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Belton House

2006-09-06T10:30:03Z

64.236.128.14: /* Early history */

STAN IS GAY, LOOK WHAT HES DONE
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Belton House

2006-09-06T10:28:47Z

64.236.128.14:

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Belton House

2006-09-06T10:27:53Z

64.236.128.14: /* Early history */

[[Image:Belton House 2006.Giano.gif|thumb|right|350px|Belton House, [[Lincolnshire]], The South [[facade]].]]

'''Belton House''' is a [[English country house|country house]] near [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]. The mansion is surrounded by formal gardens and a series of avenues leading to [[folly|follies]] within a greater wooded [[park]]. Belton has been described as a compilation of all that is finest of [[Restoration style|Carolean]] architecture, the only truly [[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] style of architecture that England had produced since the time of the [[Tudor]]s.<ref>Nicolson, 148.</ref> The house has also been described as the most complete example of a typical English country house;<ref>Jackson-Stops.</ref> the claim has even been made that Belton's principal facade was the inspiration for the modern British motorway signs which give directions to [[stately home]]s.<ref>Jackson-Stops, 56.</ref> Only [[Brympton d'Evercy]] has been similarly lauded as the perfect English country house.<ref>Hussey, 718, 762, and 775.</ref>

For three hundred years, Belton House was the seat of the [[Earl Brownlow|Brownlow and Cust]] family, who had first acquired land in the area in the late 17th century. Between 1685 and 1688 the young Sir John Brownlow and his wife had the present mansion built. Despite great wealth they chose to build a modest country house rather than a grand contemporary [[Baroque]] palace. The contemporary, if provincial, Carolean style was the selected choice of design. However, the new house was fitted with the latest [[innovation]]s such as sash windows<ref>Sash windows had first been used on a grand scale at [[Chatsworth House]] in the late 1670s but not become popular until installed at [[Whitehall Palace]] in 1685, while Belton was under construction. Jackson-Stops, 58.</ref> for the principal rooms, and more importantly completely separate areas for the staff. As the Brownlows rose from [[baronet]]s to [[baron]]s upward to [[earl]]s and then once again became barons, successive generations made changes to the interior of the house which reflected their changing social position and tastes, yet the fabric and design of the house changed little.

Following [[World War I]] (a period when the [[Machine Gun Corps]] was based in the park), the Brownlows, like many of their [[peer]]s, were faced with mounting financial problems. In 1984 they gave the house away — complete with most of its contents. The recipients of their gift, the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], today fully open Belton to the public. It is in a good state of repair and visited by many thousands of tourists each year.

==Early history==
Stan is gay
[[Image:ClarendonHouseSKILLMAN, W. after SPILBURGH J.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Clarendon House]], London, designed by [[Roger Pratt]], was the inspiration for Belton House. Clarendon House is in the same vogue, though less Baroque in ornament, as [[Vaux-le-Vicomte]] built in France just a few years earlier.]]

[[Image:Belton Stables. Giano..gif|thumb|right|300px|The 17th-century stable block at Belton House is known to be entirely by William Stanton, and is less accomplished in design than the main house.]]

The Brownlow family, a dynasty of [[lawyer]]s, began accumulating land in the Belton area from approximately 1598. In 1609 they acquired the [[reversion]] of the [[manor]] of Belton itself from the Pakenham family, who finally sold the manor house to Sir John Brownlow I in 1617. The old house was situated near the church in the garden of the present house and remained largely unoccupied, since the family preferred their other houses elsewhere. John Brownlow had married an heiress but was childless; he was attached to his only two blood relations, a great-nephew, also called John Brownlow, and a great-niece, Alice Sherard. The two cousins married when both were aged 16 in 1676; three years later, the couple inherited the Brownlow estates from their great uncle together with an income of [[pound sterling|£]]9,000 per annum and £20,000 in cash. They immediately bought a [[town house]] in the newly fashionable [[Bloomsbury Square|Southampton Square]] in [[Bloomsbury, London|Bloomsbury]], and decided to build a new country house at Belton.

Work on the new house began in 1685. The architect thought to have been responsible for the initial design is [[William Winde]], although the house has also been attributed to Sir [[Christopher Wren]], while others believe the design to be so similar to [[Roger Pratt]]'s [[Clarendon House]], London, that it could have been the work of any talented [[draughtsman]].<ref>Nicolson, 147.</ref> The assumption popular today, that Winde was the architect, is based on the stylistic similarity between the completed Belton and [[Coombe Abbey]] by Winde. Further evidence is a letter dated 1690, in which Winde recommends a [[plasterer]] and gives advice about the completion of the interiors.

Whoever the architect, Belton follows closely the design of Clarendon House, completed in 1647.<ref>Nicolson, 148.</ref> This great London [[townhouse]] (demolished circa 1683) has been one of the most admired buildings of its era due to "its elegant symmetry and confident and commonsensical design".<ref>''Belton House'', 45.</ref> Sir [[John Summerson]] has described Clarendon House as "the most influential house of its time among those who aimed at the grand manner" and Belton as "much the finest surviving example of its class."<ref>Nicolson, 148.</ref> It is known that John and Alice Brownlow assembled one of the finest teams of [[artisan|craftsmen]] available at the time to work on the project. This dream team was headed by the master [[masonry|mason]] William Stanton who oversaw the project. His second in command John Thompson, had worked with Sir Christopher Wren on several of the latter's London churches, while the chief [[joiner]] John Sturges had worked at Chatsworth under [[William Talman]]. The [[wrought iron|wrought-ironworker]] John Warren worked under Stanton at [[Denham Place]], [[Buckinghamshire]], and the fine wrought iron gates and [[overthrow (structure)|overthrow]] at Belton may be his.<ref>John Harris, ''English Decorative Ironwork'' (1960), noted by Beard, 182.</ref> Thus so competent were the builders of Belton that Winde may have done little more than provide the original plans and drawings, leaving the interpretation to the on-site craftsmen. This theory is further demonstrated by the external appearance of the adjoining stable block. More provincial, and less masterful in proportion, it is known to have been entirely the work of Stanton.<ref>This assessment of Winde's contribution and the stable block follows the view of Jackson-Stops, 57.</ref>

== Architecture ==
===Ethos===
[[Image:Belton House North Front. Giano.gif|thumb|right|300px|Belton House, the north [[facade]]. The seventeenth-century double room design enabled greater symmetry between facades, while allowing the house to be compact and under the one roof.]]

[[Image:Belton. West. Giano.gif|thumb|right|300px|The west [[facade]]. Many of the windows are false (see plan below), and are so placed as to provide [[symmetry]]. The [[Baroque]] wrought-iron gate screen (possibly by John Warren) closes a courtyard between house and stables, thus creating the effect of a ''[[cour d'honneur]]'' to the house's west entrance ('''C''' on plan below).]]

[[Image:Belton. Arch. Giano.gif|thumb|right|300px|The approach to the house through the courtyard to the west entrance ('''C''' on plan below). This is the entrance which would have been used most often by the family, who lived privately in the west wing. The clock tower is designed on an [[axis]] with, and to complement, the [[cupola]] on top of the mansion itself.]]

[[Image:Belton Plan.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Belton House first floor plan. Key: '''A''': Upper storey of kitchen, (now Hondecoeter Room); '''B''': Service room (now Breakfast Room); '''C''': Back stairs and East Entrance; '''D''': Closet; '''E''':School Room; '''F''':Withdrawing room (now Red Drawing Room; '''G''':Little Parlour (now Tapestry Room); '''H''':Great Parlour (now Saloon); '''J''': Marble Hall; '''K''': Withdrawing Room (now Tyrconnel Room); '''L''': Great Staircase; '''M''': Upper storey of chapel; '''N''': Gallery of private [[pew]] overlooking chapel; '''O''': Ante Room (now Chapel Drawing Room);'''P''': Back stairs & east Entrance; '''Q''': Sweetmeat closet; '''R''' Bed chamber (now Blue Room). '''''Please note''': This is an unscaled plan for illustrative purposes only.'']]

The late seventeenth century in England was a time of great progress in design. Following the austere years of [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] rule, a great flourishing and development in both architecture and the arts began after the [[English Restoration|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660. [[Royalist]] exiles and wealthy young men who made the [[Grand Tour]], returned home with new ideas — often extravagant variations on classical themes. This was, for England, the dawn of the [[Baroque]] era. The new wave of architects such as Roger Pratt, [[John Webb]], and Sir [[Christopher Wren]] were not just building vast edifices in Renaissance-inspired styles, but also transforming existing older houses. Representative of the utilisation of older houses is [[Coleshill House]] in [[Berkshire]], where Pratt transformed the medieval, but now redundant, great hall into a classically inspired entrance hall complete with an [[imperial staircase]]. The reason the Great Hall was redundant was that employers now wished to live separately from their servants, no longer eating together in a Great Hall, and banishing from the principal parts of the house all evidence and odours of cooking and staff. Employers began to live in fine airy rooms, above the ground floor, with privacy from their servants, who were now confined, unless required, to specifically delegated floors — often the ground and uppermost attic floors. This was a period of great social change in British history, and the educated prided themselves on enlightenment and elegance.<ref>Halliday, 166.</ref> While Belton is not in the Baroque style,<ref>While [[Chatsworth House]] is considered England's first Baroque house, Baroque architecture did not truly become fashionable in England until the early 18th century under such architects such as Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] and [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]].</ref> it displays all the traits typical of the new tendencies.

Belton was designed in the restrained almost [[Palladian]]-inspired architecture of the time immediately before the full emergence in England of the ornate Baroque. The general form this architecture took was of severely symmetrical, often rectangular houses, with a [[pediment]] over the central bays. This almost rigid concept was to influence the design of innumerable houses, including Belton. Later to be known as the "Carolean" style (from "Carolus," the [[Latin]] name for the reigning monarch [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]), it was popular with the minor [[aristocracy]] and [[gentry]] for both their town and country houses until long after Charles II's death.<ref>Progressions of this style are often referred to as "Queen Anne" in Britain, after the monarch who reigned from 1702–1714; this should not be confused with the [[Queen Anne style]].</ref>

Belton is built of the local [[Ancaster stone]], with a lighter [[ashlar]] from [[Ketton]] for the [[quoin]]ing. The "H"-shaped plan was a design which became popular in the late [[Elizabethan]] period. However, by the late 16th century, domestic architecture had evolved further than the "one room deep" ranges of the earlier "H" plan houses, such as [[Montacute House]]. The new layout placed rooms back to back, creating a house two rooms deep. This became known as "double pile". As at Belton, this permitted rooms to be not just better lit and heated but also better accessed and related to each other, and with the greatest advantage of all — greater privacy. On the construction side, the double room depth allowed the house to be more compact and under one, more easily constructed, roof, thus lowering building costs. Houses now had the appearance of being more solid, with more than just one or two facades.

===Design===
The plan of the rooms at Belton was passé for a grand house of its time. Following the Restoration and the influx of European ideas, it had become popular for large houses to follow the continental fashion of a suite of [[state room]]s consisting of a [[withdrawing room]], dressing room, and bedroom proceeding from either side of a central [[saloon]] or hall.<ref>Girouard, 126.</ref> These rooms were permanently reserved for use by a high ranking guest, such as a visiting monarch. While Belton does have a saloon at its centre, [[enfilade]]s of state rooms of lessening grandeur do not flank it. The possible reason for this unusual layout is that, while the Brownlows possessed great wealth, their title was only a [[baronetcy]], and their fortune was barely a century old. They would have been regarded as [[gentry]], not [[aristocracy]]. As a result, building a suite of state rooms would have been in hope rather than anticipation of a royal guest. However, the lack of a fashionable and formal suite of [[state apartments]] and the Brownlows' lack of social credentials did not prevent a visit from King [[William III of England|William III]] to the newly completed house in 1695. The King occupied the "Best bedchamber," a large room with an adjoining closet, directly above the saloon, leading directly from the second floor Great Dining Chamber.<ref>The King was reported to have enjoyed his stay so much that he was too hung over to eat any of the food provided on his state visit to [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] the following day (''Belton House'', 49).</ref>

This design followed the older style of having reception rooms and bedrooms scattered over the two main floors. The layout used followed Roger Pratt's theory that guest and family rooms should be quite separate.<ref>Jackson-Stops, 66.</ref> As a consequence of this philosophy, the family occupied the rooms on the first and second floors of the west wing, while the great staircase rose to the east side of the house, with the best guest bedrooms in the east wing. The staircase was thus designed to be grand and imposing, forming part of the guest's state route from the Hall and Saloon on the first floor to the principal dining room and bedroom on the second. This older concept is more clearly exemplified at the Elizabethan [[Hardwick Hall]] in neighbouring [[Derbyshire]].

The principal entrance hall, reception and family bedrooms were placed on the first floor above a low [[basement|semi-basement]] containing service rooms. The two principal entrances to the mansion in the centre of both the north and south facades were accessed by external staircases, originally a single broad flight on the north side and a double staircase on the south. These staircases have since been replaced by the simpler designs illustrated on the plan (''right'').

The second floor has a matching [[fenestration]], with windows of equal value to those on the first floor below. The very latest innovation, [[sash window]]s, was used on both floors. The semi-basement and [[attic]] storey used the more old-fashioned [[mullion]]ed and [[transom]]ed windows, indicating the lower status of the occupants of these floors. It was clearly emphasised from without that the two main floors of the house were purely for state and family use, and the staff and service areas were confined to the semi-basement and attic floors. This concept of keeping staff and domestic matters out of sight (when not required) was relatively new and had first been employed by Pratt in the design of [[Coleshill House]] in Berkshire. The contemporary social commentator of the day [[Roger North]] lauded [[back stairs]], of which Belton has two examples ('''C''' and '''P''' on plan), as one of the most important inventions of his day.<ref>Jackson-Stops, 60.</ref>

The principal room is the large Marble Hall ('''J''') at the centre of the south front; this hall is the beginning of a grand procession of rooms, and corresponds to the former great Parlour or [[Saloon]] on the north front. The Marble Hall is flanked by the former Little Parlour ('''G''', now the Tapestry Room) and the Great Staircase Hall ('''L'''), while the Saloon ('''H''') is flanked by two withdrawing rooms ('''F''', '''K'''). While the Marble Hall and Saloon were at the centre of a small [[enfilade]] of reception rooms, they were not intended to form the heart of a suite of [[state room]]s in the [[Baroque]] fashion. Indeed, one of the most important rooms, the Great Dining Room (now the library), was quite separate on the floor above, directly above the Marble Hall. The bedrooms are arranged in individual suites on both floors of the two wings ('''E''', '''R''', ''etc.'') which flank what is sometimes called the "state centre" of the house. The main staircase, set to one side of the Marble Hall, is one of the few things at Belton which is asymmetrically placed. It has a robust plaster-work ceiling incorporating the Brownlow crest by the London plasterer Edward Goudge, "now looked on as ye best master in England in his profession," William Winde reported in 1690.<ref>Winde to Lady Mary Bridgeman, 8 February 1690, noted by Beard, 221. The other great plaster ceiling by Goudge is in the Chapel, Beard, fig. 41.</ref>

Bodily and spiritual needs were balanced symmetrically within the mansion: the kitchen ('''A''') and the chapel ('''M''') were both large two-storied halls, rising from the semi-basement to the first floor. This design not only provided a great and lofty space, but also allowed the servants to worship in the chapel without leaving the service floor, while their employers would worship from a private gallery ('''N'''), complete with fireplace, overlooking the chapel on the first floor.

[[Image:Belton Roof.gif|thumb|right|300px|The rooftop [[belvedere]] and [[cupola]].]]

One of the most Carolean features of the house is the [[balustrade]] and [[cupola]] surmounting the roof, another element introduced to English architecture by Roger Pratt. The cupola at Belton does not light a lofty domed hall, as is often the case in Europe, but houses a staircase which gives access to a large viewing platform on top of a lead roof, concealed from the ground by the balustrade which tops the more conventional and visible [[hipped]] roof. From this vantage point, the owners of Belton could admire the perfect symmetry of their avenues and formal gardens spreading from the house. This feature of the house was removed by the architect [[James Wyatt]] when he was modernising the house in the eighteenth century. It was restored to its original form in the 1870s by the 3rd Earl Brownlow.

== Interior and contents ==

[[Image:M d'Hondecoeter. Belton.gif|thumb|left|200px|One of the three large canvasses by [[Melchior d'Hondecoeter]] in the room named after him at Belton House. The paintings were acquired in 1873 by the 3rd Earl Brownlow. They had been already cut to fit their previous setting. There was insufficient space at Belton for a fourth canvas of the set. This is now in the US.]]

Some of Belton's many rooms have been altered over the last 300 years both in use and design. One of the principal rooms, the '''Marble Hall''' ('''J'''), the first of the large reception rooms, serves as an entrance hall from the south entrance. By the time of Belton's conception, the [[great hall]] was no longer a place for the household to eat, but intended as a grand entrance to the house. The hall was originally hung with 28 portraits of Kings, Queens, and Emperors, from [[William the Conqueror]] to William III, intended to give the house an air of dynastic importance. The less numerous and far newer Brownlow family portraits were hung in the Great Dining Room immediately above.<ref>Jackson-Stops, 60.</ref> The room takes its name from the [[chequer board]] patterned floor of black and white marble tiles. The room is fully paneled in [[tilia|lime wood]], and parts of the paneling contain embellishments attributed to [[Grinling Gibbons]]. In the early 19th century, this room, and some others, was re-modelled by [[Jeffry Wyatville]], who in addition to graining and painting the panelling to imitate [[oak]] inserted fake doors in the panelling to balance real doors already in place.

[[Image:Leighton Brownlow.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Adelaide, wife of [[Adelbert Wellington Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow|the 3rd Earl Brownlow]]. She and her husband restored many of the Carolean features to Belton, and are largely responsible for the interior as it appears today. The Brownlows were members of [[The Souls]] a fashionable [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] made up of [[aesthetic]] aristocrats. This portrait by [[Frederick Leighton|Leighton]] hangs on the staircase at Belton.]]

The second of the principal reception rooms, the '''Saloon''' ('''H'''), opens from the Marble Hall. This large paneled room is on an [[axis]] to the avenues of the formal north gardens. Originally known as the Great Parlour, this has always been the chief reception room of the house. It retains its original marble fireplace and has an ornate plaster ceiling which is a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] copy of the original ceiling by the Carolean [[plaster|plasterer]] [[Edward Goudge]]. Today, the room is furnished with family portraits and furniture which date back to the ownership of the house by [[Lord Tyrconnel]] (1721–1754), Sir John Brownlow II's nephew. The centrepiece of the room is a large [[Aubusson]] carpet made in 1839 for the 1st Earl Brownlow.

Either side of the Saloon are two smaller drawing rooms ('''F''', '''K'''), which would originally have served as private withdrawing rooms from the more public activities which would have taken place in the Marble Hall and Saloon. One of these withdrawing rooms was transformed into the principal or state bedroom during the occupancy of Lord Tyrconnel in an attempt to create a more fashionable suite of Baroque state rooms. Ironically, when a queen ([[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen|Adelaide]], widow of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]) did next stay at Belton in 1840, the state bedroom was put back in its original location in the chamber above the Saloon now known as the Queen's Room.

The final large reception room on the first floor is the '''Hondecoeter Room''' ('''A'''), so named because of the three huge oil paintings by [[Melchior d'Hondecoeter]] (1636–1695), depicting scenes of birds in courtyards, which are fitted into the neo-Carolean panelling. The paneling was introduced to the room by the 3rd Earl Brownlow in 1876. This room, furnished as the principal dining room of the mansion, was formed in 1808 from the upper part of the earlier kitchen which had originally risen two storeys.

The staircase hall ('''L''') to the east of the marble hall is unusually placed at Belton, as in a house of this period one would expect to find the staircase in the hall. The stairs rise in three flights around the west, north, and east walls to the former Great Dining Room above the marble hall. Thus the staircase served as an important state procession link between the three principal reception rooms of the house. The '''Great Dining Room''', now the Library, has been greatly altered and all traces of Carolean decoration removed, first by [[James Wyatt]] in 1778 when it was transformed into a drawing room with a vaulted ceiling, and again in 1876, when its use was again changed, this time to a library. The room contains some 6000 volumes, a superb examples of book collecting over 350 years.<ref>''Belton House'', 17.</ref> When Lord Tyrconnel died in 1754 a catalogue of his library identified almost 2,300 books. Almost all of these remain in the Belton library today.

Leading from the Library is the '''Queen's Room''', the former "Best Bed Chamber." This paneled room was redecorated in the early 19th century for the visit of Queen Adelaide. It contains the great [[canopy|canopied]] [[Rococo]] style bed in which the Queen slept, complete with the royal [[monogram]] "AR" (''Adelaide Regina'') [[embroidery|embroidered]] on the bedhead. Other rooms on the second floor are mostly bedrooms, which include the '''Chinese Room''' with its original hand painted 18th century Chinese wallpaper, the yellow bedroom, and the '''Windsor Bedroom''', so called following its use by the [[Edward VIII|Duke of Windsor]] on his visits to Belton during the 1930s with his mistress [[Wallis Simpson]]. [[Peregrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow|The 6th Baron Brownlow]], the King's Lord-in-waiting became heavily involved in the [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdication crisis]] of 1936.<ref>Thornton, 105, 125, 137-8, 349, 425, notes 49.</ref> Today Belton has a permanent exhibition devoted to that event.

== Gardens and the park ==
[[Image:Belton Garden.gif|thumb|right|300px|The "Italian garden", [[Orangery]] and Church. The [[Orangery]] and "Italian garden" were designed by [[Jeffry Wyatville]] in the early 19th century. The church contains the [[tomb]]s of the [[Baron Brownlow|Browlow and Cust]] owners of Belton House.]]

[[Image:Belton Exedra. Giano.gif|thumb|right|300px|The Italian garden from the [[Orangery]] looking towards the "Lion [[Exedra]]" (a semi-circular screen) designed by [[Jeffry Wyatville]]]]

[[Image:Belton. Belvedere.Giano.gif|thumb|right|300px|Looking from the east front of the house, along the Eastern Avenue, through the park towards [[Viscount Tyrconnel]]'s Belmount Tower, a [[belvedere]] built circa 1750. During [[World War I]] Belton's park was home to the [[Machine Gun Corps]] and in [[World War II]] the [[Royal Air Force Regiment]] were stationed in the park.]]

In 1690, Sir John Brownlow was granted permission to enclose an area of 1000 [[acre]]s (4 km²) to transform into a park, with a grant to keep deer. There is evidence to suggest that some of this area had been a park since at least 1580. The park was laid out with avenues, including the still surviving Eastern Avenue which led east from the house. Brownlow also had a large pond or lake dug and planted 21,400 ash trees, 9,500 oak trees, and 614 fruit trees. It is thought that William Winde may have advised on the layout of the gardens.<ref>''Belton House'', 37.</ref> Closer to the house were a series of more formal gardens, including canal ponds bordered by plantations containing symmetrical walks resembling the "[[rond-points]]" introduced by the landscape gardener [[André Le Nôtre]].

Sir John Brownlow was succeeded at Belton first by his brother, who was content to permit Brownlow's widow, Alice, to remain in occupation. She spent the remainder of her life at Belton arranging advantageous marriages for her five daughters.<ref>Her daughters became Duchess of [[Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven|Ancaster]]; Countess of [[Earl of Exeter|Exeter]]; Lady [[Earl of Guilford|Guilford]]; the youngest Eleanor married her cousin, John Brownlow, later [[Viscount Tyrconnel]], who inherited Belton. Another daughter, Anne, had refused to marry her cousin [[Lord Sherard]], saying she would rather die. Later, a marriage was arranged for her to Lord [[Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven|Willoughby]], but Anne died of smallpox on the eve of her wedding.</ref> On her death in 1721, the house passed to her husband's nephew (and also his son-in-law) Sir John Brownlow III (late [[Viscount Tyrconnel]]). Tyrconnel, a [[dilettante]] of no great intellect,<ref>''Belton House'', 50.</ref> was responsible for many of the architectural features which survive in the park and garden. Between 1742 and 1751, he had constructed a series of [[folly|follies]], including a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] ruin, a cascade, and a prospect or [[belvedere (structure)|belvedere]] known as the Belmount Tower. As built, the tower had a small wing flanking each side. 

==The twentieth century==
In the last three decades of the nineteenth century the 3rd Earl Brownlow spent much time and money restoring Belton, and consequently the house entered the twentieth century in a good state of repair and preservation. However, the 20th century was to present Belton and its estate with serious problems. These included the introduction of [[income tax]] and [[Inheritance tax (United Kingdom)|death duties]] which would leave the finances of the Brownlow family severely depleted.

At the beginning of [[World War I]], like many other British landowners, the 3rd Earl Brownlow offered his house and park to the Government for war service. The offer was accepted, and the largest and most drastic changes were made in the park since the time of Viscount Tyrconnel's folly building. In 1915 the home depôt and training ground of the [[Machine Gun Corps]] were established in the southern part of Belton park.<ref>Lappin.</ref> The lie of the land there, where the River Witham passes between the Lower Lincolnshire Limestone and the [[Upper Lias]] mudstone, lent itself to the development of the necessary firing ranges close to good communications by way of the [[Great North Road (United Kingdom)|Great North Road]] and the [[LNER|East Coast main line]] railway station at [[Grantham]]. The depôt was closed in 1919, the site cleared and the land restored to Lord Brownlow in 1920. Little sign of the Machine Gun Corps's stay remains in the park, but links in the form of plaques and inscriptions can be followed from the south gate of Belton park to the memorial gate on the way from there to the town centre and in the north aisle of Grantham parish church.<ref>Later the Fifth Baron incorporated part of the former Machine Gun Corps training ground into the [http://www.beltonpark.co.uk/course.htm Belton Park Golf Club] which had been founded in 1890.</ref>

Belton again saw war service during [[World War II]], when the park became home to the [[Royal Air Force Regiment]], a newly formed unit within the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]. Initially formed in 1942, the regiment soon moved to Belton where it was housed in [[nissen hut]]s in the park.<ref>[http://afsf.lackland.af.mil/DefChal/2002/dc_2002_fact_rafr.htm History of the Royal Air Force Regiment].</ref>

===Late twentieth century===
The years following World War I were severely testing for the owners of many great estates. The staff both indoor and outdoor, which had previously been plentiful, essential, and cheap, was now in short supply. Millions of men had left private service to join the army, and very few returned. Female domestic staff had been called up for war service in factories, and now realised there was an easier and better paid existence outside of the gates of the great country houses. With both fortunes and staff depleted many owners of country houses now fought a losing battle to retain them.

Belton House remained relatively untouched during this period, largely owing to the failing fortunes of the Brownlow family. The 3rd Earl Brownlow (1844–1921) and his Countess lived for only a few months of the year at Belton, where they came for the [[fox-hunting]], and divided the remainder of their time between their house in London and [[Ashridge]], another country house in Hertfordshire. Ashridge, a huge [[Gothic revival]] pile, had come to the Brownlows in the nineteenth century through the Eggerton family. It was sold, with its art collection and furnishings, to pay the [[death duties]] arising on the death of the 3rd Earl in 1921. Hence Belton became the Brownlow's sole country home. Further death duties were incurred in 1927 on the death of the 3rd Earl's successor, his second cousin Adelbert Cust, 5th Baron Brownlow.<ref>The Earldom became extinct as the title had been created after the 5th Baron's family branched, hence the 5th Baron was only descended from a Baron rather than an earl.</ref>

[[Image:NT Belton book.gif|thumb|right|200px|(2006)|''Belton House'', produced by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. ISBN 1-84359-218-5. The National Trust, owner of the property, has produced a series of informative books on the subject of Belton House. This 2006 version depicts Lord Tyrconnel (left) with his wife (seated in an invalid chair), and a cousin and her husband, in front of the south facade.]]

In the ensuing period many thousands of country houses of great architectural value were demolished, or had whole wings razed to the ground. In 1955 alone one house was demolished every five days.<ref>RIBA.</ref> In this respect Belton was fortunate to survive at all, as in addition to the family's problems, the house was now deteriorating to such an extent that in 1961 the 6th Baron employed the architect [[Francis Johnson (architect 2)|Francis Johnson]] to oversee a large restoration program lasting three years. Not only was the roof repaired but much of the paneling taken down and repaired, and new cornices installed. Also attempts were made to curtail serious infestations of [[dry rot]]. By the time of the death of the 6th Baron in 1978, and the again resultant death duties, coupled with the rising costs of the upkeep, Belton became too much for the Brownlow family.

===The National Trust===
The seventh Baron attempted to retain the house and estate by opening to the public. He successfully implemented an adventure playground in the nearby woods to attract families to the house as a tourist attraction. However, the financial difficulties were too great and in January, 1984, he transferred ownership of the house to the National Trust, a charitable body experienced in the management of such properties. The National Trust further purchased at a cost of eight million pounds the 1,317 acres (5.33 km²) of parkland and much of the contents of the house. This was made possible by a grant from the [[National Heritage Memorial Fund]]

The Trust quickly produced a guide book for the 1984 season<ref> Chesshyre, 5.</ref> and opened to the public. A priority was the establishment of a restaurant,<ref>Anon. ''The National Trust Belton House 1984'' (a publicity leaflet for the Summer season of 1984).</ref> which would not only augment the estate's income, but also encourage people to spend more time at Belton, and travel greater distances to visit. Though the house, its contents and out-buildings were in an adequate state of repair at the time of the gift, they have since become part of an ongoing program of conservation and restoration. At the same time the National Trust has introduced new features and attractions such as a silver exhibition which displays a collection of silver amassed by the Brownlow family, dating from 1698. Further revenue is raised from the use of the property as a filming location, and from licensing the Marble Hall and Tapestry Room for civil weddings, with receptions being held in the stables.<ref>[http://www.forbetterforworse.co.uk/venues/beltonhouse.shtml Weddings at Belton House].</ref> The house is featured in BBC's 1988 adaptation of ''[[Moondial (television)|Moondial]]''.<ref>{{imdb title|id=0098866|title=Moondial}}.</ref> and also as "Rosings Park" in the [[BBC]]'s 1995 television version of ''[[Pride and Prejudice (TV serial)|Pride and Prejudice]]''. Thus Belton House has entered the twenty first century well equipped for its continued survival while still reflecting the glories of its historic past.

== Owners of Belton House ==
[[Image:Belton tomb. Giano.gif|right|200px|thumb|The tomb of Sir John Brownlow I and his wife Alice Pulteney. "...marble hands clasped everlastingly in mutual consolation for their childless marriage".<ref name=nico147">Nicolson, 147.</ref>]]

[[Image:Belton. Church.Giano.gif|thumb|right|300px|The [[mausoleum|funerary chapel]] of the owners of Belton House, in the parish church adjacent to the mansion's garden.]]

Until its acceptance by the National Trust, Belton House was always in the ownership of the family of its builder, albeit often through tortuous descent following the failure of three generations to produce a son and heir. This caused the ownership to pass sideways and sometimes backwards through the [[distaff|female line]].

The owners of Belton are buried in the village of [[Belton]]'s [[parish]] church close to the house. Their tombs are collectively one of the most complete sets of family memorials in England — continuous generation to generation for almost 350 years <ref>Nicolson, 147</ref>. The earliest Brownlow buried here is the founder of the family fortune the lawyer Richard Brownlow (1555–1638), and one of the most recent is the 6th Baron Brownlow (1899–1978).

The owners of Belton House have been:

*Sir John Brownlow I (1594–1679) Bequeathed Belton to his great nephew John Brownlow II.
*Sir John Brownlow II (1659–1697). Builder of Belton House
*Sir William Brownlow (1665–1702). Brother of Sir John Brownlow II, permitted his widowed sister-in-law to retain Belton.
*Sir John Brownlow III (1690–1754). Created [[Viscount Tyrconnel]] in 1718. Nephew and son-in-law of Sir John Brownlow II.
*Sir John Cust (1718–1770). [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker]] of the [[House of Commons]] and nephew of Tyrconnel.
*Sir Brownlow Cust (1744–1807). Created [[Baron Brownlow]] in 1776. Son of Sir John Cust.
*John, 2nd Baron Brownlow (1779–1853). Created 1st [[Earl Brownlow]] in 1815. Son of Sir Brownlow Cust.
*John, (Eggerton-Cust), 2nd Earl Brownlow (1842–1867) Grandson of John, 2nd Baron Brownlow.
*Adelbert, 3rd (and last) Earl Brownlow (1844–1921). Brother of John, 2nd Earl Brownlow.
*Adelbert Salusbury Cockayne Cust, 5th Baron Brownlow (1867–1927). Second cousin of Adelbert, 3rd Earl Brownlow.
*Perigrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow (1899–1978).
*Edward Cust, 7th Baron Brownlow (born 1936).
*[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|The National Trust]] (1984 onwards).<ref>Chesshyre, 4.</ref>

== Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==References==
*{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| year = 2006
| title = Belton House
| publisher = The National Trust
| location =
| id = ISBN 1-84359-218-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Beard
| first = Geoffrey
| year = 1966
| title = Georgian Craftsmen and Their Work
| publisher = Country Life
| location = London
| id = ISBN 1-111-68715-3
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Chesshyre
| first = J.F.
| year = 1984
| title = Belton House
| publisher = The National Trust
| location =
| id =
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Girouard
| first = Mark
| year = 1978
| title = Life in the English Country House
| publisher = Yale University Press
| location =
| id = ISBN 0-300-02273-5
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Halliday
| first = F. E.
| year = 1967
| title = Cultural History of England
| publisher = Thames and Hudson
| location = London
| id =
}}
*[[Christopher Hussey|Hussey, Christopher]]; "Brympton D'Evercy, Somerset", in ''Country Life'' LXI (1927).
*{{cite book
| last = Jackson-Stops
| first = Gervase
| year = 1990
| title = The Country House in Perspective
| publisher = Pavilion Books Ltd.
| location =
| id = ISBN 0-8021-1228-5
}}
*{{cite web
| last = Lappin
| first = Judith
| coauthors = Keith Stephenson
| url = http://www.machineguncorps.co.uk/history.html
| title = History of the Machine Gun Corps
| publisher = The Machine Gun Corps Old Comrades' Association
| accessdate = 2006-06-17
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Nicolson
| first = Nigel
| year = 1965
| title = Great Houses of Britain
| publisher = Hamlyn Publishing Group
| location =
| id = ISBN 0-600-01651-X
}}
*{{cite web
| date = [[April 13]], [[2006]]
| url = http://www.architecture.com/go/Architecture/Also/VandA_5177.html
| title = SAVE Britain’s Heritage 1975-2005: 30 Years of Campaigning
| publisher = RIBA architecture.com
| accessdate = 2006-06-23
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Thornton
| first = Michael
| year =
| title = Royal Feud
| publisher = Michael Joseph Ltd.
| location = London
| id = ISBN 0-330-29505-5
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-beltonhouse/ Belton House information at the National Trust]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.fairweather/docs/belton.htm Belton Church]

{{featured article}}
{{coor title d|52.944|N|0.6228|W}}

[[Category:Gardens in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Historic houses in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Lincolnshire]]

[[fr:Belton House]]

Belton House

2006-09-06T10:27:21Z

64.236.128.14:

Owned by Stream

Saber Rider und die Starsheriffs

2006-07-13T17:24:55Z

64.236.128.14:

{{Infobox Fernsehserie|
DT= Saber Rider und die Starsheriffs |
OT= 星銃士ビスマルク (Sei Jūshi Bismarck, dt. Sternenmusketier Bismark)|
PL= [[Japan]] |
PJ= [[1984]] |
LEN= 30 |
EA= 52 |
OS= [[Japanische Sprache|japanisch]] |
MUSIK= |
IDEE= |
GENRE= [[Mecha]], [[Anime]], [[Science Fiction|Science-Fiction]]|
EAS= |
EASDE= |
DS=
}}
'''Saber Rider und die Starsheriffs''' ([[Japanisches Schriftsystem|jap.]] 星銃士ビスマルク ''[[Sei Jūshi Bismarck]]'', wörtlich: ''Sternenmusketier Bismarck'') ist eine [[Mecha]]-[[Anime]]produktion des japanischen [[Studio Pierrot]]s von [[1984]].

Der Erfolg der Serie war mäßig, erst eine Umarbeitung durch die amerikanische Filmgesellschaft [[World Events Productions]] (WEP) 1987 verhalf ihr zum Durchbruch auf dem westlichen und insbesondere dem deutschen Markt. Dadurch hat ''Saber Rider'' dem Siegeszug des Anime in Deutschland und der Welt entscheidend mit den Weg geebnet.

Mit dem Ausruf ''„Can you feel the thunder inside?“'' beginnt eine jede Folge (der amerikanischen Version).

== Geschichte ==

In ferner Zukunft beherrscht die Menschheit die [[interstellar|interstellare]] [[Raumfahrt]], welche sie sich zunutze macht, um die Folgen der Bevölkerungsexplosion in den Griff zu bekommen, für deren Versorgung die irdischen Kapazitäten nicht mehr ausreichen. Zu diesem Zweck besiedeln die Menschen ferne Planeten und schließen diese in einer [[Föderation]] zusammen. Doch kommt es immer wieder zu Angriffen extradimensionaler Humanoiden- und Androidenverbände auf die Kolonisten vor allem in den Randgebieten der Föderation. Rohstoffvorkommen werden geplündert und Gräuel an den Einwohnern verübt, zum Beispiel durch die Zerstörung der Sauerstoffversorgung (der sogenannten Oxi-Stationen) auf ansonsten sauerstoffarmen Planeten. Das Ziel der Angreifer, die sich selbst als ''Outrider'' bezeichnen, ist es, die Menschheit auszurotten und sich ihre Dimension anzueignen. Das Oberkommando der Menschheit reagiert auf die ausgeprägte technologische und zahlenmäßige Überlegenheit der Angreifer durch die Schaffung einer neuen Waffe (des RAMROD) und einer Gruppe von Kämpfern zum Schutze der Menschheit: Den ''Star Sheriffs''.

== Charaktere ==

Im Folgenden die wesentlichen [[Protagonist|Pro-]] und [[Antagonist (Literatur)|Antagonist]]en der Serie mit ihrem amerikanischen und in Klammer japanischen Namen:

=== Star Sheriffs (Sternen[[musketier]] [[Bismarck]]) ===

==== Saber Rider (Richard Lancelot) ====

In der amerikanischen Fassung Namensgeber der Serie und Anführer der Star Sheriffs (beides nicht im jap. Original). Aufgewachsen in den schottischen [[Highlands]] auf einem alten Schloss bei seinen Eltern. Schon früh unterwies ihn sein Vater im Schwertkampf, den er später bei seiner Kavallerieausbildung perfektionierte.

Die Symbiose aus kühl berechnender Rationalität und cleverer Kreativität prädestinieren ihn zum Anführer (nach Meinung von WEP). Im [[Raumschiff]] ''Ramrod'' (jap. ''Bismarck'') der Star Sheriffs obliegt ihm die Steuerung der Maverick-Triebwerke, die zunächst der interstellaren Fortbewegung dienen. Sein sowohl ritt- als auch flugfähiges Roboterpferd Steed ist ihm ein unverzichbarer Helfer bei seinen Missionen.<br />
Im jap. Original ist Richard Lancelot ebenfalls [[Großbritannien|britischer]] Nationalität. Dies erklärt das britische [[Union Jack]] auf dem Oberarm und dem Helm seiner Uniform. Manchmal ist er auch unter dem Namen ''Richard Belmont'' aufgeführt.

==== Fireball (Shinji Hikari) ====

Einstmals Formel-1-Rennfahrer und jüngster Champion aller Zeiten, ist seine heutige Aufgabe zum einen die sog. Maverick-Bodensteuerung des Raumschiffs und die Veranlassung von dessen [[Transformation]] im Ernstfall, zum Anderen die Unterstützung seines Teams in Alleingängen mit seinem Red Fury Turbo Racer, ein mit umfangreichen Waffenarsenal ausgestatteter Rennwagen.

: Zitat Saber Rider: ''„Er ist ein kleiner Hitzkopf, aber er hat sein Herz auf dem rechten Fleck…“''

Im japanischen Original ist Shinji Hikari der [[Japan|japanische]] Anführer der Crew und trägt deshalb die japanische [[Flagge Japans|Hi no Maru]] auf seinem Ärmel und seinem Helm, was WEP dazu veranlasste, ihn wegen des roten Kreises „Fireball“ zu nennen.

==== Colt (Bill Wilcox) ====

In früheren Zeiten war Colt ein Frauen- und Revolverheld. Als jedoch seine Eltern bei einem Angriff der Outrider ums Leben kamen, schwor er sich, alles in seiner Macht stehende zur ihrer Bekämpfung zu unternehmen. Dadurch kam er schließlich zu den Star Sheriffs. Seine nahezu unfehlbare Treffsicherheit bei Schusswaffen sind sowohl in Einzelmissionen, wozu ihm ein Gleiter mit Namen Bronco Buster zur Verfügung steht, als auch auf dem Raumschiff, wo er deswegen den Maverick-Feuerleitstand bedient, unverzichtbar.

Treffsicher ist er ebenfalls, wenn es um den gezielten Tritt in Fettnäpchen geht, denn er besitzt einen äußerst flapsigen Humor. Im Ernstfall aber kann man sich immer auf ihn verlassen, denn Freundschaft geht ihm über alles.<br />
Im jap. Original kommt Bill Wilcox aus den [[USA]] und ist ein Kopfgeldjäger. Deshalb prangt auf seiner Uniform das US-[[Sternenbanner]].

==== April Eagle (Marian Louvre) ====

Als Tochter des Oberkommandanten kam sie schon früh mit dem Oberkommando in Kontakt und konnte so wichtige Erfahrung sammeln. Enorme Fähigkeiten besitzt sie sowohl in technologischen Belangen, sie entwickelte das Schlachtschiff der Star Sheriffs, als auch in nahkämpferischen, was sich an ihrem [[Karate]]-[[Schwarzgurt]] und den Auseinandersetzungen mit den Outridern zeigt.

Ihr obliegt die [[Navigation]] des Raumschiffs, auch, um ihren männlichen Mitstreitern als „[[Deus ex machina]]“ bei Bodenmissionen zu helfen, wenn diese, was häufig vorkommt, in Schwierigkeiten geraten. Für Alleingänge steht ihr das Pferd Nova zur Verfügung, von der gleichen Bauart wie Saber Riders Pferd.

Im jap. Original ist Marian Louvre [[Frankreich|Französin]], weshalb sich auf ihrer Uniform die [[Tricolore]] findet. Auch ist sie dort nicht Entwicklerin des Schlachtschiffs Ramrod, sondern ihr Vater Commander Eagle (Charles Louvre).

==== Commander Eagle (Charles Louvre) ====

Flottenkommandant und Aprils Vater. Er ist ernst, [[Stoa|stoisch]], pflichtbewusst, geradlinig, ein starker Charakter, doch hat er unter der harten Schale einen weichen, einfühlsamen Kern.<br />
Im jap. Original ist auch Charles Louvre [[Frankreich|Franzose]] und überdies Entwickler des Raumschlachtschiffes der Sternen[[musketier]]e.

Die [[japanisches Schriftsystem|japanischen Schreibweise]] des Namens ''Louvre'' (ルヴェール ''ruvēru'') wird häufig auch als ''Ruwell'', ''Ruvére'' oder ''Luveille'' übertragen. Dies liegt an dem Zeichen ル, welches sowohl als ''ru'' als auch als ''lu'' interpretiert werden kann, da es sich in der jap. Originalaussprache am ehesten dazwischen befindet.

=== Ramrod ([[Bismarck (Schlachtschiff)|Bismarck]]) ===

Schlachtschiff der Star Sheriffs und Flaggschiff der Föderation. Entwickelt von April Eagle (in der amerikanischen Fassung, in der japanischen von ihrem Vater), ist es die technologische „Wunderwaffe“, mit welcher die Menschheit den Outridern gegenübertritt. Dann kann das Schiff, sofern es mit allen vier Protagonisten besetzt ist, auf Knopfdruck nach [[Transformers]]-Manier zu einem gewaltigen Kampfroboter werden. Dies stellt dann den [[Klimax|Höhepunkt]] fast einer jeden Folge dar.<br />

==== Klassischer Ablauf einer Transformation mit darauffolgendem Kampf ====

Hierzu drückt Fireball den Auslöserknopf, der sich in seinem Armaturenbereich befindet. Dadurch erfolgt der Umbau Ramrods vom Raumschiff zum [[Mecha|Giant Robot]]. Es erscheint erst der Kopf, dann die Arme und dann die Beine. Zeitgleich wird die Sitzposition der Protagonisten umgewandelt von der Reih-und-Glied-Variante des Raumschiffs zu einer Windrosenform, also nach den vier Himmelsrichtungen ausgerichtet, die Gesichter voneinander wegdeutend, wobei auch ein jeder eine eigene hermetisch isolierte Zelle erhält. Die Plattform, wo die Sitze sich befinden, wird transportiert in den „Kopf“ Ramrods.

Nunmehr muss das Zusammenspiel der vier Sternenmusketiere perfekt funktionieren: Häufig kommt es nämlich zu einem Kampf gegen einen feindlichen Giant Robot, ebenfalls ausgestattet mit vielerlei Waffen. Dann muss nicht nur jeder von Colt initiierte Schuss sitzen, sondern auch und gerade bei Nahkämpfen, die zu regelrechten Faust- und Fußkämpfen werden können, die Navigation der Gliedmaße, gesteuert von April. Da sich solche Duelle häufig in der Luft fortsetzen, muss Ramrod auch zum Schwebekampf imstande sein, was bedeutet, dass nun Sabers Mavericktriebwerkssteuerung miteingebunden werden muss.

Im jap. Original soll die Bezeichnung ''[[Bismarck (Schlachtschiff)|Bismarck]]'' an das gleichnamige deutsche Schlachtschiff aus dem [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieg]] erinnern, in dessen Nachfolge es steht, ähnlich wie die ''[[Yamato (Schlachtschiff)|Yamato]]'' in ''[[Space Battleship Yamato]]''.

=== Outrider (Deathculas) ===

Die Outrider, bionisch-kybernetische Humanoiden, kommen aus einer anderen Dimension. Sie wollen die Menschheit auslöschen um sich im Universum ungehindert ausbreiten zu können. Dazu ist ihnen jedes Mittel recht. Anfangs konnten sie ihre technologische Überlegenheit ausspielen; erst seit dem Bau Ramrods und der Gründung der Star Sheriffs geraten sie zunehmend in Bedrängnis. Wird ein Outrider besiegt, so stirbt er nicht, sondern transintegriert unter giftgrüner Fluoreszenz zurück auf den Todesplaneten, gelegen in der Phantomzone, seiner Heimatdimension, sich zu regenerieren und bald wieder auf dem Schlachtfeld zu erscheinen, welches die effektive Bekämpfung dieser Spezies zu einer Herausforderung werden lässt (und, natürlich, den Kritikern von Gewalt im Fernsehen ein wenig den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen sollte). Zitat: '' "Schickt mir mein Gepäck in die Phantomzone nach!"'' Jedoch erfährt man in Folge 45 ("Eagle auf der Flucht"), dass sie mit den Menschen gemeinsame Vorfahren haben.

Im jap. Original bedeutet das grüne Aufleuchten keinen [[Teleport]], sondern tatsächlich den Tod. Trotzdem ist die Bekämpfung auch hier schwierig, wenn nicht gar schwieriger, da ein Deathcula über eine viel höhere Intelligenz verfügt als ein Outrider.

Im Folgenden die wichtigsten Vertreter dieser Spezies:

==== Nemesis (Hyuza) ====
Nemesis ist Anführer der Outrider. Nachdem er von Fireballs Vater dereinst besiegt wurde, hat man einen ihm physiologisch ähnlichen Androiden angefertigt und seine Persönlichkeit in ein Tritonmateriegehirn übertragen. Er entsendet die Outrider in das Grenzgebiet der Föderation, um zunächst Rache an den Star Sheriffs und vornehmlich ihrem Anführer zu nehmen, bevor er sich dann später dem Endziel widmet.

==== Jessie Blue (Perios) ====
Er ist kein Mitglied der Outrider, sondern ein Mensch. Eigentlich hätte er, ebenso wie die Star Sheriffs, eine Militärausbildung absolvieren sollen. Doch verliebte er sich in April, die seine Anstalten jedoch nicht erwiderte. Zutiefst gekränkt in seinem überheblichen Stolz, der auch den Grund für Aprils Ablehnung darstellte, entschloss er sich, um der Vergeltung Willen zu den Outridern überzulaufen. Mit seinem Wissen über die inneren Strukturen der Flotte und die Gefühle und Schwächen der Menschen steht Jessie Blue den Outridern tatkräftig zur Seite.<br />
Im jap. Original ist Perios ein Deathcula und kein Mensch. Die Episoden (2 und 3), in denen Jessie (Perios) die Akademie besucht,
sind (schlecht) neu gezeichnet worden.

==== Gattler ====
Die rechte Hand Nemesis’ und nur ihm allein Rechenschaft schuldig, wenn er mit den anderen Outridern ausrückt. Er ist die Inkarnation des abgrundtief Bösen und Schlechten. Sein Gesicht wird verdeckt durch eine furchteinflößende Maske. Selbst wenn er die Maske abnimmt, bleibt sein wahres Gesicht stehts unerkennbar im Schatten, allein die Augen lassen auf sein Innerstes schließen.

==== Vanquo (Vanquo) ====

Vanquo ist ein Geistwesen mit freischwebendem Gesicht, feuerroten Augen, in einen Umhang gehüllt und einen Sombrero tragend. Sein Lachen ist schauderhaft. Als Geist ist ihm besonders schwer im Kampf zu begegnen.

== Episodenliste ==

''Sei Jushi Bismarck'' vom jap. [[Studio Pierrot]] wurde [[1984]] zunächst auf dem japanischen Sender NTV ausgestrahlt, mit mäßigem Erfolg. Etwas später, nämlich [[1987]], kaufte eine amerikanische [[Filmgesellschaft]] mit dem Namen [[World Events Productions]] (WEP) dann die Serie und bearbeitete sie für den [[USA|US-amerikanischen]] und westlichen Markt um (und gab ihr den heute üblichen Namen) – mit Erfolg, so dass nun praktisch alle nicht-japanischen Länderfassungen, auch die [[deutsche]], wie sie [[1990]] von [[Tele 5]] und nach der baldigen Auflösung des Senders noch bis [[1996]] von [[RTL 2]] gezeigt wurde, auf der WEP-Version basieren. Hierbei wurde in Deutschland die von WEP veränderte Reihenfolge wieder durch die original japanische ersetzt, nicht aber die Veränderungen „innerhalb“.

{| {{Prettytable}}
!Deutsche Episodentitel
!US-amer. Episodentitel
!Japanische Episodentitel
|-
|01. Die Star Sheriffs
|01. Star Sheriff Round Up
|01. Uchū no bōkenyarō
|-
|02. Der vierbeinige Freund
|04. Iguana Get To Know You
|02. Ore to aitsu to ano yarō
|-
|03. Der kleine große Held
|07. Little Partner
|03. Chisana nahoankan
|-
|04. Der Wolf im Schafspelz
|08. Brawling Is My Calling
|04. Vazer-kozan no spy
|-
|05. Entscheidung am Cimarron Pass
|16. Show Down At Cimarron Pass
|05. Maboroshi no machinegundan
|-
|06. Trau deinen Augen nicht
|19. Sole Survivor
|06. Bishōjo Eris no himitsu
|-
|07. Der Spitzel
|20. Legend Of The Santa Fe Express
|07. Chisana ai no monogatari
|-
|08. Wilde Pferde
|09. Wild Horses Couldn’t Drag Me Away
|08. Jijisan no banshon
|-
|09. Wer wagt, gewinnt
|27. The Hole In The Wall Gang
|09. Ashita he no takakai
|-
|10. Der nachtragende König
|22. Famous Last Words
|10. Ganymed no kishogun
|-
|11. Notruf aus New Dallas
|23. Sharpshooter
|11. Oitaru Phoenix
|-
|12. Die Royal Monarch
|24. The Monarch Supreme
|12. Hoshizora no Christmas
|-
|13. Blutsbrüder
|17. The Saber And The Tomahawk
|''(keine japanische Fassung)''
|-
|14. Schlangenauge
|21. Snake Eyes
|13. Shinigami Kid
|-
|15. Der kleine Freund
|05. Little Hombre
|14. Last shooting
|-
|16. Ein eiskalter Typ
|29. Snow-Blind
|15. Hagukin no kettō
|-
|17. Das Schloss der Nebelberge
|10. The Castle Of The Mountain Haze
|16. Yomigaeru kishido
|-
|18. Colt und die Lehrerin
|30. Thanguility
|17. Kimi no te de mura wo mamoru
|-
|19. Der große Lazardo
|41. The Amazing Lazardo
|18. Jigoku kara kita seija
|-
|20. Die Highlander
|13. The Highlanders
|''(keine japanische Fassung)''
|-
|21. Die Zeitbombe
|42. I Forgot
|19. Himitsu ansatsukeikaku o abake
|-
|22. Nur Zirkus mit dem Zirkus
|06. Greatest Show On The New Frontier
|21. Kyōfu no robotshow
|-
|23. Doppelsieg
|28. The All Galaxy Grand Prix
|22. Bakuhatsu! Shi no race
|-
|''(keine deutsche Fassung)''
|''(keine US-Fassung)''
|23. Captain Horidee
|-
|24. Die Geiseln
|12. Four Leaf Clover
|24. Yotsuyō no clover
|-
|25. Die Sauerstoffdiebe
|37. Born on the Bayou
|25. Mōbaku! Blaster-Pulse
|-
|26. Das Kavallerie-Oberkommando
|02. Cavalry Command
|''(keine jap. Fassung)''
|-
|27. Jessie’s Rache
|03. Jesse’s Revenge
|''(keine jap. Fassung)''
|-
|28. Goldfieber
|18. All That Glitters
|''(keine jap. Fassung)''
|-
|29. Das Alkalit
|25. Gattler’s Last Stand
|26. Ganymed saigo no kessen
|-
|30. Saber in der Phantomzone
|34. Stampede
|''(keine jap. Fassung)''
|-
|31. Der intergalaktische Vergnügungspark
|35. The Challenge (1)
|27. Atanaru ketsui (1)
|-
|32. Erinnerungen
|36. The Challenge (2)
|28. Atanaru ketsui (2)
|-
|33. Peacekeeper 7 meldet sich nicht
|14. What Did You Do On Your Summer Vacation?
|29. Shōyōsai he
|-
|''(keine dt. Fassung)''
|''(keine US-Fassung)''
|30. Heiwa o uri watashita machi
|-
|34. Der Überläufer
|15. Jesse Blue
|31. Andromeda kara kita otoko
|-
|35. Das Duell
|26. Dooley
|32. Deathculan Hunter
|-
|36. Der schöne Schein
|31. Bad Day At Dry Gulch
|33. Yūrei sentai o takate!
|-
|37. Am Ende des Regenbogens
|43. Lend Me Your Ears
|34. Niji ni negai o!
|-
|38. Jessie Blues neue Freundin
|40. Jesse’s Girl
|35. Jōsenshi Chiruka
|-
|''(keine dt. Fassung)''
|''(keine US-Fassung)''
|36. Juno sei kyūshutsu sakusen
|-
|39. April reitet wieder
|38. April Rides
|37. 50% no kake
|-
|40. Das Red Wing Gefängnis
|39. The Walls Of Red Wing
|38. Wambaku WARS!
|-
|41. Das Mädchen mit den blauen Haaren
|32. Snowcone
|39. Magokoro ga mieta toki
|-
|42. Der Doppelgänger
|33. Sneaky Spies
|40. Ma no Leto sei field
|-
|43. Der Urweltplanet
|11. Oh Boy! Dinosaurs!
|41. Kyōryu no sei
|-
|''(keine dt. Fassung)''
|''(keine US-Fassung)''
|42. Daiyōsai sekkin
|-
|44. Das Geheimnis der Mönche
|44. Born To Run
|43. Deathculan no himitsu
|-
|45. Eagle auf der Flucht
|45. The Legend Of The Lost World
|44. Kyōdaisei!? Deathcula to Chikyū
|-
|46. Eagle kehrt heim
|46. The Rescue
|45. Dakkai! Ruwell hakushi
|-
|47. Der Waffenstillstand
|47. Eagle Has Landed
|46. Bismarck kaitai
|-
|48. Der Friedensvertrag
|48. Cease Fire
|47. Senshi no fukkatsu
|-
|49. Der blaue Kobalt-Blaster
|49. Alamo Moon
|48. Haipāfoton pōhatsui
|-
|50. Jessie Blue will alles
|50. The Nth Degree
|49. Helperides wo gekihaseyo!
|-
|51. Wer ist Nemesis?
|51. Who is Nemesis?
|50. Helperides dasshutsu
|-
|52. Das letzte Gefecht
|52. Happy Trails
|51. Yume Ginga
|}

== Synchronisation ==

Der häufig zitierte Wortwitz der Serie erklärt sich aus der Tatsache, dass ''[[Tele 5]]'', zuständig für die Synchronisation, den Sprechern weitgehend Freiraum zur [[Improvisation]] ließ und nicht, wie heute vielfach üblich, auf ein striktes Einhalten des Skripts bestand.

Die Synchronsprecher sind:

* [[Ekkehardt Belle]] – Saber Rider
* [[Florian Halm]] – Fireball
* [[Christian Tramitz]] – Colt
* [[Katrin Fröhlich]] – April
* [[Norbert Gastell]] – Commander Eagle
* [[Hartmut Neugebauer]] – Nemesis
* [[Arne Elsholtz]] – Jessie Blue
* [[Fred Maire]] – Wolf
* [[Manfred Erdmann]] – Ramrod und Off-Sprecher bei den Intros

== Hintergründe ==

=== Kulturelle Zensur ===

Saber Rider war in seiner originalen Form ein Anime, bei dem sich die Japaner erstmals an neue Grenzen der Sittlichkeit wagten. Dies war den Amerikanern jedoch ''zu'' gewagt.

Deshalb wurden zunächst Szenen herausgenommen, in denen Alkohol und Nikotin konsumiert wurde. Doch damit nicht genug: Die Serie sollte nicht nur kinderfreundlicher werden, sondern auch „amerikanerfreundlicher“. So wurden die Figuren umbenannt, Wildwestelemente eingefügt, Storys und Dialoge umgeschrieben, die Reihenfolge der Episoden vertauscht, Folgen ausgelassen und andere durch „Recycling“ von Szenen hinzugefügt, weshalb es oft zu „[[Déjà-vu]]s“ kommt.

Insgesamt wurden dem japanischen Original aufgrund von Gewaltszenen fünf Episoden entnommen. Die amerikanischen Produzenten ließen sechs neue Episoden entwerfen, in denen sie die Eigenschaften der Charaktere, z. B. Jessie, festigten und weiterentwickelten und neue Figuren einführten, die im japanischen Original nicht vorhanden waren, z. B. General Whitehawk.

Man erkennt die neu gezeichneten Folgen am einfachen amerikanischen Zeichenstil, der bei den Zeichnungen sowohl ohne als auch mit Battlesuit auffällt, Saber (Richard) ist sehr oft im Bild und April (Marian) hat rote Lippen.

Da man mit Shinji Hikari alias ''Fireball'' einen japanischen Obmann gehabt hätte, aber die amerikanischen Konsumenten nicht vor den Kopf stoßen wollte, hat man kurzerhand Richard Lancelot alias ''Saber Rider'' zum Anführer erklärt.

Weiterhin hat ''Fireball'' des Öfteren im Rahmen seiner Rennfahrerkarriere, einen weißen Helm mit rotem Punkt auf, als Zeichen seiner „Japanität“, wie ein jeder Sternenmusketier seine Nationalflagge auf der Uniform trägt. Damit dieses nicht auffällt, wurde dieser rote Punkt von WEP zum „Feuerball“ uminterpretiert und der Charakter danach benannt.

Die Outrider sind in der Originalfassung viel intelligenter und gefährlicher als in der zensierten, so dass es ein Kampf der Menschheit wirklich auf Leben und Tod ist, was häufig im Anime[[genre]] und vor allem im [[Mecha]] vorkommt. Die Sternenmusketiere Bismarck sind zu diesem Zweck auch ein Konglomerat verschiedener Nationen wider die Invasoren, welche durchaus ernst zu nehmende ebenbürtige Gegner sind.

Erheblich ist auch die Umbenennung von ''Bismarck'' zu ''Ramrod'', dem eigentlichen Hauptcharakter der Serie, da hier tatsächlich Bezug genommen wird zu dem NS-deutschen Kriegsschiff.

Der Planet "Yuma" hieß im jap. Original "[[Ganymed (Mythologie)|Ganymed]]".

Diese kulturelle Zensur sollte sich verstärkt noch bei ''[[Sailor Moon]]'' fortsetzen, wo sich die US-Version jedoch außerhalb der USA nicht zu profilieren vermochte.

=== ''„Saber Rider Sells Big In Germany!“'' ===

Durch diese kulturelle Zensur aber konnte sich Saber Rider erst im Westen profilieren, ganz im Gegensatz zu den anderen [[Mecha]]-Anime wie [[Space Battleship Yamato]] oder [[Mobile Suit Gundam]], die zwar beiderseits neben [[Neon Genesis Evangelion]] die in Japan erfolgreichsten Animationsserien überhaupt darstellen, aber im Westen, ebenso wie NGE, keine außerordentlich große Rolle spielen, da es eben im Westen bis dato unüblich war, solch komplexen Zeichentrick herzustellen, wo doch Kinder und Jugendliche die traditionellen Adressaten animierter Produktionen waren und immer noch sind.

Bei Saber Rider war die Gefahr der Erfolglosigkeit, wenn man es bei „Sternenmusketier Bismarck“ belassen hätte, noch größer als bei Yamato und Mobile Gundam, da es im Gegensatz zu diesen auch im Heimatland keinen besonders großen Erfolg hatte (bis auf eine Auszeichnung, siehe unten). So entschied man sich für eine Anpassung an westliche Gegebenheiten, was sich aus rein kommerzieller Sicht vor allem auch in Dtl. als richtig herausstellte, wie die obige Schlagzeile von der internationalen WEP-Homepage verdeutlicht.

Zwar konnte ''Saber Rider'' sich durch diese Anpassungen im Westen profilieren, doch sollte es noch bis ''Sailor Moon'' ([[1993]]) dauern, bis sich ein Anime in seiner originalen Individualität durchzusetzen vermochte.

=== ''„Sei Jushi Bismarck“'' im Westen und als [[Manga]] ===

Trotz des Manga- und Animebooms im Westen seit den [[Geschichte des Anime#Späte 1980er bis frühe 1990er Jahre (Sailor Moon und Dragonball)|1990er]]n hat es bislang niemals Bestrebungen gegeben, „Sei Jushi Bismarck“ in seiner japanischen Originalversion nach Deutschland oder andere westliche Länder zu holen. Ebenso wenig wurde jemals eine Umsetzung als [[Manga]] erwogen, wie es bei erfolgreichen Anime häufig der Fall ist.

Nichts desto weniger hat ''Saber Rider und die Star Sheriffs'' bis heute einen beachtlichen, wenn auch zahlenmäßig nicht besonders großen, doch konstanten Fandom.

== Auszeichnungen ==

* 1985: ''Bandai Incentive Award of Japan Animation Festival''

== Weblinks ==

* [http://www.saber-rider.de Saber Rider – Offizielle deutsche Fansite]
* [http://www.wep.com World Events Productions – Offizielle internationale Website] (engl.)
* [http://pierrot.jp/title/bismark/index.html 星銃士ビスマルク・ぴえろ – Offizielle japanische Website] (jap.; Direktlink)
*[http://www.cavalry-command.de/ Cavalry Command]
*[http://www.yuma-city.de/ Yuma City]
*[http://www.theretrokids.com/index2.php?pageaction=openlinkdetail&link_id=311&parent_id=3 The Retrokids - Saber Rider]

[[Kategorie:Anime|Saber Rider]]
[[Kategorie:Science-Fiction-Serie|Saber Rider]]
[[Kategorie:Zeichentrickserie|Saber Rider]]

[[en:Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs]]
[[hr:Saber Rider i Zvjezdani šerifi]]
[[ja:星銃士ビスマルク]]
[[sr:Сабља и Звездани Шерифи]]

Brie Larson

2006-02-21T21:23:37Z

64.236.128.14:

'''Brie Larson''' (born [[October 1st]], [[1989]] in [[Sacramento, California]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[actress]] and [[pop music|pop]] singer.
She attended the [[American Conservatory Theater]] as one of their youngest students ever. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] and worked on ''[[The Tonight Show]]''. She was cast in two back-to-back television series, ''[[Schimmel]](FOX)'' and ''[[Raising Dad]](The WB)''. She also starred in the summer film with Alexa Vega titled 'SleepOver'.

Brie took time off to record her first album, ''Finally Out of P.E.'', which spawned the single "She Said", and was an [[MTV]] regular, along with the follow up single "Life After You". In [[May]] [[2005]], she went on tour with [[Jesse McCartney]]. In the summer of 2005 Brie worked in a NewLine/Walden Media film titled 'Hoot' slated for theatrical release in spring 2006.

== Filmography ==
*''[[Hoot (film)|Hoot]]'' (2006) - Beatrice
*''[[Sleepover (2004 movie)|Sleepover]]'' ([[2004]]) - Liz
*''[[13 Going on 30]]'' ([[2004]]) - Six Chick
*''[[Madison]]'' ([[2001]]) - Racing Girl 2
*''[[Special Delivery]]'' ([[1999]]) Little Angel

== Discography ==

*2005: ''[[Finally Out Of P.E.]]'' #12 CAN

== Singles ==

*2004: ''[[She Said]]''
*2005: ''[[Life After You]]''
*2005: ''Hope Has Wings'' - from Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus OST
*2006: ''No title of track'' - from Hoot OST

== External links ==
* {{imdb name|id=0488953|name=Brie Larson}}
* {{tvtome person|id=1867|name=Brie Larson}}
*[http://www.brielarson.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.brielarsonmusic.com/ Brie Larson]
*[http://myspace.com/brielarsonmusic

[[Category:1989 births|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American female singers|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Disney child actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Sacramentans|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American television actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Living people|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American pop singers|Larson, Brie]]

[[id:Brie Larson]]

Brie Larson

2006-02-21T21:14:14Z

64.236.128.14:

'''Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers''' (born [[October 1st]], [[1989]] in [[Sacramento, California]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[actress]] and [[pop music|pop]] singer who goes by the name '''Brie Larson'''.

She attended the [[American Conservatory Theater]] as one of their youngest students ever. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] and worked on ''[[The Tonight Show]]''. She was cast in two back-to-back ill-fated television series, ''[[Schimmel]]'' and ''[[Raising Dad]]''.

She took time off to record her first album, ''Finally Out of P.E.'', which spawned the single "She Said", which wasn't a chart hit, but was an [[MTV]] regular, along with the follow up single "Life After You". In [[May]] [[2005]], she went on tour with [[Jesse McCartney]].

== Filmography ==
*''[[Hoot (film)|Hoot]]'' (2006) - Beatrice
*''[[Sleepover (2004 movie)|Sleepover]]'' ([[2004]]) - Liz
*''[[13 Going on 30]]'' ([[2004]]) - Six Chick
*''[[Madison]]'' ([[2001]]) - Racing Girl 2
*''[[Special Delivery]]'' ([[1999]]) Little Angel

== Discography ==

*2005: ''[[Finally Out Of P.E.]]'' #12 CAN

== Singles ==

*2004: ''[[She Said]]''
*2005: ''[[Life After You]]''
*2005: ''Hope Has Wings'' - from Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus OST
*2006: ''No title of track'' - from Hoot OST

== External links ==
* {{imdb name|id=0488953|name=Brie Larson}}
* {{tvtome person|id=1867|name=Brie Larson}}
*[http://www.brielarson.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.brielarsonmusic.com/ Brie Larson]
*[http://myspace.com/brielarsonmusic

[[Category:1989 births|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American female singers|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Disney child actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Sacramentans|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American television actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Living people|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American pop singers|Larson, Brie]]

[[id:Brie Larson]]

Benutzer:Maurice Safranek/Warner Media, LLC

2005-12-21T21:15:05Z

64.236.128.14: Bewkes promoted [http://money.cnn.com/2005/12/21/news/fortune500/time_warner_coo.reut/]

{{mergefrom|Warner Communications}}

{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Time Warner Inc. |
company_logo = [[Image: Bg header.gif]] |
company_type = Public ([[NYSE]]: [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=TWX TWX]) |
company_slogan = N/A |
foundation = Merger between [[AOL Inc.]] and [[Time Warner Inc.]] ([[2001]]) |
location = [[New York City, New York]] |
key_people = [[Richard D. Parsons]], Chairman/CEO<br />[[Jeffrey L. Bewkes]], President/COO |
num_employees = 84,900 |
industry = [[Broadcasting|Broadcasting & Cable TV]]|
products = [[#Businesses|See full product listing]].|
revenue = [[image:green up.png]]$42.089 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] ([[2004]])|
homepage = [http://www.timewarner.com/ www.timewarner.com]
}}
'''Time Warner Inc.''' {{NYSE|TWX}} (AOL Time Warner Inc. between 2001 and 2003) (or referred to as '''TimeWarner''') is the world's largest [[Mass_media|media]] company with major [[Internet]], [[publishing]], [[film]], [[telecommunications]] and [[television]] divisions. The company is officially headquartered in [[New York City, New York|New York]], [[New York]], [[United States]].

==History==
Time Warner was created in 1990 by the merger of [[Time Inc.]] and [[Warner Communications]]. This company subsequently acquired [[Ted Turner]]'s [[Turner Broadcasting System]] on October 1996.

===AOL Merger===
In [[2001]], a new company called "AOL Time Warner" was created when [[AOL]] purchased Time Warner. The deal, announced in [[2000]], employed an unusual merger structure in which each original company merged into a newly created entity. The [[Federal Trade Commission]] approved the deal on [[January 11]], [[2001]].

There has been some speculation about the motivations of each party. Some observers believed that Time Warner was struggling to integrate "[[new media]]" into its business. A merger with AOL provided a huge subscriber base of Internet users, along with [[online]] marketing know-how. Many business journalists have reported that AOL executives felt that AOL stock was severely overvalued and that a big merger was the only way to prevent a collapse in valuation.

The merger faced immediate opposition by consumer groups and other media companies on [[antitrust]] grounds.

Media companies felt that the [[vertical integration|vertically integrated]] AOL Time Warner would unfairly promote its own content within its outlets. This fear existed before the merger, but Time Warner was thought to be a conglomeration of very independent divisions. It was feared that this would change with the influence of AOL executives.

Consumer advocates were concerned with the threat of [[product tying]] between Time Warner's [[cable TV]] systems and AOL's [[internet service provider|Internet service]]. Some consumer groups saw a possible attempt to corner the Internet-over-TV market, whereby AOL could force all of the Time Warner cable subscribers to use AOL branded Internet-TV. Smaller [[internet service provider]]s feared that AOL would tie its Internet service to Time Warner's [[cable modem]] service. Some ISPs wanted the opportunity to use Time Warner's cable network as a [[common carrier]] for their services, which competed with AOL. AOL and Time Warner pledged not to violate any antitrust regulations.

Many observers were shocked that a large, diversified media conglomerate was being acquired by a much smaller company. Market conditions at the time of the merger placed a greater premium on Internet-related stocks than on traditional media stocks. AOL's high [[market capitalization]] relative to that of Time Warner made the acquisition possible. The deal has since become a symbol of the [[dot com|Internet Bubble]] and is widely regarded as a [http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D8BOB80O1.htm?campaign_id=apn_home_down&chan=db disaster], with a $2.4 billion shareholder settlement, a further $600 million set aside and a $5 billion price boosting share buyback program announced on [[3 August]] [[2005]].

AOL [[CEO]] [[Steve Case]] became executive chairman of the new company, while Time Warner CEO [[Gerald Levin]] retained the CEO title.

===Post-AOL Merger===

After the merger, the profitabilty of the ISP division (America Online) decreased. Meanwhile, the market valuation of similar independent internet companies fell dramatically. As a result, the value of the America Online division dropped significantly. This forced a [[goodwill]] [[write down]], causing AOL Time Warner to report a loss of 99 billion dollars in [[2002]]--at the time, the largest loss ever reported by a company.

In response to the huge loss in 2002, the company dropped the "AOL" from its name, and removed Steve Case as executive chairman. [[Richard Parsons]] became the new CEO. Case resigned from the Time Warner board on October 31, 2005.[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/BUSINESS/10/31/stevde.case.aol/]

A number of transactions have since taken place:

*The [[professional wrestling]] federation [[WCW]] was sold to competitor [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]].
*The [[Atlanta Hawks]], [[Atlanta Thrashers]], and operating rights to [[Philips Arena]] were sold in mid-[[2003]].
*The fifty percent share in the cable channel [[Comedy Central]] was sold to [[Viacom]].
*[[Warner Music Group]], a [[music]] company, was sold to a group of investors led by [[Edgar Bronfman, Jr.]] in late 2003.
* AOL/[[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]]'s longrunning litigation against [[Microsoft]] was settled out of court.
*Time Warner announced that it was shutting down its [[CNNfn]] financial information channel and disposing of its share in [[Google]] ([[2004]]).

Since 2003, the Time Warner text logo appears in [[CamelCase]] form ''(ala [[RadioShack]])''.

===Services===

Time Warner Cable has since expanded and offers the following services:

- High-Speed Internet - The service named Road Runner, recently upgraded its speed and now comes with the new AOL 9.0

- Cable - Time Warner Cable has provided a [[cable]] service.

- Digital Phone - This is a phone service that only cordless phones can be used with this (Note: Digital Phone service information is needed for this part of the article)

==Businesses==
The following enterprises are part of Time Warner:
*[[CNN]], a world wide news company as well as a cable news channel
*[[Home Box Office|HBO]], [[Cinemax]], [[Turner Classic Movies]], cable [[film|movie]] channels
*[[TBS Superstation]], [[Turner Network Television|TNT]], [[Cartoon Network]], cable channels
*[[Warner Brothers Network|The WB]] television network (co-owned with [[Tribune Company]])
*[[America Online]] and via its Web Properties Group:
**[[CompuServe]] (Classic, 2000 and Basic), an [[Internet]] service provider
**[[Mirabilis_(company)|Mirabilis]], makers of the [[ICQ]] instant messaging program
**[[MapQuest]], a [[WWW]] [[Map|map]] and direction site
**[[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]], a [[web portal]] and browser vendor, owner of the [[Open Directory Project]] and formerly leader of the [[Mozilla]] project
**[[Nullsoft]], a software development group best known for [[Winamp]].
**[[Advertising.com]].
*[[Time Warner Cable]], a cable television company
*[[Time Warner Book Group]] publishing arm that includes [[Warner Books]] and [[Little, Brown & Co.]]
*[[TIME]], a weekly news magazine
*[[People (magazine)|People]], a weekly celebrity magazine
*[[Sports Illustrated]], a sports magazine
*[[MAD magazine]], a humor magazine
*[[Fortune]], [[Money Magazine]], business and investing magazines
*[[Warner Bros.]], a movie studio
*[[New Line Cinema]], a movie studio
*[[Castle Rock Entertainment]], a production company
*[[Atlanta Braves]], a [[Major League Baseball]] team
*[[DC Comics]], a [[comic book]] company
*[[Rhino Entertainment]], a specialty recording, home video, and production company
*[[Turner Entertainment]], production company largely responsible for the distribution of the classic [[MGM]], [[RKO]], and [[Warner Bros.]] film libraries
*[[Turner Broadcasting System]], responsible for managing several cable networks including [[CNN]] and [[Cartoon Network]], as well as [[Turner Entertainment]]

Time Warner also owns several other [[television]] channels and [[magazine|magazines]], including [[CNN Headline News]] and [[Entertainment Weekly]], as well as [[Timelife]] books and music. See external links below for a complete list.

==Financials==
In 2004, Time Warner's [[market capitalization]] was US$84 billion (2004). When the AOL-Time Warner merger was announced in January 2000, the combined market capitalization was $280 billion.

For fiscal year 2002 the company reported a $99 billion loss on its [[income statement]] ([http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=TWX&annual]) because of $100 billion in [[non-recurring]] charges, almost all from a writedown of the goodwill (intangible asset) from the merger in 2000. (The value of the AOL portion of the company had dropped sharply with the collapse of the Internet boom, in the early 2000s.)

==Commercial Properties==

Time Warner Inc. owns several large properties in New York City; certain buildings in the Rockefeller Center complex and adjacent office towers house its main offices; one of which houses a [[CNN]] news studio. In late [[2003]], Time Warner finished construction of a new twin-tower complex, designed to serve as additional office space, facing [[Columbus Circle]] on the southwestern edge of [[Central Park]]. Originally called the AOL Time Warner Center, the 755-foot, 55-floor mixed-use property was renamed [[Time Warner Center]] when the company itself was renamed.

==Board of Directors==
As of November 2005.
*[[James Barksdale|James L. Barksdale]] - Barksdale Management
*[[Stephen F. Bollenbach]] - [[Hilton Hotel]]s
*[[Frank J. Caufield]] - [[Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]]
*[[Robert C. Clark]] - [[Harvard University]]
*[[Jessica P. Einhorn]] - [[Johns Hopkins University]]
*[[Miles R. Gilburne]] - ZG Ventures
*[[Carla A. Hills]] - Hills & Company
*[[Reuben Mark]] - [[Colgate-Palmolive]] Company
*[[Michael A. Miles]] - [[Philip Morris]] Companies (now [[Altria Group]])
*[[Kenneth J. Novack]] - former Time Warner - Affiliate Director
*[[Richard D. Parsons]] - [[Chairman]] of the Board & [[Chief Executive Officer]]
*[[Ted Turner]] - [[Turner Broadcasting System]]
*[[Francis T. Vincent, Jr.]] - Vincent Enterprises
*[[Deborah C. Wright]] - Carver Bancorp

==See also==
* [[List of United States companies]]
*[[List of assets owned by Time Warner]]
*[[Ted Turner]]
*[[Steve Case]]

==External links==
*[http://www.timewarner.com/ Time Warner corporate website]
*[http://www.ketupa.net/time.htm Ketupa - Time Warner] profile
*[http://www.cjr.org/tools/owners/timewarner.asp Columbia Journal Review's Who Owns What for Time Warner]
*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june00/aol_01-10.html Early analysis of the Time Warner-AOL merger]
*[http://www.interviewat.com/time-warner/ Interview process at Time Warner]
*[http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/102/102518.html Yahoo! - Time Warner Inc. Company Profile]

{{Time Warner}}
[[Category:Time Warner]]
[[Category:Fortune 500 companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:American magazine companies|Time Warner Inc.]]
[[Category:Companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[pl:Time Warner]]
[[de:Time Warner]]
[[es:AOL-Time Warner]]
[[fr:Time Warner]]
[[ja:タイム・ワーナー]]
[[nl:Time Warner]]
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[[zh:时代华纳]]