Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Going postal

2013-06-02T15:01:36Z

74.101.128.155: /* Baker City, Oregon, in 2006 */

{{Other uses}}
[[Image:1986-post-office-killing-spree-statue.jpg|thumb|Memorial of the 1986 post office incident in [[Edmond, Oklahoma]].]]
'''Going postal''', in [[American English]] [[slang]], means becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment.

The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1983 onward in which [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, and members of the police or general public in acts of [[mass murder]]. Between 1986 and 1997, more than forty people were gunned down by [[spree killer]]s in at least twenty incidents of [[workplace rage]].

==Origin==
The earliest citation is December 17, 1993 in the ''[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]]'':
{{cquote|The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as 'going postal.' Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal" and have made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place appropriately.<ref name="vick">Vick, Karl, "Violence at work tied to loss of esteem", ''St. Petersburg Times'', Dec 17, 1993</ref>}}

December 31, 1993 in ''Los Angeles Times'':
{{cquote|Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as "going postal."<ref>"The Year in Review 1993", ''Los Angeles Times'', December 31, 1993</ref>}}

==Notable postal shootings==
{{Main|List of postal killings}}


===Edmond, Oklahoma in 1986===
On August 20, 1986, 14 employees were shot and killed and six wounded at the [[Edmond, Oklahoma]], post office by [[Patrick Sherrill]], a postman who then committed [[suicide]] with a shot to the forehead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PLP/is_2_35/ai_n17209169| title=
On August 20, 1986, a part-time letter carrier named Patrick H. Sherrill, facing possible dismissal after a troubled work history| accessdate=2007-09-12 | work=The Journal of Employee Assistance | year=2005}}</ref>

===Ridgewood, New Jersey in 1991===
A former United States postal worker, Joseph M. Harris, killed his former supervisor, Carol Ott, with a sword, and shot her boyfriend, Cornelius Kasten Jr., at their home. The following morning, on October 10, 1991, Harris shot and killed two mail handlers, Joseph M. VanderPaauw, 59, of Prospect Park, N.J., and Donald McNaught, 63, of Pompton Lakes, N.J. at the Ridgewood, New Jersey Post Office. <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/11/nyregion/4-slain-in-2-new-jersey-attacks-and-former-postal-clerk-is-held.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-former-postal-worker-commits-mass-murder| title=
A former postal worker commits mass murder.| accessdate=2010-11-11 | work=The History Channel website | year=2010}}</ref>

===Royal Oak, Michigan in 1991===
[[File:RoyalOakPostoffice.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The U.S. post office in Royal Oak]]
On November 14, 1991 in [[Royal Oak, Michigan]], [[Thomas McIlvane]] killed five people, including himself, with a [[Ruger 10/22]] rifle in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination." He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route.<ref>{{Cite news
| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE3D6163BF936A25752C1A967958260
| title= Ex-Postal Worker Kills 3 and Wounds 6 in Michigan
| accessdate=2008-02-26
| work=The New York Times
| first=Doron P.
| last=Levin
| date=November 15, 1991}}</ref>

===Double event in 1993===
Two shootings took place on the same day, May 6, 1993, a few hours apart. At a post office in [[Dearborn, Michigan]], [[Lawrence Jasion]] wounded three and killed two (including himself). In [[Dana Point, California]], Mark Richard Hilbun killed his mother, then shot two postal workers dead.<ref>Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).</ref>

As a result of these two shootings, in 1993 the Postal Service created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February 2009, the Postal Service unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Musacco|first=Stephen|title=Beyond going postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization|year=2009|publisher=Booksurge|page=34|quote=the notion of 'going postal' as a myth is not supported by the overwhelming evidence to the contrary}}</ref>

===Goleta, California, in 2006===
[[Jennifer San Marco]], a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before committing suicide with a [[handgun]], on the evening of January 30, 2006, at a large postal processing facility in [[Goleta, California]].<ref>{{Cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/national/01postal.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
| title=Ex-Employee Kills 6 Others and Herself at California Postal Plant
| date=2006-02-01
| work=The New York Times
| first1=John
| last1=Holusha
| first2=Randal C.
| last2=Archibold
| accessdate=May 3, 2010}}</ref>

Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta, California where San Marco once lived.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1565649| title=Death Toll in Calif. Postal Shooting Rises: Calif. Sheriff's Deputies Say Woman Accused in Post Office Killings May Have Also Shot Her Former Neighbor
| work=ABC News}}</ref>

According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in 2003 because of her worsening mental problems. Her choice of victims may have also been racially motivated; San Marco had a previous history of racial prejudice, and tried to obtain a business license for a newspaper of her own ideas, called ''The Racist Press'', in [[New Mexico]].

This incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the [[United States]] by a woman.<ref>{{Cite news
| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/31/postal.shooting
| title=Seven dead in California postal shooting
| work=CNN
| date=2006-01-31
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4665790.stm
| title=US ex-postal employee kills six
| date=2006-01-31
| accessdate=January 4, 2010
| work=BBC News}}</ref>

===Baker City, Oregon, in 2006===
Grant Gallaher, a letter carrier in [[Baker City, Oregon]], pleaded guilty to the April 4, 2006 murder of his supervisor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aeA4AAAAIBAJ&sjid=vhQGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1870,1355376&dq=grant-gallaher&hl=en|title=Gallaher Sentenced in Baker County Circuit Court|date=August 16, 2006|work=Hells Canyon Journal|page=3|accessdate=19 September 2010}}</ref> He reportedly brought his [[.357 Magnum]] revolver to the city post office with the intention of killing his postmaster. Arriving at the parking lot, he reportedly ran over his supervisor several times. Subsequently he went into the post office looking for his postmaster. Not finding the postmaster, he went back out to the parking lot and shot his supervisor several times at close range, ostensibly to make sure she was dead. He then reportedly fired several more bullets into the supervisor's car.

Grant Gallaher reportedly was on a new route for three weeks and had felt pressured by a week-long work-time study and an extra twenty minutes added to his new route.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} On the day of his rampage, he reportedly was ahead of schedule on his route and his supervisor brought him more mail to deliver. He allegedly decided to take the matter up with his postmaster on his cell phone and then went home to get his .357 Magnum revolver to exact his revenge. The work climate had reportedly improved from what it was in 1998, the year a 53-year-old union steward at the [[Baker City, Oregon|Baker City]] post office committed suicide.

==Analysis==
Researchers have found that the homicide rates at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers was in retail. The next highest rate of 1.66 was in public administration, which includes police officers. The homicide rate for postal workers was 1.48 per 100,000.<ref>[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps12068/33994.pdf Permanent.access.gpo.gov]</ref>

However, not all murders on the job are directly comparable to "going postal". Taxi drivers, for example, are much more likely to be murdered by passengers than by their peers. Working in retail means one is exposed to store robberies. In 1993, the United States Congress conducted a joint hearing to review the violence in the U.S. Postal Service. In the hearing, it was noted that despite the postal service accounting for less than 1% of the full-time civilian labor force, 13% of workplace homicides were committed at postal facilities by current or former employees.<ref>Musacco, 2009</ref>

==See also==
* [[2010 Panama City school board shootings]]
* [[Amok]]
* [[Fragging]]
* [[List of massacres]]
* [[Postal (video game series)|Postal]] – a video game series
* [[Road rage]]
* [[Spree killer]]
* [[List of rampage killers: Workplace killings]]
* [[School shooting]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*"Beyond Going Postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization" is the title of a book by [Stephen Musacco, Ph.D.], which examines the paramilitary, authoritarian postal culture and its relationship to toxic workplace environments and postal tragedies. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1439220751 Amazon.com]
*''Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion: From Reagan's Workplaces to Clinton's Columbine and Beyond'' is the title of a book by [[Mark Ames]], which examines the rise of office and school shootings in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, and compares the shootings to slave rebellions (ISBN 1-932360-82-4).
*''Going Postal'' is also the title of a book by Don Lasseter, which examines the issue of workplace shootings inside the USPS (ISBN 0-7860-0439-8).
*''The Tainted Eagle'' by Charlie Withers, a union steward in the Royal Oaks Post Office at the time of the shootings in Royal Oaks, Michigan. [http://www.amazon.com/The-Tainted-Eagle-Charlie-Withers/dp/1436396417 Amazon.com]
*''Lone Wolf'' by [[Pan Pantziarka]] is a comprehensive study of the [[spree killer]] phenomenon, and looks in detail at a number of cases in the U.S., UK and Australia. (ISBN 0-7535-0437-5).
*Bob Dart, [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_hidethis=no&p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring='Going%20postal'%20is%20a%20bad%20rap&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=('Going%20postal'%20is%20a%20bad%20rap)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no "'Going postal' is a bad rap for mail carriers, study finds"], ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]'', September 2, 2000, p. A28.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|go postal}}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/01/us/postal-work-unfairly-maligned-study-says.html Postal Work Unfairly Maligned, Study Says], September 1, 2000
* [http://www.enidnews.com/opinion/local_story_232005852.html?keyword=topstory Aug. 20, 1986: Just an ordinary day], August 19, 2006
*[http://hammernews.com/copycateffect.htm Copycat Effect]- review of Coleman's book on tendency of publicity about mass deaths to provoke more with section on postal shootings
*[http://hematite.com/dragon/usps.html Gun advocate website listing 1986–1997 incidents]
*[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps12068/33994.pdf 2000 Report of the United States Postal Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace] (Report that called "going postal" 'a myth')
*[http://www.psycport.com/2000/09/01/A/31440992-0076-Home.html Atlanta Journal-Constitution about the report's release]
* [http://www.postalreporter.com/chapter-11-beyond-going-postal.pdf Open Letter to the United States Congress outlining the critical need for reform of the authoritarian postal culture via Congressional intervention and legislation. (Musacco, 2009)]. (Chapter 11 of book [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1439220751 Beyond Going Postal] Note: In chapter 4: fallacies, omissions, and inaccurate conclusions in the 2000 Report of the United States Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace were examined, especially the conclusion that "going postal was a myth, a bad rap".

{{DEFAULTSORT:Going Postal}}
[[Category:Rampages]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Mass murder]]
[[Category:Postal system]]
[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:American slang]]
[[Category:1980s slang]]
[[Category:1990s slang]]
[[Category:2000s slang]]
[[Category:American English idioms]]

Ti-Grace Atkinson

2013-06-02T10:58:07Z

74.101.128.155:

{{Infobox writer 
|image =
|
| name = Ti-Grace Atkinson
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, Theorist
| nationality = United States
| period = 1968-1974
| genre =
| subject = Feminism, [[LGBT]] movement,
| movement = Feminist, [[Radical Feminism|Radical Feminist]]
| influences = Simone de Beauvoir, [[Florynce Kennedy]]
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Ti-Grace Atkinson''' (born November 9, 1938 in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] as '''Grace Atkinson''') is an [[United States|American]] [[feminist]] [[author]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Heterosexuality: a feminism and psychology reader |author=Sue Wilkinson, Celia Kitzinger|year= 1993|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0-8039-8823-0}}</ref>

Atkinson was born into a prominent Louisiana family. The "Ti" in her name reflects the [[Cajun]] or [[French language]] ''petite,'' for little.<ref>[http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/life/905W-000-004.html "An 'Oppressed Majority' Demands Its Rights"], by Sara Davidson, ''[[Life Magazine]]'', 1969. Retrieved February 16, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism |author=David De Leon|year= 1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-27414-2|url= http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313274142&id=M5O66-pLg_MC&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&ots=MWL44a1y6f&dq=%22Ti-Grace+Atkinson%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=vnIgl0iurEmYCowLF5RCiX91m_o}}</ref>

Atkinson earned her [[BFA]] from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1964 .<ref name=Tufts>[http://ase.tufts.edu/philosophy/people/atkinson.shtml "Ti-Grace Atkinson"], [[Tufts University]] Philosophy Faculty page. Retrieved April 23, 2007.</ref> While still in [[Philadelphia]], she helped found the Institute of Contemporary Art, acting as its first director, and was sculpture critic for the periodical [[ARTnews]]. She later moved to [[New York]] where, in 1967, she entered the [[Ph.D]] program in [[Philosophy]] at [[Columbia University]].

It was as an undergraduate that Atkinson read [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[The Second Sex]]'', and struck up a correspondence with Beauvoir, who suggested that she contact [[Betty Friedan]].<ref>O'Dea, Suzanne. From Suffrage to the Senate: an encyclopedia of American women in politics. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 1999.</ref> Atkinson thus became an early member of the [[National Organization for Women]], which Friedan had founded, serving on the national board, and becoming the New York chapter president in 1967.<ref>[http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/341chronology.html Movement Chronology, Civil War-Present]</ref> In 1968 she left the organization<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/nat_org_women.html National Organization for Women (NOW)] at [[glbtq.com]].</ref> to found the October 17th Movement, which later morphed into [[The Feminists]], a radical feminist group active until 1973. By 1971 she had written several pamphlets on feminism, was a member of the [[Daughters of Bilitis]] and was advocating specifically [[political lesbianism]].<ref>Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono2.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1971-1976]</ref> Her most famous book, ''Amazon Odyssey,'' was published in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|title=Loose Women, Lecherous Men: a feminist philosophy of sex |author= Linda J. LeMoncheck|year= 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-510555-9|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0195105559&id=DnQfYHzo4owC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&ots=G2kGxaDSNK&dq=Amazon+Odyssey+Grace+Atkinson+1974&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=KhYaP2Hwy3rSBfth7jrLFWDNLUk}}</ref>

After she left [[The Feminists]] she said, “Sisterhood is powerful. It kills. Mostly sisters," which was often quoted by feminists, although often without the word "mostly."<ref>{{citenews|title=Death of a Revolutionary|first=Susan|last=Faludi|year=April 15, 2013|work=The New Yorker|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/04/15/130415fa_fact_faludi?currentPage=all}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* "The Institution of Sexual Intercourse" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
* "Vaginal orgasm as a mass hysterical survival response" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
* "Radical Feminism" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
* "Radical Feminism and Love" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
* ''Amazon Odyssey'' (1974)
* {{cite book|title=|isbn=0-960-36283-5|oclc=7877113|pages = 90-92|title=[[Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis]]|chapter=Why I'm against S/M liberation}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://judychicagoandthecaliforniagirls.com/ti-graceatkinson.html Ti-Grace Atkinson speaks to the Feminist Art program at the California State University at Fresno]. Retrieved April 23, 2007
* {{worldcat id|lccn-no96-56648}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=74412919}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Atkinson, Ti-Grace
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 9, 1938
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Ti-Grace}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:Cajun people]]
[[Category:Feminist critics of BDSM]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:Writers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Political lesbians]]
[[Category:Radical lesbian feminists]]

Ti-Grace Atkinson

2013-06-02T10:57:44Z

74.101.128.155:

{{Infobox writer 
|image =
|
| name = Ti-Grace Atkinson
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, Theorist
| nationality = United States
| period = 1968-1974
| genre =
| subject = Feminism, [[LGBT]] movement,
| movement = Feminist, [[Radical Feminist]]
| influences = Simone de Beauvoir, [[Florynce Kennedy]]
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Ti-Grace Atkinson''' (born November 9, 1938 in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] as '''Grace Atkinson''') is an [[United States|American]] [[feminist]] [[author]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Heterosexuality: a feminism and psychology reader |author=Sue Wilkinson, Celia Kitzinger|year= 1993|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0-8039-8823-0}}</ref>

Atkinson was born into a prominent Louisiana family. The "Ti" in her name reflects the [[Cajun]] or [[French language]] ''petite,'' for little.<ref>[http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/life/905W-000-004.html "An 'Oppressed Majority' Demands Its Rights"], by Sara Davidson, ''[[Life Magazine]]'', 1969. Retrieved February 16, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism |author=David De Leon|year= 1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-27414-2|url= http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313274142&id=M5O66-pLg_MC&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&ots=MWL44a1y6f&dq=%22Ti-Grace+Atkinson%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=vnIgl0iurEmYCowLF5RCiX91m_o}}</ref>

Atkinson earned her [[BFA]] from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1964 .<ref name=Tufts>[http://ase.tufts.edu/philosophy/people/atkinson.shtml "Ti-Grace Atkinson"], [[Tufts University]] Philosophy Faculty page. Retrieved April 23, 2007.</ref> While still in [[Philadelphia]], she helped found the Institute of Contemporary Art, acting as its first director, and was sculpture critic for the periodical [[ARTnews]]. She later moved to [[New York]] where, in 1967, she entered the [[Ph.D]] program in [[Philosophy]] at [[Columbia University]].

It was as an undergraduate that Atkinson read [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[The Second Sex]]'', and struck up a correspondence with Beauvoir, who suggested that she contact [[Betty Friedan]].<ref>O'Dea, Suzanne. From Suffrage to the Senate: an encyclopedia of American women in politics. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 1999.</ref> Atkinson thus became an early member of the [[National Organization for Women]], which Friedan had founded, serving on the national board, and becoming the New York chapter president in 1967.<ref>[http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/341chronology.html Movement Chronology, Civil War-Present]</ref> In 1968 she left the organization<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/nat_org_women.html National Organization for Women (NOW)] at [[glbtq.com]].</ref> to found the October 17th Movement, which later morphed into [[The Feminists]], a radical feminist group active until 1973. By 1971 she had written several pamphlets on feminism, was a member of the [[Daughters of Bilitis]] and was advocating specifically [[political lesbianism]].<ref>Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono2.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1971-1976]</ref> Her most famous book, ''Amazon Odyssey,'' was published in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|title=Loose Women, Lecherous Men: a feminist philosophy of sex |author= Linda J. LeMoncheck|year= 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-510555-9|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0195105559&id=DnQfYHzo4owC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&ots=G2kGxaDSNK&dq=Amazon+Odyssey+Grace+Atkinson+1974&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=KhYaP2Hwy3rSBfth7jrLFWDNLUk}}</ref>

After she left [[The Feminists]] she said, “Sisterhood is powerful. It kills. Mostly sisters," which was often quoted by feminists, although often without the word "mostly."<ref>{{citenews|title=Death of a Revolutionary|first=Susan|last=Faludi|year=April 15, 2013|work=The New Yorker|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/04/15/130415fa_fact_faludi?currentPage=all}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* "The Institution of Sexual Intercourse" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
* "Vaginal orgasm as a mass hysterical survival response" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
* "Radical Feminism" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
* "Radical Feminism and Love" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
* ''Amazon Odyssey'' (1974)
* {{cite book|title=|isbn=0-960-36283-5|oclc=7877113|pages = 90-92|title=[[Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis]]|chapter=Why I'm against S/M liberation}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://judychicagoandthecaliforniagirls.com/ti-graceatkinson.html Ti-Grace Atkinson speaks to the Feminist Art program at the California State University at Fresno]. Retrieved April 23, 2007
* {{worldcat id|lccn-no96-56648}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=74412919}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Atkinson, Ti-Grace
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 9, 1938
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Ti-Grace}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:Cajun people]]
[[Category:Feminist critics of BDSM]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:Writers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Political lesbians]]
[[Category:Radical lesbian feminists]]

Ti-Grace Atkinson

2013-06-02T10:56:58Z

74.101.128.155:

{{Infobox writer 
|image =
|
| name = Ti-Grace Atkinson
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, Theorist
| nationality = United States
| period = 1968-1974
| genre =
| subject = Feminism, LGBT movement,
| movement = Feminist, Radical Feminist
| influences = Simone de Beauvoir, Florynce Kennedy
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Ti-Grace Atkinson''' (born November 9, 1938 in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] as '''Grace Atkinson''') is an [[United States|American]] [[feminist]] [[author]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Heterosexuality: a feminism and psychology reader |author=Sue Wilkinson, Celia Kitzinger|year= 1993|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0-8039-8823-0}}</ref>

Atkinson was born into a prominent Louisiana family. The "Ti" in her name reflects the [[Cajun]] or [[French language]] ''petite,'' for little.<ref>[http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/life/905W-000-004.html "An 'Oppressed Majority' Demands Its Rights"], by Sara Davidson, ''[[Life Magazine]]'', 1969. Retrieved February 16, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism |author=David De Leon|year= 1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-27414-2|url= http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313274142&id=M5O66-pLg_MC&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&ots=MWL44a1y6f&dq=%22Ti-Grace+Atkinson%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=vnIgl0iurEmYCowLF5RCiX91m_o}}</ref>

Atkinson earned her [[BFA]] from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1964 .<ref name=Tufts>[http://ase.tufts.edu/philosophy/people/atkinson.shtml "Ti-Grace Atkinson"], [[Tufts University]] Philosophy Faculty page. Retrieved April 23, 2007.</ref> While still in [[Philadelphia]], she helped found the Institute of Contemporary Art, acting as its first director, and was sculpture critic for the periodical [[ARTnews]]. She later moved to [[New York]] where, in 1967, she entered the [[Ph.D]] program in [[Philosophy]] at [[Columbia University]].

It was as an undergraduate that Atkinson read [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[The Second Sex]]'', and struck up a correspondence with Beauvoir, who suggested that she contact [[Betty Friedan]].<ref>O'Dea, Suzanne. From Suffrage to the Senate: an encyclopedia of American women in politics. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 1999.</ref> Atkinson thus became an early member of the [[National Organization for Women]], which Friedan had founded, serving on the national board, and becoming the New York chapter president in 1967.<ref>[http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/341chronology.html Movement Chronology, Civil War-Present]</ref> In 1968 she left the organization<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/nat_org_women.html National Organization for Women (NOW)] at [[glbtq.com]].</ref> to found the October 17th Movement, which later morphed into [[The Feminists]], a radical feminist group active until 1973. By 1971 she had written several pamphlets on feminism, was a member of the [[Daughters of Bilitis]] and was advocating specifically [[political lesbianism]].<ref>Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono2.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1971-1976]</ref> Her most famous book, ''Amazon Odyssey,'' was published in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|title=Loose Women, Lecherous Men: a feminist philosophy of sex |author= Linda J. LeMoncheck|year= 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-510555-9|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0195105559&id=DnQfYHzo4owC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&ots=G2kGxaDSNK&dq=Amazon+Odyssey+Grace+Atkinson+1974&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=KhYaP2Hwy3rSBfth7jrLFWDNLUk}}</ref>

After she left [[The Feminists]] she said, “Sisterhood is powerful. It kills. Mostly sisters," which was often quoted by feminists, although often without the word "mostly."<ref>{{citenews|title=Death of a Revolutionary|first=Susan|last=Faludi|year=April 15, 2013|work=The New Yorker|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/04/15/130415fa_fact_faludi?currentPage=all}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* "The Institution of Sexual Intercourse" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
* "Vaginal orgasm as a mass hysterical survival response" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
* "Radical Feminism" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
* "Radical Feminism and Love" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
* ''Amazon Odyssey'' (1974)
* {{cite book|title=|isbn=0-960-36283-5|oclc=7877113|pages = 90-92|title=[[Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis]]|chapter=Why I'm against S/M liberation}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://judychicagoandthecaliforniagirls.com/ti-graceatkinson.html Ti-Grace Atkinson speaks to the Feminist Art program at the California State University at Fresno]. Retrieved April 23, 2007
* {{worldcat id|lccn-no96-56648}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=74412919}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Atkinson, Ti-Grace
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 9, 1938
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Ti-Grace}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:Cajun people]]
[[Category:Feminist critics of BDSM]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:Writers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Political lesbians]]
[[Category:Radical lesbian feminists]]