Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Roberto Clemente

2007-11-12T17:14:52Z

67.128.203.7:

''''''''''''oh shit there goes my llama''''''''''''
{{Mlbretired
|bgcolor1=#EAC117
|bgcolor2=#000000
|textcolor1=black
|textcolor2=white
|name=Roberto Clemente
|image=200-roberto.jpg
|width=150 px
|position=[[Outfielder]]
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|birthdate={{birth date|1934|8|18|mf=y}}
|deathdate={{death date and age|1972|12|31|1934|8|18}}
|debutdate=[[April 17]]
|debutyear=[[1955]]
|debutteam=[[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
|finaldate=[[October 3]]
|finalyear=[[1972]]
|finalteam=[[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
|stat1label=[[Batting average|AVG]]
|stat1value=.317
|stat2label=[[Home run|HR]]
|stat2value=240
|stat3label=[[Hit (baseball)|Hits]]
|stat3value=3000
|teams=<nowiki></nowiki>
*[[Pittsburgh Pirates]] ([[1955 in baseball|1955]]-[[1972 in baseball|1972]])
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* 12 [[Gold Glove Awards]] ([[1961 in sports|1961]]–[[1972 in sports|1972]])
* 12 [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] appearances
* Four NL Batting Championships (1961, 1964, 1965 and 1967)
* One NL [[MLB Most Valuable Player award|MVP Award]] ([[1966 in sports|1966]])
* Two [[World Series]] rings ([[1960 in sports|1960]] and [[1971 in sports|1971]])
* One World Series MVP ([[1971 in sports|1971]])
* Pittsburgh Pirates Career Leader in Games (Shares with Honus Wagner), At Bats, Hits, Total Bases, Singles and Grounding into Double Plays
|hofdate=[[1973 in baseball|1973]]
|hofvote=92.7% (first ballot)
}}

'''Roberto Clemente Walker''' ([[August 18]], [[1934]] – [[December 31]], [[1972]]) was a [[Major League Baseball]] [[right fielder]] and right-handed batter. He was elected to the [[United States Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] posthumously in [[1973 in sports|1973]] as the first Latin American to be selected, and the only exception to the mandatory five-year post-retirement waiting period since it was instituted in [[1954 in sports|1954]].

Clemente was born in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Puerto Rico]], the youngest of seven children. On November 14, 1964 he married Vera Zabala at San Fernando Church in Carolina, PR. The Clementes had three children, Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto and Enrique Roberto. Clemente played 18 seasons in the majors from [[1955 in sports|1955]] to [[1972 in sports|1972]], all with the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]], winning the [[National League]] [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award]] in 1966. He was very helpful in his native Puerto Rico and in other Latin American countries, often delivering baseball supplies and food to them. He died in a [[Accidents and incidents in aviation|plane crash]] on [[December 31]], 1972 while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in [[Nicaragua]]. His [[body]] was never recovered. His dream of a sports city for the youth of Puerto Rico was realized two years later with the opening of Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente in San Juan, PR.

==Baseball accomplishments==

Clemente also had one of the most powerful throwing arms in baseball history. Broadcaster [[Vin Scully]] colorfully claimed, "Clemente could field the ball in New York and throw out a guy in Pennsylvania."<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Leo|work=[[w:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=He just can't kick the baseball habit|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06192/704891-294.stm|date=July 11, 2006}}</ref> Clemente won 12 [[Gold Glove Award]]s for his outstanding defense (a record among outfielders, which he shares with fellow legend [[Willie Mays]]); he was reported to be able to throw out a runner from his knees. He recorded 269 [[assist (baseball)|outfield assists]] during his career.

Perhaps Clemente's greatest feat was leading the Pittsburgh Pirates to a seven-game [[World Series]] victory over the [[Baltimore Orioles]] in 1971. He played in two World Series ([[1960 World Series|1960]] and [[1971 World Series|1971]]) and got a hit in all 14 games.
He is one of only four players (as of the end of the [[2006 in baseball|2006]] season) to have 10 or more Gold Gloves and a .300+ lifetime batting average. He is the only player to have ever scored a [[Walk-off home run|walk-off]] [[Home run#Inside-the-park home run|inside-the-park]] [[Grand slam (baseball)|grand slam]].

Long time broadcaster [[Tim McCarver]] calls Roberto Clemente "the greatest right fielder of all time".<ref>{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Life of Baseball Hero and Humanitarian Celebrated in New Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition |url=http://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/sites_baseball-hero-celebrated-in-new-exhibition.htm |accessdate=08-28-2007}}</ref>

==The 1960s==
While Clemente had begun to fulfill his potential, the Pirates continued to struggle through the 1950s, although they did manage their first winning season since [[1948 in sports|1948]] in 1959. During the winter season of 1958-59 Clemente didn't play winter baseball in Puerto Rico; instead, he served in the [[United States Marine Corps Reserves]]. He spent six months in his military commitment at [[Parris Island]], [[South Carolina]], and [[Camp LeJeune]] in [[North Carolina]]. In Camp Lejeune he served as an [[infantryman]]. The rigorous training program helped Clemente physically. He added strength by gaining 10 pounds and said his back troubles had disappeared. He would remain in the reserves until September of 1964. <ref>"Clemente to Start Six-Month Marine Corps Hitch, Oct. 4," The Sporting News, September 24, 1958, p. 7; "Buc Flyhawk Now Marine Rookie," The Sporting News, November 19, 1958, p. 13; The Sporting News, January 21, 1959, p. 9, Retrieved July 1, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.usmc-mccs.org/sports/hof/2003-clemente.cfm Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame], Retrieved July 1, 2007</ref> In [[1960 in sports|1960]], however, the team broke through to a 95-59 record, a National League pennant, and a thrilling seven-game [[1960 World Series|World Series]] victory over the [[Mickey Mantle|Mantle]]-[[Roger Maris|Maris]] [[New York Yankees]]. Clemente batted .310 in the series, hitting safely at least once in every game. His .314 batting average, 16 home runs, and stellar defense earned him his first trip to the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]]. Through the rest of the decade, Clemente firmly established himself as one of the premier players in baseball. For the rest of his career, he batted over .300 in every year save [[1968 in sports|1968]], when he hit .291; he was selected to every All-Star game; and he was given a [[Gold Glove Award|Gold Glove]] after every season from [[1961 in sports|1961]] onwards. He led the National League in batting average four times (1961, [[1964 in sports|1964]], [[1965 in sports|1965]], and [[1967 in sports|1967]]), led the NL in hits twice (1964 and 1967), and won the MVP award for his 1966 season, when he hit .317 while setting career highs in home runs (29) and RBI (119). Despite his great 1966 season his best season was 1967 when he hit 23hr 110rbi and hit a career high .357 avg.
Regardless of his unquestionable success, some (including, supposedly, Clemente himself) felt that the media did not give him the recognition he deserved. Despite being the offensive and defensive leader of the strong 1960 Pirates club, he finished only eighth in voting for the MVP that season; teammate [[Dick Groat]] received the award. In protest Clemente reportedly never wore his 1960 World Series ring. He was also labeled a [[hypochondriac]] due to nagging injuries early in his career, although he played in 144 or more games in each season from 1960 to 1967. The 1966 MVP award was, in the eyes of many Pittsburgh fans, a long overdue acknowledgment of his greatness.

In 1969, Pirates owner [[John W. Galbreath]] named one of his [[Thoroughbred]] horses [[Roberto (horse)|Roberto]]. The [[Colt (horse)|colt]] raced in [[Ireland]] and [[United Kingdom|England]] where he earned 1971 and 1972 champion honors and won the famed [[Epsom Derby]].

==The 1970s==
In [[1971 in sports|1971]], the Pirates again won the National League pennant behind [[Willie Stargell]]'s 48 home runs and Clemente's .341 batting average and faced the Baltimore Orioles in the [[1971 World Series|World Series]]. Baltimore had won 100 games and swept the [[American League Championship Series]], both for the third consecutive year, and were the defending World Series champions. Undaunted, Pittsburgh came back from down two games to none in the series to win it in seven for the second time in Clemente's career. He was the clear star of the series, with an incredible .414 batting average (12 hits in 29 [[at bat|at-bats]]), typically spectacular defense, and a crucial solo home run in the deciding 2-1 Game 7 victory. His efforts earned him the World Series MVP award.

[[Chuck Thompson]] (working for [[NBC Sports]] along with [[Curt Gowdy]]) describing the Game 7 home run in the fourth inning off of the Orioles' [[Mike Cuellar]]: ''That ball is hit well...a Clemente home run and the Pirates lead 1-0!''

Struggling with injuries, Clemente managed to appear in only 102 games in 1972, but still hit .312 for his final .300 season. On [[September 30]] in a game at Three Rivers Stadium, he hit a [[double (baseball)|double]] off [[Jon Matlack]] of the [[New York Mets]] for his 3,000th hit. It was the last at-bat of his career during a regular season, though he did play in the 1972 NLCS playoffs against the Cincinnati Reds. In the playoffs, he batted .235 as he went 4 for 17. His last game ever was at Cincinnati's [[Riverfront Stadium]] in the 5th game of the playoff series.

==Death in airplane crash==

A hero in his native Puerto Rico, Clemente spent much of his time during the off-season involved in charity work.

[[Image:Managua antes del Terremoto.jpg|thumb|A view of Managua, prior to the 1972 earthquake which destroyed the city]]
When the city of [[Managua]], the capital of [[Nicaragua]], was reduced to rubble by a massive earthquake on [[December 23]], [[1972]], Clemente (who had been visiting Managua three weeks before the quake) immediately set to work arranging emergency relief flights. He soon learned, however, that the aid packages on the first three flights had been diverted by corrupt officials of the [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle|Somoza]] regime, never reaching victims of the quake.

Clemente decided to accompany the fourth relief flight, hoping that his presence would ensure that the aid would be delivered to quake survivors. But the airplane he chartered for a New Year's eve flight had a history of mechanical problems and sub-par flight personnel, and was overloaded by 5,000 pounds. It crashed into the ocean off the coast of Isla Verde, Puerto Rico immediately after takeoff on [[December 31]], [[1972]]. A few days after the crash, the body of the pilot and part of the fuselage of the plane were found. An empty flight case apparently belonging to Clemente was the only personal item recovered from the plane. Teammate [[Manny Sanguillen]], a catcher and Clemente's best friend, was the only member of the Pirates not to attend Roberto's funeral. He chose instead to dive into the waters where Clemente's plane had crashed in an effort to find his friend. Clemente's body was never recovered.

==Posthumous honors==
[[Image:Roberto Clemente Coliseum.JPG|right|200px|thumb|[[Roberto Clemente Coliseum]], named in honor of the baseball player]]
On [[March 20]], [[1973 in baseball|1973]], the [[Baseball Writers Association of America]] held a special election for the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]]. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 of the 420 available votes, or 92% of the vote. Since then, the Writers Association has made this exemption for all eligible players that die before their waiting period lapses, though it has only been exercised in practice for [[Darryl Kile]], who died of a heart attack during the [[2002 in baseball|2002]] season.

Puerto Rico has honored Roberto Clemente's memory by naming the coliseum in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] ''[[Coliseo Roberto Clemente]]'' and a baseball stadium in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico]] ''[[Estadio Roberto Clemente]]''. His native city, Carolina, named an avenue after him and realized his dream of establishing a sports complex where the youth could learn and practice sports in a healthy environment. Today this sports complex is called "Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente" (Roberto Clemente Sports City). There is also a monument in his likeness created by Puerto Rican sculptor [[Jose Buscaglia Guillermety]] situated in Carolina.

In [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], the [[Roberto Clemente Bridge|6th Street Bridge]] was renamed in his memory, and the Pirates retired his number 21 at the start of the 1973 season. The right field wall at the Pirates' [[PNC Park]] is 21 feet high in honor of Clemente. A statue of the outfielder stands outside the park; Clemente was the second Pirate so honored ([[Honus Wagner]] was the first). The City of Pittsburgh maintains [[Roberto Clemente Memorial Park]] along North Shore Drive in the city's North Side. In 2007 the [[Roberto Clemente Museum]] opened in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of Pittsburgh. On the other side of the state, in eastern Pennsylvania, the [[Roberto Clemente Charter School]], in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]], is named in Clemente's honor. A street in Pittsburgh's [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|Oakland]] section is also named Roberto Clemente Place.

The state of [[New York]] named a state park after him almost immediately after his death; he now has several schools and parks named after him.[http://www.robertoclemente21.com/Namesakes/namesakes.html] The city of [[Miami, Florida]] named Roberto Clemente Park in the Hispanic neighborhood of Wynwood after him. Also, the Wynwood and the Beaches [[ASPIRA]] chapter named the Roberto Clemente Youth Club (RCYC) after him. This club is aimed at helping at-risk hispanic youth by instilling confidence and teaching them how to become successful while avoiding drugs and crime.

Two [[Connecticut]] cities honor Roberto Clemente with [http://www.homestead.com/hartford/clemente1.html memorials]: Hartford's Colt Park ball field and Bridgeport's Seaside Park. On January 1st of each year, Clemente fans gather at the Bridgeport memorial to honor his life and achievements.

[[Roberto Clemente Community Academy]] (commonly known as, [[Clemente High School]] or, Clemente) is a public secondary school located in the West Town community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The school is a part of the Small School Initiative of Chicago Public Schools. The school was renamed Roberto Clemente between the academic year of 1974-1975, formely known as Tuley High School.

In an article in 1976 in ''[[Esquire]]'' magazine, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter," consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. The [[Puerto Rican]] Clemente was the center fielder on Stein's Latin team.

Composer and pianist [[David Thomas Roberts]] wrote composition in new ragtime (now often referred to as [[Terra Verde]]) style titled ''"Roberto Clemente"'' (1979).[[Image:PresMedalFreedom.jpg|thumb|95px|right|'''Posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002''']]

On [[August 17]], [[1984]], the day before what would have been his 50th birthday, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[postage stamp]] honoring Clemente. Designed by [[Juan Lopez-Bonilla]], the spare clean design shows Clemente wearing his Pirates cap, with the Puerto Rican flag in the background.

In 1999, he ranked Number 20 on ''[[The Sporting News]]''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking Latino player. Later that year, Clemente was nominated as a finalist for the [[Major League Baseball All-Century Team]]. Several Latino fans wrote letters saying that, as the greatest of all Latino players, he should have been awarded a spot on the team.

MLB presents the [[Roberto Clemente Award]] every year to the player who best follows Clemente's example with humanitarian work. In 1973, Clemente was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]]. In 2002, Clemente was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. In 2003, he was inducted into the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] Sports Hall of Fame. There is also currently a campaign underway to have all major league teams retire Clemente's number. Supporters cite an influence on baseball at least as strong as that of [[Jackie Robinson]], whose number is also retired throughout MLB.

On [[October 26]], [[2005]], Clemente was named a member of Major League Baseball's [[Latino Legends Team]].

The film ''[[Chasing 3000]]'' (2006) chronicles two brothers who travel across country to see Clemente get this 3,000th hit. It was scheduled to be released in the [[United States]] on [[October 1]], [[2006 in film|2006]], but has since been delayed. The film stars [[Ray Liotta]], [[Keith David]], [[Trevor Morgan (actor)|Trevor Morgan]], and [[Rory Culkin]].

At the [[Major League Baseball]] [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] on [[July 11]], [[2006]] many of the players on both teams wore yellow wristbands with the initials "RCW" in honor of Clemente. At the end of the 4th inning, Clemente was awarded the Commissioner's Historical Achievement Award by the Commissioner of Baseball, given to his widow. "Roberto was a hero in every sense of the word", Selig said.

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
{{portalpar|Puerto Rico}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Roberto Clemente, Jr.]]
* [[List of players from Puerto Rico in Major League Baseball|Players from Puerto Rico in MLB]]
* [[List of famous Puerto Ricans]]
* [[List of people who have disappeared]]
* [[Top 500 home run hitters of all time]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 400 doubles]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 100 triples]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBI]]
* [[3000 hit club]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball batting champions]]
* [[Major League Baseball hitters with three home runs in one game]]

==Further reading==
*[[David Maraniss]], ''Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last Hero,'' New York: [[Simon & Schuster]], 2006

*[[Stew Thornley]], ''Roberto Clemente's Entry into Organized Baseball: Hidden in Montreal?,'' "The National Pastime," Cleveland: [[Society for American Baseball Research]], 2006

== External links==
* {{baseball-reference|id=c/clemero01}}
* {{bbhof|id=112391}}
* [http://www.latinosportslegends.com/clemente.htm Latino Sports Legends]
* [http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&bid=1255&pid=2553 Society of American Baseball Research BioProject biography of Clemente]

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width=45% align="center"
|-
! style="background:#ccccff"| Accomplishments
|-
|
{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[List of Major League Baseball batting champions|National League Batting Champion]] | before= [[Dick Groat]] [[Tommy Davis]] [[Matty Alou]] | years=1961 1964–1965 1967 | after= [[Tommy Davis]] [[Matty Alou]] [[Pete Rose]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Willie Mays]] | title = [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|National League Most Valuable Player]]| years = 1966 | after = [[Orlando Cepeda]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Eddie Mathews]] [[Pete Rose]] [[Ron Santo]] | title = [[Player of the Month|Major League Player of the Month]]| years = May 1960 May 1967 July 1969 | after = [[Lindy McDaniel]] [[Hank Aaron]] [[Willie Davis (baseball player)|Willie Davis]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Brooks Robinson]] | title = [[World Series MVP Award|World Series MVP]]| years = 1971 | after = [[Gene Tenace]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Brooks Robinson]] | title = [[Babe Ruth Award]] | years = [[1971 in baseball|1971]] | after = [[Gene Tenace]]}}
{{end box}}
|}
{{1960 Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{1971 Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{MLBLLT}}
{{3000 hit club}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clemente, Roberto}}
[[Category:People from Carolina, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Baseball Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Major league right fielders]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players]]
[[Category:National League All-Stars]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican baseball players]]
[[Category:Gold Glove Award winners]]
[[Category:National League batting champions]]
[[Category:United States Marines]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Plane crash victims]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican Marines]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican military personnel]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican sportspeople]]
[[Category:Afro-Puerto Ricans]]

[[es:Roberto Clemente]]
[[fr:Roberto Clemente]]
[[it:Roberto Clemente]]
[[ja:ロベルト・クレメンテ]]

Kalium

2006-03-06T16:35:36Z

67.128.203.7:

Potassium RULES {|{ { Prettytable r } }! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|< size="+1">Eigenschaften font|----|colspan="2 "style="background color:#ffffff;"|{|more align="center "||more align="center "|' ' ' potassium ' ' ' - [ [ calcium ] ]|----|[ [ sodium|Na]] ' ' ' K''' [ [ rubidium|Rb]]�� � �|< div id="table "style="position:relative;" > { { periodic system } } < div id="text1 "style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:11px; left:27px;">[Ar]4s1</div > < div id="text2 "style="font-size:10px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:140px;">39</div > < div id="text3 "style="font-size:10px; position:absolute; top:15px; left:140px;">19</div > < div id="text4 "style="font-size:20px; font weight:bold; position:absolute; top:11px; left:155px;">K</div > < div id="box2 "style="border:solid 1px black; position:absolute; top:30px; left:0px; width:7px; height:9px; overflow:hidden;" </div > < div style="text align: right">[[Periodensystem]]</div >|}|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|Generally|----|[ [ list of the chemical elements after the name|Name ] ], [ [ list of the chemical elements after symbol|Symbol ] ], [ [ list of the chemical elements after the ordinal number|Ordinal number ] ]|Potassium, K, 19|----|[ [ series of the periodic system|Series ] ]||[ [ alkali metals ] ]|----|[ [ group of the periodic system|Group ] ], [ [ period of the periodic system|Period ] ], [ [ block of the periodic system|Block ] ]|[ [ Gruppe-1-Element|1(IA) ] ], [ [ Periode-4-Element|4] ], [ [ atomic atomorbital|s ] ]|----|[ [ color|Appearance ] ]||silvery knows|----|Proportion to [ [ Earth's shell ] ]||2,4 %|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|Atomically|----|[ [ atomic mass ] ]|39,0983|----|[ [ atomic radius ] ] (computes)||220 (243) [ [ pico-meters|pm ] ]|----|[ [ Kovalenter radius ] ]||196 pm|----|[ [ van the Waals radius ] ]||275 pm|----|[ [ elektronenkonfiguration ] ]|< nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Argon|Ar]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>4s1|----|[ [ electrons ] ] per [ [ energy level ] ]|2, 8, 8, 1|----|[ [ electron affinity ] ]||2,3 [ [ eV ] ]|----|1. [ [ ionization energy ] ]||418,8 [ [ Kilo joules per mol|kJ/mol ] ]|----|2. Ionization energy||3052 kJ/mol|----|3. Ionization energy||4420 kJ/mol|----|4. Ionization energy||5877 kJ/mol|----|5. Ionization energy||7975 kJ/mol|----|6. Ionization energy||9590 kJ/mol|----|7. Ionization energy||11343 kJ/mol|----|8. Ionization energy||14944 kJ/mol|----|9. Ionization energy||16963,7 kJ/mol|----|10. Ionization energy||48610 kJ/mol|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|Physically|----|[ [ state of aggregation ] ]|firmly|----|[ [ modification (chemistry)|Modifications ] ]||-|----|[ [ crystal structure ] ]||cubically body-centered|----|[ [ density ] ] ([ [ Mohshaerte ] ])|856 [ [ kilograms per cubic meter|kg/m3 ] ] (0,4)|----|[ [ magnetism ] ]||-|----|[ [ melting point ] ]|336,53 [ [ Kelvin|K ] ] (63.38 �[[Grad Celsius|C ] ])|----|[ [ boiling point ] ]||1032 K (759 �C)|----|[ [ molecular volume ] ]|45,94 � 10-6 [ [ cubic meters per mol|m3/mol ] ]|----|[ [ heat of vaporization ] ]||79,87 kJ/mol|----|[ [ heat of fusion ] ]||2,334 kJ/mol|----|[ [ steam pressure ] ]|1,06�10-4[[Pascal (unit)|Pa ] ] with __ K|----|[ [ speed of sound ] ]|2000 [ [ meter per second|m/s ] ] with 293,15 K|----|[ [ specific thermal capacity ] ]|757 [ [ joules per kilograms and Kelvin|J/(kg�K) ] ]|----|[ [ electrical conductivity ] ]||13,9�106 [ [ Siemens (unit)|S]]/m|----|[ [ heat conductivity ] ]|102,4 [ [ Watts per meters and Kelvin|W/(m�K) ] ]|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|Chemically|----|[ [ oxidation number|Oxidation conditions ] ]|1|----|[ [ hydrides ] ] and [ [ oxides ] ] ([ [ basicity ] ])|K2O (strong [ [ cousin (chemistry)|basic ] ])|----|[ [ normal potential ] ]||-2,92 [ [ volts (of unit)|V] ] (K++ e ? K)|----|[ [ elektronegativitaet ] ]||0,82 ([ [ Pauling scale ] ])|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|Isotopes|----|colspan="2 "|{|width="100% "cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2 "border="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px # aaa solid;border collapse:collapse;" [ [ isotope|Isotope ] ]! [ [ natural frequency|NH ] ]! [ [ radioactive half-life|t1/2 ] ]! [ [ radioactivity|ZM ] ]! [ [ disintegration energy|CPU ] ] [ [ mega|M]][[Elektronenvolt|eV ] ]! [ [ decay product|ZP ] ]|----|38K|[ [ synthetic radioisotope|{ syn. } ] ]|7.636 min|[ [ electron capture|e ] ]|5,913|[ [ argon|38Ar ] ]|----|39K||' ' ' 93.26 % ' ' '|colspan="4 "|K is [ [ sturdy isotope|stably ] ] with 20 [ [ Neutron]]en|----|40K||0,012 %||1,277�109[[Jahr|A ] ]|[ [ beta-ray emission|ss ]] [ [ electron capture|e ] ]|1,311 1,505|[ [ calcium|40Ca]] [ [ argon|40Ar ] ]|----|41K||6,73 %|colspan="4 "|K is stable with 22 neutrons|----|42K|[ [ synthetic radioisotope|{ syn. } ] ]|12.360 h|[ [ beta-ray emission|ss ] ]|3,525|[ [ calcium|42Ca ] ]|----|43K|[ [ synthetic radioisotope|{ syn. } ] ]|22.3 h|[ [ beta-ray emission|ss ] ]|1,815|[ [ calcium|43Ca ] ]|}|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|NMR characteristics|----|colspan="2 "|{|width="100% "cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2 "border="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px # aaa solid;border collapse:collapse;" 39K! 41K|----|[ [ nuclear spin ] ]||3/2||3/2|----|gamma/[ [ rad]]/[[Tesla (unit)|T ] ]|1,248�107||6,852�106|----|Sensitivity||0,000508||8,4�10-5|----|[ [ Larmorfrequenz ] ] with ' ' B '' = 4.7 [ [ Tesla (unit)|T ] ]|9,33 [ [ mega|M]][[Hertz (unit)|Cycles per second ] ]|5,12 [ [ mega|M]][[Hertz (unit)|Cycles per second ] ]|}|----! colspan="2 "style="background-color:#ff4444;"|Soweit possible and common, become [ [ SI system of units|SI units ] ] verwendet. if not differently noted, apply the indicated data with [ [ Standardbedingungen]].|} ' ' ' potassium ' ' ', (of [ [ potash ] ] out [ [ Arabic language|arab. ] ] ' ' aluminium qalja '' = plant ash) is [ [ chemical element ] ] the 1. Main group [ [ Periodensystem]]s with [ [ ordinal number ] ] 19. == history == on 19 November 1807 reported [ [ Humphry Davy|Davy ] ], it succeeded to it to win through [ [ electrolysis ] ] from weakly dampened corroding alkalis two different metals; the metal called it Sodium (this is still today the French and English name for [ [ sodium ] ]), because it in [ [ soda ] ] is contained, the other Potassium (= English and French name for potassium), because one it out [ [ potash ] ] to win can. In the German language area the Sodium Davys becomes since 1811 after a suggestion of [ [ Joens Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius ] ] as sodium designates, during one for the Potassium Davys of [ [ Martin Heinrich Klaproth|Klaproth ] ] 1796 imported expression potassium (of arab.: aluminium-qali = ash, from plant ash profitable) took over. == occurrence == potassium occurs in nature only as [ [ cation ] ] in potassium connections. In [ [ sea waters ] ] the average concentration lies with approximately 0.38 gK+/l. Naturally occurring kaliumhaltige [ [ Mineral]]e are: * [ [ Sylvin ] ] - KCl * [ [ Sylvinit ] ] - KCl * NaCl * [ [ Carnalit ] ] - KCl * MgCl2 * 6 H2O * [ [ Kainit ] ] - KCl * MgSO4 * 3 H2O * [ [ Schoenit ] ] - K2SO4 * MgSO4 * 6 H2O * [ [ Polyhalit ] ] - K2SO4 * MgSO4 * MgSO4 * 2 CaSO4 * [ [ Orthoklas ] ] (kalifeldspat) - K<nowiki>[</nowiki>AlSi3O8<nowiki>]</nowiki> * [ [ Muskovit ] ] (potash mica) - KAl2(OH, F)2<nowiki>[</nowiki>AlSi3O10<nowiki>]</nowiki> == characteristics == [ [ Bild:Kalium.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Potassium ] ] similar to the others [ [ alkali metals|To alkali metals ] ] potassium reacts with other elements and connections very violently and occurs in the natural environment only in bound form. Chemically it is more reactive than [ [ sodium ] ]. Potassium reacts violently with water under to education of [ [ potassium hydroxide ] ] and release of [ [ hydrogen ] ]. With luftzutritt the hydrogen, it catches fire can thereby to verpuffungen and explosions come. In dry [ [ oxygen ] ] it burns KO2. At damp air it reacts to water with and [ [ carbon dioxide ] ] further too [ [ potassium carbonate ] ]. In liquid [ [ ammonia ] ] potassium, like all alkali metals, is well soluble under education of a blue-violet solution. With the halogens [ [ bromine ] ] and [ [ iodine ] ] potassium under detonation converts itself to the appropriate halides. The disposal of potassium is done via careful bringing in of small pieces of the metal in a large surplus of tert tert-Butanol, in which it dissolves under formation of the alcoholate. At air the silver-white shining plane of section of the fresh metal becomes encrusted within seconds with a bluish resplendent oxide coating. Metallic potassium is therefore kept under inert gas or [ [ paraffin oil ] ]. Contrary to [ [ sodium|Sodium ] ] can nevertheless form with longer storage crusts from oxides, peroxides and hydroxides, which can cover the metal in form of reddish-yellow layers and explode those with contact or pressure for potassium. A safe disposal is then no longer possible, here offers itself only the burn-up of the complete bundle under controlled conditions. ' ' ' potassium in the Ernaehrung'''g/kg 87% T of grass products 25-35g potatoes 20g bierhefe 21g wheys 22-25g lactose molasses 35g Sojaschrot 20g field beans 11g peas 10g RWS cake 14g bran 10-13g == use == potassium becomes mainly in [ [ breeder reactor|snap breeders ] ] in form of a NAK alloy as coolant assigned. Otherwise metallic potassium has only small technical meaning, since it can be replaced by the cheaper sodium. * Doping of [ [ Wolfram]]draehten for the production of lamp spirals * NAK heat alloy (see [ [ sodium ] ]) * [ [ potash cartridges|Potassium air cleaner ] ] (' ' [ [ potash cartridges ] ] ' ') among other things on submarines for air filtering in the employment == biological meaning == === meaning as fertilizers === water-soluble [ [ potash salt|Potassium salts ] ] become predominantly as [ [ fertilizers|Fertilizer ] ] uses, since plants can unlock the Kaliumsilicate occurring in the soil badly. Important kaliumhaltige fertilizers: * Grain potash with MgO * patent potash * potassium sulfate * Flory * [ [ Nitrophoska ] ] * [ [ Hakaphos ] ] potassium is more essential [ [ mineral materials|Mineral material ] ], the daily need of humans lies with approximately 2 g. potassium realms food is among other things. Mushrooms, bananas, beans, Chilies, cheese, spinach and potatoes, in which it seems to food with up to 5 g Kalium/100 g. === meaning for the body === in the body plays potassium an outstanding role with the regularization [ [ diaphragm potential|Diaphragm potential ] ]. The intrazellulaere potassium concentration is with approximately 150 mmol/l, is extracellular to 4 mmol/l. The concentration [ [ sodium ] ] is on more intrazellulaer with approx. 10 mmol/l, extracellularly with 140 mmol/l. These concentration differences become by [ [ sodium-potassium ATPase|Na/K ATPase ] ] upright received and are vital for the function of the cell. Durable shifting of these cellular concentrations can occur to blood potassium concentration with more increased ([ [ Hyperkaliaemie ] ]) or more degraded ([ [ Hypokaliaemie ] ]) and leads to disease symptoms, which can be life-threatening. In [ [ the USA ] ] for executions used [ [ poison syringe ] ] contains [ [ kaliumchlorid ] ], which leads to a paralysis of the heart musculature and thus to death. Potassium belongs to the most important [ [ Elektrolyt]]en of the body fluid and is responsible for the controlling of the muscle activity with. With high speed sportsmen it can by excessive Ausschwitzen from potassium to [ [ cramp|Cramps ] ] and exhaustion conditions come. === composition === potassium consists to 0.012% of [ [ radioactivity|radioactive ] ] [ [ isotope ] ] 40K and nearly 10% cause for the natural radioactive load of a Federal citizen (0.17 [ [ Sievert|mSv]]/a to 2.1 mSv/a { { Ref|BFS } }). == proof of potassium == beside [ [ spectroscopy|one can do spectroscopic ] ] proof in water solved ' ' ' Kalium''' [[Ion (chemistry)|Ions ] ] with ion-selective electrodes prove. Most potassium electrodes use the specific integration of potassium by Valinomycin C54H90N6O18, which is embedded in a concentration of approximately 0.7 % into a plastic diaphragm in addition the qualitative is potassium proof by means of [ [ perchloric acid ] ] moegich. It forms its [ [ kaliumperchlorat ] ], a white precipitation. quantitative can be determined to potassium with the help of gravimetry. Here potassium weighed out as Tetraphenylborat pleases and the received precipitation. == to connections == in its connections potassium seems to cation only as 1-wertiges: * [ [ potassium bromide ] ] * [ [ potassium carbonate ] ] (potash) * [ [ potassium chlorate ] ] * [ [ kaliumchlorid ] ] * [ [ kaliumchromat ] ] * [ [ potassium cyanide ] ] * [ [ kaliumdichromat ] ] * [ [ Kaliumdihydrogenphosphat ] ] * [ [ potassium fluoride ] ] * [ [ kaliumhydrid ] ] * [ [ potassium hydraulic gene phosphate ] ] * [ [ potassium hydroxide ] ] * [ [ potassium hyperoxide ] ] * [ [ Kaliumiodat ] ] * [ [ potassium sodium kalium-Natrium-Tartrat ] ] (Seignette salt) * [ [ kaliumnitrat ] ] * [ [ potassium permanganate ] ] * [ [ kaliumphosphat ] ] * [ [ potassium polysulfide ] ] * [ [ Kaliumpropionat ] ] * [ [ potassium sulfate ] ] * [ [ Kaliumthiocyanat ] ] * [ [ Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(III) ] ] == sources == { { footnote|BFS|[ http://www.bfs.de/ion/nahrungsmittel/nahrung.html Federal Office for radiation protection ] } } == Web on the left of == { { Wiktionary|Potassium } } { { Commons|Potassium|Potassium } } * [ http://userpage.chemie.fu berlin.de/~tlehmann/sonderab/kalium.html disposal of potassium ] [ [ Kategorie:Chemi element ] ] [ [ Kategorie:Alkalimetall ] ] [ [ Kategorie:Periode-4-Element ] ] [ [ af:Kalium ] ] [ [ bg:?????]] [ [ ca:Potassi ] ] [ [ cs:Drasl�k ] ] [ [ cy:Potasiwm ] ] [ [ da:Kalium ] ] [ [ en:Potassium ] ] [ [ eo:Kalio ] ] [ [ es:Potasio ] ] [ [ et:Kaalium ] ] [ [ fi:Kalium ] ] [ [ fr:Potassium ] ] [ [ he:?????]] [ [ hr:Kalij ] ] [ [ hu:K�lium ] ] [ [ io:Kalio ] ] [ [ is:Kal�n ] ] [ [ it:Potassio ] ] [ [:????]] [ [ ko:??]] [ [ ku:Qelye ] ] [ [ lt:Kalis ] ] [ [ lv:Kalijs ] ] [ [ mi:Konurehu ] ] [ [ nl:Kalium ] ] [ [ nn:Kalium ] ] [ [ no:Kalium ] ] [ [ oc:Potassi ] ] [ [ pl:Potas ] ] [ [ pt:Pot�ssio ] ] [ [ ru:?????]] [ [ simple:Potassium ] ] [ [ sk:Drasl�k ] ] [ [ sl:Kalij ] ] [ [ SR:???????]] [ [ sv:Kalium ] ] [ [ th:??????????]] [ [ tr:Potasyum ] ] [ [ uk:?????]] [ [ vi:Kali ] ] [ [ zh:? ] ]