Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

A431 road

2008-08-22T14:51:50Z

217.36.107.9: Undid revision 232897929 by Polaron (talk)

#redirect[[A roads in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme]]

A431 road

2008-08-19T08:22:21Z

217.36.107.9: ← Redirected page to A roads in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme

#redirect[[A roads in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme]]

A431 road

2008-08-18T13:09:21Z

217.36.107.9: Undid revision 232674963 by Polaron (talk)

#redirect[[A roads in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme]]

Scunthorpe-Problem

2008-08-18T12:24:48Z

217.36.107.9: again, no reason for there to be a link here

The '''Scunthorpe Problem''' occurs when a [[spam filter]] or [[search engine]] blocks [[e-mail]]s or search results due to the inclusion of a [[string (computer science)|string]] of letters in the text which is mistaken for an [[obscenity|obscene]] word. The content filters of computer systems are usually based on [[regular expression]]s, also known as regexes. While regexes can be used to identify strings of text within a document, setting the blocking rule too broadly will result in a false positive, causing innocent phrases to be blocked.
==Origin and history==
[[Image:Irina Slutskaya Scunthorpe Problem.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Public library computers may prevent web searches on the Russian figure skater [[Irina Slutskaya]] due to the Scunthorpe Problem.]]
The problem was named after an incident in 1996 in which [[America Online]]'s dirty-word filter prevented residents from the town of [[Scunthorpe]], [[North Lincolnshire]], [[England]] from creating accounts with AOL, because the town's name contains the [[substring]] ''[[cunt]]''. Years later, [[Google]]'s filters apparently made the same mistake, even when residents searched for local businesses with ''Scunthorpe'' in the name. Residents of [[Penistone]], [[South Yorkshire]], experienced problems because the town's name includes the substring ''[[penis]]'', while [[Lightwater]] in [[Surrey]] suffered similarly because its name contains the substring ''[[twat]]''. Gareth Roelofse, the designer of the website RomansInSussex.co.uk, noted: "We found many library Net stations, school networks and Internet cafes block sites with the word 'sex' in" the domain name. This was a challenge for RomansInSussex.co.uk because its target audience is school children." <ref>http://news.com.com/2100-1032_3-5198125.html CNET article on the Scunthorpe Problem.</ref>

Problems can also occur with the words ''[[socialism]]'' or ''[[socialist]]'' because they contain the substring ''[[Cialis]]'', the brand name for an [[erectile dysfunction]] medication commonly advertised in [[spam (electronic)|spam]] e-mails. A similar problem can occur with the word ''specialist'', typically blocking mailed [[resume|résumés]] and other material including job descriptions.<ref>http://www.pekingduck.org/archives/002371.php Example of a website that blocks the substring Cialis.</ref>

==Other examples==
[[Image:Nwankwo Kanu Scunthorpe Problem.JPG|right|200px|thumb|The Scunthorpe Problem may also prevent searches on the footballer [[Nwankwo Kanu]].]]
Mistaken decisions by obscenity filters include:

* In April 1998 Jeff Gold attempted to register the [[domain name]] <code>shitakemushrooms.com</code>, but was blocked by a [[InterNIC]] filter prohibiting the "[[seven dirty words]]" which was active between 1996 and the transfer of control to [[ICANN]].<ref name="cnet1998">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.news.com/2100-1023-210566.html
|title=Food domain found "obscene"
|publisher=[[News.com]]
|date=April 27, 1998
|author=Paul Festa
}}</ref>

* In February 2006 Linda Callahan, a resident of [[Ashfield, Massachusetts|Ashfield]], [[Massachusetts]] was initially prevented from registering her name with [[Yahoo!]] as an e-mail address as it contained the substring ''[[Allah]]''. Yahoo! later reversed the ban.<ref>[http://quickwired.com/kallahar/stories/2005-Yahoo/yahoo.php Kallahar's Place: Is Yahoo Banning Allah?]</ref>

* In October 2004, it was reported that the [[Horniman Museum]] in [[London]] was failing to receive some of its e-mail due to filters mistakenly deciding that its name was a version of the words ''horny man''.<ref>[http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/lewgreennews/display.var.533121.0.name_of_museum_is_confused_with_porn.php Name Of Museum Is Confused With Porn (from News Shopper)]</ref><ref>[http://www.horniman.ac.uk/ Horniman Museum]</ref>

* In February 2004, Craig Cockburn of [[Scotland]] reported that he was unable to use his surname (pronounced "Coburn") with [[Hotmail]], [[Yahoo!]] or his workplace computers. He discovered that his e-mails would be delivered if he spelled his name C0ckburn (with a zero instead of the letter "o").<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2004/02/26/1077676867921.html Print Article: How Mr C0ckburn fought spam]</ref>

* Web searches on the [[Nigeria|Nigerian]]-born footballer [[Nwankwo Kanu]] may be blocked due the [[substring]] ''[[masturbation|wank]]'' in his name.

* The town of [[Whakatane]] in New Zealand was blocked by its own spam filter, because the "Wh" is pronounced approximately as "F".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,24112585-5014108,00.html|title=F-word town censors itself on the internet|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref>

* In July 2008, Dr. Herman I. Libshitz was initially unable to get the e-mail address he wanted from [[Verizon]] because of a word contained within his name. A spokesperson commented: "As a general rule (since 2005) Verizon doesn't allow questionable language in e-mail addresses, but we can, and do, make exceptions based on reasonable requests. The one from Dr. and Mrs. Libshitz certainly is reasonable and we regret the inconvenience and frustration they've been caused." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/hp/news_update/26089374.html|title=When your name gets turned against you|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref>

Additionally there can be cases of whole word filtering, showing that computer obscenity filters may fail to take into account the context in which a word appears:

* In May 2006 Ray Kennedy from [[Manchester]] in the [[UK]] found that e-mails that he had written to his local council to complain about a planning application had been blocked as they contained the word ''[[erection]]'' when referring to a structure.<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/5031156.stm E-mail filter blocks 'erection'] 30 May 2006</ref>

* In October 2004, e-mails advertising the [[pantomime]] [[Dick Whittington]] sent by a teacher from [[Norwich]] in the [[UK]] were blocked by school computers due to the use of the word ''[[penis|Dick]]''.<ref>Sam Jones [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1326590,00.html Panto email falls foul of filth filter] ''The Guardian'' 14 October 2004</ref>

* In February 2003 Members of Parliament at the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] found that a new [[spam filter]] was blocking e-mails containing references to the Sexual Offences Bill then under debate, as well as some messages relating to a discussion about [[censorship]].<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2723851.stm E-mail vetting blocks MPs' sex debate] 4 February 2003</ref>

* Résumés of ''[[magna cum laude]]'' graduates have been blocked by spam filters due to inclusion of the word ''[[semen|cum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegejournal.com/jobhunting/resumeadvice/20040426-maher.html |title=Don't Let Spam Filters Snatch Your Resume |accessdate=2008-02-11 |work=Career Journal |last=Maher |first=Kris }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Censorship by Google]]
*[[Medireview]]
*[[Regular expression examples]]
*[[Swear filter]]
*[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spam_blacklist Spam blacklist: a list of words and domain names blocked by regex rules at Wikimedia]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Internet censorship]]
[[Category:Spam filtering]]

[[fr:Problème de Scunthorpe]]

A431 road

2008-08-18T10:00:19Z

217.36.107.9: redirect pending any content

#redirect[[A roads in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme]]

Scunthorpe-Problem

2008-08-15T12:24:23Z

217.36.107.9: /* Origin and history */ I don't see the relevance specifically of "romansinsussex"

The '''Scunthorpe Problem''' occurs when a [[spam filter]] or [[search engine]] blocks [[e-mail]]s or search results due to the inclusion of a [[string (computer science)|string]] of letters in the text which is mistaken for an [[obscenity|obscene]] word. The content filters of computer systems are usually based on [[regular expression]]s, also known as regexes. While regexes can be used to identify strings of text within a document, setting the blocking rule too broadly will result in a false positive, causing innocent phrases to be blocked.
==Origin and history==
[[Image:Irina Slutskaya Scunthorpe Problem.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Public library computers may prevent web searches on the Russian figure skater [[Irina Slutskaya]] due to the Scunthorpe Problem.]]
The problem was named after an incident in 1996 in which [[America Online]]'s dirty-word filter prevented residents from the town of [[Scunthorpe]], [[North Lincolnshire]], [[England]] from creating accounts with AOL, because the town's name contains the [[substring]] ''[[cunt]]''. Years later, [[Google]]'s filters apparently made the same mistake, even when residents searched for local businesses with ''Scunthorpe'' in the name. Residents of [[Penistone]], [[South Yorkshire]], experienced problems because the town's name includes the substring ''[[penis]]'', while [[Lightwater]] in [[Surrey]] suffered similarly because its name contains the substring ''[[twat]]''.<ref>http://news.com.com/2100-1032_3-5198125.html CNET article on the Scunthorpe Problem.</ref>

[[Pornography]]-filtering programs intended to protect children may fail to discriminate between sites that have ''[[sex]]'' in their titles because they carry explicit content and those with content relating to the counties of [[Sussex]] or [[Essex]].

Problems can also occur with the words ''[[socialism]]'' or ''[[socialist]]'' because they contain the substring ''[[Cialis]]'', the brand name for an [[erectile dysfunction]] medication commonly advertised in [[spam (electronic)|spam]] e-mails. A similar problem can occur with the word ''specialist'', typically blocking mailed [[resume|résumés]] and other material including job descriptions.<ref>http://www.pekingduck.org/archives/002371.php Example of a website that blocks the substring Cialis.</ref>

Computers in public [[library|libraries]] are usually filtered to prevent users from accessing inappropriate material, but can fall victim to the Scunthorpe Problem. A web search on the name of the [[Russia]]n [[figure skating|figure skater]] [[Irina Slutskaya]] may be blocked, since it includes the substring ''[[slut]]''.

==Other examples==
[[Image:Nwankwo Kanu Scunthorpe Problem.JPG|right|200px|thumb|The Scunthorpe Problem may also prevent searches on the footballer [[Nwankwo Kanu]].]]
Mistaken decisions by obscenity filters include:

* In April 1998 Jeff Gold attempted to register the [[domain name]] <code>shitakemushrooms.com</code>, but was blocked by a [[InterNIC]] filter prohibiting the "[[seven dirty words]]" which was active between 1996 and the transfer of control to [[ICANN]].<ref name="cnet1998">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.news.com/2100-1023-210566.html
|title=Food domain found "obscene"
|publisher=[[News.com]]
|date=April 27, 1998
|author=Paul Festa
}}</ref>

* In February 2006 Linda Callahan, a resident of [[Ashfield, Massachusetts|Ashfield]], [[Massachusetts]] was initially prevented from registering her name with [[Yahoo!]] as an e-mail address as it contained the substring ''[[Allah]]''. Yahoo! later reversed the ban.<ref>[http://quickwired.com/kallahar/stories/2005-Yahoo/yahoo.php Kallahar's Place: Is Yahoo Banning Allah?]</ref>

* In October 2004, it was reported that the [[Horniman Museum]] in [[London]] was failing to receive some of its e-mail due to filters mistakenly deciding that its name was a version of the words ''horny man''.<ref>[http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/lewgreennews/display.var.533121.0.name_of_museum_is_confused_with_porn.php Name Of Museum Is Confused With Porn (from News Shopper)]</ref><ref>[http://www.horniman.ac.uk/ Horniman Museum]</ref>

* In February 2004, Craig Cockburn of [[Scotland]] reported that he was unable to use his surname (pronounced "Coburn") with [[Hotmail]], [[Yahoo!]] or his workplace computers. He discovered that his e-mails would be delivered if he spelled his name C0ckburn (with a zero instead of the letter "o").<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2004/02/26/1077676867921.html Print Article: How Mr C0ckburn fought spam]</ref>

* Web searches on the [[Nigeria|Nigerian]]-born footballer [[Nwankwo Kanu]] may be blocked due the [[substring]] ''[[masturbation|wank]]'' in his name.

* The town of [[Whakatane]] in New Zealand was blocked by its own spam filter, because the "Wh" is pronounced approximately as "F".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,24112585-5014108,00.html|title=F-word town censors itself on the internet|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref>

* In July 2008, Dr. Herman I. Libshitz was initially unable to get the e-mail address he wanted from [[Verizon]] because of a word contained within his name. A spokesperson commented: "As a general rule (since 2005) Verizon doesn't allow questionable language in e-mail addresses, but we can, and do, make exceptions based on reasonable requests. The one from Dr. and Mrs. Libshitz certainly is reasonable and we regret the inconvenience and frustration they've been caused." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/hp/news_update/26089374.html|title=When your name gets turned against you|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref>

Additionally there can be cases of whole word filtering, showing that computer obscenity filters may fail to take into account the context in which a word appears:

* In May 2006 Ray Kennedy from [[Manchester]] in the [[UK]] found that e-mails that he had written to his local council to complain about a planning application had been blocked as they contained the word ''[[erection]]'' when referring to a structure.<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/5031156.stm E-mail filter blocks 'erection'] 30 May 2006</ref>

* In October 2004, e-mails advertising the [[pantomime]] [[Dick Whittington]] sent by a teacher from [[Norwich]] in the [[UK]] were blocked by school computers due to the use of the word ''[[penis|Dick]]''.<ref>Sam Jones [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1326590,00.html Panto email falls foul of filth filter] ''The Guardian'' 14 October 2004</ref>

* In February 2003 Members of Parliament at the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] found that a new [[spam filter]] was blocking e-mails containing references to the Sexual Offences Bill then under debate, as well as some messages relating to a discussion about [[censorship]].<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2723851.stm E-mail vetting blocks MPs' sex debate] 4 February 2003</ref>

* Résumés of ''[[magna cum laude]]'' graduates have been blocked by spam filters due to inclusion of the word ''[[semen|cum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegejournal.com/jobhunting/resumeadvice/20040426-maher.html |title=Don't Let Spam Filters Snatch Your Resume |accessdate=2008-02-11 |work=Career Journal |last=Maher |first=Kris }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Censorship by Google]]
*[[Medireview]]
*[[Regular expression examples]]
*[[Swear filter]]
*[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spam_blacklist Spam blacklist: a list of words and domain names blocked by regex rules at Wikimedia]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Internet censorship]]
[[Category:Spam filtering]]

[[fr:Problème de Scunthorpe]]

Benutzer:0Lucky Luke/Euro-Norm

2008-08-01T08:46:48Z

217.36.107.9: /* Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle */ merge in from article

[[Image:Euronorms Diesel.png|300px|thumb|right|Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for ''Diesel'' cars.]]

[[Image:Euronorms Petrol.png|300px|thumb|right|Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for ''Petrol'' cars. Note that until Euro 5, there were no PM limits.]]

'''European emission standards''' are sets of requirements defining the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in [[EU]] member states. The [[emission standards]] are defined in a series of [[European Union directive]]s staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

Currently, emissions of [[nitrogen oxide]] (NOx), [[hydrocarbon]]s (HC), [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) and [[particulate|particulate matter]] (PM) are regulated for most [[vehicle type]]s, including cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, [[barge]]s, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised [[Emission test cycle|test cycle]]. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards.

Also see the EU-mandated European [[on-board diagnostics]].

==Transport and global warming==
{{Main|Global warming}}
The target fixed at [[Kyoto Protocol]] was an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Relative [[Carbon dioxide]] emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004 <ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en and http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php</ref>, but currently there are no standards for CO2 emission limits for pollution from vehicles.

EU transport emissions of CO2 currently account for about 3.5% of global CO2 emissions. Any action taken to reduce CO2 emissions will have to involve curbing transport emissions.

===By vehicle type===
Passenger cars account for about half the transport-related CO2 emissions in the European Union and air transport that accounts for 12% of the transport emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere.

{{Main|Energy efficiency}}
===Obligatory labelling===
The purpose of ''Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars'' <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/co2/9994/en.pdf 1999/94/EC]</ref> is to ensure that information
relating to the [[fuel economy]] and CO2 emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice.

In the [[United Kingdom]], the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more “consumer-friendly,” colour-coded label displaying CO2 emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO2 g/km ) to F ( 186+ CO2 g/km) . The goal of the new “green label” is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles. <ref>http://www.weathervane.rff.org/images/Feature_Graphics/One_Car_At_A_Time/UKFuelEconomyLabel.pdf</ref>

Other EU member countries are also in the process of introducing consumer-friendly labels.

===Non-existent obligatory vehicle emission limits===
The CO2 emission limits generated by vehicles are nowadays subject to a voluntary agreement (in this differ from the obligatory limits in the U.S. [[CAFE]] legislation) between the EU and the [[automanufacturer]]s (see [[ACEA agreement]]). The ultimate EU target with voluntary agreements are to contribute, is to reach an average CO2 emission (as measured according to Commission Directive 93/116/EC) <ref>The application for [[EC]] [[type-approval]] for a [[vehicle type]] with regard to CO2 emissions must be submitted by the manufacturer. CO2 mass emission is measured in g/km. See [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0116:EN:HTML]</ref> of 120 g/km for all new passenger cars by 2012.

However, as it becomes increasingly clear that the agreement will not deliver (having achieved only 160 g/km in 2005, from 186 g/km in 1995) [[lawmaker]]s have started considering regulation.

In late 2005, the [[European Parliament]] <ref name=Parl>[http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0433+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=2&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&LSTDOC=N European Parliament resolution on "Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change"], 16 November 2005</ref> passed a resolution in support for mandatory CO2 emission standards to replace current voluntary commitments by the automanufacturers and labelling.

In late 2006, in response to a new report, by the [[European Federation for Transport and Environment]] <ref name=TEReport> [http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article250.html "How clean is your car brand?" Transport and environment, 25 October 2005]</ref> documenting lack of progress on the voluntary targets, the [[European Commission]] announced that it was working on a proposal for legally-binding limit CO2 emissions from cars. <ref name=CommCO2> http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061103/sc_afp/eutransportauto_061103190746 "EU to introduce legislation as car makers fail on emission targets" AFP, 3 November 2006 </ref> According to the mentioned [[European Federation for Transport and Environment]] study, [[Fiat]] is the best performer in Europe.

On 7th February 2007 the European Commission published its key draft proposal (COM 2007 0019) EC legislation to limit average CO2 emissions from the European fleet of cars to 120g CO2/km. Some people interpreted this as meaning that all manufacturers would have to average 120g for their fleet, but this is not the case. Some volume manufacturers of smaller cars such as Fiat, Renault and Peugeot-Citroen are already quite close to the target whilst smaller volume manufacturers of higher emissions cars such as BMW, Mercedes, Audi, Saab and Porsche are a long way from reaching this target. Not surprisingly the French and Italian manufacturers want a blanket target whereas the German manufacturers feel a blanket target would destroy their industries.{{Facts|date=July 2008}}

The environmental group T&E insists on the need for a longer-term target that doubles [[fuel efficiency]] of new cars over the next decade, 80 g/km by 2020. <ref>{{PDF|http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Press/2007/2007_02_12_te_letter_environment_council.pdf|517 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]}} </ref>. It says new-car emissions from European producers slipped to 160 grams per kilometre (g/km) on average last year (reduced only 0.2 percent in 2006), still way off a voluntary goal of 140 g/km by 2008.

==Non-CO2 fuel emission: stages and legal framework==
The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 '''fuels''' for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.)

The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC [http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/directives/vehicles/dir70_220_cee.html]. Here is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.
* Euro 1 (1993):
** For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC <ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=31991L0441&model=guichett 91/441/EEC] </ref>.
** Also for passenger cars and [[light truck]]s - 93/59/EEC.
* Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
* Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC <ref>[http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/1998/l_350/l_35019981228en00010056.pdf]</ref>
* Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
* Euro 5 (2008/9) and Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 2007/715/EC<ref>http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:171:0001:0016:EN:PDF</ref>

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for [[vehicle type]]s are defined by <ref>[http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s06021.htm Scadplus: Technical Harmonisation For Motor Vehicles]</ref>:
* Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council [[Directive 70/156/EEC]] on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers<ref> [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31970L0156:EN:NOT Council Directive 70/156/EEC, about Type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers], [http://www.tuev-sued.de/uploads/images/1134986896205242531101/001116e.pdf Commission Directive 2001/116/EC
of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council [[Directive 70/156/EEC] on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers]</ref>
* Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheeled motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC

In the area of fuels, the [[2001]] [[Biofuels Directive]] requires that '''5,75%''' all transport fossil fuels ([[petrol]] and [[diesel]]) should be replaced by '''[[biofuels]]''' by December 31, '''[[2010]]''', with an intermediate target of 2 % by the end of [[2005]].

[[Sigmar Gabriel]], Germany’s environment minister, [[wikt:rebuff|rebuffs]] calls to extend [[deadline]] to implement CO2 reduction standards.

===Emission standards for passenger cars===
[[Image:Exhaust.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Exhaust is highly harmful, but it was far more toxic a decade ago.]]

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and gasoline vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx emissions. Gasoline-powered vehicles are exempted from [[particulate|particulate matter]] (PM) standards through the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines will be subject to a limit of 0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6.

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date — one year later — which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models.

'''[[European emission standards]] for [[automobile|passenger cars]] (Category M1*), g/km'''
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec" id="cars" class="data"
! Tier
! Date
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]]
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]]
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]]
! HC+NOx
! [[particulate matter|PM]]
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Diesel'''
|-
| EM1
| January 1989
| 2.72 (3.16)
| -
| -
| 0.97 (1.13)
| 0.14 (0.18)
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|IDI]]
| January 1993
| 1.0
| -
| -
| 0.7
| 0.08
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|DI]]
| January 1993
| 1.0
| -
| -
| 0.9
| 0.10
|-
| Euro 3
| December 1997
| 0.64
| -
| 0.50
| 0.56
| 0.05
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2003
| 0.50
| -
| 0.25
| 0.30
| 0.025
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2009
| 0.50
| -
| 0.18
| 0.23
| 0.005
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2014
| 0.50
| -
| 0.08
| 0.17
| 0.005
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Petrol (Gasoline)'''
|-
| EM1
| January 1989
| 2.72 (3.16)
| -
| -
| 0.97 (1.13)
| -
|-
| Euro 2
| January 1993
| 2.2
| -
| -
| 0.5
| -
|-
| Euro 3
| January 1997
| 2.30
| 0.20
| 0.15
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2003
| 1.0
| 0.10
| 0.08
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2009
| 1.0
| 0.10
| 0.06
| -
| 0.005**
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2014
| 1.0
| 0.10
| 0.06
| -
| 0.005**
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="7" | * Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as [[light commercial vehicle]] N1 - I ** Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
|}

===Emission standards for light commercial vehicles===
'''[[European emission standards]] for [[light commercial vehicle]]s ≤1305 kg (Category N1 - I), g/km'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec" id="cars" class="data"
! Tier
! Date
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]]
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]]
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]]
! HC+NOx
! [[particulate matter|PM]]
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Diesel'''
|-
| Euro 1
| October 1994
| 2.72
| -
| -
| 0.97
| 0.14
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|IDI]]
| January 1998
| 1.00
| -
| -
| 0.70
| 0.08
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|DI]]
| January 1998
| 1.00
| -
| -
| 0.90
| 0.10
|-
| Euro 3
| January 2000
| 0.64
| -
| 0.50
| 0.56
| 0.05
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2005
| 0.50
| -
| 0.25
| 0.30
| 0.025
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2009
| 0.50
| -
| 0.18
| 0.23
| 0.005
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2014
| 0.50
| -
| 0.08
| 0.17
| 0.005
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Petrol (Gasoline)'''
|-
| Euro 1
| October 1994
| 2.72
| -
| -
| 0.97
| -
|-
| Euro 2
| January 1998
| 2.20
| -
| -
| 0.50
| -
|-
| Euro 3
| January 2000
| 2.30
| 0.20
| 0.15
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2005
| 1.00
| 0.10
| 0.08
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2009
| 1.00
| 0.10
| 0.06
| -
| 0.005*
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2014
| 1.00
| 0.10
| 0.06
| -
| 0.005*
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="7" | * Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
|}

'''[[European emission standards]] for [[light commercial vehicle]]s 1305 kg-1760 kg (Category N1 - II), g/km'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec" id="cars" class="data"
! Tier
! Date
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]]
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]]
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]]
! HC+NOx
! [[particulate matter|PM]]
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Diesel'''
|-
| Euro 1
| October 1994
| 5.17
| -
| -
| 1.40
| 0.19
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|IDI]]
| January 1998
| 1.25
| -
| -
| 1.00
| 0.12
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|DI]]
| January 1998
| 1.25
| -
| -
| 1.00
| 0.12
|-
| Euro 3
| January 2001
| 0.80
| -
| 0.650
| 0.720
| 0.07
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2006
| 0.63
| -
| 0.330
| 0.390
| 0.04
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2010
| 0.63
| -
| 0.235
| 0.295
| 0.005
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2015
| 0.63
| -
| 0.105
| 0.195
| 0.005
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Petrol (Gasoline)'''
|-
| Euro 1
| October 1994
| 5.17
| -
| -
| 1.40
| -
|-
| Euro 2
| January 1998
| 4.00
| -
| -
| 0.65
| -
|-
| Euro 3
| January 2001
| 4.17
| 0.25
| 0.180
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2006
| 1.81
| 0.13
| 0.100
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2010
| 1.81
| 0.13
| 0.075
| -
| 0.005*
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2015
| 1.81
| 0.13
| 0.075
| -
| 0.005*
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="7" | * Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
|}

'''[[European emission standards]] for [[light commercial vehicle]]s >1760 kg [[Large Goods Vehicle|max 3500 kg]]. (Category N1 - III), g/km'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec" id="cars" class="data"
! Tier
! Date
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]]
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]]
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]]
! HC+NOx
! [[particulate matter|PM]]
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Diesel'''
|-
| Euro 1
| October 1994
| 6.90
| -
| -
| 4.90
| 0.25
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|IDI]]
| January 1998
| 1.50
| -
| -
| 0.96
| 0.17
|-
| Euro 2, [[fuel injection|DI]]
| January 1998
| 1.50
| -
| -
| 0.96
| 0.20
|-
| Euro 3
| January 2001
| 0.95
| -
| 0.780
| 0.86
| 0.10
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2006
| 0.95
| -
| 0.390
| 0.46
| 0.06
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2010
| 0.74
| -
| 0.280
| 0.350
| 0.005
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2015
| 0.74
| -
| 0.125
| 0.215
| 0.005
|-
| class="hi" colspan="7" | '''Petrol (Gasoline)'''
|-
| Euro 1
| October 1994
| 6.90
| -
| -
| 1.7
| -
|-
| Euro 2
| January 1998
| 5.00
| -
| -
| 0.8
| -
|-
| Euro 3
| January 2001
| 5.22
| 0.29
| 0.210
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 4
| January 2006
| 2.27
| 0.16
| 0.110
| -
| -
|-
| Euro 5 (future)
| September 2010
| 2.27
| 0.16
| 0.082
| -
| 0.005*
|-
| Euro 6 (future)
| September 2015
| 2.27
| 0.16
| 0.082
| -
| 0.005*
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="7" | * Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
|}

===Emission standards for lorries and buses===
Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined in g/km, for lorries (trucks) they are defined by [[engine power]], [[gram|g]]/[[kilowatt hour|kWh]], and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one year).

The official category name is [[heavy-duty]] diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

'''EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m-1)'''
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec" id="tab1" class="data" width="85%"
|-
! Tier
! Date
! [[Emission test cycle|Test cycle]]
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]]
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]]
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]]
! [[particulate matter|PM]]
! Smoke
|-
| rowspan="2" | Euro I
| 1992, < 85 kW
| rowspan="4" |
ECE R-49
| 4.5
| 1.1
| 8.0
| 0.612
|
|-
| 1992, > 85 kW
| 4.5
| 1.1
| 8.0
| 0.36
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | Euro II
| October 1996
| 4.0
| 1.1
| 7.0
| 0.25
|
|-
| October 1998
| 4.0
| 1.1
| 7.0
| 0.15
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | Euro III
| ''October 1999 EEVs only''
| ''ESC & ELR''
| ''1.0''
| ''0.25''
| ''2.0''
| ''0.02''
| ''0.15''
|-
| October 2000
| rowspan="3" |
ESC & ELR
| 2.1
| 0.66
| 5.0
| 0.10 0.13*
| 0.8
|-
| Euro IV
| October 2005
| 1.5
| 0.46
| 3.5
| 0.02
| 0.5
|-
| Euro V
| October 2008
| 1.5
| 0.46
| 2.0
| 0.02
| 0.5
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="8" | * for engines of less than 0.75 [[litre|dm]]³ swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute. EEV is "[[Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle]]".
|}

===Emission standards for [[Large Goods Vehicle]]s===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Euro norm emissions for category N2, [[New European Driving Cycle|EDC]], (2000 and up)
|-
! Standard
! Date
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]] (g/kWh)
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]] (g/kWh)
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]] (g/kWh)
! [[particulate matter|PM]] (g/kWh)
|-
| Euro 0
| 1988-1992
| 12.30
| 15.8
| 2.60
| none
|-
| Euro I
| 1992-1995
| 4.90
| 9.00
| 1.23
| 0.40
|-
| Euro II
| 1995-1999
| 4.00
| 7.00
| 1.10
| 0.15
|-
| Euro III
| 1999-2005
| 2.10
| 5.00
| 0.66
| 0.10
|-
| Euro IV
| 2005-2008
| 1.50
| 3.50
| 0.46
| 0.02
|-
| Euro V
| 2008-2012
| 1.50
| 2.00
| 0.46
| 0.02
|-
| Euro VI
|
|
|
|
|
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
|-
! Standard
! Date
! [[carbon monoxide|CO]] (g/kWh)
! [[hydrocarbon|HC]] (g/kWh)
! [[nitrogen oxide|NOx]] (g/kWh)
! [[particulate matter|PM]] (g/kWh)
|-
| Euro 0
| 1988-1992
| 11.20
| 14.40
| 2.40
| none
|-
| Euro I
| 1992-1995
| 4.50
| 8.00
| 1.10
| 0.36
|-
| Euro II
| 1995-1999
| 4.00
| 7.00
| 1.10
| 0.15
|}

===Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle===
'''Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle''' or '''EEV''' is a term used in the European emission standards for the definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5 [[tonne]] in the category M2 and M3. The standard lies between the levels of Euro V and Euro VI.

===Cycle beating===
For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial that the test cycles under which the emissions have to comply as much as possible reflect normal driving situations. It was recently discovered that engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimise emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, recent research from two German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NOx reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards [http://www.transportenvironment.org/Downloads-index-req-getit-lid-421.html].

==See also==
* [[ACEA agreement]] (the voluntary agreement with auto manufacturers to limit CO2 emissions)
* [[Biofuels Directive]]
* [[Emission standards]]
* [[Energy policy of the European Union]]
* European [[Common Transport Policy]]
* [[European Federation for Transport and Environment]]
* [[European Union Emission Trading Scheme]]
* [[Life cycle assessment]]
* [[National Emission Ceiling]]
* [[Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)]]
* [[Type approval]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Wikisource|European Parliament resolution on Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change}}
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport.htm European emission standards].
* [[European Environment Agency]]
** [http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/E glossary]
** [http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport EEA transport page].
* Dieselnet: [http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.html EU emission standards]
* [http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500043002.pdf Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency] The Impact of Euro 5 - Facts and figures.
* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1660&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en Commission proposal for Euro 5]
* [http://www.transportenvironment.org/Downloads-index-req-getit-lid-421.html T&E: No diesel NOX reduction in 13 years due to cycle beating]
* [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0019en01.pdf COM 2007/19 Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/mac2003/index.htm European Commission: Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile Air Conditioning]

===In the media===
* [[2007-07-02]], Auto Industry: [http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/02-07-07_19 ACEA welcomes EU Environment Council’s recognition of need for integrated approach to CO2 reduction]
* Feb 07, [[2007]], ''[[BBC]]'': [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm EU car CO2 fight only beginning]
* Feb 07, [[2007]], ''[[European Commission]]'': [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EU plans legislation to cut CO2 emissions from cars]
* Feb 06, [[2007]], ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'': [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php EU to compromise on auto emissions]
* Jan 31, [[2007]], ''Transport & Environment'': [http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article353.html Europe set to clean up fuels but stalls on cars]
* Jan 31, [[2007]], ''[[European Commission]]'': [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/120&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EU proposes stricter fuel standards to cut CO2 emissions]
* Jan 24, [[2007]], ''[[The Guardian]]'': [http://environment.guardian.co.uk/travel/story/0,,1997422,00.html Grand plan for a low-carbon Europe goes up in smoke]
* Oct 19, [[2004]]: ''[[European Environment Agency]]'': [http://org.eea.eu.int/documents/newsreleases/TERM2004-en Poor European test standards understate air pollution from cars]

[[Category:Emission standards]]
[[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]]

[[de:Abgasnorm]]
[[es:Norma europea sobre emisiones]]
[[fr:Norme européenne d'émission Euro]]
[[it:Standard europei sulle emissioni inquinanti]]
[[nl:Europese emissiestandaard]]
[[ru:Евро-5]]