cite news |title=
Over 100 killed, 280 injured as army repels suicide rebel attack |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news195394.htm |publisher=Yemen News Agency |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref> Dozens more casualties were reported in fighting over the following days.<ref>{{cite news |title=28 Houthi rebels killed, others injured |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news195583.htm |publisher=Yemen News Agency |date=2009-10-11 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Insurgency faces more losses as 59 more killed |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news195603.htm |publisher=Yemen News Agency |date=2009-10-12 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

=== October jet shootdowns ===

On October 2, the Houthis announced that they had succeeded in shooting down a [[Yemen Air Force]] [[MiG-21]] fighter jet in the [[al-Sha'af district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Houthis 'down' Yemeni warplane in Saada |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=107644&sectionid=351020206 |publisher=Press TV |date=2009-10-02 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> A senior Yemeni military official has denied the claim and said the plane ran into a mountain peak because of a technical fault. Contradicting state media, another Yemeni military commander told the AFP news agency that the aircraft had been "flying at low attitude" when it was hit.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/10/2009102103834822778.html</ref> Just three days later, a Yemeni [[Sukhoi]] jet crashed northeast of Sa'dah in the Alanad district following a mission against Houthi forces; the rebels stated that they had shot it down while the government attributed the crash to technical problems on this occasion too.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Yemen, Houthis 'shoot down' army jet |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=107906&sectionid=351020206 |publisher=Press TV |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Second warplane crashes down in northern Sa’ada |url=http://www.newsyemen.net/en/view_news.asp?sub_no=3_2009_10_05_7913 |publisher=News Yemen |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=
Second aircraft crash as operations continue in north |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news195046.htm |publisher=Yemen News Agency |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref> Further reports by Yemeni sources claim that agents of [[Hezbollah]] armed with shoulder-fired missiles were indeed responsible for the downings of these planes. <ref>http://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1391</ref>

=== Fighting spreads ===
Since the beginning of the operation, the Houthis have accused [[Saudi Arabia]] of supporting the Yemeni government and even conducting bombing raids in Yemen.<ref>http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld.php?id=436295</ref> Yemen has in turn accused Iran of supporting the rebels.<ref>http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/963/re4.htm</ref>

The conflict took on an international dimension late on October 2009. Clashes were reported between the Houthis and Saudi security forces near the border.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8341875.stm</ref> Also, Yemeni officials captured a boat in the Red Sea that was transporting anti-tank shells and, according to some reports, five Iranian "instructors" sent to help the Houthis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yemenis intercept 'Iranian ship' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8327892.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-10-27 |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> Various official Iranian sources responded, calling it a politically motivated fabrication and stating that the ship was traveling for business activities carrying no consignment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran says documents prove Yemen ship had no arms |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=109878&sectionid=351020101 |publisher=Press TV |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> In early November the rebels stated that Saudi Arabia was permitting Yemeni army units to launch attacks from across the border at a base in Jabal al-Dukhan, charges which were denied by the Yemeni government.<ref>{{cite news |title= Yemen rebels accuse Saudi |url=http://www.france24.com/en/node/4915529 |publisher=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2009-11-02 |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref>

The conflict spilled into neighbouring Saudi Arabia for the first time since erupting in 2004 on November 4 when rebels shot dead a Saudi security officer in a cross-border attack. The rebels took control of a mountainous section inside Saudi Arabia, in the border region of [[Jabal al-Dukhan]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8341875.stm</ref> The kingdom’s news agency said that rebels had entered Saudi territory and attacked patrols, and that a second soldier later died from the same clash.<ref>http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Saudi_air_force_hits_Yemen_rebels_after_border_raid.html?siteSect=143&sid=11454037&ty=ti</ref><ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article6903635.ece</ref> On November 5, Saudi Arabia responded by launching heavy air strikes on rebels in northern Yemen and moved troops nearer the border. Saudi government officials said only that the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] had bombed Yemeni rebels who had seized a border area inside the kingdom, which they said had now been recaptured. The officials said at least 40 rebels had been killed in the fighting. The Saudi government adviser said no decision had yet been taken to send troops across the border, but made clear Riyadh was no longer prepared to tolerate the Yemeni rebels.<ref>http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Saudi_air_force_hits_Yemen_rebels_after_border_raid.html?siteSect=143&sid=11454037&ty=ti</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 2009]]
[[Category:History of Yemen]]

Westjiddische Dialekte

2009-10-29T18:01:20Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Infobox Language
|name=Yiddish
|nativename={{lang|yi|ייִדיש}} ''yidish''
|pronunciation=/ˈjIdIʃ/
|states=[[United States]], [[Israel]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Hungary]], [[Moldova]], [[Lithuania]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[France]] and elsewhere.
|speakers=3 million<ref name=Ethnologue>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ydd Yiddish, Eastern], on [[Ethnologue]]. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref>
|rank=141
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4=[[High German languages|High German]]
|script=uses a [[Yiddish orthography|Hebrew-based alphabet]]
|nation=Official minority language in: {{flag|Sweden}} Recognized as a minority language in {{flag|Moldova}} and parts of:{{flag|Russia}} ([[File:Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg|20px]] [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]])
|agency=no formal bodies; [[YIVO]] de facto
|iso1=yi|iso2=yid
|lc1=yid|ld1=Yiddish (generic)|ll1=none
|lc2=ydd|ld2=Eastern Yiddish|ll2=none
|lc3=yih|ld3=Western Yiddish|ll3=none
}}

'''Yiddish''' ({{lang|yi|[[wikt:ייִדיש|ייִדיש]]}} ''yidish'' or {{lang|yi|[[wikt:אידיש|אידיש]]}} ''idish'', literally "Jewish") is a non-territorial [[High German languages|High German language]] of Jewish origin, spoken by members of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. Yiddish is conventionally written in the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and is culturally considered a [[Jewish languages|Jewish language]].

The language originated in the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi culture]] that developed from about the 10th century in the [[Rhineland]] and then spread to [[Central Europe|central]] and [[Eastern Europe|eastern]] [[Europe]] and eventually to other continents. In the earliest surviving references to it, the language is called {{lang|yi|לשון־אַשכּנז}} (''loshn-ashkenaz'' = "language of Ashkenaz") and {{lang|yi|טײַטש}} (''taytsh'', a variant of ''tiutsch'', the contemporary name for the language otherwise spoken in the region of origin, now called [[Middle High German]]; compare the modern [[New High German]] ''Deutsch''). In common usage, the language is called {{lang|yi|מאַמע־לשון}} (''mame-loshn'', literally "mother tongue"), distinguishing it from biblical [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], which are collectively termed {{lang|yi|לשון־קודש}} (''loshn-koydesh'', "holy tongue"). The term "Yiddish" did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature of the language until the 18th century.

For a significant portion of its history, Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews and once spanned a broad [[dialect continuum]] from [[Western Yiddish]] to three major groups within [[Eastern Yiddish]]. Eastern and Western Yiddish are most markedly distinguished by the extensive inclusion of words of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin in the Eastern [[dialects]]. While [[Western Yiddish]] has few remaining speakers, Eastern dialects remain in wide use.

Yiddish is written and spoken in [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] communities around the world. It is a home language in most [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] communities, where it is the first language learned in childhood, used in schools, and in many social settings.

The general history and status of Yiddish are discussed below, with further detail provided in separate articles on:

* [[Yiddish dialects]]—as spoken in different regions of Europe
* [[Yiddish morphology]]—the structural detail of the language
* [[Yiddish orthography]]—the written representation of the language
* [[Yiddish phonology]]—the elements of the spoken language

Yiddish is also used in the adjectival sense to designate attributes of Ashkenazic culture (for example, [[Jewish cooking|Yiddish cooking]] and [[Klezmer|Yiddish music]]).<ref>[[Oscar Levant]] dcescribed [[Cole Porter]]'s '[[My Heart Belongs to Daddy]]" as "one of the most [[Yiddish]] tunes ever written" despite the fact that "Cole Porter's genetic background was completely alien to any Jewishness." Oscar Levant,''[[The Unimportance of Being Oscar]]'', Pocket Books 1969 (reprint of G.P. Putnam 1968), p. 32. ISBN 0-671-77104-3.</ref>

==History==
The Ashkenazi culture that took root in tenth-century [[central Europe]] derived its name from ''[[Ashkenaz]]'' ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 10:3), the medieval [[Hebrew name]] for the territory centered on what is now [[Germany]]. Its geographic extent did not coincide with the German [[Christian]] principalities; Ashkenaz included northern [[France]]. It also bordered on the area inhabited by the [[Sephardim]], or [[Spain|Spanish]] Jews, which ranged into southern France. Ashkenazi culture later spread into [[Eastern Europe]].

The first language of European Jews may have been [[Aramaic]] ([[#katz2004|Katz, 2004]]), the vernacular of the Jews in Roman-era [[Palestine]] and ancient and early medieval [[Mesopotamia]]. The widespread use of Aramaic among the large non-Jewish Syrian trading population of the Roman provinces, including those in Europe, would have reinforced the use of Aramaic among Jews engaged in trade. In Roman times, many of the Jews living in Rome and southern Italy appear to have been Greek-speakers, and this is reflected in some Ashkenazi personal names (e.g., ''Kalonymus''). Much work needs to be done, though, to fully analyze the contributions of those languages to Yiddish.

Nothing is known about the [[vernacular]] of the earliest Jews in Germany, but several theories have been put forward. It is generally accepted that it was likely to have contained elements from other languages of the Near East and Europe, absorbed through dispersion. Since many settlers came via France and Italy, it is also likely that the Romance-based Jewish languages of those regions were represented. Traces remain in the contemporary Yiddish vocabulary: for example, {{lang|yi|בענטשן}} (''bentshn'', to bless), from the Latin ''{{lang|la|benedicere}}''; and the personal name Anshl, cognate to Angel or Angelo.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Western Yiddish includes additional words of Latin derivation (but still very few): for example, ''orn'' (to pray), cf. Latin "orare."

Members of the young Ashkenazi community would have encountered the myriad dialects from which standard [[German language|German]] was destined to emerge many centuries later. They would soon have been speaking their own versions of these German dialects, mixed with linguistic elements that they themselves brought into the region. These dialects would have adapted to the needs of the burgeoning Ashkenazi culture and may, as characterizes many such developments, have included the deliberate cultivation of linguistic differences to assert [[cultural autonomy]]. The Ashkenazi community also had its own geography, with a pattern of relationships among settlements that was somewhat independent of its non-Jewish neighbors. This led to the consolidation of Yiddish dialects, the borders of which did not coincide with the borders of German dialects.

Apart from the obvious use of Hebrew words for specifically Jewish artifacts, it is very difficult to determine the extent to which the Yiddish spoken in any earlier period differed from the contemporary German. There is a rough consensus that by the 15th century Yiddish would have sounded distinctive to the average German ear, even when restricted to the Germanic component of its vocabulary.

===Written evidence===
The oldest surviving literary document in Yiddish is a blessing in the [[Worms Mahzor]],<ref>[http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/worms/] Manuscript of the Worms Mahzor on website of the Jewish National University Library in Jerusalem</ref> a Hebrew prayer book from 1272 (described extensively in [[#frakes2004|Frakes, 2004]] and [[#baumgarten2005|Baumgarten/Frakes, 2005]]):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Yiddish
| {{lang|yi|גוּט טַק אִים בְּטַגְֿא שְ וַיר דִּיש מַחֲזֹור אִין בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ טְרַגְֿא}}
|-
| Transliterated
| ''gut tak im betage se vaer dis makhazor in beis hakneses trage''
|-
| Translated
| May a good day come to him who carries this prayer book into the synagogue.
|}

This brief rhyme is decoratively embedded in a purely Hebrew text, a reproduction of which is in [[#katz2004|Katz, 2004]]. Nonetheless, it indicates that the Yiddish of that day was a more or less regular Middle High German into which Hebrew words{{ndash}} [[Mahzor|''makhazor'']] (prayer book for the [[High Holidays|High Holy Days]]) and ''beis hakneses'' ([[synagogue]]){{ndash}} had been included. The [[Niqqud|pointing]] appears as though it might have been added by a second scribe, in which case it may need to be dated separately and may not be indicative of the pronunciation of the rhyme at the time of its initial annotation.

Over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, songs and poems in Yiddish, and also [[macaronic]] pieces in Hebrew and German, began to appear. These were collected in the late 15th century by Menahem ben Naphtali Oldendorf. During the same period, a tradition seems to have emerged of the Jewish community's adapting its own versions of German secular literature. The earliest Yiddish epic poem of this sort is the ''[[Dukus Horant]]'', which survives in the famous Cambridge Codex T.-S.10.K.22. This 14th-century manuscript was discovered in the [[Cairo Geniza|geniza of a Cairo synagogue]] in 1896, and also contains a collection of narrative poems on themes from the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Haggadah]].

===Printing===
The advent of the [[printing press]] resulted in an increase in the amount of material produced and surviving from the 16th century and onwards. One particularly popular work was [[Elia Levita|Elia Levita's]] ''[[Bovo-Bukh]]'', composed around 1507–08 and printed in at least forty editions, beginning in 1541. Levita, the earliest named Yiddish author, may also have written ''Pariz un Viene'' (Paris and Vienna). Another Yiddish retelling of a chivalric romance, ''Vidvilt'' (often referred to as "Widuwilt" by Germanizing scholars), presumably also dates from the 15th century, although the manuscripts are from the 16th. It is also known as ''Kinig Artus Hof'', an adaptation of the Middle High German romance ''Wigalois'' by Wirnt von Gravenberg. Another significant writer is Avroham ben Schemuel Pikartei, who published a paraphrase on the [[Book of Job]] in 1557.

Women in the Ashkenazi community were traditionally not literate in Hebrew, but did read and write Yiddish. A body of literature therefore developed for which women were a primary audience. This included secular works, such as the ''Bovo-Bukh'', and religious writing specifically for women, such as the ''[[Tseno Ureno]]'' and the ''[[Tkhine]]s''. One of the best-known early woman authors was [[Glückel of Hameln]], whose memoirs are still in print.
[[File:Page from Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary by Elijah Levita.jpg|thumb|250px|A page from the [http://cf.uba.uva.nl/nl/publicaties/treasures/page/p08.html ''Shemot Devarim''], a Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary and thesaurus, published by Elia Levita in 1542]]

The segmentation of the Yiddish readership, between women who read ''mame-loshn'' but not ''loshn-koydesh'', and men who read both, was significant enough that distinctive [[typeface]]s were used for each. The name commonly given to the semicursive form used exclusively for Yiddish was {{lang|yi|ווײַבערטײַטש}} (''vaybertaytsh'' = "women's ''taytsh''," shown in the heading and fourth column in the adjacent illustration), with square Hebrew letters (shown in the third column) being reserved for text in that language and Aramaic. This distinction was retained in general typographic practice through to the early 19th century, with Yiddish books being set in ''vaybertaytsh'' (also termed {{lang|yi|מעשייט}} ''mesheyt'' or {{lang|yi|מאַשקעט}} ''mashket'' — the construction is uncertain).<ref>Max Weinreich, געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך (New York: YIVO, 1973), vol. 1, p. 280, with explanation of symbol on p. xiv.</ref>

An additional distinctive semicursive typeface was, and still is, used for rabbinical commentary on religious texts when Hebrew and Yiddish appear on the same page. This is commonly termed [[Rashi script]], from the name of the most renowned early author, whose commentary is usually printed using this script. (Rashi is also the typeface normally used when the Sefardi counterpart to Yiddish, [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], is printed in Hebrew script.)

==Secularization==
The Western Yiddish dialect began to decline in the 18th century, as [[The Enlightenment]] and the ''[[Haskalah]]'' led to the German view that Yiddish was a corrupt dialect. Owing to both assimilation to German and the incipient creation of [[Hebrew language#Modern Hebrew|Modern Hebrew]], Western Yiddish only survived as a language of "intimate family circles or of closely knit trade groups" ([[#liptzin1972|Liptzin 1972]]). Farther east, the response to this force took the opposite direction, with Yiddish becoming the cohesive force in a [[secular]] culture.

The late 19th and early 20th century are widely considered the Golden Age of secular Yiddish literature. This coincides with the development of Modern Hebrew as a spoken and literary language, from which some words were also absorbed into Yiddish. The three authors generally regarded as the founders of the modern Yiddish literary genre were born in the 19th century, but their work and significance continued to grow into the 20th. The first was Sholem Yankev Abramovitch, writing as [[Mendele Mocher Sforim]]. The second was Sholem Rabinovitsh, widely known as [[Sholem Aleichem]], whose stories about {{lang|yi|טבֿיה דער מילכיקער}} (''tevye der milkhiker'' = [[Tevye|Tevye the Dairyman]]) inspired the Broadway musical and film [[Fiddler on the Roof]]. The third was [[I.L. Peretz|Isaac Leib Peretz]].

==The 20th century==
In the early 20th century, Yiddish was emerging as a major Eastern European language. Its rich literature was more widely published than ever, [[Yiddish theater]] and [[National Center for Jewish Film|Yiddish film]] were booming, and it even achieved status as one of the official languages of the [[Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belorussian]] and the short-lived [[Galician Soviet Socialist Republic|Galician SSR]]. Educational autonomy for Jews in several countries (notably [[Poland]]) after [[World War I]] led to an increase in formal Yiddish-language education, more uniform orthography, and to the 1925 founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute, [[YIVO]]. Yiddish emerged as the national language of a large Jewish community in Eastern Europe that rejected [[Zionism]] and sought Jewish cultural autonomy in Europe. It also contended with Modern Hebrew as a literary language among Zionists.

On the eve of [[World War II]], there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers ([[#jacobs2005|Jacobs 2005]]). [[The Holocaust]], however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life were largely destroyed. Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war (including nearly all Yiddish speakers in the Americas), further assimilation in countries such as the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]], along with the strictly monolingual stance of the [[Zionist]] movement, led to a decline in the use of Eastern Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Orthodox (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. Although used in various countries, Yiddish has attained official recognition as a minority language only in [[Moldova]], [[The Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]].

Reports of the number of current Yiddish speakers vary significantly. [[Ethnologue]] estimates that in 2005 there were three million speakers of Eastern Yiddish,<ref name=Ethnologue/> of which over one-third lived in the United States. In contrast, the [[Modern Language Association]] reports fewer than 200,000 in the United States.<ref> [http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results Most spoken languages in the United States], Modern Language Association. Retrieved 17 October2006.</ref> Western Yiddish, which had "several tens of thousands of speakers" on the eve of the Holocaust, is reported by Ethnologue to have had an "ethnic population" of slightly below 50,000 in 2000.<ref name=Ethnologue-western>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yih Yiddish, Western], on Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> Intermediate estimates are also given, for example, of a worldwide Yiddish-speaking population of about two million in 1996 in a report by the [[Council of Europe]].<ref>Emanuelis Zingeris, [http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc96/EDOC7489.htm Yiddish culture], Council of Europe Committee on Culture and Education Doc. 7489, 12 February 1996. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> Further [[demographics|demographic]] information about the recent status of what is treated as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum is provided in the YIVO ''Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry'' ([[Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry|LCAAJ]]). Numbers of native speakers from the latest available national censuses and other estimates are as follows:
* Israel: 215,000, or 3% of the total Jewish population, as estimated by Ethnologue (1986)
* USA: 178,945, or 2.8% of the total Jewish population (2000)
* Russia: 29,998, or 13% of the total Jewish population (2002)
* Moldova: 17,000, or 26% of the total Jewish population (1989)
* Ukraine: 3,213, or 3.1% of the total Jewish population (2001)
* Belarus: 1,979, or 7.1% of the total Jewish population (1999)
* Canada: 19,295, or 5.5% of the total Jewish population (2001)
* Romania: 951, or 16.4% of the total Jewish population
* Latvia: 825, or 7.9% of the total Jewish population
* Lithuania: 570, or 14.2% of the total Jewish population
* Estonia: 124, or 5.8% of the total Jewish population

There has been frequent debate about the extent of the linguistic independence of Yiddish from the languages that it absorbed. Some commentary dismisses Yiddish as mere [[jargon]], although in Yiddish that term is also used as a colloquial designation for the language without any pejorative connotation. There has been periodic assertion that Yiddish is a dialect of German and, even when recognized as an autonomous language, it has sometimes been referred to as Judeo-German, along the lines of other Jewish languages like [[Judeo-Persian]] or [[Judeo-French]]. A widely-cited summary of attitudes in the 1930s was published by [[Max Weinreich]], quoting a remark by an auditor of one of his lectures: {{lang|yi|אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמיי און פֿלאָט}} (''a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot'' — "A language is a dialect with an army and navy", facsimile excerpt at,<ref>http://www.bisso.com/ujg_archives/pix/armyNavyFull.jpg</ref> discussed in detail in a [[Language is a dialect with an army and navy|separate article]]). More recently, Prof. Paul Wexler, of Tel Aviv University in [[Israel]], has proposed that Eastern Yiddish should be classified as a Slavic language, formed by the [[relexification]] of Judeo-Slavic dialects by Judeo-German.

Yiddish changed significantly during the 20th century. [[Michael Wex]] writes, "As increasing numbers of Yiddish speakers moved from the Slavic-speaking East to Western Europe and the Americas in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they were so quick to jettison Slavic vocabulary that the most prominent Yiddish writers of the time {{ndash}} the founders of modern Yiddish literature, who were still living in Slavic-speaking countries {{ndash}} revised the printed editions of their oeuvres to eliminate obsolete and 'unnecessary' Slavisms."<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Born to Kvetch]]: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods |last=Wex |first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Wex |date=2005 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=29 }}</ref> The vocabulary used in Israel absorbed many Modern Hebrew words, and there was a similar increase in the English component of Yiddish in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. This has resulted in some difficulty in communication between Yiddish speakers from Israel and those from other countries.

===Israel===
The national language of Israel is Hebrew, Arabic being an official language too. The rejection of Yiddish as an alternative reflected the conflict between religious and secular forces. Many in the larger, secular group wanted a new national language to foster a cohesive identity, while traditionally religious Jews desired that Hebrew be respected as a holy language reserved for prayer and religious study. In the early twentieth century, Zionist immigrants in [[Palestine]] tried to eradicate the use of Yiddish among their own population, and make its use socially unacceptable.

This conflict also reflected the opposing views among secular Jews worldwide, one side seeing Hebrew (and Zionism) and the other Yiddish (and [[internationalism (politics)|Internationalism]]) as the means of defining emerging Jewish nationalism. In the 1920s and 1930s, ''gdud meginéy hasafá'', "the language defendants regiment", whose motto was ''ivrí, dabér ivrít'' "Hebrew [i.e. Jew], speak Hebrew!", used to tear down signs written in "foreign" languages and disturb Yiddish theatre gatherings.<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns]. In ''Journal of Language Contact'', Varia 2: 40-67, p. 48.</ref> However, according to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the members of this group in particular, and the Hebrew revival in general, did not succeed in uprooting Yiddish patterns within what he calls "Israeli", i.e. [[Modern Hebrew]]. Zuckermann believes that "Israeli does include numerous Hebrew elements resulting from a conscious revival but also numerous pervasive linguistic features deriving from a subconscious survival of the revivalists’ mother tongues, e.g. Yiddish.".<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns]. In ''Journal of Language Contact'', Varia 2: 40-67, p. 46.</ref>

In religious circles, it is the Ashkenazi [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]], particularly the Hasidic Jews and the [[mitnagdim]] of the Lithuanian [[yeshiva]] world, who continue to teach, speak and use Yiddish, making it a language used regularly by hundreds of thousands of Haredi Jews today. The largest of these centers are in [[Bnei Brak]] and [[Jerusalem]]. However, these Yiddish speakers also speak Modern Hebrew.

There is a growing revival of interest in Yiddish culture among secular Israelis, with [[Yiddish theater]] now flourishing (usually with simultaneous translation to Hebrew and Russian) and young people are taking university courses in Yiddish, some achieving considerable fluency.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/09/yiddish_studies.html Yiddish Studies Thrives at Columbia After More than Fifty Years] - Columbia News.</ref>

===Former Soviet Union===
In the Soviet Union during the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish [[proletariat]]. It was one of the official languages of the [[Byelorussian SSR]], as well as several agricultural districts of the [[Galician SSR]]. A public educational system entirely based on the Yiddish language was established and comprised kindergartens, schools, and higher educational institutions (technical schools, [[rabfak]]s and other university departments). At the same time, Hebrew was considered a [[bourgeois]] language and its use was generally discouraged. The vast majority of the Yiddish-language cultural institutions were closed in the late 1930s along with cultural institutions of other ethnic minorities lacking administrative entities of their own. After the Second World War, growing [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] tendencies in Soviet politics drove Yiddish from most spheres. The last Yiddish-language schools, theaters and publications were closed by the end of the 1940s. It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus).

In the former Soviet states, presently active Yiddish authors include Yoysef Burg ([[Chernivtsi]], b. 1912) and [[Olexander Beyderman|Aleksander Beyderman]] (b. 1949, [[Odessa]]). Publication of an earlier Yiddish periodical ({{lang|yi|דער פֿרײַנד}}), was resumed in 2004 with {{lang|yi|דער נײַער פֿרײַנד}} (''der nayer fraynd''; lit. "The New Friend", [[St. Petersburg]]).

====Jewish Autonomous Oblast of Russia====
[[File:RussiaJewish2007-07.png|thumb|200px|The Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Federation]] [[File:Birobidzhan Vokzal.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Birobidzhan's train terminal square.]] 

{{Main|Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Birobidzhan|Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}}

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the [[Russian Far East]], with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper {{lang|yi|דער ביראָבידזשאנער שטערן}} ([[Birobidzhaner Shtern|''der birobidzhaner shtern'']]; lit: "The Birobidzhan Star") includes a Yiddish section. Although the official status of the language was not retained by the Russian Federation, its cultural significance is still recognized and bolstered. The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rettig |first=Haviv |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1176152810577 |title=Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan | Jewish Features | Jerusalem Post |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2007-04-17 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

====Moldova====
Yiddish is an officially recognized minority language in [[Moldova]] for the purposes of the Jewish community, along with Hebrew. In the capital city of [[Chişinău]], there is a Yiddish language radio program {{lang|yi|ייִדיש לעבן}} (''yidish lebn''; lit. "Jewish Life"), a television program {{lang|yi|אויף דער ייִדישער גאַס}} (''af der yidisher gas''; lit. "On the Jewish Street") and the newspaper {{lang|yi|אונדזער קול}} (''undzer kol''; lit. "Our Voice").<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/moldova.html Jewish Virtual History Tour], Moldova. Retrieved 3 July 2007.</ref> There are 17,000 Yiddish speakers in Moldova.

===Sweden===
[[File:Jidische.Folkschtime.jpg|thumb|Banner from the first issue of the ''Jidische Folkschtime'' (Yiddish People's Voice), published in Stockholm, 12 January 1917.]]
In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status<ref>{{sv icon}} [http://regeringen.se/download/f5c9eed7.pdf?major=1&minor=2218&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment Regeringens proposition 1998/99:143 Nationella minoriteter i Sverige], 10 June 1999. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> as one of the country's [[minority languages of Sweden|official minority languages]] (entering into effect in April 2000). The rights thereby conferred are not detailed, but additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, [http://www.sprakradet.se The Swedish National Language Council], the mandate of which instructs it to, "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages", naming them all explicitly, including Yiddish. When announcing this action, the government made an additional statement about "simultaneously commencing completely new initiatives for ... Yiddish [and the other minority languages]".

The Swedish government publishes documents in Yiddish, of which the most recent details the national action plan for human rights.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://regeringen.se/download/098c9eb4.pdf?major=1&minor=67638&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment אַ נאַציאָנאַלער האַנדלונגס־פּלאַן פאַר די מענטשלעכע רעכט] A National Action Plan for Human Rights 2006–2009. Retrieved 4 December 2006.</ref> An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/050216/24a99c86fd734f15c9f722b343cc152e/FaktaJu%5f0415ji.pdf נאַציאַנאַלע מינאָריטעטן און מינאָריטעט־שפּראַכן] National Minorities and Minority Languages. Retrieved 4 December 2006.</ref>

On 6 September 2007 , it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the national top-level domain [[.se|.SE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.119665 |title=IDG: Jiddischdomänen är här |publisher=Idg.se |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Yiddish language distribution in the United States.svg|thumb|left|300px|Yiddish distribution in the United States. {{legend|blue|More than 100,000 speakers}} {{legend|cyan|More than 10,000 speakers}}
{{legend|red|More than 5,000 speakers}}
{{legend|yellow|More than 1,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Fewer than 1,000 speakers}}]]
In the [[United States]], the Yiddish language bonded Jews from many countries. {{lang|yi|פֿאָרווערטס}} (''forverts'' - [[The Forward|Yiddish Forward]]) was one of seven Yiddish daily newspapers in [[New York City]], and other Yiddish newspapers served as a forum for Jews of all European backgrounds. The ''Yiddish Forward'' still appears weekly and is available in an online edition.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://yiddish.forward.com/ פֿאָרווערטס]: ''[[The Forward]]'' online.</ref> It remains in wide distribution, together with {{lang|yi|דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל}} (''der algemeyner zhurnal'' - [[Algemeiner Journal]]; ''algemeyner'' = general) which is also published weekly and appears online.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://www.algemeiner.com/generic.asp?cat=4 דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל]: ''Algemeiner Journal'' online</ref> The widest-circulation Yiddish newspapers are probably the two prominent [[Satmar]] weekly issues {{lang|yi|[[Der Blatt|דער בּלאַט]]}} (Der Blatt; ''blat'' = newspaper) and {{lang|yi|[[Der Yid|דער איד]]}} (Der Yid). Several additional newspapers and magazines are in regular production, such as the monthly publications {{lang|yi|דער שטערן}} (Der Shtern; ''shtern'' = star) and {{lang|yi|דער בליק}} (Der Blick; ''blik'' = view). (The romanized titles cited in this paragraph are in the form given on the masthead of each publication and may be at some variance both with the literal Yiddish title and the [[Yiddish orthography#Transliteration|transliteration rules]] otherwise applied in this article.)

Interest in [[klezmer]] music provided another bonding mechanism. Thriving Yiddish theater, especially in New York City, kept the language vital. Many "Yiddishisms," like "Italianisms" and "Spanishisms," continued to enter the spoken [[New York dialect]], often used by Jews and non-Jews alike, unaware of the linguistic origin of the phrases (described extensively by [[Leo Rosten]] in ''[[The Joys of Yiddish]]''). However, native Yiddish speakers tended not to pass the language on to their children, who assimilated and spoke English.

Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of [[Ellis Island]] considered Yiddish their native language. For example, [[Isaac Asimov]] states in his autobiography, ''[[In Memory Yet Green]],'' that Yiddish was his first and sole spoken language and remained so for about two years after he emigrated to the United States as a small child. By contrast, Asimov's younger siblings, born in the United States, never developed any degree of fluency in Yiddish.

In 1976, the Canadian-born American Author [[Saul Bellow]], received the [[Nobel Prize in literature]]. He was fluent in Yiddish, and translated several Yiddish poems and stories into English, including Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool".

In 1978, the [[Poland|Polish]]-born Yiddish author [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], a resident of the United States, received the [[Nobel Prize in literature]].

Legal scholars [[Eugene Volokh]] and [[Alex Kozinski]] argue that Yiddish is “supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot.”<ref>{{cite journal |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |authorlink= |coauthors=Kozinski, Alex |year=1993 |month= |title=Lawsuit, Shmawsuit |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=463–467 |doi=10.2307/797101 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Note: an updated version of the article appears on Professor Volokh's UCLA web page at.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/yiddish.htm |title=Judge Alex Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, “Lawsuit, Shmawsuit” <*> |publisher=Law.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

====Present speaker population====
In the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home. Of these speakers, 113,515 lived in [[New York]] (63.43% of American Yiddish speakers); 18,220 in [[Florida]] (10.18%); 9,145 in [[New Jersey]] (5.11%); and 8,950 in [[California]] (5.00%). The remaining states with speaker populations larger than 1,000 are [[Pennsylvania]] (5,445), [[Ohio]] (1,925), [[Michigan]] (1,945), [[Massachusetts]] (2,380), [[Maryland]] (2,125), [[Illinois]] (3,510), [[Connecticut]] (1,710), and [[Arizona]] (1,055). The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower.<ref>[http://www.mla.org/map_data_states&lang_id=609&mode=lang_tops&a=&ea=&order=r Language by State: Yiddish], [[Modern Language Association|MLA]] Language Map Data Center, based on U.S. Census data. Retrieved 25 December 2006.</ref>
In the six years since the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], the 2006 [[American Community Survey]] reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S. to 152,515.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-_geoSkip=0&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_C16001&-redoLog=false&-_skip=0&-geo_id=01000US&-_showChild=Y&-format=&-_lang=en&-_toggle=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_C16001 |title=Detailed Tables - American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

There are a few predominantly [[Hasidic]] communities in the United States in which Yiddish remains the majority language. [[Kiryas Joel, New York]] is one such; in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home. <ref>http://www.mla.org/census_data_results&state_id=36&place_id=39853</ref>

===United Kingdom===
There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language. The largest group of Yiddish speakers in Britain reside in the [[Stamford Hill]] district of North London, but there are sizeable communities in [[Golders Green]], [[Manchester]] and [[Gateshead]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article1038349.ece Times on Yiddish in the UK]{{dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>
The Yiddish readership in the UK is mainly reliant upon imported material from the [[United States]] and [[Israel]] for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. However, the London-based weekly ''[[The Jewish Tribune (UK)|Jewish Tribune]]'', has a small section in Yiddish called {{lang|yi|אידישע טריבונע}} ''Idishe Tribune''.

====Scots-Yiddish====

[[Scots-Yiddish]] is the name given to a hybrid vernacular between [[Lowland Scots]] and Yiddish which had a brief currency in the Lowlands of Scotland in the first half of the 20th century. The Scottish literary historian David Daiches describes it in his autobiographical account of his Edinburgh Jewish childhood, Two Worlds:

"Recently I received a letter from the son of the man who was stationmaster at one of the small railway stations where the earliest trebblers (Yiddish pronunciation of travellers, i.e. Jewish travelling salesmen) would alight; he told me how, at the very beginning of this century, these Jewish immigrants, not yet knowing any English, would converse with his father, they talking in Yiddish and he in broad Scots, with perfectly adequate mutual intelligibility. Scots-Yiddish as a working language must have been developing rapidly in the years immediately preceding the first World War. It must have been one of the most short-lived languages in the world. I should guess that 1912 to 1914 was the period of its flourishing. The younger generation, who grew up in the 1920s and 1930s, of course did not speak it, though they knew yiddish; and while there is an occasional old man in Edinburgh who speaks it today, one has to seek it out in order to find it, and in another decade it will be gone for ever. ‘Aye man, ich hob’ getrebbelt mit de five o’clock train,’ one trebbler would say to another. ‘Vot time’s yer barmitzvie, laddie?’ I was once asked. ‘Ye’ll hae a drap o’ bamfen (whisky). It’s Dzon Beck. Ye ken: “Nem a schmeck fun Dzon Beck.”’ (‘Take a peg of John Begg’, the advertising slogan of John Begg whisky.)<ref>David Daiches, ''Two Worlds'', 1956, Cannnongate edition 1987, ISBN 0-86241-148-3, p. 119f.</ref>

Daiches explores the social stratification of Edinburgh Jewish society in the interwar period, noting what is effectively a class divide between two parts of the community, on the one hand a highly educated and well-integrated group who sought a synthesis of Orthodox Rabbinical and Modern Secular thinking, on the other a Yiddish-speaking group most comfortable maintaining the lifestyle of the Eastern European ghetto. The Yiddish population grew up in Scotland in the 19th century, but by the late 20th century had mostly switched to using English. The creolization of Yiddish with Scots was therefore a phenomenon of the middle part of this period.

The [[Glaswegian]] Jewish poet A. C. Jacobs also refers to his language as Scots-Yiddish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.project.star.ac.uk/darkhorse/archive/RelichOnA_C_Jacobs.pdf|title=The strange case of AC Jacobs|last=Relich|first=Mark|date=Spring 1998|work=The Dark Horse|accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>

===Religious communities===
[[File:Brooklyn Posters 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px| A typical poster-hung wall in Jewish [[Brooklyn]], New York.]]

The major exception to the decline of spoken Yiddish can be found in [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] communities all over the world. In some of the more closely-knit such communities Yiddish is spoken as a home and schooling language, especially in Hasidic, [[Litvish]] or [[Yeshivish Jews|Yeshivish]] communities such as [[Brooklyn]]'s [[Borough Park]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]] and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], and in [[Monsey, New York|Monsey]], Kiryas Joel, and [[New Square, New York|New Square]]. (Over 88% of the population of Kiryas Joel is reported to speak Yiddish at home.<ref>[http://www.mla.org/census_data_results&state_id=36&place_id=39853 MLA Data Center Results: Kiryas Joel, New York], Modern Language Association. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref>) Also in [[New Jersey]] Yiddish is widely spoken mostly in [[Lakewood, NJ|Lakewood]] but also in smaller [[Yeshivish Jews|Yeshivishe]] towns with [[yeshivos]] such as [[Passaic, NJ|Passaic]], [[Teaneck, NJ|Teaneck]] and elsewhere. Yiddish is also widely spoken in the [[Jewish Community of Antwerp|Antwerp Jewish community]] and in Haredi communities such as the ones in [[London]], [[Manchester]] and [[Montreal]]. Among most Ashkenazi Haredim, Hebrew is generally reserved for prayer, while Yiddish is used for religious studies as well as a home and business language. In Israel, however, Haredim commonly speak Hebrew, with the notable exception of many Hasidic communities. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Haredim who use Modern Hebrew also understand Yiddish. Many send their children to schools in which the primary language of instruction is Yiddish. Members of movements such as [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar]] Hasidism, who view the commonplace use of Hebrew as a form of Zionism, use Yiddish almost exclusively.

Hundreds of thousands of young children around the globe have been, and are still, taught to translate the texts of the [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], and [[Deuteronomy]] into the Yiddish language. This process is called {{lang|yi|טײַטשן}} (''taytshn''){{ndash}} "translating" . Most Ashkenazi [[yeshiva]]s' highest level lectures in Talmud and [[Halakha]] are delivered in Yiddish by the [[rosh yeshiva]]s as well as ethical talks of [[mussar movement|mussar]]. Hasidic [[rebbe]]s generally use only Yiddish to converse with their followers and to deliver their various Torah talks, classes, and lectures. The linguistic style and vocabulary of Yiddish have influenced the manner in which many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]] who attend yeshivas speak English. This usage is distinctive enough that it has been dubbed "[[Yeshivish]]".

While Hebrew remains the language of [[Jewish prayer]], the Hasidim have mixed some Yiddish into their Hebrew, and are also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish. For example, the tales about the [[Baal Shem Tov]] were written largely in Yiddish. As well as the Torah Talks of the late [[Lubavitch]] leaders are published in their original form, Yiddish. In addition, some prayers, such as the [[God of Abraham|Got fun Avrohom]], were composed and are recited in Yiddish.

Moreover, many Hasidic girls in the Diaspora are not taught Hebrew at all, and therefore do not understand either ancient or modern Hebrew. Even those who are taught parts of the [[Bible]] will still use prayer books with Yiddish translation and commentaries, as their comprehension of Hebrew is deficient.

=== Modern Yiddish education===
[[File:Yiddishsign.JPG|thumb|A road sign in Yiddish (except for the word "sidewalk") at an official construction site in the [[Monsey]] hamlet, a community with thousands of Yiddish speakers, in the [[Ramapo, New York|Town of Ramapo]], [[New York]].]]
There has been a resurgence in Yiddish learning in recent times among many from around the world with Jewish ancestry. The language which had lost many of its native speakers during WWII has been making somewhat of a comeback.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/9529/edition_id/182/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Yiddish making a comeback, as theater group shows | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |publisher=Jewishsf.com |date=1998-09-18 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> In Poland, which traditionally had Yiddish speaking communities, a particular museum has begun to revive Yiddish education and culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/30/poland.jewish.revival/index.html |title=Poland's Jews alive and kicking |publisher=CNN.com |date=2008-10-06 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> Located in Krakow,the Galicia Jewish Museum offers classes in Yiddish Language Instruction and workshops on Yiddish Songs. The museum has taken steps to revive the culture through concerts and events held on site.<ref>[http://www.galiciajewishmuseum.org/en/index9.html ]{{dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>
There are various Universities worldwide which now offer Yiddish programs based on the [[YIVO]] Yiddish standard. Many of these programs are held during the summer and are attended by Yiddish enthusiasts from around the world. One such school located within [[Vilnius University]] (Vilnius Yiddish Institute) was the first Yiddish center of higher learning to be established in post-Holocaust Eastern Europe. Vilnius Yiddish Institute is an integral part of the four-century-old Vilnius University. Published Yiddish scholar and researcher Dovid Katz is among the Faculty.<ref>{{cite web|author=Neosymmetria (www.neosymmetria.com) |url=http://www.judaicvilnius.com/en |title=Vilnius Yiddish Institute |publisher=Judaicvilnius.com |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> Other schools which offer Yiddish programs include [[Tel Aviv University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/announce/show.cgi?ID=165354 |title=Tel Aviv Yiddish Summer Program 2009 |publisher=H-net.org |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University College London]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hebrew-jewish/courses/courses.php |title=Courses - Department of Hebrew & Jewish Studies - University College London |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[YIVO]], [[New York University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yivo.as.nyu.edu/page/home |title=Uriel Weinreich Program in Yiddsh Language, Literature, and Culture > Home |publisher=Yivo.as.nyu.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Hampshire College]] campus at Amherst<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yiddishsummer.org/internship-information.html |title=Summer Yiddish Internship 2010 |publisher=Yiddish Summer.org |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> (home of the [[National Yiddish Book Center]]), [[Harvard University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~nelc/yiddish.html |title=Yiddish Language and Literature |publisher=Fas.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Stanford University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/hebrew/yiddish/ |title=Yiddish at Stanford |publisher=Stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/registrar/register/ydsh.html |title=Yiddish (Ydsh) |publisher=Upenn.edu |date=2003-02-28 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Indiana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~germanic/dutch/#yiddish |title=Dutch, Norwegian & Yiddish | Germanic Studies, Indiana University Bloomington |publisher=Indiana.edu |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Ohio State University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://germanic.osu.edu/undergrad/yiddish/ylang.cfm |title=The Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures |publisher=Germanic.osu.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Düsseldorf]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/ijs/studium-und-lehre/ |title=Philosophische Fakultät der HHUD: Studium und Lehre |publisher=Phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Chicago]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/german/06_courses/coursesYDDH.html |title=Department of Germanic Studies |publisher=Humanities.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Columbia University]],<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/german/yiddish/index.html</ref> [[Vassar College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silp.vassar.edu/yiddish.html |title=Vassar College SILP - Yiddish |publisher=Silp.vassar.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|UMass Amherst]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umass.edu/ug_catalog/archive_2002/judaic/judaiccourses.html#yiddish |title=UMass Course Catalog: Judaic & Near Eastern Studies Courses |publisher=Umass.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[UCLA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germanic.ucla.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=21 |title=Yiddish |publisher=Germanic.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Virginia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginia.edu/jewishstudies/academics-yiddish-language.html |title=The Jewish Studies Program at the University of Virginia |publisher=Virginia.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> and the [[University of Manitoba]].<ref>http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts.html</ref> Despite this growing popularity among many [[American Jews]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/22/news/cl-32637 |title=A Lasting Language - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> finding opportunities for practical use of Yiddish is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus many students have trouble learning to speak the language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/6818/ |title=In Academia, Yiddish Is Seen, But Not Heard – |publisher=Forward.com |date=2006-03-24 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[File:NewSquareElectionSign.JPG|thumb|A 2008 Election poster in front of a store in [[New Square, New York|Village of New Square]], Town of Ramapo, New York entirely in Yiddish. The candidate names are transliterated into Yiddish.]]
* [[List of English words of Yiddish origin]]
* [[List of Yiddish language poets]]
* [[Yiddish Renaissance]]
* [[The Yiddish King Lear]]
* [[Yiddish literature]]
* [[Yinglish]]
{{-}}

== Notes ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==

{{refbegin|3}}
*{{citation |last=Baumgarten |first=Jean |editor=Jerold C. Frakes |title=Introduction to Old Yiddish Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2005 |isbn=0199276331}}
*[[Solomon Birnbaum|Birnbaum, Solomon]], ''Yiddish - A Survey and a Grammar'', Toronto, 1979
*Dunphy, Graeme, "The New Jewish Vernacular", in: Max Reinhart, ''Camden House History of German Literature'' vol 4: ''Early Modern German Literature 1350-1700'', 2007, ISBN 10:1-57113-247-3, 74-9.
*{{citation |last=Fishman |first=David E. |title=The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |location=Pittsburgh |date=2005 |isbn=0822942720}}
*[[Joshua Fishman|Fishman, Joshua A.]] (ed.), ''Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters'', Mouton Publishers, The Hague, 1981, ISBN 90-279-7978-2 (in Yiddish and English).
*{{citation |last=Frakes |first=Jerold C |title=Early Yiddish Texts 1100-1750 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2004 |isbn=019926614X}}
*<div id="lcaaj">Herzog, Marvin, et al. ed., YIVO, ''The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry'', 3 vols., Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1992-2000, ISBN 3-484-73013-7.</div>
*<div id="jacobs2005">Jacobs, Neil G. ''Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, ISBN 0-521-77215-X.</div>
*{{citation |last=Katz |first=Dovid |title=Grammar of the Yiddish Language |publisher=Duckworth |location= London |date=1987 |isbn=07156216929}}
*{{citation |last=Katz |first=Dovid |title=Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish |edition=2 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=04365037305}}
*{{citation |last=Kriwaczek |first=Paul |title=Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |date=2005 |isbn=0297829416}}
*Lansky, Aaron, ''Outwitting History: How a Young Man Rescued a Million Books and Saved a Vanishing Civilisation'', Algonquin Books, Chapel Hill, 2004, ISBN 1-56512-429-4.
*<div id="liptzin1972">Liptzin, Sol, ''A History of Yiddish Literature'', Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, ISBN 0-8246-0124-6.</div>
*[[Leo Rosten|Rosten, Leo]], ''Joys of Yiddish'', Pocket, 2000, ISBN 0-7434-0651-2
*Shandler, Jeffrey, ''Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture'', University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, ISBN 0-520-24416-8.
*[[Uriel Weinreich|Weinreich, Uriel]]. ''College Yiddish: an Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture'', 6th revised ed., YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-914512-26-9 (in Yiddish and English).
*Weinstein, Miriam, ''Yiddish: A Nation of Words'', Ballantine Books, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-345-44730-1.
*[[Michael Wex|Wex, Michael]], ''[[Born to Kvetch]]: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-312-30741-1.
*Wexler, Paul, ''Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect'', Berlin, New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 2002, ISBN 3-11-017258-5.
* Katz, Hirshe-Dovid, 1992. ''Code of Yiddish spelling ratified in 1992 by the programmes in Yiddish language and literature at Bar Ilan University, Oxford University Tel Aviv University, Vilnius University.'' Oxford: Oksforder Yidish Press in cooperation with the [[Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies]]. (כלל–תקנות פון יידישן אויסלייג. 1992. אקספארד: אקספארדער צענטער פאר העכערע העברעאישע שטודיעס) ISBN 1-897744-01-3
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
=== Periodicals ===
*''YIVO Bleter'', pub. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NYC, [http://www.yivo.org/aboutyivo/timeline3.htm initial series] from 1931, [http://www.yivoinstitute.org/publications/index.php?tid=123&aid=319 new series] since 1991.
*''Afn Shvel'', pub. League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; [http://www.leagueforyiddish.org/ishi.html אויפן שוועל], [http://docs.leagueforyiddish.org/undzer-perets-artikl.pdf sample article אונדזער פרץ - Our Peretz]
*''Lebns-fragn'', by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; [http://lebnsfragn.com/about.html לעבנס-פראגן], [http://lebnsfragn.com/index.html current issue]
*''Yerusholaymer Almanakh'', periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; [http://yiddish-almanach.org/index.php/the-yerusholaymer-almanakh/ ירושלימער אלמאנאך], [http://yiddish-almanach.org/ new volume, contents and downloads]
*''Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam'', pub. Maison de la Culture Yiddish, Paris, since 1994, also available in [http://www.yiddishweb.com/tamtam.htm electronic format].
*''Yidishe Heftn'', pub. Le Cercle Bernard Lazare, Paris, since 1996, [http://mapage.noos.fr/bernardlazare/CahiersY.htm יידישע העפטן sample cover], [http://www.bernardlazare.org/ subscription info].
*''Gilgulim, naye shafungen'', new literary magazine, Paris, since 2008; [http://gilgulim.org/ גילגולים, נייע שאפונגען]

==External links==
{{External links|date=October 2009}}
{{InterWiki|code=yi}}
{{Wikibooks|Yiddish}}
{{Wikibooks|Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim}}

* [http://www.yivoinstitute.org/ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research]
* [http://www.verterbukh.com Verterbukh{{ndash}} Yiddish Resources Online]
* [http://www.yiddish.co.il Yung YiDiSH Center for Yiddish Culture and Books in Israel]
* [http://www.leyvik.org.il/DefaultEN.aspx Leyvik House] The Israeli Center for Yiddish Culture
* [http://www.jewish-languages.org/yiddish.html Jewish Language Research Website: Yiddish]
* [http://www.yiddishdictionaryonline.com/ On-line Yiddish dictionary]
* [http://www.medienhilfe.org Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH)] - Federation of Yiddish and German-Jewish media worldwide
* [http://www.derbay.org Der Bay] - International Anglo-Yiddish Newsletter, calendar of Yiddish-language events, etc.
* [http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~mendele/ ''Mendele''], mainly English-language newsletter about Yiddish
* [http://www.yiddishweb.com/ Maison de la culture yiddish (Paris)]
* [http://yiddish-klezmer.net/ European Academy for Yiddish language and Klezmer Music]
* [http://www.jewishbookcenter.com/ The Jewish Book Center of The Workmen's Circle]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/projects/digital/lcaaj/index.html Language and Cultural Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry (Columbia University)]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/augustana.html#ii Bibliotheca Iiddica] Small encyclopedia on Yiddish. Home page is in Latin, most of the rest is in transliterated Yiddish.
* [http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/makeyiddish.html Yiddish Typewriter] - interconverts Yiddish text in Hebrew script with YIVO transliteration
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=586&letter=J Judaeo-German] - [[Jewish Encyclopedia]]
* [http://www.iue.it/Personal/Researchers/Zaagsma/Yiddish/ WWW Virtual Library History - Yiddish sources in historical research]
* [http://www.yugntruf.org/ Yugntruf-Youth for Yiddish]
* [http://home.primus.com.au/kadimah/ Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library "Kadimah", Melbourne, Australia]
* [http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/site/dovsadaninst/ The Yiddish Chair and The Dov Sadan Project at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]
* [http://yiddish.haifa.ac.il/Stories.html Di Velt fun Yidish: Audio Stories]
* [http://www.yiddishradioproject.org/ Yiddish Radio Project], "dedicated to rescuing every surviving recording from the golden age of Yiddish radio". The many [[RealAudio]] files all use RealAudio's multimedia capability to provide written English-language translation.
* [http://www.yv.org/ The Yiddish Voice]
* [http://www.languagesandpeoples.com/Eng/Direct/Germanic/SglLgYiddishNewYork.htm 'Hover & Hear' New York Yiddish pronunciations], and compare with equivalents in English and other Germanic languages.

{{Jewish languages}}
{{West Germanic languages}}
{{Germanic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yiddish Language}}
[[Category:Yiddish| ]]
[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews topics]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Germany]]
[[Category:High German languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Israel]]

[[af:Jiddisj]]
[[als:Jiddisch]]
[[ar:لغة يديشية]]
[[az:İdiş dili]]
[[zh-min-nan:Yidish-gí]]
[[be:Ідыш]]
[[be-x-old:Ідыш]]
[[bar:Jiddisch]]
[[br:Yideg]]
[[bg:Идиш (език)]]
[[ca:Jiddisch]]
[[cs:Jidiš]]
[[da:Jiddisch]]
[[pdc:Yiddisch]]
[[de:Jiddisch]]
[[et:Jidiši keel]]
[[el:Γίντις]]
[[es:Yidis]]
[[eo:Jida lingvo]]
[[fa:زبان ییدیش]]
[[fr:Yiddish]]
[[fy:Jiddysk]]
[[ga:Giúdais]]
[[gd:Iùdais]]
[[gl:Lingua yiddish]]
[[ko:이디시어]]
[[hsb:Jidišćina]]
[[hr:Jidiš]]
[[id:Bahasa Yiddish]]
[[ie:Yiddic]]
[[it:Lingua yiddish]]
[[he:יידיש]]
[[jv:Basa Yiddish]]
[[ka:იდიში]]
[[kw:Yedhowek]]
[[ku:Yîdîş]]
[[lad:Idish]]
[[la:Lingua Iudaeogermanica]]
[[lv:Jidišs]]
[[lt:Jidiš]]
[[lij:Lengua yiddish]]
[[li:Jiddisch]]
[[hu:Jiddis nyelv]]
[[ml:യിദ്ദിഷ്]]
[[arz:ييدى]]
[[ms:Bahasa Yiddish]]
[[nl:Jiddisch]]
[[nds-nl:Jiddisj]]
[[ja:イディッシュ語]]
[[no:Jiddisch]]
[[nn:Jiddisch språk]]
[[oc:Yiddish]]
[[mhr:Идиш йылме]]
[[pl:Jidysz]]
[[pt:Língua iídiche]]
[[crh:Yidiş tili]]
[[ro:Limba idiş]]
[[ru:Идиш]]
[[scn:Lingua yiddish]]
[[simple:Yiddish]]
[[sk:Jidiš]]
[[sl:Jidiš]]
[[szl:Jidiš]]
[[sr:Јидиш]]
[[fi:Jiddiš]]
[[sv:Jiddisch]]
[[tl:Wikang Yidis]]
[[kab:Yidic]]
[[th:ภาษายิดดิช]]
[[tr:Yidiş]]
[[uk:Їдиш]]
[[yi:יידיש]]
[[zh:意第緒語]]

Westjiddische Dialekte

2009-10-29T18:00:08Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Infobox Language
|name=Yiddish
|nativename={{lang|yi|ייִדיש}} ''yidish''
|pronunciation=/ˈjIdIʃ/
|states=[[United States]], [[Israel]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Hungary]], [[Moldova]], [[Lithuania]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Australia]], [[France]] and elsewhere.
|speakers=3 million<ref name=Ethnologue>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ydd Yiddish, Eastern], on [[Ethnologue]]. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref>
|rank=141
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4=[[High German languages|High German]]
|script=uses a [[Yiddish orthography|Hebrew-based alphabet]]
|nation=Official minority language in: {{flag|Sweden}} Recognized as a minority language in {{flag|Moldova}} and parts of:{{flag|Russia}} ([[File:Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg|20px]] [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]])
|agency=no formal bodies; [[YIVO]] de facto
|iso1=yi|iso2=yid
|lc1=yid|ld1=Yiddish (generic)|ll1=none
|lc2=ydd|ld2=Eastern Yiddish|ll2=none
|lc3=yih|ld3=Western Yiddish|ll3=none
}}

'''Yiddish''' ({{lang|yi|[[wikt:ייִדיש|ייִדיש]]}} ''yidish'' or {{lang|yi|[[wikt:אידיש|אידיש]]}} ''idish'', literally "Jewish") is a non-territorial [[High German languages|High German language]] of Jewish origin, spoken by members of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. Yiddish is conventionally written in the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and is considered a [[Jewish language]].

The language originated in the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi culture]] that developed from about the 10th century in the [[Rhineland]] and then spread to [[Central Europe|central]] and [[Eastern Europe|eastern]] [[Europe]] and eventually to other continents. In the earliest surviving references to it, the language is called {{lang|yi|לשון־אַשכּנז}} (''loshn-ashkenaz'' = "language of Ashkenaz") and {{lang|yi|טײַטש}} (''taytsh'', a variant of ''tiutsch'', the contemporary name for the language otherwise spoken in the region of origin, now called [[Middle High German]]; compare the modern [[New High German]] ''Deutsch''). In common usage, the language is called {{lang|yi|מאַמע־לשון}} (''mame-loshn'', literally "mother tongue"), distinguishing it from biblical [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], which are collectively termed {{lang|yi|לשון־קודש}} (''loshn-koydesh'', "holy tongue"). The term "Yiddish" did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature of the language until the 18th century.

For a significant portion of its history, Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews and once spanned a broad [[dialect continuum]] from [[Western Yiddish]] to three major groups within [[Eastern Yiddish]]. Eastern and Western Yiddish are most markedly distinguished by the extensive inclusion of words of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin in the Eastern [[dialects]]. While [[Western Yiddish]] has few remaining speakers, Eastern dialects remain in wide use.

Yiddish is written and spoken in [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] communities around the world. It is a home language in most [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] communities, where it is the first language learned in childhood, used in schools, and in many social settings.

The general history and status of Yiddish are discussed below, with further detail provided in separate articles on:

* [[Yiddish dialects]]—as spoken in different regions of Europe
* [[Yiddish morphology]]—the structural detail of the language
* [[Yiddish orthography]]—the written representation of the language
* [[Yiddish phonology]]—the elements of the spoken language

Yiddish is also used in the adjectival sense to designate attributes of Ashkenazic culture (for example, [[Jewish cooking|Yiddish cooking]] and [[Klezmer|Yiddish music]]).<ref>[[Oscar Levant]] dcescribed [[Cole Porter]]'s '[[My Heart Belongs to Daddy]]" as "one of the most [[Yiddish]] tunes ever written" despite the fact that "Cole Porter's genetic background was completely alien to any Jewishness." Oscar Levant,''[[The Unimportance of Being Oscar]]'', Pocket Books 1969 (reprint of G.P. Putnam 1968), p. 32. ISBN 0-671-77104-3.</ref>

==History==
The Ashkenazi culture that took root in tenth-century [[central Europe]] derived its name from ''[[Ashkenaz]]'' ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 10:3), the medieval [[Hebrew name]] for the territory centered on what is now [[Germany]]. Its geographic extent did not coincide with the German [[Christian]] principalities; Ashkenaz included northern [[France]]. It also bordered on the area inhabited by the [[Sephardim]], or [[Spain|Spanish]] Jews, which ranged into southern France. Ashkenazi culture later spread into [[Eastern Europe]].

The first language of European Jews may have been [[Aramaic]] ([[#katz2004|Katz, 2004]]), the vernacular of the Jews in Roman-era [[Palestine]] and ancient and early medieval [[Mesopotamia]]. The widespread use of Aramaic among the large non-Jewish Syrian trading population of the Roman provinces, including those in Europe, would have reinforced the use of Aramaic among Jews engaged in trade. In Roman times, many of the Jews living in Rome and southern Italy appear to have been Greek-speakers, and this is reflected in some Ashkenazi personal names (e.g., ''Kalonymus''). Much work needs to be done, though, to fully analyze the contributions of those languages to Yiddish.

Nothing is known about the [[vernacular]] of the earliest Jews in Germany, but several theories have been put forward. It is generally accepted that it was likely to have contained elements from other languages of the Near East and Europe, absorbed through dispersion. Since many settlers came via France and Italy, it is also likely that the Romance-based Jewish languages of those regions were represented. Traces remain in the contemporary Yiddish vocabulary: for example, {{lang|yi|בענטשן}} (''bentshn'', to bless), from the Latin ''{{lang|la|benedicere}}''; and the personal name Anshl, cognate to Angel or Angelo.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Western Yiddish includes additional words of Latin derivation (but still very few): for example, ''orn'' (to pray), cf. Latin "orare."

Members of the young Ashkenazi community would have encountered the myriad dialects from which standard [[German language|German]] was destined to emerge many centuries later. They would soon have been speaking their own versions of these German dialects, mixed with linguistic elements that they themselves brought into the region. These dialects would have adapted to the needs of the burgeoning Ashkenazi culture and may, as characterizes many such developments, have included the deliberate cultivation of linguistic differences to assert [[cultural autonomy]]. The Ashkenazi community also had its own geography, with a pattern of relationships among settlements that was somewhat independent of its non-Jewish neighbors. This led to the consolidation of Yiddish dialects, the borders of which did not coincide with the borders of German dialects.

Apart from the obvious use of Hebrew words for specifically Jewish artifacts, it is very difficult to determine the extent to which the Yiddish spoken in any earlier period differed from the contemporary German. There is a rough consensus that by the 15th century Yiddish would have sounded distinctive to the average German ear, even when restricted to the Germanic component of its vocabulary.

===Written evidence===
The oldest surviving literary document in Yiddish is a blessing in the [[Worms Mahzor]],<ref>[http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/worms/] Manuscript of the Worms Mahzor on website of the Jewish National University Library in Jerusalem</ref> a Hebrew prayer book from 1272 (described extensively in [[#frakes2004|Frakes, 2004]] and [[#baumgarten2005|Baumgarten/Frakes, 2005]]):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Yiddish
| {{lang|yi|גוּט טַק אִים בְּטַגְֿא שְ וַיר דִּיש מַחֲזֹור אִין בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ טְרַגְֿא}}
|-
| Transliterated
| ''gut tak im betage se vaer dis makhazor in beis hakneses trage''
|-
| Translated
| May a good day come to him who carries this prayer book into the synagogue.
|}

This brief rhyme is decoratively embedded in a purely Hebrew text, a reproduction of which is in [[#katz2004|Katz, 2004]]. Nonetheless, it indicates that the Yiddish of that day was a more or less regular Middle High German into which Hebrew words{{ndash}} [[Mahzor|''makhazor'']] (prayer book for the [[High Holidays|High Holy Days]]) and ''beis hakneses'' ([[synagogue]]){{ndash}} had been included. The [[Niqqud|pointing]] appears as though it might have been added by a second scribe, in which case it may need to be dated separately and may not be indicative of the pronunciation of the rhyme at the time of its initial annotation.

Over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, songs and poems in Yiddish, and also [[macaronic]] pieces in Hebrew and German, began to appear. These were collected in the late 15th century by Menahem ben Naphtali Oldendorf. During the same period, a tradition seems to have emerged of the Jewish community's adapting its own versions of German secular literature. The earliest Yiddish epic poem of this sort is the ''[[Dukus Horant]]'', which survives in the famous Cambridge Codex T.-S.10.K.22. This 14th-century manuscript was discovered in the [[Cairo Geniza|geniza of a Cairo synagogue]] in 1896, and also contains a collection of narrative poems on themes from the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Haggadah]].

===Printing===
The advent of the [[printing press]] resulted in an increase in the amount of material produced and surviving from the 16th century and onwards. One particularly popular work was [[Elia Levita|Elia Levita's]] ''[[Bovo-Bukh]]'', composed around 1507–08 and printed in at least forty editions, beginning in 1541. Levita, the earliest named Yiddish author, may also have written ''Pariz un Viene'' (Paris and Vienna). Another Yiddish retelling of a chivalric romance, ''Vidvilt'' (often referred to as "Widuwilt" by Germanizing scholars), presumably also dates from the 15th century, although the manuscripts are from the 16th. It is also known as ''Kinig Artus Hof'', an adaptation of the Middle High German romance ''Wigalois'' by Wirnt von Gravenberg. Another significant writer is Avroham ben Schemuel Pikartei, who published a paraphrase on the [[Book of Job]] in 1557.

Women in the Ashkenazi community were traditionally not literate in Hebrew, but did read and write Yiddish. A body of literature therefore developed for which women were a primary audience. This included secular works, such as the ''Bovo-Bukh'', and religious writing specifically for women, such as the ''[[Tseno Ureno]]'' and the ''[[Tkhine]]s''. One of the best-known early woman authors was [[Glückel of Hameln]], whose memoirs are still in print.
[[File:Page from Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary by Elijah Levita.jpg|thumb|250px|A page from the [http://cf.uba.uva.nl/nl/publicaties/treasures/page/p08.html ''Shemot Devarim''], a Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary and thesaurus, published by Elia Levita in 1542]]

The segmentation of the Yiddish readership, between women who read ''mame-loshn'' but not ''loshn-koydesh'', and men who read both, was significant enough that distinctive [[typeface]]s were used for each. The name commonly given to the semicursive form used exclusively for Yiddish was {{lang|yi|ווײַבערטײַטש}} (''vaybertaytsh'' = "women's ''taytsh''," shown in the heading and fourth column in the adjacent illustration), with square Hebrew letters (shown in the third column) being reserved for text in that language and Aramaic. This distinction was retained in general typographic practice through to the early 19th century, with Yiddish books being set in ''vaybertaytsh'' (also termed {{lang|yi|מעשייט}} ''mesheyt'' or {{lang|yi|מאַשקעט}} ''mashket'' — the construction is uncertain).<ref>Max Weinreich, געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך (New York: YIVO, 1973), vol. 1, p. 280, with explanation of symbol on p. xiv.</ref>

An additional distinctive semicursive typeface was, and still is, used for rabbinical commentary on religious texts when Hebrew and Yiddish appear on the same page. This is commonly termed [[Rashi script]], from the name of the most renowned early author, whose commentary is usually printed using this script. (Rashi is also the typeface normally used when the Sefardi counterpart to Yiddish, [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], is printed in Hebrew script.)

==Secularization==
The Western Yiddish dialect began to decline in the 18th century, as [[The Enlightenment]] and the ''[[Haskalah]]'' led to the German view that Yiddish was a corrupt dialect. Owing to both assimilation to German and the incipient creation of [[Hebrew language#Modern Hebrew|Modern Hebrew]], Western Yiddish only survived as a language of "intimate family circles or of closely knit trade groups" ([[#liptzin1972|Liptzin 1972]]). Farther east, the response to this force took the opposite direction, with Yiddish becoming the cohesive force in a [[secular]] culture.

The late 19th and early 20th century are widely considered the Golden Age of secular Yiddish literature. This coincides with the development of Modern Hebrew as a spoken and literary language, from which some words were also absorbed into Yiddish. The three authors generally regarded as the founders of the modern Yiddish literary genre were born in the 19th century, but their work and significance continued to grow into the 20th. The first was Sholem Yankev Abramovitch, writing as [[Mendele Mocher Sforim]]. The second was Sholem Rabinovitsh, widely known as [[Sholem Aleichem]], whose stories about {{lang|yi|טבֿיה דער מילכיקער}} (''tevye der milkhiker'' = [[Tevye|Tevye the Dairyman]]) inspired the Broadway musical and film [[Fiddler on the Roof]]. The third was [[I.L. Peretz|Isaac Leib Peretz]].

==The 20th century==
In the early 20th century, Yiddish was emerging as a major Eastern European language. Its rich literature was more widely published than ever, [[Yiddish theater]] and [[National Center for Jewish Film|Yiddish film]] were booming, and it even achieved status as one of the official languages of the [[Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belorussian]] and the short-lived [[Galician Soviet Socialist Republic|Galician SSR]]. Educational autonomy for Jews in several countries (notably [[Poland]]) after [[World War I]] led to an increase in formal Yiddish-language education, more uniform orthography, and to the 1925 founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute, [[YIVO]]. Yiddish emerged as the national language of a large Jewish community in Eastern Europe that rejected [[Zionism]] and sought Jewish cultural autonomy in Europe. It also contended with Modern Hebrew as a literary language among Zionists.

On the eve of [[World War II]], there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers ([[#jacobs2005|Jacobs 2005]]). [[The Holocaust]], however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life were largely destroyed. Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war (including nearly all Yiddish speakers in the Americas), further assimilation in countries such as the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]], along with the strictly monolingual stance of the [[Zionist]] movement, led to a decline in the use of Eastern Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Orthodox (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. Although used in various countries, Yiddish has attained official recognition as a minority language only in [[Moldova]], [[The Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]].

Reports of the number of current Yiddish speakers vary significantly. [[Ethnologue]] estimates that in 2005 there were three million speakers of Eastern Yiddish,<ref name=Ethnologue/> of which over one-third lived in the United States. In contrast, the [[Modern Language Association]] reports fewer than 200,000 in the United States.<ref> [http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results Most spoken languages in the United States], Modern Language Association. Retrieved 17 October2006.</ref> Western Yiddish, which had "several tens of thousands of speakers" on the eve of the Holocaust, is reported by Ethnologue to have had an "ethnic population" of slightly below 50,000 in 2000.<ref name=Ethnologue-western>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yih Yiddish, Western], on Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> Intermediate estimates are also given, for example, of a worldwide Yiddish-speaking population of about two million in 1996 in a report by the [[Council of Europe]].<ref>Emanuelis Zingeris, [http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc96/EDOC7489.htm Yiddish culture], Council of Europe Committee on Culture and Education Doc. 7489, 12 February 1996. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> Further [[demographics|demographic]] information about the recent status of what is treated as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum is provided in the YIVO ''Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry'' ([[Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry|LCAAJ]]). Numbers of native speakers from the latest available national censuses and other estimates are as follows:
* Israel: 215,000, or 3% of the total Jewish population, as estimated by Ethnologue (1986)
* USA: 178,945, or 2.8% of the total Jewish population (2000)
* Russia: 29,998, or 13% of the total Jewish population (2002)
* Moldova: 17,000, or 26% of the total Jewish population (1989)
* Ukraine: 3,213, or 3.1% of the total Jewish population (2001)
* Belarus: 1,979, or 7.1% of the total Jewish population (1999)
* Canada: 19,295, or 5.5% of the total Jewish population (2001)
* Romania: 951, or 16.4% of the total Jewish population
* Latvia: 825, or 7.9% of the total Jewish population
* Lithuania: 570, or 14.2% of the total Jewish population
* Estonia: 124, or 5.8% of the total Jewish population

There has been frequent debate about the extent of the linguistic independence of Yiddish from the languages that it absorbed. Some commentary dismisses Yiddish as mere [[jargon]], although in Yiddish that term is also used as a colloquial designation for the language without any pejorative connotation. There has been periodic assertion that Yiddish is a dialect of German and, even when recognized as an autonomous language, it has sometimes been referred to as Judeo-German, along the lines of other Jewish languages like [[Judeo-Persian]] or [[Judeo-French]]. A widely-cited summary of attitudes in the 1930s was published by [[Max Weinreich]], quoting a remark by an auditor of one of his lectures: {{lang|yi|אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמיי און פֿלאָט}} (''a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot'' — "A language is a dialect with an army and navy", facsimile excerpt at,<ref>http://www.bisso.com/ujg_archives/pix/armyNavyFull.jpg</ref> discussed in detail in a [[Language is a dialect with an army and navy|separate article]]). More recently, Prof. Paul Wexler, of Tel Aviv University in [[Israel]], has proposed that Eastern Yiddish should be classified as a Slavic language, formed by the [[relexification]] of Judeo-Slavic dialects by Judeo-German.

Yiddish changed significantly during the 20th century. [[Michael Wex]] writes, "As increasing numbers of Yiddish speakers moved from the Slavic-speaking East to Western Europe and the Americas in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they were so quick to jettison Slavic vocabulary that the most prominent Yiddish writers of the time {{ndash}} the founders of modern Yiddish literature, who were still living in Slavic-speaking countries {{ndash}} revised the printed editions of their oeuvres to eliminate obsolete and 'unnecessary' Slavisms."<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Born to Kvetch]]: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods |last=Wex |first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Wex |date=2005 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=29 }}</ref> The vocabulary used in Israel absorbed many Modern Hebrew words, and there was a similar increase in the English component of Yiddish in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. This has resulted in some difficulty in communication between Yiddish speakers from Israel and those from other countries.

===Israel===
The national language of Israel is Hebrew, Arabic being an official language too. The rejection of Yiddish as an alternative reflected the conflict between religious and secular forces. Many in the larger, secular group wanted a new national language to foster a cohesive identity, while traditionally religious Jews desired that Hebrew be respected as a holy language reserved for prayer and religious study. In the early twentieth century, Zionist immigrants in [[Palestine]] tried to eradicate the use of Yiddish among their own population, and make its use socially unacceptable.

This conflict also reflected the opposing views among secular Jews worldwide, one side seeing Hebrew (and Zionism) and the other Yiddish (and [[internationalism (politics)|Internationalism]]) as the means of defining emerging Jewish nationalism. In the 1920s and 1930s, ''gdud meginéy hasafá'', "the language defendants regiment", whose motto was ''ivrí, dabér ivrít'' "Hebrew [i.e. Jew], speak Hebrew!", used to tear down signs written in "foreign" languages and disturb Yiddish theatre gatherings.<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns]. In ''Journal of Language Contact'', Varia 2: 40-67, p. 48.</ref> However, according to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the members of this group in particular, and the Hebrew revival in general, did not succeed in uprooting Yiddish patterns within what he calls "Israeli", i.e. [[Modern Hebrew]]. Zuckermann believes that "Israeli does include numerous Hebrew elements resulting from a conscious revival but also numerous pervasive linguistic features deriving from a subconscious survival of the revivalists’ mother tongues, e.g. Yiddish.".<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns]. In ''Journal of Language Contact'', Varia 2: 40-67, p. 46.</ref>

In religious circles, it is the Ashkenazi [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]], particularly the Hasidic Jews and the [[mitnagdim]] of the Lithuanian [[yeshiva]] world, who continue to teach, speak and use Yiddish, making it a language used regularly by hundreds of thousands of Haredi Jews today. The largest of these centers are in [[Bnei Brak]] and [[Jerusalem]]. However, these Yiddish speakers also speak Modern Hebrew.

There is a growing revival of interest in Yiddish culture among secular Israelis, with [[Yiddish theater]] now flourishing (usually with simultaneous translation to Hebrew and Russian) and young people are taking university courses in Yiddish, some achieving considerable fluency.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/09/yiddish_studies.html Yiddish Studies Thrives at Columbia After More than Fifty Years] - Columbia News.</ref>

===Former Soviet Union===
In the Soviet Union during the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish [[proletariat]]. It was one of the official languages of the [[Byelorussian SSR]], as well as several agricultural districts of the [[Galician SSR]]. A public educational system entirely based on the Yiddish language was established and comprised kindergartens, schools, and higher educational institutions (technical schools, [[rabfak]]s and other university departments). At the same time, Hebrew was considered a [[bourgeois]] language and its use was generally discouraged. The vast majority of the Yiddish-language cultural institutions were closed in the late 1930s along with cultural institutions of other ethnic minorities lacking administrative entities of their own. After the Second World War, growing [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] tendencies in Soviet politics drove Yiddish from most spheres. The last Yiddish-language schools, theaters and publications were closed by the end of the 1940s. It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus).

In the former Soviet states, presently active Yiddish authors include Yoysef Burg ([[Chernivtsi]], b. 1912) and [[Olexander Beyderman|Aleksander Beyderman]] (b. 1949, [[Odessa]]). Publication of an earlier Yiddish periodical ({{lang|yi|דער פֿרײַנד}}), was resumed in 2004 with {{lang|yi|דער נײַער פֿרײַנד}} (''der nayer fraynd''; lit. "The New Friend", [[St. Petersburg]]).

====Jewish Autonomous Oblast of Russia====
[[File:RussiaJewish2007-07.png|thumb|200px|The Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Federation]] [[File:Birobidzhan Vokzal.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Birobidzhan's train terminal square.]] 

{{Main|Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Birobidzhan|Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}}

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the [[Russian Far East]], with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper {{lang|yi|דער ביראָבידזשאנער שטערן}} ([[Birobidzhaner Shtern|''der birobidzhaner shtern'']]; lit: "The Birobidzhan Star") includes a Yiddish section. Although the official status of the language was not retained by the Russian Federation, its cultural significance is still recognized and bolstered. The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rettig |first=Haviv |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1176152810577 |title=Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan | Jewish Features | Jerusalem Post |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2007-04-17 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

====Moldova====
Yiddish is an officially recognized minority language in [[Moldova]] for the purposes of the Jewish community, along with Hebrew. In the capital city of [[Chişinău]], there is a Yiddish language radio program {{lang|yi|ייִדיש לעבן}} (''yidish lebn''; lit. "Jewish Life"), a television program {{lang|yi|אויף דער ייִדישער גאַס}} (''af der yidisher gas''; lit. "On the Jewish Street") and the newspaper {{lang|yi|אונדזער קול}} (''undzer kol''; lit. "Our Voice").<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/moldova.html Jewish Virtual History Tour], Moldova. Retrieved 3 July 2007.</ref> There are 17,000 Yiddish speakers in Moldova.

===Sweden===
[[File:Jidische.Folkschtime.jpg|thumb|Banner from the first issue of the ''Jidische Folkschtime'' (Yiddish People's Voice), published in Stockholm, 12 January 1917.]]
In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status<ref>{{sv icon}} [http://regeringen.se/download/f5c9eed7.pdf?major=1&minor=2218&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment Regeringens proposition 1998/99:143 Nationella minoriteter i Sverige], 10 June 1999. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref> as one of the country's [[minority languages of Sweden|official minority languages]] (entering into effect in April 2000). The rights thereby conferred are not detailed, but additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, [http://www.sprakradet.se The Swedish National Language Council], the mandate of which instructs it to, "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages", naming them all explicitly, including Yiddish. When announcing this action, the government made an additional statement about "simultaneously commencing completely new initiatives for ... Yiddish [and the other minority languages]".

The Swedish government publishes documents in Yiddish, of which the most recent details the national action plan for human rights.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://regeringen.se/download/098c9eb4.pdf?major=1&minor=67638&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment אַ נאַציאָנאַלער האַנדלונגס־פּלאַן פאַר די מענטשלעכע רעכט] A National Action Plan for Human Rights 2006–2009. Retrieved 4 December 2006.</ref> An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/050216/24a99c86fd734f15c9f722b343cc152e/FaktaJu%5f0415ji.pdf נאַציאַנאַלע מינאָריטעטן און מינאָריטעט־שפּראַכן] National Minorities and Minority Languages. Retrieved 4 December 2006.</ref>

On 6 September 2007 , it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the national top-level domain [[.se|.SE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.119665 |title=IDG: Jiddischdomänen är här |publisher=Idg.se |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Yiddish language distribution in the United States.svg|thumb|left|300px|Yiddish distribution in the United States. {{legend|blue|More than 100,000 speakers}} {{legend|cyan|More than 10,000 speakers}}
{{legend|red|More than 5,000 speakers}}
{{legend|yellow|More than 1,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Fewer than 1,000 speakers}}]]
In the [[United States]], the Yiddish language bonded Jews from many countries. {{lang|yi|פֿאָרווערטס}} (''forverts'' - [[The Forward|Yiddish Forward]]) was one of seven Yiddish daily newspapers in [[New York City]], and other Yiddish newspapers served as a forum for Jews of all European backgrounds. The ''Yiddish Forward'' still appears weekly and is available in an online edition.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://yiddish.forward.com/ פֿאָרווערטס]: ''[[The Forward]]'' online.</ref> It remains in wide distribution, together with {{lang|yi|דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל}} (''der algemeyner zhurnal'' - [[Algemeiner Journal]]; ''algemeyner'' = general) which is also published weekly and appears online.<ref>{{yi icon}} [http://www.algemeiner.com/generic.asp?cat=4 דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל]: ''Algemeiner Journal'' online</ref> The widest-circulation Yiddish newspapers are probably the two prominent [[Satmar]] weekly issues {{lang|yi|[[Der Blatt|דער בּלאַט]]}} (Der Blatt; ''blat'' = newspaper) and {{lang|yi|[[Der Yid|דער איד]]}} (Der Yid). Several additional newspapers and magazines are in regular production, such as the monthly publications {{lang|yi|דער שטערן}} (Der Shtern; ''shtern'' = star) and {{lang|yi|דער בליק}} (Der Blick; ''blik'' = view). (The romanized titles cited in this paragraph are in the form given on the masthead of each publication and may be at some variance both with the literal Yiddish title and the [[Yiddish orthography#Transliteration|transliteration rules]] otherwise applied in this article.)

Interest in [[klezmer]] music provided another bonding mechanism. Thriving Yiddish theater, especially in New York City, kept the language vital. Many "Yiddishisms," like "Italianisms" and "Spanishisms," continued to enter the spoken [[New York dialect]], often used by Jews and non-Jews alike, unaware of the linguistic origin of the phrases (described extensively by [[Leo Rosten]] in ''[[The Joys of Yiddish]]''). However, native Yiddish speakers tended not to pass the language on to their children, who assimilated and spoke English.

Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of [[Ellis Island]] considered Yiddish their native language. For example, [[Isaac Asimov]] states in his autobiography, ''[[In Memory Yet Green]],'' that Yiddish was his first and sole spoken language and remained so for about two years after he emigrated to the United States as a small child. By contrast, Asimov's younger siblings, born in the United States, never developed any degree of fluency in Yiddish.

In 1976, the Canadian-born American Author [[Saul Bellow]], received the [[Nobel Prize in literature]]. He was fluent in Yiddish, and translated several Yiddish poems and stories into English, including Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool".

In 1978, the [[Poland|Polish]]-born Yiddish author [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], a resident of the United States, received the [[Nobel Prize in literature]].

Legal scholars [[Eugene Volokh]] and [[Alex Kozinski]] argue that Yiddish is “supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot.”<ref>{{cite journal |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |authorlink= |coauthors=Kozinski, Alex |year=1993 |month= |title=Lawsuit, Shmawsuit |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=463–467 |doi=10.2307/797101 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Note: an updated version of the article appears on Professor Volokh's UCLA web page at.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/yiddish.htm |title=Judge Alex Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, “Lawsuit, Shmawsuit” <*> |publisher=Law.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

====Present speaker population====
In the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home. Of these speakers, 113,515 lived in [[New York]] (63.43% of American Yiddish speakers); 18,220 in [[Florida]] (10.18%); 9,145 in [[New Jersey]] (5.11%); and 8,950 in [[California]] (5.00%). The remaining states with speaker populations larger than 1,000 are [[Pennsylvania]] (5,445), [[Ohio]] (1,925), [[Michigan]] (1,945), [[Massachusetts]] (2,380), [[Maryland]] (2,125), [[Illinois]] (3,510), [[Connecticut]] (1,710), and [[Arizona]] (1,055). The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower.<ref>[http://www.mla.org/map_data_states&lang_id=609&mode=lang_tops&a=&ea=&order=r Language by State: Yiddish], [[Modern Language Association|MLA]] Language Map Data Center, based on U.S. Census data. Retrieved 25 December 2006.</ref>
In the six years since the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], the 2006 [[American Community Survey]] reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S. to 152,515.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-_geoSkip=0&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_C16001&-redoLog=false&-_skip=0&-geo_id=01000US&-_showChild=Y&-format=&-_lang=en&-_toggle=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_C16001 |title=Detailed Tables - American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

There are a few predominantly [[Hasidic]] communities in the United States in which Yiddish remains the majority language. [[Kiryas Joel, New York]] is one such; in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home. <ref>http://www.mla.org/census_data_results&state_id=36&place_id=39853</ref>

===United Kingdom===
There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language. The largest group of Yiddish speakers in Britain reside in the [[Stamford Hill]] district of North London, but there are sizeable communities in [[Golders Green]], [[Manchester]] and [[Gateshead]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article1038349.ece Times on Yiddish in the UK]{{dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>
The Yiddish readership in the UK is mainly reliant upon imported material from the [[United States]] and [[Israel]] for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. However, the London-based weekly ''[[The Jewish Tribune (UK)|Jewish Tribune]]'', has a small section in Yiddish called {{lang|yi|אידישע טריבונע}} ''Idishe Tribune''.

====Scots-Yiddish====

[[Scots-Yiddish]] is the name given to a hybrid vernacular between [[Lowland Scots]] and Yiddish which had a brief currency in the Lowlands of Scotland in the first half of the 20th century. The Scottish literary historian David Daiches describes it in his autobiographical account of his Edinburgh Jewish childhood, Two Worlds:

"Recently I received a letter from the son of the man who was stationmaster at one of the small railway stations where the earliest trebblers (Yiddish pronunciation of travellers, i.e. Jewish travelling salesmen) would alight; he told me how, at the very beginning of this century, these Jewish immigrants, not yet knowing any English, would converse with his father, they talking in Yiddish and he in broad Scots, with perfectly adequate mutual intelligibility. Scots-Yiddish as a working language must have been developing rapidly in the years immediately preceding the first World War. It must have been one of the most short-lived languages in the world. I should guess that 1912 to 1914 was the period of its flourishing. The younger generation, who grew up in the 1920s and 1930s, of course did not speak it, though they knew yiddish; and while there is an occasional old man in Edinburgh who speaks it today, one has to seek it out in order to find it, and in another decade it will be gone for ever. ‘Aye man, ich hob’ getrebbelt mit de five o’clock train,’ one trebbler would say to another. ‘Vot time’s yer barmitzvie, laddie?’ I was once asked. ‘Ye’ll hae a drap o’ bamfen (whisky). It’s Dzon Beck. Ye ken: “Nem a schmeck fun Dzon Beck.”’ (‘Take a peg of John Begg’, the advertising slogan of John Begg whisky.)<ref>David Daiches, ''Two Worlds'', 1956, Cannnongate edition 1987, ISBN 0-86241-148-3, p. 119f.</ref>

Daiches explores the social stratification of Edinburgh Jewish society in the interwar period, noting what is effectively a class divide between two parts of the community, on the one hand a highly educated and well-integrated group who sought a synthesis of Orthodox Rabbinical and Modern Secular thinking, on the other a Yiddish-speaking group most comfortable maintaining the lifestyle of the Eastern European ghetto. The Yiddish population grew up in Scotland in the 19th century, but by the late 20th century had mostly switched to using English. The creolization of Yiddish with Scots was therefore a phenomenon of the middle part of this period.

The [[Glaswegian]] Jewish poet A. C. Jacobs also refers to his language as Scots-Yiddish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.project.star.ac.uk/darkhorse/archive/RelichOnA_C_Jacobs.pdf|title=The strange case of AC Jacobs|last=Relich|first=Mark|date=Spring 1998|work=The Dark Horse|accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>

===Religious communities===
[[File:Brooklyn Posters 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px| A typical poster-hung wall in Jewish [[Brooklyn]], New York.]]

The major exception to the decline of spoken Yiddish can be found in [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] communities all over the world. In some of the more closely-knit such communities Yiddish is spoken as a home and schooling language, especially in Hasidic, [[Litvish]] or [[Yeshivish Jews|Yeshivish]] communities such as [[Brooklyn]]'s [[Borough Park]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]] and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], and in [[Monsey, New York|Monsey]], Kiryas Joel, and [[New Square, New York|New Square]]. (Over 88% of the population of Kiryas Joel is reported to speak Yiddish at home.<ref>[http://www.mla.org/census_data_results&state_id=36&place_id=39853 MLA Data Center Results: Kiryas Joel, New York], Modern Language Association. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</ref>) Also in [[New Jersey]] Yiddish is widely spoken mostly in [[Lakewood, NJ|Lakewood]] but also in smaller [[Yeshivish Jews|Yeshivishe]] towns with [[yeshivos]] such as [[Passaic, NJ|Passaic]], [[Teaneck, NJ|Teaneck]] and elsewhere. Yiddish is also widely spoken in the [[Jewish Community of Antwerp|Antwerp Jewish community]] and in Haredi communities such as the ones in [[London]], [[Manchester]] and [[Montreal]]. Among most Ashkenazi Haredim, Hebrew is generally reserved for prayer, while Yiddish is used for religious studies as well as a home and business language. In Israel, however, Haredim commonly speak Hebrew, with the notable exception of many Hasidic communities. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Haredim who use Modern Hebrew also understand Yiddish. Many send their children to schools in which the primary language of instruction is Yiddish. Members of movements such as [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar]] Hasidism, who view the commonplace use of Hebrew as a form of Zionism, use Yiddish almost exclusively.

Hundreds of thousands of young children around the globe have been, and are still, taught to translate the texts of the [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], and [[Deuteronomy]] into the Yiddish language. This process is called {{lang|yi|טײַטשן}} (''taytshn''){{ndash}} "translating" . Most Ashkenazi [[yeshiva]]s' highest level lectures in Talmud and [[Halakha]] are delivered in Yiddish by the [[rosh yeshiva]]s as well as ethical talks of [[mussar movement|mussar]]. Hasidic [[rebbe]]s generally use only Yiddish to converse with their followers and to deliver their various Torah talks, classes, and lectures. The linguistic style and vocabulary of Yiddish have influenced the manner in which many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]] who attend yeshivas speak English. This usage is distinctive enough that it has been dubbed "[[Yeshivish]]".

While Hebrew remains the language of [[Jewish prayer]], the Hasidim have mixed some Yiddish into their Hebrew, and are also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish. For example, the tales about the [[Baal Shem Tov]] were written largely in Yiddish. As well as the Torah Talks of the late [[Lubavitch]] leaders are published in their original form, Yiddish. In addition, some prayers, such as the [[God of Abraham|Got fun Avrohom]], were composed and are recited in Yiddish.

Moreover, many Hasidic girls in the Diaspora are not taught Hebrew at all, and therefore do not understand either ancient or modern Hebrew. Even those who are taught parts of the [[Bible]] will still use prayer books with Yiddish translation and commentaries, as their comprehension of Hebrew is deficient.

=== Modern Yiddish education===
[[File:Yiddishsign.JPG|thumb|A road sign in Yiddish (except for the word "sidewalk") at an official construction site in the [[Monsey]] hamlet, a community with thousands of Yiddish speakers, in the [[Ramapo, New York|Town of Ramapo]], [[New York]].]]
There has been a resurgence in Yiddish learning in recent times among many from around the world with Jewish ancestry. The language which had lost many of its native speakers during WWII has been making somewhat of a comeback.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/9529/edition_id/182/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Yiddish making a comeback, as theater group shows | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |publisher=Jewishsf.com |date=1998-09-18 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> In Poland, which traditionally had Yiddish speaking communities, a particular museum has begun to revive Yiddish education and culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/30/poland.jewish.revival/index.html |title=Poland's Jews alive and kicking |publisher=CNN.com |date=2008-10-06 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> Located in Krakow,the Galicia Jewish Museum offers classes in Yiddish Language Instruction and workshops on Yiddish Songs. The museum has taken steps to revive the culture through concerts and events held on site.<ref>[http://www.galiciajewishmuseum.org/en/index9.html ]{{dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>
There are various Universities worldwide which now offer Yiddish programs based on the [[YIVO]] Yiddish standard. Many of these programs are held during the summer and are attended by Yiddish enthusiasts from around the world. One such school located within [[Vilnius University]] (Vilnius Yiddish Institute) was the first Yiddish center of higher learning to be established in post-Holocaust Eastern Europe. Vilnius Yiddish Institute is an integral part of the four-century-old Vilnius University. Published Yiddish scholar and researcher Dovid Katz is among the Faculty.<ref>{{cite web|author=Neosymmetria (www.neosymmetria.com) |url=http://www.judaicvilnius.com/en |title=Vilnius Yiddish Institute |publisher=Judaicvilnius.com |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> Other schools which offer Yiddish programs include [[Tel Aviv University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/announce/show.cgi?ID=165354 |title=Tel Aviv Yiddish Summer Program 2009 |publisher=H-net.org |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University College London]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hebrew-jewish/courses/courses.php |title=Courses - Department of Hebrew & Jewish Studies - University College London |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[YIVO]], [[New York University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yivo.as.nyu.edu/page/home |title=Uriel Weinreich Program in Yiddsh Language, Literature, and Culture > Home |publisher=Yivo.as.nyu.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Hampshire College]] campus at Amherst<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yiddishsummer.org/internship-information.html |title=Summer Yiddish Internship 2010 |publisher=Yiddish Summer.org |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> (home of the [[National Yiddish Book Center]]), [[Harvard University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~nelc/yiddish.html |title=Yiddish Language and Literature |publisher=Fas.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Stanford University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/hebrew/yiddish/ |title=Yiddish at Stanford |publisher=Stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/registrar/register/ydsh.html |title=Yiddish (Ydsh) |publisher=Upenn.edu |date=2003-02-28 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Indiana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~germanic/dutch/#yiddish |title=Dutch, Norwegian & Yiddish | Germanic Studies, Indiana University Bloomington |publisher=Indiana.edu |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Ohio State University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://germanic.osu.edu/undergrad/yiddish/ylang.cfm |title=The Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures |publisher=Germanic.osu.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Düsseldorf]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/ijs/studium-und-lehre/ |title=Philosophische Fakultät der HHUD: Studium und Lehre |publisher=Phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Chicago]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/german/06_courses/coursesYDDH.html |title=Department of Germanic Studies |publisher=Humanities.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[Columbia University]],<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/german/yiddish/index.html</ref> [[Vassar College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silp.vassar.edu/yiddish.html |title=Vassar College SILP - Yiddish |publisher=Silp.vassar.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|UMass Amherst]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umass.edu/ug_catalog/archive_2002/judaic/judaiccourses.html#yiddish |title=UMass Course Catalog: Judaic & Near Eastern Studies Courses |publisher=Umass.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[UCLA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germanic.ucla.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=21 |title=Yiddish |publisher=Germanic.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> [[University of Virginia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginia.edu/jewishstudies/academics-yiddish-language.html |title=The Jewish Studies Program at the University of Virginia |publisher=Virginia.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> and the [[University of Manitoba]].<ref>http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts.html</ref> Despite this growing popularity among many [[American Jews]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/22/news/cl-32637 |title=A Lasting Language - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref> finding opportunities for practical use of Yiddish is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus many students have trouble learning to speak the language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/6818/ |title=In Academia, Yiddish Is Seen, But Not Heard – |publisher=Forward.com |date=2006-03-24 |accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[File:NewSquareElectionSign.JPG|thumb|A 2008 Election poster in front of a store in [[New Square, New York|Village of New Square]], Town of Ramapo, New York entirely in Yiddish. The candidate names are transliterated into Yiddish.]]
* [[List of English words of Yiddish origin]]
* [[List of Yiddish language poets]]
* [[Yiddish Renaissance]]
* [[The Yiddish King Lear]]
* [[Yiddish literature]]
* [[Yinglish]]
{{-}}

== Notes ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==

{{refbegin|3}}
*{{citation |last=Baumgarten |first=Jean |editor=Jerold C. Frakes |title=Introduction to Old Yiddish Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2005 |isbn=0199276331}}
*[[Solomon Birnbaum|Birnbaum, Solomon]], ''Yiddish - A Survey and a Grammar'', Toronto, 1979
*Dunphy, Graeme, "The New Jewish Vernacular", in: Max Reinhart, ''Camden House History of German Literature'' vol 4: ''Early Modern German Literature 1350-1700'', 2007, ISBN 10:1-57113-247-3, 74-9.
*{{citation |last=Fishman |first=David E. |title=The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |location=Pittsburgh |date=2005 |isbn=0822942720}}
*[[Joshua Fishman|Fishman, Joshua A.]] (ed.), ''Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters'', Mouton Publishers, The Hague, 1981, ISBN 90-279-7978-2 (in Yiddish and English).
*{{citation |last=Frakes |first=Jerold C |title=Early Yiddish Texts 1100-1750 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2004 |isbn=019926614X}}
*<div id="lcaaj">Herzog, Marvin, et al. ed., YIVO, ''The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry'', 3 vols., Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1992-2000, ISBN 3-484-73013-7.</div>
*<div id="jacobs2005">Jacobs, Neil G. ''Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, ISBN 0-521-77215-X.</div>
*{{citation |last=Katz |first=Dovid |title=Grammar of the Yiddish Language |publisher=Duckworth |location= London |date=1987 |isbn=07156216929}}
*{{citation |last=Katz |first=Dovid |title=Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish |edition=2 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=04365037305}}
*{{citation |last=Kriwaczek |first=Paul |title=Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |date=2005 |isbn=0297829416}}
*Lansky, Aaron, ''Outwitting History: How a Young Man Rescued a Million Books and Saved a Vanishing Civilisation'', Algonquin Books, Chapel Hill, 2004, ISBN 1-56512-429-4.
*<div id="liptzin1972">Liptzin, Sol, ''A History of Yiddish Literature'', Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, ISBN 0-8246-0124-6.</div>
*[[Leo Rosten|Rosten, Leo]], ''Joys of Yiddish'', Pocket, 2000, ISBN 0-7434-0651-2
*Shandler, Jeffrey, ''Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture'', University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, ISBN 0-520-24416-8.
*[[Uriel Weinreich|Weinreich, Uriel]]. ''College Yiddish: an Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture'', 6th revised ed., YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-914512-26-9 (in Yiddish and English).
*Weinstein, Miriam, ''Yiddish: A Nation of Words'', Ballantine Books, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-345-44730-1.
*[[Michael Wex|Wex, Michael]], ''[[Born to Kvetch]]: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-312-30741-1.
*Wexler, Paul, ''Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect'', Berlin, New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 2002, ISBN 3-11-017258-5.
* Katz, Hirshe-Dovid, 1992. ''Code of Yiddish spelling ratified in 1992 by the programmes in Yiddish language and literature at Bar Ilan University, Oxford University Tel Aviv University, Vilnius University.'' Oxford: Oksforder Yidish Press in cooperation with the [[Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies]]. (כלל–תקנות פון יידישן אויסלייג. 1992. אקספארד: אקספארדער צענטער פאר העכערע העברעאישע שטודיעס) ISBN 1-897744-01-3
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
=== Periodicals ===
*''YIVO Bleter'', pub. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NYC, [http://www.yivo.org/aboutyivo/timeline3.htm initial series] from 1931, [http://www.yivoinstitute.org/publications/index.php?tid=123&aid=319 new series] since 1991.
*''Afn Shvel'', pub. League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; [http://www.leagueforyiddish.org/ishi.html אויפן שוועל], [http://docs.leagueforyiddish.org/undzer-perets-artikl.pdf sample article אונדזער פרץ - Our Peretz]
*''Lebns-fragn'', by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; [http://lebnsfragn.com/about.html לעבנס-פראגן], [http://lebnsfragn.com/index.html current issue]
*''Yerusholaymer Almanakh'', periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; [http://yiddish-almanach.org/index.php/the-yerusholaymer-almanakh/ ירושלימער אלמאנאך], [http://yiddish-almanach.org/ new volume, contents and downloads]
*''Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam'', pub. Maison de la Culture Yiddish, Paris, since 1994, also available in [http://www.yiddishweb.com/tamtam.htm electronic format].
*''Yidishe Heftn'', pub. Le Cercle Bernard Lazare, Paris, since 1996, [http://mapage.noos.fr/bernardlazare/CahiersY.htm יידישע העפטן sample cover], [http://www.bernardlazare.org/ subscription info].
*''Gilgulim, naye shafungen'', new literary magazine, Paris, since 2008; [http://gilgulim.org/ גילגולים, נייע שאפונגען]

==External links==
{{External links|date=October 2009}}
{{InterWiki|code=yi}}
{{Wikibooks|Yiddish}}
{{Wikibooks|Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim}}

* [http://www.yivoinstitute.org/ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research]
* [http://www.verterbukh.com Verterbukh{{ndash}} Yiddish Resources Online]
* [http://www.yiddish.co.il Yung YiDiSH Center for Yiddish Culture and Books in Israel]
* [http://www.leyvik.org.il/DefaultEN.aspx Leyvik House] The Israeli Center for Yiddish Culture
* [http://www.jewish-languages.org/yiddish.html Jewish Language Research Website: Yiddish]
* [http://www.yiddishdictionaryonline.com/ On-line Yiddish dictionary]
* [http://www.medienhilfe.org Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH)] - Federation of Yiddish and German-Jewish media worldwide
* [http://www.derbay.org Der Bay] - International Anglo-Yiddish Newsletter, calendar of Yiddish-language events, etc.
* [http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~mendele/ ''Mendele''], mainly English-language newsletter about Yiddish
* [http://www.yiddishweb.com/ Maison de la culture yiddish (Paris)]
* [http://yiddish-klezmer.net/ European Academy for Yiddish language and Klezmer Music]
* [http://www.jewishbookcenter.com/ The Jewish Book Center of The Workmen's Circle]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/projects/digital/lcaaj/index.html Language and Cultural Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry (Columbia University)]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/augustana.html#ii Bibliotheca Iiddica] Small encyclopedia on Yiddish. Home page is in Latin, most of the rest is in transliterated Yiddish.
* [http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/makeyiddish.html Yiddish Typewriter] - interconverts Yiddish text in Hebrew script with YIVO transliteration
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=586&letter=J Judaeo-German] - [[Jewish Encyclopedia]]
* [http://www.iue.it/Personal/Researchers/Zaagsma/Yiddish/ WWW Virtual Library History - Yiddish sources in historical research]
* [http://www.yugntruf.org/ Yugntruf-Youth for Yiddish]
* [http://home.primus.com.au/kadimah/ Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library "Kadimah", Melbourne, Australia]
* [http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/site/dovsadaninst/ The Yiddish Chair and The Dov Sadan Project at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]
* [http://yiddish.haifa.ac.il/Stories.html Di Velt fun Yidish: Audio Stories]
* [http://www.yiddishradioproject.org/ Yiddish Radio Project], "dedicated to rescuing every surviving recording from the golden age of Yiddish radio". The many [[RealAudio]] files all use RealAudio's multimedia capability to provide written English-language translation.
* [http://www.yv.org/ The Yiddish Voice]
* [http://www.languagesandpeoples.com/Eng/Direct/Germanic/SglLgYiddishNewYork.htm 'Hover & Hear' New York Yiddish pronunciations], and compare with equivalents in English and other Germanic languages.

{{Jewish languages}}
{{West Germanic languages}}
{{Germanic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yiddish Language}}
[[Category:Yiddish| ]]
[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews topics]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Germany]]
[[Category:High German languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Israel]]

[[af:Jiddisj]]
[[als:Jiddisch]]
[[ar:لغة يديشية]]
[[az:İdiş dili]]
[[zh-min-nan:Yidish-gí]]
[[be:Ідыш]]
[[be-x-old:Ідыш]]
[[bar:Jiddisch]]
[[br:Yideg]]
[[bg:Идиш (език)]]
[[ca:Jiddisch]]
[[cs:Jidiš]]
[[da:Jiddisch]]
[[pdc:Yiddisch]]
[[de:Jiddisch]]
[[et:Jidiši keel]]
[[el:Γίντις]]
[[es:Yidis]]
[[eo:Jida lingvo]]
[[fa:زبان ییدیش]]
[[fr:Yiddish]]
[[fy:Jiddysk]]
[[ga:Giúdais]]
[[gd:Iùdais]]
[[gl:Lingua yiddish]]
[[ko:이디시어]]
[[hsb:Jidišćina]]
[[hr:Jidiš]]
[[id:Bahasa Yiddish]]
[[ie:Yiddic]]
[[it:Lingua yiddish]]
[[he:יידיש]]
[[jv:Basa Yiddish]]
[[ka:იდიში]]
[[kw:Yedhowek]]
[[ku:Yîdîş]]
[[lad:Idish]]
[[la:Lingua Iudaeogermanica]]
[[lv:Jidišs]]
[[lt:Jidiš]]
[[lij:Lengua yiddish]]
[[li:Jiddisch]]
[[hu:Jiddis nyelv]]
[[ml:യിദ്ദിഷ്]]
[[arz:ييدى]]
[[ms:Bahasa Yiddish]]
[[nl:Jiddisch]]
[[nds-nl:Jiddisj]]
[[ja:イディッシュ語]]
[[no:Jiddisch]]
[[nn:Jiddisch språk]]
[[oc:Yiddish]]
[[mhr:Идиш йылме]]
[[pl:Jidysz]]
[[pt:Língua iídiche]]
[[crh:Yidiş tili]]
[[ro:Limba idiş]]
[[ru:Идиш]]
[[scn:Lingua yiddish]]
[[simple:Yiddish]]
[[sk:Jidiš]]
[[sl:Jidiš]]
[[szl:Jidiš]]
[[sr:Јидиш]]
[[fi:Jiddiš]]
[[sv:Jiddisch]]
[[tl:Wikang Yidis]]
[[kab:Yidic]]
[[th:ภาษายิดดิช]]
[[tr:Yidiş]]
[[uk:Їдиш]]
[[yi:יידיש]]
[[zh:意第緒語]]

Leonard Steinberg, Baron Steinberg

2009-10-29T00:19:02Z

84.92.117.93:

'''Leonard Steinberg, Baron Steinberg''' (born 1936, [[Belfast]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[life peer]], businessman and [[millionaire|multi-millionaire]] from [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>[http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/rolls/peerage/lifebarons.htm Cracroft's Peerage]</ref>

Steinberg is the founder and Non-Executive [[Chairman]] of [[Stanley Leisure Ltd]].<ref name=pw>[http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/partywatch/index.php/donations/?donor=Lord+Leonard+Steinberg Unlock Democracy website: Party Watch] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007)''</ref> The business was founded in Belfast in 1958, but Steinberg moved to [[Liverpool]] in 1977 when he refused to pay [[protection money]] to either [[Irish republicanism|Republican]] or [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] paramilitaries, and after he was shot by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].<ref name=sun>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,11039-2006420210,,00.html The Sun newspaper] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007).''</ref><ref>''Sunday Independent'', 27 May 2001</ref><ref>''Irish Times'', 24 February 1977</ref>

Since 2005 Stanley Leisure has seen changes of ownership, with [[William Hill (bookmaker)|William Hill]] buying the bookmaking operations and the [[Genting Group]] buying the casino operation.<ref name=sun/> Steinberg sold a large number of his shares in 2004, but retained 11.3% of the company's [[stake]].<ref name=man>[http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/160/160607_29_lord_leonard_steinberg_108m_115m.html Manchester Evening News] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007)''.</ref>

Lord Steinberg, who now lives in [[Hale, Greater Manchester|Hale]], was made a [[Tory]] life peer in 2004,<ref name=man/> and has made contributions to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>[http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/wp-content/files/briefings/donationsanalysis2005q4.pdf Unlock Democracy website.] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007)''</ref>

The [[Northern Ireland Friends of Israel]] group was launched with Lord Steinberg as President in March 2009. He spoke of “the longstanding links which connect Northern Ireland and Israel” at that launch. <ref> Belfast Telegraph 17 April 2009 </ref>

His personal fortune was estimate as being some £108 million in 2005.<ref name=man/> He is also the Founder and Chairman of Trustees of the [[Steinberg Family Charitable Trust]].<ref name=pw/>

==See also==
* [[List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords]]
* [[Northern Ireland Friends of Israel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Steinberg, Leonard
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Lord Steinberg, Baron Steinberg
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Northern Irish businessman
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Steinberg, Leonard}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Northern Irish Jews]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:Conservative Party donors]]
[[Category:1936 births]]

Leonard Steinberg, Baron Steinberg

2009-10-29T00:18:51Z

84.92.117.93:

'''Leonard Steinberg, Baron Steinberg''' (born 1936, [[Belfast]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[life peer]], businessman and [[millionaire|multi-millionaire]] from [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>[http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/rolls/peerage/lifebarons.htm Cracroft's Peerage]</ref>

Steinberg is the founder and Non-Executive [[Chairman]] of [[Stanley Leisure Ltd]].<ref name=pw>[http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/partywatch/index.php/donations/?donor=Lord+Leonard+Steinberg Unlock Democracy website: Party Watch] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007)''</ref> The business was founded in Belfast in 1958, but Steinberg moved to [[Liverpool]] in 1977 when he refused to pay [[protection money]] to either [[Irish republicanism|Republican]] or [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] paramilitaries, and after he was shot by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].<ref name=sun>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,11039-2006420210,,00.html The Sun newspaper] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007).''</ref><ref>''Sunday Independent'', 27 May 2001</ref><ref>''Irish Times'', 24 February 1977</ref>

Since 2005 Stanley Leisure has seen changes of ownership, with [[William Hill (bookmaker)|William Hill]] buying the bookmaking operations and the [[Genting Group]] buying the casino operation.<ref name=sun/> Steinberg sold a large number of his shares in 2004, but retained 11.3% of the company's [[stake]].<ref name=man>[http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/160/160607_29_lord_leonard_steinberg_108m_115m.html Manchester Evening News] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007)''.</ref>

Lord Steinberg, who now lives in [[Hale, Greater Manchester|Hale]], was made a [[Tory]] life peer in 2004,<ref name=man/> and has made contributions to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>[http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/wp-content/files/briefings/donationsanalysis2005q4.pdf Unlock Democracy website.] ''(accessed on the 25th of June 2007)''</ref>

The [[Northern Ireland Friends of Israel]] group was launched with Lord Steinberg as President in March 2009. He spoke of “the longstanding links which connect Northern Ireland and Israel” at that launch. <ref> Belfast Telegraph 17 April 2009 </ref>

His personal fortune was estimate as being some £108 million in 2005.<ref name=man/> He is also the Founder and Chairman of Trustees of the [[Steinberg Family Charitable Trust]].<ref name=pw/>

==See also==
* [[List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords]]
* [[Northern Ireland Friends of Israel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Steinberg, Leonard
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Lord Steinberg, Baron Steinberg
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Northern Irish businessman
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Steinberg, Leonard}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
Category:Northern Irish Jews
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:Conservative Party donors]]
[[Category:1936 births]]

Creation (2009)

2009-09-13T18:03:32Z

84.92.117.93:

{{Infobox Film
| name = Creation
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Jon Amiel]]
| producer = [[Jeremy Thomas]]
| writer = John Collee
| starring = [[Paul Bettany]] [[Jennifer Connelly]] [[Jeremy Northam]] [[Toby Jones]] [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]
| music = [[Christopher Young]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[BBC Films]] [[Recorded Picture Company]] [[UK Film Council|Film Council]]
| distributor = [[Icon Productions|Icon Film Distribution]] HanWay Films
| released = 25 September 2009 (UK)
| runtime =
| country = [[U.K.]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| amg_id =
| imdb_id = 0974014
}}

'''''Creation''''' is an upcoming [[biographical film]] about the life of [[Charles Darwin]]. It is directed by [[Jon Amiel]] and stars real life husband and wife [[Paul Bettany]] and [[Jennifer Connelly]] as Charles Darwin as his wife and cousin, [[Emma Darwin|Emma]]. [[John Collee]] wrote the script based on [[Randal Keynes]]'s biography of Darwin titled ''Annie's Box''. The film had its world premiere on September 10, 2009 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], and it was selected as the opening night Gala Presentation for later that evening, the first non-Canadian film to be so honoured.<ref name=toronto>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8151456.stm |title=Darwin biopic to launch Toronto |publisher=BBC|date=2009-07-15|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>

== Plot ==

English naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] finds himself torn between his love for his deeply religious wife and his own theory that creation may be explained without God.<ref name=darwin>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ic8fa818f78acd577415585360227ed83|author=Stuart Kemp|title=Bettany, Connelly to star in Darwin pic|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=2008-09-04|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Paul Bettany]] as [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name=darwin/>
* [[Jennifer Connelly]] as [[Emma Darwin]],<ref name=darwin/>
* [[Jeremy Northam]] as Reverend Innes<ref name=darwin/>
* [[Toby Jones]] as [[Thomas Henry Huxley]]<ref name=darwin/>
* [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] as [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]<ref name=darwin/>

== Production ==

Creation is based on a true story.<ref name=official>{{cite news|url=http://creationthemovie.com|title=Official website|}}</ref> It is an adaptation of ''Annie's Box: Charles Darwin, His Daughter and Human Evolution'', [[Randal Keynes]]' best-selling biography of Charles Darwin.<ref name=wiltshire/>

Production was completed in England in December 2008.<ref name=darwin/> Much of the filming took place in Bradford-upon-Avon in Wiltshire (south-west England).<ref name=wiltshire>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2008/11/26/darwin_film_bradford_on_avon_feature.shtml|title=Hollywood returns to Wiltshire|publisher=BBC|date=2008-11-26|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>

== Releases ==

Although distribution was obtained for many countries around the world, no distributor picked the film up in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6173399/Charles-Darwin-film-too-controversial-for-religious-America.html |title=Charles Darwin film 'too controversial for religious America' |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref>

== Reviews ==

[[Eugenie Scott]] said that "I believe it to be a thoughtful, well-made film that will change many views of Darwin held by the public—for the good. The acting is strong, the visuals are wonderful, and it treats with loving care the Victorian details of the furnishings at Down house and other sites (such as Malvern), and the local church".<ref>{{cite web|last=Contributor |first=Guest |url=http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2009/09/eugenie-scott-r.html |title='Creation:' A drama about the life of Charles Darwin - The Panda's Thumb |publisher=Pandasthumb.org |date= |accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref> But she noted that the film does not yet have a distributor in [[North America]].

== References ==

{{refs|2}}

== External links ==

* {{official|http://creationthemovie.com/}}
* [http://www.damaris.org/creationmovie Official resources] for church groups, produced on behalf of Icon Film Distribution (UK arm of [[Icon Productions]]) by [[Damaris Trust]] (includes video material on the [[relationship between religion and science]] and on [[Charles Darwin]])
* {{imdb title|0974014|Creation}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2008/11/26/darwin_film_bradford_on_avon_feature.shtml Video news report on filming] at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire BBC Wiltshire]

{{film-stub}}

{{Jon Amiel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Creation (2009 Film)}}
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:2000s drama films]]
[[Category:Biographical films]]
[[Category:Charles Darwin]]
[[Category:British drama films]]

[[it:Creation (film)]]
[[ru:Происхождение (фильм)]]

Herrscher von Niue

2009-08-21T22:35:05Z

84.92.117.93:

'''[[Niue]]''' today is a self-governing territory in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]], and recognises the [[Queen of New Zealand]] as monarch. However, the island previously had an indigenous monarchy, established around the beginning of the [[eighteenth century]].

Before that time, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue. Chiefs and heads of family exercised authority over segments of the population. Around [[1700]], the concept and practice of [[kingship]] appears to have been introduced through contact with Samoa or Tonga. From then on, a succession of ''[[patu-iki]]'' (kings) ruled the island, the first of whom was Puni-mata. The function of monarch was non-hereditary; ''patu-iki'' were reportedly elected by the Niuean population, with the candidates being issued from influential families. As described by [[Stephenson Percy Smith]] in [[1903]], Niue appears therefore to have been a [[democracy|democratic]] [[elective monarchy]].

==List==
===List of ''patu-iki''===
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=150|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
! width=300|Notes
|-
|'''Puni-mata'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|?
|c. 1700
|?
|He was the first ''patu-iki''. His death, of old age, was followed by an [[interregnum]] of significant but indeterminate length.
|-
|'''Patua-valu'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|He was nominated for kingship by the population's elected choice, Tage-lagi, who declined the position and opted instead to be Patua-valu's lifelong bodyguard. Patua-valu died of old age.
|-
|'''Galiga''', or '''Galiaga-a-Iki'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|This ''patu-iki'' was murdered by a person called Tikomata. Following his death, Fakana-iki and Hetalaga vied to replace him, but failed to secure the approval of the population. Foki-mata eventually became the fourth ''patu-iki'' instead.
|-
|'''Foki-mata'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|1874?
|?
|1874?
|
|-
|'''Pakieto'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|1875?
|1874?
|1875?
|He was ''patu-iki'' for only a year. Following his death, a war of succession occurred.
|-
|'''Tui-toga'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|June 13 1887
|March 2 1885
|June 13 1887
|The first [[Christianity|Christian]] King of Niue.
|-
|'''[[Fata-a-iki]]'''
|[[File:Fata-a-iki.jpg|100px]]
|?
|1896
|1887 (''de facto'') November 21 1888 (''de jure'')
|1896
|The second Christian Niuean monarch. One of his first acts as ''patu-iki'' in 1877 was to send a letter to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], requesting that Niue be made a protectorate of the [[British Empire]], to protect the island from other imperial powers, although his letter (and another sent in 1895) recieved no reply.
|-
|'''Togia-Pulu-toaki'''
|[[Image:Replace this image male.png|100px]]
|?
|?
|1896
|April 21 1900?
|The final native-born Niuean monarch; anointed on [[June 30]], [[1898]]. Under his rule, laws were adopted forbidding the sale of Niuean lands to foreigners, and the sale of liquor to Niueans. He was the king who finally ceded Niue to the British Empire on [[April 21]], [[1900]], and who welcomed a Resident representative of the imperial government on Niue on [[September 11]], [[1901]].
|}
===Colonial rule and free association===

From [[1900]] to [[1901]], Niue was ruled by the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1901, the island was annexed by [[New Zealand]], which administered it in the name of the British Empire. On 26 September 1907, New Zealand attained the status of [[dominion]], becoming the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the British monarch from then on reigned over Niue in his or her capacity as monarch of New Zealand. [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Elizabeth II]] was the first monarch to be explicity titled [[Queen of New Zealand]], however, in [[1952]].

====List of British monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]'''
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|100px]]
|24 May 1819
|22 January 1901
|April 21 1900?
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|22 January 1901
|26 September 1907
|}

====List of New Zealand monarchs ruling over Niue====
{{See also|List of New Zealand monarchs}}
{{See also|Monarchy of New Zealand}}

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
! width=100|Name
! width=50|Portrait
! width=50|Birth
! width=50|Death
! width=50|Start
! width=50|End
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]'''
|[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
|9 November 1841
|6 May 1910
|26 September 1907
||6 May 1910
|-
|'''[[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]'''
|[[File:George V of the united Kingdom.jpg|100px]]
|3 June 1865
|20 January 1936
|6 May 1910
|20 January 1936
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]]'''
|[[File:A030596.jpg|100px]]
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|20 January 1936
|11 December 1936
|-
|'''[[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]'''
|[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg|100px]]
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|11 December 1936
|6 February 1952
|-
|'''[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]'''
|[[File:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|100px]]
|21 April 1926
|''Living''
|6 February 1952
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Source==
*S. Percy Smith, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiNiu.html ''Niuē-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People''], 1903, pp.36-44

[[Category:History of Niue]]
[[Category:Monarchy in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Oceania]]
[[Category:Politics of Niue]]
[[Category:Niue-related lists]]

[[it:Lista di monarchi di Niue]]

Jiddischsprachige Wikipedia

2009-03-12T23:08:50Z

84.92.117.93: /* Current status */

{{Infobox website
| name = [[Image:Wikipedia-favicon.png|16px|Favicon of Wikipedia]] Yiddish Wikipedia
| screenshot =
| logo = [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-yi.png|140px]]
| caption =
| url = http://yi.wikipedia.org/
| commercial = No
| location = [[Miami, Florida]]
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| language = [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| author =
}}
'''Yiddish Wikipedia''' is the [[Yiddish]] language version of [[Wikipedia]]. It was founded in March 3, [[2004]], but the first article was written November 28 of that year.

==Current status==
As of [[March 2009]] the Yiddish Wikipedia has over 6,000 articles. There are 1251 registered users (including bots) but only a minority are active.

Like all Wikipedias it generates hits from Yiddish words typed in Google, with Wikipedia articles on top of the results for that word.

In accordance with the norms for the Yiddish language, it is written almost exclusively in Hebrew script, and not in Latin script.

== Milestones ==
The Yiddish Wikipedia reached 6000 articles on March 8, 2009. The 6000th article is [[:yi:יהושע העשיל תאומים-פרענקל (ב)]] a Rabbi.

==Controversy==
Although it has a variety of interest in all worldly subjects, the edit wars are mostly driven by the make-up of the Yiddish-speaking community, that is the inside Hasidic politics, in particular among [[Satmar]] Hasidim. For instance the most heavily edited article is [[Aaron Teitelbaum]] a figure head who is the most talked about in Yiddish-speaking circles (see [[:yi:Special:Mostrevisions]]).
==Point of view==
The articles are currently written, to some degree, by [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidim]]. Combined, the different Hasidic groups form the largest Yiddish-speaking community in the world today. The most new articles are about religious Hasidic Rabbis.[http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8:%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8]

==Users and Editors==

But the editors are very few, although it has over 700 signed up editors in any given day only 3 names or fewer are active. That might be because many Yiddish speakers do not have [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] [[grapheme]]s on their computer. Also, most Yiddish speakers today are strictly observant orthodox Jews and their rabbis prohibit Internet use that is not strictly related to business.

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=yi}}
*[http://yi.wikipedia.org/ Yiddish Wikipedia]
* [http://newvoices.org/web-wire/new-voices-e-gossip.html New Voices e-Gossip - If there ever was hope for our grandparents to turn tech-savvy and read about the latest in their mamaloshen, this is it.] [[newvoices]].
* [http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3326215,00.html Go on the web: Aviv Gefen (with non-hebrew spelling)? Yes. Its not a mistake. It's Yiddish]. [[Ynet]] ([[Hebrew]])
* Dr. Shalom Berger, [http://yiddish.forward.com/archive/forverts/2006/1027/item4.html An encyclopedia of people already in Yiddish] [[The Forward]] ([[Yiddish]])
* [http://www.themarker.com/tmc/article.jhtml?ElementId=skira20061006_45454&origin=ibo&layer=headlines&layer2=&layer3= Is there such a think as a '''Free Encyclopedia'''?: - The Yiddish Wikipedia was the only wikipedia which did not delete an article which a Journalist has written his own autobiography]. [[TheMarker]] ([[Hebrew]])

{{Wikipedias}}

[[Category:Wikipedias by language]]
[[Category:Yiddish]]

[[fr:Wikipédia en yiddish]]
[[ms:Wikipedia Bahasa Yiddish]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดียภาษายิดดิช]]
[[tr:Yidiş Vikipedi]]
[[yi:יידישע וויקיפעדיע]]

Das Mädchen im Kamin

2008-02-09T18:40:55Z

84.92.117.93: /* Reception */

{{Doctorwhobox|
|number=175
|serial_name= The Girl in the Fireplace
|show=DW
|image=[[Image:Thegirlinthefireplace.jpg|275px]]
|caption= The Doctor searches Madame de Pompadour's mind
|type=episode
|doctor=[[David Tennant]] ([[Tenth Doctor]])
|companion=[[Billie Piper]] ([[Rose Tyler]])
|companion2=[[Noel Clarke]] ([[Mickey Smith]])
|guests=
*[[Madame de Pompadour|Reinette]] — [[Sophia Myles]]
*[[Louis XV of France|King Louis]] — Ben Turner
*Young Reinette — Jessica Atkins
*Katherine — [[Angel Coulby]]
*Manservant — Gareth Wyn Griffiths
*Clockwork Man — [[Paul Kasey]]
*Clockwork Woman — [[Ellen Thomas (actress)|Ellen Thomas]]
|writer=[[Steven Moffat]]
|director=[[Euros Lyn]]
|script_editor=[[Helen Raynor]]
|producer=[[Phil Collinson]]
|executive_producer=[[Russell T. Davies]] [[Julie Gardner]]
|production_code=2.4
|length= 1 episode, 45 mins
|date=[[May 6]], [[2006]]
|preceding="[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]"
|following="[[Rise of the Cybermen]]"
|imdb_id=0562998
|series=[[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|Series 2]]
|}}
"'''The Girl in the Fireplace'''" is the fourth episode of the [[list of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|second series]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction on television|science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. It was first broadcast on [[May 6]], [[2006]], and is the only episode in the 2006 series written by [[Steven Moffat]]. [[Sophia Myles]] guest-starred as the historical figure [[Madame de Pompadour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=2006-04|title=Episode Guide: The Girl in the Fireplace|work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]]|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref>

The episode takes place in multiple time periods as the [[Tenth Doctor]] and characters [[Rose Tyler|Rose]] and [[Mickey Smith|Mickey]] find time windows leading to [[Early Modern France#France in the 17th and 18th centuries|18th century France]] and a group of clockwork androids using them to stalk Madame de Pompadour throughout her life. ''Doctor Who'' writer [[Russell T. Davies]] described the episode as a "love story" for the Doctor.<ref name=love/> Overall, "The Girl in the Fireplace" was well-received by most critics despite the time constraints imposed on the plot; the episode was nominated for a [[Nebula Award]]<ref name=nebula/> and won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo/>

==Plot==
The [[TARDIS]] arrives in a derelict spaceship, which is fully functional yet motionless and without a crew. The travelers —the [[Tenth Doctor|Doctor]], [[Rose Tyler]], and [[Mickey Smith]]— are further baffled to find an [[18th century]] French fireplace. Looking through the fireplace, the Doctor sees a young girl. He asks who she is, and she replies that her name is Reinette, and that she lives in [[Paris]] in the year [[1727]]. The fireplace is a "time window", allowing direct access to another time and place; passing through the window, the Doctor arrives in Reinette's bedroom, although months have passed here, rather than mere seconds in the Doctor's time. Examining the room, the Doctor discovers a nightmarish ticking humanoid under Reinette's bed. The Doctor tricks the creature back through the time window to the spacecraft, where he and his companions learn that it is actually an android made of intricate, beautiful clockwork. Returning to Reinette's bedroom, the Doctor finds that she is now several years older. She remembers him, and her charm and intelligence entrances the Doctor; they kiss, but she runs off to answer a summons for "Mademoiselle Poisson". The doctor realizes she is [[Madame de Pompadour|Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson]], the mistress of [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] and uncrowned Queen of France, a historic figure he admires greatly.

Returning to the ship, the Doctor and his companions find several additional time windows at various locations throughout the ship, each leading to a different moment from the life of Madame de Pompadour. In one of them, the Doctor sees another clockwork creature menacing her. Stepping through the time window, he defends Reinette. Obeying her orders to explain itself, the clockwork creature tells her that the spaceship was damaged in an [[Solar wind#Variability and space weather|ion storm]]; the maintenance androids did not have the parts necessary to repair the ship, and killed the crew to use their organs for parts. One more part is required for the ship to be fully functional: Reinette's brain. Seeking more information on the motivation of the clockwork androids, the Doctor reads Reinette's mind, but is startled to find that she can read his as well, and has enormous empathy for his loneliness. Rose and Mickey are taken captive by the androids, but rescued by the Doctor, who discovers that the creatures are trying to open a time window into Reinette's life at the age of 37. At that age, the literal-minded androids believe Reinette's brain will be compatible with the ship's systems. The clockwork androids appear at a costume ball, forcing Reinette and the rest of the guests into the ballroom. At one end of the room is an enormous mirror, which is actually a time window; the Doctor and his companions can see through it, but cannot pass through without smashing the window; this would break the connection.

The creatures threaten to decapitate Reinette, but the Doctor crashes through the mirror to save her, although he believes he has stranded himself in [[Versailles]] in the year 1758. The clockwork androids give up and shut down when the doctor tells them that they have no way to return to the ship to carry out their mission. Reinette reveals that she had her fireplace moved to Versailles, hoping that the Doctor would return; the Doctor uses the window to return to the ship, and tells Reinette to pack and bag and prepare to come with him. When the Doctor returns to the fireplace, however, he finds Reinette is not there to meet him, having died in the six years since the Doctor's last visit. [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] gives the Doctor a parting letter from Reinette, and the Doctor returns alone to the TARDIS. In the letter, Reinette expresses her hopes that the Doctor will return quickly, asking him to hurry as her days grow short, referring to him as "my love" and her "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|lonely angel]]". The Doctor returns the letter to his pocket, watching on the TARDIS screen as the fireplace goes dark and the time window is closed forever. The TARDIS vanishes from the derelict spaceship, and as the now-lifeless ship drifts through space, the camera reveals the ship's name is the ''SS Madame de Pompadour''.

==Continuity==
While the episode appears to follow immediately from the previous episode "[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]", Moffat notes in the audio commentary that when he wrote the episode he had not yet read the end of "School Reunion", hence the lack of continuing animosity shown towards Mickey by Rose after he joins the TARDIS crew.<ref name=commentary/> After reading the Doctor's mind, Reinette says "Doctor who?", a reference both to the series' title and to the long-running mystery about the Doctor's actual name. She also says that it is "more than just a secret", but does not elaborate further. Moffat explains that he added the dialogue because he believes that, as the Doctor does not tell even his closest companions his name, there must be a "dreadful secret" about it.<ref name=commentary/> Moffat also explains that he did not include the word "Torchwood" (an "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|arc word]]" in the second series) in the script because Davies did not ask him to.<ref name=commentary/>
==Production==
In an interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', [[Russell T. Davies]] described the episode as "practically a love story for the Doctor... It's very understated, very beautifully done, but it's nonetheless a [[Time Lord]] falling in love and Rose's reaction to him falling in love with someone else."<ref name=love>{{cite web | author=Byrne, Clar |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article356806.ece | title=Russell T Davies: The saviour of Saturday night drama | work=[[The Independent]] | date=2006-04-10 | accessdate=2006-04-11 }}</ref> The scenes of Versailles were all filmed elsewhere, with [[Ragley Hall]] in Warwickshire standing in for the ballroom and [[Dyffryn Gardens]] near [[Cardiff]] standing in for the gardens at the palace.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s2e4.shtml| title =The Girl In The Fireplace locations guide| work =[[bbc.co.uk]]| accessdate =2006-05-08}}</ref> Two horses were used in the episode: one named [[Bolero]] was used for the scenes in close quarters on the spaceship, and another, named Arthur, for jumps. As seen in ''Doctor Who Confidential'', the horse was not allowed to set foot in the ballroom in the climactic scene. The various elements of the Doctor riding Arthur through the mirror (the horse, the mirror breaking and the reactions of the extras in the ballroom) all had to be filmed at separate times and then composited together; Tennant's head was superimposed upon that of the stunt rider in post-production.<ref name=commentary/> Steven Moffat states on the ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' episode "Script to Screen" that the clockwork people were inspired by [[The Turk]], a clockwork man who played chess around the same period (and which was later revealed to be a [[hoax]]).<ref name=commentary>{{cite video |people= Clarke, Noel; Moffat, Steven|date2= |title= The Girl In the Fireplace Audio Commentary|url= http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3|format=[[MP3]]|publisher=[[BBC]] |location= |accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref> Much of the episode takes place in pre-revolutionary France and features characters of the period, including [[Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson]]. There are some historical inaccuracies; for example, Poisson calls herself "Reinette" in 1728, whereas in reality the nickname (meaning "Little Queen") was not given to her until [[1730]].<ref>{{cite web| author=Kren, Emil; Marx, Daniel| title=DROUAIS, François-Hubert| publisher=| date=| work=Web Gallery of Art| url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/drouais/francois/mme_pomp.html| accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref>

==Reception==
Reception of the episode was generally positive. A reviewer for ''BlogCritics Magazine'' lauded Moffat's writing, noting the dialogue was "honest and passionate".<ref name=bc>{{cite web|url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2006/05/07/132037.php|title=TV Review: BBC's Doctor Who - "The Girl In The Fireplace"|work=BlogCritics.org|author=Milam, Matthew|date=2006-05-6|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
The final rating for the episode was 7.90 million, making it the thirteenth most watched programme of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/2006d.html|title=A Brief History of Time (Travel):The Girl in the Fireplace|accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref> The script for this episode was nominated for the 2006 [[Nebula Award]].<ref name=nebula>{{cite web| url =http://www.sfwa.org/awards/2007/NebFinal2006.html| title =2006 Final Nebula Award Ballot| publisher =Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc.|work=sfwa.org| accessdate =2007-04-12}}</ref> "The Girl in the Fireplace" also won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehugoawards.org/index.php?page_id=127| title = 2007 Hugo Awards| publisher = World Science Fiction Society|work=thehugoawards.org| date= 2007-09-01| accessdate =2007-09-01}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Tenth Doctor}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/doctorwho/ram/tardisode4?size=16x9&bgc=CC0000&nbram=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1 TARDISODE 4]
*{{BBCDWnew|year=2006|id=girlinthefireplace|title=The Girl in the Fireplace}}
*{{Doctor Who RG| id=who_tv15 | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{OG|2006-04|The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{Tv.com episode|id=452182|title=The Girl in the Fireplace}}

{{2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girl in the Fireplace}}
[[Category:Hugo Award Winner for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]]
[[Category:Tenth Doctor episodes]]
[[Category:Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials]]
[[Category:2006 television episodes]]
[[Category:Steampunk]]

Das Mädchen im Kamin

2008-02-09T18:39:22Z

84.92.117.93: /* Reception */

{{Doctorwhobox|
|number=175
|serial_name= The Girl in the Fireplace
|show=DW
|image=[[Image:Thegirlinthefireplace.jpg|275px]]
|caption= The Doctor searches Madame de Pompadour's mind
|type=episode
|doctor=[[David Tennant]] ([[Tenth Doctor]])
|companion=[[Billie Piper]] ([[Rose Tyler]])
|companion2=[[Noel Clarke]] ([[Mickey Smith]])
|guests=
*[[Madame de Pompadour|Reinette]] — [[Sophia Myles]]
*[[Louis XV of France|King Louis]] — Ben Turner
*Young Reinette — Jessica Atkins
*Katherine — [[Angel Coulby]]
*Manservant — Gareth Wyn Griffiths
*Clockwork Man — [[Paul Kasey]]
*Clockwork Woman — [[Ellen Thomas (actress)|Ellen Thomas]]
|writer=[[Steven Moffat]]
|director=[[Euros Lyn]]
|script_editor=[[Helen Raynor]]
|producer=[[Phil Collinson]]
|executive_producer=[[Russell T. Davies]] [[Julie Gardner]]
|production_code=2.4
|length= 1 episode, 45 mins
|date=[[May 6]], [[2006]]
|preceding="[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]"
|following="[[Rise of the Cybermen]]"
|imdb_id=0562998
|series=[[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|Series 2]]
|}}
"'''The Girl in the Fireplace'''" is the fourth episode of the [[list of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|second series]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction on television|science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. It was first broadcast on [[May 6]], [[2006]], and is the only episode in the 2006 series written by [[Steven Moffat]]. [[Sophia Myles]] guest-starred as the historical figure [[Madame de Pompadour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=2006-04|title=Episode Guide: The Girl in the Fireplace|work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]]|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref>

The episode takes place in multiple time periods as the [[Tenth Doctor]] and characters [[Rose Tyler|Rose]] and [[Mickey Smith|Mickey]] find time windows leading to [[Early Modern France#France in the 17th and 18th centuries|18th century France]] and a group of clockwork androids using them to stalk Madame de Pompadour throughout her life. ''Doctor Who'' writer [[Russell T. Davies]] described the episode as a "love story" for the Doctor.<ref name=love/> Overall, "The Girl in the Fireplace" was well-received by most critics despite the time constraints imposed on the plot; the episode was nominated for a [[Nebula Award]]<ref name=nebula/> and won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo/>

==Plot==
The [[TARDIS]] arrives in a derelict spaceship, which is fully functional yet motionless and without a crew. The travelers —the [[Tenth Doctor|Doctor]], [[Rose Tyler]], and [[Mickey Smith]]— are further baffled to find an [[18th century]] French fireplace. Looking through the fireplace, the Doctor sees a young girl. He asks who she is, and she replies that her name is Reinette, and that she lives in [[Paris]] in the year [[1727]]. The fireplace is a "time window", allowing direct access to another time and place; passing through the window, the Doctor arrives in Reinette's bedroom, although months have passed here, rather than mere seconds in the Doctor's time. Examining the room, the Doctor discovers a nightmarish ticking humanoid under Reinette's bed. The Doctor tricks the creature back through the time window to the spacecraft, where he and his companions learn that it is actually an android made of intricate, beautiful clockwork. Returning to Reinette's bedroom, the Doctor finds that she is now several years older. She remembers him, and her charm and intelligence entrances the Doctor; they kiss, but she runs off to answer a summons for "Mademoiselle Poisson". The doctor realizes she is [[Madame de Pompadour|Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson]], the mistress of [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] and uncrowned Queen of France, a historic figure he admires greatly.

Returning to the ship, the Doctor and his companions find several additional time windows at various locations throughout the ship, each leading to a different moment from the life of Madame de Pompadour. In one of them, the Doctor sees another clockwork creature menacing her. Stepping through the time window, he defends Reinette. Obeying her orders to explain itself, the clockwork creature tells her that the spaceship was damaged in an [[Solar wind#Variability and space weather|ion storm]]; the maintenance androids did not have the parts necessary to repair the ship, and killed the crew to use their organs for parts. One more part is required for the ship to be fully functional: Reinette's brain. Seeking more information on the motivation of the clockwork androids, the Doctor reads Reinette's mind, but is startled to find that she can read his as well, and has enormous empathy for his loneliness. Rose and Mickey are taken captive by the androids, but rescued by the Doctor, who discovers that the creatures are trying to open a time window into Reinette's life at the age of 37. At that age, the literal-minded androids believe Reinette's brain will be compatible with the ship's systems. The clockwork androids appear at a costume ball, forcing Reinette and the rest of the guests into the ballroom. At one end of the room is an enormous mirror, which is actually a time window; the Doctor and his companions can see through it, but cannot pass through without smashing the window; this would break the connection.

The creatures threaten to decapitate Reinette, but the Doctor crashes through the mirror to save her, although he believes he has stranded himself in [[Versailles]] in the year 1758. The clockwork androids give up and shut down when the doctor tells them that they have no way to return to the ship to carry out their mission. Reinette reveals that she had her fireplace moved to Versailles, hoping that the Doctor would return; the Doctor uses the window to return to the ship, and tells Reinette to pack and bag and prepare to come with him. When the Doctor returns to the fireplace, however, he finds Reinette is not there to meet him, having died in the six years since the Doctor's last visit. [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] gives the Doctor a parting letter from Reinette, and the Doctor returns alone to the TARDIS. In the letter, Reinette expresses her hopes that the Doctor will return quickly, asking him to hurry as her days grow short, referring to him as "my love" and her "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|lonely angel]]". The Doctor returns the letter to his pocket, watching on the TARDIS screen as the fireplace goes dark and the time window is closed forever. The TARDIS vanishes from the derelict spaceship, and as the now-lifeless ship drifts through space, the camera reveals the ship's name is the ''SS Madame de Pompadour''.

==Continuity==
While the episode appears to follow immediately from the previous episode "[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]", Moffat notes in the audio commentary that when he wrote the episode he had not yet read the end of "School Reunion", hence the lack of continuing animosity shown towards Mickey by Rose after he joins the TARDIS crew.<ref name=commentary/> After reading the Doctor's mind, Reinette says "Doctor who?", a reference both to the series' title and to the long-running mystery about the Doctor's actual name. She also says that it is "more than just a secret", but does not elaborate further. Moffat explains that he added the dialogue because he believes that, as the Doctor does not tell even his closest companions his name, there must be a "dreadful secret" about it.<ref name=commentary/> Moffat also explains that he did not include the word "Torchwood" (an "[[Story arcs in Doctor Who|arc word]]" in the second series) in the script because Davies did not ask him to.<ref name=commentary/>
==Production==
In an interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', [[Russell T. Davies]] described the episode as "practically a love story for the Doctor... It's very understated, very beautifully done, but it's nonetheless a [[Time Lord]] falling in love and Rose's reaction to him falling in love with someone else."<ref name=love>{{cite web | author=Byrne, Clar |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article356806.ece | title=Russell T Davies: The saviour of Saturday night drama | work=[[The Independent]] | date=2006-04-10 | accessdate=2006-04-11 }}</ref> The scenes of Versailles were all filmed elsewhere, with [[Ragley Hall]] in Warwickshire standing in for the ballroom and [[Dyffryn Gardens]] near [[Cardiff]] standing in for the gardens at the palace.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s2e4.shtml| title =The Girl In The Fireplace locations guide| work =[[bbc.co.uk]]| accessdate =2006-05-08}}</ref> Two horses were used in the episode: one named [[Bolero]] was used for the scenes in close quarters on the spaceship, and another, named Arthur, for jumps. As seen in ''Doctor Who Confidential'', the horse was not allowed to set foot in the ballroom in the climactic scene. The various elements of the Doctor riding Arthur through the mirror (the horse, the mirror breaking and the reactions of the extras in the ballroom) all had to be filmed at separate times and then composited together; Tennant's head was superimposed upon that of the stunt rider in post-production.<ref name=commentary/> Steven Moffat states on the ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' episode "Script to Screen" that the clockwork people were inspired by [[The Turk]], a clockwork man who played chess around the same period (and which was later revealed to be a [[hoax]]).<ref name=commentary>{{cite video |people= Clarke, Noel; Moffat, Steven|date2= |title= The Girl In the Fireplace Audio Commentary|url= http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3|format=[[MP3]]|publisher=[[BBC]] |location= |accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref> Much of the episode takes place in pre-revolutionary France and features characters of the period, including [[Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson]]. There are some historical inaccuracies; for example, Poisson calls herself "Reinette" in 1728, whereas in reality the nickname (meaning "Little Queen") was not given to her until [[1730]].<ref>{{cite web| author=Kren, Emil; Marx, Daniel| title=DROUAIS, François-Hubert| publisher=| date=| work=Web Gallery of Art| url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/drouais/francois/mme_pomp.html| accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref>

==Reception==
Reception of the episode was generally positive. A reviewer for ''BlogCritics Magazine'' lauded Moffat's writing, noting the dialogue was "honest and passionate";<ref name=bc>{{cite web|url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2006/05/07/132037.php|title=TV Review: BBC's Doctor Who - "The Girl In The Fireplace"|work=BlogCritics.org|author=Milam, Matthew|date=2006-05-6|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> other reviewers agreed that the script was excellent.<ref>{{cite web|year=[[2006]]|author=Lang, Stephen|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/review.php?id=2006-04&page=3|title=The Girl in the Fireplace Reviews [Pg 3]|work=[[Outpost Gallifrey]]|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
The final rating for the episode was 7.90 million, making it the thirteenth most watched programme of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/2006d.html|title=A Brief History of Time (Travel):The Girl in the Fireplace|accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref> The script for this episode was nominated for the 2006 [[Nebula Award]].<ref name=nebula>{{cite web| url =http://www.sfwa.org/awards/2007/NebFinal2006.html| title =2006 Final Nebula Award Ballot| publisher =Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc.|work=sfwa.org| accessdate =2007-04-12}}</ref> "The Girl in the Fireplace" also won the 2007 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]].<ref name=hugo>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehugoawards.org/index.php?page_id=127| title = 2007 Hugo Awards| publisher = World Science Fiction Society|work=thehugoawards.org| date= 2007-09-01| accessdate =2007-09-01}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Tenth Doctor}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/doctorwho/ram/tardisode4?size=16x9&bgc=CC0000&nbram=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1 TARDISODE 4]
*{{BBCDWnew|year=2006|id=girlinthefireplace|title=The Girl in the Fireplace}}
*{{Doctor Who RG| id=who_tv15 | title=The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{OG|2006-04|The Girl in the Fireplace|quotes=y}}
*{{Tv.com episode|id=452182|title=The Girl in the Fireplace}}

{{2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girl in the Fireplace}}
[[Category:Hugo Award Winner for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]]
[[Category:Tenth Doctor episodes]]
[[Category:Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials]]
[[Category:2006 television episodes]]
[[Category:Steampunk]]