Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Columbia Plateau

2007-02-02T01:33:26Z

71.231.107.188: loc

[[Image:pacificNW_volcanics.png|thumb|200px|The Columbia River Plateau is shown in green on this map. The Washington towns of Spokane, Vantage, Yakima and Pasco, and the Oregon town of Pendleton, lie on the Columbia River Plateau.]]
The '''Columbia River Plateau''' lies across parts of the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Washington]], [[Oregon]], and [[Idaho]]. During late [[Miocene]] and early [[Pliocene]] times, one of the largest [[flood basalt]]s ever to appear on the [[earth]]'s surface engulfed about 63,000 square miles (160,000 km²) of the Pacific Northwest, forming a [[large igneous province]] (the [[Columbia River Basalt Group]]). Over a period of perhaps 10 to 15 million years lava flow after lava flow poured out, eventually accumulating to a thickness of more than 6,000 feet (1.8 km). As the molten rock came to the surface, the earth's crust gradually sank into the space left by the rising lava. The subsidence of the crust produced a large, slightly depressed lava plain now known as the Columbia Basin or [[Plateau]]. The ancient [[Columbia River]] was forced into its present course by the northwesterly advancing lava. The lava, as it flowed over the area, first filled the stream valleys, forming dams that in turn caused impoundments or lakes. In these ancient lake beds are found [[fossil]] leaf impressions, [[petrified wood]], fossil insects, and bones of vertebrate animals.

''Portions of this article adapted from [[Work of the United States Government|works of the United States Government]], which are in the [[public domain]]''

==See also==
*[[Grand Coulee]]
*[[Channeled scablands]]
*[[Interior Plateau]]

==External links==
*[http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ColumbiaPlateau/framework.html USGS Page on Columbia Plateau]
*[http://www.nps.gov/laro/webdirectory/geology.htm Geology of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (source of much of this page)]
{{Ice Age Floods}}
{{Idaho}}
{{Oregon}}
{{Washington}}

[[Category:Columbia River]]
[[Category:Geography of Idaho]]
[[Category:Geography of Oregon]]
[[Category:Geography of Washington]]
[[Category:Large igneous provinces]]
[[Category:Plateaus]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Idaho]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Oregon]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Washington]]

[[fr:Plateau de la Columbia]]
[[ja:コロンビア川台地]]

Palouse (Washington)

2007-02-02T00:58:04Z

71.231.107.188: rmv low-content ext link

'''Palouse''' is a city in [[Whitman County, Washington|Whitman County]], [[Washington]], [[United States]]. The population was 1,011 at the 2000 census. [[Palouse]] is named for the region of farmland in which it is situated, and was founded between 1890 and 1900. The current mayor of Palouse is Michael Echanove.

==Geography==
[[Image:WAMap-doton-Palouse.png|right|Location of Palouse, Washington]]Palouse is located at {{coor dms|46|54|36|N|117|4|31|W|city}} (46.909996, -117.075259){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 2.8 [[km²]] (1.1 [[square mile|mi²]]), all land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 1,011 people, 432 households, and 288 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 364.8/km² (944.8/mi²). There were 471 housing units at an average density of 170.0/km² (440.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.94% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.99% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.30% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.99% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.78% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.68% of the population.

There were 432 households out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the city the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,583, and the median income for a family was $41,125. Males had a median income of $30,804 versus $25,515 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,754. About 8.6% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 18.7% of those age 65 or over.

==External links==
*[http://www.visitpalouse.com/ Palouse official website]
{{geolinks-US-cityscale|46.909996|-117.075259}}

[[Category:Whitman County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington]]

Forestville (Kalifornien)

2007-02-01T05:29:11Z

71.231.107.188: rmv tangential ext link that exists in its own WP article

'''Forestville''' is a [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]], [[California]], [[United States]]. The population was 2,370 at the 2000 census, although the sign along the road into town continues to claim that the population is 1,776.

Forestville is home to [[El Molino High School]], a public school, which provides 9-12th grade education to the majority of Russian River residents. During the year of 2005, enrollment was 1,099 students.

It has one gas station (Rotton Robbie) at the corner of Highway 116 and Mirabel roads. It has two coffee shops on its main street, as well as one in a trailer off of Mirabel road. Its unofficial motto is "Forestville, the good life."

Forestville is the home of [[Bracket (band)|Bracket]], a semi-popular [[pop-punk]] band with a faithful fanbase.

==Geography==
[[Image:CAMap-doton-Forestville.png|right|Location of Forestville, California]]Forestville is located at {{coor dms|38|28|54|N|122|53|46|W|city}} (38.481762, -122.896215){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of 10.6 [[km²]] (4.1 [[square mile|mi²]]), all land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 2,370 people, 941 households, and 592 families residing in the CDP. The [[population density]] was 223.2/km² (578.2/mi²). There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 95.1/km² (246.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.28% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.14% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.60% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.17% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.78% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.84% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 10.00% of the population.

There were 941 households out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the CDP the population was spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 34.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,898, and the median income for a family was $60,417. Males had a median income of $45,170 versus $42,652 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $31,301. About 5.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

==External links==
{{geolinks-US-cityscale|38.481762|-122.896215}}

{{Cities of Sonoma County, California}}

[[Category:Sonoma County, California]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in California]]

Henry E. Huntington

2007-01-23T17:56:38Z

71.231.107.188: Wikipedia:Manual of Style

[[Image:Henry Huntington.jpg|thumb]]
'''Henry Edwards Huntington''' ([[February 27]] [[1850]]–[[May 23]] [[1927]]) was a railroad [[magnate]] and business leader. He was born in [[Oneonta, New York]], USA and died in [[San Marino, California]].

He was the nephew of [[Collis P. Huntington]], one of [[The Big Four]], the men instrumental in the creation of the transcontinental railway. Huntington held several executive positions working along side his uncle with the [[Southern Pacific Railway]].

==His life in Southern California==
When Collis died in 1900, Henry inherited much of his uncle's fortune. He also married Collis' widow [[Arabella Huntington]]. Shortly thereafter he moved from [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], a place he had visited only seven years prior. At that time he had exclaimed that one day someone was going to come here (to [[Southern California]]) and make a fortune in real estate and transportation. Little did he know that he was foretelling his own future.

He founded the [[Pacific Electric Railway]], centered in Los Angeles, and developed a massive intercity transit system known colloquially as the Red Car Line. The main station was located at 6th and Main Streets. Trains ran laterally as far east as [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], [[Redlands, California|Redlands]], [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], and [[Corona, California|Corona]]; as far north as [[San Fernando, California|San Fernando]] and [[Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California|Chatsworth]]; from the coastal cities as far west as [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] and as far south as [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]]; and included the 1902 acquisition of the [[Mount Lowe Railway]] in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] above [[Altadena, California|Altadena]].
[[Image:HuntingtonMansion-1915.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Huntington Mansion, 1915; now the centerpiece of the The Huntington Library.]]
In 1903, Huntington began collecting rare books and manuscripts, many from prominent book dealer A.S.W Rosenbach. His collection grew into [[The Huntington Library]], which included an art collection and [[botanical garden]]s on his estate in [[San Marino, California]]. Today this estate is a most popular attraction for tourists, with daily tours being conducted of the library and its grounds. It is also an exclusive resource for researchers of local history.

In 1910 Huntington acquired the Wentworth Hotel in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] to be renamed the [[Huntington Hotel]]. This hotel served as the grandest hotel in Pasadena until 1990 when it was discovered to be seismically inadequate. It would go down in history as the largest unreinforced concrete structure in Southern California. The facility was sold to new owners who had the hotel razed and properly rebuilt to be named the [[Huntington Ritz-Carlton]].

==Legacy==
Huntington retired from active business in 1916. His legacy includes several monuments to his name: the cities of [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]] and [[Huntington Park, California|Huntington Park]], the [[The Huntington Library|Huntington Library]], the Huntington Hotel (now the Huntington [[Ritz-Carlton]]), [[Huntington Hospital]], and [[Huntington Drive]], a grand boulevard whose median served as a main east-west artery of the Pacific Electric Railroad.

==References==
*The Huntington Library
*Encyclopedia Britannica
*Pasadena Historical Museum
*Altadenorical Society

[[Category:1850 births|Huntington, Henry E.]]
[[Category:1927 deaths|Huntington, Henry E.]]
[[Category:American art collectors|Huntington, Henry E.]]
[[Category:American railroad executives of the 20th century|Huntington, Henry E.]]
[[Category:People from the San Gabriel Valley|Huntington, Henry E.]]
[[Category:People from New York|Huntington, Henry E.]]
[[Category:People from San Francisco|Huntington, Henry E.]]

Mit einem Lied im Herzen

2007-01-22T02:24:05Z

71.231.107.188: cap out of hdr

'''''With a Song in My Heart''''' is a [[1952]] biographical film which tells the story of actress and singer [[Jane Froman]], who was paralyzed by an airplane crash but entertained the troops in [[World War II]] despite having to walk with crutches. It stars [[Susan Hayward]], [[Rory Calhoun]], [[David Wayne]], [[Thelma Ritter]], [[Robert Wagner]], Helen Westcott and [[Una Merkel]]. Froman herself supplied Hayward's singing voice.

The movie was written by [[Lamar Trotti]] and directed by [[Walter Lang]]. The title song, ''[[With a Song in My Heart (song)|With a Song in My Heart]]'', became famous in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] as the theme to the long-running [[BBC]] [[radio]] show, ''[[Family Favourites]]''.

It won the [[Academy Award for Original Music Score]] and was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in a Leading Role]] (Susan Hayward), [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] (Thelma Ritter), [[Academy Award for Costume Design|Best Costume Design, Color]] and [[Academy Award for Sound|Best Sound, Recording]].

==External links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045333/ ''With a Song in My Heart'' at IMDB]
{{bio-film-stub}}


[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award nominated performance]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award nominated performance]]

London and South Western Railway

2007-01-22T00:11:40Z

71.231.107.188: +pic, -dbl hdr, cap out of hdr

{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
[[Image:Waterloo_facade.jpg|thumb|Waterloo Station]]
The '''London and South Western Railway''' (L&SWR) was a [[railway]] company in [[England]] from 1840 to 1923. Its ultimate network extended from [[London]] to [[Plymouth]] via [[Yeovil]], [[Exeter]] and [[Okehampton]] with branches to [[Barnstaple]], [[Ilfracombe]] and [[Torrington]] and [[Padstow]] and [[Wadebridge]] — a territory in which it was in direct competition with the [[Great Western Railway]] — and, via [[Basingstoke]], [[Winchester]] and [[Southampton]], along the [[Dorset]] coast to [[Bournemouth]] and [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]]. It also had a large number of branches which connected to places such as [[Portsmouth]] and [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], and some [[joint railway]] operations with others — including the [[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway]]. Following the [[Railways Act 1921|grouping in 1923]], the L&SWR lines became part of the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]].

Among the most significant achievements of the L&SWR were the electrification of suburban lines, the introduction of power signalling, the development of [[Southampton Docks]], the rebuilding of Waterloo Station as one of the great stations of the world and the handling of the massive traffic involved in the [[World War I|First World War]]. By the 20th century its services were exemplary. The major locomotive classes of the L&SWR's last engineer, [[Robert Urie]], were continued and further developed by his successor on the Southern Railwary, [[Richard Maunsell]]. Its General Manager Sir [[Herbert Ashcombe Walker]] became the Manager of the Southern Railway and Walker himself was succeeded in the latter post by Major [[Gilbert Szlumper]], formerly his assistant on the L&SWR.

== Origins ==

The initial proposal for the railway came from Robert Johnson and [[Abel Ros Dottin]] M.P. for Southampton. The prospectus was published on [[23 October]] [[1830]] in the [[Hampshire Advertiser]]. A public meeting gave unaminous support to the proposals in February 1831 and the railway was promoted as the ''Southampton, London and Branch Railway and Dock Company'', with capital of £1.5M in shares of £20.

At the time [[Southampton]] was economically moribund, though regarded as of some strategic importance. After [[Napoleon]]'s defeat in 1815 various canal schemes had been proposed to link Southampton to London to create a continuous inland waterway safe from attack. Of the many schemes only the [[Wey and Arun Canal]] 1816 and the [[Portsmouth and Arundel Canal]] 1823 were constructed. The London & Southampton's proposers clearly saw both a strategic benefit in connecting Southampton to London but in particular an economic benefit in connecting Southampton to Bristol and thense to the industrial heartland of Northern England. They considered the railway and docks to be 'intimately connected and of ..paramount importance to each other'.

The proposed route was surveyed by [[Francis Giles]]. Giles surveyed two routes, the first from Nine Elms via [[Wandsworth]], [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]], [[Guildford]], [[Farnham]], [[Alresford]], and [[Winchester]], through properous agricultural land and the second, that later built, via [[Basingstoke]] through a far fewer number of settlments crossing the unproductive [[Surrey]] and [[Hampshire]] Heaths. It is clear that the latter route was chosen as the company envisaged that a branch was to run to [[Bristol]] via [[Hungerford]], [[Devizes]], and [[Bath]]).

Little support was forthcoming for the branch from the entrepreneurs of Bristol and Bath. The promoters decided to get powers for the Southampton line before presenting a Bristol Bill, encouraging the launch of the independent [[Great Western Railway]]. The railway was re-promoted as the [[London and Southampton Railway]] and authorised by [[Act of Parliament]] on [[25 July]] [[1834]].

The Bill for the proposed railway reached parliament in the 1834 session. The [[House of Lords|Lords committee]] was presided over by the [[Earl of Malmesbury]], the [[Earl of Radnor]] and [[Charles Fowler]], arcchitect of [[Covent Garden]]. Engineering evidence for the proposal was given by George and Robert Stephenson amongst others and against by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] and [[Joseph Locke]]. The Bill was supported by the naval authorities and shipping interests and received relatively little opposition.

=== Construction ===
Construction started in September 1834 with Giles appointed engineer. Giles' method was to employ a number of small contractors working concurrently at various places on the line. It rapidly became apparent that the approach was fundamentally flawed. Contractors completed the easy sections and stopped work, asking for more money, on the more difficult parts. Progress was seriously delayed and costs escalated from £894k to an estimated £1.5M. In 1837 a second Act had to be sought to raise further capital. Shares slumped and as the result of an examination of the accounts, instigated by a prominent group of Lancashire shareholdes, Giles was dismissed and replaced by [[Joseph Locke]]. Locke dismissed many of the small contractors replacing them with [[Thomas Brassey]]. Work progressed rapidly from then on.

The first section to be opened was from [[Nine Elms]] to [[Woking]] (then named ''Woking Common'') on [[21 May]] [[1838]]. On that date the company changed its name to L&SWR.

The remainder of the main line followed:
* Woking to [[Winchfield]] (''Shapley Heath''): [[24 September]] [[1838]]
* Winchester to Southampton: [[10 June]] [[1839]]
* Winchfield to Basingstoke: [[10 June]] [[1839]]
* Basingstoke to Winchester: [[11 May]] [[1840]]. This last section was the most difficult on the route with an initial climb to ''Litchfield Tunnel'' and a ten-mile down-grade to Winchester.

=== Waterloo Station ===
The company's first [[London]] terminus was at [[Nine Elms]] built on ''low marshy ground , studded with windmills and pollard tress'', now in the suburban parish of [[Battersea]]. The terminus buildings was designed by Sir [[William Tite]].

On [[11 July]] [[1848]] the line was extended through a new [[Vauxhall station]] to a new metropolitan terminus at [[Waterloo station|Waterloo]], originally named Waterloo Bridge. The original terminus at Nine Elms took on the role of works, locomotive depot, and goods depot. Today it is the site of [[New Covent Garden Market]].

=== Southampton ===
[[Southampton Terminus]] opened in 1840, replacing a temporary terminus at Northam Road. The classical building of 1840 was designed by Sir [[William Tite]] and remained in use until 1966. It survives and has recently been restored with the main building in use as a casino.

== The gauge war in the west ==
===Bristol===
In July 1832 the London and Southampton Railway's promoters decided to seek powers for the Southampton line alone and to delay presenting the Bristol Bill. Bristol citizens launched a separate proposal for a [[Great Western Railway]](GWR) linking Bristol to London. A bill for two lines at either end connected temporarily by a canal was put forward in 1834, but was rejected by the Lords.

As a consequence the S & D promoters were stirred into action, proposing a Basing and Bath (B & B) line in July 1834. Considerable argument broke out between the two camps, with S & D supporters criticising the GWR for proposing a direct line to London rather than a junction with the L & S and GWR supporters blaming the L & S for the failure of the GWR Bill.

The Basing and Bath prospectus of 1835 proposed a 106 mile line via [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], [[Devizes]], [[Trowbridge]], [[Bradford on Avon]], and [[Bath]] with a westward extension to [[Frome]], [[Taunton]], and eventually further west. The opposing GWR was to go through [[Slough]], [[Maidenhead]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Swindon]], [[Chippenham]], and Bath. The revised GWR Bill of 1835 included branches to Bradford on Avon and Chippenham. The Commons accepted it against the Basing and Bath primarily on the grounds of its easier gradients.

B & B suporters wrote to the GWR chairman offering to give up their line if the GWR would adopt the B & S's route and make a junction with the L & S at Basing. Before the GWR directors could consider the option the B & B circulated a letter to GWR shareholders and members of the Lords encouraging rejection of the GWR Bill. On [[31 August]] [[1835]] the GWR Bill was approved.

It was to be another 2 years before the next skirmish of the [[Rail gauge|Gauge War]] with the GWR, as the parties concentrated on building their parallel lines, the GWR, to Brunel's 7ft ¼ in [[broad gauge]], opened throughout on [[30 June]] [[1841]] and the L & S, to 4ft 8½ in [[standard gauge]], opened on [[11 May]] [[1840]].

===Newbury===

Newbury's prosperity declined markedly once the L & S and GWR opened. The residents of the town approached the L & S in the summer of 1843 proposing a branch from Basing.

== The gauge war in the east ==

=== Portsmouth ===

In 1836 the promoters of the L & S proposed a branch from Bishopstoke ([[Eastleigh]]) to [[Portsmouth]], the Portsmouth Junction Railway. However the poultation of Portsmouth wanted a direct line to London rather than a branch from a mainline to Southampton. Their opposition resulted in the defeat of the Bill at its second reading.

In January 1838 a direct independent line was proposed to London, through [[Chichester]], [[Arundel]] and [[Dorking]]. The promoters approached the L & S, but they were rejected with a degree of vindictiveness. The L & S was already planning a line to [[Gosport]] on the western side of Portsmouth Harbour. The L & S's Act succeeded on [[4 June]] [[1839]]. As concession to Portsmouth the L & S changed its name to the London and South Western Railway.
===Havant===

== Expansion ==
===Portsmouth===
===Dorchester===
===Exeter===
===West of Exeter===
===London===
== The race for the west ==
== 20th century innovation ==
=== Rebuilding Waterloo ===
=== Engineering ===
=== Electrification ===

The L&SWR adopted [[third rail]] electrification of its suburban routes during the [[World War I|First World War]]. This subsequently became the standard for the entire [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]], almost certainly because of the influence of Sir [[Herbert Ashcombe Walker|Herbert Walker]], who had come from the [[London and North Western Railway]] to be General Manager of the L&SWR in 1912; in 1914 he had also been appointed as Chairman of the wartime ''Railway Executive Committee''.

=== Southampton Docks ===
=== Eastleigh Engineering Works ===
In 1891, the works at [[Eastleigh railway works|Eastleigh]], in Hampshire, were opened with the transfer of the carriage and waggon works from Nine Elms in [[London]]. The Lcomotive Works were transferred from Nine Elms under Drummond, opening in 1909.

==Main line==
The stations on the main route (with dates of opening if not original L&SWR) are:
* [[Vauxhall station|Vauxhall]]
* [[Queenstown Road (Battersea) railway station|Queenstown Road (Battersea)]], opened [[1 November]] [[1877]] as ''Queens Road''
* [[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]]
* [[Earlsfield railway station|Earlsfield]], opened in 1884
* [[Wimbledon station|Wimbledon]]
* [[Raynes Park railway station|Raynes Park]], opened in 1871
* Malden: after several renamings now called [[New Malden railway station|New Malden]], opened in 1846
* [[Berrylands railway station|Berrylands]], opened [[16 October]] [[1933]] to serve new suburban traffic
* [[Surbiton railway station|Surbiton]] (originally ''Kingston'')
* [[Esher railway station|Esher]]
* [[Hersham railway station|Hersham]], opened in 1936
* [[Walton-on-Thames railway station|Walton-on-Thames]]
* [[Weybridge railway station|Weybridge]]
* West Weybridge railway station, renamed as [[Byfleet and New Haw railway station|Byfleet & New Haw]]
* Byfleet — reopened in 1927 as [[West Byfleet railway station|West Byfleet]]
* [[Woking railway station|Woking]]
* [[Brookwood railway station|Brookwood]], opened in 1864
* [[Farnborough railway station|Farnborough]]
* [[Fleet railway station|Fleet]]: originally opened as [[Fleet Pond]] in 1847
* [[Winchfield railway station|Winchfield]]
* [[Hook railway station|Hook]], opened in 1883
* [[Basingstoke railway station|Basingstoke]]
* [[Micheldever railway station|Micheldever]]: originally ''Andover Road'', opened in 1840
* [[Winchester railway station|Winchester]]
* [[Shawford railway station|Shawford]]: was ''Shawford & Twyford'', opened in 1882
* [[Eastleigh railway station|Eastleigh]]: originally [[Bishopstoke]]
* [[Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station|Southampton Airport (Parkway)]]: originally opening as the Atlantic Park Hostel Halt in 1929
* [[Swaythling railway station|Swaythling]], opened in 1883
* [[St Denys railway station|St Denys]], opened in 1861
* [[Southampton Central railway station|Southampton Central]]

==Other principal lines==
===Reading and Portsmouth lines===
In addition to the original main line, the L&SWR had the following routes:
* ''' Waterloo to Wokingham (for Reading)''':
** ''Richmond Railway'' opened from Clapham Junction to [[Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]] on [[27 July]] [[1846]]
** ''Windsor, Staines & South Western Railway'' opened from Richmond via [[Staines]] to [[Datchet]] on [[22 August]] [[1848]]; to [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] on [[1 December]] [[1849]]
** Staines — [[Ascot, Berkshire|Ascot]] opened on [[4 June]] [[1856]]
** Ascot — [[Wokingham]] opened on [[4 July]] [[1856]]
** from here to [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] the line was [[South Eastern Railway]] property
There were also many suburban lines in this area, including the [[Hounslow]] loop line; the [[Twickenham]]/[[Kingston-upon-Thames]]/[[Shepperton]] routes; and the [[Raynes Park]] to [[Epsom]] and [[Chessington South railway station|Chessington South]].
* '''Woking to [[Havant]] (for Portsmouth) via [[Guildford]]''' - '''The [[Portsmouth Direct Line]]'''
** ''Guildford Junction Railway'' opened on [[5 May]] [[1845]]
** [[Guildford]] — Godalming opened on [[15 October]] [[1849]]
** Godalming — Havant opened on [[1 January]] [[1859]]
** ''Bisley Camp branch (for rifle range) closed in 1952

*'''[[Alton Line|The Alton line]]'''
** [[Brookwood]] — [[Farnham]] via [[Aldershot]] — [[Alton, Hampshire|Alton]] opened on [[2 May]] [[1870]]
** Alton to Fareham (the Meon Valley line)opened in 1903
** Here was the [[Brookwood Cemetery|Brookwood Necropolis Cemetery]] line
** [[Alton, Hampshire|Alton]] to Winchester line.
** The L&SWR in associated with the [[War Department (UK)|War Department]] built the [[Bentley and Bordon Light Railway]] to [[Bordon]] Camp, which connected with the [[Longmoor Military Railway]]. Both closed early in the 20th century.
* '''Southampton to [[Bournemouth]] and [[Weymouth]]'''
** ''Southampton & Dorchester Railway'' line opened (via [[Brockenhurst]] and [[Ringwood]]) on [[1 June]] [[1847]]
** Ringwood — [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]] opened on [[13 November]] [[1862]]
** Brockenhurst — [[Bournemouth]] East opened on [[14 March]] [[1870]]
** [[Poole]] — Bourneworth West station opened on [[18 June]] [[1874]]: link to Bournemouth Central completed on [[20 July]] [[1885]]
There is also the [[Lymington]] branch, opened by the ''Lymington Railway'' on [[12 July]] [[1858]]. See [[Lymington Flyer]]

===Route to the south-west===
* '''Basingstoke to [[Exeter]]'''
** Basingstoke to Salisbury
*** Basingstoke to [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]] opened [[3 July]] [[1854]]
*** Andover to [[Salisbury]] opened [[1 May]] [[1857]]
*** ''Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway'' opened June 1901, closed all traffic [[30 May]] [[1936]]
**Between Basingstoke and Salisbury on the main line were:
*** Two links between [[Hurstbourne]] and Andover through [[Romsey]] to Eastleigh and Southampton: both closed. Link via [[Longparish]] opened [[1 June]] [[1885]]; closed all traffic [[6 July]] [[1931]].
*** At Andover was the junction with the [[Midland and South Western Junction Railway]]
*** The [[Bulford]] Camp branch
*** Salisbury to Romsey; and to Bournemouth
*** In Salisbury the [[Great Western Railway]] (GWR) line from [[Westbury, Wiltshire|Westbury]] and [[Bristol]] had its own terminus: the L&SWR continued the route southwestwards towards Southampton. This route today is the [[Wessex Main Line]] route.
** Salisbury — [[Yeovil]] opened [[2 May]] [[1859]]
** Yeovil — [[Exeter]] opened [[19 July]] [[1860]]
**Between Salisbury and Exeter on the main line; the sections were opened as follows:
*** branch to [[Yeovil]] Town joint station with the GWR
*** branch to [[Chard, Somerset|Chard]] joint station with the GWR
*** branch to [[Lyme Regis]] from [[Axminster]]
*** branch to [[Sidmouth]] from Sidmouth Junction (also alternative route to [[Exmouth]]
*** branch to Exmouth from ''Exmouth Junction'' near Exeter
*** L&SWR station: Exmouth (Queen Street): here was a short section through GWR Exeter (St Davids) to ''Cowley Bridge Junction''
* '''Exeter to [[Plymouth]]'''
The L&SWR main line continued, serving the following places:
* [[Newton St Cyres railway station|Newton St Cyres]]
* [[Crediton]]
* [[Yeoford railway station|Yeoford Junction]] beyond was ''Coleford Junction'' and the branch railway to [[Barnstaple]] and [[Ilfracombe]]. From Barnstaple Junction station was the branch to [[Bideford]] and [[Great Torrington|Torrington]] (closed)
Beyond Coleford Junction all lines, except that to Barnstaple, are now closed. They served, among other places:
* [[Okehampton]]
* The branch to [[Bude]]
* [[Launceston, Cornwall|Launceston]]
* [[Padstow]]
* and the Tamar valley line to [[Plymouth]]. The southern section is now operated as the [[Tamar Valley Line]] to [[Gunnislake]]

== Locomotive engineers ==

The LSWR was blessed throughout much of its history by distinguished and highly capable locomotive engineers.

[[John Viret Gooch]] 1841 - 1850

[[Joseph Hamilton Beattie]] 1850 - 1871

[[William George Beattie]] 1871 - 1877

[[William Adams]] 1877 - 1895

[[Dugald Drummond]] 1895 -1912

[[Robert Urie]] 1912-1923

==Liveries==

[[John Viret Gooch]]

Little information is availab
le although from 1844 dark green with red and white lining, black wheels and red buffer beams seems to have become standard.

[[Joseph Hamilton Beattie]]
1850 - 1866

Passenger classes - Indian red with black panelling inside white. Driving splashers and cylinders lined white. Black wheels, smokebox and chimney. Vermillion buffer beams and buff footplate interior.

Goods classes - unlined Indian red. Older engines painted black until 1859.

1866 - 72

All engines dark chocolate brown with 1in black bands edged internally in white and externally by vermillion. Tender sides divided into 3 panels.

[[William George Beattie]]

Paler chocolate known as purple brown with the same lining. From 1874 the white lining was replaced by yellow ochore and the vermillion by crimson.

[[William Adams]]

1878 - 85

Umber brown with a 3in black band externally and bright green line internally. Bolier bands black with white edging. Buffer beams vermillion. Smokebox, chimney, frames etc black.

1885 - 1895

Passenger classes - Pea green with black borders edged with a fine white line. Boiler bands black with a fine white line to either side.

Goods classes - holly green with black borders edged by a fine bright green line.

[[Dugald Drummond]]

Passenger classes - royal green lined in chocolate, tiple lined in white, black and white. Bolier bands black lined in white with 3 in tan stripes to either side. Outside cylinders with black borders and white lining. Smokebox, chimney, exterior frames, tops of splashers, platform etc black. Inside of the main frames tan. Buffer beams vermillion and cab interios grained oine.

Goods classes - holly green edged in black and lined in light green. Bolier band black edged in light green.

[[Robert Urie]]

1914 - 1917

Passenger classes - olive green with Drummond lining.

Goods classes holly green with black edging and white lining.

1917 - 1923

Passenger classes - olive green with a black border and white edging.

Goods classes - holly green often without lining until 1918.

==Locomotive works==

The locomotive works were at [[Nine Elms]] from 1838 to 1895. Under Drummond they were moved to a new spacious site at [[Eastleigh Works|Eastleigh]] in 1909.

== Train services ==
In 1907 the LSWR commenced running the ''North Cornwall and Bude Express''. The [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] was later to rename it as the '''Atlantic Coast Express''' in July 1926. It was the 11am train from London, and it continued to run until 1964.

==Other details==
* the longest tunnel is ''Honiton Tunnel'' 1353 yards (1218 m); there were six others longer than 500 yd (450 m)
* the [[Waterloo & City Line|Waterloo and City Railway]] became part of the L&SWR
* the L&SWR and the [[Midland Railway]] were joint owners of the [[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway]]

==Trivia==
Vauxhall station reputedly has had an interesting influence on other languages. Legend has it that a party from [[Russia]] came to see what happening around the time the station was opened (with a view to planning their own rail system). They saw the station nameboards, thought the word was the English word for railway station and took it back home. In fact, the first Russian railway station was built on the site of pleasure gardens based on those at Vauxhall — nothing to do with the English railway station. The anglicised script version of the Russian word is 'vokzal'.

==See also==
*[[List of early British railway companies]]
*[[South Western Main Line]]
*[[West of England Main Line]]

==References==
*Williams, R. A. 1968, The London & South Western Railway Vols 1 & 2, David and Charles
*Nock, O. S., 1965, The London & South Western Railway, Ian Allen
*Hamilton Ellis, C., 1956, The South Western Railway, George Allen & Unwin
*Dendy-Marshall, C. F., 1936, History of the Southern Railway

==External links==
*[http://www.lswr.org/ South Western Circle]
{{Bigfour}}

[[Category:London's railways]]
[[Category:Pre-grouping British railway companies]]
[[Category:West Country]]
[[Category:1840 establishments]]
[[Category:1923 disestablishments]]

Grady Chapman

2007-01-21T02:55:55Z

71.231.107.188: dab

'''Grady Chapman''' was born [[October 1]] [[1929]]. He is best known as a lead singer of [[doo-wop|doo wop]] group [[The Robins]].

==Biography==
Grady Chapman joined [[The Robins]] in 1953, singing alongside [[Bobby Nunn]], Billy Richards, Roy Richards, Ty Terrell, and later [[Carl Gardner]], [[Bob B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans|Bobby Sheen]], and [[H. B. Barnum]]. In 1958, he wrote "Sweet Pea" (Class Records #232) for [[Bob and Earl]]. Chapman sang with [[The Dominoes]] alongside [[Clyde McPhatter]] and [[Jackie Wilson]]. He would later become a member one of The Coasters' many groups, The Coasters Mark II, which included Bobby Nunn, Bobby Sheen, and Billy Richards, Jr. Chapman would also substitute for Carl Gardner a few times in the 1990's and 2000's with [[The Coasters]]. In 1977, along with [[Billy Guy]] and [[Jerome Evans]], he sings on "Paid The Price" on [[Michelle Phillips]]' album "Victim Of Romance." He still performs as Grady Chapman & The Robins.

==Discography==
===Singles===
*I Need You So/Don’t Blooper (Money #204) (1955) (as Grady Chapman And The Suedes)
*My Love Will Never Change/Smiling Gondolier (Zephyr #016) (1957)
*Say You Will Be Mine/Starlight, Starbright (Knight #2003) (1958)
*Garden Of Memories/Tell Me That You Care (Imperial #5591) (1959)
*Come Away/Let’s Talk About Us (Imperial #5611) (1959)
*Sweet Thing/I Know What I Want (Mercury #71632) (1960)
*Ambush/My Life Would Be Worth Living (Mercury #71698) (1960)
*I’ll Never Question Your Love/This, That, ‘N The Other (Mercury #71771) (1961)
*Roly Poly/(B-Side Unknown) (Arwin) (1961)

==Trivia==
*He appeared on the TV show "[[Joey (TV series)|Joey]]" in the episode entitled "Joey And The Party For Alex" playing Pip #1
*His recording "Since I First Met You" from 1957 with The Robins is included in the films "[[Pulp Fiction]]" and "American Strays"
*"Out Of The Picture" from 1956 by The Robins (with Chapman) appears in an HP picture printer commercial
*He and The Robins supposedly appear in the movie "[[The Girl Can't Help It]]" backing [[Little Richard]] on the title song

==External links==
*[http://www.angelfire.com/mn/coasters The Coasters Web Site]
*[http://home.att.net/~uncamarvy/Robins/robins.html Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks - The Robins]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapman, Grady}}
[[Category:1929 births]][[Category:American rhythm and blues singers]]

Grady Chapman

2007-01-21T02:53:53Z

71.231.107.188: cap out of hdr, fix/add cats

'''Grady Chapman''' was born [[October 1]] [[1929]]. He is best known as a lead singer of [[doo-wop|doo wop]] group [[The Robins]].

==Biography==
Grady Chapman joined [[The Robins]] in 1953, singing alongside [[Bobby Nunn]], Billy Richards, Roy Richards, Ty Terrell, and later [[Carl Gardner]], [[Bob B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans|Bobby Sheen]], and [[H. B. Barnum]]. In 1958, he wrote "Sweet Pea" (Class Records #232) for [[Bob and Earl]]. Chapman sang with [[The Dominoes]] alongside [[Clyde McPhatter]] and [[Jackie Wilson]]. He would later become a member one of The Coasters' many groups, The Coasters Mark II, which included Bobby Nunn, Bobby Sheen, and Billy Richards, Jr. Chapman would also substitute for Carl Gardner a few times in the 1990's and 2000's with [[The Coasters]]. In 1977, along with [[Billy Guy]] and [[Jerome Evans]], he sings on "Paid The Price" on [[Michelle Phillips]]' album "Victim Of Romance." He still performs as Grady Chapman & The Robins.

==Discography==
===Singles===
*I Need You So/Don’t Blooper (Money #204) (1955) (as Grady Chapman And The Suedes)
*My Love Will Never Change/Smiling Gondolier (Zephyr #016) (1957)
*Say You Will Be Mine/Starlight, Starbright (Knight #2003) (1958)
*Garden Of Memories/Tell Me That You Care (Imperial #5591) (1959)
*Come Away/Let’s Talk About Us (Imperial #5611) (1959)
*Sweet Thing/I Know What I Want (Mercury #71632) (1960)
*Ambush/My Life Would Be Worth Living (Mercury #71698) (1960)
*I’ll Never Question Your Love/This, That, ‘N The Other (Mercury #71771) (1961)
*Roly Poly/(B-Side Unknown) (Arwin) (1961)

==Trivia==
*He appeared on the TV show "[[Joey]]" in the episode entitled "Joey And The Party For Alex" playing Pip #1
*His recording "Since I First Met You" from 1957 with The Robins is included in the films "[[Pulp Fiction]]" and "American Strays"
*"Out Of The Picture" from 1956 by The Robins (with Chapman) appears in an HP picture printer commercial
*He and The Robins supposedly appear in the movie "[[The Girl Can't Help It]]" backing [[Little Richard]] on the title song

==External links==
*[http://www.angelfire.com/mn/coasters The Coasters Web Site]
*[http://home.att.net/~uncamarvy/Robins/robins.html Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks - The Robins]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapman, Grady}}
[[Category:1929 births]][[Category:American rhythm and blues singers]]

Kulturrevolution (Iran)

2007-01-16T03:31:00Z

71.231.107.188: (Link dead as of 16 January 2007), link date for user prefs

{{Expert-portal|History}}
{{Muslims and controversies}}

'''The Cultural Revolution''' (1980-1987)(in Persian: انقلاب فرهنگي) was a period after the [[Islamic Revolution]] in 1979 in [[Iran]] whereupon the Iranian theocracy purged the academia of Western and non-Islamic influences and brought them in line with [[Islam]]<ref name="a" >[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News36/text006.htm "State-University Power Struggle at Times of Revolution and War in Iran"]</ref>. The official name used by the Islamic Republic is "Cultural Revolution", yet in other circles it is also known as '''Islamic Cultural Revolution'''<ref>This is used to avoid confusion with the unrelated [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966-1976) in mainland China.</ref> due to the overarching Islamic objective contained therein.

==Imposing Islam==
[[Image:Khomeini & Khamenei.jpg|thumb|[[Grand Ayatollahs]] Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei]] have been instrumental in the Islamic Cultural Revolution.]]
The universities were entirely shut down (1980-1982) and when the institutions reopened, purges continued for five more years with special focus on "[[Islam’s enemies]]"<ref>[http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Tablighat%20Eslami%5CEn.HTM Foundation anniversary of the Islamic Propagation Organization (I.O.P) by Imam Khomeini's order] ''[[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting]]''</ref>. The exact number of executions has never been made public and remains a mystery.<ref name="a" /><ref>According to http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News36/text006.htm On [[18 April]] [[1980]], "the gangs wounded hundreds of students and killed at least 24"</ref><ref>http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/Younus_Sheikh/IslamWoman3.htm "There were 5,195 political and religious executions only in 1983 alone!"</ref> This resembled the abolition of the [[Iranian Senate]].{{cn}}

The main theme of the movement was to purify the Universities and education system from foreign influneces. In his original letter, Ruhollah Khomeini wrote: ''Set yourselves free from any " –ism" and " –ist" belonging to the East and the West. Be self dependent and do not expect any help from the foreigners.''<ref>[http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Enghelab-farhangi/En.htm THE ANNIVERSARY OF ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION]</ref>

After shutting down universities on [[12 June]] [[1980]]<ref name="b">http://www.iranculture.org/en/about/tarikh.php</ref>, [[Imam Khomeini]] issued a [[fatwa]], stating

{{cquotetxt|The need for Cultural Revolution which is an Islamic issue and demand of the Muslim nation has been recognized for sometimes but so far no effective effort has been made to respond to this need and the Muslim nation and the devoted and faithful students in particular are concerned and are worried of the machinations of plotters, which every now and then become evident and the Muslim nation are worried that God forbidden the opportunity is missed and no positive action is taken and the culture remains the same as the time of the corrupt regime which the acultured officials put these important centers under the disposal of [[colonialists]]. Continuation of this disaster which is unfortunately the objective of some the foreign oriented groups would deal a heavy blow to [[Islamic Revolution]] and [[Islamic Republic]] and any indifference towards this vital issue would be great [[treason]] against [[Islam]] and the Islamic country.<ref name="b" />}}

The "[[Committee for Islamization of Universities]]"<ref name="b" /> excellently carried out the task by ensuring an "Islamic atmosphere" for every subject from [[engineering]] to [[humanities]]<ref name="b" />.

==Development==
The '''Supreme Cultural Revolution Council''' was formed in December 1984 and substituted the '''Cultural Revolution Headquarters'''. In fact, formation of such an institution was not stipulated in the Constitution rather it was formed under the special circumstances that were prevailing in the early stages of the revolution. The council took its legitimacy from the [[9 December]] [[1984]] decree of the founder of the Islamic Republic.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/scrc.htm Supreme Cultural Revolution Council] ''GlobalSecurity.org''</ref>

Following the formation of the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council, it declared itself the highest body for making policies and decisions in connection with cultural, educational and research activities within the framework of the general policies of the system and considered its approvals indispensable. In fact, the group of seven (in 1980-83) and then 17 (in 1984) that was even expanded to 36 in 1999 was expected to compile all the cultural policies of the country.[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/scrc.htm] [[Hojjatol-Islam Mohammad Khatami]] was appointed as a member of '''High Council for Cultural Revolution'''<ref>Another name for '''Supreme Cultural Revolution Council'''.</ref> in [[1996]]<ref>http://www.irib.ir/Ouriran/mashahir/siasi/khatami/html/en/president.htm</ref> and in 1997 became its head. [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] became the head of the Council in 2005, succeeding Khatami; [[Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] has oversight over the Council.

===Personal freedoms===
Mahmoud Ahamdinejad tried to ease compulsory [[hijab]] and lessen other restrictions<ref>http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/printout/0,13155,1196395,00.html</ref> after assuming "presidency". However, his moves were rejected by Ali Khamenei<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1C457E56-698F-4BF6-A19E-1FB3ADC9124E.htm</ref>. Ahmadinejad later backtracked and stated that there were mis-understandings on his part about [[sharia]].

==Current work==
The Cultural Coucil is ensuring that the education and culture of Iran remaining "100% Islamic" as Khomeini loved to say.

Recently, a much less radical version of this governmental move started in 2006 and continues to the present<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060905/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iran_university_purge Ahmadinejad seeks purge of liberal profs]''AP via Yahoo! News'' [[5 September]] [[2006]] (Link dead as of [[16 January]] [[2007]])</ref> . It is dubbed a "Cultural Revolution" that has resulted in the dismissal or compulsory retirement of veteran university faculties and their replacement with younger ones who espouse the fervor of the Islamic Republic. Sometimes the "Islamic" is not mentioned by the government to avoid a thorough reminiscence of the former experience.

==Members==
The Cultural Council has 33 members<ref>http://www.iranculture.org/en/about/members.php</ref>, most of whom hold other government posts as well.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
#Mahmoud AhmadiNejad
#Seyed [[Mahmood Hashemi Shahroodee]]
#[[Gholam Ali Hadad Adel]]
# Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfoolee
#Mohammad Ali Kaynejad
#[[Ahmad Masjid Jamei]]
#Ja’far Tovfighee Darban
#Masood Pezeshkian
#Morteza Hajee
#Hamid Reza Baradaran Shraka
#Seyed Ezatolah Zarghamee

{{col-3}}
#Seyed Mehdee Khamooshee
#Mohsen Ghomee
#Ali Montazeree Moghaddam
#Moneereh Nobakht
#Abdolah JA’far Ali Jasbee
#Emad Afroogh
#Ali Abbaspoor Tehranee
#Omidvar Meerghaed
#[[Ahmad Jannati]]
#[[Ali Lareejanee]]
#Ali Akbar rashad
{{col-3}}
#[[Ahmad Ahmadi (philosopher)|Ahmad Ahmadi]]
#Ali Reza Sadr Hoseinee
#[[Hasan Ebrahim Habeebee]]
#[[Ali Akbar Velayatee]]
#Iraj Fazel
#[[Ali Shareeatmadaree]]
#Hasan Rahimpour Azghadee
#Mehdee Golshanee
#Mir Hosein Moosavee Khamenei
#[[Mohammad Reza Aref]]
#Sadegh Vaez-zadeh
{{col-end}}

==See also==
*[[mullahcracy]]
*[[Islamic Revolutionary Court]] deals with "treason against Islam" and other matters.

==References and notes==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==Further reading==
*''A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran'' ISBN 9780816624874

==External links ==
*[http://www.iranculture.org/en/index.php Supreme Cultural Revolution Council]
*[http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1315 Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, in a Lecture in Demark: Christian Morality Dissolved in the Acid of Capitalism and Secularism]
*[http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1319 Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution: We Are Stronger Than America and the West]
*[http://www.iranculture.org/en/about/rahbar/mrahbar/b01-01.php Ayatollah Khamenei’s responses the president & the chairman of SCCR to the questions posed by experts of public relation department of the SCCR in June, 1985.]

{{Iran-stub}}
{{history-stub}}

[[Category:History of Iran]]
[[Category:Iran]]
[[Category:Islamic Revolution]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Nakba Day

2007-01-15T04:04:31Z

71.231.107.188: flag dead yahoo news link, link dates for user prefs

'''Nakba Day''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic:]] يوم النكبة ''yawm al-nakba'' — [[15 May]])<ref>[http://www.albawaba.com/en/countries/Palestine/197580 58th anniversary of the Palestinian Catastrophe], Al Bawaba, [[3 May]] [[2006]].</ref> is the annual day of commemoration by the [[Palestinian people]] of the anniversary of the establishment of the [[Israel|State of Israel]] in 1948.<ref>Hossam Ezzedine, [http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060515/ts_afp/mideast 'Palestinians commemorate 'catastrophe' of Israel's creation'], Yahoo News, [[15 May]] [[2006]]. (Link dead as of [[15 January]] [[2007]])</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|title=In pictures: 'Catastrophe Day' protests|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1332157.stm|accessdate=2006-05-08}}</ref> [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict timeline|Events]] in [[Palestine]] during the British mandate prior to Israel's declaration of independence, as well as the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] that erupted following the invasion of neighbouring Arab states, resulted in the [[Palestinian exodus|flight or expulsion]] of an estimated 700,000 Palestinian refugees, <ref name="r3">Morris, Benny (2003).'' The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7, p. 604.</ref> and the destruction and abandonment of [[List of villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war|up to 418 Palestinian villages]]. <ref name="r4">Khalidi, Walid (Ed.). (1992). ''All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948''. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5. This figure may be disputed by other sources.{{fact}}</ref>
Palestinians call these events ''al-Nakba'' ("the catastrophe"). <ref>Sheleg, Yair [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=574888&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y' 'Day of the citizen instead of day of the catastrophe'], ''[[Haaretz]]'', [[3 May]] [[2006]].</ref>

Israel declared its independence on the evening of [[May 14]] [[1948]]. In the ensuring struggle Israel went on to successfully repel the armies of [[Egypt]], [[Syria]], [[Transjordan]], [[Iraq]], and [[Lebanon]] and to capture just over fifty per cent of the territory allocated to the Arab state in the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]]. After the end of the War, the vast majority of Palestinian Arab refugees outside the [[1949 Armistice Agreements|1949 armistice lines]] were barred from returning to their homes, many of which had been destroyed, or from reclaiming their property. <ref name="r3" /><ref name="r4" /> Every year, on the 5th of [[Iyyar]] of the [[Hebrew calendar]] (which can fall between 15 April and 15 May) Israelis celebrate Independence Day (''[[Yom Ha'atzma'ut]]''). <ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/People/Jewish+Festivals+in+Israel.htm?DisplayMode=print Jewish Festivals in Israel], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed [[3 May]] [[2006]].</ref> While Nakba Day is commemorated on [[May 15]] in keeping with the [[Gregorian calendar]], Palestinians and their supporters around the world coordinate some Nakba Day events to coincide with the Israeli Independence Day celebrations. <ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=44218 Palestinians to mourn Israel's founding] by Aaron Klein, WorldNetDaily, [[May 12]], [[2005]].</ref>
<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=44294 Palestinians mourn Israel's founding] y by Aaron Klein, WorldNetDaily, [[May 16]], [[2005]].</ref>
<ref>[http://www.arabhra.org/publications/wrap/2001/wrap29.htm Weekly Review of the Arab Press in Israel], Arab Association for Human Rights, [[April 30]], [[2001]].</ref> Because of the differences between the Jewish and the Gregorian calendars Independence Day and the official [[May 15]] date for Nakba Day only coincide every 19 years.<ref> Hertz-Larowitz, Rachel (2003). Arab and Jewish Youth in Israel: Voicing National Injustice on Campus. ''Journal of Social Issues'', 59(1), 51-66.</ref>. In Israel, there are Nakba day protests which takes place according to the Hebrew date, on the exact date when Israelis celebrate Israel's independence day.

The event is often marked by speeches and rallies in the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza]] and in [[Arab League|Arab states]].<ref>Bowker, Robert (2003). ''Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-202-2, p. 96.</ref> In 2006, [[Israeli Arab]] member of the [[Knesset]] Dr. [[Azmi Bishara]] told the Israeli newspaper ''[[Maariv]]'': "Independence Day is your holiday, not ours. We mark this as the day of our Nakba, the tragedy that befell the Palestinian people in 1948". <ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/079/396.html ''Maariv'' article (in Hebrew)].</ref><ref>[http://english.bna.bh/?ID=44363 'The Palestinian nakba at 58'], [[Bahrain News Agency]], [[1 May]], [[2006]].</ref> Israeli politician [[Avigdor Lieberman]] called for Israeli Arab [[Knesset]] members that marked Nakba Day to be tried for treason.

The day was inaugurated in 1998 by [[Yasser Arafat]], <ref>Rubin, Barry and Rubin, Judith Colp (2003). ''Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516689-2, p. 187.</ref> when over one million people participated in marches and other events.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1035240 Palestinians protest], [[National Public Radio]], [[14 May]], [[1998]].</ref>
Nakba Day has been marked each year by protests which at times develop to clashes between Palestinians and the [[Israel Defense Force]] in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/749690.stm Analysis: Why Palestinians are angry], [[BBC News Online]], [[15 May]], [[2000]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/748844.stm Violence erupts in West Bank], [[BBC News Online]], [[15 May]], [[2000]].</ref><ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1074174 Israel - Palestinian Violence], [[National Public Radio]], [[15 May]], [[2000]].</ref> and in 2003 and 2004, by demonstrations in [[London]] <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3037117.stm Pro-Palestine rally in London], [[BBC News Online]], [[15 May]], [[2003]].</ref> and [[New York City]]. <ref>[http://www.nkusa.org/activities/demonstrations/Al-Nakba04.cfm Al-Nakba Day Rally in Times Square], 2004.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Palestinian exodus]]
*[[Palestinian refugee]]
*[[Israel#Establishment of the State|Israeli independence]]
*[[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]]
*[[List of destroyed villages during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war]]
*[[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1948 Arab-Israeli War]]
[[Category:Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]

[[he:יום הנכבה]]

Thruston Ballard Morton

2006-12-28T03:29:01Z

71.231.107.188: rvt misplaced templ to 14:23, 27 December 2006 RussBot

'''Thruston Ballard Morton''' ([[1907]] – [[1982]]), a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], represented [[Kentucky]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate]].

Morton won his seat in the House by defeating incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] Emmet O'Neal in [[1946]], 61,899 votes to 44,599. He served three terms in the House, [[January 3]], [[1947]], to January 3, [[1953]].

After leaving the House, Morton served in an appointed position in the administration of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].

In [[1956]] Morton, by a very narrow margin, defeated incumbent Democratic United States Senator [[Earle C. Clements]], 506,903 votes to 499,922. Morton won re-election to a second term in the Senate in [[1962]], defeating Democratic [[lieutenant governor]] and former [[Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky|mayor of Louisville]] [[Wilson W. Wyatt]]. Morton served in the Senate from January 3, [[1957]], until his resignation on [[December 16]], [[1968]]. He vacated the seat a few weeks early to allow his Republican successor, [[Marlow Cook|Marlow William Cook]], another "moderate" Republican, to gain an edge in seniority.

Morton was the chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]] from [[1959]] until [[1961]]. In the Senate, Morton was considered a "moderate" Republican and voted, along with his Republican colleague, [[John Sherman Cooper]] for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].

Thruston Morton was the brother of [[Rogers Clark Ballard Morton]], who represented [[Maryland]] in the United States House of Representatives from [[1963]] through [[1971]], when he became [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] in the administration of Presidents [[Richard M. Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]] and [[Secretary of Commerce]] under Ford before heading Ford's re-election campaign in [[1976]].

Morton is interviewed in the 1968 documentary film ''[[In the Year of the Pig]]''.

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[U.S. Congressional Delegations from Kentucky|U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky]] | before=[[Earle C. Clements|Earle C. Clements (D)]] | after=[[Marlow Cook|Marlow W. Cook (R)]] | years=January 3, 1957–December 16, 1968}}
{{succession box|title=[[United States Representative for the 3rd District of Kentucky]]|before=[[Emmet O'Neal (Kentucky)|Emmet O'Neal (D)]]|after=[[John M. Robsion|John Marshall Robsion, Jr., (R)]]|years=1947–1953}}
{{end box}}

{{RNCchairmen}}
{{NRSC Chairs}}

[[Category:1907 births|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]
[[Category:1982 deaths|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]
[[Category:Kentucky politicians|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]
[[Category:People from Louisville|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]
[[Category:Republican National Committee chairmen|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Kentucky|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky|Morton, Thruston Ballard]]

John M. Robsion

2006-12-28T03:28:35Z

71.231.107.188: rvt misplaced tmplt to 08:20, 15 December 2006 CRKingston

[[Image:JRobsion.jpg|right|frame|Official Senate portait]]
'''John Marshall Robsion''' ([[January 2]] [[1873]] - [[February 17]] [[1948]]), a Republican, represented [[Kentucky]] in both the [[United States Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives]].

Robsion was born in Bracken County, Kentucky. He attended National Northern University, now [[Ohio Northern University]], in [[Ada, Ohio]], and [[Holbrook College]] in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]. He graduated from the National Normal University in [[Lebanon, Ohio]]. He then earned a law degree from [[Centre College]] in [[Danville, Kentucky]] in 1900.

Robsion taught public schools for several years and at [[Union College (Kentucky)|Union College]] in [[Barbourville, Kentucky]]. He also practiced law in Barbourville and was the president of the First National Bank of Barbourville.

Robsion was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] as a Republican to the Sixty-sixth and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1919, until January 10, 1930, when he resigned to serve in the [[United States Senate]]. He served as chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Sixty-eighth through Seventy-first Congresses).

He was appointed on January 9, 1930, as a Republican to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [[Frederick M. Sackett]] and he served in the Senate from January 11, 1930, to November 30, 1930. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the same seat in 1930. After leaving the Senate, Robsion resumed the practice of law and was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] Seventy-fourth and to the six succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1935, until his death in Barbourville, Ky., February 17, 1948. He is buried in Barbourville Cemetery.

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[US Congressional Delegations from Kentucky|United States Representative, Kentucky 11th District]] | before=[[Caleb Powers]] | after=[[Charles Finley]] | years=March 4, 1919–January 10, 1930}}
{{succession box | title=[[US Congressional Delegations from Kentucky|United States Representative, Kentucky 9th District]] | before=[[Fred M. Vinson]] | after=[[William Lewis]] | years=January 3, 1935–February 17, 1948}}
{{succession box | title=[[US Congressional Delegations from Kentucky|United States Senator (Class 2) from Kentucky]] | before=[[Frederic M. Sackett]] | after=[[M. M. Logan]] | years=January 11, 1930–November 30, 1930}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1873 births|Robsion, John M.]]
[[Category:1948 deaths|Robsion, John M.]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Kentucky|Robsion, John M.]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky|Robsion, John M.]]
[[Category:Centre College alumni|Robsion, John M.]]
[[Category:Ohio Northern University alumni|Robsion, John M.]]
[[Category:Warren County, Ohio|Robsion]]

Art Barr

2006-12-22T02:27:24Z

71.231.107.188: link date for user prefs

{{Infobox Wrestler|name=Art Barr
|image=Art Barr.jpg
|names=The Intruder<BR>Beetlejuice<BR>The Juicer<BR>American Love Machine<BR>"Love Machine" Art Barr
|height=6'1" (185.4 cm)
|weight=240lbs (108.9 kg)
|birth_date = [[October 8]], [[1966]]
|death_date = [[November 23]], [[1994]]
|birth_place = [[Portland, Oregon]]
|death_place = [[Springfield, Oregon]]
|resides=
|billed=
|trainer=[[Sandy Barr]], [[Roddy Piper]]
|debut=[[1987]]
|retired=
|}}

'''Art Barr''', full name '''Arthur Leon Barr''' ([[October 8]], [[1966]] – [[November 23]], [[1994]]), was an [[United States|American]] [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He wrestled briefly for [[World Championship Wrestling]], but had his greatest success in [[Mexico|Mexico's]] [[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] promotion.

==Early career==
Barr is the son of promoter [[Sandy Barr]] and the brother of [[Jesse Barr]], and began his career in the [[Pacific Northwest Wrestling]] (PNW) territory in April 1987. About a year and a half later, he began wrestling as '''Beetlejuice''', based on the title character of [[Beetlejuice|the 1988 movie]]. The character, wearing face paint and flour in his hair, was a cartoonish [[face (professional wrestling)|babyface]] designed to appeal to children.

Barr had a sexual encounter with a 19 year old girl after a PNW card on July 16, 1989; the girl later filed rape charges. Barr continued to wrestle as Beetlejuice, despite the charges, and the attention brought to them by the [[Portland Oregonian]]. A year later, while admitting he did rape the girl, Barr worked a plea-bargain, and was convicted of first-degree sexual abuse. He was fined, placed on probation, and sentenced to community service, but served no jail time.

==WCW career==
After the trial, Barr's license to wrestle in Oregon was not renewed (for unrelated reasons); he joined [[World Championship Wrestling]] briefly in 1990 as '''The Juicer''', still playing the cartoonish babyface. His reputation from PNW followed him, however, and he soon found himself [[push (professional wrestling)|unpushed]] and, eventually, released.

==EMLL career==
After leaving WCW, Barr was brought into Mexico's [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre|Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (EMLL)]] promotion by [[Konnan]]. He initially wrestled under a mask as '''The American Love Machine''', and was very successful. A year after entering EMLL, the American Love Machine faced off against another masked wrestler, [[Blue Panther]], in a mask-vs-mask match. 18,000 fans sold out the 17,000 seat [[Arena México]] in [[Mexico City]] and another 8,000 fans watched on big screen TV in the parking lot to see the card. The match ended when "Love Machine" administered a Piledriver (Martinete in Spanish) against Blue Panther, and illegal move in Mexican wrestling, thus losing his mask.

==AAA career==
Soon afterward, Barr left EMLL to join Konnan's [[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] (AAA) promotion. As '''"Love Machine" Art Barr''', he turned [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]], and formed the tag team La Pareja del Terror (The Pair of Terror) with [[Eddie Guerrero]]. The pair were highly successful, becoming arguably the most hated [[tag team]] in [[lucha libre]] history. Barr and Guerrero also formed a [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] [[stable (professional wrestling)|stable]] with Konnan and [[Louie Spicolli|Madonna's Boyfriend]], known as [[Los Gringos Locos]] (The Crazy Americans).

Despite both the acclaim and the financial success, Barr's time in Mexico took a toll on him, as he was reportedly homesick (his wife and son remained in Oregon while he was working in Mexico). Eventually, he turned to alcohol and drugs for solace, despite the concern of his friends in the business.

On [[November 6]], [[1994]], AAA held the ''[[When Worlds Collide (wrestling)|When Worlds Collide]]'' pay-per-view card (with some help from WCW) at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena|L.A. Sports Arena]]. La Pareja del Terror faced off against [[El Hijo del Santo]] and [[Octagón]] in a double hair vs. mask match, which was acclaimed as one of the greatest PPV matches ever. Around this time, Barr and Guerrero were also in talks with [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]].

ECW was very interested in Art Barr & Eddie Guerrero coming into the company to feud with their top tag team Public Enemy, Amazingly, at the same time, WWF, WCW and New Japan also showed interest in the tag team of Guerrero & Barr.

==Death==
On [[November 23]], [[1994]], Art Barr was found dead laying with his child at his home in [[Springfield, Oregon]]. Preliminary reports said that he died of an aneurysm, but later reports said that he died under unknown circumstances. Barr did not have heart problems, no aneurysm or internal bleeding, no ring injuries and no illegal substance of his body. [[Eddie Guerrero]] was his best friend around this time period.

There are two theories of his death:
# He had a missing vertebra on his neck from birth that made two vertebrae press against each other, causing his lungs to stop.
# There could have been some bad mixing of different substances.

As a tribute to his friend, [[Eddie Guerrero]] adopted Barr's trademark [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Frog splash|Frog Splash]] as his finishing maneuver. The frog splash has become a trademark move of several superstars in Mexico and the United States.

==Finishing and signature moves==
*[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Frog splash|'''Frog Splash''']]
*[[Superkick]]
*[[Professional_wrestling_attacks#Lou_Thesz_press|Lou Thesz press]]
*Top-rope [[Professional_wrestling_attacks#Lou_Thesz_press|Lou Thesz press]]
*With [[Jeff Warner]] in PNW: [[Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Slingshot|Slingshot]] [[Professional_wrestling_double-team_maneuvers#Hart_Attack|Hart Attack]]

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]]'''
**1-Time AAA/IWC World Tag Team Champion (with [[Eddie Guerrero]])
*'''[[International Wrestling All-Stars]]'''
**1-Time IWAS Tag Team Champion (with Eddie Guerrero)
*'''[[National Wrestling Alliance]]'''
**3-Time NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Champion (w/[[Jeff Warner|Big Juice]] and [[Jesse Barr]])
**1-Time NWA Pacific Northwest Television Champion
*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**18th Best Tag Team of the "PWI Years" (with Eddie Guerrero)
**114th (of 500) Best Wrestler of the "PWI Years"
*'''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''
:*5 Star Match: with Eddy Guerrero vs [[El Hijo del Santo]] and [[Octagón]] ([[When Worlds Collide (wrestling)|AAA When Worlds Collide]], [[November 6]], [[1994]]: [[Professional wrestling match types#Luchas de Apuestas|Hair v. Masks Match]])
:*1994 Best Heel
:*1994 Feud of the Year (with Eddie Guerrero vs El Hijo Del Santo and Octagon)
:*1994 Tag Team of the Year (with Eddie Guerrero)

==References==
*[http://slam.canoe.ca/WrestlingStarBios/barr_art.html "Art Barr : What could have been" (Slam Sports, [[November 29]], [[1999]])]
*{{imdb name|id=0056470|name=Art Barr}}

[[Category:1966 births|Barr, Art]]
[[Category:1994 deaths|Barr, Art]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers|Barr, Art]]
[[Category:People from Oregon|Barr, Art]]

[[it:Art Barr]]

Art Barr

2006-12-22T02:26:48Z

71.231.107.188: MoS

{{Infobox Wrestler|name=Art Barr
|image=Art Barr.jpg
|names=The Intruder<BR>Beetlejuice<BR>The Juicer<BR>American Love Machine<BR>"Love Machine" Art Barr
|height=6'1" (185.4 cm)
|weight=240lbs (108.9 kg)
|birth_date = [[October 8]], [[1966]]
|death_date = [[November 23]], [[1994]]
|birth_place = [[Portland, Oregon]]
|death_place = [[Springfield, Oregon]]
|resides=
|billed=
|trainer=[[Sandy Barr]], [[Roddy Piper]]
|debut=[[1987]]
|retired=
|}}

'''Art Barr''', full name '''Arthur Leon Barr''' ([[October 8]], [[1966]] – [[November 23]], [[1994]]), was an [[United States|American]] [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He wrestled briefly for [[World Championship Wrestling]], but had his greatest success in [[Mexico|Mexico's]] [[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] promotion.

==Early career==
Barr is the son of promoter [[Sandy Barr]] and the brother of [[Jesse Barr]], and began his career in the [[Pacific Northwest Wrestling]] (PNW) territory in April 1987. About a year and a half later, he began wrestling as '''Beetlejuice''', based on the title character of [[Beetlejuice|the 1988 movie]]. The character, wearing face paint and flour in his hair, was a cartoonish [[face (professional wrestling)|babyface]] designed to appeal to children.

Barr had a sexual encounter with a 19 year old girl after a PNW card on July 16, 1989; the girl later filed rape charges. Barr continued to wrestle as Beetlejuice, despite the charges, and the attention brought to them by the [[Portland Oregonian]]. A year later, while admitting he did rape the girl, Barr worked a plea-bargain, and was convicted of first-degree sexual abuse. He was fined, placed on probation, and sentenced to community service, but served no jail time.

==WCW career==
After the trial, Barr's license to wrestle in Oregon was not renewed (for unrelated reasons); he joined [[World Championship Wrestling]] briefly in 1990 as '''The Juicer''', still playing the cartoonish babyface. His reputation from PNW followed him, however, and he soon found himself [[push (professional wrestling)|unpushed]] and, eventually, released.

==EMLL career==
After leaving WCW, Barr was brought into Mexico's [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre|Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (EMLL)]] promotion by [[Konnan]]. He initially wrestled under a mask as '''The American Love Machine''', and was very successful. A year after entering EMLL, the American Love Machine faced off against another masked wrestler, [[Blue Panther]], in a mask-vs-mask match. 18,000 fans sold out the 17,000 seat [[Arena México]] in [[Mexico City]] and another 8,000 fans watched on big screen TV in the parking lot to see the card. The match ended when "Love Machine" administered a Piledriver (Martinete in Spanish) against Blue Panther, and illegal move in Mexican wrestling, thus losing his mask.

==AAA career==
Soon afterward, Barr left EMLL to join Konnan's [[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] (AAA) promotion. As '''"Love Machine" Art Barr''', he turned [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]], and formed the tag team La Pareja del Terror (The Pair of Terror) with [[Eddie Guerrero]]. The pair were highly successful, becoming arguably the most hated [[tag team]] in [[lucha libre]] history. Barr and Guerrero also formed a [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] [[stable (professional wrestling)|stable]] with Konnan and [[Louie Spicolli|Madonna's Boyfriend]], known as [[Los Gringos Locos]] (The Crazy Americans).

Despite both the acclaim and the financial success, Barr's time in Mexico took a toll on him, as he was reportedly homesick (his wife and son remained in Oregon while he was working in Mexico). Eventually, he turned to alcohol and drugs for solace, despite the concern of his friends in the business.

On [[November 6]], [[1994]], AAA held the ''[[When Worlds Collide (wrestling)|When Worlds Collide]]'' pay-per-view card (with some help from WCW) at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena|L.A. Sports Arena]]. La Pareja del Terror faced off against [[El Hijo del Santo]] and [[Octagón]] in a double hair vs. mask match, which was acclaimed as one of the greatest PPV matches ever. Around this time, Barr and Guerrero were also in talks with [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]].

ECW was very interested in Art Barr & Eddie Guerrero coming into the company to feud with their top tag team Public Enemy, Amazingly, at the same time, WWF, WCW and New Japan also showed interest in the tag team of Guerrero & Barr.

==Death==
On [[November 23]], [[1994]], Art Barr was found dead laying with his child at his home in [[Springfield, Oregon]]. Preliminary reports said that he died of an aneurysm, but later reports said that he died under unknown circumstances. Barr did not have heart problems, no aneurysm or internal bleeding, no ring injuries and no illegal substance of his body. [[Eddie Guerrero]] was his best friend around this time period.

There are two theories of his death:
# He had a missing vertebra on his neck from birth that made two vertebrae press against each other, causing his lungs to stop.
# There could have been some bad mixing of different substances.

As a tribute to his friend, [[Eddie Guerrero]] adopted Barr's trademark [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Frog splash|Frog Splash]] as his finishing maneuver. The frog splash has become a trademark move of several superstars in Mexico and the United States.

==Finishing and signature moves==
*[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Frog splash|'''Frog Splash''']]
*[[Superkick]]
*[[Professional_wrestling_attacks#Lou_Thesz_press|Lou Thesz press]]
*Top-rope [[Professional_wrestling_attacks#Lou_Thesz_press|Lou Thesz press]]
*With [[Jeff Warner]] in PNW: [[Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Slingshot|Slingshot]] [[Professional_wrestling_double-team_maneuvers#Hart_Attack|Hart Attack]]

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]]'''
**1-Time AAA/IWC World Tag Team Champion (with [[Eddie Guerrero]])
*'''[[International Wrestling All-Stars]]'''
**1-Time IWAS Tag Team Champion (with Eddie Guerrero)
*'''[[National Wrestling Alliance]]'''
**3-Time NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Champion (w/[[Jeff Warner|Big Juice]] and [[Jesse Barr]])
**1-Time NWA Pacific Northwest Television Champion
*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**18th Best Tag Team of the "PWI Years" (with Eddie Guerrero)
**114th (of 500) Best Wrestler of the "PWI Years"
*'''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''
:*5 Star Match: with Eddy Guerrero vs [[El Hijo del Santo]] and [[Octagón]] ([[When Worlds Collide (wrestling)|AAA When Worlds Collide]], November 6, 1994: [[Professional wrestling match types#Luchas de Apuestas|Hair v. Masks Match]])
:*1994 Best Heel
:*1994 Feud of the Year (with Eddie Guerrero vs El Hijo Del Santo and Octagon)
:*1994 Tag Team of the Year (with Eddie Guerrero)

==References==
*[http://slam.canoe.ca/WrestlingStarBios/barr_art.html "Art Barr : What could have been" (Slam Sports, [[November 29]], [[1999]])]
*{{imdb name|id=0056470|name=Art Barr}}

[[Category:1966 births|Barr, Art]]
[[Category:1994 deaths|Barr, Art]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers|Barr, Art]]
[[Category:People from Oregon|Barr, Art]]

[[it:Art Barr]]