Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Asma al-Assad

2010-11-16T15:53:44Z

82.137.200.8: /* External links */

{{Multiple issues
|likeresume=October 2010
|newsrelease=October 2010
|date=October 2010|reason=See Talk: This article reads like a press release from a PR firm. A more encyclopedic tone needed. Other minor issues with grammar tense, peacock words and lack of referencing. Example sections needing work: Biographical Details, First lady of Syria}}
{{Infobox First Lady
| honorific-prefix =
| name =Asma al-Assadأسماء الأسد
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Asma al-Assad.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order =
| office =First Lady of Syria
| term_start =December 2000
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1975|8|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place =[[London]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =Asma al-Akhras
| nationality =[[Syria]]n
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =[[Bashar al-Assad]]
| relations =[[Fawaz Akhras]]
| children =Hafez, Zein and Karim al-Assad
| residence =
| alma_mater =[[King's College London]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| net worth =
| committees =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Asma al-Assad''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء الأسد</big>}}), née '''Asma Fawaz al-Akhras''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء فواز الأخرس</big>}}), is the [[First Lady]] of [[Syria]]. She was born in [[London]], [[England]], on 11 August 1975. Her family is originally from [[Homs]], [[Syria]]. She married [[List of heads of state of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] in December 2000, having previously pursued a [[career]] in [[investment banking]].

==Biographical Details==
Born in London on 11 August 1975, Asma is the daughter of prominent Harley Street Consultant Cardiologist [[Fawaz Akhras]] and retired diplomat Sahar Otri al-Akhras. Asma finished her schooling from [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] in London, with four A-Levels in [[Economics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Computer Science]] and [[French language|French]]. She then attended [[King's College London]] and graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science 1st class honours degree in Computer Science and a Diploma in [[French Literature]]. After [[university]], Asma started work at [[Deutsche Bank|Deutsche Bank Group]] in the Hedge Fund Management division covering clients in [[Europe]] and the [[Far East]]. In 1998, she joined the Investment Banking division of [[J. P. Morgan]], specializing in [[mergers and acquisitions]] for [[biotechnology]] and pharmaceutical companies. During her time at JP Morgan she worked primarily from the New York office where she executed four large merger transactions for both European and American clients.<ref>[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm The First Lady of Syria]</ref>

Asma speaks Arabic, English, French and Spanish, and has travelled extensively in the Far East, Europe, the United States and the Middle East. She returned to Syria in the autumn of 2000 and [[Marriage|married]] the President in December 2000. The President and The First Lady of [[Syria]] have three children: Hafez, Zein and Karim. Asma is a keen sportswoman, and enjoys cycling, swimming, tennis, badminton and skiing.

==First lady of Syria==
[[Image:2085667933 2312662dc6.jpg|thumb|left|Asma and Bashar al-Assad in [[Moscow]]]]
As the first lady of Syria, Asma al-Assad operates within a national context for social change, and continues to play a pivotal role in her country’s economic and [[social development]]. Promoting active [[citizenship]] among Syria’s [[population]] is central to the First Lady’s work. She encourages economic and social enterprises that develop skills, self-reliance and community involvement. Her activities have focused on two core areas: ensuring that the recent economic growth in Syria is inclusive to all, especially rural communities; and actively involving Syria’s youth in the country’s development process. Underscoring both challenges is the philosophy that development can only succeed if the direct beneficiaries are actively involved as core players in the process.

== Rural Development ==
Mrs. Assad’s first area of interest as First Lady was [[rural development]]. With over half of the population living in rural areas, she was keen to see for herself what was being done to ensure rural communities were also benefiting from the economic growth and social development underway. Visiting over 100 villages in 2001, she was able gain first hand insight into some of the challenges facing these communities. The people she met were not fully benefiting from the economic reforms and new [[legislation]] that were underway. It was clear that whilst that they did not have access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] or [[markets]].

The First Lady’s response was to establish Syria’s first [[Nongovernmental organization|N.G.O.]] focused on rural development (FIRDOS – [[Fund]] for Integrated Rural Development of Syria). It offers an array of programs in ICT [[literacy]], scholarships to talented students, [[micro-finance]] initiatives, capacity building and needs assessment training to support local [[Community|communities]] in their own development agenda.
Today, FIRDOS operates in six governorates throughout Syria and has had particular success in its ICT literacy program and its micro-finance initiatives. In July 2002, FIRDOS developed the first Mobile Information Centre (MIC) in the Middle East, to help bridge the gap between the information rich and information poor communities in Syria. The MIC constitutes three purpose built, fully equipped mobile computer classrooms, which travel throughout Syria’s remote villages to conduct ICT literacy programs.

FIRDOS was the first national agency to offer micro-credit to rural communities, dispersing USD 2million annually to rural villages. This paved the way for new legislation passed in 2007 regulating the micro-credit sector. Syria is the first country in the region with such legislation, realising that micro-credit can be as important as private banks and insurance firms in the country’s [[economic development]]. More recently, the FIRDOS micro-finance model has progressed to village business incubators offering training in marketing, financial accounting and business planning. The first village business incubator has already successfully supported 121 businesses in rural villages on the coast of Syria. The second business incubator will open in the spring of 2009, with the third scheduled for winter 2009.

In October 2008, The First Lady was awarded the Gold Medal of the Presidency of the [[Italian Republic]] in recognition of her work and steadfast commitment towards inclusive economic growth and sustainable development in the Arab World.

==Youth Empowerment==
Syria is a [[nation]] with 60% of its population aged below 25, 40% below 15, and that [[demographic]] represents either a huge challenge or a huge opportunity. Syria’s response has been to make an [[investment]] in human capital central to its national planning, to accelerate mainstream educational [[reform]], liberalise private sector alternatives, and at the same time to encourage complementary “third way” non-political platforms for social development.

Within this context, The First Lady established Massar as a national project focusing on how Syria’s young people of today can play an active role in shaping their [[country]] and [[society]] tomorrow. She identified concepts like non-political [[rights]], personal [[responsibilities]], ownership, [[empowerment]], [[Identity (social science)|identity]] and loyal citizenship, and these became key project goals.

In the space of three years, the project’s scope has grown from one entity in a single location to embrace multiple programs reaching out to all parts of Syria. To date over 165,000 young people, together with [[teachers]] and [[parents]], have attended the touring activity, which has visited over 100 cities, towns and villages across the country. The first regional centre, which opened in Lattakia in September 2007, attracted over 20,000 visitors in its first year. Two more are now in preparation, in Homs and Aleppo.

Working alongside Massar, is another [[innovative]] project targeting [[entrepreneurship]] amongst young Syrians. SHABAB ([[Strategy]] Highlighting And Building Abilities for [[Business]]) encourages and equips young Syrians with the right [[skills]] and attitude to enter the business world and create new opportunities for themselves. SHABAB also works with [[government]] at a policy level to ensure that the legislative and institutional environment continues to develop to meet the needs of the sector. SHABAB runs four programs in five governorates and has already reached out to over 40,000 young people across the country. Most recently, the ‘Know About Business’ program has been adopted by the Ministry of Education and will be rolled out as part of the national [[curriculum]].
Both Massar and SHABAB constitute the essence of the First Lady’s work in [[youth empowerment]], bringing creativity and innovation to the core of the development agenda.

== Culture and Heritage ==
[[Image:Asma al-Assad and Marisa Leticia.jpg|thumb|Asma al-Assad and the first lady of [[Brazil]], Marisa Leticia, in the National Museum of Syria]]
The First Lady’s approach to development and prosperity also encompasses the protection of Syria’s rich [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] and the promotion of its vibrant [[culture]]. Mrs Assad’s regular visits to [[excavation]] sites and neighbouring communities have been instrumental in facilitating closer collaboration between the excavation and preservation of [[historic]] sites and the development needs of local people. The First Lady has been internationally recognised for her keen support of archaeology in Syria, most notably in 2004 when she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in ''Archaeology'' by Rome’s [[La Sapienza University]].

Her significant efforts to promote cross-cultural exchanges were instrumental in securing [[Damascus]] the award for Arab Capital of Culture 2008. The First Lady led the national steering committee that created the vision and approach for the 2008 celebrations. The 2008 cultural year not only provided Syria with an opportunity to reflect on its diverse cultural richness, but also and more importantly, it provided an opportunity to reinvest in the future by ensuring that young talented [[artists]] were provided with the right environment for them to continue to flourish and that the country’s culture thrives as a result. During the year, over 250 exhibitions, plays, and concerts took place with contributions from over 30 countries, celebrating Syria’s rich heritage and diverse culture..<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/322 First Lady to chair the Syria Development Trust - Forward Magazine, July 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/323 First Lady visits volunteers and Amrit, Forward Magazine, October 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/327 Qassab Hassan: Celebrating Damascus as capital of Arab Culture was the branchild of the Syrian First Lady, Forward Magazine, March 2008</ref>

== The Syria Trust for Development ==
All of the First Lady’s projects, including FIRDOS, Massar and SHABAB operate as part of The Syria Trust for Development; as such have access to services such as [[research]], share resources such as [[Human Resources]], run their accounts within the Trust’s audited [[finance]] system, and collaborate with other Trust projects for more effective delivery to beneficiaries. Uniquely able to bridge between grass roots initiatives and national policy, The Trust reflects the First Lady’s passion to inspire, and a profound wish to make a difference where it matters most.

==See also==
*[[Bashar al-Assad]]
*[[Syria]]

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2514525/Sexy-Brit-bringing-Syria-in-from-the-cold.html The Sun Magazine: An Article On Asma, July 2009]
*[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm Syrian Embassy in Washington, D.C.-- The First Lady: Asma Akhras al-Assad]
*[http://video.msn.com/v/us/v.htm?g=61496579-7D29-4477-A639-CA0B7E787821&f=06/64&fg=copy ''Nightly News with Brian Williams'' (05-09-07)-- "Ann Curry interviews Asma on NBC"]
*[http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/87 What Michelle Obama can learn from Asma al-Assad - Forward Magazine, July 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-asma-al-assad-when-we-talk-about-damascus-we-are-talking-about-history-itself First Lady Asma al-Assad: When we talk about Damascus, we are talking about history itself - Forward Magazine, March 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-syria-harvard The First Lady of Syria at Harvard, Forward Magazine, June 2008]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Akhras_Al_Assad.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad CV]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_Pictures.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad Pictures]
* [http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_News.htm Syria's First Lady News]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Assad, Asma
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =11 August 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Asma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of national leaders]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:British people of Syrian descent]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:People from Homs]]
[[Category:Assad family]]

[[ar:أسماء الأخرس]]
[[es:Asma Al-Assad]]
[[fa:اسماء اسد]]
[[fr:Asma el-Assad]]
[[hy:Ասմա ալ-Ասադ]]
[[it:Asma al-Assad]]
[[he:אסמא אל-אסד]]
[[pl:Asma al-Assad]]
[[tr:Esma Esad]]

Asma al-Assad

2010-11-15T21:45:59Z

82.137.200.8: /* Culture and Heritage */

{{Multiple issues
|likeresume=October 2010
|newsrelease=October 2010
|date=October 2010|reason=See Talk: This article reads like a press release from a PR firm. A more encyclopedic tone needed. Other minor issues with grammar tense, peacock words and lack of referencing. Example sections needing work: Biographical Details, First lady of Syria}}
{{Infobox First Lady
| honorific-prefix =
| name =Asma al-Assadأسماء الأسد
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Asma al-Assad.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order =
| office =First Lady of Syria
| term_start =December 2000
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1975|8|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place =[[London]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =Asma al-Akhras
| nationality =[[Syria]]n
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =[[Bashar al-Assad]]
| relations =[[Fawaz Akhras]]
| children =Hafez, Zein and Karim al-Assad
| residence =
| alma_mater =[[King's College London]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| net worth =
| committees =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Asma al-Assad''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء الأسد</big>}}), née '''Asma Fawaz al-Akhras''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء فواز الأخرس</big>}}), is the [[First Lady]] of [[Syria]]. She was born in [[London]], [[England]], on 11 August 1975. Her family is originally from [[Homs]], [[Syria]]. She married [[List of heads of state of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] in December 2000, having previously pursued a [[career]] in [[investment banking]].

==Biographical Details==
Born in London on 11 August 1975, Asma is the daughter of prominent Harley Street Consultant Cardiologist [[Fawaz Akhras]] and retired diplomat Sahar Otri al-Akhras. Asma finished her schooling from [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] in London, with four A-Levels in [[Economics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Computer Science]] and [[French language|French]]. She then attended [[King's College London]] and graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science 1st class honours degree in Computer Science and a Diploma in [[French Literature]]. After [[university]], Asma started work at [[Deutsche Bank|Deutsche Bank Group]] in the Hedge Fund Management division covering clients in [[Europe]] and the [[Far East]]. In 1998, she joined the Investment Banking division of [[J. P. Morgan]], specializing in [[mergers and acquisitions]] for [[biotechnology]] and pharmaceutical companies. During her time at JP Morgan she worked primarily from the New York office where she executed four large merger transactions for both European and American clients.<ref>[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm The First Lady of Syria]</ref>

Asma speaks Arabic, English, French and Spanish, and has travelled extensively in the Far East, Europe, the United States and the Middle East. She returned to Syria in the autumn of 2000 and [[Marriage|married]] the President in December 2000. The President and The First Lady of [[Syria]] have three children: Hafez, Zein and Karim. Asma is a keen sportswoman, and enjoys cycling, swimming, tennis, badminton and skiing.

==First lady of Syria==
[[Image:2085667933 2312662dc6.jpg|thumb|left|Asma and Bashar al-Assad in [[Moscow]]]]
As the first lady of Syria, Asma al-Assad operates within a national context for social change, and continues to play a pivotal role in her country’s economic and [[social development]]. Promoting active [[citizenship]] among Syria’s [[population]] is central to the First Lady’s work. She encourages economic and social enterprises that develop skills, self-reliance and community involvement. Her activities have focused on two core areas: ensuring that the recent economic growth in Syria is inclusive to all, especially rural communities; and actively involving Syria’s youth in the country’s development process. Underscoring both challenges is the philosophy that development can only succeed if the direct beneficiaries are actively involved as core players in the process.

== Rural Development ==
Mrs. Assad’s first area of interest as First Lady was [[rural development]]. With over half of the population living in rural areas, she was keen to see for herself what was being done to ensure rural communities were also benefiting from the economic growth and social development underway. Visiting over 100 villages in 2001, she was able gain first hand insight into some of the challenges facing these communities. The people she met were not fully benefiting from the economic reforms and new [[legislation]] that were underway. It was clear that whilst that they did not have access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] or [[markets]].

The First Lady’s response was to establish Syria’s first [[Nongovernmental organization|N.G.O.]] focused on rural development (FIRDOS – [[Fund]] for Integrated Rural Development of Syria). It offers an array of programs in ICT [[literacy]], scholarships to talented students, [[micro-finance]] initiatives, capacity building and needs assessment training to support local [[Community|communities]] in their own development agenda.
Today, FIRDOS operates in six governorates throughout Syria and has had particular success in its ICT literacy program and its micro-finance initiatives. In July 2002, FIRDOS developed the first Mobile Information Centre (MIC) in the Middle East, to help bridge the gap between the information rich and information poor communities in Syria. The MIC constitutes three purpose built, fully equipped mobile computer classrooms, which travel throughout Syria’s remote villages to conduct ICT literacy programs.

FIRDOS was the first national agency to offer micro-credit to rural communities, dispersing USD 2million annually to rural villages. This paved the way for new legislation passed in 2007 regulating the micro-credit sector. Syria is the first country in the region with such legislation, realising that micro-credit can be as important as private banks and insurance firms in the country’s [[economic development]]. More recently, the FIRDOS micro-finance model has progressed to village business incubators offering training in marketing, financial accounting and business planning. The first village business incubator has already successfully supported 121 businesses in rural villages on the coast of Syria. The second business incubator will open in the spring of 2009, with the third scheduled for winter 2009.

In October 2008, The First Lady was awarded the Gold Medal of the Presidency of the [[Italian Republic]] in recognition of her work and steadfast commitment towards inclusive economic growth and sustainable development in the Arab World.

==Youth Empowerment==
Syria is a [[nation]] with 60% of its population aged below 25, 40% below 15, and that [[demographic]] represents either a huge challenge or a huge opportunity. Syria’s response has been to make an [[investment]] in human capital central to its national planning, to accelerate mainstream educational [[reform]], liberalise private sector alternatives, and at the same time to encourage complementary “third way” non-political platforms for social development.

Within this context, The First Lady established Massar as a national project focusing on how Syria’s young people of today can play an active role in shaping their [[country]] and [[society]] tomorrow. She identified concepts like non-political [[rights]], personal [[responsibilities]], ownership, [[empowerment]], [[Identity (social science)|identity]] and loyal citizenship, and these became key project goals.

In the space of three years, the project’s scope has grown from one entity in a single location to embrace multiple programs reaching out to all parts of Syria. To date over 165,000 young people, together with [[teachers]] and [[parents]], have attended the touring activity, which has visited over 100 cities, towns and villages across the country. The first regional centre, which opened in Lattakia in September 2007, attracted over 20,000 visitors in its first year. Two more are now in preparation, in Homs and Aleppo.

Working alongside Massar, is another [[innovative]] project targeting [[entrepreneurship]] amongst young Syrians. SHABAB ([[Strategy]] Highlighting And Building Abilities for [[Business]]) encourages and equips young Syrians with the right [[skills]] and attitude to enter the business world and create new opportunities for themselves. SHABAB also works with [[government]] at a policy level to ensure that the legislative and institutional environment continues to develop to meet the needs of the sector. SHABAB runs four programs in five governorates and has already reached out to over 40,000 young people across the country. Most recently, the ‘Know About Business’ program has been adopted by the Ministry of Education and will be rolled out as part of the national [[curriculum]].
Both Massar and SHABAB constitute the essence of the First Lady’s work in [[youth empowerment]], bringing creativity and innovation to the core of the development agenda.

== Culture and Heritage ==
[[Image:Asma al-Assad and Marisa Leticia.jpg|thumb|Asma al-Assad and the first lady of [[Brazil]], Marisa Leticia, in the National Museum of Syria]]
The First Lady’s approach to development and prosperity also encompasses the protection of Syria’s rich [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] and the promotion of its vibrant [[culture]]. Mrs Assad’s regular visits to [[excavation]] sites and neighbouring communities have been instrumental in facilitating closer collaboration between the excavation and preservation of [[historic]] sites and the development needs of local people. The First Lady has been internationally recognised for her keen support of archaeology in Syria, most notably in 2004 when she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in ''Archaeology'' by Rome’s [[La Sapienza University]].

Her significant efforts to promote cross-cultural exchanges were instrumental in securing [[Damascus]] the award for Arab Capital of Culture 2008. The First Lady led the national steering committee that created the vision and approach for the 2008 celebrations. The 2008 cultural year not only provided Syria with an opportunity to reflect on its diverse cultural richness, but also and more importantly, it provided an opportunity to reinvest in the future by ensuring that young talented [[artists]] were provided with the right environment for them to continue to flourish and that the country’s culture thrives as a result. During the year, over 250 exhibitions, plays, and concerts took place with contributions from over 30 countries, celebrating Syria’s rich heritage and diverse culture..<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/322 First Lady to chair the Syria Development Trust - Forward Magazine, July 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/323 First Lady visits volunteers and Amrit, Forward Magazine, October 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/327 Qassab Hassan: Celebrating Damascus as capital of Arab Culture was the branchild of the Syrian First Lady, Forward Magazine, March 2008</ref>

== The Syria Trust for Development ==
All of the First Lady’s projects, including FIRDOS, Massar and SHABAB operate as part of The Syria Trust for Development; as such have access to services such as [[research]], share resources such as [[Human Resources]], run their accounts within the Trust’s audited [[finance]] system, and collaborate with other Trust projects for more effective delivery to beneficiaries. Uniquely able to bridge between grass roots initiatives and national policy, The Trust reflects the First Lady’s passion to inspire, and a profound wish to make a difference where it matters most.

==See also==
*[[Bashar al-Assad]]
*[[Syria]]

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2514525/Sexy-Brit-bringing-Syria-in-from-the-cold.html The Sun Magazine: An Article On Asma, July 2009]
*[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm Syrian Embassy in Washington, D.C.-- The First Lady: Asma Akhras al-Assad]
*[http://video.msn.com/v/us/v.htm?g=61496579-7D29-4477-A639-CA0B7E787821&f=06/64&fg=copy ''Nightly News with Brian Williams'' (05-09-07)-- "Ann Curry interviews Asma on NBC"]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/what-michele-obama-can-learn-asma-al-assad What Michelle Obama can learn from Asma al-Assad - Forward Magazine, July 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-asma-al-assad-when-we-talk-about-damascus-we-are-talking-about-history-itself First Lady Asma al-Assad: When we talk about Damascus, we are talking about history itself - Forward Magazine, March 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-syria-harvard The First Lady of Syria at Harvard, Forward Magazine, June 2008]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Akhras_Al_Assad.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad CV]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_Pictures.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad Pictures]
* [http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_News.htm Syria's First Lady News]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Assad, Asma
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =11 August 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Asma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of national leaders]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:British people of Syrian descent]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:People from Homs]]
[[Category:Assad family]]

[[ar:أسماء الأخرس]]
[[es:Asma Al-Assad]]
[[fa:اسماء اسد]]
[[fr:Asma el-Assad]]
[[hy:Ասմա ալ-Ասադ]]
[[it:Asma al-Assad]]
[[he:אסמא אל-אסד]]
[[pl:Asma al-Assad]]
[[tr:Esma Esad]]

Asma al-Assad

2010-11-12T11:33:03Z

82.137.200.8: /* Culture and Heritage */

{{Multiple issues
|likeresume=October 2010
|newsrelease=October 2010
|date=October 2010|reason=See Talk: This article reads like a press release from a PR firm. A more encyclopedic tone needed. Other minor issues with grammar tense, peacock words and lack of referencing. Example sections needing work: Biographical Details, First lady of Syria}}
{{Infobox First Lady
| honorific-prefix =
| name =Asma al-Assadأسماء الأسد
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Asma al-Assad.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order =
| office =First Lady of Syria
| term_start =December 2000
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1975|8|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place =[[London]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =Asma al-Akhras
| nationality =[[Syria]]n
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =[[Bashar al-Assad]]
| relations =[[Fawaz Akhras]]
| children =Hafez, Zein and Karim al-Assad
| residence =
| alma_mater =[[King's College London]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| net worth =
| committees =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Asma al-Assad''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء الأسد</big>}}), née '''Asma Fawaz al-Akhras''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء فواز الأخرس</big>}}), is the [[First Lady]] of [[Syria]]. She was born in [[London]], [[England]], on 11 August 1975. Her family is originally from [[Homs]], [[Syria]]. She married [[List of heads of state of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] in December 2000, having previously pursued a [[career]] in [[investment banking]].

==Biographical Details==
Born in London on 11 August 1975, Asma is the daughter of prominent Harley Street Consultant Cardiologist [[Fawaz Akhras]] and retired diplomat Sahar Otri al-Akhras. Asma finished her schooling from [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] in London, with four A-Levels in [[Economics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Computer Science]] and [[French language|French]]. She then attended [[King's College London]] and graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science 1st class honours degree in Computer Science and a Diploma in [[French Literature]]. After [[university]], Asma started work at [[Deutsche Bank|Deutsche Bank Group]] in the Hedge Fund Management division covering clients in [[Europe]] and the [[Far East]]. In 1998, she joined the Investment Banking division of [[J. P. Morgan]], specializing in [[mergers and acquisitions]] for [[biotechnology]] and pharmaceutical companies. During her time at JP Morgan she worked primarily from the New York office where she executed four large merger transactions for both European and American clients.<ref>[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm The First Lady of Syria]</ref>

Asma speaks Arabic, English, French and Spanish, and has travelled extensively in the Far East, Europe, the United States and the Middle East. She returned to Syria in the autumn of 2000 and [[Marriage|married]] the President in December 2000. The President and The First Lady of [[Syria]] have three children: Hafez, Zein and Karim. Asma is a keen sportswoman, and enjoys cycling, swimming, tennis, badminton and skiing.

==First lady of Syria==
[[Image:2085667933 2312662dc6.jpg|thumb|left|Asma and Bashar al-Assad in [[Moscow]]]]
As the first lady of Syria, Asma al-Assad operates within a national context for social change, and continues to play a pivotal role in her country’s economic and [[social development]]. Promoting active [[citizenship]] among Syria’s [[population]] is central to the First Lady’s work. She encourages economic and social enterprises that develop skills, self-reliance and community involvement. Her activities have focused on two core areas: ensuring that the recent economic growth in Syria is inclusive to all, especially rural communities; and actively involving Syria’s youth in the country’s development process. Underscoring both challenges is the philosophy that development can only succeed if the direct beneficiaries are actively involved as core players in the process.

== Rural Development ==
Mrs. Assad’s first area of interest as First Lady was [[rural development]]. With over half of the population living in rural areas, she was keen to see for herself what was being done to ensure rural communities were also benefiting from the economic growth and social development underway. Visiting over 100 villages in 2001, she was able gain first hand insight into some of the challenges facing these communities. The people she met were not fully benefiting from the economic reforms and new [[legislation]] that were underway. It was clear that whilst that they did not have access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] or [[markets]].

The First Lady’s response was to establish Syria’s first [[Nongovernmental organization|N.G.O.]] focused on rural development (FIRDOS – [[Fund]] for Integrated Rural Development of Syria). It offers an array of programs in ICT [[literacy]], scholarships to talented students, [[micro-finance]] initiatives, capacity building and needs assessment training to support local [[Community|communities]] in their own development agenda.
Today, FIRDOS operates in six governorates throughout Syria and has had particular success in its ICT literacy program and its micro-finance initiatives. In July 2002, FIRDOS developed the first Mobile Information Centre (MIC) in the Middle East, to help bridge the gap between the information rich and information poor communities in Syria. The MIC constitutes three purpose built, fully equipped mobile computer classrooms, which travel throughout Syria’s remote villages to conduct ICT literacy programs.

FIRDOS was the first national agency to offer micro-credit to rural communities, dispersing USD 2million annually to rural villages. This paved the way for new legislation passed in 2007 regulating the micro-credit sector. Syria is the first country in the region with such legislation, realising that micro-credit can be as important as private banks and insurance firms in the country’s [[economic development]]. More recently, the FIRDOS micro-finance model has progressed to village business incubators offering training in marketing, financial accounting and business planning. The first village business incubator has already successfully supported 121 businesses in rural villages on the coast of Syria. The second business incubator will open in the spring of 2009, with the third scheduled for winter 2009.

In October 2008, The First Lady was awarded the Gold Medal of the Presidency of the [[Italian Republic]] in recognition of her work and steadfast commitment towards inclusive economic growth and sustainable development in the Arab World.

==Youth Empowerment==
Syria is a [[nation]] with 60% of its population aged below 25, 40% below 15, and that [[demographic]] represents either a huge challenge or a huge opportunity. Syria’s response has been to make an [[investment]] in human capital central to its national planning, to accelerate mainstream educational [[reform]], liberalise private sector alternatives, and at the same time to encourage complementary “third way” non-political platforms for social development.

Within this context, The First Lady established Massar as a national project focusing on how Syria’s young people of today can play an active role in shaping their [[country]] and [[society]] tomorrow. She identified concepts like non-political [[rights]], personal [[responsibilities]], ownership, [[empowerment]], [[Identity (social science)|identity]] and loyal citizenship, and these became key project goals.

In the space of three years, the project’s scope has grown from one entity in a single location to embrace multiple programs reaching out to all parts of Syria. To date over 165,000 young people, together with [[teachers]] and [[parents]], have attended the touring activity, which has visited over 100 cities, towns and villages across the country. The first regional centre, which opened in Lattakia in September 2007, attracted over 20,000 visitors in its first year. Two more are now in preparation, in Homs and Aleppo.

Working alongside Massar, is another [[innovative]] project targeting [[entrepreneurship]] amongst young Syrians. SHABAB ([[Strategy]] Highlighting And Building Abilities for [[Business]]) encourages and equips young Syrians with the right [[skills]] and attitude to enter the business world and create new opportunities for themselves. SHABAB also works with [[government]] at a policy level to ensure that the legislative and institutional environment continues to develop to meet the needs of the sector. SHABAB runs four programs in five governorates and has already reached out to over 40,000 young people across the country. Most recently, the ‘Know About Business’ program has been adopted by the Ministry of Education and will be rolled out as part of the national [[curriculum]].
Both Massar and SHABAB constitute the essence of the First Lady’s work in [[youth empowerment]], bringing creativity and innovation to the core of the development agenda.

== Culture and Heritage ==
[[Image:Asma al-Assad and Marisa Leticia.jpg|thumb|Asma al-Assad and the first lady of [[Brazil]], Marisa Leticia, in the National Museum of Syria]]
The First Lady’s approach to development and prosperity also encompasses the protection of Syria’s rich [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] and the promotion of its vibrant [[culture]]. Mrs Assad’s regular visits to [[excavation]] sites and neighbouring communities have been instrumental in facilitating closer collaboration between the excavation and preservation of [[historic]] sites and the development needs of local people. The First Lady has been internationally recognised for her keen support of archaeology in Syria, most notably in 2004 when she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in ''Archaeology'' by Rome’s [[La Sapienza University]].

Her significant efforts to promote cross-cultural exchanges were instrumental in securing [[Damascus]] the award for Arab Capital of Culture 2008. The First Lady led the national steering committee that created the vision and approach for the 2008 celebrations. The 2008 cultural year not only provided Syria with an opportunity to reflect on its diverse cultural richness, but also and more importantly, it provided an opportunity to reinvest in the future by ensuring that young talented [[artists]] were provided with the right environment for them to continue to flourish and that the country’s culture thrives as a result. During the year, over 250 exhibitions, plays, and concerts took place with contributions from over 30 countries, celebrating Syria’s rich heritage and diverse culture..<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/322 First Lady to chair the Syria Development Trust - Forward Magazine, July 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/323 First Lady visits volunteers and Amrit, Forward Magazine, October 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/qassab-hassan-celebrating-damascus-capital-arab-culture-was-branchild-syrian-first-lady Qassab Hassan: Celebrating Damascus as capital of Arab Culture was the branchild of the Syrian First Lady, Forward Magazine, March 2008</ref>

== The Syria Trust for Development ==
All of the First Lady’s projects, including FIRDOS, Massar and SHABAB operate as part of The Syria Trust for Development; as such have access to services such as [[research]], share resources such as [[Human Resources]], run their accounts within the Trust’s audited [[finance]] system, and collaborate with other Trust projects for more effective delivery to beneficiaries. Uniquely able to bridge between grass roots initiatives and national policy, The Trust reflects the First Lady’s passion to inspire, and a profound wish to make a difference where it matters most.

==See also==
*[[Bashar al-Assad]]
*[[Syria]]

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2514525/Sexy-Brit-bringing-Syria-in-from-the-cold.html The Sun Magazine: An Article On Asma, July 2009]
*[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm Syrian Embassy in Washington, D.C.-- The First Lady: Asma Akhras al-Assad]
*[http://video.msn.com/v/us/v.htm?g=61496579-7D29-4477-A639-CA0B7E787821&f=06/64&fg=copy ''Nightly News with Brian Williams'' (05-09-07)-- "Ann Curry interviews Asma on NBC"]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/what-michele-obama-can-learn-asma-al-assad What Michelle Obama can learn from Asma al-Assad - Forward Magazine, July 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-asma-al-assad-when-we-talk-about-damascus-we-are-talking-about-history-itself First Lady Asma al-Assad: When we talk about Damascus, we are talking about history itself - Forward Magazine, March 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-syria-harvard The First Lady of Syria at Harvard, Forward Magazine, June 2008]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Akhras_Al_Assad.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad CV]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_Pictures.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad Pictures]
* [http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_News.htm Syria's First Lady News]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Assad, Asma
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =11 August 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Asma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of national leaders]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:British people of Syrian descent]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:People from Homs]]
[[Category:Assad family]]

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[[es:Asma Al-Assad]]
[[fa:اسماء اسد]]
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[[hy:Ասմա ալ-Ասադ]]
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[[pl:Asma al-Assad]]
[[tr:Esma Esad]]

Asma al-Assad

2010-11-12T11:25:47Z

82.137.200.8: /* Culture and Heritage */

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'''Asma al-Assad''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء الأسد</big>}}), née '''Asma Fawaz al-Akhras''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسماء فواز الأخرس</big>}}), is the [[First Lady]] of [[Syria]]. She was born in [[London]], [[England]], on 11 August 1975. Her family is originally from [[Homs]], [[Syria]]. She married [[List of heads of state of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] in December 2000, having previously pursued a [[career]] in [[investment banking]].

==Biographical Details==
Born in London on 11 August 1975, Asma is the daughter of prominent Harley Street Consultant Cardiologist [[Fawaz Akhras]] and retired diplomat Sahar Otri al-Akhras. Asma finished her schooling from [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] in London, with four A-Levels in [[Economics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Computer Science]] and [[French language|French]]. She then attended [[King's College London]] and graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science 1st class honours degree in Computer Science and a Diploma in [[French Literature]]. After [[university]], Asma started work at [[Deutsche Bank|Deutsche Bank Group]] in the Hedge Fund Management division covering clients in [[Europe]] and the [[Far East]]. In 1998, she joined the Investment Banking division of [[J. P. Morgan]], specializing in [[mergers and acquisitions]] for [[biotechnology]] and pharmaceutical companies. During her time at JP Morgan she worked primarily from the New York office where she executed four large merger transactions for both European and American clients.<ref>[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm The First Lady of Syria]</ref>

Asma speaks Arabic, English, French and Spanish, and has travelled extensively in the Far East, Europe, the United States and the Middle East. She returned to Syria in the autumn of 2000 and [[Marriage|married]] the President in December 2000. The President and The First Lady of [[Syria]] have three children: Hafez, Zein and Karim. Asma is a keen sportswoman, and enjoys cycling, swimming, tennis, badminton and skiing.

==First lady of Syria==
[[Image:2085667933 2312662dc6.jpg|thumb|left|Asma and Bashar al-Assad in [[Moscow]]]]
As the first lady of Syria, Asma al-Assad operates within a national context for social change, and continues to play a pivotal role in her country’s economic and [[social development]]. Promoting active [[citizenship]] among Syria’s [[population]] is central to the First Lady’s work. She encourages economic and social enterprises that develop skills, self-reliance and community involvement. Her activities have focused on two core areas: ensuring that the recent economic growth in Syria is inclusive to all, especially rural communities; and actively involving Syria’s youth in the country’s development process. Underscoring both challenges is the philosophy that development can only succeed if the direct beneficiaries are actively involved as core players in the process.

== Rural Development ==
Mrs. Assad’s first area of interest as First Lady was [[rural development]]. With over half of the population living in rural areas, she was keen to see for herself what was being done to ensure rural communities were also benefiting from the economic growth and social development underway. Visiting over 100 villages in 2001, she was able gain first hand insight into some of the challenges facing these communities. The people she met were not fully benefiting from the economic reforms and new [[legislation]] that were underway. It was clear that whilst that they did not have access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] or [[markets]].

The First Lady’s response was to establish Syria’s first [[Nongovernmental organization|N.G.O.]] focused on rural development (FIRDOS – [[Fund]] for Integrated Rural Development of Syria). It offers an array of programs in ICT [[literacy]], scholarships to talented students, [[micro-finance]] initiatives, capacity building and needs assessment training to support local [[Community|communities]] in their own development agenda.
Today, FIRDOS operates in six governorates throughout Syria and has had particular success in its ICT literacy program and its micro-finance initiatives. In July 2002, FIRDOS developed the first Mobile Information Centre (MIC) in the Middle East, to help bridge the gap between the information rich and information poor communities in Syria. The MIC constitutes three purpose built, fully equipped mobile computer classrooms, which travel throughout Syria’s remote villages to conduct ICT literacy programs.

FIRDOS was the first national agency to offer micro-credit to rural communities, dispersing USD 2million annually to rural villages. This paved the way for new legislation passed in 2007 regulating the micro-credit sector. Syria is the first country in the region with such legislation, realising that micro-credit can be as important as private banks and insurance firms in the country’s [[economic development]]. More recently, the FIRDOS micro-finance model has progressed to village business incubators offering training in marketing, financial accounting and business planning. The first village business incubator has already successfully supported 121 businesses in rural villages on the coast of Syria. The second business incubator will open in the spring of 2009, with the third scheduled for winter 2009.

In October 2008, The First Lady was awarded the Gold Medal of the Presidency of the [[Italian Republic]] in recognition of her work and steadfast commitment towards inclusive economic growth and sustainable development in the Arab World.

==Youth Empowerment==
Syria is a [[nation]] with 60% of its population aged below 25, 40% below 15, and that [[demographic]] represents either a huge challenge or a huge opportunity. Syria’s response has been to make an [[investment]] in human capital central to its national planning, to accelerate mainstream educational [[reform]], liberalise private sector alternatives, and at the same time to encourage complementary “third way” non-political platforms for social development.

Within this context, The First Lady established Massar as a national project focusing on how Syria’s young people of today can play an active role in shaping their [[country]] and [[society]] tomorrow. She identified concepts like non-political [[rights]], personal [[responsibilities]], ownership, [[empowerment]], [[Identity (social science)|identity]] and loyal citizenship, and these became key project goals.

In the space of three years, the project’s scope has grown from one entity in a single location to embrace multiple programs reaching out to all parts of Syria. To date over 165,000 young people, together with [[teachers]] and [[parents]], have attended the touring activity, which has visited over 100 cities, towns and villages across the country. The first regional centre, which opened in Lattakia in September 2007, attracted over 20,000 visitors in its first year. Two more are now in preparation, in Homs and Aleppo.

Working alongside Massar, is another [[innovative]] project targeting [[entrepreneurship]] amongst young Syrians. SHABAB ([[Strategy]] Highlighting And Building Abilities for [[Business]]) encourages and equips young Syrians with the right [[skills]] and attitude to enter the business world and create new opportunities for themselves. SHABAB also works with [[government]] at a policy level to ensure that the legislative and institutional environment continues to develop to meet the needs of the sector. SHABAB runs four programs in five governorates and has already reached out to over 40,000 young people across the country. Most recently, the ‘Know About Business’ program has been adopted by the Ministry of Education and will be rolled out as part of the national [[curriculum]].
Both Massar and SHABAB constitute the essence of the First Lady’s work in [[youth empowerment]], bringing creativity and innovation to the core of the development agenda.

== Culture and Heritage ==
[[Image:Asma al-Assad and Marisa Leticia.jpg|thumb|Asma al-Assad and the first lady of [[Brazil]], Marisa Leticia, in the National Museum of Syria]]
The First Lady’s approach to development and prosperity also encompasses the protection of Syria’s rich [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] and the promotion of its vibrant [[culture]]. Mrs Assad’s regular visits to [[excavation]] sites and neighbouring communities have been instrumental in facilitating closer collaboration between the excavation and preservation of [[historic]] sites and the development needs of local people. The First Lady has been internationally recognised for her keen support of archaeology in Syria, most notably in 2004 when she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in ''Archaeology'' by Rome’s [[La Sapienza University]].

Her significant efforts to promote cross-cultural exchanges were instrumental in securing [[Damascus]] the award for Arab Capital of Culture 2008. The First Lady led the national steering committee that created the vision and approach for the 2008 celebrations. The 2008 cultural year not only provided Syria with an opportunity to reflect on its diverse cultural richness, but also and more importantly, it provided an opportunity to reinvest in the future by ensuring that young talented [[artists]] were provided with the right environment for them to continue to flourish and that the country’s culture thrives as a result. During the year, over 250 exhibitions, plays, and concerts took place with contributions from over 30 countries, celebrating Syria’s rich heritage and diverse culture..<ref>http://www.forwardsyria.com/story/322 First Lady to chair the Syria Development Trust - Forward Magazine, July 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-visits-volunteers-and-amrit First Lady visits volunteers and Amrit, Forward Magazine, October 2007</ref>
<ref>http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/qassab-hassan-celebrating-damascus-capital-arab-culture-was-branchild-syrian-first-lady Qassab Hassan: Celebrating Damascus as capital of Arab Culture was the branchild of the Syrian First Lady, Forward Magazine, March 2008</ref>

== The Syria Trust for Development ==
All of the First Lady’s projects, including FIRDOS, Massar and SHABAB operate as part of The Syria Trust for Development; as such have access to services such as [[research]], share resources such as [[Human Resources]], run their accounts within the Trust’s audited [[finance]] system, and collaborate with other Trust projects for more effective delivery to beneficiaries. Uniquely able to bridge between grass roots initiatives and national policy, The Trust reflects the First Lady’s passion to inspire, and a profound wish to make a difference where it matters most.

==See also==
*[[Bashar al-Assad]]
*[[Syria]]

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2514525/Sexy-Brit-bringing-Syria-in-from-the-cold.html The Sun Magazine: An Article On Asma, July 2009]
*[http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady_of_syria.htm Syrian Embassy in Washington, D.C.-- The First Lady: Asma Akhras al-Assad]
*[http://video.msn.com/v/us/v.htm?g=61496579-7D29-4477-A639-CA0B7E787821&f=06/64&fg=copy ''Nightly News with Brian Williams'' (05-09-07)-- "Ann Curry interviews Asma on NBC"]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/what-michele-obama-can-learn-asma-al-assad What Michelle Obama can learn from Asma al-Assad - Forward Magazine, July 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-asma-al-assad-when-we-talk-about-damascus-we-are-talking-about-history-itself First Lady Asma al-Assad: When we talk about Damascus, we are talking about history itself - Forward Magazine, March 2008]
*[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/first-lady-syria-harvard The First Lady of Syria at Harvard, Forward Magazine, June 2008]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Akhras_Al_Assad.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad CV]
*[http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_Pictures.htm Mrs. Asma Al-Assad Pictures]
* [http://www.presidentassad.net/ASMA_AL_ASSAD/Asma_Al_Assad_News.htm Syria's First Lady News]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Assad, Asma
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =11 August 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Asma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of national leaders]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:British people of Syrian descent]]
[[Category:Syrian Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:People from Homs]]
[[Category:Assad family]]

[[ar:أسماء الأخرس]]
[[es:Asma Al-Assad]]
[[fa:اسماء اسد]]
[[fr:Asma el-Assad]]
[[hy:Ասմա ալ-Ասադ]]
[[it:Asma al-Assad]]
[[he:אסמא אל-אסד]]
[[pl:Asma al-Assad]]
[[tr:Esma Esad]]

Islamisierung

2010-08-03T07:15:34Z

82.137.200.8: /* Zwangsislamisierung */

'''Islamisierung''' bezeichnet die Einführung des [[Islam]] als vorherrschende Religion in zuvor mehrheitlich nicht islamisch geprägten Regionen oder Ländern. Historisch fand sie vor allem durch die [[islamische Expansion]] im Mittleren und Nahen Osten sowie auf der [[Iberische Halbinsel|iberischen Halbinsel]] im 7.-10. Jahrhundert statt.

Unter '''Re-Islamisierung''' wird die Rückbesinnung auf religiöse Werte und Traditionen verstanden, wie sie in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts in einigen islamisch geprägten Ländern ihren Ausgangspunkt nahm.<ref> [http://www.bpb.de/popup/popup_lemmata.html?guid=XYMT7Y Artikel ''Re-Islamisierung''] bei der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</ref>

== Historische Islamisierung ==
{{Belege fehlen}}
Anders als die [[Konversion (Religion)|Konversion]] einer einzelnen Person zum Islam umfasst der Begriff "Islamisierung" einen Umwandlungsprozess in historisch-politischer Dimension - teilweise analog zur [[Christianisierung]].

Historisch führte die [[islamische Expansion]] zur Islamisierung der jeweiligen Gebiete unter islamischer Herrschaft: Zwar bestand aufgrund der hohen Bedeutung der [[Dschizya]] für die damaligen muslimischen Steuereinnahmen von Seiten der muslimischen Herrscher wenig Interesse an einer Konversion von Nicht-Muslimen zum Islam,<ref>Albrecht Noth: ''Früher Islam''. In: Ulrich Haarmann (Hrsg.): ''Geschichte der arabischen Welt.'' C. H. Beck, 1991. S. 92 f.</ref> aber aufgrund ihres niedrigeren Rechtsstatus als [[Dhimma|nicht-muslimische Schutzbefohlene]] zogen diese oft dennoch eine Konversion zum Islam vor.
Gegen die [[Mauren|maurische]] Herrschaft in [[Spanien]] richtete sich seit dem [[Hochmittelalter]] die [[Reconquista]], durch die alle Muslime und Juden vertrieben oder [[Zwangschristianisierung|zwangschristianisiert]] wurden. (siehe auch: [[Converso]]s)

Die letzte Islamisierung auf europäischem Boden fand ab dem 15. Jahrhundert durch die Osmanen auf dem [[Balkanhalbinsel|Balkan]] ([[Bosniaken]], [[Albaner]]) statt, während sie in [[Griechenland]] durch den starken kulturellen Widerstand gegen die [[Osmanisches Reich|osmanische]] [[Macht|Vorherrschaft]] nur sehr begrenzt wirkte. Durchaus sind jedoch auch in diesen Gebieten Einflüsse auf die [[Bildende Kunst]], auf die [[Musik]] (z.B. zahlreiche Opern) und auf die Küche festzustellen.

''Siehe auch:'' [[Islam in Europa]]

== Die These einer Islamisierung Europas im 21. Jahrhundert ==
=== Demographie ===
Vertreter der [[These]] einer Islamisierung Europas sagen voraus, dass die bisherigen Mehrheitsbevölkerungen in den Ländern (West-)Europas im Verlauf des 21. Jahrhunderts durch muslimische Mehrheiten ausgewechselt würden. Als [[Demographie|demographische]] Gründe führen sie an, Muslime würden kulturell bedingt früher heiraten und mehr Kinder bekommen. Dazu werden verschiedene Untersuchungen zur [[Bevölkerungsentwicklung]] herangezogen.

Der Mitarbeiter des US-amerikanischen Außenministeriums Timothy M. Savage prognostizierte im Jahr 2004, ausgehend von einer Schätzung des Ministeriums im ''Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2003'' von 23 Millionen Muslimen in Europa (5 % der Gesamtbevölkerung), dass diese Zahl sich bis 2015 verdoppeln würde, während die nicht-muslimische Bevölkerung um mindestens 3,5 % zurückginge. Bis 2050 sollen demnach Muslime zumindest 20 % der Gesamtbevölkerung ausmachen oder vielleicht auch bereits die Mehrheit stellen<ref name="savage">Timothy M. Savage/The Washington Quarterly: [http://www.twq.com/04summer/docs/04summer_savage.pdf ''Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing''], Sommer 2004</ref>. Das [[Vienna Institut of Demography]] der [[Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften|Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften]] entwarf in einer Studie verschiedene Szenarien für den zukünftigen Anteil der Religionen in Österreich. Für das Jahr 2051 wurde je nach Szenario, ein moslemischer Bevölkerungsanteil von 14 bis 18 % bei den Erwachsenen und 19 bis 51% bei den Jugendlichen unter 14 Jahren errechnet, jener der Angehörigen der [[Römisch-katholische Kirche|römisch-katholischen Kirche]] würde von 75 % im Jahr 2001 auf unter 50 % sinken und jener der Menschen ohne Religionsbekenntnis auf bis zu 34 % steigen<ref>Anne Goujon, Vegard Skirbekk, Katrin Fliegenschnee, Pawel Strzelecki: [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/publications/VYPR2007/abstract_Goujon-et-al.html ''New times, old beliefs: Projecting the future size of religions in Austria''], Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Volume: 2007, pages 237-270</ref>.

Der britische Historiker und Islamwissenschaftler [[Bernard Lewis]] leitet daraus ab, Europa ''„wird Teil des arabischen Westens sein, des Maghrebs“'' und ''„spätestens Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts muslimische Mehrheiten in der Bevölkerung haben.“''<ref>Hanspeter Born/[[Die Weltwoche]] - Ausgabe 06/06: [http://www.weltwoche.ch/artikel/?AssetID=13188&CategoryID=82 ''Abendland unter'']</ref>. Ähnlich äußert sich der amerikanische Historiker [[Walter Laqueur]], der davon ausgeht, dass Europa in wenigen Jahrzehnten politisch und wirtschaftlich bedeutungslos und kulturell weitgehend islamisiert sein würde<ref name="Laqueur-dradio">[[Deutschlandradio]]: [http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/sendungen/politischesbuch/579837/ ''Die letzten Tage von Europa''], Rezension von Jacques Schuster, [[Deutschlandradio]], 5. Januar 2007</ref>.

Ein Problem bei der Erstellung solcher Prognosen ist, dass es nur in wenigen europäischen Ländern aktuelle oder gesicherte Zahlen über den Anteil von Muslimen an der Gesamtbevölkerung gibt. Eine Reihe von Ländern, darunter Belgien, Dänemark, Frankreich, Griechenland, Ungarn, Italien,
Luxemburg und Spanien, stellen die Frage nach dem Glaubensbekenntnis weder in Volkszählungen noch anderen offiziellen Dokumenten<ref name="savage">Timothy M. Savage/The Washington Quarterly: [http://www.twq.com/04summer/docs/04summer_savage.pdf ''Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing'' (Seite 26)], Sommer 2004</ref>. In Deutschland wurde diese Frage zuletzt bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 1987 erhoben<ref name="focus04.2007">[[Focus]]: [http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/deutschland_aid_52269.html ''Islam im demographischen Aufwind''], 23. April 2007</ref>. Oftmals werden Menschen, deren Vorfahren aus islamisch geprägten Ländern stammen, automatisch hierzu gezählt.

=== Gesellschaftliche Entwicklung ===
Im Zusammenhang mit der These einer Islamisierung Europas geht mit der Betrachtung der demographischen Entwicklung stets die Warnung vor gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Veränderungen einher, die dadurch bedingt sein sollen. Der französische Philosoph [[Robert Redeker]] warnt etwa vor einer ''„Islamisierung des Denkens“'' und nennt als Beispiele dafür ''„in den öffentlichen Badeanstalten Schwimmzeiten nur für Frauen, das Verbot, diese Religion zu karikieren, der Anspruch auf einen Sonderspeiseplan für muslimische Kinder in den Schulkantinen, der Kampf für das islamische Kopftuch an den Schulen“'' und schließlich den ''„Vorwurf der Islamophobie gegen alle freien Denker“''<ref>Michaela Wiegel/[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]: [http://www.faz.net/s/RubDDBDABB9457A437BAA85A49C26FB23A0/Doc~E131AA5A79623428B89EEB434FE43769B~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html ''Ein Philosophielehrer auf der Flucht''], 6. Oktober 2006</ref>.

Manche Vertreter der These unterscheiden dabei zwischen dem Islam bzw. den Muslimen im Allgemeinen, dem orthodoxen Islam und dem [[Islamischer Fundamentalismus|islamischen Fundamentalismus]]. So meint etwa der Göttinger Soziologe und Islamkritiker [[Bassam Tibi]]: ''„Wer sich in der Islam-Diaspora Europas auskennt, weiß, dass nicht nur die Islamisten von einem islamischen, von der Scharia beherrschten Europa träumen; auch orthodoxe Moslems tun dies und rechnen Europa durch demographische Islamisierung durch Migration zum Dar al-Islam/Haus des Islam.“'', fügt aber hinzu, es gehe ''„nicht darum, den Islam aus Europa zu entfernen, sondern ihn mit Europa als Euro-Islam zu versöhnen.“''<ref>[[Bassam Tibi]]/[[Die Welt]]: [http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article391253/Europa_droht_eine_Islamisierung.html ''Europa droht eine Islamisierung''], 28. Mai 2002</ref>

Andere setzen den Islam generell weitgehend mit dem islamischen Fundamentalismus gleich und sehen, wie etwa der amerikanische Autor [[Bruce Bawer]], in den muslimischen Gemeinden Europas ''„Pulverfässer“'', in denen, geschürt durch eine falsche Integrationspolitik, Extremisten gestärkt würden<ref>[[Random House]] über: [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514729 ''Bruce Bawer: While Europe Slept - How Radical Islam is Destroying the West from Within'']</ref>.

In seinem Buch ''Heiliger Krieg in Europa'' beschreibt [[Udo Ulfkotte]] unter anderem den von der [[Muslimbruderschaft]] erstellten Plan zur Islamisierung Europas, der 2001 in der Schweiz bei einer Hausdurchsuchung entdeckt wurde. Der damalige Vorsitzende der ''Islamischen Gemeinschaft [[Milli Görüş]]'' Mehmet Sabri Erbakan sagte gemäß dem bayerischen Verfassungsschutzbericht 2001: ''„Die Europäer glauben, dass die Muslime nur zum Geldverdienen nach Europa gekommen sind. Aber Allah hat einen anderen Plan.“''<ref>''[http://www.innenministerium.bayern.de/imperia/md/content/stmi/sicherheit/verfassungsschutz/verfsch2001.pdf Bayerischer Verfassungsschutzbericht 2001]'', Seite 147 </ref>

Politisch wird der Begriff „Islamisierung“ vornehmlich von konservativen Parteien und Personen aufgegriffen. So warnte [[Edmund Stoiber]] ([[Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern|CSU]]) vor einer schleichenden Islamisierung Deutschlands und forderte in dem Zusammenhang den Schutz muslimischer Mädchen vor [[Zwangsheirat|Zwangsehen]], dass in den Moscheen auf Deutsch gepredigt werden solle und die muslimischen Gemeinden so genannte „[[Ehrenmord]]e“ ächten und Extremisten in den eigenen Reihen der Polizei melden sollen<ref>[[Financial Times Deutschland]]: [http://ftd.de/politik/deutschland/121823.html ''Stoiber warnt vor „Islamisierung“ Deutschlands''], 14. Oktober 2006</ref>.

Bisweilen wird die Warnung vor einer Islamisierung Europas dabei auch von rechtspopulistischen Kreisen aufgegriffen und mit [[Nationalismus|nationalistischen]] Motiven und dem Beklagen drohender „[[Überfremdung]]“ und „[[Umvolkung]]“ verknüpft. 1990 schrieb Beat Christoph Bäschlin, Mitarbeiter im Schweizer Innenministerium und Autor in der Wochenzeitung [[Junge Freiheit]]:
{{Zitat|Frankreich ist der Brückenkopf der islamischen Invasion. Deshalb ist Frankreich heute eine tödliche Gefahr für Europa. Seine meinungsmachende und politische Führungskaste betreibt eine systematische und äußerst wirksame Förderung der afrikanisch-asiatischen Einwanderung. Früher oder später werden sich die in Frankreich eingesickerten Einwanderermassen in das übrige Europa ergießen. [...] Bei der Abwürgung der Nationalstaaten und staatlichen Nationalismen war der Einwanderung eine grundlegende Rolle zugedacht: eine Art einheitlichen europäischen Staatsvolkes war programmiert. Bis 1993 sollte jeder französische oder sonstige Nationalismus überwunden sein und eine Art gesamteuropäischer Menschenrasse sollte entstehen. Durch eine massive Einspritzung von arabisch-schwarzafrikanischen Elementen sollte eine vereinheitlichte Tönung europaweit erreicht werden.|
Beat Christoph Bäschlin: ''Der Islam wird uns fressen! Der islamische Ansturm auf Europa und die europäische Komplizen dieser Invasion''. Selvapiana-Verlag, 1990. S. 11}}

In Antwerpen in Belgien stellten im Januar 2008 die Politiker [[Heinz-Christian Strache]] ([[Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs]]) und [[Filip Dewinter]] ([[Vlaams Belang]]) sowie Markus Beisicht von der ''[[Bürgerbewegung pro Köln]]'' eine „Europäische Städteallianz gegen Islamisierung“ vor<ref>[[Die Presse]]: [http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/355771/index.do ''FPÖ vs. Islam: Strache gründet "Allianz gegen Islamisierung"''], 16. Januar 2008</ref>. Ihre Forderungen umfassen unter anderem die Eintragung der Religionsgemeinschaft in jedem Reisepass und die Sammlung von Fingerabdrücken von ''„Personen mit islamischem Hintergrund“''. Strache zeigte sich ''„entsetzt über den Islamisierungs- und Überfremdungsrad“'' Antwerpens und forderte einen sofortigen Einwanderungsstopp, da nur so ''„Europa jetzt noch vor dem drohenden Untergang“'' zu retten sei<ref>FPÖ-Presseaussendung: [http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung.php?schluessel=OTS_20080118_OTS0045&ch=politik ''Strache bekräftigt in Antwerpen Städtepartnerschaft gegen drohende Islamisierung in Europa''], 18. Januar 2008</ref>.

=== Kritik der These ===
Kritiker werfen Anhängern der Islamisierungsthese vor, sie würden aufgrund [[Xenophobie|xenophober]] Reflexe das Fremde für schlecht halten und erlägen alten Überfremdungsängsten.<ref>[[Die tageszeitung|taz]]: [http://www.taz.de/index.php?id=archiv&dig=2007/03/26/a0177 Die Islamisierung in den Köpfen]</ref> Diese Gegenthese beschreibt die sogenannte [[Islamophobie]]. Auf der einen, heimischen Seite stünde die christlich-abendländische Tradition, auf der anderen, fremden die bedrohende muslimische.

Außerdem wird von Kritikern darauf hingewiesen, dass die Zukunftsszenarien weitgehend spekulativ seien und sich keine stichhaltigen Aussagen über die Entwicklung treffen ließen.<ref>Die Zeit: [http://www.zeit.de/2006/26/Demografie-3?page=all ''Jede hat einen guten Grund''], 22. Juni 2006</ref> Darüber hinaus sei auch kein ausreichendes Datenmaterial vorhanden, um eine Prognose über die künftige Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Muslime zu treffen. So fehlten genaue Angaben dazu, wie viele Muslime heute in europäischen Ländern leben: ''„ohnehin handelt es sich bei der Mehrheit der quantitativen Angaben ''[Anm.: bezüglich der Anzahl der Muslime]'' um Schätzungen, da keine offiziellen Daten bzw. Statistiken vorliegen“''<ref>[[Migration Info]]: [http://www.migration-info.de/migration_und_bevoelkerung/artikel/070503.htm Deutschland: Bundesregierung antwortet auf Große Anfrage zum Islam]</ref>

== Zwangsislamisierung ==

Die Zwangsislamisierung bezeichnet die erzwungene Konversion zum Islam.
Nach klassischem [[Schari'a|islamischem Recht]] ist sie bei [[Schirk|Polytheisten]]<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. New Edition. Brill, Leiden. Bd. 9, S. 484</ref> sowie [[Murtadd|vom Islam Abgefallenen]]<ref>Yohanan Friedmann: ''Tolerance and Coercion in Islam. Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition''. Cambridge University Press, 2003. S. 121</ref> als auch unter bestimmten Umständen bei Frauen, Kindern und Kriegsgefangenen<ref>Yohanan Friedmann: ''Tolerance and Coercion in Islam. Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition''. Cambridge University Press, 2003. S. 121 sowie 106</ref> erlaubt: Sie können vor die Wahl zwischen der Annahme des Islams oder dem Tod gestellt werden. In der gegenwärtigen islamischen Welt findet dies - von einzelnen Staaten, die für den Abfall vom Islam die Todesstrafe vorsehen, abgesehen - keine Anwendung mehr.

Als Mohammed am achten Juni 632 n.Chr. verstarb, erstreckte sich der islamische Machtbereich über die gesamte [[arabische Halbinsel]].<ref>Für eine Zusammenfassung siehe: W. Montgomery Watt: ''Muhammad at Medina''. Oxford University Press, 1962. S. 78-151; Elias Shoufani: ''Al-Ridda and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia''. University of Toronto Press, 1973. S. 10-48</ref> Einige arabische Stämme, die mit der [[Umma|islamischen Gemeinschaft]] auf verschiedenem Wege verbunden waren<ref>siehe: Albrecht Noth: ''Früher Islam''. In: Ulrich Haarmann (Hrsg.): ''Geschichte der arabischen Welt''. C.H. Beck, 1991. S. 39</ref>, weigerten sich nach Mohammeds Tod die finanziellen Abgabebedingungen des Islam (''[[Zakat]]'') weiterhin zu erfüllen. In den sogenannten ''[[Ridda-Kriege]]n'' unter Führung des ersten [[Kalif]]en [[Abu Bakr]] wurden diese unterworfen und zwangsislamisiert.

Die [[Osmanisches Reich|osmanische]] [[Knabenlese]], bei der ein bestimmter Anteil christlicher Knaben abgeliefert werden musste, die dann zu muslimischen Soldaten ausgebildet wurden, war eine organisierte Form der Zwangsislamisierung.

== Siehe auch ==

[[Islamische Expansion]], [[Islam in Europa]], [[Eurabien]], [[Euroislam]],
[[Multikulturelle Gesellschaft]]

== Literatur ==
=== Historisch ===
* Yohanan Friedmann: ''Tolerance and Coercion in Islam. Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition''. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-02699-7
* Adel Th. Khoury: ''Toleranz im Islam''. Grünewald, 1980. ISBN 3-459-01250-1
* Bat Ye'or: ''Der Niedergang des orientalischen Christentums unter dem Islam. Vom Dschihad zum Schutzvertrag.'' Resch, Gräfelfing 2002. ISBN 3-935197-19-5.
* Anton Minkov: ''Conversion to Islam in the Balkans. Kisve Bahasi Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670-1730.'' Leiden 2004 (The Ottoman Empire and its heritage, Bd. 30). ISBN 90-04-13576-6

=== Aktuell ===
* [[Ralph Ghadban]]: ''Tariq Ramadan und die Islamisierung Europas.'' Schiler, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-89930-150-1.
* Peter Heine: ''Halbmond über deutschen Dächern: muslimisches Leben in unserem Land''. Leipzig, 1997. ISBN 3-471-79344-5
* Walter Laqueur: ''Die letzten Tage von Europa. Ein Kontinent verändert sein Gesicht.'' Propyläen, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-549-07300-3.
* John L. Esposito: ''The Islamic Threat. Myth or Reality?''. Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-507184-0
* [[Bat Ye'or]]: ''Eurabia. The Euro-Arab Axis.'' 8. Auflage. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison 2005, ISBN 0-8386-4076-1.
* Peter Heine: ''Konflikt der Kulturen oder Feindbild Islam: alte Vorurteile - neue Klischees - reale Gefahren''. Herder, 1996. ISBN 3-451-04455-2
* Udo Ulfkotte: ''SOS Abendland - Die schleichende Islamisierung Europas'', ISBN 978-3-938516-72-0
* Michael Blume: [http://www.blume-religionswissenschaft.de/pdf/WirdDeutschlandislamischBadBollBlume2007.pdf ''Wird Deutschland islamisch? Zahlen, Fakten & Prognosen'']

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub9DDF988597D94E1689817E2BC0EC289A/Doc~EAB47A199CEB748EF9E770105548F8D95~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html "Muslime in Deutschland. Vorbereitungsgesellschaft"] von [[Frank Schirrmacher]] in der [[FAZ]]
* [http://www.bpb.de/files/AQ6PWB.pdf bpb Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 1-2/2006: Parallelgesellschaften?] ([[PDF]]-Datei; 1,09 MB)
* [http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-469/_nr-662/i.html "Sparschweinalarm"] Kommentar zum sog. "Kampf der Kulturen" in den Medien von [[Robert Misik]]
* [http://www.wsws.org/de/2004/nov2004/isla-n20.shtml "Kreuzzug für 'westliche Werte' und starken Staat"] Zur Debatte um muslimische "Parallelgesellschaften" von Justus Leicht
* [http://www.eurasischesmagazin.de/artikel/?thema=Religion&artikelID=20070707 - Keine Angst vor Islamisierung in der Türkei - Essay von Loay Mudhoon, Politik- und Islamwissenschaftler, Universität zu Köln]
* [http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/24P9LN,0,Die_t%FCrkische_AKP_als_Vorbild_f%FCr_die_arabische_Welt.html- Die türkische AKP als Vorbild für die arabische Welt? Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (APuZ 39-40/2009)]

[[Kategorie:Islam und Politik]]
[[Kategorie:Geschichte des Islam]]
[[Kategorie:Transkulturation]]

[[ar:أسلمة]]
[[bg:Ислямизация в България]]
[[bs:Islamizacija]]
[[cs:Islamizace]]
[[el:Εξισλαμισμός]]
[[en:Islamization]]
[[es:Islamización]]
[[fr:Islamisation]]
[[hr:Islamizacija]]
[[it:Islamizzazione]]
[[nl:Islamisering]]
[[pl:Islamizacja]]
[[ru:Исламизация]]

Bleeding Love

2010-01-27T23:24:56Z

82.137.200.8:

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Bleeding Love
| Cover = LeonaSingle-250.jpg
| Artist = [[Leona Lewis]]
| Album = [[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]
| B-side = "Forgiveness"
| Released = {{Start date|2007|10|19|df=y}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Format = [[CD single]], [[music download|digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 4:24 (Album Version) 4:00 (Radio Edit)
| Label = [[Syco]], [[J Records|J]]
| Writer = [[Jesse McCartney]], [[Ryan Tedder]]
| Producer = Ryan Tedder
| Certification = 2× Platinum ([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]) Platinum ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]) Platinum ([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]], [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]], [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]], [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]]) Gold (Belgium, Sweden)
| Chronology = [[Leona Lewis]] singles
| Last single = "[[A Moment Like This#Leona Lewis version|A Moment Like This]]" (2006)
| This single = "'''Bleeding Love'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Better in Time]]"/"[[Footprints in the Sand (song)|Footprints in the Sand]]" (2008)
| Misc =
{{External music video|{{YouTube|sF84pIhP5UM|"Bleeding Love"}}
}}}}
{{Infobox Song 
| Name = Bleeding Love
| Artist = [[Jesse McCartney]]
| Album = [[Departure (Jesse McCartney album)|Departure]]
| track_no = 13
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 3:51
| Writer = Jesse McCartney, [[Ryan Tedder]]
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer = The Clutch
| prev = Not Your Enemy
| prev_no = 12
}}
{{Listen|filename=Bleedingloveleona.ogg|title=Bleeding Love|description=Sample of Bleeding Love (Leona's Version)|format=[[Ogg]]}}

"'''Bleeding Love'''" is a [[pop music|pop]]/[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[ballad (music)|ballad]] written by [[Jesse McCartney]]<ref name="notes">{{cite album-notes|title= Bleeding Love|bandname = Leona Lewis|year = 2007 |format = CD Single|publisher = Sony BMG|publisherid= 88697175622}}</ref> and [[Ryan Tedder]] produced for [[United Kingdom|British]] singer [[Leona Lewis]]'s debut album, ''[[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]''.<ref name="popjustice">{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis: It also says Breathing love in the song. Basically a press release presented as "news"|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1492&Itemid=9|publisher=Popjustice|date=16 August 2007|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> The song is the album's lead single (Lewis's official second single following "[[A Moment Like This]]"), released in the United Kingdom and the [[Republic of Ireland]] in October 2007.<ref name="hear">{{cite news|title=Hear Bleeding Love!|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/Pages/NewsList.aspx?pageName=news&NewsID=39|date=2007-09-14|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref> "Bleeding Love" became the best-selling single of 2007 in the United Kingdom,<ref name="winehouseandlewis">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm|title= Winehouse and Lewis head charts|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-12-30 | date=31 December 2007}}</ref> and, since the single's release, it has become a major international hit as the best-selling single of 2008. The single has reached number one in 34 countries,<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5bmlv5Kiz Platinum Awards] IFPI. October 2008.</ref> including the UK, Japan, and the United States. This is the second song to achieve this feat after "[[Candle in the Wind 1997|Candle in the Wind]]". The video aired on 17 October 2007,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bleeding Love video|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/news/7041/|publisher=[[RCA Label Group]]|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> and was uploaded to popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]] on the same day, where it has garnered over 120 million views.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mp&t=a&c=0&l=&b=0</ref>

The track has sold over 3,370,000 digital downloads in the [[United States]] alone, and was the best selling single there in 2008.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lil-wayne-notches-top-selling-album-of-08-1003926030.story#/bbcom/news/lil-wayne-notches-top-selling-album-of-08-1003926030.story</ref><ref>http://perezhilton.com/2009-07-27-lady-gaga-tops-the-tops-with-her-pop</ref> It was named the 17th most successful song in the US from 2000 to 2009, on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Greece#/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=11&order=position Hot 100 Decade Songs]</ref> The song achieved a similar feat in the United Kingdom where it was the best-selling single of 2007. ''Bleeding Love'' has sold more than 9 million copies worldwide as a single putting it in the top 5 selling songs of the decade.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm</ref> "Bleeding Love" has charted within the UK top 100 singles chart in three different years, in 2007 it peaked at #1, 2008 at #2 and 2009 at #97.<ref>http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=33490</ref> "Bleeding Love" was nominated for [[Record of the Year]] and [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[51st Grammy Awards]].

Moreover, the song was featured on the seventh episode of the second season of [[HBO]]'s [[True Blood]] in August 2009. A human listened to the song while he was preparing the bedroom to lose his virginity to his love interest, a [[vampire]].

==Background==
In December 2006, Lewis won the [[The X Factor (UK series 3)|third series]] of British reality singing contest, ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', her prize being a £1 million recording contract with [[Sony BMG]], of which [[Simon Cowell]] is an [[A&R]] executive.<ref name="leonacrownedwinner">{{cite news|title = Leona crowned winner of X Factor| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6182453.stm| publisher = [[BBC News]]|date= 16 December 2006| accessdate = 2008-01-28}}</ref> Cowell also mentored Lewis on the show. Cowell wanted Lewis's debut album to be an "incredible record" of original material, using some of the world's best [[record producer]]s and [[songwriter]]s.<ref name="leonatransformation">{{cite news|title=The transformation of Leona Lewis|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2630762.ece|publisher=The Times|date=14 October 2007|accessdate=2008-01-28 | location=London}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in February 2007, [[OneRepublic]] frontman Ryan Tedder and pop [[singer-songwriter]] Jesse McCartney had written the song "Bleeding Love" for McCartney's third studio album,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pr-inside.com/lewis-claims-mccartney-song-r460911.htm|title=http://www.pr-inside.com/lewis-claims-mccartney-song-r460911.htm|publisher=PR-inside.com|date=2008-02-28|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> ''[[Departure (Jesse McCartney album)|Departure]]'', however, his record label did not like the song.<ref name="heraldsun"/> Tedder believed it was a "massive" song and the record company were "out of [their] mind". McCartney wanted to keep it for himself as he had a personal attachment to the song, but Tedder realised it would not work for him.<ref name="heraldsun">{{cite news |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ryan Tedder on the coming of OneRepublic |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23175217-5006024,00.html |work=[[Herald Sun]] |first=Cameron|last=Adams |date=7 February 2008 |accessdate=2008-02-26 }}</ref> Despite his own reality TV background, Tedder had previously made the decision not to work with contestants from the singing competition ''[[American Idol]]'', but he had not heard of ''The X Factor'', and on being shown a website about Lewis, he thought that "her voice just sounded unreal," saying that "from a writer's perspective, this girl — with or without a TV show — has one of the best voices I've ever heard."<ref name="channel4">{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/music/interviews/ryan-tedder-timbaland-leona-lewis-interview.html|title=Timbaland is nowhere to be heard|publisher=[[Channel4.com]]|accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> On hearing that Cowell was looking for songs for Lewis's debut album, Tedder rearranged "Bleeding Love", changed the key and tailored it to suit her voice.<ref name="heraldsun"/> He pitched the song to Cowell, who said it was "the one".<ref name="channel4"/>

==Music structure and lyrics==
"Bleeding Love" is a pop song with R&B undertones set in the key of [[F major]]. It moves at 104 [[Beats per minute|bpm]] and is set in [[4/4]] time. The album version runs for four minutes and twenty-two seconds and the [[radio edit]] runs for four minutes and one second. Lewis performs (A''5'') during the final chorus, and (D4) during each verse. The range of the song for her version is 1 1/2 octaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=mn0063204|title=Bleeding Love Sheet Music<nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|publisher=[[musicnotes.com]]|date=|accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> "Bleeding Love" is constructed in the common verse-chorus-bridge song pattern. It employs a [[church organ]] which is audible throughout the song until the bridge. Synthesized strings are also prominent throughout the song, which intermittently integrates [[wood block]] [[percussion]] throughout the track. A heavy, distorted marching band-like drum loop backs the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/leonableeding.htm|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love <nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|publisher=[[about.com]]|date=|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> The song employs an interesting yet subtle harmonic shift beginning at the bridge. A harmonic shift or harmonic variety generally identifies most song bridges. What is special in "Bleeding Love" is that the turn around from the common I, VI, IV, V (F, Dm, Bb, C) [[chord progression|progression]] used exclusively up to the bridge for both verses and choruses shifts to focus on the relative minor: VI, IV, I/V, V (Dm, Bb, F/C, C). The darker quality of superimposing the second half of the verse, as well as the final chorus over this VI chord progression, in addition to [[Resolution (music)|resolving]] the song on this [[relative minor]], enhances the intensity of the pain and pathos of the song.

McCartney wrote the song about his long-term girlfriend, and said: "I kept thinking about being in love so much that it hurts. I was away from my girlfriend for four months at the time and I really wanted to [quit] and fly home. I was so in love that it was painful. It was like bleeding, it cut me open."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/mccartney%20wrote%20bleeding%20love%20about%20girlfriend_1067039|title=JESSE MCCARTNEY - MCCARTNEY WROTE BLEEDING LOVE ABOUT GIRLFRIEND|publisher=Contact Music|date=28 April 2008|accessdate=31 May 2009}}</ref> The song refers to someone in a relationship who is extremely blinded by love. Regardless of the numerous warnings from her friends and the fact that she is emotionally hurt by her lover, she continues to love him and accepts the pain. Metaphorically, this is represented in him "cutting her open". However, all she can do is "bleed love" for him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03jPd5l1xPs|title=Z100 Z Morning Zoo Interview<nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|publisher=[[Z100.com]]|date=|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>

==Promotion==
The song's first radio play was on the [[BBC Radio 1]] [[BBC Radio 1#Chart Show|Chart Show]] on 16 September 2007,<ref name="hear"/> and was quickly followed by an online exclusive streaming by celebrity blogger [[Perez Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://perezhilton.com/?p=5595|title=At Long Last... Leona Has Arrived!|publisher=[[Perez Hilton]]|date=16 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> It was reported that over 1.5 million people listened to the song online.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=244367&command=displayContent&sourceNode=244365&contentPK=18416899&folderPk=112383&pNodeId=188965|title=Leona set for success?|publisher=thisisnottingham.co.uk|date=20 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-20}}</ref> The song was also [[Scott Mills]]'s record of the week from Monday 24 September to Friday 28 September.<ref>{{cite news|title=X-Factor winner releases album |url=http://www.penarthtimes.co.uk/news/latestnews/display.var.1718276.0.xfactor_winner_releases_album.php|publisher=Penarth Times|date=28 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref>

Lewis went on a two-day regional UK radio tour to promote the single and album on 11 and 12 October 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Regional radio tour|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/news/7024/|publisher=RCA Label Group|date=10 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> This was followed by an appearance on ''[[This Morning (TV series)|This Morning]]'' on 15 October. Lewis performed the song live on the [[The X Factor (UK series 4)|fourth series]] of ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' on 20 October 2007,<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis: Leona to perform on The X Factor|url=http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/x-factor/x-factor-leona-lewis-will-perform-on-first-live-show/|publisher=Unreality TV|date=16 August 2007|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> and also made appearances on several other TV and radio shows such as [[T4 (Channel 4)|T4]], [[GMTV]] and ''[[Loose Women]]''.

Lewis also performed the song at the [[Festival della canzone italiana]] on 29 February 2008, and on German entertainment show ''[[Wetten, dass..?]]'' on 1 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berlinista.com/en/article/leona-lewis-keeps-you-updated/4481|title=LEONA LEWIS keeps you updated|publisher=Berlinista|date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2008-03-02}}</ref>

Lewis made her US television debut on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', on 17 March 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article886094.ece|title=Leona to be an Oprah singer|work=[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]|date=2008-03-07|accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> where she sang "Bleeding Love". She has also performed on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' on 4 April 2008, ''[[Live With Regis and Kelly]]'' on 8 April 2008, ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' on 11 April 2008, and ''[[The Tyra Banks Show]]'' on 17 April 2008. Lewis performed the song live on the [[American Idol (season 7)|seventh series]] of ''[[American Idol]]'' on Wednesday 23 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.product-reviews.net/2008/01/03/leona-lewis-to-crack-us/|title=Leona Lewis To Crack US|publisher=Product Reviews|date=2008-01-03|accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref>

==Reception==
Critical reaction to the song was mostly positive, with entertainment website Showbiz Spy describing it as "emotionally fuelled", saying, "this track perfectly showcases Leona's impressive vocal prowess and from the moment she opens her mouth we are instantly reminded about her amazing voice, capable of heart stopping intensity and a playful light touch."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.showbizspy.com/2007/09/17/leona-lewis-is-back-with-bleeding-love/|title=Leona Lewis Is Back With "Bleeding Love"|publisher=Showbiz Spy|date=17 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref> [[Digital Spy]]'s review of the song gave it four stars out of five, saying it is "easily the best single to be released by an ''X Factor'' star," and describing it as "a brilliantly smart pop record, managing to offer the lovelorn balladry that Lewis' ''X Factor'' fans are no doubt craving, while also suggesting a hint of street cred in the form of some beefy, vaguely modish beats."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a78023/leona-lewis-bleeding-love.html|title=Leona Lewis: 'Bleeding Love'|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> It came second in Digital Spy's Top 20 Singles of 2007 announced on 31 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a81940/digital-spys-top-20-singles-of-2007.html |title=Digital Spy's Top 20 Singles of 2007|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=2007-12-31|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref>

However, [[BBC America]]'s reviewer expressed that "the inventive percussion can't stop "Bleeding Love" from sounding dated, like filler on some long-lost, late '90s [[Mariah Carey]] album. It's one of those mid-tempo numbers — too slow for the [[nightclub|club]], too fast for the [[foxtrot]]. Actually, with its [[marching band]] drum beat, it sounds as much like [[Gwen Stefani]]'s "[[Hollaback Girl]]" as a ballad can." The critic continues to say, "On to the positive: Lewis wisely restrains her vocals, never devolving into those [[melisma|vocal acrobatics]] that have historically plagued [[Christina Aguilera]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=561|title=Leona Lewis' New Single...Any Thoughts?|publisher=[[BBC America]]|date=17 September 2007|accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref>

''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s review by Singles Review Editor Chuck Taylor for "Bleeding Love", the first ahead of the song's release in the United States, stated it was "a colossal and timeless debut", going on to say "not only a one-listen harmonic show-stopper, it is also hip, soulful, beat-rippling and an undeniable vocal tour de force."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/singles/e3i5852afde016b362423c937d1e69c8a7c|title=Bleeding Love: Leona Lewis|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|first=Chuck|last=Taylor|accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref> ''[[The Village Voice]]'' described the song as a "perfectly devised emo-pop machine ... the old Mariah is jealous right now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/archives/2008/03/grading_the_itu.php|title=Grading The iTunes Hits|publisher=Village Voice Media|first=Tom|last=Breihan|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref>

"Bleeding Love" has earned Lewis numerous awards and nominations. In December 2007, "Bleeding Love" won [[The Record of the Year]]<ref name="Record of the Year">{{cite web |url=http://www.roty.tv/|title=Record Of The Year |publisher=roty.tv |accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> and the award for Best Track in the [[Virgin Media]] Music Awards 2007.<ref name="virginmediaaward">{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/awards2007/winners.php?ssid=2|title=Best Track: Leona Lewis| publisher=Virgin Media|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> In January 2008, the song was nominated for the British Single award at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/news/602/|title=Leona, Mika & Take That Lead UK Nominations For 2008|publisher=Brit Awards|date=2008-01-14|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Although the award was won by [[Take That]]'s "[[Shine (Take That song)|Shine]]", it was announced that "Bleeding Love" had received the second highest number of public votes. The massive success of "Bleeding Love" earned Lewis the music award at Britain's Best 2008, which was aired on [[ITV1]] on Friday 23 May 2008. On 3 December 2008, the song was nominated for [[Record of the Year]] and [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[51st Grammy Awards|51st Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref name="Grammy Nominations">{{cite web | url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/51st_Show/list.aspx | title=GRAMMY.com| accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine ranked the song 25th in the list of The 100 Best Singles of 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/24947047/singles_of_the_year/7|title=The 100 Best Singles of 2008 |date=2008-12-25|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> In April 2009, Tedder and McCartney were awarded with the Song of the Year Award at the 26th Annual [[ASCAP Pop Music Awards]] for writing "Bleeding Love".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/news/article_1472429.php/Jesse_McCartney_honored_at_26th_Annual_ASCAP_Pop_Music_Award|title=Jesse McCartney honored at 26th Annual ASCAP Pop Music Award|publisher=Monsters and Critics|first=April|last=MacIntyre|date=23 April 2009|accessdate=23 April 2009}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
"Bleeding Love" debuted on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number one on 28 October 2007.<ref name="storms"/><ref name="acharts"/> With "Bleeding Love" reaching number one, Lewis became the first contestant from ''The X Factor'' to achieve two UK number-one singles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008942264|title=Leona's Single Has "The X-Factor"|publisher=All News Headlines|first=Sally|last=Grover|date=2007-10-25|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> Its seven week run at number one was also the longest by a single from a UK female solo artist in chart history.

In Australia, "Bleeding Love" debuted at number nine on the Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart on 24 December 2007, and on 21 January 2008, topped the chart making Lewis the first artist to come from a British reality music talent show to top the Australian charts, and the first British act to reach number one on the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] since [[Sandi Thom]]'s "[[I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)]]" in early 2007. On 10 February 2008, the single received a platinum certification, with sales of over 70,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50|title=Top 50 Singles Chart|publisher=[[ARIA Charts]]|date=2008-02-11|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> In New Zealand, Lewis became the first British female solo artist to have a number one single since the [[Sugababes]] topped the chart in January 2006; it stayed at number one for five
weeks.<ref>[http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s charts.org.nz - Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love]</ref> It also reached number one in Switzerland, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands.<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love - swisscharts.com]</ref>

In the United States, the single's digital release on 18 December 2007 led to nearly 6,000 legal downloads of the song.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003689702|title=Ask Billboard|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2007-12-28|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> As the song was added to song rotations throughout the country, increased digital sales of the single led to the song's debut on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart at number 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=344&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Bubbling+Under+Hot+100+Singles&ci=3091539&cdi=9667806&cid=02%2F16%2F2008|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles: Bleeding Love Chart Listing For The Week Of Feb 16 2008|publisher=''Billboard''|date=2008-02-16|accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> The song officially debuted on the
[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] on 1 March 2008 at number 85.<ref name="acharts"/> The song became Lewis' first U.S. top ten hit, and reached #1 on ''Billboard''s [[Hot 100]] chart three separate times, each for a one-week run.<ref name="acharts"/> It also hit #1 on subsidiary charts, including [[Hot Digital Songs]] <ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=65345&st=0&#entry1812226 US Billboard Digital Chart - BuzzJack Music Forum]</ref><ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=http://billboardradio.com/billboardradio/radiojava.jsp - Artist chart history|title=Billboard|publisher=Billboard.com|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref>, and [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]], where it spent 52 weeks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs|title= Leona Lewis Chart History |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/artist/leona-lewis/chart-history/815431?f=341&g=Singles |date=2009-10-16 |accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref>

Lewis is the third female artist from the UK to have a number one hit with a debut U.S. single, following [[Petula Clark]] with "[[Downtown (Petula Clark song)|Downtown]]" (1965) and [[Sheena Easton]] with "[[Morning Train (Nine to Five)]]" (1981).<ref name="billboard chart beat">{{citeweb|url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp|title=Top of the World |publisher=''Billboard''|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref>

The song has sold over 3 million in U.S. digital downloads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lil-wayne-notches-top-selling-album-of-08-1003926030.story |title=Lil Wayne Notches Top-Selling Album Of '08 |publisher=Billboard |first=Jonathan |last=Cohen |date=December 31, 2008 }}</ref>

"Bleeding Love"'s U.S. chart run was atypical. After reaching number one for a week, it slipped to number four, rose to number two the next week, reclaimed the top spot on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for another week, was succeeded by [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]", and then returned to the number one slot, this time for two weeks. In doing so, it became just the second single to have three separate turns atop the Hot 100; [[Chic (band)|Chic]]'s "[[Le Freak]]" had done this January 1979, and the pattern has since happened twice more.<ref>[http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp BACK IN 'LIKE' AGAIN ''Billboard'' 23 Oct 2008]</ref> During this time, the parent album ''Spirit'' debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Lewis the first solo British artist in 18 years to simultaneously top both the ''Billboard'' albums and singles charts. "Bleeding Love" spent twenty consecutive weeks in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100, including ten weeks in the top two slots. On the Billboard End of Decade Chart, Bleeding Love reached #17, beating out songs from artists such as [[Rihanna]], [[Katy Perry]] and [[Lady GaGa]].

The song also reached number one on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] dated 5 April 2008. In Spain, the single reached number two on the Spanish Singles Chart by [[PROMUSICAE]]. It was certificated Platinum with sales over 40,000 units. "Bleeding Love" was a hit on radio stations around the world, reaching number one in the airplay charts of the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/artist_spotlight/leona_lewis/8547/10/|title=Airplay chart |publisher=RCA Label Group|date=2008-02-13|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> France,<ref name="frenchairplay">{{cite web|url=http://charly1300.site.voila.fr/top100france.htm|title=Top 100 Airplay France|date=2008-03-09|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> Australia,<ref name="queenofoz">{{cite news|url=http://www.rcalabelgroup.co.uk/artist_spotlight/leona_lewis/8470/15/|title=The Queen of Oz! |publisher=RCA Label Group|date=2008-02-04|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> New Zealand, [[Luxembourg]],<ref name="luxembourg">{{cite web |url=http://www.eldoradio.lu/music/chartbreaker/ |title=Luxembourg Chartbreaker Top 50|language=Luxembourgish|accessdate=2007-12-23}}</ref> [[Latvian Airplay Top|Latvia]],<ref name="latvia">{{cite web |url=http://www.lanet.lv/news/airplay/2007/071216lv.html |title=Latvian Airplay Top |accessdate=2007-12-21 |work=Lanet.lv |date=16 December 2007}}</ref> [[Slovakia]],<ref name="slovakia">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=144828&sec=eee8e42f9f586e367127996528e712b8 |language=Slovak|title=RADIO TOP100 Oficiálna|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> [[Latin America]],<ref name="Latin Chart">[http://www.exonline.com.mx/XStatic/excelsior/template/content.aspx?se=nota&id=175833 Desplaza Juanes a Belanova en popularidad (in Spanish)]. Notimex. Retrieved 3 April
2008.</ref> [[Estonia]]<ref name="EST">{{cite web|url=http://www.u-pop.ee/top/muusika/324|title=Eesti Top 40 - Estonia|accessdate=2008-01-08|language=Estonian}}</ref> and Japan.<ref name="Japan Airplay">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/ranking/billboard/charts/j_air/j_air_080424.html|title=Japan Billboard Hot 100 Airplay|language=Japanese|publisher=''[[Billboard]]''|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref> In the Greek Airplay Chart, it reached number two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandrecords.com/formats/charts/euro/Greece.asp|title=Greece Top 20 Chart|date=2008-01-29|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> In Italy the song peaked at number 2 on the [[FIMI]] singles chart based only on digital downloads; instead it peaked at number 1 on the Italian Musica&Dischi singles chart, which is based on digital downloads and CD single sales, for 13 non-consecutive weeks.<ref name="acharts"/>

==Sales performance==
"Bleeding Love" was released in the United Kingdom in physical format on 22 October 2007, when it sold over 66,000 copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/24102007/364/lewis-smash-fastest-selling-single-record.html&e=l_news_dm|title=Yahoo Music News|publisher=[[Yahoo Music]]|date=24 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref> and topped the UK [[iTunes Store]] chart.<ref name="racetotop"/> It was reported to be outselling [[Take That]]'s "[[Rule the World]]" by three-to-one in chain store [[Woolworths Group PLC|Woolworths]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heatworld.com/Article.aspx?articleid=2765&title=The+9+O'Clock+News+%E2%80%93+Tues+23+Oct|title=The 9 O'Clock News – Tues 23 Oct|publisher=[[heat (magazine)|heatworld.com]]|date=23 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> and [[Britney Spears]]' "[[Gimme More]]" by ten-to-one.<ref name="racetotop">{{cite news|title=X Factor's Leona says Take That in race to top spot |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=489284&in_page_id=1773 |publisher=''Daily Mail''|date=23 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> "Bleeding Love" had sold over 126,000 copies by the end of Thursday 25 October,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article389283.ece|title=Leona and TT chart race over|publisher=''The Sun''|date=26 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref> and over 150,000 copies by the end of Friday 26 October.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm going to find the new McFly!|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/playlist/view/19340/I-m-going-to-find-the-new-McFly-/|publisher=''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]''|date=27 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-27}}</ref> It went on to sell 218,805 copies in its first week, gaining the biggest one-week sales in 2007, a feat it maintained until "[[When You Believe]]" by [[Leon Jackson]] was released in December 2007, and outselling the rest of the top five
singles combined.<ref name="storms">{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis storms singles chart|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7066448.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=28 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.musicrooms.net/rock_and_pop/leona-lewis-breaks-first-week-record-235.html|title=Leona Lewis Breaks First Week Record|publisher=Musicrooms|date=29 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> It had sold around 107,000 downloads and 112,000 CD singles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona helps smash download record|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7071861.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=31 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref>

In its second and third weeks on sale the single sold 158,370 copies,<ref>{{cite news|title=Eagles beat Britney to number one |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7077856.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=4 November 2007|accessdate=2007-11-04}}</ref> and 111,978 copies respectively, bringing the total sales to 489,153 and making "Bleeding Love" the biggest selling single of 2007 after just three weeks of release.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis holds onto the top spot|url=http://musicnews.virginmedia.com/news/?news_id=40268|publisher=[[Virgin Media]]|date=11 November 2007|accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> It stayed at the top of the UK Singles Chart for a total of seven weeks, and in the top three for a further four weeks.<ref name="acharts">{{cite web |url=http://acharts.us/song/28956 |title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love - Music Charts |work=aCharts.us |accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> By the end of 2007 the single had sold a total of 788,000 copies and was the biggest selling single of the
year. It was the first time a single by a UK female solo artist had topped the end of year singles sales chart in the 55 year history of the official charts.<ref name="winehouseandlewis"/> "Bleeding Love" was certified gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] on 9 November 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=33059|title=Bleeding Love|publisher=BPI|date=2007-11-09|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> and platinum on 18 January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=33133|title=Bleeding Love|publisher=BPI|date=2008-01-18|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> Currently, it has stayed in the Top 75 for twenty weeks, nineteen of those in the Top 40.<ref name="acharts"/>

The song has sold 940,000 copies in the UK as stated by the Official UK Charts Company.
It also has sold over 4 million copies in the U.S. alone.
As of 19 September 2008, the single has been certified Gold and Platinum and 3x platinum in the US,<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/singles.jsp Billboard RIAA Single Certifications]</ref> and Double Platinum in Australia.<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 Top 50 Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association]</ref>

==Music videos==
[[Image:Bleedinglovemusicvideo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Leona Lewis]] wearing a [[Dolce & Gabbana]] crystal gown in the music video for "Bleeding Love"]]

There are two music videos for "Bleeding Love". The first was directed by [[Melina Matsoukas]] and was filmed in Los Angeles.<ref name="videoshoot">{{cite web|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/Blogs/DisplayBlog.aspx?BlogID=26|title=Bleeding Love video shoot|date=1 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=January 2008}}<ref name="dressedtothrill">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/xfactor/view/17103/Leona-s-dressed-to-thrill/|title=Leona's Dressed To Thrill|publisher=''Daily Star''|date=3 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> It is set in a mock apartment block and features four storylines about couples in different stages of relationships: "The video is extremely emotional and shows everything from first love and unbridled passion to heartbreak, loss and anger."<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona's new vid is X-rated|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,4-2007450782,00.html|publisher=''The Sun''|date=3 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2008}} Lewis stated that it is "real colourful, very funky, has lots of extras and I get to really perform."<ref name="videoshoot"/> Melina explained her meaning of the video in an interview on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Making the Video]]'', saying that the water in the video is a metaphor for the tenants' love problems, as if the apartments are bleeding love. For the video, Lewis wore a [[pound sterling|£]]100,000 [[Dolce & Gabbana]] crystal-encrusted dress, which weighed {{convert|40|lb|kg}}.<ref name="dressedtothrill"/> The international version of the video was first posted to popular video sharing website [[YouTube]] on 17 October 2007.

Lewis filmed a second video in New York City for the US release of "Bleeding Love". The [[film treatment|treatment]] for the video was written by [[Ryan Tedder]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Ryan Tedder's Back-up plan|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ent/music/5460153.html|publisher=Chron|date=2008-01-16|accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> and centres on a storyline involving Lewis arguing with her boyfriend, played by model Nicholas Lemons. It was directed by [[Jessy Terrero]].<ref name="NY Video">{{cite web|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love (NY Video)|url=http://www.videostatic.com/vs/terrero_films/index.html|publisher=Video Static|date=2007-12-20|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> The video premiered in the United States on 29 January 2008 on [[Yahoo! Music]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.music.yahoo.com/up/music/music/?rn=1301797&vid=56495905&stationId=&curl=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.yahoo.com%2Far-37956508-videos--Leona-Lewis|title=Bleeding Love video|publisher=Yahoo!
Music|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> and was uploaded to YouTube on 30 January 2008. Its television debut was on 4 February 2008 on [[VH1]] as part of their "You Oughta Know" campaign.<ref name="usrelease">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-28-2008/0004744196&EDATE=|title=U.K. Singer and Songwriter Leona Lewis to Release Debut Album Spirit in the U.S. on 8 April|publisher=PRNewswire|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>

The international version of the music video was nominated for Best UK Video at the [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards]]. The US version was number one on the [[VH1]] Year End Top 40.

==Formats and track listings==
*'''CD single''' (88697175622)
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) ([[Ryan Tedder]], Jesse McCartney) — 4:21
#"Forgiveness"<ref>{{cite web|title=Leona Lewis Bleeding Love|url=http://www.sonybmgmusic.co.uk/releases/594/|publisher=[[Sony BMG]]|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> ([[Kara DioGuardi]], Leona Lewis, [[Salaam Remi]])<ref name="notes"/> — 4:26

*'''Maxi single''' (88697222422)<ref name="swisscharts">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love (Song)|publisher=SwissCharts.com|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref>
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) (Tedder, McCartney) — 4:21
#"Forgiveness" (DioGuardi, Lewis, Remi) — 4:21
#"[[A Moment Like This]]" ([[Jörgen Elofsson]], John Reid) — 4:1
#"Bleeding Love" (video)

*'''U.S. CD promotional single''' (88697218242)<ref>[http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=426587 Leona Lewis Bleeding Love USA Promo 5" CD SINGLE (426587)]</ref>
#"Bleeding Love" (Radio Edit) (Tedder, McCartney) — 3:59
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) (Tedder, McCartney) — 4:21
#"Bleeding Love" (Call Out Hook) (Tedder, McCartney) — 0:10

*'''U.S. digital single''' (886972980522)<ref name="Single available at Target Stores">{{cite web|title=Single available at Target Stores|url=http://www.leonalewismusic.co.uk/index.php/international/us}}</ref>
#"Bleeding Love" (Album Version) (Tedder, McCartney) — 4:21
*'''Remixes and Other Versions'''
# Radio Edit
# Instrumental
# Acapella
# Remix featuring Trazz
# Jason Nevins Original Radio Mix
# Jason Nevins Rockin' Radio Mix
# Jason Nevins Club Mix
# Moto Blanco Radio Mix
# Moto Blanco Dub
# Moto Blanco Vocal Club Mix
# Shapeshifters Nocturnal Dub
# Shapeshifters Club Mix

==Credits and personnel==
*Lead [[vocals]] – Leona Lewis
*[[Authors]] - Ryan Tedder & Jesse McCartney
*[[Audio mixing (recorded music)|audio mixing]] – Phil Tan
*[[Recording engineer]] – [[Ryan Tedder]]
*Assistant recording engineers – Nate Hertweck and Craig Durrance
*[[Record producer|Producer]] – Ryan Tedder
*All instruments – Ryan Tedder
*Programming – Ryan Tedder
*[[String instrument|String]] arrangement – Ryan Tedder
*Recorded at:
**Mansfield Studios, Los Angeles, [[California]]
**[[Record Plant Studios]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California]]
**Encore Studios, [[Burbank, California]]

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable"
! Region
! Date
! Label
! Format
|-
| [[Republic of Ireland]]
| 19 October 2007
| rowspan="3" | [[Syco Records|Syco Music]]
| [[CD]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | United Kingdom<ref name="hear"/>
| 21 October 2007
| [[Digital download]]
|-
| 22 October 2007
| CD
|-
| New Zealand
| 3 December 2007
|rowspan="3" | [[Sony BMG]], [[Syco Records|Syco Music]]
| CD
|-
| Sweden
| 6 December 2007
| CD
|-
| Australia<ref>{{cite news|title=Leona Lewis New Single + Video 'Bleeding Love' Is Here!|url=http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do?newsId=20030829005243|publisher=Sony BMG Australia|date=2007-12-10|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>
| 15 December 2007
| CD
|-
|rowspan="2" | United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?playlistId=266450354&s=143441&i=266450376|title=Bleeding Love - Single|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (USA)|accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref>
| 18 December 2007
|rowspan="2" | [[J Records]]
| Digital download
|-
| 18 March 2008
| CD
|-
|Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetbookshop.it/disco/0886971756227/leona-lewis/bleeding-love.html?shop=2057|publisher=Internet Bookshop|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love|accessdate=2007-12-22}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | 11 January 2008
| rowspan="7" | [[Sony BMG]], [[Syco Records|Syco Music]]
| CD
|-
| Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonybmg.de/artists2.php?iA=7&artist=827988&product=88697175622e|title=Bleeding Love|accessdate=2008-01-27|language=German}}</ref>
| CD, maxi CD, digital download
|-
| Switzerland<ref name="swisscharts"/>
| CD, maxi CD
|-
| Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.com.hk/product/singles.asp?sku=179355|title=LEONA LEWIS - BLEEDING LOVE (ENHANCED)|publisher=HMV.com.hk|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 23 January 2008
| Maxi CD, digital download
|-
| [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.com.sg/product/singles.asp?sku=179355|title= LEONA LEWIS - BLEEDING LOVE (ENHANCED)|publisher=HMV.com.sg|accessdate=2008-03-22}}</ref>
| Maxi CD, digital download
|-
| Austria{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}
| 25 January 2008
| CD
|-
| Netherlands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsweb.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/nederland-get-ready-for-leona-lewis|title=Nederland, get ready for Leona Lewis!|language=Dutch|publisher=NewsWeb|date=2007-12-13|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref>
| 28 January 2008
| CD
|-
| Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmgjapan.com/leonalewis/info.php?id=2333|title=Leona Lewis <nowiki>|</nowiki> Information|language=Japanese|publisher=[[BMG Japan]]|date=|accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref>
| 13 February 2008 9 April 2008
| [[BMG Japan]]
| digital download
|-
| France{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}
| 3 March 2008
| [[Sony BMG]], [[Syco|Syco Music]]
| CD
|-
|}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2007/2008)
!Peak position
|-
|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="acharts"/><ref name="belgium">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s|title=Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love|language=Dutch|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Ultratop 40|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="lescharts.com">http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Leona+Lewis&titel=Bleeding+Love&cat=s</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Dutch Top 40|Dutch Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|European Hot 100 Singles]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles|title=European Hot 100 Singles|publisher=[[Billboard.com]]|date=2008-03-08|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Finnish Singles Chart<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Greek Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm|title=Top 50 Singles|publisher[[IFPI]]|language=Greek|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Hungarian [[Mahasz]] Airplay Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=radios&ev=2008&het=22&submit_=Keres%E9s|title=Hungarian Airplay Chart|publisher[[Mahasz]]|language=Hungarian|accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Italian [[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|FIMI]] Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?key=364693&cat=s |title=italiancharts.com – Leona Lewis – Bleeding Love |accessdate=2009-02-06 |work=ItalianCharts.com}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Japan Hot 100 Singles]]<ref name="Japan">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/ranking/billboard/charts/j_100/j_100.html|title=Japan Billboard Hot 100|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Billboard]]|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Romanian Top 100]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html |title=Romanian Top 100 |language=Romanian|date=2008-02-25|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=Vento Consultanta SRL}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Russian Airplay Chart]]<ref>[http://www.tophit.ru/cgi-bin/trackinfo.cgi?id=10260 Russian Airplay Chart] Retrieved 21 August 2008</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|Spanish Singles Chart<ref name="lescharts.com"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Turkey Top 20 Chart]] ''(Billboard)''<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkey Billboard Top 20 Chart] Retrieved on [[2008|2008-05-24]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="U.S.">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=815431&model.vnuAlbumId=1095856 Leona Lewis: Artist Chart History]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 23 July 2008.</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref name="U.S." />
|align="center"|11
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref name="U.S." />
|align="center"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] <ref>{{cite web|author=Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs|title= Leona Lewis Chart History |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/artist/leona-lewis/chart-history/815431?f=341&g=Singles |date=2009-10-16 |accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year-end chart (2007)
!Position
|-
|UK Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf| title=UK Year End Chart 2007| publisher=''[[ChartsPlus]]''| accessdate=2009-03-14 }}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |title=2007 Irish Singles Chart |url=http://www.irma.ie/best2007.htm |publisher=''Irma'' |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
!Year-end chart (2008)
!Position
|-
|Australian Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 Australian Singles Chart |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2008.htm |publisher=''Aria'' |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 Austrian Singles Chart |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/2008_single.asp |publisher=''Austriancharts'' |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|Canadian Hot 100 Songs<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/chart_display.jsp?f=Billboard+Canadian+Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles | title=Billboard Charts - Year-end Singles - Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Songs| publisher= Nielsen Business Media | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| accessdate=2009-05-09 }}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|French SNEP Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 French Singles Chart |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259376.xml?year=2008 |publisher=''Disqueenfrance'' |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>
|align="center"|42
|-
|Japan Hot 100 Singles<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/chart_display.jsp?f=Billboard+Japan+Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles | title=Billboard Charts - Year-end Singles - Billboard Japan Hot 100 Songs| publisher= Nielsen Business Media | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| accessdate=2009-05-09 }}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.promusicae.es/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20CANCIONES%20%20ANUAL%202008.pdf |title=Spain Year End Chart 2008 |publisher=[[PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2009-03-14}}</ref>
|align="center"|40
|-
|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 Swiss Singles Chart |url=http://www.swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2008 |publisher=''Hitparade'' |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|UK Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2008.pdf| title=UK Year End Chart 2008| publisher=''[[ChartsPlus]]''| accessdate=2009-03-14 }}</ref>
|align="center"|76
|}
{{col-end}}

==Procession and succession==


{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]]" by [[Gnarls Barkley]]
| title = [[List of best-selling singles by year (UK)|Top selling single of the year (UK)]]
| years = 2007
| after = "[[Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)#Alexandra_Burke|Hallelujah]]" by [[Alexandra Burke]]
}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[If That's OK with You]]" by [[Shayne Ward]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[number-one singles in Ireland (2007)|number-one single]]
| years = 25 October 2007 – 13 December 2007 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[When You Believe]]" by [[Leon Jackson]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "[[About You Now]]" by [[Sugababes]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)#2007|number-one single]]
| years = 28 October 2007 – 15 December 2007 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[What a Wonderful World]]" by [[Katie Melua]] and [[Eva Cassidy]] }}
{{s-bef | rows=6 | before = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] presents [[OneRepublic]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart [[list of number-one singles in 2007 (NZ)|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 17 December 2007 – 24 December 2007 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[A Very Silent Night]]" by The Underdogs }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = 16 January 2008 – 19 February 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[A Very Silent Night]]" by The Underdogs }}
{{s-ttl | title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 27 January 2008 – 24 February 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)|Don't Stop the Music]]" by [[Rihanna]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Top100 Singles|German Top100 Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = 25 January 2008 – 19 February 2008 }}
{{s-aft | after = "Kuschel Song" by [[Schnuffel]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] [[List of European number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 8 March 2008 - 15 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] presents [[OneRepublic]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single (second run)
| years = 22 March 2008 - 29 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Mercy (song)|Mercy]]" by [[Duffy (singer)|Duffy]]}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[A Very Silent Night]]" by The Underdogs }}
{{s-ttl | title = New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart number-one single (second run)
| years = 31 December 2007 – 28 January 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Low (Flo Rida song)|Low]]" by [[Flo Rida]] featuring [[T-Pain]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna }}
{{s-ttl | title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]] (second run)
| years = 2 March 2008 – 9 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna }}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Beggin']]" by [[Madcon]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = Norwegian [[VG-lista]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = 6 February 2008 – 20 February 2008 }}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Hold On Be Strong]]" by [[Maria Haukaas Storeng]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Il avait les mots]]" by [[Sheryfa Luna]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = French [[SNEP]] Singles Chart [[SNEP number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = 22 March 2008 - 29 March 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Dangerous (M. Pokora song)|Dangerous]]" by [[M. Pokora]] featuring Timbaland and [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]] }}
{{succession box
| before = "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna
| title = [[Ultratop 50|Belgian Flemish Ultratop 50]] [[Ultratop 50 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = 9 February 2008 - 22 March 2008
| after = "[[O Julissi]]" by [[Ishtar (Belgian band)|Ishtar]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Valerie (The Zutons song)#Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse version|Valerie]]" by [[Mark Ronson]] featuring [[Amy Winehouse]]
| title = [[Dutch Top 40]] [[Dutch Top 40 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = 23 February 2008 - 8 March 2008
| after = "Hello World" by Nikki
}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Love Song (Sara Bareilles song)|Love Song]]" by [[Sara Bareilles]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Pop 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2008 (USA)|number-one single]] (first run)
| years = 5 April 2008 - 11 April 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Touch My Body]]" by [[Mariah Carey]] }}
{{s-bef | before = "Love Song" by Sara Bareilles }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (Canada)|number-one single]]
| years = 5 April 2008 - 12 April 2008 }}
{{s-aft | after = "4 Minutes" by Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake}}
{{s-bef | before = "Mercy" by Duffy }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single (third run)
| years = 5 April 2008 - 19 April 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "Mercy" by Duffy }}
{{s-bef | before = "Touch My Body" by Mariah Carey }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Pop 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2008 (USA)|number-one single]] (second run)
| years = 19 April 2008 – 4 July 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[I Kissed a Girl]]" by [[Katy Perry]]}}
{{s-bef | before = "[[Burn -Fumetsu no Face-]]" by [[B'z]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = ''Billboard'' [[Japan Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = 5 May 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = "No More" by [[Tsutaya]]}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Love in This Club]]" by [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] featuring [[Young Jeezy]] (first run) "[[Touch My Body]]" by [[Mariah Carey]] (second run) "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" by [[Lil Wayne]] featuring [[Static Major]] (third run)}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2008 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = 30 March 2008 - 5 April 2008 (first run) 20 April 2008 - 26 April 2008 (second run) 4 May 2008 - 17 May 2008 (third run)}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Touch My Body]]" by [[Mariah Carey]] (first run) "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" by [[Lil Wayne]] featuring [[Static Major]] (second run) "[[Take a Bow (Rihanna song)|Take a Bow]]" by [[Rihanna]] (third run)}}
{{end}}

==Cover versions==
* [[Jesse McCartney]] recorded a cover of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of his 2008 album ''[[Departure]]''.
* [[Germans|German]] group [[The Baseballs]] covered the song in [[rockabilly]] style for their debut album ''Strike!'' in 2009.
* [[Pierce The Veil]] often starts their song "Currents Convulsive" with this song when performing live.

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Leona Lewis}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jesse McCartney songs]]
[[Category:Leona Lewis songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Melina Matsoukas]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Belgium]]
[[Category:European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in France]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Rhythm and blues ballads]]
[[Category:Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Ryan Tedder]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jesse McCartney]]
[[Category:Japan Hot 100 number-one singles]]

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Empirische Evidenz

2009-12-01T11:38:39Z

82.137.200.8: /* References */

{{otheruses1|the concept in science}}

The word '''empirical''' denotes information gained by means of observation, experience, or experiment.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/71/E0117100.html ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition'']. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company.</ref> A central concept in [[science]] and the [[scientific method]] is that all [[evidence]] must be '''empirical''', or empirically based, that is, dependent on evidence or [[Logical consequence|consequences]] that are observable by the senses. It is usually differentiated from the philosophic usage of [[empiricism]] by the use of the adjective "empirical" or the adverb "empirically." "Empirical" refers to the use of working [[hypothesis|hypotheses]] that are [[testable]] using [[observation]] or [[experiment]]. In this sense of the word, scientific statements are subject to and derived from our experiences or observations. '''Empirical data''' are [[data]] that are produced by [[experiment]] or [[observation]].

The standard [[Positivism|positivist]] view of empirically acquired information has been that observation, experience, and experiment serve as neutral arbiters between competing theories. However, since the 1960s, [[Thomas Kuhn]] <ref>Khun, Thomas, 1962/1970a, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1970, 2nd edition, with postscript).</ref> has promoted the concept that these methods are influenced by prior beliefs and experiences. Consequently it cannot be expected that two scientists when observing, experiencing, or experimenting on the same event will make the same theory-neutral observations. The role of observation as a theory-neutral arbiter may not be possible. Theory-dependence of observation means that, even if there were agreed methods of inference and interpretation, scientists may still disagree on the nature of empirical data.<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn/ </ref>

==Variations==
In a second sense "empirical" in science may be synonymous with "experimental." In this sense, an empirical result is an experimental observation. In this context, the term ''semi-empirical'' is used for qualifying theoretical methods which use in part basic [[axiom]]s or postulated scientific laws and experimental results. Such methods are opposed to theoretical ''[[ab initio]]'' methods which are purely [[deductive]] and based on [[first principles]].

In [[statistics]], "empirical" quantities are those computed from [[observed value]]s, as opposed to those derived from theoretical considerations.

In [[economics]], "empirical" generally refers to statistical or econometric analysis of numeric data. Other forms of observation-based hypothesis testing are not considered to be "empirics."

The use of the adjective empirical, especially in scientific studies using [[statistics]], may also indicate that a particular [[correlation]] between two parameters has been found, but that so far, no theory for the mechanism of the connection is known.

==references==

{{refs}}

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}

*[[Empiricism]] (philosophic usage and history)
*[[Empirical research]] (more on the scientific usage)
*[[Empirical formula]]
*[[Phenomenology (science)]]
*[[Theoretical]]
*[[Empirical distribution]]

[[Category:Scientific method]]

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