Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Abtei St Edmund

2005-07-26T19:03:15Z

62.254.0.14:

'''Bury St. Edmunds Abbey''' was once among the richest [[Benedictine]] monasteries in England. Its ruins lie in [[Bury St Edmunds]], a town in the county of [[Suffolk]], [[England]].

When in 869 AD the martyred remains of King [[Edmund I]] were enshrined at the Saxon monastery, the site had already been in religious use for nearly three centuries. However the burial made it a popular destination for pilgrimages, and the Norman abbey was begun soon after 1066. It was much enlarged and rebuilt during the 12th century.

The Abbey of St Edmund at Bury St Edmunds was built in the 1000s and 1100s, in cross shape, with its head (or apse) pointed east. The shrine of St Edmund stood behind the high altar. At some 505 feet long, and spanning 246 ft across its westerly transept, Bury St Edmunds abbey church was one of the largest in the country. St James Church, now [[St Edmundsbury Cathedral]], was finished around 1135. St Mary's Church was first built around 1125, and then rebuilt in the perpendicular style between 1425-35. Abbey Gate opened onto the Great Courtyard. It was the secular entrance which was used by the Abbey's servants. In 1327, it was destroyed by the local people who were angry at the power of the monastery and it had to be rebuilt. Norman Gate dates from 1120-48 and was designed to be the gateway for the Abbey Church and it is still the belfry for the Church of St James, the present cathedral of Bury St Edmunds. This four-storey gate-hall is virtually unchanged and is entered through a single archway. Great Gate is an impressive 14th century stone gatehouse abbey, designed to be the gateway for the Great Courtyard. One of the best surviving examples of its type, this two storey gate-hall is entered through a single archway which retains its portcullis. The Crankles was the name of the fishpond near the river Lark; and the vineyard was first laid out in the 1200s. There were three breweries in the Abbey as each monk was entitled to eight pints a day.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the monks encountered hostility from the local populace. Throughout the summer of 1327, the monastery suffered extensively, as several monks lost their lives in riots, and many buildings were destroyed. Already faced with considerable financial strain, the abbey went further into decline during the first half of the 15th century. In 1431 the west tower of the abbey church collapsed. Two years later [[Henry VI]] moved into residence at the abbey for Christmas, and was still enjoying monastic hospitality four months later. More trouble arose in 1446 when the [[Duke of Gloucester]] died in suspicious circumstances after his arrest, and in 1465 the entire church was burnt out by an accidental fire. Largely rebuilt by 1506, the abbey of Bury St Edmunds settled into a quieter existence until dissolution in 1539. Subsequently stripped of all valuable building materials and artefacts, the abbey ruins were left as a convenient quarry for local builders.

[http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=3090 - Skyscrapernews page on Bury Abbey]

[[Category:Monasteries]]

Abtei St Edmund

2005-07-26T19:01:22Z

62.254.0.14:

'''Bury St. Edmunds Abbey''' was once among the richest [[Benedictine]] monasteries in England. Its ruins lie in [[Bury St Edmunds]], a town in the county of [[Suffolk]], [[England]].

When in 869 AD the martyred remains of King [[Edmund I]] were enshrined at the Saxon monastery, the site had already been in religious use for nearly three centuries. However the burial made it a popular destination for pilgrimages, and the Norman abbey was begun soon after 1066. It was much enlarged and rebuilt during the 12th century.

The Abbey of St Edmund at Bury St Edmunds was built in the 1000s and 1100s, in cross shape, with its head (or apse) pointed east. The shrine of St Edmund stood behind the high altar. At some 505 feet long, and spanning 246 ft across its westerly transept, Bury St Edmunds abbey church was one of the largest in the country. St James Church, now [[St Edmundsbury Cathedral]], was finished around 1135. St Mary's Church was first built around 1125, and then rebuilt in the perpendicular style between 1425-35. Abbey Gate opened onto the Great Courtyard. It was the secular entrance which was used by the Abbey's servants. In 1327, it was destroyed by the local people who were angry at the power of the monastery and it had to be rebuilt. Norman Gate dates from 1120-48 and was designed to be the gateway for the Abbey Church and it is still the belfry for the Church of St James, the present cathedral of Bury St Edmunds. This four-storey gate-hall is virtually unchanged and is entered through a single archway. Great Gate is an impressive 14th century stone gatehouse abbey, designed to be the gateway for the Great Courtyard. One of the best surviving examples of its type, this two storey gate-hall is entered through a single archway which retains its portcullis. The Crankles was the name of the fishpond near the river Lark; and the vineyard was first laid out in the 1200s. There were three breweries in the Abbey as each monk was entitled to eight pints a day.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the monks encountered hostility from the local populace. Throughout the summer of 1327, the monastery suffered extensively, as several monks lost their lives in riots, and many buildings were destroyed. Already faced with considerable financial strain, the abbey went further into decline during the first half of the 15th century. In 1431 the west tower of the abbey church collapsed. Two years later [[Henry VI]] moved into residence at the abbey for Christmas, and was still enjoying monastic hospitality four months later. More trouble arose in 1446 when the [[Duke of Gloucester]] died in suspicious circumstances after his arrest, and in 1465 the entire church was burnt out by an accidental fire. Largely rebuilt by 1506, the abbey of Bury St Edmunds settled into a quieter existence until dissolution in 1539. Subsequently stripped of all valuable building materials and artefacts, the abbey ruins were left as a convenient quarry for local builders.

[[Category:Monasteries]]
[http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=3090 - Skyscrapernews page on Bury Abbey]

City (Vereinigtes Königreich)

2004-07-12T10:39:52Z

62.254.0.14: /* City status */

[[Image:York Minster close.jpg|thumbnail|right|220px|[[York Minster]] — historically, city status was associated with the presence of a cathedral.]]

'''[[City status in the United Kingdom]]''' is granted by the [[British Monarchy]] to a select group of communities. This status is not automatically granted to a community meeting any particular criteria, though it was traditionally given to towns with [[List of Church of England dioceses|diocesan cathedrals]], and can now only be obtained by receiving a [[Royal Charter]] from the head of state. There is an exception for some British cities which predate the historical monarchy, and have been regarded as cities since "[[time immemorial]]."

There are currently 66 officially designated cities in the UK, of which eight have been created since [[2000]] in competitions to celebrate the new [[3rd millennium AD|millennium]] and the [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen]]'s [[Golden Jubilee]].

City status brings no special benefits, other than the right to be called a city. Nonetheless, the designation is highly sought after, with over 40 communities submitting bids at recent competitions.

==City status==
Charters originated as [[charters of incorporation]], allowing a town to became an incorporated [[borough]], or to hold many [[blankets]] or [[market]]s. Some of these charters recognised officially that the town involved was a city. Apart from recognition, it became accepted that such a charter could make a town into a city. The earliest dates for these are [[Hereford]] and [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] both of which date their city status to [[1189]].

Until the [[1880s]], a town was invariably recognised as a city by the Crown if it had a [[List of Church of England dioceses|diocesan cathedral]] within its limits. This has led to some cities that are very small today, because they were unaffected by population growth during the [[industrial revolution]]—notably [[Wells]], which has a population of about 10,000.

As new dioceses were founded, city charters were granted routinely. This process was changed to allow [[Birmingham]] and other large settlements that didn't have cathedrals to become recognised as cities (Birmingham's parish church later became a cathedral). Towns that became seats of Bishoprics in the [[20th century]], such as [[Guildford]] and [[Blackburn]], were not automatically granted recognition as cities.

However, well into the [[20th century]], it was assumed that the presence of a cathedral was sufficient to elevate a town to city status, and that for cathedral cities, the city charters were recognising its city status rather than granting it. On this basis, the [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]] makes the claim that [[Southwell]] (diocese established [[1884]]) and [[St Asaph]] (diocese is historic) are cities. These towns were never granted charters recognising this by the Crown, and so when the charter became the important criterion they were no longer generally considered as cities.

A town can now apply for city status by submitting an application to the [[Lord Chancellor]], who makes recommendations to the sovereign. These application competitions are usually held to mark special events, such as [[Coronation (United Kingdom)|coronation]]s, royal [[jubilee]]s or the [[2000|Millennium]].
[[Image:LordMayorOxford20040228CopyrightKaihsuTai.png|thumb|right|250px|Councillor Patrick "Pat" John Stannard, Lord Mayor of Oxford with chain of office.]]

Some cities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland have the further distinction of having a [[Lord Mayor]] rather than a simple [[Mayor]]. In Scotland, the equivalent is the [[Lord Provost]]. Lord Mayors have the right to be [[style (manner of address)|styled]] "The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor." The Lord Mayors and Provosts of [[Belfast]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[City of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], [[City of Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[City of London]], and [[York]] all have the further right to be styled "[[The Right Honourable]] the Lord Mayor" (or Provost), though they are not members of the [[Privy Council]], as this style usually indicates. The style is associated with the office, not the person holding it, so "The Right Worshipful Joe Bloggs" would be incorrect.

There are currently 66 recognized cities (including 30 Lord Mayoralties or Lord Provostships) in the UK: 50 cities (23 Lord Mayoralties) in [[England]], five cities (two Lord Mayoralties) in [[Wales]], six cities (four Lord Provostships) in [[Scotland]] and five cities (one Lord Mayoralty) in [[Northern Ireland]].

[[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]] was recognised as a city from [[1211]] to [[1998]]. Until 1998, it was [[Districts of England|local government district]] in the county of [[Kent]]. On [[April 1]], [[1998]], the existing local government districts of Rochester and [[Gillingham]] were abolished, and became the new [[unitary authority]] of [[Medway]]. Since it was the local government district that officially held city status, when it was abolished, it also ceased to be a city. The other local government districts with city status that were abolished around this time ([[Bath]] and [[Hereford]]) had decided to appoint [[Charter Trustees]] to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty. Rochester did not, for reasons that Medway Council have been investigating. Medway Council only became aware of this when, in [[2002]], they discovered that Rochester was not on the [[Lord Chancellor's Office]]'s list of cities. The City of Rochester Society has pleaded for this status to be reinstated.

In informal usage, "city" can be used for large towns or conurbations that are not formally cities. The best-known example of this is [[London]]. Some people have disputed this definition, especially inhabitants of places that have been considered cities in the past but are not generally considered cities today. Additionally, some nay-sayers the right of the Crown to define the word 'city' in the [[English language]].

==List of cities==
The following are the official cities in the United Kingdom [[as of 2004]]. Those which have been cities since time immemorial are indicated with a "-" in the "since" column.

Note that in the Cathedral column, only Diocesan cathedrals of the established [[Church of England]], and the formerly established [[Church in Wales]] or [[Church of Ireland]] are listed. The [[Church of Scotland]] has no bishops. Many of these cities have [[Roman Catholic]] cathedrals — these are not listed.



{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| '''City'''
| '''Mayor'''
| '''Since'''
| '''Cathedral*'''
| '''Council?'''
|-
|align=center colspan =5| '''''English Cities'''''
|-
| [[Bath]]
|  
| [[1590]]
| [[Bath Abbey]]
| [[Charter Trustees]]
|-
| [[Birmingham]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1889]]
| [[Birmingham Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[City of Bradford|Bradford]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1897]]
| [[Bradford Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Brighton and Hove]]
|  
| [[2000]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Bristol]]
| Lord Mayor (The Rt Hon.)
| [[1542]]
| [[Bristol Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Cambridge]]
|  
| [[1951]]
| none
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
| Lord Mayor
| -
| [[Canterbury Cathedral|Christchurch Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]]
| Lord Mayor
| -
| [[Carlisle Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[City of Chester|Chester]]
| Lord Mayor
| -
| [[Chester Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Chichester, England|Chichester]]
|  
| -
| [[Chichester Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[Coventry]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1345]]
| [[Coventry Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Derby, England|Derby]]
|  
| [[1977]]
| [[Derby Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Durham]]
|  
| -
| [[Durham Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Ely]]
|  
| -
| [[Ely Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[Exeter]]
| Lord Mayor
| -
| [[Exeter Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Gloucester, England|Gloucester]]
|  
| -
| [[Gloucester Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Hereford]]
|  
| [[1189]]
| [[Hereford Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[Kingston upon Hull]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1299]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]]
|  
| [[1937]]
| none
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[City of Leeds|Leeds]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1893]]
| none
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Leicester]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1919]]
| [[Leicester Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Lichfield]]
|  
| [[1553]]
| [[Lichfield Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]]
|  
| -
| [[Lincoln Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Liverpool]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1880]]
| [[Liverpool Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[City of London]] (1)
| [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor]] (The Rt Hon.)
| -
| [[St Paul's Cathedral]]
| [[Corporation of London]]
|-
| [[Manchester]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1853]]
| [[Manchester Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1882]]
| [[Newcastle Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Norwich, England|Norwich]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1195]]
| [[Norwich Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Nottingham]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1897]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Oxford]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1542]]
| [[Christ Church, Oxford| Christ Church Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[City of Peterborough|Peterborough]]
|  
| [[1541]]
| [[Peterborough Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Plymouth]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1928]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Portsmouth, England|Portsmouth]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1926]]
| [[Portsmouth Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Preston]]
|  
| [[2002]]
| none
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Ripon]]
|  
| [[1836]]
| [[Ripon Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[City of Salford|Salford]]
|  
| [[1926]]
| none
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Salisbury, England|Salisbury]]
|  
| -
| [[Salisbury Cathedral]]
| [[Charter Trustees]]
|-
| [[City of Sheffield|Sheffield]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1893]]
| [[Sheffield Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Southampton]]
|  
| [[1964]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[City and District of St Albans|St Albans]]
|  
| [[1877]]
| [[St Albans Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Stoke-on-Trent]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1925]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
|  
| [[1992]]
| none
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Truro]]
|  
| [[1877]]
| [[Truro Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[City of Wakefield|Wakefield]]
|  
| [[1888]]
| [[Wakefield Cathedral]]
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Wells]]
|  
| [[1205]]
| [[Wells Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish]]
|-
| [[City of Westminster|Westminster]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1540]]
| [[Westminster Abbey]]
| [[London borough]]
|-
| [[City of Winchester|Winchester]]
|  
| -
| [[Winchester Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[Wolverhampton]]
|  
| [[2000]]
| none
| [[metropolitan borough]]
|-
| [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]
|  
| [[1189]]
| [[Worcester Cathedral]]
| [[Districts of England|district]]
|-
| [[City of York|York]]
| Lord Mayor (The Rt Hon.)
| -
| [[York Minster]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
|align=center colspan =5| '''''Welsh Cities'''''
|-
| [[Bangor, Wales|Bangor]]
|  
| -
| [[Bangor Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish|community]]
|-
| [[Cardiff]]
| Lord Mayor (The Rt Hon.)
| [[1905]]
| [[Llandaff Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Newport]]
|  
| [[2002]]
| [[St. Woolo's Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[St. David's]]
|  
| [[1994]]
| [[St. David's Cathedral]]
| [[civil parish|community]]
|-
| [[Swansea]]
| Lord Mayor
| [[1969]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
|align=center colspan =5| '''''Scottish Cities'''''
|-
| [[City of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]]
| Lord Provost
| [[1891]]
| n/a
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[City of Dundee|Dundee]]
| Lord Provost
| [[1889]]
| n/a
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[City of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]
| Lord Provost (The Rt Hon.)
| [[1329]]
| n/a
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[City of Glasgow|Glasgow]]
| Lord Provost (The Rt Hon.)
| [[1492]]
| n/a
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Inverness]]
| Provost
| [[2000]]
| n/a
| none
|-
| [[Stirling]]
| Provost
| [[2002]]
| n/a
| none
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"| '''''Northern Irish Cities'''''
|-
| [[Armagh]]
|  
| [[1994]]
| [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh|Saint Patrick's Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Belfast]]
| Lord Mayor (The Rt Hon.)
| [[1888]]
| [[Cathedral Church of Saint Anne]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Derry|Londonderry]]
|  
| [[1613]]
| [[Saint Columb's Cathedral]]
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Lisburn]]
|  
| [[2002]]
| none
| [[unitary authority]]
|-
| [[Newry]]
|  
| [[2002]]
| none
| none
|}

(1) Note that the [[City of London]] covers only the "square mile", and is usually just referred to as "the City". The larger conurbation of [[London]] has no city charter, and consists of the City of London, the [[City of Westminster]] and 31 other [[London borough]]s. This can be compared to the [[City of Brussels]], within [[Brussels]].

==Cities now in the Republic of Ireland==
The current [[cities in Ireland|cities]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]] were created using this system, but have since left the [[United Kingdom]]. These cities are

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| '''City'''
| '''Mayor'''
| '''Since'''
| '''[[Church of Ireland]] Cathedral'''
| '''Council'''
|-
|align=center colspan =5| ''Republic of Ireland Cities''
|-
|[[Cork (city)|Cork]]
| 
|[[1172]]
|[[Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral]]
|City Council
|-
|[[Dublin]]
|Lord Mayor (The Rt Hon.)
|[[1171]]
|[[Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin|Christchurch Cathedral]]
[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's Cathedral]]
|City Council
|-
|[[Limerick City|Limerick]]
| 
|[[1197]]
|[[St Mary's Cathedral]]
|City Council
|-
|[[Galway]]
| 
|[[1484]]
|none
|City Council
|-
|[[Kilkenny]]
| 
|[[1609]]
|[[St Canice's Cathedral]]
|Borough Council
|-
|[[Waterford City|Waterford]]
| 
|[[1171]]
|[[Christ Church Cathedral, Waterford]]
|City Council
|}

==City councils==

Being a city gives a settlement no special rights other than the ability to call itself a city. Nontheless, this is considered very prestigious and competitions for the status are hard fought.

Most cities have "city councils", which have varying powers depending upon the type of settlement. There are [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]] (including [[metropolitan borough]]s) which are responsible for all local government services within their area. The only current [[London borough]] to be a city is the [[City of Westminster]]. Many cities have [[Districts of England|district]] councils. At the bottom of the rung, some cities have [[civil parish]] councils, with no more power than a village.

Some cities have no council at all. Where they used to have a city council but it has been abolished they may have [[Charter Trustees]], drawn from the local district council, that appoint the mayor and look after the city's traditions.

Many of the cities cover large rural areas and other towns with distinct identities. In some cases, such as [[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]] and [[City of Wakefield|Wakefield]], the definition of "city" is taken to breaking point. The largest "city" is the [[City of Carlisle]], which covers some 1040km² of rural landscape in [[Cumbria]] in the north of England, and is larger than some of the smaller counties such as [[Merseyside]] or [[Rutland]]. The [[City of Sheffield]] contains part of the [[Peak District National Park]].

==City applications==
City status grants have been used to mark special royal and other occasions. [[Swansea]] was granted city status in [[1969]] to mark the investiture of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles, Duke of Cornwall]] as [[Prince of Wales]]. At the [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen]]'s [[Silver Jubilee]] in [[1977]], [[Derby]] was granted the honour. The use of formal competitions for city status is a recent practice. The first competition was held in [[1992]], to mark the Queen's 40th anniversary. [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]] was the winner. In [[1994]] two historic seats of Bishoprics; [[St David's]] and [[Armagh]] were granted city status. They had been considered cities historically, but this status had lapsed. For the city applications in [[2000]], held to celebrate the [[millennium]], the following towns requested city status:

*''England'': [[Blackburn]], [[Blackpool]], [[Bolton]], [[Brighton and Hove]], [[Chelmsford]], [[Colchester]], [[Croydon]], [[Doncaster]], [[Dover]], [[Guildford]], [[Ipswich, England|Ipswich]], [[Luton]], [[Maidstone]], [[Medway]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Milton Keynes]], [[Northampton]], [[Preston]], [[Reading, England|Reading]], [[Shrewsbury and Atcham]], [[Southend on Sea]], [[Southwark]], [[Stockport]], [[Swindon]], [[Telford]], [[Warrington]], [[Wolverhampton]].
*''Wales'': [[Aberystwyth]], [[Machynlleth]], [[Newport]], [[Newtown]], [[St Asaph]], [[Wrexham]].
*''Scotland'': [[Ayr]], [[Inverness]], [[Paisley]], [[Stirling]].
*''Northern Ireland'': [[Ballymena]], [[Lisburn]].
The three winners were [[Brighton and Hove]], [[Wolverhampton]], and [[Inverness]].

For the [[2002]] applications, held to celebrate the Queen's [[Golden Jubilee]], the entrants included all of the above towns (except [[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]]) together with [[London Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] and [[Wirral]] in England, [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, [[Carrickfergus]], [[Coleraine]], [[Craigavon]] and [[Newry]] in Northern Ireland. There was mild controversy in the rest of the UK over the fact that two of the three winners of the [[2000]] competition were [[England|English]] towns — especially in [[Wales]], and so [[2002]] was run as four separate competitions. The winners in Great Britain were [[Preston]] in England, [[Newport]] in Wales, and [[Stirling]] in Scotland. In [[Northern Ireland]] it was decided to award two cities: [[Lisburn]] (predominantly unionist) and [[Newry]] (predominantly nationalist). [[Exeter]] was awarded Lord Mayoralty status in a separate application.

==Cathedral towns==
[[Image:Southwark-cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Southwark Cathedral]] does not make [[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] a city.]]

Now that being the seat of a [[List of Church of England dioceses|Church of England diocese]] is no longer sufficient (or necessary) to become a city, there are a number of cathedral towns. These are sometimes referred to as cities by their residents — particularly St. Asaph and Rochester.

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|'''Place'''
|'''Cathedral'''
|'''Diocese established'''
|-
|[[Blackburn]]
|[[Blackburn Cathedral]]
|[[1926]]
|-
|[[Brecon]]
|[[Brecon Cathedral]]
|[[1923]]
|-
|[[Chelmsford]]
|[[Chelmsford Cathedral]]
|[[1914]]
|-
|[[Guildford]]
|[[Guildford Cathedral]]
|[[1927]]
|-
|[[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]]
|[[Rochester Cathedral]]
|historic; previously a city, see above
|-
|[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]]
|[[Southwark Cathedral]]
|[[1905]]
|-
|[[Southwell]]
|[[Southwell Minster]]
|[[1884]]
|-
|[[St Asaph]]
|[[St Asaph Cathedral]]
|historic
|}

Additionally [[Llandaff]], which is now part of the [[Cardiff|City of Cardiff]] local government district is home to [[Llandaff Cathedral]].

The [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]] refers to Llandaff, Southwell and St Asaph as cities, along with [[Armagh]] and [[Lisburn]] in [[Northern Ireland]], which only gained the status formally in [[1994]] and [[2002]] respectively.

==Large towns==
As noted above, in ordinary discourse, 'city' can refer to any large settlement, with no fixed limit. Of these, the largest not to be a [[metropolitan borough]] or [[London borough]] are -

*[[Bournemouth]]
*[[Luton]]
*[[Medway]] - not usually thought of as a single settlement
*[[Milton Keynes (borough)|Milton Keynes]]
*[[Northampton]]
*[[Stockton-on-Tees (borough)|Stockton-on-Tees]]
*[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]]

==See also==
*[[Towns of the United Kingdom]]
*[[List of conurbations in the United Kingdom]]
*[[UK topics]]

==External links==
* [http://www.lcd.gov.uk/constitution/city/citygj.htm#part6 Government list of UK cities]
* [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/s/p_gb.htm Map of the largest cities]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/england/1991827.stm BBC News: Rochester loses city status]

[[Category:Lists of cities|United Kingdom, List of cities in the]]
[[Category:United Kingdom]]

[[cy:Dinasoedd y Deyrnas Unedig]]
[[de:Städte im Vereinigten Königreich]]
[[uk:Список міст Великобританії]]

Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood

2004-05-02T17:52:16Z

62.254.0.14: stub

'''Philip Gould''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] political adviser closely linked with the [[The Labour Party (UK)|The Labour Party]] and [[Tony Blair]]. He was strategy and polling advisor to the party in the run-up to the [[UK general election, 1997|1997 general election]].

On [[May 1]], [[2004]] it was announced by [[10 Downing Street]] that he was to be made a [[life peer]].

{{msg:stub}}

Gay Nigger Association of America

2004-04-09T22:12:24Z

62.254.0.14: revert vandalism and racist cencorship

[[Image:Gnaalogo.jpg|right]]

The '''Gay Nigger Association of America''' is a [[Slashdot trolling phenomena|Slashdot trolling]] organization, first introduced in early 2003 by an [[Internet troll]] who goes by the alias timecop. Although they are primarily a trolling organization, they also promote the civil rights of [[homosexual]] [[African-Americans]] and [[Pan-African]] men. As well, they assist in the [[quality assurance]] of Slashdot's [[lameness filter]] by trying new, complicated [[ASCII]] logos representing the organization. As of [[March 2004]], the organization has volunteered itself to do a study of [[AOL]] registration and [[technical support]] phone lines, testing them for employee competence.

==Membership==

Membership in the Gay Nigger Association of America is open to everybody that can meet the following criteria:

#You must be gay.
#You must be African-American or Pan-African.
#You need to have seen the 1992 Danish film, [[Gayniggers From Outer Space]]
#You must succeed in making a Slashdot [[first post]] in a front-page story using a pre-made GNAA posting template.

==Leaders==

The Gay Nigger Association of America is led by timecop, penisbird (also author of [[Last Measure]]), falso, JesuitX, and tirel. Subordinate operators include lysol, rkz, and Pi (also known as goat-see).

==Acquisitions & International Branches==

Since mid-2003, the GNAA has branched out to [[Great Britain]], [[Norway]] and [[Portugal]] with rolloffle and rkz power-sharing the British chapter, DiKKy controlling the Norwegian chapter, and falso controlling the Portuguese chapter.

Since late 2003, the GNAA has a 50% controlling ownership of [[Trollkore]]. However, there is a dispute between GNAA and (tk)Max, the owner of the other 50% of Trollkore over who resides as primary controller of the organization. From the press release filed by the [[Associated Press]]: 


TROLLKORE(tm)(r)(c) is a Partly Owned Subsidiary of the GNAA (Gay Nigger Association of America) - This is due to a merger between 50% stakeholder Desimat0r (aka (TK)Desimat0r) and the GNAA's UK operations. This created the UK branch of the GNAA consisting of three members and also a satellite branch run by DiKKy situated in Norway. (tk)Max the other half of TROLLKORE has no affiliation with the GNAA and maintains that both entities are only Business Partners
The GNAA is now proceeding in a lengthy legal process to buy (tk)Max's shares in the TROLLKORE organization, to the layman a hostile takeover. -- RKZ, GNAA press department.


==Projects==

The GNAA are known for a number of projects for which they have either created or modified.
Listed in no particular order:

===Flooding utilities===
* Shitstorm.pl ([[Slashcode]] flooder)
* Shitstorm.py ([[Slashcode]] flooder, rewritten in Python)
* FloodMT ([[Movable Type]] flooder)
* FloodLJ ([[LiveJournal]] flooder)

===Shock sites===
* [[Last Measure]]
* [[Seizure Measure]]
* [[CRUSHER]]

===Punjabi Extreme===
In March of 2004, GNAA entered the music scene, with timecop, and JesuitX creating the smash hit [http://punjabi.gnaa.us Punjabi Extreme]. It features an Indian-style dance beat laid down by JesuitX with samples taken from GNAA phone calls made to [[AOL]] by timecop and JesuitX.

==Communication with GNAA==
GNAA can be reached over IRC, at the NullIRC network, one of whose servers is irc.gnaa.us. They are in the channel #GNAA.

==External links==
* [http://pepper.idge.net/gnaa home page]

Gay Nigger Association of America

2004-04-07T14:14:01Z

62.254.0.14: reverting vandilism

Just A Minute

2004-04-03T12:53:46Z

62.254.0.14:

'''''Just a Minute''''' is a [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] radio comedy [[panel game]]. The premise of the game came to [[Ian Messiter]] as he rode on the top of a number 13 bus, recalling a particularly cruel headmaster from his school days, who punished him with the task of speaking for sixty seconds without hesitating or repeating himself. To this, he added a rule preventing players deviating from the subject presented by the show's chairman, as well as a scoring system based on panelists' correct and incorrect challenges. ''Just a Minute'' was first broadcast in [[1968]].

The long-suffering but good-natured emcee of ''Just a Minute'' was (and still is, as of [[as of 2004|2004]]) [[Nicholas Parsons]]. Ian Messiter sat quietly on the stage with a stopwatch and blew a whistle when the speaker's minute was up.

The classic lineup of performers was:

*[[Clement Freud]] (politician, food writer and grandson of [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund]]) whose favourite strategies were to slowly rattle off lists, and to wait until the last possible moment to present a challenge;
*[[Derek Nimmo]], who improvised new and contradictory descriptions of his home life nearly every week;
*[[Peter Jones]], who once said that in all his years of playing the game, he never quite got the hang of it; and
*[[Kenneth Williams]], the indisputable star of the show, whose flamboyant tantrums, arch putdowns and mock-sycophancy made him the audience favourite.

Nimmo, Jones and Williams are all now dead, and those who participate regularly in the programme in their places include [[Paul Merton]], [[Graham Norton]], [[Tony Hawks]], [[Ross Noble]] and [[Stephen Fry]].

The show's theme music is a very fast rendition of [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s Waltz in D flat major, Op. 64, No. 1, nicknamed the "[[Minute Waltz]]".

A Swedish version of the show, called ''På minuten'', is broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1.

==Compare To==

* ''[[I'm Sorry, I Haven't a Clue]]''
* ''[[I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again]]''
* ''[[My Music]]''
* ''[[My Word]]''

==Link==

* ''[http://stopmessinabout.co.uk Jus A Minute on Kenneth Williams Website]''

Just A Minute

2004-04-03T12:53:46Z

62.254.0.14:

Just A Minute

2004-04-03T12:53:46Z

62.254.0.14:

Just A Minute

2004-03-24T21:59:31Z

62.254.0.14:

'''''Just a Minute''''' is a [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] radio comedy [[panel game]]. The premise of the game came to [[Ian Messiter]] as he rode on the top of a number 13 bus, recalling a particularly cruel headmaster from his school days, who punished him with the task of speaking for sixty seconds without hesitating or repeating himself. To this, he added a rule preventing players deviating from the subject presented by the show's chairman, as well as a scoring system based on panelists' correct and incorrect challenges. ''Just a Minute'' was first broadcast in [[1968]].

The long-suffering but good-natured emcee of ''Just a Minute'' was (and still is, as of [[as of 2004|2004]]) [[Nicholas Parsons]]. Ian Messiter sat quietly on the stage with a stopwatch and blew a whistle when the speaker's minute was up.

The classic lineup of performers was:

*[[Clement Freud]] (politician, food writer and grandson of [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund]]) whose favourite strategies were to slowly rattle off lists, and to wait until the last possible moment to present a challenge;
*[[Derek Nimmo]], who improvised new and contradictory descriptions of his home life nearly every week;
*[[Peter Jones]], who once said that in all his years of playing the game, he never quite got the hang of it; and
*[[Kenneth Williams]], the indisputable star of the show, whose flamboyant tantrums, arch putdowns and mock-sycophancy made him the audience favourite.

Nimmo, Jones and Williams are all now dead, and those who participate regularly in the programme in their places include [[Paul Merton]], [[Graham Norton]], [[Tony Hawks]], [[Ross Noble]] and [[Stephen Fry]].

The show's theme music is a very fast rendition of [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s Waltz in D flat major, Op. 64, No. 1, nicknamed the "[[Minute Waltz]]".

A Swedish version of the show, called ''På minuten'', is broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1.

==Compare To==

* ''[[I'm Sorry, I Haven't a Clue]]''
* ''[[I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again]]''
* ''[[My Music]]''
* ''[[My Word]]''

==Link==

Kenneth Williams The Complete and Utter Fantabulosa Website, sub-section on Just A Minute with archive photographs, transcripts and episode dates http://www.stopmessinabout.co.uk

Just A Minute

2004-03-24T21:59:31Z

62.254.0.14:

'''''Just a Minute''''' is a [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] radio comedy [[panel game]]. The premise of the game came to [[Ian Messiter]] as he rode on the top of a number 13 bus, recalling a particularly cruel headmaster from his school days, who punished him with the task of speaking for sixty seconds without hesitating or repeating himself. To this, he added a rule preventing players deviating from the subject presented by the show's chairman, as well as a scoring system based on panelists' correct and incorrect challenges. ''Just a Minute'' was first broadcast in [[1968]].

The long-suffering but good-natured emcee of ''Just a Minute'' was (and still is, as of [[as of 2004|2004]]) [[Nicholas Parsons]]. Ian Messiter sat quietly on the stage with a stopwatch and blew a whistle when the speaker's minute was up.

The classic lineup of performers was:

*[[Clement Freud]] (politician, food writer and grandson of [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund]]) whose favourite strategies were to slowly rattle off lists, and to wait until the last possible moment to present a challenge;
*[[Derek Nimmo]], who improvised new and contradictory descriptions of his home life nearly every week;
*[[Peter Jones]], who once said that in all his years of playing the game, he never quite got the hang of it; and
*[[Kenneth Williams]], the indisputable star of the show, whose flamboyant tantrums, arch putdowns and mock-sycophancy made him the audience favourite.

Nimmo, Jones and Williams are all now dead, and those who participate regularly in the programme in their places include [[Paul Merton]], [[Graham Norton]], [[Tony Hawks]], [[Ross Noble]] and [[Stephen Fry]].

The show's theme music is a very fast rendition of [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s Waltz in D flat major, Op. 64, No. 1, nicknamed the "[[Minute Waltz]]".

A Swedish version of the show, called ''På minuten'', is broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1.

==Compare To==

* ''[[I'm Sorry, I Haven't a Clue]]''
* ''[[I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again]]''
* ''[[My Music]]''
* ''[[My Word]]''

==Link==

Kenneth Williams The Complete and Utter Fantabulosa Website, sub-section on Just A Minute with archive photographs, transcripts and episode dates http://www.stopmessinabout.co.uk

Just A Minute

2004-03-24T21:59:31Z

62.254.0.14:

'''''Just a Minute''''' is a [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] radio comedy [[panel game]]. The premise of the game came to [[Ian Messiter]] as he rode on the top of a number 13 bus, recalling a particularly cruel headmaster from his school days, who punished him with the task of speaking for sixty seconds without hesitating or repeating himself. To this, he added a rule preventing players deviating from the subject presented by the show's chairman, as well as a scoring system based on panelists' correct and incorrect challenges. ''Just a Minute'' was first broadcast in [[1968]].

The long-suffering but good-natured emcee of ''Just a Minute'' was (and still is, as of [[as of 2004|2004]]) [[Nicholas Parsons]]. Ian Messiter sat quietly on the stage with a stopwatch and blew a whistle when the speaker's minute was up.

The classic lineup of performers was:

*[[Clement Freud]] (politician, food writer and grandson of [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund]]) whose favourite strategies were to slowly rattle off lists, and to wait until the last possible moment to present a challenge;
*[[Derek Nimmo]], who improvised new and contradictory descriptions of his home life nearly every week;
*[[Peter Jones]], who once said that in all his years of playing the game, he never quite got the hang of it; and
*[[Kenneth Williams]], the indisputable star of the show, whose flamboyant tantrums, arch putdowns and mock-sycophancy made him the audience favourite.

Nimmo, Jones and Williams are all now dead, and those who participate regularly in the programme in their places include [[Paul Merton]], [[Graham Norton]], [[Tony Hawks]], [[Ross Noble]] and [[Stephen Fry]].

The show's theme music is a very fast rendition of [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s Waltz in D flat major, Op. 64, No. 1, nicknamed the "[[Minute Waltz]]".

A Swedish version of the show, called ''På minuten'', is broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1.

==Compare To==

* ''[[I'm Sorry, I Haven't a Clue]]''
* ''[[I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again]]''
* ''[[My Music]]''
* ''[[My Word]]''

==Link==

Kenneth Williams The Complete and Utter Fantabulosa Website, sub-section on Just A Minute with archive photographs, transcripts and episode dates http://www.stopmessinabout.co.uk

Bury St Edmunds

2004-03-07T17:07:32Z

62.254.0.14: +en

[[en: Bury St Edmunds]]

'''Bury Saint Edmunds''' ist das geistige Zentrum von [[East Anglia]]. Es liegt östlich von Cambridge. Hier liegt der letzte angelsächsiche König, King Edmund, gestorben 903, in einem Benediktiner-Kloster begraben. Die Kirche, die im Mittelalter bedeutender Wallfahrtsort war, ist heute nur mehr als Ruine vorhanden.

Baryon

2004-03-01T12:11:49Z

62.254.0.14:

'''Baryonen''' sind [[Elementarteilchen]], die aus jeweils drei [[Quark (Elementarteilchen)|Quarks]] bestehen (bzw. '''Antibaryonen''' aus jeweils drei [[Antiteilchen|Antiquarks]]).
Eine verwandte Klasse von Elementarteilchen, die [[Meson]]en, sind jeweils aus einem Quark und einem Antiquark zusammengesetzt.

Das einzige Baryon, das als freies Teilchen stabil ist, ist das Proton.
Das Neutron zerfällt, wenn es nicht im [[Atomkern]] mit anderen Protonen und Neutronen gebunden ist.

{| border="1" cellspacing="0"
| Name ||  
| [[Quark (Elementarteilchen)|Quarks]]
| Masse/[[Elektronenvolt|MeV]] || Lebensdauer/[[Sekunde|s]]
|-----
| [[Proton]] || p || uud
| 938,3 || > 1032 [[Jahr|a]]
|-----
| [[Neutron]] || n || udd || 939,6 || 887 (als freies Neutron)
|-----
| Lambda || Λ || uds || 1115,6 || 2,6*10-10
|-----
| Sigma || Σ+ || uus || 1189,4 || 0,8*10-10
|-----
|   || Σ0 || uds
| 1192,5 || 5,8*10-20
|-----
|   || Σ- || dds
| 1197,3 || 1,5*10-10
|-----
| Xi || Ξ0 || uss || 1314,9 || 2,9*10-10
|-----
|   || Ξ- || dss || 1321,3 || 1,6*10-10
|-----
| Omega || Ω- || sss || 1672,4 || 8,2*10-11
|-----
|   || Λc+
| udc || 2285 || 2,1*10-13
|-----
|   || Λb0
| udb || 5624 || 1,2*10-12
|}

Elementarteilchen betreffende Messwerte werden von der ''Particle Data Group'' gesammelt und analysiert, http://pdg.lbl.gov (''[[Englische Sprache|Engl.]]'').

[[en:Baryon]]
[[es:Barión]]
[[fr:Baryon]]
[[ja:バリオン]]
[[it:Barione]]
[[nl:Baryon]]

Baryon

2004-03-01T12:11:32Z

62.254.0.14: