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50 Cent Party

2016-06-26T02:25:19Z

84.135.132.5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{ChineseText}}
{{Chinese
|s=五毛党
|t=五毛黨
|p=wǔmáo dǎng
|altname=Internet commentator(s)
|s2=网络评论员
|t2=網絡評論員
|p2=wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
}}

The '''50 Cent Party''', or '''50 Cent Army''' ({{zh|c=五毛党}} wǔmáo dǎng), is the colloquial term for Internet commentators i.e. trolls ({{zh|c=网络评论员}} wǎngluò pínglùn yuán) hired by Chinese propaganda authorities in an attempt to manipulate [[public opinion]] to the benefit of the Chinese Communist Party<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes"/> during the early phases of Internet's rollout to the wider public in China. They created favorable articles or websites, wrote blogs, or posted comments on bulletin boards or popular social media networks, intended to derail discussions that were unhelpful to the Communist Party and promoted narratives that served the regime's interests.

The name derives from the allegation that commentators were said to be paid fifty cents (in [[Renminbi]]) for every post.<ref name="tibetanreview" /><ref name="dnai" /><ref name="freedomhouse" /> They were also deployed to make disparaging comments, spread falsehood and misinformation about political opponents, critics of the regime, and about any targeted national or international topic or entity, such as politicians, countries, organizations, etc.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

As of 2016, this practice seems to have largely ceased, and propagandist participation in Internet discussions has become part of the Communist party officials' normal work. Also the nature of participation has become more nuanced and less aggressive.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/29/china-internet-censorship-strategic-distraction-gary-king The secret army of cheerleaders policing China’s internet]. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/19/the-chinese-government-fakes-nearly-450-million-social-media-comments-a-year-this-is-why/ The Chinese government fakes nearly 450 million social media comments a year. This is why.]Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref> The scale of such Chinese propaganda internet activities is extensive, it has been exposed by specific research on that matter that a "massive secretive operation" to fill China's internet with propaganda has resulted in some 488 million posts carried out by fake social media accounts.<ref>http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/19/meet-the-chinese-internet-trolls-pumping-488-million-posts-harvard-stanford-ucsd-research/</ref><ref>http://nextshark.com/china-wumao-50-cent-party/</ref> Further leaked documents have shown that the Chinese regime employs a massive amount of some 500,000 trolls.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

==History==
In October 2004, the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]] started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan"/>

In March 2005, the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems. The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by [[Nanjing University]], was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from [[Jiangsu]] began hiring their own teams.<ref name="feer"/> By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. [[Shanghai Normal University]] employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.<ref name="nyt"/> These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.<ref name="feer" /><ref name=nyt /> Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.<ref name="sohu"/><ref name="guoluo"/><ref name="t20090729_791744"/>

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="xinhuanet"/> Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the [[CPC Central Committee]] ({{lang|zh|中共中央办公厅}}) and [[General Office of the State Council]] ({{lang|zh|国务院办公厅}}).<ref name="feer" /><ref name="dwnews"/>

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the internet since then.<ref name="cdt"/> In one instance described on the [[China Digital Times]], the [[Jiaozuo]] (Henan) City [[Public Security Bureau]] established a mechanism to analyse public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.<ref name=cdt/><ref name=zhong /> In the aftermath of the [[2008 Weng'an riot|2008 Guizhou riot]], internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the ''[[China News Weekly]]'' later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."<ref name=zhong />

In 2010, the Shanghai [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]'s official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at [[People's Daily]] site, [[Xinhua]] site, Eastday (东方网), [[Sina.com|Sina]] and [[Tianya Club|Tianya]] after many incidents in 2009, including [[Lotus Riverside]] incident, [[Green Dam Youth Escort|Green Dam]] software forced installation, [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]] [[City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau|Urban Administrative]] incident, [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]'s control, Shanghai entrapment incident ([[:zh:钓鱼执法|钓鱼执法]]), Pan Rong (潘蓉)'s self-immolation, etc. It was praised by Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.<ref name="shy"/>

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of [[Zhanggong District]] in [[Ganzhou]], including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party internet commentators.<ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/thousands-local-internet-propaganda-emails-leaked/ Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked], China Digital Times, 3 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/zhanggong-leaks-history-best-judge/ Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge], China Digital Times, 10 December 2014.</ref> For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."<ref>[http://qz.com/311832/hacked-emails-reveal-chinas-elaborate-and-absurd-internet-propaganda-machine/ Hacked emails reveal China’s elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine], Quartz, 18 December 2014.</ref>

==Range of operation==
The [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]] now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.<ref name="feer"/> As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,<ref name="BBC1"/> and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.<ref name="feer"/><ref name="tw"/> Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.<ref name="feer" />

According to the ''Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative)'', the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from [[en cadre|cadres]] or student cadres at Communist Party Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin"/>

The court of [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe District]], Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.<ref name="huaian"/> [[Gansu|Gansu Province]] hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.<ref name="sina"/> Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by ''[[Yangtse Evening Post]]'' in April 2005.<ref name="su"/> According to high-profile [[Independent (politician)|independent]] Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

[[Wen Yunchao]] ([[:zh:温云超|温云超]]), a formal Internet commentator said that there were about 20 full-time commentators for the local news websites in [[Guangdong]]. A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator estimated more than 100 spare-time Internet commentators in his county, whose population was about 1 million. Hu Yong, an Internet expert from [[Peking University]], said that "the public opinion molders have already penetrated different layers of Chinese society", he found public opinion watchmen that deal with negative information on the forums in tourist city's airport and county-level middle school.<ref name="commentators" /> A 2016 [[Harvard University|Harvard]] study estimated that the group posts about 488 million [[social media]] comments per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=China 'flooding' social media with fake posts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36340514|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref>

According to an article published by [[Xiao Qiang]] on her website [[China Digital Times]], a leaked propaganda directive, sent to 50 Cent Party internet commentators, stated their objective was the following:<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
<blockquote>
In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled," we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

:(1) To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
:(2) Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy.”
:(3) To the extent possible, choose various examples in [[Western countries]] of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
:(4) Use America's and other countries' interference in [[international relations|international affairs]] to explain how [[Western democracy]] is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
:(5) Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
:(6) Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
</blockquote>

==Salary==
The English version of China-based ''Global Times'' reported that Changsha Publicity Department's Internet commentators were paid 0.5 yuan per post, which is considered as the origin of the term "50 Cent Party". However, according to the local party-building website, the basic salary of such commentators was 600 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] in 2006.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan" />

In 2010, the Internet commentators from [[Hengyang]] Municipal Committee Party School were paid 0.1 yuan per post and less than 100 yuan monthly bonus.<ref name="hydjnet"/><ref name="cenews"/>

A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator from Hunan Province told ''Global Times'' that a 500-word article is worth 40 yuan on local websites and 200 yuan on national sites.<ref name="commentators" />

==Terms==
There is an alternate official term for the Internet Commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by [[netizen]]s for them:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Chinese (Simp/Trad)
!Pinyin
!Literally in English
!Commonly in English
!Note
|-
|Official name (Primary)
|{{linktext|网|络|评|论|员}}/網絡評論員
|wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
|Internet commentator
|Internet commentator
| rowspan=2 | Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员/網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
|-
|Official name (Secondary)
|{{linktext|网|络|阅|评|员}}/網絡閱評員
|wǎngluò yuè píng yuán
|Internet examiner and commentator
|N/A
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|五|毛|党}}/五毛黨 or simply 五毛
|wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo
|5 mao<ref group="Note" name="mao">"毛" (máo), formally known as "[[Jiao (currency)|jiao]]", is a colloquial unit of current Chinese currency [[Renminbi]] which equals to 0.1 basic unit yuan.</ref> Party or 5 mao, 5 pence
|50 Cent Party
|The most common name, pejorative. Other English translation: 50 Cent Army
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|网|评|猿}}/網評猿
|wǎng píng yuán
|Ape that comments on the Internet
|N/A
|Pronounced identically with the above Chinese ''wǎng píng yuán'' 网评员 abbreviation, punning ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:猿|猿]] "ape; monkey") for ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:员|员]] "personnel, staff member"), pejorative
|-
|Other English terms
|{{linktext|红|马|甲}}/紅馬甲, {{linktext|红|卫|兵}}/紅衛兵
|hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng
|Red vest; [[Red Guards (China)|Red guard]]
|Red vest, [[Red Guards (People's Republic of China)|Red vanguard]]<ref name="zhong"/><ref name="elgan"/>
|The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used
|}

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) was the most common and pejorative unofficial term.<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda"/> It was created by Chinese [[netizen]]s as a satire. Many trace the origin of the "50-cent" name to the salaries at the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]], which according to the English version of ''[[Global Times]]'', supplemented Internet Commentators' basic income with 50-cent ("5 mao") <ref group="Note" name="mao" /> per post since October 2004.<ref name="commentators"/>

The term is derogatorily applied by cynical Chinese netizens to any person who blatantly expresses pro-[[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] thoughts online.<ref name="dnai" /> However, there's another word "5 US cent (五美分)" used by some netizens to denigrate anti-party comments, with the implication that those commentators are hired by the governments of the United States, Taiwan or other [[Western world#Modern political|western countries]]. Zhang Shengjun, a professor of international politics at [[Beijing Normal University]] published an article ''Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?'' on the Chinese version of ''Global Times'', saying that the term is spread by western media outfits, "it has become a baton waved towards all Chinese patriots" to make the Chinese government a constant target of criticism.<ref name="commentators"/><ref name="huanqiu"/>

The Hong Kong-based ''[[Apple Daily]]'' reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.<ref name="AppleDailycommentators"/>

==Effects and opinions==
The Internet commentator/50 Cent Party's activities were described by CPC general secretary, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] as "a new pattern of public-opinion guidance";<ref name="radioau" /><ref name="cmp" /> "they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue, lest the "truth may hurt social stability".<ref name="commentators" /> In 2010, a contributor to ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;<ref name="Usha" /> she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.<ref name="Usha" />

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Internet}}
* [[Internet Water Army]], private astroturfing from paid Chinese writers paralleling the 50 Cent Party
* [[Great Firewall of China]], a Chinese "national firewall" Internet censorship system
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Astroturfing]], a form of advocacy in support of a political, organizational, or corporate agenda, designed to give the appearance of a "grassroots" movement
* [[State-sponsored internet sockpuppetry]], a list of other similar programs internationally

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|last=Bristow|first=Michael|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7783640.stm|title=China's internet 'spin doctors'|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=16 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/chinas-plan-to-use-internet-for-propaganda-20100713-109hc.html |title=China's plan to use internet for propaganda |first=John |last=Garnaut |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=17 October 2010 |work=The Age |location=Australia}}</ref>

<ref name="Usha">{{cite news |last=Usha |first=Haley |title=China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usha-haley/chinas-fifty-cent-party-f_1_b_749989.html |accessdate=19 February 2011 |work=Huffington Post |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/chinas-web-spin-doctors-spread-beijings-message-20110512-1ek4j.html |title=China's web spin doctors spread Beijing's message |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="cdt">Nan, Wu. [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/05/chinese-bloggers-on-the-history-and-influence-of-the-fifty-cent-party/ Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party”]. China Digital Times. 15 May 2008</ref>

<ref name="cenews">{{cite web | publisher = Cenews | script-title=zh:中共衡阳市委党校《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 | url = http://www.cenews.eu/?p=21320 | date = 21 January 2010 | accessdate =3 March 2011| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="changshaxuanchuan">{{cite web | language = Chinese | title = 关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou) | url = http://swxcb.hefei.gov.cn/ContentDir/20065/24124915293.shtml | author = Publicity Department of Hefei | date = 24 May 2006 }} {{Dead link|date=February 2011}} [http://i46.tinypic.com/243qfti.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes">[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2010/05/internet-spin-for-stability-enforcers/ "Internet Spin for Stability Enforcers"], Sophie Beach, China Digital Times, 25 May 2010</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1">{{cite web|last=Qiang |first=Xiao |url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/06/future-banned-on-sina-weibo-search/ |title=Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned "Future" | China Digital Times (CDT) |publisher=China Digital Times |accessdate=28 November 2011}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes2">http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2011/06/网评员《上级通知》/ {{zh icon}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="cmp">{{cite web |title=Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech |url=http://cmp.hku.hk/2008/06/25/1079/ |publisher=China Media Project |date= 25 June 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="commentators">{{cite web | publisher = Global Times English version | title = Invisible footprints of online commentators | url = http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html | author = Zhang Lei | date = 5 February 2010 | accessdate =7 February 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100208224640/http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html| archivedate= 8 February 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="AppleDailycommentators">"China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". ''Apple Daily''. 5 October 2007</ref>

<ref name="dnai">{{cite news |first=Venkatesan |last=Vembu |title=Big Brother 2.0 is here |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1218190 |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="dwnews">{{cite web | publisher = dwnews | script-title=zh:特稿：党布阵网络人民战争 | url = http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="elgan">{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Elgan |title=How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0 |url=http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm |work=Datamation |publisher=JupiterOnlineMedia |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090116101006/http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm| archivedate= 16 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="feer">{{cite news |first=David |last=Bandurski |title=China's Guerrilla War for the Web |url=http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review |date=July 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122041422/http://feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web| archivedate= 22 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web|url=http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2011/10/chinas-growing-army-of-paid-internet-commentators.html|title=China's growing army of paid internet commentators|first1=Sarah|last1=Cook|first2=Maggie |last2=Shum |publisher=Freedom House|date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin">"为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"</ref>

<ref name="guoluo">{{cite web | publisher = Government of Golog, Qinghai | script-title=zh:关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见 | url = http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="huaian">{{cite web|url=http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|script-title=zh:清河法院组建互联网网评工作队|publisher=Huai'an Intermediate People's Court|language=Chinese|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100414062331/http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|archivedate=14 April 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="huanqiu">{{cite web|url=http://opinion.huanqiu.com/roll/2010-01/694194.html|script-title=zh:"五毛党"帽子能吓住谁？|trans_title=Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?|date=20 January 2010|publisher=Global Times|language=Chinese|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="hydjnet">{{cite web | publisher = 中国衡阳党建网 (China Hengyang Party-building website) | script-title=zh:《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 |trans_title=''Party school front'' Internet commentators Regulations | url = http://dx.hydjnet.gov.cn/News_View.asp?NewsID=28290 | date = 8 January 2010 | accessdate =22 January 2010 | language = Chinese }} {{Dead link|date=March 2011}} [http://i49.tinypic.com/4q5vl3.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/world/asia/09internet.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching]. ''The New York Times''. 9 May 2006</ref>

<ref name="radioau">{{cite news |first=Corrinne |last=Podger |title=China marshalls army of bloggers |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm |publisher=Radio Australia |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081201111729/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm| archivedate= 1 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="shy">{{cite web | url=http://www.shyouth.net/website/xinxiguanlibu/content.jsp?ct_id=61903&sj_dir=xxglb_jcdt | title=市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee) | date=20 January 2010 | publisher=Shanghai Communist Youth League official site | language=Chinese | accessdate=20 January 2010 | quote=2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sina">{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/9/1/1/1401589/1.html|title=甘肅將建650人網絡評論員隊伍引導輿論|publisher=Sina|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sohu">{{cite web | publisher = sohu | script-title=zh:宿迁26名网评员今上岗 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="su">{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml|title=宿迁26名网评员今上岗|publisher=Sohu|date=29 April 2005|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="t20090729_791744">{{cite web | publisher = Sichuan Provincial People's Government | script-title=zh:巴中市人事局采取四大措施加强网络舆情监控 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="tibetanreview">[http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?cat=2&&id=1846 China employs army of piece-rate ‘netizens’ for online thought control]. Tibetan Review. 2 January 2009</ref>

<ref name="tw">Fareed, Malik. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/22/chinathemedia.marketingandpr China joins a turf war]. ''The Guardian''. 22 September 2008</ref>

<ref name="xinhuanet">{{cite web | publisher = xinhua | script-title=zh:胡锦涛：以创新的精神加强网络文化建设和管理 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm | accessdate =10 September 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100830035521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm| archivedate= 30 August 2010 | deadurl= no| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="zhong">Zhong, Wu. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JH14Ad01.html China's Internet awash with state spies]. Asia Times Online. 14 August 2008</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/fifty-cent-party/ 50 Cent Party related news and translations on China Digital Times]
*[http://www.businessinsider.in/China-Hires-As-Many-As-300000-Internet-Trolls-To-Make-The-Communist-Party-Look-Good/articleshow/44859392.cms China Hires As Many As 300,000 Internet Trolls To Make The Communist Party Look Good], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 17 October 2014
* [http://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9C%98%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%9B%E6%94%AC%E5%8D%83%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%B7%A5%20%20%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%B3%E6%96%A5%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A8%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E7%95%B0%E8%A6%8B/web_tc/article/20150406/s00004/1428309001027 共青團文件命全國招攬千萬網絡義工胡佳斥五毛黨壓制異見 (17:01)]. ''Ming Pao'', 6 April 2015

[[Category:Chinese Internet slang]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in China]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Public relations techniques]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]

50 Cent Party

2016-06-26T02:24:10Z

84.135.132.5: provided link.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{ChineseText}}
{{Chinese
|s=五毛党
|t=五毛黨
|p=wǔmáo dǎng
|altname=Internet commentator(s)
|s2=网络评论员
|t2=網絡評論員
|p2=wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
}}

The '''50 Cent Party''', or '''50 Cent Army''' ({{zh|c=五毛党}} wǔmáo dǎng), is the colloquial term for Internet commentators i.e. trolls ({{zh|c=网络评论员}} wǎngluò pínglùn yuán) hired by Chinese propaganda authorities in an attempt to manipulate [[public opinion]] to the benefit of the Chinese Communist Party<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes"/> during the early phases of Internet's rollout to the wider public in China. They created favorable articles or websites, wrote blogs, or posted comments on bulletin boards or popular social media networks, intended to derail discussions that were unhelpful to the Communist Party and promoted narratives that served the regime's interests.

The name derives from the allegation that commentators were said to be paid fifty cents (in [[Renminbi]]) for every post.<ref name="tibetanreview" /><ref name="dnai" /><ref name="freedomhouse" /> They were also deployed to make disparaging comments, spread falsehood and misinformation about political opponents, critics of the regime, and about any targeted national or international topic or entity, such as politicians, countries, organizations, etc.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

As of 2016, this practice seems to have largely ceased, and propagandist participation in Internet discussions has become part of the Communist party officials' normal work. Also the nature of participation has become more nuanced and less aggressive.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/29/china-internet-censorship-strategic-distraction-gary-king The secret army of cheerleaders policing China’s internet]. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/19/the-chinese-government-fakes-nearly-450-million-social-media-comments-a-year-this-is-why/ The Chinese government fakes nearly 450 million social media comments a year. This is why.]Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref> The scale of such Chinese propaganda internet activities is extensive, it has been exposed by specific research on that matter that a "massive secretive operation" to fill China's internet with propaganda has resulted in some 488 million posts carried out by fake social media accounts.<ref>http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/19/meet-the-chinese-internet-trolls-pumping-488-million-posts-harvard-stanford-ucsd-research/</ref><ref>http://nextshark.com/china-wumao-50-cent-party/</ref> Further leaked documents have shown that the Chinese regime employs a massive amount of some 500.000 trolls.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

==History==
In October 2004, the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]] started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan"/>

In March 2005, the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems. The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by [[Nanjing University]], was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from [[Jiangsu]] began hiring their own teams.<ref name="feer"/> By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. [[Shanghai Normal University]] employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.<ref name="nyt"/> These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.<ref name="feer" /><ref name=nyt /> Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.<ref name="sohu"/><ref name="guoluo"/><ref name="t20090729_791744"/>

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="xinhuanet"/> Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the [[CPC Central Committee]] ({{lang|zh|中共中央办公厅}}) and [[General Office of the State Council]] ({{lang|zh|国务院办公厅}}).<ref name="feer" /><ref name="dwnews"/>

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the internet since then.<ref name="cdt"/> In one instance described on the [[China Digital Times]], the [[Jiaozuo]] (Henan) City [[Public Security Bureau]] established a mechanism to analyse public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.<ref name=cdt/><ref name=zhong /> In the aftermath of the [[2008 Weng'an riot|2008 Guizhou riot]], internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the ''[[China News Weekly]]'' later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."<ref name=zhong />

In 2010, the Shanghai [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]'s official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at [[People's Daily]] site, [[Xinhua]] site, Eastday (东方网), [[Sina.com|Sina]] and [[Tianya Club|Tianya]] after many incidents in 2009, including [[Lotus Riverside]] incident, [[Green Dam Youth Escort|Green Dam]] software forced installation, [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]] [[City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau|Urban Administrative]] incident, [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]'s control, Shanghai entrapment incident ([[:zh:钓鱼执法|钓鱼执法]]), Pan Rong (潘蓉)'s self-immolation, etc. It was praised by Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.<ref name="shy"/>

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of [[Zhanggong District]] in [[Ganzhou]], including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party internet commentators.<ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/thousands-local-internet-propaganda-emails-leaked/ Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked], China Digital Times, 3 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/zhanggong-leaks-history-best-judge/ Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge], China Digital Times, 10 December 2014.</ref> For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."<ref>[http://qz.com/311832/hacked-emails-reveal-chinas-elaborate-and-absurd-internet-propaganda-machine/ Hacked emails reveal China’s elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine], Quartz, 18 December 2014.</ref>

==Range of operation==
The [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]] now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.<ref name="feer"/> As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,<ref name="BBC1"/> and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.<ref name="feer"/><ref name="tw"/> Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.<ref name="feer" />

According to the ''Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative)'', the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from [[en cadre|cadres]] or student cadres at Communist Party Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin"/>

The court of [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe District]], Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.<ref name="huaian"/> [[Gansu|Gansu Province]] hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.<ref name="sina"/> Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by ''[[Yangtse Evening Post]]'' in April 2005.<ref name="su"/> According to high-profile [[Independent (politician)|independent]] Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

[[Wen Yunchao]] ([[:zh:温云超|温云超]]), a formal Internet commentator said that there were about 20 full-time commentators for the local news websites in [[Guangdong]]. A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator estimated more than 100 spare-time Internet commentators in his county, whose population was about 1 million. Hu Yong, an Internet expert from [[Peking University]], said that "the public opinion molders have already penetrated different layers of Chinese society", he found public opinion watchmen that deal with negative information on the forums in tourist city's airport and county-level middle school.<ref name="commentators" /> A 2016 [[Harvard University|Harvard]] study estimated that the group posts about 488 million [[social media]] comments per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=China 'flooding' social media with fake posts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36340514|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref>

According to an article published by [[Xiao Qiang]] on her website [[China Digital Times]], a leaked propaganda directive, sent to 50 Cent Party internet commentators, stated their objective was the following:<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
<blockquote>
In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled," we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

:(1) To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
:(2) Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy.”
:(3) To the extent possible, choose various examples in [[Western countries]] of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
:(4) Use America's and other countries' interference in [[international relations|international affairs]] to explain how [[Western democracy]] is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
:(5) Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
:(6) Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
</blockquote>

==Salary==
The English version of China-based ''Global Times'' reported that Changsha Publicity Department's Internet commentators were paid 0.5 yuan per post, which is considered as the origin of the term "50 Cent Party". However, according to the local party-building website, the basic salary of such commentators was 600 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] in 2006.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan" />

In 2010, the Internet commentators from [[Hengyang]] Municipal Committee Party School were paid 0.1 yuan per post and less than 100 yuan monthly bonus.<ref name="hydjnet"/><ref name="cenews"/>

A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator from Hunan Province told ''Global Times'' that a 500-word article is worth 40 yuan on local websites and 200 yuan on national sites.<ref name="commentators" />

==Terms==
There is an alternate official term for the Internet Commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by [[netizen]]s for them:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Chinese (Simp/Trad)
!Pinyin
!Literally in English
!Commonly in English
!Note
|-
|Official name (Primary)
|{{linktext|网|络|评|论|员}}/網絡評論員
|wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
|Internet commentator
|Internet commentator
| rowspan=2 | Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员/網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
|-
|Official name (Secondary)
|{{linktext|网|络|阅|评|员}}/網絡閱評員
|wǎngluò yuè píng yuán
|Internet examiner and commentator
|N/A
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|五|毛|党}}/五毛黨 or simply 五毛
|wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo
|5 mao<ref group="Note" name="mao">"毛" (máo), formally known as "[[Jiao (currency)|jiao]]", is a colloquial unit of current Chinese currency [[Renminbi]] which equals to 0.1 basic unit yuan.</ref> Party or 5 mao, 5 pence
|50 Cent Party
|The most common name, pejorative. Other English translation: 50 Cent Army
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|网|评|猿}}/網評猿
|wǎng píng yuán
|Ape that comments on the Internet
|N/A
|Pronounced identically with the above Chinese ''wǎng píng yuán'' 网评员 abbreviation, punning ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:猿|猿]] "ape; monkey") for ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:员|员]] "personnel, staff member"), pejorative
|-
|Other English terms
|{{linktext|红|马|甲}}/紅馬甲, {{linktext|红|卫|兵}}/紅衛兵
|hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng
|Red vest; [[Red Guards (China)|Red guard]]
|Red vest, [[Red Guards (People's Republic of China)|Red vanguard]]<ref name="zhong"/><ref name="elgan"/>
|The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used
|}

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) was the most common and pejorative unofficial term.<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda"/> It was created by Chinese [[netizen]]s as a satire. Many trace the origin of the "50-cent" name to the salaries at the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]], which according to the English version of ''[[Global Times]]'', supplemented Internet Commentators' basic income with 50-cent ("5 mao") <ref group="Note" name="mao" /> per post since October 2004.<ref name="commentators"/>

The term is derogatorily applied by cynical Chinese netizens to any person who blatantly expresses pro-[[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] thoughts online.<ref name="dnai" /> However, there's another word "5 US cent (五美分)" used by some netizens to denigrate anti-party comments, with the implication that those commentators are hired by the governments of the United States, Taiwan or other [[Western world#Modern political|western countries]]. Zhang Shengjun, a professor of international politics at [[Beijing Normal University]] published an article ''Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?'' on the Chinese version of ''Global Times'', saying that the term is spread by western media outfits, "it has become a baton waved towards all Chinese patriots" to make the Chinese government a constant target of criticism.<ref name="commentators"/><ref name="huanqiu"/>

The Hong Kong-based ''[[Apple Daily]]'' reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.<ref name="AppleDailycommentators"/>

==Effects and opinions==
The Internet commentator/50 Cent Party's activities were described by CPC general secretary, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] as "a new pattern of public-opinion guidance";<ref name="radioau" /><ref name="cmp" /> "they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue, lest the "truth may hurt social stability".<ref name="commentators" /> In 2010, a contributor to ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;<ref name="Usha" /> she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.<ref name="Usha" />

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Internet}}
* [[Internet Water Army]], private astroturfing from paid Chinese writers paralleling the 50 Cent Party
* [[Great Firewall of China]], a Chinese "national firewall" Internet censorship system
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Astroturfing]], a form of advocacy in support of a political, organizational, or corporate agenda, designed to give the appearance of a "grassroots" movement
* [[State-sponsored internet sockpuppetry]], a list of other similar programs internationally

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|last=Bristow|first=Michael|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7783640.stm|title=China's internet 'spin doctors'|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=16 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/chinas-plan-to-use-internet-for-propaganda-20100713-109hc.html |title=China's plan to use internet for propaganda |first=John |last=Garnaut |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=17 October 2010 |work=The Age |location=Australia}}</ref>

<ref name="Usha">{{cite news |last=Usha |first=Haley |title=China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usha-haley/chinas-fifty-cent-party-f_1_b_749989.html |accessdate=19 February 2011 |work=Huffington Post |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/chinas-web-spin-doctors-spread-beijings-message-20110512-1ek4j.html |title=China's web spin doctors spread Beijing's message |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="cdt">Nan, Wu. [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/05/chinese-bloggers-on-the-history-and-influence-of-the-fifty-cent-party/ Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party”]. China Digital Times. 15 May 2008</ref>

<ref name="cenews">{{cite web | publisher = Cenews | script-title=zh:中共衡阳市委党校《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 | url = http://www.cenews.eu/?p=21320 | date = 21 January 2010 | accessdate =3 March 2011| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="changshaxuanchuan">{{cite web | language = Chinese | title = 关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou) | url = http://swxcb.hefei.gov.cn/ContentDir/20065/24124915293.shtml | author = Publicity Department of Hefei | date = 24 May 2006 }} {{Dead link|date=February 2011}} [http://i46.tinypic.com/243qfti.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes">[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2010/05/internet-spin-for-stability-enforcers/ "Internet Spin for Stability Enforcers"], Sophie Beach, China Digital Times, 25 May 2010</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1">{{cite web|last=Qiang |first=Xiao |url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/06/future-banned-on-sina-weibo-search/ |title=Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned "Future" | China Digital Times (CDT) |publisher=China Digital Times |accessdate=28 November 2011}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes2">http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2011/06/网评员《上级通知》/ {{zh icon}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="cmp">{{cite web |title=Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech |url=http://cmp.hku.hk/2008/06/25/1079/ |publisher=China Media Project |date= 25 June 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="commentators">{{cite web | publisher = Global Times English version | title = Invisible footprints of online commentators | url = http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html | author = Zhang Lei | date = 5 February 2010 | accessdate =7 February 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100208224640/http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html| archivedate= 8 February 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="AppleDailycommentators">"China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". ''Apple Daily''. 5 October 2007</ref>

<ref name="dnai">{{cite news |first=Venkatesan |last=Vembu |title=Big Brother 2.0 is here |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1218190 |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="dwnews">{{cite web | publisher = dwnews | script-title=zh:特稿：党布阵网络人民战争 | url = http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="elgan">{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Elgan |title=How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0 |url=http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm |work=Datamation |publisher=JupiterOnlineMedia |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090116101006/http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm| archivedate= 16 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="feer">{{cite news |first=David |last=Bandurski |title=China's Guerrilla War for the Web |url=http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review |date=July 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122041422/http://feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web| archivedate= 22 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web|url=http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2011/10/chinas-growing-army-of-paid-internet-commentators.html|title=China's growing army of paid internet commentators|first1=Sarah|last1=Cook|first2=Maggie |last2=Shum |publisher=Freedom House|date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin">"为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"</ref>

<ref name="guoluo">{{cite web | publisher = Government of Golog, Qinghai | script-title=zh:关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见 | url = http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="huaian">{{cite web|url=http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|script-title=zh:清河法院组建互联网网评工作队|publisher=Huai'an Intermediate People's Court|language=Chinese|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100414062331/http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|archivedate=14 April 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="huanqiu">{{cite web|url=http://opinion.huanqiu.com/roll/2010-01/694194.html|script-title=zh:"五毛党"帽子能吓住谁？|trans_title=Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?|date=20 January 2010|publisher=Global Times|language=Chinese|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="hydjnet">{{cite web | publisher = 中国衡阳党建网 (China Hengyang Party-building website) | script-title=zh:《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 |trans_title=''Party school front'' Internet commentators Regulations | url = http://dx.hydjnet.gov.cn/News_View.asp?NewsID=28290 | date = 8 January 2010 | accessdate =22 January 2010 | language = Chinese }} {{Dead link|date=March 2011}} [http://i49.tinypic.com/4q5vl3.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/world/asia/09internet.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching]. ''The New York Times''. 9 May 2006</ref>

<ref name="radioau">{{cite news |first=Corrinne |last=Podger |title=China marshalls army of bloggers |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm |publisher=Radio Australia |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081201111729/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm| archivedate= 1 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="shy">{{cite web | url=http://www.shyouth.net/website/xinxiguanlibu/content.jsp?ct_id=61903&sj_dir=xxglb_jcdt | title=市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee) | date=20 January 2010 | publisher=Shanghai Communist Youth League official site | language=Chinese | accessdate=20 January 2010 | quote=2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sina">{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/9/1/1/1401589/1.html|title=甘肅將建650人網絡評論員隊伍引導輿論|publisher=Sina|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sohu">{{cite web | publisher = sohu | script-title=zh:宿迁26名网评员今上岗 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="su">{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml|title=宿迁26名网评员今上岗|publisher=Sohu|date=29 April 2005|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="t20090729_791744">{{cite web | publisher = Sichuan Provincial People's Government | script-title=zh:巴中市人事局采取四大措施加强网络舆情监控 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="tibetanreview">[http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?cat=2&&id=1846 China employs army of piece-rate ‘netizens’ for online thought control]. Tibetan Review. 2 January 2009</ref>

<ref name="tw">Fareed, Malik. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/22/chinathemedia.marketingandpr China joins a turf war]. ''The Guardian''. 22 September 2008</ref>

<ref name="xinhuanet">{{cite web | publisher = xinhua | script-title=zh:胡锦涛：以创新的精神加强网络文化建设和管理 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm | accessdate =10 September 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100830035521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm| archivedate= 30 August 2010 | deadurl= no| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="zhong">Zhong, Wu. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JH14Ad01.html China's Internet awash with state spies]. Asia Times Online. 14 August 2008</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/fifty-cent-party/ 50 Cent Party related news and translations on China Digital Times]
*[http://www.businessinsider.in/China-Hires-As-Many-As-300000-Internet-Trolls-To-Make-The-Communist-Party-Look-Good/articleshow/44859392.cms China Hires As Many As 300,000 Internet Trolls To Make The Communist Party Look Good], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 17 October 2014
* [http://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9C%98%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%9B%E6%94%AC%E5%8D%83%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%B7%A5%20%20%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%B3%E6%96%A5%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A8%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E7%95%B0%E8%A6%8B/web_tc/article/20150406/s00004/1428309001027 共青團文件命全國招攬千萬網絡義工胡佳斥五毛黨壓制異見 (17:01)]. ''Ming Pao'', 6 April 2015

[[Category:Chinese Internet slang]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in China]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Public relations techniques]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]

50 Cent Party

2016-06-26T02:20:38Z

84.135.132.5: specified information, provided sources for verification purposes, i.e. attached links

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{ChineseText}}
{{Chinese
|s=五毛党
|t=五毛黨
|p=wǔmáo dǎng
|altname=Internet commentator(s)
|s2=网络评论员
|t2=網絡評論員
|p2=wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
}}

The '''50 Cent Party''', or '''50 Cent Army''' ({{zh|c=五毛党}} wǔmáo dǎng), is the colloquial term for Internet commentators i.e. trolls ({{zh|c=网络评论员}} wǎngluò pínglùn yuán) hired by Chinese propaganda authorities in an attempt to manipulate [[public opinion]] to the benefit of the Chinese Communist Party<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes"/> during the early phases of Internet's rollout to the wider public in China. They created favorable articles or websites, wrote blogs, or posted comments on bulletin boards or popular social media networks, intended to derail discussions that were unhelpful to the Communist Party and promoted narratives that served the regime's interests.

The name derives from the allegation that commentators were said to be paid fifty cents (in [[Renminbi]]) for every post.<ref name="tibetanreview" /><ref name="dnai" /><ref name="freedomhouse" /> They were also deployed to make disparaging comments, spread falsehood and misinformation about political opponents, critics of the regime, and about any targeted national or international topic or entity, such as politicians, countries, organizations, etc.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

As of 2016, this practice seems to have largely ceased, and propagandist participation in Internet discussions has become part of the Communist party officials' normal work. Also the nature of participation has become more nuanced and less aggressive.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/29/china-internet-censorship-strategic-distraction-gary-king The secret army of cheerleaders policing China’s internet]. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/19/the-chinese-government-fakes-nearly-450-million-social-media-comments-a-year-this-is-why/ The Chinese government fakes nearly 450 million social media comments a year. This is why.]Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref> The scale of such Chinese propaganda internet activities is extensive, it has been exposed by specific research on that matter that a "massive secretive operation" to fill China's internet with propaganda has resulted in some 488 million posts carried out by fake social media accounts.<ref>http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/19/meet-the-chinese-internet-trolls-pumping-488-million-posts-harvard-stanford-ucsd-research/</ref><ref>http://nextshark.com/china-wumao-50-cent-party/</ref>

==History==
In October 2004, the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]] started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan"/>

In March 2005, the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems. The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by [[Nanjing University]], was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from [[Jiangsu]] began hiring their own teams.<ref name="feer"/> By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. [[Shanghai Normal University]] employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.<ref name="nyt"/> These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.<ref name="feer" /><ref name=nyt /> Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.<ref name="sohu"/><ref name="guoluo"/><ref name="t20090729_791744"/>

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="xinhuanet"/> Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the [[CPC Central Committee]] ({{lang|zh|中共中央办公厅}}) and [[General Office of the State Council]] ({{lang|zh|国务院办公厅}}).<ref name="feer" /><ref name="dwnews"/>

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the internet since then.<ref name="cdt"/> In one instance described on the [[China Digital Times]], the [[Jiaozuo]] (Henan) City [[Public Security Bureau]] established a mechanism to analyse public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.<ref name=cdt/><ref name=zhong /> In the aftermath of the [[2008 Weng'an riot|2008 Guizhou riot]], internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the ''[[China News Weekly]]'' later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."<ref name=zhong />

In 2010, the Shanghai [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]'s official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at [[People's Daily]] site, [[Xinhua]] site, Eastday (东方网), [[Sina.com|Sina]] and [[Tianya Club|Tianya]] after many incidents in 2009, including [[Lotus Riverside]] incident, [[Green Dam Youth Escort|Green Dam]] software forced installation, [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]] [[City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau|Urban Administrative]] incident, [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]'s control, Shanghai entrapment incident ([[:zh:钓鱼执法|钓鱼执法]]), Pan Rong (潘蓉)'s self-immolation, etc. It was praised by Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.<ref name="shy"/>

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of [[Zhanggong District]] in [[Ganzhou]], including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party internet commentators.<ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/thousands-local-internet-propaganda-emails-leaked/ Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked], China Digital Times, 3 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/zhanggong-leaks-history-best-judge/ Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge], China Digital Times, 10 December 2014.</ref> For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."<ref>[http://qz.com/311832/hacked-emails-reveal-chinas-elaborate-and-absurd-internet-propaganda-machine/ Hacked emails reveal China’s elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine], Quartz, 18 December 2014.</ref>

==Range of operation==
The [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]] now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.<ref name="feer"/> As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,<ref name="BBC1"/> and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.<ref name="feer"/><ref name="tw"/> Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.<ref name="feer" />

According to the ''Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative)'', the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from [[en cadre|cadres]] or student cadres at Communist Party Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin"/>

The court of [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe District]], Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.<ref name="huaian"/> [[Gansu|Gansu Province]] hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.<ref name="sina"/> Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by ''[[Yangtse Evening Post]]'' in April 2005.<ref name="su"/> According to high-profile [[Independent (politician)|independent]] Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

[[Wen Yunchao]] ([[:zh:温云超|温云超]]), a formal Internet commentator said that there were about 20 full-time commentators for the local news websites in [[Guangdong]]. A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator estimated more than 100 spare-time Internet commentators in his county, whose population was about 1 million. Hu Yong, an Internet expert from [[Peking University]], said that "the public opinion molders have already penetrated different layers of Chinese society", he found public opinion watchmen that deal with negative information on the forums in tourist city's airport and county-level middle school.<ref name="commentators" /> A 2016 [[Harvard University|Harvard]] study estimated that the group posts about 488 million [[social media]] comments per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=China 'flooding' social media with fake posts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36340514|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref>

According to an article published by [[Xiao Qiang]] on her website [[China Digital Times]], a leaked propaganda directive, sent to 50 Cent Party internet commentators, stated their objective was the following:<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
<blockquote>
In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled," we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

:(1) To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
:(2) Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy.”
:(3) To the extent possible, choose various examples in [[Western countries]] of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
:(4) Use America's and other countries' interference in [[international relations|international affairs]] to explain how [[Western democracy]] is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
:(5) Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
:(6) Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
</blockquote>

==Salary==
The English version of China-based ''Global Times'' reported that Changsha Publicity Department's Internet commentators were paid 0.5 yuan per post, which is considered as the origin of the term "50 Cent Party". However, according to the local party-building website, the basic salary of such commentators was 600 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] in 2006.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan" />

In 2010, the Internet commentators from [[Hengyang]] Municipal Committee Party School were paid 0.1 yuan per post and less than 100 yuan monthly bonus.<ref name="hydjnet"/><ref name="cenews"/>

A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator from Hunan Province told ''Global Times'' that a 500-word article is worth 40 yuan on local websites and 200 yuan on national sites.<ref name="commentators" />

==Terms==
There is an alternate official term for the Internet Commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by [[netizen]]s for them:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Chinese (Simp/Trad)
!Pinyin
!Literally in English
!Commonly in English
!Note
|-
|Official name (Primary)
|{{linktext|网|络|评|论|员}}/網絡評論員
|wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
|Internet commentator
|Internet commentator
| rowspan=2 | Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员/網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
|-
|Official name (Secondary)
|{{linktext|网|络|阅|评|员}}/網絡閱評員
|wǎngluò yuè píng yuán
|Internet examiner and commentator
|N/A
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|五|毛|党}}/五毛黨 or simply 五毛
|wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo
|5 mao<ref group="Note" name="mao">"毛" (máo), formally known as "[[Jiao (currency)|jiao]]", is a colloquial unit of current Chinese currency [[Renminbi]] which equals to 0.1 basic unit yuan.</ref> Party or 5 mao, 5 pence
|50 Cent Party
|The most common name, pejorative. Other English translation: 50 Cent Army
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|网|评|猿}}/網評猿
|wǎng píng yuán
|Ape that comments on the Internet
|N/A
|Pronounced identically with the above Chinese ''wǎng píng yuán'' 网评员 abbreviation, punning ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:猿|猿]] "ape; monkey") for ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:员|员]] "personnel, staff member"), pejorative
|-
|Other English terms
|{{linktext|红|马|甲}}/紅馬甲, {{linktext|红|卫|兵}}/紅衛兵
|hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng
|Red vest; [[Red Guards (China)|Red guard]]
|Red vest, [[Red Guards (People's Republic of China)|Red vanguard]]<ref name="zhong"/><ref name="elgan"/>
|The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used
|}

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) was the most common and pejorative unofficial term.<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda"/> It was created by Chinese [[netizen]]s as a satire. Many trace the origin of the "50-cent" name to the salaries at the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]], which according to the English version of ''[[Global Times]]'', supplemented Internet Commentators' basic income with 50-cent ("5 mao") <ref group="Note" name="mao" /> per post since October 2004.<ref name="commentators"/>

The term is derogatorily applied by cynical Chinese netizens to any person who blatantly expresses pro-[[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] thoughts online.<ref name="dnai" /> However, there's another word "5 US cent (五美分)" used by some netizens to denigrate anti-party comments, with the implication that those commentators are hired by the governments of the United States, Taiwan or other [[Western world#Modern political|western countries]]. Zhang Shengjun, a professor of international politics at [[Beijing Normal University]] published an article ''Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?'' on the Chinese version of ''Global Times'', saying that the term is spread by western media outfits, "it has become a baton waved towards all Chinese patriots" to make the Chinese government a constant target of criticism.<ref name="commentators"/><ref name="huanqiu"/>

The Hong Kong-based ''[[Apple Daily]]'' reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.<ref name="AppleDailycommentators"/>

==Effects and opinions==
The Internet commentator/50 Cent Party's activities were described by CPC general secretary, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] as "a new pattern of public-opinion guidance";<ref name="radioau" /><ref name="cmp" /> "they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue, lest the "truth may hurt social stability".<ref name="commentators" /> In 2010, a contributor to ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;<ref name="Usha" /> she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.<ref name="Usha" />

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Internet}}
* [[Internet Water Army]], private astroturfing from paid Chinese writers paralleling the 50 Cent Party
* [[Great Firewall of China]], a Chinese "national firewall" Internet censorship system
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Astroturfing]], a form of advocacy in support of a political, organizational, or corporate agenda, designed to give the appearance of a "grassroots" movement
* [[State-sponsored internet sockpuppetry]], a list of other similar programs internationally

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|last=Bristow|first=Michael|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7783640.stm|title=China's internet 'spin doctors'|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=16 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/chinas-plan-to-use-internet-for-propaganda-20100713-109hc.html |title=China's plan to use internet for propaganda |first=John |last=Garnaut |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=17 October 2010 |work=The Age |location=Australia}}</ref>

<ref name="Usha">{{cite news |last=Usha |first=Haley |title=China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usha-haley/chinas-fifty-cent-party-f_1_b_749989.html |accessdate=19 February 2011 |work=Huffington Post |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/chinas-web-spin-doctors-spread-beijings-message-20110512-1ek4j.html |title=China's web spin doctors spread Beijing's message |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="cdt">Nan, Wu. [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/05/chinese-bloggers-on-the-history-and-influence-of-the-fifty-cent-party/ Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party”]. China Digital Times. 15 May 2008</ref>

<ref name="cenews">{{cite web | publisher = Cenews | script-title=zh:中共衡阳市委党校《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 | url = http://www.cenews.eu/?p=21320 | date = 21 January 2010 | accessdate =3 March 2011| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="changshaxuanchuan">{{cite web | language = Chinese | title = 关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou) | url = http://swxcb.hefei.gov.cn/ContentDir/20065/24124915293.shtml | author = Publicity Department of Hefei | date = 24 May 2006 }} {{Dead link|date=February 2011}} [http://i46.tinypic.com/243qfti.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes">[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2010/05/internet-spin-for-stability-enforcers/ "Internet Spin for Stability Enforcers"], Sophie Beach, China Digital Times, 25 May 2010</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1">{{cite web|last=Qiang |first=Xiao |url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/06/future-banned-on-sina-weibo-search/ |title=Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned "Future" | China Digital Times (CDT) |publisher=China Digital Times |accessdate=28 November 2011}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes2">http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2011/06/网评员《上级通知》/ {{zh icon}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="cmp">{{cite web |title=Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech |url=http://cmp.hku.hk/2008/06/25/1079/ |publisher=China Media Project |date= 25 June 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="commentators">{{cite web | publisher = Global Times English version | title = Invisible footprints of online commentators | url = http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html | author = Zhang Lei | date = 5 February 2010 | accessdate =7 February 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100208224640/http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html| archivedate= 8 February 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="AppleDailycommentators">"China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". ''Apple Daily''. 5 October 2007</ref>

<ref name="dnai">{{cite news |first=Venkatesan |last=Vembu |title=Big Brother 2.0 is here |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1218190 |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="dwnews">{{cite web | publisher = dwnews | script-title=zh:特稿：党布阵网络人民战争 | url = http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="elgan">{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Elgan |title=How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0 |url=http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm |work=Datamation |publisher=JupiterOnlineMedia |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090116101006/http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm| archivedate= 16 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="feer">{{cite news |first=David |last=Bandurski |title=China's Guerrilla War for the Web |url=http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review |date=July 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122041422/http://feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web| archivedate= 22 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web|url=http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2011/10/chinas-growing-army-of-paid-internet-commentators.html|title=China's growing army of paid internet commentators|first1=Sarah|last1=Cook|first2=Maggie |last2=Shum |publisher=Freedom House|date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin">"为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"</ref>

<ref name="guoluo">{{cite web | publisher = Government of Golog, Qinghai | script-title=zh:关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见 | url = http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="huaian">{{cite web|url=http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|script-title=zh:清河法院组建互联网网评工作队|publisher=Huai'an Intermediate People's Court|language=Chinese|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100414062331/http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|archivedate=14 April 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="huanqiu">{{cite web|url=http://opinion.huanqiu.com/roll/2010-01/694194.html|script-title=zh:"五毛党"帽子能吓住谁？|trans_title=Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?|date=20 January 2010|publisher=Global Times|language=Chinese|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="hydjnet">{{cite web | publisher = 中国衡阳党建网 (China Hengyang Party-building website) | script-title=zh:《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 |trans_title=''Party school front'' Internet commentators Regulations | url = http://dx.hydjnet.gov.cn/News_View.asp?NewsID=28290 | date = 8 January 2010 | accessdate =22 January 2010 | language = Chinese }} {{Dead link|date=March 2011}} [http://i49.tinypic.com/4q5vl3.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/world/asia/09internet.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching]. ''The New York Times''. 9 May 2006</ref>

<ref name="radioau">{{cite news |first=Corrinne |last=Podger |title=China marshalls army of bloggers |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm |publisher=Radio Australia |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081201111729/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm| archivedate= 1 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="shy">{{cite web | url=http://www.shyouth.net/website/xinxiguanlibu/content.jsp?ct_id=61903&sj_dir=xxglb_jcdt | title=市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee) | date=20 January 2010 | publisher=Shanghai Communist Youth League official site | language=Chinese | accessdate=20 January 2010 | quote=2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sina">{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/9/1/1/1401589/1.html|title=甘肅將建650人網絡評論員隊伍引導輿論|publisher=Sina|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sohu">{{cite web | publisher = sohu | script-title=zh:宿迁26名网评员今上岗 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="su">{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml|title=宿迁26名网评员今上岗|publisher=Sohu|date=29 April 2005|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="t20090729_791744">{{cite web | publisher = Sichuan Provincial People's Government | script-title=zh:巴中市人事局采取四大措施加强网络舆情监控 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="tibetanreview">[http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?cat=2&&id=1846 China employs army of piece-rate ‘netizens’ for online thought control]. Tibetan Review. 2 January 2009</ref>

<ref name="tw">Fareed, Malik. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/22/chinathemedia.marketingandpr China joins a turf war]. ''The Guardian''. 22 September 2008</ref>

<ref name="xinhuanet">{{cite web | publisher = xinhua | script-title=zh:胡锦涛：以创新的精神加强网络文化建设和管理 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm | accessdate =10 September 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100830035521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm| archivedate= 30 August 2010 | deadurl= no| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="zhong">Zhong, Wu. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JH14Ad01.html China's Internet awash with state spies]. Asia Times Online. 14 August 2008</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/fifty-cent-party/ 50 Cent Party related news and translations on China Digital Times]
*[http://www.businessinsider.in/China-Hires-As-Many-As-300000-Internet-Trolls-To-Make-The-Communist-Party-Look-Good/articleshow/44859392.cms China Hires As Many As 300,000 Internet Trolls To Make The Communist Party Look Good], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 17 October 2014
* [http://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9C%98%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%9B%E6%94%AC%E5%8D%83%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%B7%A5%20%20%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%B3%E6%96%A5%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A8%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E7%95%B0%E8%A6%8B/web_tc/article/20150406/s00004/1428309001027 共青團文件命全國招攬千萬網絡義工胡佳斥五毛黨壓制異見 (17:01)]. ''Ming Pao'', 6 April 2015

[[Category:Chinese Internet slang]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in China]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Public relations techniques]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]

50 Cent Party

2016-06-26T02:13:18Z

84.135.132.5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{ChineseText}}
{{Chinese
|s=五毛党
|t=五毛黨
|p=wǔmáo dǎng
|altname=Internet commentator(s)
|s2=网络评论员
|t2=網絡評論員
|p2=wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
}}

The '''50 Cent Party''', or '''50 Cent Army''' ({{zh|c=五毛党}} wǔmáo dǎng), is the colloquial term for Internet commentators i.e. trolls ({{zh|c=网络评论员}} wǎngluò pínglùn yuán) hired by Chinese propaganda authorities in an attempt to manipulate [[public opinion]] to the benefit of the Chinese Communist Party<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes"/> during the early phases of Internet's rollout to the wider public in China. They created favorable articles or websites, wrote blogs, or posted comments on bulletin boards or popular social media networks, intended to derail discussions that were unhelpful to the Communist Party and promoted narratives that served the regime's interests.

The name derives from the allegation that commentators were said to be paid fifty cents (in [[Renminbi]]) for every post.<ref name="tibetanreview" /><ref name="dnai" /><ref name="freedomhouse" /> They were also deployed to make disparaging comments, spread falsehood and misinformation about political opponents, critics of the regime, and about any targeted national or international topic or entity, such as politicians, countries, organizations, etc.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

As of 2016, this practice seems to have largely ceased, and propagandist participation in Internet discussions has become part of the Communist party officials' normal work. Also the nature of participation has become more nuanced and less aggressive.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/29/china-internet-censorship-strategic-distraction-gary-king The secret army of cheerleaders policing China’s internet]. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/19/the-chinese-government-fakes-nearly-450-million-social-media-comments-a-year-this-is-why/ The Chinese government fakes nearly 450 million social media comments a year. This is why.]Retrieved 2016-06-13.</ref>

==History==
In October 2004, the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]] started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan"/>

In March 2005, the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems. The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by [[Nanjing University]], was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from [[Jiangsu]] began hiring their own teams.<ref name="feer"/> By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. [[Shanghai Normal University]] employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.<ref name="nyt"/> These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.<ref name="feer" /><ref name=nyt /> Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.<ref name="sohu"/><ref name="guoluo"/><ref name="t20090729_791744"/>

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="xinhuanet"/> Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the [[CPC Central Committee]] ({{lang|zh|中共中央办公厅}}) and [[General Office of the State Council]] ({{lang|zh|国务院办公厅}}).<ref name="feer" /><ref name="dwnews"/>

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the internet since then.<ref name="cdt"/> In one instance described on the [[China Digital Times]], the [[Jiaozuo]] (Henan) City [[Public Security Bureau]] established a mechanism to analyse public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.<ref name=cdt/><ref name=zhong /> In the aftermath of the [[2008 Weng'an riot|2008 Guizhou riot]], internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the ''[[China News Weekly]]'' later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."<ref name=zhong />

In 2010, the Shanghai [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]'s official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at [[People's Daily]] site, [[Xinhua]] site, Eastday (东方网), [[Sina.com|Sina]] and [[Tianya Club|Tianya]] after many incidents in 2009, including [[Lotus Riverside]] incident, [[Green Dam Youth Escort|Green Dam]] software forced installation, [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]] [[City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau|Urban Administrative]] incident, [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]'s control, Shanghai entrapment incident ([[:zh:钓鱼执法|钓鱼执法]]), Pan Rong (潘蓉)'s self-immolation, etc. It was praised by Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.<ref name="shy"/>

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of [[Zhanggong District]] in [[Ganzhou]], including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party internet commentators.<ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/thousands-local-internet-propaganda-emails-leaked/ Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked], China Digital Times, 3 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/zhanggong-leaks-history-best-judge/ Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge], China Digital Times, 10 December 2014.</ref> For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."<ref>[http://qz.com/311832/hacked-emails-reveal-chinas-elaborate-and-absurd-internet-propaganda-machine/ Hacked emails reveal China’s elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine], Quartz, 18 December 2014.</ref>

==Range of operation==
The [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]] now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.<ref name="feer"/> As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,<ref name="BBC1"/> and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.<ref name="feer"/><ref name="tw"/> Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.<ref name="feer" />

According to the ''Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative)'', the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from [[en cadre|cadres]] or student cadres at Communist Party Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin"/>

The court of [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe District]], Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.<ref name="huaian"/> [[Gansu|Gansu Province]] hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.<ref name="sina"/> Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by ''[[Yangtse Evening Post]]'' in April 2005.<ref name="su"/> According to high-profile [[Independent (politician)|independent]] Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

[[Wen Yunchao]] ([[:zh:温云超|温云超]]), a formal Internet commentator said that there were about 20 full-time commentators for the local news websites in [[Guangdong]]. A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator estimated more than 100 spare-time Internet commentators in his county, whose population was about 1 million. Hu Yong, an Internet expert from [[Peking University]], said that "the public opinion molders have already penetrated different layers of Chinese society", he found public opinion watchmen that deal with negative information on the forums in tourist city's airport and county-level middle school.<ref name="commentators" /> A 2016 [[Harvard University|Harvard]] study estimated that the group posts about 488 million [[social media]] comments per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=China 'flooding' social media with fake posts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36340514|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref>

According to an article published by [[Xiao Qiang]] on her website [[China Digital Times]], a leaked propaganda directive, sent to 50 Cent Party internet commentators, stated their objective was the following:<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
<blockquote>
In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled," we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

:(1) To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
:(2) Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy.”
:(3) To the extent possible, choose various examples in [[Western countries]] of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
:(4) Use America's and other countries' interference in [[international relations|international affairs]] to explain how [[Western democracy]] is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
:(5) Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
:(6) Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
</blockquote>

==Salary==
The English version of China-based ''Global Times'' reported that Changsha Publicity Department's Internet commentators were paid 0.5 yuan per post, which is considered as the origin of the term "50 Cent Party". However, according to the local party-building website, the basic salary of such commentators was 600 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] in 2006.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan" />

In 2010, the Internet commentators from [[Hengyang]] Municipal Committee Party School were paid 0.1 yuan per post and less than 100 yuan monthly bonus.<ref name="hydjnet"/><ref name="cenews"/>

A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator from Hunan Province told ''Global Times'' that a 500-word article is worth 40 yuan on local websites and 200 yuan on national sites.<ref name="commentators" />

==Terms==
There is an alternate official term for the Internet Commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by [[netizen]]s for them:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Chinese (Simp/Trad)
!Pinyin
!Literally in English
!Commonly in English
!Note
|-
|Official name (Primary)
|{{linktext|网|络|评|论|员}}/網絡評論員
|wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
|Internet commentator
|Internet commentator
| rowspan=2 | Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员/網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
|-
|Official name (Secondary)
|{{linktext|网|络|阅|评|员}}/網絡閱評員
|wǎngluò yuè píng yuán
|Internet examiner and commentator
|N/A
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|五|毛|党}}/五毛黨 or simply 五毛
|wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo
|5 mao<ref group="Note" name="mao">"毛" (máo), formally known as "[[Jiao (currency)|jiao]]", is a colloquial unit of current Chinese currency [[Renminbi]] which equals to 0.1 basic unit yuan.</ref> Party or 5 mao, 5 pence
|50 Cent Party
|The most common name, pejorative. Other English translation: 50 Cent Army
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|网|评|猿}}/網評猿
|wǎng píng yuán
|Ape that comments on the Internet
|N/A
|Pronounced identically with the above Chinese ''wǎng píng yuán'' 网评员 abbreviation, punning ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:猿|猿]] "ape; monkey") for ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:员|员]] "personnel, staff member"), pejorative
|-
|Other English terms
|{{linktext|红|马|甲}}/紅馬甲, {{linktext|红|卫|兵}}/紅衛兵
|hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng
|Red vest; [[Red Guards (China)|Red guard]]
|Red vest, [[Red Guards (People's Republic of China)|Red vanguard]]<ref name="zhong"/><ref name="elgan"/>
|The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used
|}

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) was the most common and pejorative unofficial term.<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda"/> It was created by Chinese [[netizen]]s as a satire. Many trace the origin of the "50-cent" name to the salaries at the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]], which according to the English version of ''[[Global Times]]'', supplemented Internet Commentators' basic income with 50-cent ("5 mao") <ref group="Note" name="mao" /> per post since October 2004.<ref name="commentators"/>

The term is derogatorily applied by cynical Chinese netizens to any person who blatantly expresses pro-[[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] thoughts online.<ref name="dnai" /> However, there's another word "5 US cent (五美分)" used by some netizens to denigrate anti-party comments, with the implication that those commentators are hired by the governments of the United States, Taiwan or other [[Western world#Modern political|western countries]]. Zhang Shengjun, a professor of international politics at [[Beijing Normal University]] published an article ''Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?'' on the Chinese version of ''Global Times'', saying that the term is spread by western media outfits, "it has become a baton waved towards all Chinese patriots" to make the Chinese government a constant target of criticism.<ref name="commentators"/><ref name="huanqiu"/>

The Hong Kong-based ''[[Apple Daily]]'' reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.<ref name="AppleDailycommentators"/>

==Effects and opinions==
The Internet commentator/50 Cent Party's activities were described by CPC general secretary, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] as "a new pattern of public-opinion guidance";<ref name="radioau" /><ref name="cmp" /> "they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue, lest the "truth may hurt social stability".<ref name="commentators" /> In 2010, a contributor to ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;<ref name="Usha" /> she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.<ref name="Usha" />

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Internet}}
* [[Internet Water Army]], private astroturfing from paid Chinese writers paralleling the 50 Cent Party
* [[Great Firewall of China]], a Chinese "national firewall" Internet censorship system
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Astroturfing]], a form of advocacy in support of a political, organizational, or corporate agenda, designed to give the appearance of a "grassroots" movement
* [[State-sponsored internet sockpuppetry]], a list of other similar programs internationally

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|last=Bristow|first=Michael|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7783640.stm|title=China's internet 'spin doctors'|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=16 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/chinas-plan-to-use-internet-for-propaganda-20100713-109hc.html |title=China's plan to use internet for propaganda |first=John |last=Garnaut |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=17 October 2010 |work=The Age |location=Australia}}</ref>

<ref name="Usha">{{cite news |last=Usha |first=Haley |title=China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usha-haley/chinas-fifty-cent-party-f_1_b_749989.html |accessdate=19 February 2011 |work=Huffington Post |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/chinas-web-spin-doctors-spread-beijings-message-20110512-1ek4j.html |title=China's web spin doctors spread Beijing's message |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="cdt">Nan, Wu. [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/05/chinese-bloggers-on-the-history-and-influence-of-the-fifty-cent-party/ Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party”]. China Digital Times. 15 May 2008</ref>

<ref name="cenews">{{cite web | publisher = Cenews | script-title=zh:中共衡阳市委党校《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 | url = http://www.cenews.eu/?p=21320 | date = 21 January 2010 | accessdate =3 March 2011| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="changshaxuanchuan">{{cite web | language = Chinese | title = 关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou) | url = http://swxcb.hefei.gov.cn/ContentDir/20065/24124915293.shtml | author = Publicity Department of Hefei | date = 24 May 2006 }} {{Dead link|date=February 2011}} [http://i46.tinypic.com/243qfti.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes">[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2010/05/internet-spin-for-stability-enforcers/ "Internet Spin for Stability Enforcers"], Sophie Beach, China Digital Times, 25 May 2010</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1">{{cite web|last=Qiang |first=Xiao |url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/06/future-banned-on-sina-weibo-search/ |title=Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned "Future" | China Digital Times (CDT) |publisher=China Digital Times |accessdate=28 November 2011}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes2">http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2011/06/网评员《上级通知》/ {{zh icon}}{{Self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="cmp">{{cite web |title=Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech |url=http://cmp.hku.hk/2008/06/25/1079/ |publisher=China Media Project |date= 25 June 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="commentators">{{cite web | publisher = Global Times English version | title = Invisible footprints of online commentators | url = http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html | author = Zhang Lei | date = 5 February 2010 | accessdate =7 February 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100208224640/http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html| archivedate= 8 February 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="AppleDailycommentators">"China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". ''Apple Daily''. 5 October 2007</ref>

<ref name="dnai">{{cite news |first=Venkatesan |last=Vembu |title=Big Brother 2.0 is here |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1218190 |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="dwnews">{{cite web | publisher = dwnews | script-title=zh:特稿：党布阵网络人民战争 | url = http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="elgan">{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Elgan |title=How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0 |url=http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm |work=Datamation |publisher=JupiterOnlineMedia |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090116101006/http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm| archivedate= 16 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="feer">{{cite news |first=David |last=Bandurski |title=China's Guerrilla War for the Web |url=http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review |date=July 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122041422/http://feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web| archivedate= 22 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web|url=http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2011/10/chinas-growing-army-of-paid-internet-commentators.html|title=China's growing army of paid internet commentators|first1=Sarah|last1=Cook|first2=Maggie |last2=Shum |publisher=Freedom House|date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin">"为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"</ref>

<ref name="guoluo">{{cite web | publisher = Government of Golog, Qinghai | script-title=zh:关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见 | url = http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="huaian">{{cite web|url=http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|script-title=zh:清河法院组建互联网网评工作队|publisher=Huai'an Intermediate People's Court|language=Chinese|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100414062331/http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|archivedate=14 April 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="huanqiu">{{cite web|url=http://opinion.huanqiu.com/roll/2010-01/694194.html|script-title=zh:"五毛党"帽子能吓住谁？|trans_title=Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?|date=20 January 2010|publisher=Global Times|language=Chinese|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="hydjnet">{{cite web | publisher = 中国衡阳党建网 (China Hengyang Party-building website) | script-title=zh:《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 |trans_title=''Party school front'' Internet commentators Regulations | url = http://dx.hydjnet.gov.cn/News_View.asp?NewsID=28290 | date = 8 January 2010 | accessdate =22 January 2010 | language = Chinese }} {{Dead link|date=March 2011}} [http://i49.tinypic.com/4q5vl3.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/world/asia/09internet.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching]. ''The New York Times''. 9 May 2006</ref>

<ref name="radioau">{{cite news |first=Corrinne |last=Podger |title=China marshalls army of bloggers |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm |publisher=Radio Australia |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081201111729/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm| archivedate= 1 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="shy">{{cite web | url=http://www.shyouth.net/website/xinxiguanlibu/content.jsp?ct_id=61903&sj_dir=xxglb_jcdt | title=市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee) | date=20 January 2010 | publisher=Shanghai Communist Youth League official site | language=Chinese | accessdate=20 January 2010 | quote=2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sina">{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/9/1/1/1401589/1.html|title=甘肅將建650人網絡評論員隊伍引導輿論|publisher=Sina|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sohu">{{cite web | publisher = sohu | script-title=zh:宿迁26名网评员今上岗 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="su">{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml|title=宿迁26名网评员今上岗|publisher=Sohu|date=29 April 2005|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="t20090729_791744">{{cite web | publisher = Sichuan Provincial People's Government | script-title=zh:巴中市人事局采取四大措施加强网络舆情监控 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="tibetanreview">[http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?cat=2&&id=1846 China employs army of piece-rate ‘netizens’ for online thought control]. Tibetan Review. 2 January 2009</ref>

<ref name="tw">Fareed, Malik. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/22/chinathemedia.marketingandpr China joins a turf war]. ''The Guardian''. 22 September 2008</ref>

<ref name="xinhuanet">{{cite web | publisher = xinhua | script-title=zh:胡锦涛：以创新的精神加强网络文化建设和管理 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm | accessdate =10 September 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100830035521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm| archivedate= 30 August 2010 | deadurl= no| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="zhong">Zhong, Wu. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JH14Ad01.html China's Internet awash with state spies]. Asia Times Online. 14 August 2008</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/fifty-cent-party/ 50 Cent Party related news and translations on China Digital Times]
*[http://www.businessinsider.in/China-Hires-As-Many-As-300000-Internet-Trolls-To-Make-The-Communist-Party-Look-Good/articleshow/44859392.cms China Hires As Many As 300,000 Internet Trolls To Make The Communist Party Look Good], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 17 October 2014
* [http://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9C%98%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%9B%E6%94%AC%E5%8D%83%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%B7%A5%20%20%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%B3%E6%96%A5%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A8%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E7%95%B0%E8%A6%8B/web_tc/article/20150406/s00004/1428309001027 共青團文件命全國招攬千萬網絡義工胡佳斥五毛黨壓制異見 (17:01)]. ''Ming Pao'', 6 April 2015

[[Category:Chinese Internet slang]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in China]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Public relations techniques]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]

Zeeuws Vlaanderen

2004-11-20T18:42:53Z

84.135.132.5: flacus - robot Ergänze:fr

'''Zeeuws Vlaanderen''' (''Seeländisch Flandern'') ist ein Teil der [[Niederlande]] südlich des Mündungstrichters der [[Schelde]] an der Grenze zur [[Belgien|belgischen]] [[Region]] [[Flandern]]. Historisch bildet Zeeuws Vlaanderen einen Teil [[Grafschaft Flandern|Flanderns]], es gehört zur niederländischen Provinz [[Zeeland]]. Wichtige Städte sind [[Terneuzen]], [[Hulst]], [[Breskens]] und [[Sluis]].

[[en:Zeeuws-Vlaanderen]]
[[fr:Flandre néerlandaise]]
[[nl:Zeeuws-Vlaanderen]]

Zahlkörpersieb

2004-11-20T18:40:33Z

84.135.132.5: flacus - robot Ergänze:fr

'''Zahlkörpersieb''' ist ein Begriff aus dem Bereich [[Zahlentheorie]] der [[Mathematik]].

Das '''Zahlkörpersieb''' ist einer der schnellsten bekannten [[Algorithmus|Algorithmen]] zur [[Faktorisierungsverfahren|Faktorisierung]] großer Zahlen.

== Entstehungsgeschichte ==

Am 31. August 1988 schrieb J. M. Pollard einen Brief an A. M. Odlyzko mit Kopien an R. P. Brent, J. Brillhart, H. W. Lenstra, C.P. Schnorr und H. Suyama, worin er ein neues Faktorisierungsverfahren für ganz spezielle Zahlen beschrieb. In diesem Brief illustrierte er dieses Verfahren an der [[Fermat-Zahl]] ''F''7 und vermutete, dass damit die bis dato noch nicht faktorisierte Zahl ''F''9 möglicherweise ein Kandidat für dieses Verfahren ist. Pollard benutzte aber noch kein Siebverfahren im algebraischen Zahlkörper.

In den Folgejahren wurde diese Idee u.a. von A. K. Lenstra, H. W. Lenstra, M. S. Manasse und J. M. Pollard ausgebaut. Daraus entstand das spezielle Zahlkörpersieb (wie das Verfahren heutzutage bezeichnet wird, um es vom allgemeinen Zahlkörpersieb unterscheiden zu können). Das spezielle Zahlkörpersieb lässt sich nur für Zahlen der Form ''b''^''m''-''r'' mit ''b'', ''r'' klein und ''m'' groß anwenden.

Das allgemeine Zahlkörpersieb wurde annähernd zeitgleich zum speziellen Zahlkörpersieb von J. P. Buhler, H. W. Lenstra und Carl Pomerance erfunden. Dieses ist für beliebige Zahlen anwendbar, dafür muss man aber Einbußen bei der Geschwindigkeit hinnehmen.

1992 gelang mit Hilfe des speziellen Zahlkörpersiebs die Faktorisierung von ''F''9.

Bereits 1991 publizierte J. M. Pollard eine Variante des Zahlkörpersiebs, bei der ein zweidimensionales Sieb benutzt wird, welches er als Gittersieb bezeichnet.

Diese Gittersiebvariante wurde 2003 benutzt um die bislang größte "allgemeine" zusammengesetzte Zahl zu faktorisieren: http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/challenges/factoring/rsa576.html.

== Asymptotische Laufzeit ==

Die asymptotische Laufzeit des Zahlkörpersiebs konnte bislang nicht exakt bewiesen werden. Unter einigen, als wahrscheinlich geltenden Annahmen, kann man diese jedoch zu

:<math>e^{(C+o(1))(n)^\frac13(\log n)^\frac23}</math>

berechnen. N bezeichnet hierbei die Länge der Zahl. Dabei ist die Konstante ''C'' davon abhängig, ob das spezielle oder das allgemeiner Zahlkörpersieb benutzt wird:

*Spezielles Zahlkörpersieb: ''C''=(64/9)1/3=1.922999...
*Allgemeines Zahlkörpersieb: ''C''=(32/9)1/3=1.526285...



== Einsatzbereich ==

Das Zahlkörpersieb wird vor allem für Zahlen mit über 100 Stellen benutzt, die durch andere Verfahren nicht zerlegt werden konnten. Typischerweise werden dabei für den Siebschritt mehrere 100 Rechner parallel betrieben.

== Literatur ==

* Carl Pomerance: ''A Tale of Two Sieves'', Notices of the AMS, 43 (1996) 1473-1485 (Webversion: http://www.ams.org/notices/199612/pomerance.pdf )
* A. K. Lenstra & H. W. Lenstra, Jr.: ''The development of the number field sieve'', Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1554

[[Kategorie:Zahlentheorie]]
[[Kategorie:Algorithmus]]

[[en:General number field sieve]]
[[fr:Algorithme de factorisation par crible sur les corps de nombres généralisé]]

Zachary Taylor

2004-11-20T18:38:38Z

84.135.132.5: flacus - robot Ergänze:zh,he

'''Zachary Taylor''' (* [[24. November]] [[1784]] in Barboursville ([[Virginia]]); † [[9. Juli]] [[1850]] in [[Washington D.C.]]) war ein US-amerikanischer [[General]] und 12. [[Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika]] ([[USA]]) von [[5. März]] [[1849]] bis [[9. Juli]] [[1850]].
[[Bild:Z.Taylor.jpg|thumb|Zachary Taylor]]
Er hatte den Spitznamen ''Old Rough and Ready''. Von seiner Ausbildung her Soldat, nahm er auch schon am [[Krieg von 1812]] teil. [[1845]], bei der Annexion von [[Texas]] wurde er mit einem Expeditionskorps an den [[Rio Grande]] entsandt, das mit einer Unterlegenheit von 1:4 der [[Mexikanisch-Amerikanischer Krieg|mexikanischen]] Armee standhielt. Dieser Zwischenfall führte zum [[Mexiko-Krieg|Krieg gegen Mexiko]], bei dem Taylor Siege in [[Monterrey]] und ''Buena Vista'' errang. Da Präsident [[James Knox Polk|Polk]] persönliche Aversionen gegen ihn hatte, wurde er nur im Norden eingesetzt, während General [[Winfield Scott]] nach [[Mexiko-Stadt]] marschieren durfte.

[[1848]] wurde er wegen seiner militärischen Erfolge von der [[Whig (USA)|Whig-Partei]] als Kandidat aufgestellt und konnte sich gegen den [[Demokratische Partei|Demokraten]] [[Lewis Cass]] durchsetzen, da diesem in den [[Nordstaaten]] von der ''Free-Soil-Party'' (Kandidat: [[Martin van Buren]]), die sich strikt gegen die Sklaverei in den neugewonnenen Gebieten aussprach wichtige Stimmen abgezogen wurden.

Obwohl [[Südstaaten|Südstaatler]] und Sklavenbesitzer, sprach er sich vehement für die Einheit der Union aus. Er drohte sogar, im Fall einer Sezession persönlich die Armee zu führen und die Führer der Südstaaten als Hochverräter erschießen zu lassen. Sein plötzlicher Tod und die Aufnahme [[Kalifornien]]s als sklavenfreier Staat [[1849]] ebneten den Weg für den [[Kompromiss von 1850]], der unter seinem [[US-Vizepräsident|Vizepräsidenten]] und Nachfolger [[Millard Fillmore]] ausgehandelt wurde.

Taylor starb als zweiter US-Präsident im Amt. Er hatte bei einer Feier des Nationalfeiertags verdorbene Milch und Kirschen zu sich genommen und starb wenige Tage später an der Lebensmittelvergiftung.

{{Navigationsleiste Präsidenten der USA}}

[[Kategorie:Mann|Taylor]] [[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner|Taylor]] [[Kategorie:Politiker (USA)|Taylor]]
[[Kategorie:Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten|Taylor, Zachary]]

[[da:Zachary Taylor]]
[[en:Zachary Taylor]]
[[eo:Zachary TAYLOR]]
[[es:Zachary Taylor]]
[[fi:Zachary Taylor]]
[[fr:Zachary Taylor]]
[[he:זכארי טיילור]]
[[ja:ザカリー・テイラー]]
[[nl:Zachary Taylor]]
[[pl:Zachary Taylor]]
[[sv:Zachary Taylor]]
[[zh:扎卡里·泰勒]]

Zahnfleisch

2004-11-20T18:31:43Z

84.135.132.5: flacus - robot Ergänze:ja

Das '''Zahnfleisch''' (lat. ''Gingiva'') ist der [[Epithel|epitheliale]] Bestandteil des [[Zahnhalteapparat]]es. Es besteht [[Histologie|histologisch]] aus einem mehrschichtigen Plattenepithel, das nur sehr dünn verhornt ist.
Der [[Wurzelzement]]anteil des [[Zahn]]es, der aus dem [[Knochen|Alveolarknochen]] herausragt, ist von der marginalen Gingiva bedeckt, die in die dem Alveolarknochen anhaftende (''attached'') Gingiva übergeht. Diese zeichnet sich durch eine orangenschalenartige Tüpfelung aus.
Das dreiecksförmige Zahnfleisch zwischen den Zähnen wird als "Papille" bezeichnet.

Die Furche zwischen Zahn und Zahnfleisch heißt "Sulcus". Bei gesunden parodontalen Verhältnissen beträgt die Sondierungstiefe ungefähr 2 mm. Eine regelmäßige Reinigung des Sulcus von bakteriellen Belägen und Speiseresten ist notwendig, um einer [[Zahnfleischentzündung]] (Gingivitis) vorzubeugen, die sich schnell unbemerkt in eine [[Parodontitis]] entwickeln kann.

[[Kategorie:Zahnmedizin]]

[[en:Gingiva]]
[[ja:歯肉]]