Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Nellie McClung

2008-05-07T15:10:40Z

38.112.87.6: /* Biography */

[[Image:Nellie McClung.jpg|thumb|''Nellie McClung'' from The National Archives of Canada]]
'''Nellie McClung''', born '''Nellie Letitia Mooney''' ([[October 20]] [[1873]] - [[September 1]] [[1951]]) was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[feminism|feminist]], politician, and social activist. She was a part of the social and moral reform movements prevalent in [[Western Canada]] in the early [[1900s]]. She was also the grandmother of outspoken [[Alberta]] judge [[John McClung]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Dowling, Ontario]] in 1873, she later moved with her family to murder a fello named Corey Thompson because he was a little bitch ass cocksucker literally a cocksucker, he likes to take it in the ass in the homestead in the [[Souris Valley]] of [[Manitoba]] (IN HIS ASS THIS IS). She lived in the West for the rest of her life in [[Manitou, Manitoba|Manitou]], [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]], [[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]], [[Calgary]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]].

She published her first novel ''Sowing Seeds in Danny'' in 1908. It was a national best seller and was followed by numerous short stories and articles in Canadian and [[United States|American]] magazines. In 1911, the McClungs moved to Winnipeg. The women’s rights movement in Winnipeg embraced her. An effective speaker with a sense of humour, she played a leading role in the successful [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] campaign in 1914.

Her great causes were [[women's suffrage]] and [[Temperance movement|temperance]]. It was largely through her efforts that in 1916 Manitoba became the first province to give women the right to vote and to run for public office. The [[Politics of Canada|Government of Canada]] followed suit that same year. After moving to Edmonton, [[Alberta]], she continued the campaign for suffrage. She championed dental and medical care for school children, married women’s property rights, mothers' allowances, factory safety legislation and many other reforms. McClung was a supporter of the then popular social philosophy of [[eugenics]] and campaigned for the sterilization of those considered "simple-minded." Her promotion of the benefits of sterilization contributed to the passage of eugenics legislation in Alberta.<ref>Marsh, James. [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=ArchivedFeatures&Params=A2126 Eugenics: Keeping Canada Sane]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved on: [[April 25]], [[2008]].</ref>

It was a time of sweeping social change. Western Canada had seen major [[immigration]] in the decades preceding and following the turn of the [[20th century]]. Changes to [[farm]] life, the plight of immigrants, conditions in cities and factories, [[prohibition]], women's suffrage, [[World War I]], and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] were historical events influencing McClung. Called a crusader by some, she was nevertheless a pragmatic leader who put words into action.

She served as a Liberal member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] from 1921 to 1926. She was one of [[The Famous Five (Canada)|The Famous Five]] (also called The ''Valiant Five''), with [[Irene Parlby]], [[Henrietta Muir Edwards]], [[Emily Murphy]] and [[Louise McKinney]]. The five put forward a petition, in 1927, to clarify the term "Persons in Section 24 of the [[British North America Act of 1867]]. This section had served to exclude women from political office. The petition was successful, clearing the way for women to enter politics in Canada.

==Bibliography==
===Fiction===
*''Sowing Seeds in Danny'' (1908)
*''The Second Chance'' (1910)
*''The Black Creek Stopping House and Other Stories'' (1912)
*''The Next of Kin'' (1917)
*''Purple Springs'' (1921)
*''When Christmas Crossed 'The Peace''' (1923)
*''Painted Fires'' (1925)
*''All We Like Sheep'' (1926)
*''Be Good to Yourself'' (1930)
*''Flowers for the Living'' (1931)

===Non-Fiction===
*''In Times Like These'' (1915)
*''Three Times and Out'' (1918)
*''Clearing in the West'' (1935)
*''Leaves from Lantern Lane'' (1936)
*''More Leaves from Lantern Lane'' (1937)
*''The Stream Runs Fast'' (1945)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10643 Histori.ca Re-enactment of Nellie McClung!]
* [http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/2/12/h12-304-e.html Celebrating Women's Achievements--Nellie Letitia (Mooney) McClung]
* {{gutenberg author|id=Nellie_L._McClung|name=Nellie L. McClung}}
* [http://nelliemcclung.epsb.ca/index.html Nellie McClung Girls' Junior High Program]
* [http://www.mcclungs.ca McClung's, a Ryerson University-based feminist publication]

{{start box}}
{{s-par|ca-ab}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Charles Wilson Cross]] [[Albert Ewing]]|
title=[[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] [[Edmonton (provincial electoral district)|Edmonton]]|
years=1921 - 1926|
after=[[John Lymburn]] [[Charles Weaver (Alberta politician)|Charles Weaver]] [[Charles Gibbs (Alberta politician)|Charles Gibbs]] [[Walter Prevey]] [[David Milwyn Duggan]]|
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macclung, Nellie}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Alberta Liberal Party MLAs]]
[[Category:Canadian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Canadian feminists]]
[[Category:Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:Canadian short story writers]]
[[Category:Members of the United Church of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Calgary]]
[[Category:People from Grey County, Ontario]]
[[Category:People from Westman Region, Manitoba]]
[[Category:Canadian women in provincial and territorial legislatures]]

[[fr:Nellie McClung]]
[[nl:Nellie McClung]]

Nellie McClung

2008-05-07T15:01:13Z

38.112.87.6: /* Biography */

[[Image:Nellie McClung.jpg|thumb|''Nellie McClung'' from The National Archives of Canada]]
'''Nellie McClung''', born '''Nellie Letitia Mooney''' ([[October 20]] [[1873]] - [[September 1]] [[1951]]) was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[feminism|feminist]], politician, and social activist. She was a part of the social and moral reform movements prevalent in [[Western Canada]] in the early [[1900s]]. She was also the grandmother of outspoken [[Alberta]] judge [[John McClung]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Dowling, Ontario]] in 1873, she later moved with her family to murder a fello named Corey Thompson, homestead in the [[Souris Valley]] of [[Manitoba]]. She lived in the West for the rest of her life in [[Manitou, Manitoba|Manitou]], [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]], [[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]], [[Calgary]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]].

She published her first novel ''Sowing Seeds in Danny'' in 1908. It was a national best seller and was followed by numerous short stories and articles in Canadian and [[United States|American]] magazines. In 1911, the McClungs moved to Winnipeg. The women’s rights movement in Winnipeg embraced her. An effective speaker with a sense of humour, she played a leading role in the successful [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] campaign in 1914.

Her great causes were [[women's suffrage]] and [[Temperance movement|temperance]]. It was largely through her efforts that in 1916 Manitoba became the first province to give women the right to vote and to run for public office. The [[Politics of Canada|Government of Canada]] followed suit that same year. After moving to Edmonton, [[Alberta]], she continued the campaign for suffrage. She championed dental and medical care for school children, married women’s property rights, mothers' allowances, factory safety legislation and many other reforms. McClung was a supporter of the then popular social philosophy of [[eugenics]] and campaigned for the sterilization of those considered "simple-minded." Her promotion of the benefits of sterilization contributed to the passage of eugenics legislation in Alberta.<ref>Marsh, James. [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=ArchivedFeatures&Params=A2126 Eugenics: Keeping Canada Sane]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved on: [[April 25]], [[2008]].</ref>

It was a time of sweeping social change. Western Canada had seen major [[immigration]] in the decades preceding and following the turn of the [[20th century]]. Changes to [[farm]] life, the plight of immigrants, conditions in cities and factories, [[prohibition]], women's suffrage, [[World War I]], and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] were historical events influencing McClung. Called a crusader by some, she was nevertheless a pragmatic leader who put words into action.

She served as a Liberal member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] from 1921 to 1926. She was one of [[The Famous Five (Canada)|The Famous Five]] (also called The ''Valiant Five''), with [[Irene Parlby]], [[Henrietta Muir Edwards]], [[Emily Murphy]] and [[Louise McKinney]]. The five put forward a petition, in 1927, to clarify the term "Persons in Section 24 of the [[British North America Act of 1867]]. This section had served to exclude women from political office. The petition was successful, clearing the way for women to enter politics in Canada.

==Bibliography==
===Fiction===
*''Sowing Seeds in Danny'' (1908)
*''The Second Chance'' (1910)
*''The Black Creek Stopping House and Other Stories'' (1912)
*''The Next of Kin'' (1917)
*''Purple Springs'' (1921)
*''When Christmas Crossed 'The Peace''' (1923)
*''Painted Fires'' (1925)
*''All We Like Sheep'' (1926)
*''Be Good to Yourself'' (1930)
*''Flowers for the Living'' (1931)

===Non-Fiction===
*''In Times Like These'' (1915)
*''Three Times and Out'' (1918)
*''Clearing in the West'' (1935)
*''Leaves from Lantern Lane'' (1936)
*''More Leaves from Lantern Lane'' (1937)
*''The Stream Runs Fast'' (1945)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10643 Histori.ca Re-enactment of Nellie McClung!]
* [http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/2/12/h12-304-e.html Celebrating Women's Achievements--Nellie Letitia (Mooney) McClung]
* {{gutenberg author|id=Nellie_L._McClung|name=Nellie L. McClung}}
* [http://nelliemcclung.epsb.ca/index.html Nellie McClung Girls' Junior High Program]
* [http://www.mcclungs.ca McClung's, a Ryerson University-based feminist publication]

{{start box}}
{{s-par|ca-ab}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Charles Wilson Cross]] [[Albert Ewing]]|
title=[[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] [[Edmonton (provincial electoral district)|Edmonton]]|
years=1921 - 1926|
after=[[John Lymburn]] [[Charles Weaver (Alberta politician)|Charles Weaver]] [[Charles Gibbs (Alberta politician)|Charles Gibbs]] [[Walter Prevey]] [[David Milwyn Duggan]]|
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macclung, Nellie}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Alberta Liberal Party MLAs]]
[[Category:Canadian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Canadian feminists]]
[[Category:Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:Canadian short story writers]]
[[Category:Members of the United Church of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Calgary]]
[[Category:People from Grey County, Ontario]]
[[Category:People from Westman Region, Manitoba]]
[[Category:Canadian women in provincial and territorial legislatures]]

[[fr:Nellie McClung]]
[[nl:Nellie McClung]]

Katzenjunges

2006-03-24T15:52:29Z

38.112.87.6:

{{unreferenced}}

[[Image:Stray_kitten_Rambo002.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A kitten.]]

The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[diminutive]] of ''cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
[[Image:White Cat Nursing Four Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Kitten]]s nursing.]]

A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27 [[Celsius|°C]] (80 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]) are at risk for death from exposure if they are not kept warm by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness, but what seems dark to humans may just be an extremely low light level, sufficient for feline vision. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[sex]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. The [[male]]'s [[Urethral sphincter|urinal opening]] is round, whereas the [[female]]'s is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species. Groups of domestic kittens are referred to as ''kindles''.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Kittens can be touched or held when a lot of fur is visible and kitten(s) are walking. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If a kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce its usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. It may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:Young cat.png|thumb|left|150px|Feline young have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotype|stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile mammals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation. It may be the retention of some aspects of the scheme of childlike characteristics: the relative lack of a distinct snout (in favor of something approaching a snub nose) and the relatively round face and big eyes, all characteristic of human young.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans. The enormously popular (and profitable) [[Hello Kitty]] franchise, among other phenomena, plays on this perception.

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Cuteness]]
*[[Bonsai Kitten]]

==External links==
{{commons|Kitten|Kittens}}
*[[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]


[[Category:Cats]]


[[nl:Kitten]]

Coocoo Kachoo

Crunchie

2005-12-16T18:30:43Z

38.112.87.6: Why even mention it?

'''Crunchie''' is a brand of [[milk chocolate|milk-chocolate]]-covered [[sponge toffee]]/[[cinder toffee]] ([[hokey pokey]]/[[honeycomb]]) made by [[Cadbury-Schweppes|Cadbury]]. It is sold in several sizes, ranging from "Snack size" - a small square piece - through to "King Size". The most common of which is a single-serve bar.

During manufacturing of the Crunchie bar, the sponge toffee is produced in large slabs, and is cut up using a highly focused jet of [[oil]]. The use of a blade would lead to fragmentation, while the use of water would result in the sponge toffee melting. Oil prevents both of these scenarios, and results in uniform sharp-edged portions. The sponge toffee is then covered with chocolate, cooled, and packaged.

In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], the Crunchie bar is widely known for having the country's longest-running [[television advertisement]], which won many awards and ran in unchanged form for over 20 years from the late 1970s.

{{food-stub}}
[[Category:Cadbury-Schweppes brands]]
[[Category:Candy bars]]